A communication session is established between a wireless device and a first access node, where the wireless device is located in a first coverage area of the first access node and located in a second coverage area of a second access node. A communication schedule is determined for the first access node and the second access node to communicate with the wireless device. The communication schedule can comprise a first portion and a second portion. Communication is performed between the first access node and the wireless device during the first portion, and between the second access node and the wireless device during the second portion.

A heterogeneous network environment can include access nodes of various size, signal transmission power, coverage area, supported frequency bands, supported radio access technologies, and the like. The deployment of smaller access nodes, such as micro nodes, pico nodes, femto nodes, and so forth, enables rapid and cost-efficient network development at lower costs than the deployment of macro access nodes. In addition, smaller access nodes can extend the coverage and throughput of a communication network by serving as relay access nodes for a macro node. Thus, due to their relatively compact physical characteristics, lower power requirements, rapid deployability, relay access nodes can provide a network provider with more rapid and flexible network expansion options than traditional macro access nodes.

Coordinating communication with a wireless device


In a suturing and ligating method, a suture strand is wound around a gripper a predetermined number of times by turning a proximal end portion of a curved needle with a rolling mechanism. The gripper then grips the portion of the suture strand, which has not been inserted into the tissue. The gripper is then withdrawn through loops of the suture strand, which are wound around the gripper. The distal-end working unit and the gripper are then moved relatively to each other in order to form a knot across the incision.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an intracoelomic suturing and ligating method for suturing and ligating a body tissue using two manipulators inside a body cavity.
2. Description of the Related Art
According to endoscopic surgery (also called laparoscopic surgery), it is customary to form a plurality of incisions on the body surface of a patient, insert trocars (tubular instruments) respectively into the incisions to define forceps instrument passage ports, and introduce tip ends of forceps instruments including shafts through the respective trocars into the body cavity in order to perform a surgical operation on the affected body part. Working units, such as a gripper for gripping a living tissue, scissors, an electrosurgical knife blade, etc., are mounted onto tip ends of such forceps instruments.
An endoscopic surgical operation performed by means of the forceps instruments requires a surgeon to be trained in advance, because the working space within the body cavity is small. Further, the forceps instruments need to be operated using the trocars as fulcrums. Since conventional forceps instruments that have been used heretofore do not have joints in the working unit at the distal end thereof, such forceps instruments tend to have a small degree of freedom, and the working unit can be operated only on an extension of the shaft. Therefore, cases that can be handled in accordance with the usual training practice for endoscopic surgery are confined to a certain range. Moreover, a surgeon needs to be trained and have a considerably high level of skill in order to perform endoscopic surgery on other cases that do not fall within the limited range.
Attempts have been made to improve conventional forceps instruments, so as to develop a forceps instrument including a plurality of joints in the working unit thereof (see, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,853,879). Such a forceps instrument, which also is referred to as a manipulator, is free of the limitations and difficulties of conventional forceps instruments, can be operated easily, and can be applied to a wide variety of surgical cases. It is expected that the developed forceps instrument will be applied to techniques requiring intricate manipulative actions within small spaces, for example.
In particular, it is preferable for a suturing and ligating process to be facilitated within limited spaces inside of a body cavity, which heretofore has been difficult to perform.


An airfoil for a gas turbine engine according to an example of the present disclosure includes, among other things, an airfoil section extending in a spanwise direction, extending between a leading edge and a trailing edge in a chordwise direction, and extending in a thickness direction between a pressure side and a suction side. The airfoil section has a main body and a first skin. The main body includes a plurality of ribs defining a plurality of internal channels. The first skin is attached to the main body to enclose the plurality of internal channels such that the main body and the first skin cooperate to define the pressure and suction sides. A damper has at least one layer of damping material sandwiched between the first skin and the plurality of ribs. A method of forming a gas turbine engine component is also disclosed.

This disclosure relates to a gas turbine engine, and more particularly to damping of gas turbine engine components.
Gas turbine engines can include a fan for propulsion air and to cool components. The fan also delivers air into a core engine where it is compressed. The compressed air is then delivered into a combustion section, where it is mixed with fuel and ignited. The combustion gas expands downstream over and drives turbine blades. Static vanes are positioned adjacent to the turbine blades to control the flow of the products of combustion. Static guide vanes may be arranged to support one or more portions of the engine and set a direction of airflow.
Some airfoils are made of a metallic or composite material. Various techniques can be utilized to construct hollow airfoils, including attaching a cover skin to an airfoil body. The airfoils can be subject to vibration during engine operation.


There is a problem that a liquid crystal television having a stand tilting at a plurality of tilt angles needs a complicated structure. For solving the problem, while a pivot member 22 pivotable to the main body 10 is kept to be at an angle of 35 degree to the main body 10, a moving block 25 slides toward the pivot member 22, so that an arm 21 extends and shortens to change a tilt angle of the main body. Therefore, the main body 10 can tilt at a plurality of angles. On the other hand, the stand 20 is structured not to be complicated, and thus can be contained compact.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a crystal liquid television, particularly, to a crystal liquid television in which a main body and a supporting arm provided to a back of the main body are at a predetermined angle and a bottom portion of the main body and a lower end portion of the supporting arm are grounded to support the tilting main body.
2. Description of the Related Art
Conventional liquid crystal televisions are such that a supporting arm is pivotally mounted to a main body, a base portion having a plurality of slits is provided to a portion where the supporting arm is grounded, and an end portion of the supporting arm is inserted into one of the slits.
According to such a structure, by inserting the end portion of the supporting arm into the slit so that the main body is at a required angle, a tilt angle of the main body can be adjusted to the required angle and thereby the main body is fixed.


A hideable tracking monitoring apparatus is provided for communicating the presence of an emergency to a monitoring station. The monitoring station then triangulates the location of the emergency signal and alerts an emergency response vehicle.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to tracking and emergency signaling devices and, more particularly, to a personal safety signaling apparatus and system capable of being difficult to detect upon a child.
2. Description of the Related Art
According to the National Incidence Studies of Missing, Abducted, Runaway and Thrown-away Children there are nearly 800,000 children reported missing each year (more than 2,000 per day). 58,200 children are abducted by non-family members. 115 children are the victims of the most serious, most long-term abductions (stereotypical kidnappings), of which 56% are recovered alive, 40% are killed. 203,900 children are the victims of family abductions.
There is a fairly broad awareness of this issue and a number of programs have been set up to assist in finding missing children by enlisting the help of the public. One such program is the AMBER alert system supported by the National Center for Missing & Exploited Children (NCMEC).
The AMBER plan was created in 1996 as a powerful legacy to 9-year-old Amber Hagerman, who was kidnapped and murdered in Arlington, Tex. Credited with saving 31 lives since its inception, AMBER Alerts are currently transmitted over broadcast medium to licensed television and radio stations, and cable systems using the Emergency Alert System (EAS). The EAS, operated by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), is primarily used to issue severe weather alerts and for other emergency purposes. AMBER Alerts are also transmitted via electronic highway billboard signs in select areas.
There is also an online AMBER Alert systems such as the "AOL AMBER Alerts", program which utilizes the Internet to expand the broadcast network that helps locate and rescue abducted children. AOL announced that 62 of the 63 states, counties and cities that currently have AMBER Alert systems in place (as of Sep. 30, 2003) have agreed to participate in the AOL AMBER Alerts program. As a result, official AMBER Alerts texts as issued by law enforcement, will be available as an "opt-in" feature beginning in early November 2003, and will be targeted to members based on the states in which they reside. The texts will run over the new "AOL Alerts & Reminders" product, which will allow members to choose to receive the alerts immediately on their computer screens, via email, mobile phones, or paging devices.
The AMBER Alert system goes through local law enforcement agencies and the information must be verified before broadcasting to all media outlets so as not to waste these valuable resources which are generously given to help the few children who are in true danger by their abductors. The process of vetting out improper claims and getting all of the information necessary to go on the air with the amber alert can generally take several hours. This time frame is too slow in the context of finding a missing child where a few hours or less may be all the time they have left. The Amber Alert system must be selective since it commits a large amount of broadcast resources for a few days. The AMBER Alert system is a great augmentation to the present invention.
In the related art, many methods for emergency tracking and rescue signaling are known. For example, the following patents disclose various monitoring and tracking systems:
U.S. Pat. No. 5,905,461, issued in the name of Neher;
U.S. Pat. No. 5,936,529, issued in the name of Reisman et al.;
U.S. Pat. No. 5,48,221, issued in the name of Weller;
U.S. Pat. No. 5,828,306, issued in the name of Curran;
U.S. Pat. No. 4,814,751, issued in the name of Hawkins et al.;
U.S. Pat. No. 4,598,275, issued in the name of Ross et al.;
U.S. Pat. No. 5,939,988, issued in the name of Neyhart;
U.S. Pat. No. 5,936,529, issued in the name of Reisman et al.;
U.S. Pat. No. 6,014,080, issued in the name of Layson, Jr.;
U.S. Pat. No. 6,166,642, issued in the name of Farshid;
U.S. Pat. No. 6,169,484 B1, issued in the name of Schuchman et al.; and
U.S. Pat. No. 5,525,967, issued in the name of Azizi et al.
Further, the following patents describe an emergency signaling unit and alarm system designed to be carried on the person: U.S. Pat. No. 4,998,095 issued in the name of Shields; U.S. Pat. No. 4,468,656 issued in the name of Clifford et al; U.S. Pat. No. 4,121,160 issued in the name of Cataldo; and, U.S. Pat. No. 5,894,591 issued in the name of Tamayo discloses a personal emergency response communication apparatus for pagers.
Also, U.S. Pat. No. 5,335,246 issued in the name of Yokev et al. describes a pager with reverse paging facility and a mobile receiver.
And again, U.S. Pat. No. 4,467,142 issued in the name of Rupp et al. discloses an automatic dialing system for transmitting emergency calls from persons requiring assistance.
Consequently, a need has been felt for providing an apparatus and method which overcomes provides effective, location specific signaling and emergency tracking in a portable manner.


The invention provides a manufacturing system for processing a web, the system comprising a rigid frame with a plurality of processing stations; an endless belt which is movable relative to the frame; a track for guiding the endless belt between the processing stations; and a drive structure for advancing the belt along the track, To enable more flexible processing time at each processing station and to make better use of the space along the track, the system facilitates movement of a web at different speed at different locations along the track.

A production line is a set of sequential operations established in a factory whereby materials are advanced through processing stations providing a refining process to produce an end-product.
Automated production lines exist where workers and/or fully automated production equipment, e.g. including robots, are arranged along a conveyer which brings material forward. Traditionally, the conveyer is moved regularly or continuously, in such a manner that the processing time of each sequential operation is taken into account.
Particularly, with respect to processing of a web, it is typically required to synchronize movement of the conveyer with operation time at each processing station, and it is typically challenging to optimise all processing stations for equal processing time and to avoid tension in the web.
A difference in operation time will typically lead to idling of processing stations of the less time consuming processes since the movement of the conveyor is adapted to allow the most time consuming process to finalize.
To balance differences in operation time, several processing stations may jointly accomplish the most time consuming processes. In case of malfunction in one of the processing stations, bottlenecks may, however, develop, and it is typically difficult, if not impossible, to completely balance the differences between the processes. As a result, very long conveyors are sometimes applied to provide sufficient space of identical processing stations and for establishing sufficient material to avoid tension in the web etc.
U.S. Pat. No. 1,769,546 discloses a conveyer system where the speed can be changed along the conveyer, and the belt comprises two parallel endless chains made of links. Between each chain, a work-supporting bar carries a rubber belt. A cam-plate causes cross-rods to move apart whereby the material will be stretched. The stretching is possible due to friction with the material.
U.S. Pat. No. 2,487,354 discloses a plurality of article supporting members in the form of circular cup like members which are connected to and moved by a chain made from a plurality of chain links. The guide-way comprises a narrow single file portion and a wider double file portion. In the wider portion, the chain and the article supports will be shifted into a zig-zag relationship until they assume the double file relationship. The sprocket wheel which drives the chain may thus drive at a constant speed while the supporting members are moved forward along the guide-way at full speed in the single file portion and at near half-speed in the double file portion.
There remains a need for a device which is capable of conveying or processing long webs, e.g. of a fragile material.

Manufacturing system for processing a web


There is disclosed a sample sucking pipe the manufacture of which is easy and which is also advantageous costwise, whose strength is relatively great and whose usage life is long and with which it is possible to prevent the occurrence of trouble such as dust clogging and sample leakage. There is also disclosed a method for manufacturing the same. A sample sucking pipe P is for sucking samples of blood contained in a sample vessel T through a rubber cap C, and is made up of a sucking pipe 10, a venting pipe 20 and a holding piece 30. The pipes 10, 20 are made of the same stainless steel. The holding piece 30 is made of polyacetal resin. The pipes 10, 20 are disposed parallel with each other with their tip ends aligned and then integrated by welding carried out along the tip end portion of the contacting part of their walls. A sucking opening 13 and a venting opening 23 are provided in the walls of the pipes 10, 20 respectively and, on the tip end side of these openings, the pipe passageways of the pipes 10, 20 are closed with rod-like members made of the same material as the pipes.

This invention relates to a sample sucking pipe for sucking a liquid sample from inside a vessel, and more particularly to a sample sucking pipe for example built into a sample sucking device constituting a part of a blood analyzing apparatus and used for collecting a liquid sample contained in a sealed vessel and carrying out a predetermined analysis thereof.

Sample sucking pipe and method for manufacturing same


A siding panel assembly includes an ornamental facing and a first insulation layer made from fibrous insulating material. That fibrous insulating material includes polymer fibers and glass fibers, polymer fibers, natural fibers and mixtures thereof. A method for making the siding panel assembly includes the steps of cutting a groove in and molding a first surface of a sheet of the insulation layer to match in profile a concavity in the ornamental facing and assembling the insulation layer and the ornamental facing.

Aluminum and vinyl siding has been used for years as exterior surface coverings on buildings such as residential homes to give the buildings aesthetically pleasing appearances. However, siding made of vinyl or metal has very little insulative properties. Thus, it is common practice to install an insulating board between the siding and the building frame. The insulating board is typically in the form of a core of a foamed polymeric material such as polyurethane, polyisocyanurate, a polyurethane modified polyisocyanurate, or a phenolic resin interposed between two faces or sheets. The insulating board both inhibits the transfer of heat across the wall of the building and provides support for the siding.
Although known insulated siding systems may provide improved thermal insulation properties over non-insulated siding systems, they still may allow significant airflow which may adversely affect the overall thermal properties of the building. Additionally, foamed insulation boards offer very little compressibility and almost no resiliency to conform to surface variations or anomalies. As a result of this, small spaces and air gaps are often found between the insulation board and the ornamental facing of the siding as well as between the insulation board and the sheeting to which the siding assembly is attached. Such gaps and air spaces channel air around the insulation and tend to reduce the "R-rating" of the siding system. Since conventional foam insulated siding typically has a low R-value, the beneficial effects of the insulated siding may be quickly degraded as a result.
In addition, foam insulation is relatively brittle and breaks easily. As a consequence, it typically cannot be manufactured in thicknesses of less than 3/16 in. (0.476 cm) and withstand breaking during handling and installation. As a result it is generally not practical to make an insulated siding panel assembly with foam insulation having a thickness of approximately ¾ in. (1.905 cm) for installation, for example, in standard new-construction window and door trim accessories. This is primarily due to the tapered profile of the siding, which in order to achieve ¾ inch maximum at the thickest point, results in a portion of the foam being tapered to less than 3/16 of an inch thick to fit into conventional standard ¾ inch trim (such as j-channels, window trim, etc)—which results in breakage and difficult manufacturing conditions.
A need is therefore identified for an improved siding panel assembly incorporating an insulation layer made from fibrous material with desirable compressibility and resiliency properties to accommodate anomalies and eliminate spaces and gaps for better overall thermal insulative effect. The resiliency and compressibility also allows the insulation layer to be made thinner than possible with foam insulation and have the necessary structural integrity to withstand handling and installation without breaking. Further, the new insulation layer is preferably less brittle and provides improved impact resistance for the siding assembly and may provide improved R-values.

Process for manufacturing insulated siding


A piece of costume jewelry includes a circuit board, a battery holder, a button, and a conducting plate. The circuit board has light emitting diodes thereon and an IC member for controlling the light emitting diodes. A transparent glue covers the light emitting diodes and copper foils are located on a rear side of the circuit board. The battery holder is secured on the rear side of the circuit board while the batteries are held in the battery holder. The conducting plate is fitted to the battery holder to touch rear ends of the batteries. The conducting plate has a fitting hole and the battery holder has a locating protrusion passed through the fitting hole. The batteries and the button touch the copper foils of the circuit board respectively, and the IC member can be activated to make the light emitting diodes shine by means of pressing the button.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a piece of battery-powered shining costume jewelry, more particularly one, which is structured in such a way as to allow the user to change the batteries with ease.
2. Brief Description of the Prior Art
Jewelries are available in a wide variety of designs, and people have a lot of choices when they are searching for a piece of jewelry to match their clothing and make them look more attractive. And, there is always a great demand for new design jewelries, and there are people who like to buy and use fancy articles.


A safety system for a door-to-door jamb interface is provided. The safety interface uses several slidably joined members which are coupled to the door and its associated door jamb to prevent interaction between a user and the door-to-door jamb interface.

The statements in this section merely provide background information related to the present disclosure and may not constitute prior art.
Inherent with standard door designs is the relative movement between hard and relatively sharp fixed surfaces. These surfaces often pose hazards to the fingers of children. As such, there is a need to reduce the risk to children caused by the moving surfaces of the door.


A system processes packets in a network device and includes a memory for buffering the packets. The memory may store the packets in memory in data cells. To expedite packet processing, portions of the packet are extracted and placed in a notification, which is then used for packet processing operations, such as route lookup, policing, and accounting. The notification may also include address elements, such as address offsets, that define the locations of the data cells in memory. The address elements can be used to read the data cells from the memory when packet processing is done. If the notification cannot hold all the address elements, additional cells, indirect cells, are created for holding the remaining address elements. The indirect cells are formed in a linked list. The notification contains an address element. To prevent reading incorrect indirect cells, each indirect cell is written with a signature that is created based on the notification. When an indirect cell is read out, the signature is checked to determine whether it belongs to that notification. If the signature is not correct, this may mean that the indirect cell has not yet been written to memory, or that the indirect cell was in some way corrupted during writing, storing, or reading.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to storing and retrieving information, and in particular to systems and methods for verifying information when the information is read out of memory.
2. Description of Related Art
Conventional network devices, such as routers, relay packets from a source to a destination through a network. Typically, each network device includes a memory subsystem that temporarily buffers packets while certain parts of the packet are processed. For example, the packet may be buffered while a route lookup is performed on the packet header, or while packet accounting is performed. After packet processing is done, the packet is read out of the memory subsystem and forwarded by the network device.
Packets are buffered in a variety of ways. For example, a network device may use a linked list to buffer packets or portions of packets in the memory subsystem. Each member of the linked list may include packet-related data, such as a portion of the packet or other information related to the packet. Each member also includes an address to the location of the next member in the list. Reading a packet out of the memory subsystem involves first reading the head member of the linked list using an address to the head member. Since each member includes an address to the next member, the remaining members of the list can be read out sequentially. The packet-related data is extracted from the members of the linked list, processed, and forwarded.
Packets may be buffered in other ways as well. For example, packet segments may be stored in sequential memory locations or randomly in memory. A list of addresses may be used to track the locations.
Storing the packet and processing it in parallel provides enhanced performance. Performing storage and processing in parallel can, however, lead to problems. For example, problems may occur if processing finishes before the entire packet is stored. If storing the packet takes longer than the processing, the system may attempt to read the packet out of the memory subsystem before the packet is completely is stored. Attempting to read out the packet before it is finished being written will result in reading out incorrect data, data that is not part of the packet. It is also possible that even though the packet is stored prior to the packet processing being finished, the packet data was corrupted in some way during writing, storage, or reading.
Therefore, there exists a need for systems and methods that ensure that stored information can be verified upon read out.


The natural product cephalomannine can be converted to the important anticancer natural product taxol by a simple process involving the steps of hydrogenation, benzoylation at the C-2'-position, protection of the C-7 position, and reaction with oxalyl chloride, followed by reaction with diphenylcarbodiimide and deprotection. The same process can be applied to mixtures of taxol and cephalomannine, thus obviating the need for the separation of these closely related compounds. In addition, the selection of an acylating reagent other than the benzoyl group allows the preparation of taxol analogs with other N-acyl substituents.

Taxol is a naturally occurring diterpenoid which has demonstrated great potential as an anti-cancer drug. Taxol, shown below as compound 1, can be isolated from the bark of the western yew, Taxus brevifolia, and is also found in several other yew species such as T. baccata and T. cuspidata. For further information regarding taxol, see Kingston et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,059,699. All patents, articles, and other documents cited herein are incorporated by reference as if reproduced in full below. ##STR1##
Taxol almost always co-occurs with the closely related compound cephalomannine, shown below as compound 2. Due to their close structural similarity, the separation of taxol from cephalomannine is a very difficult one. See Wani et al., "Plant Antitumor Agents. VI. The Isolation and Structure of Taxol, A Novel Antileukemic and Antitumor Agent from Taxus brevifolia," J. Am. Chem. Soc. 93, 2325(1971); Powell et al., "Cephalomannine; A New Antitumor Alkaloid from Cephalotaxus mannii," J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 102(1979); Miller et al., "Antileukemic Alkaloids from Taxus wallichiana Zucc," J. Org. Chem. 46, 1469(1981). ##STR2##
Since taxol is very scarce, a procedure to make taxol from cephalomannine would prove valuable because it would increase the supply of taxol, while also avoiding the need to separate cephalomannine from taxol.
No previous work on a direct conversion of cephalomannine to taxol has been reported. An indirect route is available through the work of Magri et al., in Journal of Organic Chemistry, Vol. 51, p. 3239, 1986, who reported that taxol can be converted to baccatin III, shown below as compound 3, by treatment with tetrabutylammonium borohydride in dichloromethane. It has been surprisingly discovered that this process works equally well with cephalomannine, so a pathway exists to prepare baccatin III 3 from cephalomannine. ##STR3##
Baccatin III 3 can be converted to taxol by one of several published pathways. See Holton, R., "Method for Preparation of Taxol Using an Oxazinone," U.S. Pat. No. 5,015,744; Denis et al., "Highly Efficient Practical Approach to Natural Taxol," J. Am. Chem. Soc. 110, 5917(1988); Mangatal et al., "Application of the Vicinal Oxyamination Reaction with Asymmetric Induction to the Hemisynthesis of Taxol and Analogues," Tetrahedron 45, 4177(1989).
Hence, cephalomannine can be converted to taxol through baccatin III 3, by treatment of cephalomannine with, by way of non-limiting example, tetrabutylammonium borohydride in the presence of dichloromethane. However, this process requires the synthesis of the .beta.-phenylisoserine side-chain of taxol in enantiomerically pure form, and the coupling of the side-chain to baccatin III 3 does not proceed quantitatively.
Because of the promising clinical activity of taxol against various types of cancer, the preparation of analogues of taxol is an important endeavor, especially in view of the previously mentioned limited supply of taxol. See McGuire et al., "Taxol: A Unique Antineoplastic Agent with Significant Activity in Advanced Ovarian Epithelial Neoplasms," Ann. Intern. Med. 111: 273-279 (1989); Holmes et al., "Phase II Trials of Taxol, an Active Drug in the Treatment of Metastatic Breast Cancer," J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 83: 1797-1805 (1991).
It is believed that the preparation of taxol analogues will result in the synthesis of compounds with comparable or greater potency than taxol (thus reducing the need for the drug), superior bioavailability, or having less undesirable side effects. Indeed, the synthesis of the taxol analogue taxotere, which differs from taxol only in the nature of the N-acyl substituent and the absence of the 10-acetyl group, indicates the usefulness of this approach, since taxotere is reported to be approximately twice as active as taxol in some assays (although taxol is believed to be more effective in other systems than taxotere). See Gueritte-Voegelein et al., "Chemical Studies of 10-Deacetylbaccatin III. Hemisynthesis of Taxol Derivatives," Tetrahedron 42: 4451-4460 (1986); Ringel et al., "Studies with R P56976 (Taxotere) A Semisynthetic Analogue of Taxol," J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 83:288-291 (1991).
A large number of taxol analogs have antitumor properties as shown by their ability to inhibit the disassembly of microtubules. See "Relationships between the Structure of Taxol Analogues and Their Antimitotic Activity," Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, Vol. 34, pp. 992-998 (1991); "Biologically Active Taxol Analogues with Deleted A-Ring Side Chain Substituents and Variable C-2' Configurations," Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, Vol. 34, pp. 1176-1184, (1991); "Synthesis and Evaluation of Some Water-Soluble Prodrugs and Derivatives of Taxol with Antitumor Activity," Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, Vol. 35, pp. 145-151, (1992). The foregoing articles demonstrate the effectiveness of taxol analogs as antitumor agents.
There is also a need for a method to quickly determine the biological activities of new compounds or pharmaceutical compounds having bioactivities or structures similar to taxol. The short supply and expense of taxol makes impractical the use of taxol as a standard in determining the bioactivities of other compounds; thus, it is highly desirable that a range of other standards with known biological activities be available to determine the bioactivity of taxol derivatives and other compounds relative to taxol. Useful standards should be derivatives of taxol, or the standards should be compounds which have similar structures to taxol, but which are more readily available or which can be synthesized easier than taxol. At present, some derivatives, which do not exhibit the same high biological activity as taxol, are thrown away; this waste would be eliminated by a method which uses taxol derivatives, which have significantly less biological activity than taxol, as standards in bioactivity testing, rather than utilizing more taxol, which is already in short supply and very expensive. Further, it is critical in the commercial exploitation of taxol and taxol congeners that the efficacy of taxol and taxol congeners designated for commercial sale be subjected to rigid quality standards. It is undesireable to use taxol in quality testing due to its short supply, and therefore, it is desirable to develop quality or activity screening protocols which utilize taxol analogs.
Thus, there is a need for taxol derivatives having a range of in vivo and in vitro activities, and there is a need for taxol derivatives or compounds having similar biological activities to taxol. There is a corresponding need for methods to prepare taxol derivatives and taxol congeners.
There is also a need to prepare taxol from naturally occurring mixtures, and more particularly, there is a need to convert cephalomannine, or mixtures comprising cephalomannine, to taxol.
There is also need for better methods of treating cancer, and more particularly of treating cancer with taxol analogs.

Method for the conversion of cephalomannine to taxol and for the preparation of N-acyl analogs of taxol

Virgnia Tech Intellectual Properties, Inc.


A sheet processing apparatus, which may be a mailing machine, inserter or similar system for producing mail pieces or may be a copier or printer or the like. The system includes a control mechanism for reducing the likelihood of jams as sheets are fed through a sheet handling apparatus included in the system. Preferably the control mechanism will include a neural network trained to response to a characteristic signal generated by a sheet feeder as a sheet is input to the apparatus. After training the network will produce a control signal output for controlling the processing rate of the apparatus to reduce the rate if there is a likelihood that the input sheet will jam. The network may also produce an outstacking signal for diverting sheets, in extreme cases, for corrective action. The drive current of a motor used to output the sheet from a sheet feeder is monitored to provide the characteristic signal which is sampled as an input to the network. An additional signal representative of an external condition, such as temperature or humidity or operating history, may also be input to the network.

The subject invention relates to sheet processing systems such as mailing machines, inserters printers, copiers and similar equipment for handling sheets of paper, envelopes and other sheet-like materials (herein after referred to generally as sheets). More particularly, it relates to such systems which include a control mechanism for avoiding jams.
Equipment such as mailing machines, which seal envelopes and imprint them with postage indicia, inserters, which insert materials into envelopes to form mail pieces, and other forms of sheet handling equipment are well known, and are generally satisfactory for their intended purpose. However, from time to time a sheet, perhaps because it is oversized or damaged, will jam in the sheet processing system. This is highly disadvantageous since the time needed to clear the jam will greatly reduce the overall throughput of the system. Perhaps more importantly, were the jammed sheet is preprinted or otherwise unique (e.g. as in systems for the return of cancelled checks) it may be destroyed when it is jammed and its replacement may be difficult or impossible. Also, in a system where a number of sheets are to be assembled in order, a jammed sheet may cause great difficulty in restoring the desired order.
Thus, it is an object of the subject invention to provide a sheet handling system which includes a control mechanism for reducing the likelihood of jams.

Sheet processing system with neural network control


An electronic transmitter device has a puncturing device with two data outputs and/or an interleaver with two data inputs. An electronic receiver device has a de-interleaver with two data outputs and/or a depuncturing device with two data inputs.

This takes place, for example, both within the scope of the HIPERLAN/2 (High Performance Radio Local Area Network Type 2) standard ("ETSI TS 101 761-1 Broadband Radio Access Networks; Hiperlan Type 2; Physical Layer") and within the scope of the standard "IEEE 802.11a—Part 11: Wireless LAN (WLAN) Medium Access Control and Physical Layer specifications: High-speed Physical Layer in the 5 GHz Band". In addition to said original standard, information on the HIPERLAN/2 standard can be obtained on the Internet at www.hiperlan2.com. A summary of the HIPERLAN/2 standard can also be found in the article "HIPERLAN type 2 for broadband wireless communication" by J. Khun-Jush et al. in Ericsson Review No. 2, 2000, pages 108 to 119.
In both of said standards a similar transmission fault correction scheme is defined. It contains at the transmitter end (see FIG. 2).                1) a convolutional coder 1 with the coding rate 1/2,        2) a first puncturing element P1 for reducing redundancy of 12 bits (only in the case of ETSI HIPERLAN/2),        3) a second puncturing element (P2) for selecting the coding rate (coding rates: 1/2, 9/16, 2/3, 3/4) and        4) an interleaver 2 for avoiding burst errors and, at the receiver end (see FIG. 3), a corresponding de-interleaver 3 and corresponding depuncturing elements P2′, P1′.
The puncturing process with the first puncturing element P1 is defined only in the ETSI standard mentioned above. The P2 rate of 2/3 occurs only in the IEEE standard mentioned above, the P2 rate of 9/16 occurs only in the ETSI standard. The following description relates essentially to said ETSI standard and to said IEEE standard. However, it is assumed to be generally quite clear that the present invention is not restricted to the application relating to the two said standards but rather can be applied generally to all transmitter/receiver devices in which the signal which is to be transmitted is punctured and/or interleaved after it has been coded and respectively de-interleaved and depunctured before it is decoded.
The coder 1 generates two parallel output bits for each input bit. The first puncturing element P1 removes a number of these output bits of the coder 1 according to a scheme in accordance with the following table 1. Where necessary, this puncturing scheme is applied to a group of 156 coded bits.
TABLE 1BitPuncturingTransmitted sequence (afterNumberingpatternparallel/serial conversion)0-155X: 1111110111111X0 Y0 X1 Y1 X2 Y2 X3 Y3 X4 Y4Y: 1111111111110X5 Y5 X7 Y6 X8 Y7 X9 Y8 X10 Y9X11 Y10 X12 Y11>156X: 1X0 Y0or in the case of IEEE Y: 1
There is a difference in speed between the inputting and the outputting of the first puncturing element P1. For a group of 13 bits, for example, the coder 1 generates 2×13 bits, while the output of the first puncturing element P1 is 24 bits long. For this reason, in order to adapt the different speeds between the coding output and the puncturing output to one another, FIFO memory elements are provided in specific sections, for example upstream or downstream of the first puncturing element P1 or even upstream of the convolutional coder 1.
A particular feature of the standards mentioned above is that each possible data rate is assigned a specific form of modulation and a specific coding rate (for the channel coding). The assignment is selected in such a way that the number of the coded bits per OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) symbol, referred to as NCBPS, is always a multiple of the number of subchannels (48 elements). Table 3 represents the specification of the transmission modes. It becomes clear that a BPSK (Binary Phase Shift Keying) modulation and a QPSK (Quaternary Phase Shift Keying) modulation as well as two amplitude modulations (16 QAM: 16-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation; 64 QAM: 64-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) are used. The ratio of the number of uncoded bits to the number of coded bits is referred to as the coding rate r.
In the fastest mode (54 Mbps, 64 QAM), when both the first puncturing process P1 and the second puncturing process P2 (code rate 3/4) are applied, 222 input bits for an OFDM symbol must be coded (see table 3). For this reason, there would be 2×222 bits at the output of the coder1, and 1×432 bits at the output of the first puncturing element P1.
According to the abovementioned standard definitions, the output data stream of the first puncturing element P1 is subjected again to serial/parallel conversion (S/P) before it is fed to the second puncturing element P2.
The second puncturing element P2 again removes a number of the input bits, specifically according to the scheme illustrated in the following table 2.
TABLE 2PuncturingTransmitted sequence (afterCode rates rpatternparallel/serial conversion)½X: 1X0 Y0Y: 1 9/16X: 111111110X0 Y0 X1 Y1 X2 Y2 X3 Y3 X4 X5(only with ETSI)X: 111101111Y5 X6 Y6 X7 Y7 Y8⅔X: 11X0 Y0 X1(only with IEEE)Y: 10¾X: 110X0 Y0 X1 Y2Y: 101
The second puncturing process can be based on the same assumptions regarding the difference in speed as were made above for the first puncturing process. For this reason, an FIFO memory element is required again.
The serial output data stream of the second puncturing element P2 is finally transmitted to the interleaver 2 which re-orders the bits according to a double scheme. The interleaving is defined in accordance with a double scheme only within one OFDM symbol.
In what follows, k will be the index for the coded bit before the first permutation, i will be the index after the first permutation and before the second permutation, and j will be the index after the second permutation directly before the assignment of modulation (the mapping).
The first permutation is defined by the following equation 1:
                              i          =                                                    NCBPS                16                            ·                              (                                  k                                                                                mod                                                                                16                                )                                      +                          floor                                                                                (                                  k                  16                                )                                                                                where                                                                                k                        =            0                    ,          1          ,          …                                                    ,                      NCBPS            -            1                                              (                  Eq          .                                                    1                )
The function floor(.) refers to the largest natural number which does not exceed the parameter, mod is the natural modulo operator, and NCBPS refers to the number of coded bits per OFDM symbol (NCBPS=Number of Coded Bits per OFDM Symbol).
The second permutation is defined by the following equation 2:
                              j          =                                    s              ×              floor                                                                                (                                  i                  s                                )                                      +                                          (                                  i                  +                  NCBPS                  -                                      floor                                                              (                                              16                        ×                                                  i                          NCBPS                                                                    )                                                                      )                                                                                mod                                                                                s                                                                                where                                                                                i                        =            0                    ,          1          ,          …                                                    ,                      NCBPS            -            1                                              (                  Eq          .                                                    2                )
The value of s is determined by the number of coded bits per sub-carrier, NBPSC (=Number of Coded Bits Per Sub-Carrier) according to the following equation 3
                              s          .                =                  max                                (                                          NBPSC                2                            ,              1                        )                                              (                  Eq          .                                                    3                )
Table 3 combines the values of NBPSC and NCBPS for the various transmission modes with NUBPS (=Number of Uncoded Bits Per OFDM Symbol),
specifically both for the case in which the first puncturing element P1 which is illustrated in FIG. 1 is used and for the case in which the first puncturing element P1 is not applied.
TABLE 3Main parameters for various transmission modesTransmissionmode (type ofmodulationNUBPSNUBPSInterleaverand codingP1 notP1operationrate)NBPSCappliedappliedNCBPSmodeBPSK ½12426480BPSK ¾13639480QPSK ½24852961QPSK ¾2727896116 QAM ½496102192216 QAM 9/164108112192216 QAM ¾4144150192264 QAM ⅔6192198288364 QAM ¾62162222883
The inverse functions must be carried out at the receiver end (FIG. 3). In this case, each bit is assigned a reliability measure for the Viterbi decoder 4 which is represented by N-1 bits. It is possible to state that each bit is represented by N soft bits, one soft bit being one word (see FIG. 11).
In the depuncturing function, soft zeros are inserted in the received data stream where bits had been removed at the transmitter end. This is carried out downstream of the de-interleaver output according to tables 4 and 5 correspondingly by means of the first depuncturing element P2′ which corresponds in its method of operation to a reversal of the second puncturing element P2, and by means of the second depuncturing element P1′ which corresponds in its method of operation to a reversal of the first puncturing element P1.
TABLE 4Depuncturing scheme of the first depuncturingelement P2′CodingRate rReceived sequenceOutput sequence½X0 Y0X: X0Y: Y0 9/16X0 Y0 X1 Y1 X2 Y2 X3 Y3 X4 X5X: X0 X1 X2 X3 X4 X5Y5 X6 Y6 X7 Y7 Y8X6 X7 0Y: Y0 Y1 Y2 Y3 0 Y5 Y6Y7 Y8⅔X0 Y0 X1X: X0 X1Y: Y0 0¾X0 Y0 X1 Y2X: X0 X1 0Y: Y0 0 Y2
TABLE 5Depuncturing scheme of the seconddepuncturing element P1′BitnumberingReceived sequenceOutput sequence0-155X0 Y0 X1 Y1 X2 Y2 X3 Y3 X4X: X0 X1 X2 X3 X4 X5Y4 X5 Y5 X7 Y6 X8 Y7 X9 Y80 X7 X8 X9 X10 X11 X12X10 Y9 X11 Y10 X12 Y11Y: Y0 Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5Y6 Y7 Y8 Y9 Y10 Y11 0>156X0 Y0X: X0Y: Y0
As at the transmitter end, the same problems also arise here in terms of latency and speed adaptation.
Let us concentrate now on the first permutation (Equation 1). In table 6, the 288 input/output bits for the 64 QAM mode are illustrated.
TABLE 6Mode #3ki00118236354472590610871268144916210180111981221613234142521527016117191837195520732191221092312724145251632618127199282172923530253312713223320343835563674379238110391284014641164421824320044218452364625447272483492150395157527553935411155129561475716558183592016021961237622556327364465226640675868766994701127113072148731667418475202762207723878256792748058123824183598477859586113871318814989167901859120392221932399425795275966972498429960100781019610211410313210415010516810618610720410822210924011025811127611271132511443115611167911797118115119133120151121169122187123205124223125241126259127277128812926130441316213280133981341161351341361521371701381881392061402241412421422601432781449145271464514763148811499915011715113515215315317115418915520715622515724315826115927916010161281624616364164821651001661181671361681541691721701901712081722261732441742621752801761117729178471796518083181101182119183137184155185173186191187209188227189245190263191281192121933019448195661968419710219812019913820015620117420219220321020422820524620626420728220813209312104921167212852131032141212151392161572171752181932192112202292212472222652232832241422532226502276822866229104230122231140232158233176234194235212236230237248238266239284240152413324251243692448724510524612324714124815924917725019525121325223125324925426725528525616257342585225970260882611062621242631422641602651782661962672142682322692502702682712862721727335274532757127669277107278125279143280161281179282197283215284233285251286269287287
From Table 6 it is clear that if the input bits are written in columns into a matrix with 16 rows and 18 columns, the bits can then be read in rows from the top in the correct sequence. In addition, said column size 18 is precisely three times the bit number per carrier, or in other words precisely the magnitude which is required to carry out the second permutation. It is also possible to show that precisely the same principle can be applied to the other modes. It is sufficient to reduce the number of columns correspondingly to 12, 6 or 3 for 16 QAM, QPSK or BPSK.
The principle of the first permutation is summarized in FIG. 4. With the described method of execution, up to 288 cycles are required to write the contents of one complete OFDM symbol.
In summary it is therefore possible to state the following with respect to the prior art:                1) The delay which is introduced by the system according to the prior art is high since for puncturing a bit number is required which is twice as high as the number of input bits (maximum 432 cycles/OFDM symbol), and since all the input bits have to be read serially for interleaving (maximum 288 cycles/OFDM symbol). The latency is a critical parameter for the configuration of burst transmission systems such as, for example, WLAN.        2) FIFO elements are required in order to compensate the speed differences between the coder 1 and the first puncturing element P1 and between the first puncturing element P1 and the second puncturing element P2. In addition, FIFO elements are required in order to compensate the speed difference between the parallel inputting of the second puncturing element P2 and the serial inputting of the interleaver 2.        3) The clock system has to be fast enough in order to be able to conclude everything within one OFDM symbol. In an implementation with a clock frequency of 80 MHz, two OFDM symbols, and consequently two bit bursts which are supplied to the coder 1, are 3.6 μs*80 MHz=288 clock cycles away from one another (worst case with short guard interval with HIPERLAN; typical case: 4.0 μs*80 MHz=320 clock cycles). During this time, the input data must be read and stored somewhere. After this, it has to be read out in the correct sequence (Equation 1) and the second permutation (Equation 2) has to be carried out. The puncturing elements P1, P2 and the interleaver 2 take up to 432 clock cycles in order to read all the input bits. For this reason it is not possible to complete all the operations within one OFDM symbol, for which reason, according to the prior art, what are referred to as pipelines are produced for even-numbered and odd-numbered OFDM symbols by doubling the circuit or even multiplying it further.


A system includes a main memory having a plurality of sections which each include a plurality of selectively addressable storage locations, a cache memory, and an accessing arrangement for successively requesting data from respective locations in the main memory. A method and apparatus for controlling the system involve assigning each section of the main memory a changeable status condition which is one of a caching enabled status and a caching disabled status, and inhibiting reading and storing of data by the cache memory when data requested by the accessing unit is in one of the sections of the main memory having the caching disabled status. An alternative method and apparatus for controlling the system involve selective operation in a mode in which data in the cache memory is updated even when reading of data from the cache memory is inhibited.

Modern computer systems have a main memory of semiconductor circuits which is large but relatively slow. Due to advances in technology, it is now possible to buy a central processing unit (CPU) which is significantly faster than the typical main memory. Consequently, significant inefficiency would result if the CPU had to stop and idle briefly during each memory access cycle while it waited for the memory. Although faster semiconductor memory components are available, they are significantly more expensive than slower components, and it is thus not cost effective to provide an entire main memory made from the faster memory components.
As a compromise, computer systems frequently include a cache memory which is made from the faster memory components and which is smaller than the main memory. When a data word is read from the main memory, a duplicate is stored in the cache memory, and if the CPU subsequently attempts to read the same data from the main memory, the cache memory will intervene and provide the data to the CPU much faster than the main memory could so that the CPU does not have to stop and wait. Usually, the entire cache memory can be enabled or disabled as a whole by the software.
Certain portions of a main memory can be separate conventional printed circuit cards which are plugged into connectors or slots provided in the computer. However, the same connectors or slots will accept other conventional circuit cards which in some respects appear to the CPU to be memory locations but which do not actually function as true memory locations. If a cache memory attempts to maintain a duplicate of data for such locations, errors will result. Although it is possible for software to attempt to keep track of these nonstandard locations and to turn off the cache memory when these locations are being accessed, the approach is cumbersome, not suitable for all applications, and requires additional processing by the CPU which reduces processing efficiency.
A further consideration is that, when a cache memory is turned off, updates of the data in it cease, and thus when the cache memory is again turned on it does not cause a noticeable system speed increase until a number of memory cycles have been performed and it again contains a useful quantity of up-to-date duplicate information.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a control arrangement for a cache memory which facilitates flexibility in defining the memory addresses for which operation of the cache memory is and is not permitted.
A further object of the invention is to provide such a control arrangement which is relatively inexpensive, and which requires minimal additional hardware or software.
A further object is to provide a control arrangement for a cache memory which can operate the cache memory in a mode in which the transmission of data from the cache memory to the CPU can be inhibited while the cache memory nevertheless continues to be updated.
The objects and purposes of the invention, including those set forth above, are met by providing a method and apparatus involving a main memory having a plurality of sections which each include a plurality of selectively addressable storage locations, a cache memory, and an accessing arrangement for successively requesting data from respective locations in the main memory, each section of the main memory being associated with a changeable status condition which is one of a caching enabled status and a caching disabled status, and reading and storing of data by the cache memory is inhibited when data requested by the accessing unit is in one of the sections of the main memory having the caching disabled status.
The objects and purposes are also met by providing a method and apparatus in which the data in a cache memory can be updated even when reading of data from the cache memory is inhibited.

Programmable cache memory which associates each section of main memory to be cached with a status bit which enables/disables the caching accessibility of the particular section, and with the capability of functioning with memory areas of varying size


Described here are systems and methods for positioning a surgical implant, such as a glenoid component, or other medical device intra-operatively. In general, the systems and methods described in the present disclosure implement a computer vision system, which may be a structured light computer vision system, together with a suitable optical tracker as an accurate intra-operative tool for predicting post-operative implant position in surgical procedures.

Glenoid component position is an important factor for post-operative function and long-term implant survival in both anatomic and reverse total shoulder arthroplasty. For instance, glenoid component position effects shoulder motion, impingement points, and stresses at the bone-prosthesis interface. Glenoid component failure is one of the most common complications of total shoulder arthroplasty, and malposition of the glenoid component has been associated with instability, implant, loosening, early failure, and inferior clinical outcomes.
Achieving adequate alignment and stable fixation of the glenoid component can be technically challenging. Restricted visualization, limited bony landmarks, and the complex and variable scapular geometry make glenoid component placement a relatively blind procedure. Abnormal glenoid morphology and bone loss is common in primary and revision procedures, which further complicates positioning the baseplate along the anatomic centerline and achieving stable fixation.
Current orthopedic intra-operative imaging systems generally include two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) C-arm x-ray fluoroscopy and cone beam CT systems. Two-dimensional x-ray images do not characterize the 3D position of the glenoid component with sufficient accuracy. Intra-operative 3D x-ray imaging systems present a logistical challenge and are unwieldy for imaging the shoulder of a patient in the standard beach chair position for shoulder arthroplasty. Thus, there remains a need to provide means for verifying the position of the glenoid component intra-operatively.

Systems and methods for surgical implant guidance and positioning with optical surface imaging


According to embodiments of the invention, a lens assembly and method for forming the same is provided. The method includes providing a first lens layer having a first transparent substrate and a first lens on the first transparent substrate, providing a second lens layer having a second transparent substrate and a second lens on the second transparent substrate, forming a spacer structure between the first lens layer and the second lens layer, and thinning the first transparent substrate to a first thickness after the spacer is formed.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a lens assembly and method for forming the same, and in particular relates to a lens assembly having an accurate and precise focal length.
2. Description of the Related Art
Electronic imaging devices are used in a wide range of applications, such as digital cameras, digital video recorders, image capture capable mobile phones and monitors. Electronic imaging devices, such as image sensor modules, typically convert light to electrical signals using a photodetector. Typically, an electronic imaging device includes an image sensor chip and an optical lens assembly, which is used to project an object onto the image sensor chip. Thus, the quality of the image projection of the optical lens assembly determines the quality of the image signal processed by the image sensor chip. If the optical lens assembly can not focus a projected image onto the image sensor chip precisely, an "out-of-focus" problem will occur, thereby degrading image quality.
Accordingly, a lens assembly having an accurate and precise focal length is desired.

Lens assembly and method for forming the same


A diagnostic assembly includes an instrument having a body portion and a distal camera head, in which a protective sheath encases the instrument body and includes a transparent window for allowing the camera head to view a target. A releasably attached handle overlays the instrument body and includes inner surfaces conforming to the instrument body to clamp the sheath in a predetermined position to prevent the sheath and the transparent window form being twisted during use.

Diagnostic apparatus such as endoscopes, are conventionally known and used for medical purposes. Typically, an elongated tubular or other shaped instrument body includes a insertion portion having viewing optics contained therein for allowing inspection of a subject of interest.
Among such known devices are intraoral dental cameras having a micro-video camera retained within the distal head of an elongated instrument body sized for insertion into the mouth of a patient. The micro-video camera includes a viewing lens portion which focuses an optical image onto a solid-state imager, such as a CMOS or CCD. An electrical signal is then relayed to processing circuitry which converts the signal into a monitor-ready video signal further relayed to a video monitor or other processing apparatus for providing real-time diagnostic analysis.
There is a specific and urgent need to provide a clean and sterile camera surface to the patient for prudent medical reasons. This need is heightened because there is typically bleeding in even the most routine of dental procedures, by which transmission of Hepatitis B, AIDS, etc, might occur if the instrument is not properly handled between patients. Because of the design of the instrument, it is preferable that the camera head. as well as the tubular instrument body, be properly cleaned due to the proximity to the mouth of the patient.
Sterilization is an option in which the instrument is dipped in a liquid bath containing a sterilization agent. Application of heat using an oven or other specialized apparatus is still another option. Each of the above techniques among others, however, is time-consuming and may also affect the useful life of the instrument, which contains sensitive electronics and optics. Therefore, a protective flexible sheath, made from polyethylene or other suitable material, such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,757,381, has been developed which is sized to encase the tubular instrument body, including the distal camera head. The sheath includes a transparent viewing window to allow the lens portion of the camera to adequately view the subject area after the sheath has been applied.
In use, however, dentists or hygienists using the intraoral camera are required to grip the sheathed tubular instrument body in order to then inspect areas of a patient's mouth. Due to the loose fitting of the sheath to the instrument body, there are instances in which the sheath or the instrument is twisted, making support of the instrument difficult and invariably causing the viewing window of the sheath to be shifted from the field of view of the lens portion of the camera, producing unfavorable results.
The aforementioned '381 patent attempts to correct this problem in a number of ways, including heat shrinking a portion of the sheath to tighten the fit of the sheath onto the camera head. Alternative methods include applying a vacuum to the sheath or using fluid pressure to control the positioning of the sheath window in the vicinity of the camera lens. None of these methods are particularly convenient, nor do they aid in providing support for the user of the instrument.
The above stated problems are competing in a sense, in that use of a fixedly attached handle would ease in support of the instrument, but would not be acceptable for allowing easy removal and replacement of the protective sheath after each patient use.
Therefore, there is a need to provide an intraoral dental camera which uses the flexible protective sheath in a manner which allows easy attachment and removal of the sheath, but which allows the instrument to be supportable without twisting of the sheath member.

Gripping handle for diagnostic instrument


Drug delivery devices are provided herein including crosslinked polymeric compositions. The devices may, in embodiments, possess at least two drug release profiles, in embodiments at least three drug release profiles.

Biocompatible crosslinked polymers may be used in drug and surgical treatments of various disease states found in animals, including humans. Biocompatible crosslinked polymers may be formed by various methods. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,410,016 discloses the use of free radical photopolymerizable monomers to form biocompatible crosslinked polymers. Other biocompatible crosslinked polymers used for medical applications include polymers formed using electrophilic-nucleophilic polymerization, including those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,296,518, 5,104,909, 5,514,379, 5,874,500, and 5,527,856.
The systemic administration of drugs is known. Suitable routes of administration include, for example, oral, parenteral, buccal, peroral, nasal, rectal, intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intracisternal, intravaginal, intraperitonal, intravesical, intraventricular, intracranial, intrathecal, topical and/or transdermal, combinations thereof, and the like. In some cases, administration may require a high systemic concentration, which may be accompanied by adverse side effects. Similarly, the use of extended release forms of medicaments, while desirable to prolong the time period during which the effects of a particular drug may be observed, may require the use of mechanisms or systems that are inefficient in the release of the medicament in a desired amount.
There remains a need for improved biocompatible crosslinked polymers and their use as drug delivery devices.


An electronic device includes a fan field replaceable unit (FRU). The fan FRU includes a fan FRU chassis defining an airflow pathway through the fan FRU. A fan within the fan FRU chassis causes air to flow along the airflow pathway. The fan FRU further includes an edge connector located at a front face of the fan FRU out of the way of the airflow pathway. Accordingly, the edge connector does not block airflow through the fan FRU thus maximizing the efficiency of the fan FRU and the cooling of the electronic device.

1. Field
The present application relates to the field of electronics, and more particularly, to structures for cooling electronic components and related methods.
2. Description of the Related Art
An electronic device typically includes a plurality of electronic components contained within an electronic enclosure. During use, these electronic components generate heat, which must be removed from the electronic enclosure.
In one example, the electronic enclosure is formed with a plurality of openings to allow airflow through the electronic enclosure. Fans are provided to move air through the electronic enclosure between the openings.
The fans are provides as fan Field Replaceable Units (fan FRUs). These fan FRUs plug into the motherboard of the electronic component with blind mate connectors. These blind mate connectors are located directly in the airflow pathway of the fans, e.g., blocking 50% or more of the air flow. This reduces efficiency in cooling of the electronic device.
Further, the fan FRUs provide a linear flow of air through the electronic enclosure, e.g., from the back of the fan FRUs to the front of the fan FRUs. Unfortunately, fan side electronic components located adjacent sides of the fan FRUs receive little air flow and thus little cooling from the fan FRUs. Stated another way, the airflow from the fan FRUs bypasses the fan side electronic components. This air bypass reduces the efficiency in cooling of the fan side electronic components.
Further, upstream electronic components heat the air flow as it passed by the upstream electronic components. Downstream electronic components located downstream of the upstream electronic components thus receive air that has been preheated by the upstream electronic components.
Accordingly, the downstream electronic components receive air that is preheated to be at a temperature above ambient temperature. This phenomenon is sometimes called heat shadowing. Heat shadowing reduces the efficiency in cooling of the downstream electronic components.
To provide adequate airflow and cooling, additional and/or larger fans are sometimes needed. Unfortunately, these additional and/or larger fans add to both the manufacturing and operating costs of the electronic device.

Electronic component cooling system and method


A multilayer chip capacitor including: a capacitor body having a plurality of dielectric layers deposited therein and having a parallelepiped shape; at least three pairs of first and second external electrodes formed on two longer sides, the first and second external electrodes in each of the pairs having different polarities and opposing each other, and the first and second external electrodes on each of the longer sides arranged alternately with each other; and a plurality of first and second internal electrodes arranged alternately to interpose each of the dielectric layers, the first and second internal electrodes connected to the first and second external electrodes by leads, respectively, wherein the capacitor body has a length that is 2.5 times greater than a width thereof.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a multilayer chip capacitor, more particularly, which can be reduced in size and equivalent series inductance (ESL).
2. Description of the Related Art
In general, a multilayer chip capacitor has internal electrodes of different polarities deposited alternately to interpose each of dielectric layers. This multilayer chip capacitor advantageously ensures a smaller size, a higher capacity and easy mountability on a circuit board, thus widely used as a capacitive component of various electronic devices. Especially, the multilayer chip capacitor is considerably utilized as a decoupling capacitor for stabilizing a high frequency power circuit for use in e.g., a micro-processor unit (MPU). To be employed as a decoupling capacitor of the MPU, the capacitor should have a low ESL. This demand for a lower ESL has been rising due to a higher speed of the MPU and a resultant higher power and lower voltage trend.
To be employed in an MPU package, decoupling capacitors need to be connected in parallel to lower impedance of a power network. Here, a greater number of the decoupling capacitors with a smaller size should be connected in parallel to achieve lower impedance due to a limited mounting area. Even though the decoupling capacitors are smaller-sized, that is, a greater number of capacitors are connected in parallel in a limited mounting area, the smaller-sized capacitors may achieve less decline in overall impedance when each of the capacitors is increased in an ESL. Therefore, to reduce size of the decoupling capacitors, it is of great importance to keep an ESL of the each capacitor at an identical or lower level compared to a non-downscaled capacitor.
FIG. 1A is a schematic perspective view illustrating a conventional multilayer chip capacitor and FIG. 1B is a side cross-sectional view illustrating the conventional multilayer chip capacitor.
Referring to FIGS. 1A and 1B, the multilayer chip capacitor 10 includes a capacitor body 11 having a plurality of dielectric layers deposited therein. First or second internal electrodes 12 and 13 are formed on each of the dielectric layers. The first and second internal electrodes 12 and 13 are disposed to oppose each other while interposing the each dielectric layer. Thus, the first and second internal electrodes 12 and 13 are connected to first and second external electrodes 14 and 15 of different polarities formed on end faces of the capacitor body 11. Generally, each the external electrodes 14 and 15 has an extending portion A partially extended to a top and bottom and sides adjacent to the end faces.
This multilayer chip capacitor 10, as illustrated in an equivalent circuit diagram of FIG. 1C, has an equivalent series inductance (ESL) resulting from current loop in the capacitor and an equivalent series resistance (ESR) resulting from dielectric loss and electrode resistance, in addition to its intended capacitance C. This two-terminal capacitor is too high in an ESL to be used as a high-performing decoupling capacitor for a high frequency circuit.
Recently, a multi-terminal multilayer chip capacitor such as an eight-terminal capacitor has been suggested as a decoupling capacitor. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,880,925 assigned to AVX Corporation discloses an eight-terminal multilayer chip capacitor in which leads of internal electrodes of different polarities are arranged interdigitatedly, and also a plus (+) external terminal and a minus (−) external terminal are arranged alternately to cancel out magnetic fluxes generated by high frequency currents, thereby decreasing the ESL. In general, a greater number of electrodes (terminals) further reduce the ESL, but during a current process of forming the external electrodes, four terminals are arranged on one side (longer side) of the capacitor body. The eight-terminal capacitor with a 1680 size, which adopts the AVX structure, has an ESL of approximately 60 pH.
As described above, to lower overall impedance, a greater number of smaller multi-terminal capacitors should be connected in parallel in a limited mounting area. In a case where the AVX-suggested capacitor structure is reduced from a 1608 size (a length of 1.6 mm and a width of 0.8 mm) to a 1005 size (a length of 11.0 mm and a width of 0.5 mm), only three terminals may be arranged on one longer side face due to limitation associated with the formation process of the external electrodes. Therefore, the capacitor structure, when reduced from a 1608 size to a 1005 size, is expected to adopt a six-terminal capacitor. Here, the six-terminal capacitor with a 1005 size has a smaller number of terminals than an eight-terminal capacitor with a 1608 size, and thus is increased in an ESL to approximately 75 pH. Accordingly, the plurality of capacitors connected in parallel lead to less decrease in total inductance. In consequence, such reduction in size of the capacitor requires a smaller number of external terminals, which however subsequently increases the ESL of each of the capacitors.


A wireless communication apparatus which uses fast Fourier transforms (FFTs) in an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) receiver which incorporates a beam space antenna array. The beam space antenna array may be implemented with a Butler matrix array. The beam space antenna array may be a circular array, vertical array, or a combination of both circular and vertical arrays, for providing the desired angular antenna coverage. In one embodiment, the antenna array is optimized because the FFTs are linear invariant transform operators, whereby the order of operations in the OFDM receiver can be interchanged.

Improving the capacity of a wireless communication system is perhaps one of the most important areas in cellular technology that requires further exploration. Deficiencies in the spectral efficiency and power consumption of mobile systems have motivated wireless communication system designers to explore new areas in the technology that will offer capacity relief. One of these new areas is the use of antenna arrays in wireless systems to improve system capacity.
Antenna arrays deal with using multiple antenna elements at a receiver and/or transmitter to improve the capacity of the system. For example, using multiple antennas in a wireless receiver offers diversity of received signals. This proves to work well in fading environments and multi-path environments, where one path of a signal received by one antenna of the receiver may be subjected to difficult obstacles. In this scenario, the other antennas of the receiver receive different paths of the signal, thus increasing the probability that a better component of the signal, (i.e., a less corrupt version of the signal), may be received.
One of the challenges facing the use of antenna arrays is that they usually require a high degree of computational complexity. This is because the system will attempt to process each signal at each antenna by a separate digital baseband processing element which may lead to excessive power consumption, hardware resources, and processing time.
OFDM is a technology that is being considered by different industry drivers for use in many different communications applications, including antenna arrays. It is desired to find ways to reduce the complexity of antenna array receiver systems using OFDM technology.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Wireless communication apparatus using fast fourier transforms to create, optimize and incorporate a beam space antenna array in an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing receiver


In one aspect of the invention, a degradation assembly has an attack tool with a body and a shank, the body having a wear-resistant tip. The shank is disposed within a bore of a holder which is secured to a driving mechanism. A retainer sleeve is disposed around the shank of the attack tool, wherein the retainer sleeve has an inner surface with a hardness greater than 58 HRc.

Efficient degradation of materials is important to a variety of industries including the asphalt, mining, and excavation industries. In the asphalt industry, pavement may be degraded using attack tools, and in the mining industry, attack tools may be used to break minerals and rocks. Attack tools may also be used when excavating large amounts of hard materials. In asphalt recycling, often, a drum supporting an array of attack tools disposed within holders attached, together making up a degradation assembly, may be rotated and moved so that the attack tools engage a paved surface causing the tools and/or holders to wear. Much time is wasted in the asphalt recycling industry due to high wear of the degradation assemblies, which typically have a tungsten carbide tip.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,733,087 to Hall et al., which is herein incorporated by reference for all that it contains, discloses an attack tool for working natural and man-made materials that is made up of one or more segments, including a steel alloy base segment, an intermediate carbide wear protector segment, and a penetrator segment comprising a carbide substrate that is coated with a superhard material. The segments are joined at continuously curved interfacial surfaces that may be interrupted by grooves, ridges, protrusions, and posts. At least a portion of the curved surfaces vary from one another at about their apex in order to accommodate ease of manufacturing and to concentrate the bonding material in the region of greatest variance.
Examples of degradation assemblies from the prior art are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,824,225 to Stiffler, US Pub. No. 20050173966 to Mouthaan, U.S. Pat. No. 6,692,083 to Latham, U.S. Pat. No. 6,786,557 to Montgomery, Jr., US. Pub. No. 20030230926, U.S. Pat. No. 4,932,723 to Mills, US Pub. No. 20020175555 to Merceir, U.S. Pat. No. 6,854,810 to Montgomery, Jr., U.S. Pat. No. 6,851,758 to Beach, which are all herein incorporated by reference for all they contain.


A rotary connector includes a case, a cover, a rotor having a top panel part and a first cylindrical part, a rotor snap having locking parts locked with an outer surface of the cover and a second cylindrical part snap-fitted to the first cylindrical part, flexible cables wound windably/rewindably in the case, and a ring-shaped plate part. In this case, a holding projection project outward in a radial direction from the outer circumferential surface of the second cylindrical part between a lower end of the first cylindrical part and the locking parts, and an inner rim of the cover is provided with a holding step so as to form a step. Furthermore, a wall surface forming the step of the holding step faces side surface of the holding projection, and an inner rim of the cover is rotatably interposed between lower surface of the holding projection and an upper surface of the ring-shaped plate part.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a rotary connector which electrically connects an electrical device provided in a steering wheel with an electrical device provided in a vehicle, and more particularly, to a structure of connecting a fixed-side housing with a movable-side housing.
2. Description of the Related Art
A conventional rotary connector has been known before (for example, Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2003-174715). As shown FIG. 5, the conventional rotary connector includes a fixed-side housing 103 that includes a cylindrical case 101 and a ring-shaped cover 102 for covering one end of the case 101; a movable-side housing 106 that includes a ring-shaped top panel part 104 for covering the other end of the case 101 and a first cylindrical part 105 rising downward from an inner circumferential end of the top panel part 104; a rotor snap 110 that includes a ring-shaped locking part 107 locked with an outer surface of the cover 102, a second cylindrical part 108 rising from an inner circumferential end of the locking part 107, and a third cylindrical part 109 connected to a steering wheel (not shown) joined with the second cylindrical part 108 so as to rotatably assemble the movable-side housing 106 to the fixed-side housing 103 by combining the first cylindrical part 105 with the second cylindrical part 108; a ring-shaped holder 111 that is received in ring-shaped space formed by assembling the movable-side housing 106 to the fixed-side housing 103; a roller 112 that is rotatably mounted on the ring-shaped holder 111; and a flexible cable 113 that is wound on the roller 112, and of which one end is connected to the movable-side housing 106 and the other end is connected to the fixed-side housing 103.
In the conventional rotary connector, an annular projection 114 formed on the upper side of an inner surface of the case 101 faces an annular recess 115 formed on a lower surface of the top panel part 104, and a lower surface of the cover 102 faces an upper surface of the locking part 107. For this reason, an axial position of the movable-side housing 106 with respect to the fixed-side housing 103 is regulated. Furthermore, the annular projection 114 is engaged with the annular recess 115, and a side surface of the locking part 107 faces a wall part 116 forming a step flexuously formed on an inner rim of the cover 102. For this reason, a radial position of the movable-side housing 106 with respect to the fixed-side housing 103 is regulated.
In this way, the movable-side housing 106 is rotatably supported on the fixed-side housing 103. In this case, if the fixed-side housing 103 is fixed to a stator part of a vehicle and the movable-side housing 106 is connected to a steering wheel, an electrical device provided in the steering wheel can be electrically connected to an electrical device provided in the vehicle through the flexible cable 113.
However, the conventional rotary connector has the following problems: Since the conventional rotary connector is formed by injection molding of insulating resin, it is difficult to accurately mold a portion, which is away from a rotation axis in a radial direction thereof, with resin. Moreover, since variation per hour causes large deformation, the annular projection 114 and the annular recess 115, which are away from a rotation axis in a radial direction and face each other, are in slide contact with each other during the rotation of the movable-side housing 106. Therefore, abnormal noise occurs.


Methods and components for processing Universal Resource Locator (URL) requests for web content are presented. The application servers and/or application software implement request switching components adapted to route URL requests for web content to servlets adapted to perform modularized functionality in servicing URL requests. The combination of request switch and servlet components define a request processing network. The advantages are derived from a flexibility in adding, modifying, and removing servlets from the request processing network at reduced regression testing. Each URL request is optimally routed only to necessary components to service the request. The use of request switches consolidates and simplifies the servlet triggering functionality in selecting servlets to service each URL request enabling specialized processing of URL requests. Solutions using servlet network arrangements enable parallel processing of URL requests.

One method of delivering web content to a web browser client application includes servicing URL requests issued by the web browser client application. Request specifications include the formatting of what are known in the art as Universal Resource Locator (URL) strings. A portion of a typical URL string represents a network address of the web server to which a corresponding URL request is directed.
For example, a web server may provide a keyword-based web-page search service. A web browser client sends a search request for web pages related to "blue skies" to the web server. An exemplary URL request string specification may have the following form:
URL="http://www.searchservice.org/findwebpages?+blue+sky"
where the "www.searchservice.org" portion represents the network address of the web server provisioning the keyword-based web-page search service, and the remaining portion of the URL string represents the search request.
Legacy web servers providing search services, having received the URL request, provide the search request portion of the URL string to web-page search software applications which parse the search request and respond appropriately. The performance characteristics of such a prior art implementation are closely related to the performance of such web-page search software application. In support of complex solution offerings, software application code provisioning services is modularized perhaps using JAVA™ applet technology to enhance performance in servicing a large number of requests.
Other exemplary prior art solutions include application servers running web-page search software applications. The performance characteristics of such an implementation therefore is closely related to the performance of the application server(s) used as well related to the performance of web-page search software applications executing thereon.
A prior art improvement to servicing the exemplary search request mentioned above is shown in FIG. 1. An application server 100 services the search request using JAVA™ servlets 122, 124, and 126 in response to the "findwebpages" directive. JAVA™ servlets 122, 124, and 126 are provisioned on Dynamo™ software by ATG, a commercially available application server product.
In accordance with the operation of the Dynamo™ software, the URL request 102 is received 132 by a request adapter 104. The request adapter 104 performs front-end processing on the received URL request 102. The request adapter 104 parses 134 the URL request 102 and generates 136 a request object 106 containing URL information for the search request 102 as well as host information corresponding to the communications network node associated with the web-browser client. A response object 108 is also generated.
The request 106 and response 108 objects are processed by the group of Java™ servlets 122, 124, and 126 sequentially. The sequential group of servlets 122, 124, and 126 is known in the art as a request processing pipeline 120. Depending on information contained at least in the request object 106, one or more of the servlets 122, 124, and 126 will perform an operation to service the exemplary search request and update at least the response object 108 before passing the request 106 and response 108 objects to the next servlet in the pipeline 120.
In accordance with the prior art exemplary implementation, the servlet 122 is a web-page search servlet which: extracts 142 the first search term "blue" from the request object 106, generates 144 web-page hits for the first search term, and updates 146 at least the response object 108. The (modified) request 106 and response 108 objects are passed along the servlet pipeline 120.
The servlet 124 is also a web-page search servlet which: extracts 152 the second search term "sky" from the (modified) request object 106, generates 154 web-page hits for the second search term, and updates 156 at least the response object 108. The (modified) request 106 and response 108 objects are passed along the servlet pipeline 120.
The servlet 126 is a list manipulation servlet which: extracts 162 the web-page hits from the modified response object 108, combines 164 the page hits and updates 166 at least the response object 108. The exemplary list manipulation extracts common web-page hits found by both of the servlets 122 and 124. The (modified) request 106 and response 108 objects are passed along and out of the servlet pipeline 120.
A response adapter 110 performing back-end processing of URL requests may be used to: extract 172 the combined hits from the modified response object 108 and generate a web page of hits 174. In generating 136 the response object 108, an HyperText Markup Language (HTML) template to be returned to the web-browser client may be included therein, in which case steps 172 and 174 merely process the HTML template into a web-page 112. Using host information specified in the request object 106, the information held in the serviced response object 108 is sent 176 to the web-browser client as an HTML page 112, in reply to the URL request 102.
Several problems are encountered in using the prior art solution. The request 106 and response 108 objects are passed through each and every servlet 122, 124, and 126 in the pipeline 120 regardless of whether or not a specific servlet (122, 124, and 126) is relevant to the processing of the URL request 102. Much processing time is wasted, if the request 106 and response 108 objects are passed through many servlets irrelevant to processing the corresponding URL request 102, contributing to an inefficient service offering. For example, if only one search term is specified in the search request, the servlet 122 is the only relevant servlet to that particular search request. Passing the request 106 and response 108 objects through the servlets 124 and 126 wastes time, uses request processing resources unnecessarily and is therefore inefficient.
Therefore services provisioned using servlet pipelines, typically utilize a limited number of servlets to balance processing time and resource utilization against the capabilities of the provisioned service. When applied to the exemplary prior art implementation, a limitation on the number of search terms, limiting the capabilities of the search service, therefore becomes necessary to provide reasonable search request processing response times for typical search requests.
Therefore the sequential passing of the request 106 and response 108 objects through the entire pipeline 120 regardless of whether each servlet in the pipeline 120 is relevant to the processing of the URL request 102 leads to unscalability in provisioning services using such an implementation.
Additionally, servlets 124 and 126 must be coded to recognize triggering conditions to cause them to perform their function. Including servlet triggering functionality into servlet code duplicates application code and introduces the risk of optional servlets 124 acting at an inappropriate time or in an inappropriate manner. Furthermore, servlet triggering greatly complicates specialized processing of a URL requests 102.
Other problems relate to modifying a servlet and/or adding a new servlet to a pipeline. Such changes to the pipeline introduces the risk of making the entire pipeline inoperable, since all of the request 106 and response 108 objects flow sequentially through all the servlets in the pipeline.
Yet another problem with using pipelined processing of URL requests comes from the fact that such URL request processing has an all-or-nothing result which greatly complicates the development and debugging of services provisioned using long sequences of servlets.
With the growing demand for web-based services, the ability to control the presentation of web-content to customers is critically important to efficient and effective service provisioning. There therefore is a need to solve the above mentioned problems to improve URL request processing.


The present invention provides a novel carboxylic acid ester compound useful as a fragrance component or a material for a compound fragrance and a method for producing the same, and provides a fragrance composition including the carboxylic acid ester compound. The present invention also provides an acyl fluorides of a 2,4-dimethyl-bicyclo[2.2.2]octane compound and the esters thereof, useful as the raw materials (inclusive of the intermediates of organic synthesis), for example, for the medicines, agricultural chemicals, fragrances, functional resins, optical functional materials and electronic functional materials. The carboxylic acid ester compound of the present invention is a compound represented by the general formula (1).

It has hitherto been known that esters include compounds useful as fragrances. For examples, Non Patent Literature 1 describes the usefulness of the following esters as a material for a compound fragrance: geranyl acetate having rose-like aroma, methyl jasmonate having jasmine-like sweet aroma, fruitate having fruity aroma and methyl benzoate having intense dry fruity aroma.

Carboxylic acid ester compound and method for producing same, and fragrance composition

Abstract: (In the formula, one of R1 and R2 is a methyl group and the other of R1 and R2 is —COOR, and R is an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms.)


Schemes are described to produce quasi-static charge separation, Terahertz radiation, and programmable magnetic field generation using linearly-polarized light in unbiased, transparent insulators. The methods exploit a recently-observed magneto-electric optical nonlinearity that produces intense magnetization in undoped, homogeneous dielectrics. Analysis reveals that strong magnetic effects can be induced at modest optical intensities even with incoherent light. Consequently, efficient solar power conversion is feasible without the semiconductor processing or electron-hole pair generation that is required in conventional photovoltaic cells. Additionally, conditions and techniques are described to generate intense THz radiation in unbiased substrates and large magnetic fields orientated transverse to the direction of propagation of light, without the need for any external permanent magnetic or electromagnetic apparatus.

Recent experiments have shown that intense magnetic dipole radiation can be generated with light at intensities as low as 107 W/cm2 in transparent dielectrics. This surprising phenomenon has been shown to take place via a magneto-electric interaction that was overlooked in the early days of nonlinear optics and overcomes the apparent limitations on magnetic dipole (MD) effects imposed by the multipole expansion of classical electrodynamics. The phenomenon is essentially relativistic in origin but appears at sub-relativistic intensities because of parametric enhancement. Classical analysis, numerical simulations, perturbation theory, and quantum theory have been offered to analyze and explain this phenomenon. These treatments describe an oscillatory, transverse magnetic response that is driven by the product of the electric and magnetic field components of a linearly-polarized light field. The fields act jointly (despite their orthogonality) to drive a coherent dipolar magnetization in bound electron systems. Strong coupling of energy from electric to magnetic motions accounts for the appearance of large magnetic dipole (MD) moments despite the weakness of optical Lorentz forces at intensities far below the relativistic threshold (I<<1018 W/cm2).

Optically-induced charge separation and induced magnetism in dielectrics for optical energy conversion and intense magnetic field generation

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