The torque produced by an electric machine of the type generally known as an axial air gap motor or generator is increased by using nonuniform conductor wires in the stator phase coils in the areas of the coil where the conductor wires extend radially outwardly from and where they extend radially inwardly toward the center of rotation, i.e. that portion of the coil regarded as the active sectors of the coil. The tapered conductor wires enable the total number of wires employed in a phase coil to be doubled by determining the number of wires that can be used at the median radius of the coil rather than at the inner radius. The tapered conductor extends to cover a greater area within the bounds of the coil. With the tapered width designed to extend and increase radially outwardly from the center of rotation, essentially all the surface area within the windings of the coil can be covered by the conductor wires. Only the insulation areas between the wires is not covered by the conductor wires. Tapered conductor wires increase the "fill factor" and reduce degradation in the torque due to the magnetic field not being crossed by conductors carrying current. By overlapping and splitting the coils into sections and securing the facing coil sections with impervious rings and baffles, a cooling fluid passage is formed between the stator coil sections.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to an improvement in the design of axial gap slotless electric motors and generators by increasing the torque that can be obtained for a given radial size rotor, and to reducing the size and weight of such a machine by using tapered coil conductors; and to improving the cooling capacity of the machine.
2. Description of Related Art
Electric motors and generators of the axial gap type are well known. They employ motors that deliver axially directed magnetic fields to stationary radially directed electrically conductive coils of wire. It is common to have rotors with permanent magnets of alternate polarity with the magnets of opposite rotors attracting each other, concentrating the magnetic field across a stator sandwiched in between the permanent magnet rotors. In the motor mode, electric current is passed through the stator windings. Currents flowing through the radially positioned conductors intersect the axial field created by the magnets to produce a torque that rotates the motor rotor. In the generator mode the magnets are rotated by an external prime mover. When this happens, the rotating magnet's axial field interacts with the radial conductor coils to induce a current flow in and voltage across the conductor coils. FIG. 1 illustrates a prior art configuration showing the direction of current, magnetic field and resulting forces. FIG. 2 illustrates the prior art phase coil arrangement. The phase coil is a continuous conductor wound flat in a closed loop form. It generally consists of "active sectors" or areas (i.e., those portions of the coil that extend radially out from and perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the rotor and that cross the magnetic field created by the magnets and "inactive sectors" or areas (i.e. those portions of the coil that are outside the magnetic field which connect the active sectors). The current in the active portion of the coils flows radially outwardly on one side and radially inwardly on the other or opposite side of the coil.
FIG. 1 illustrates the interaction of the magnetic fields and currents under consideration and in the prior art axial gap motor 10. Two rotating permanent magnet disks 1, 2 sandwich a stator ring 3 separated by two air gaps 4, 5 as they rotate about an axis 7. The rotating magnet rings 1, 2 have alternately poled flat permanent magnets, typically of sector shape, which produce an axially directed magnetic field 6 across the air gaps. The stator ring 3 contains sets of phase coils. Radially directed current 8 in the active part of the coil conductors interacts with the axially directed magnetic field 6 to produce a tangentially directed force 9 which creates the torque that drives the motor.
FIG. 2 illustrates a typical arrangement of phase coils 23 on a stator ring 21 of a stator 20 having an opening 25 that accommodates a rotor that rotates about an axis of rotation 7. In the coils the conductor wires form loops with the wires formed into an essentially inner radius or sector 27 and outer radius or sector 26 with radial conductor wires 22 extending between the inner and outer radii of the coil. The standard uniform conductor wires used leave vacant areas 24 within and between the coils that are often overlapped. These empty areas are not utilized for generating torque. When using uniform cross-section conductors these "empty areas" equal 1.sub.r /(2r.sub.i) fraction of the conductor area where 1.sub.r =active length of conductor 22 under the rotating magnets and r.sub.i =inner radius 27 of the coil. For a typical design with 1.sub.r =r.sub.i', this implies that 50% of the space available for conductors in the stator is not used to produce torque. This ratio of "empty area" to "conductor area" is called the "spoke fill factor." This loss of useful area is unique to axial motors. It results in a loss in torque that is in addition to the conventional "shape fill factor", that defines the loss of area due to the shape of the wire, and the "insulation fill factor", that defines the loss of area due to the insulation coating on the bare copper wire. The combination of "shape fill factor" and "insulation fill factor" is called the "copper fill factor." As an example, round wires have a "copper fill factor" of 0.7. This loss coupled with a "spoke fill factor" of 50% yields a total fill factor of (0.7)(0.5)=0.35 or 35% for round wires. The situation is worse if Litz wires are used. Litz wires have typical "copper fill factors" of 0.4 to 0.55. This coupled with the "spoke fill factor" of 50% can yield a still lower total fill factor of (0.4)(0.5)=0.20 or 20%. This implies that only 20% of the available area is used to produce torque. As a result, the torque produced is significantly lower than what is possible when the entire available geometric area is used to produce torque.
As to specific details, the use of tapered conductors for armatures is old with Edison, U.S. Pat. No. 242,898, issued Jun. 14, 1881, and Apple, U.S. Pat. No. 1,631,186, issued Jun. 7, 1927, examples, as is tapered conductors for general electrical conduction in rotary electric machines with Henry-Baudot, U.S. Pat. No. 3,223,870, issued Dec. 14, 1965, and Kanayama et al, U.S. Pat. No. 4,484,097, issued Nov. 20, 1984, examples. Shildneck, U.S. Pat. No. 3,014,139, issued Dec. 19, 1961 is an example of tapered conductors combined and used to conduct coolant through electrical machinery. The patents by Edison. Henry-Baudet, and Kanayama, use individual radiating plates; these individual plates are joined electrically at their ends for electrical transfer only.
The basic theories pertaining to, and several illustrations and versions of, axial gap machines are set forth in an article by P. Campbell in Proceedings of the Institute of Electrical Engineers, Vol. 121, No. 12. December 1974, pages 1489-1494, and an article titled "Principles of a Permanent-Magnet Axial-field d.c. Machine," by P. Profumo, Z. Zhang and A. Tencolni in IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 44, No. 1, February 1997, pages 29-45, which are incorporated herewith by reference.

Axial gap machine phase coil having tapered conductors with increasing width in radial direction


In a method for communicating between a number of first services and a number of second services. The number of first services belongs to a service-oriented architecture, in which a respective first service is provided by messages based on a question-answer mechanism by a first protocol. The number of second services belongs to a data-based architecture, in which second services can be switched together by a second protocol. The second protocol specifies data input and data output of the second service and transfers the data between the second services. A message of a first service, entering into the service converter, is converted into data input of a second service associated with the first service and/or data output of a second service, entering into the service converter is converted into a message emitted by the service converter, of a first service associated with the second service.

Various architectures for executing services in data networks or in internetworked electronic units are known from the prior art. In particular, there are so-called service-oriented architectures in which a service may be called up via a request and the information provided by the service then output via a corresponding response. An example of services in service-oriented architectures are the web services known from the World Wide Web.
In contrast to this, data processing may also be carried out by services in a data-driven architecture, which is used, for example, in so-called embedded networks, whereby an input with a corresponding data input and an output with a corresponding data output are specified for a service, wherein a data input generates a corresponding data output. A number of services may thus be interconnected into a chain of services, wherein—with the aid of a suitable protocol—the corresponding data inputs and data outputs of the services and the forwarding of data between the services may be defined. These service chains may be easily modified without the services themselves needing to be adjusted. In this way a flexible and rapidly implementable adjustment of service chains may be achieved in a data-driven architecture.
Nowadays the various service architectures are used alongside one another and there is as yet no interface which converts the services of one architecture into corresponding services of the other architecture.

Method for communicating between a number of first services and a number of second services


An insulation covered bus bar includes a bus bar formed of a conductive material for transmission of electric power. An insulation tube wraps the bus bar and formed of an insulation material having a characteristic of electric insulation. A fixing unit is formed so as to wrap around an outer circumferential surface of the bus bar, connected to an end of the insulation tube, installed to be fixedly disposed to the bus bar so that the insulation tube is fixed within the bus bar.

Generally, a bus bar has been used as a medium for supplying and distributing power to supply electrical energy. The bus bar does not have flexibility, and thus, it is difficult to process it. However, larger amounts of electrical energy than a cable can be transferred by the bus bar, and its mechanical strength is very great.
Due to advanced electrical power technology, the amount of electricity consumption has increased, and a high voltage power has been used. Thus, a medium for protecting safe accident caused from the high voltage power has been applied basically to the use of high voltage power.
Particularly, in recent years, electrical insulation for a bus bar is necessarily being applied for transmitting power from a high voltage battery and a fuel cell stack to an external electric power distributor and a power converter or electric loads in electric vehicles and hybrid vehicles.
It has been possible to provide basic insulation to a high voltage charging part such as bus bar to prevent electrocution or short circuits due to direct contact of a human body or a structure wherein the bus bar is coated with solid insulation material using dipping, spray coating, powder coating (powder coating), shrink tubing, injection, etc.
The conventional method for insulating the bus bar as described above has the following problems.
In the case of dipping, a doping target-object (bus bar) is immersed into a liquid resin and is covered with insulating plastic resin film as a relatively simple process. However, it is difficult to control the thickness and shape of a covered film, and quality varies depending on the skill of a worker.
In a case of spray coating, liquid coating material is coated over a surface of a coating target-object (bus bar) using a spray gun, and it is not possible to obtain a rigid level of film thickness, and thus, the film is easily broken due to external impact. Further, the quality varies depending on the skill of the worker, the coating material is wastefully used, and the solvent is harmful to the human body.
In a case of powder coating, powder is coated on the coating-target object (bus bar) using an electrostatic powder coating step, and then the coating material is heated and melted in a high-temperature drying furnace to cover a resin film thereon. Although the film for the power coating method is more rigid than that for the spray coating method, sanding for the coating target-object has to be pre-performed. Further, the coating material needs to be well managed, and a process line and a drying furnace are needed to obtain a superior quality of coating film.
In a case of shrink tubing for a three-dimensional shaped bus bar, stress is applied excessively over the outside areas of the bending part of the bus bar, and thus, it can be broken due to small shocks. Further, a shrinkage rate is non-uniform, and thus, it is difficult to control dimension and takes longer to process the work.
In a case of injection, a plastic resin is covered by insert-injecting a bus bar, or a plastic mold is manufactured separately by an injection method and installed on the bus bar for mass production. However, since a separate respective mold is necessary to apply to various shapes of the bus bars, there is a constraint on design changes and the cost increases.
The description provided above as a related art of the inventive concept is just for helping in understanding the background of the present disclosure and should not be construed as being included in the related art known by those skilled in the art.


In order to achieve a reduction in weight and enable swift operation of audio equipment or the like stored therein, a rack with a screen according to the present invention comprises a main body provided with shelf boards, and a screen installed so that the attitude thereof can be altered between a usage attitude in which the screen is unfurled or raised from a storage portion disposed on the upper portion or lower portion of the main body to be positioned in front of the shelf boards, and a storage attitude in which the screen is rolled from the usage attitude and stored in the storage portion.

In recent years projection screens for projecting images, or simply screens, have come to be used in homes so that larger images may be enjoyed.
Accordingly, a large number of cabinets, pieces of furniture, and the like provided with such a screen have been proposed.
Typical of these cabinets and pieces of furniture provided with a screen are large, heavy pieces such as those having upper and lower storage portions with doors, those having storage portions with doors on the left and right sides, and so on, and hence a great deal of labor is required during transportation and movement thereof. Moreover, the doors must be opened every time audio equipment and the like which is stored in the storage portions is operated, and must be closed again thereafter, and hence operation of the audio equipment is extremely troublesome.
When the doors are made of transparent glass and the audio equipment is of the type which can be operated by remote control using an infrared system remote control or the like, the equipment can be remote control-operated without opening the doors, but depending on the transparency, refractive index, and so on of the glass, the infrared rays from the remote control may not be received favorably in the light-receiving portion of the audio equipment, and hence there is room for improvement.
The present invention has been designed in consideration of the situation described above, and it is an object thereof to provide a rack with a screen in which a reduction in weight can be achieved, and in which audio equipment and the like stored therein can be operated speedily.


A card-type electronic device capable of suppressing a rise in the temperature of signal lines for high-speed communication requiring impedance control while ensuring sufficient thermal connection and electrical connection. A connector is fixed to a substrate on which electronic components that generate heat are mounted, and includes electrical contacts electrically connected to an external apparatus and a thermal contact thermally connected to the external apparatus. A cutout is formed in the substrate between a portion to which the thermal contact is fixed and a portion to which the electrical contacts are fixed.

A card-type storage device as an example of a card-type electronic device is widely used for storing various information in portable electronic apparatuses, such as a digital camera and a personal computer. Conventionally, a data transfer rate at which data is transferred when storing the same in the card-type storage device from outside or at which data stored in the card-type storage device is transferred for reading out the same is not high. Therefore, in the card-type storage device, the amount of power consumed has been small, so that the amount of heat generated has not been large. Accordingly, the heat generated in the card-type storage device is dissipated by thermal conduction via electrical contacts or natural convection within the card-type storage device, so that the generated heat causes little trouble in the card-type storage device.
In recent years, however, there is an increasing demand for a card-type storage device which is capable of writing and reading data at high speed. For example, in a case where a moving image with a high-resolution, a high-frame rate, and a high gradation (so-called 4k moving image or 8k moving image, for example) is shot in high image quality using a digital camera, the data transfer rate is dramatically increased. This requires the card-type storage device to be capable of performing stable and high-speed data transfer for a long time period, and some signals input or output by the card-type storage device require impedance control and the like of circuit board wiring.
With an increase in the data transfer rate, power consumption by semiconductor devices and the like mounted in the card-type storage device increases to increase the amount of heat generation. This causes a rise in the internal temperature of the card-type storage device, which causes a change in the impedance of the circuit board wiring, whereby signal waveform is distorted, so that there is a fear that it is impossible to perform accurate transmission and reception of signals.
To solve this problem, there have been proposed various arrangements for dissipating heat generated in the card-type storage device to the outside by heat dissipation means. For example, in PTL 1 mentioned below, there is proposed an electronic control device in which exothermic components are arranged in the vicinities of connector pins, and a conductive pattern is disposed such that heat generated by the exothermic components is conducted to the connector pins. Further, in PTL 2 mentioned below, a circuit board connector is proposed in which large-current terminal fittings, provided separately from signal terminals, are arranged with a larger spacing therebetween than between the signal terminals, and at locations outward of the signal terminals.

Card-type electronic device capable of suppressing rise in temperature, slot, and electronic apparatus


A multi-functional apparatus for use in an automotive vehicle employing multiple tracks has a housing, a rotatable member located in the housing, an electromagnetic device and multiple tracks. The electromagnetic device may be an electric motor which operates in a unidirectional manner to oscillate a window wiper assembly. The electric motor and rotatable member then reverse rotational direction to move the wiper assembly to a park position, allowing the actuation of an intermittent motion mechanism.

This invention relates generally to multi-functional apparatuses and more specifically to a multi-functional apparatus for use in an automotive vehicle employing multiple tracks.
Almost all automotive vehicles have a single or a pair of windshield wiper assemblies. These assemblies traditionally include rubber wiper blades mounted upon claw brackets. These claw brackets are pivotably attached to wiper arms mounted upon rotating shafts. The shafts are either directly driven by electric motors or driven by a single electric motor which actuates a series or a parallel-coupled four bar linkage mechanism.
It is common to employ a window wiper assembly for cleaning rear windows of automotive vehicles. Typically, these types of rear window wiper assemblies include a wiper blade mounted upon a bracket which is coupled to a wiper arm. The wiper arm is attached to a wiper shaft rotatably driven in a cyclical oscillating manner by a helical gear. A reversible, fractional horsepower, direct current electric motor serves to actuate the helical gear through an armature shaft-mounted worm gear enmeshed therewith. This type of rear window wiper arrangement is usually mounted upon a pivoting liftgate of a minivan, station wagon, sport-utility vehicle or the like. One such example is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,519,258 entitled "System and Method for Controlling Vehicle Lift Gate Window Wiper" which issued to Stroven et al. on May 21, 1996.
It is also common in the automotive industry to employ windshield and rear window wiper systems that have an electric motor and a worm gear which are constantly reversing directions in order to oscillate a wiper arm and wiper blade back and forth within a wiping range or path on the window. In other words, the electric motor and worm gear rotate in first respective directions for moving the wiper arm and blade to one side of the window and then reverse directions for moving the wiper arm and blade to the other side of the window. In some situations, the electric motor and worm gear are further rotated to move the wiper arm and blade off of the window to a park position.
These constantly reversing electric motors often suffer from objectionable noise and are prone to a shortened duration due to the longitudinal impact of the ends of the armature shaft against the adjacent bearings and end plug members retaining the armature shaft. These conventional devices also cause a high stress enmeshed condition between the worm gear portion of the armature shaft and the driven worm gear teeth thereby causing gear tooth breakage.
Furthermore, it is known to provide a four-bar linkage to couple a worm gear to a window wiper shaft. In this arrangement, an electric motor and worm gear rotate in a unidirectional manner to facilitate back and forth oscillation of a window wiper arm and blade. In this unidirectional, four-bar linkage construction, a pin always moves concurrently with the worm gear, since the pin is always fixed to the worm gear in a single location. The pin is also coupled to the four-bar linkage. This serves to reduce noise and encourage prolonged life of the electric motor and gears, but has proven difficult to provide a wiper arm and wiper blade park position off of the window. Moreover, the four-bar linkage cannot remain stationary if the worm gear is rotated. Such an arrangement is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,182,957 entitled "Drive Unit, in Particular for a Windshield Wiper System on a Motor Vehicle" which issued to Bohmer et al. on Feb. 2, 1993.
It is also known to provide a window wiper construction having an electric motor and a worm gear with a continuous and closed loop cam track. A pin connected to a drive pawl rides in the cam track. In one position, the pin of the drive pawl is cammed from engagement with a shoulder of the cam track so as to interrupt the driving connection between an output shaft coupled to the wiper and the worm gear. Such an arrangement is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,688,332 entitled "Mechanism for Opening and Closing a Cover for a Concealed Wiper System" which issued to Bellware on Sep. 5, 1972. Notwithstanding, this device appears to be overly complex. It also requires a large number of parts which adds undue expense. Moreover, disengagement of the drive pawl from the cam track can cause reengagement difficulties due to tolerance mismatches of parts or due to operation of the device on a bumpy road.
Some conventional vehicles also provide a rear window release lock or latch, actuated by a solenoid, which can be unlocked to allow for upward pivotal movement of a rear window in relation to the otherwise stationary liftgate. In combination therewith, a separate liftgate lock is often mounted upon the liftgate door for fastening the liftgate to the body thereby preventing inadvertent pivotal opening. This liftgate lock is traditionally operated by manual key or handle rotation, or through a separate electric motor or solenoid.
Separate motors or solenoids are commonly required to actuate these various locks and the wiper. The traditional need for such a multiplicity of electromagnetic devices has increased the automotive vehicle weight and cost while further proving difficult to package within the often small spaces provided. This added weight is especially detrimental when the window wiper mechanism, rear window lock and liftgate lock, as well as their distinct respective electromagnetic devices, are all incorporated within the pivoting liftgate. Not only is the piece cost increased due to this multiplicity of electromagnetic devices, but the assembly cost, part number proliferation and handling costs, electric wiring costs, objectional motor noise, and failure modes are increased.
Furthermore, U.S. Pat. No. 3,688,332 which issued to Bellware, as set forth above, discloses a windshield wiper device that further employed levers and pivot pins to open and close a cover. More recently, WO 96/33891 entitled "Multi-Functional Apparatus Employing an Intermittent Motion Mechanism," WO 96/33893 entitled "Multi-Functional Apparatus Employing an Electromagnetic Device," and WO 96/33892 entitled "Control System for an Automotive Vehicle Multi-Functional Apparatus," all of which were published on Oct. 31, 1996, disclose a significantly improved system wherein a single electromagnetic device can selectively operate intermittent motion mechanisms coupled to a window wiper, a door lock, a window release lock and the like. Notwithstanding, these devices require further refinement and improvement. For example, if the window wiper is frozen onto a window, a door could not be unlocked with the geneva and starwheel mechanism constructions. Moreover, a car wash or bumpy road could cause the window wiper to undesirably and destructively move from its parked position when a wiper clutch is disengaged, for the split-shaft clutch construction. The split-shaft clutch embodiment also requires further improvements and refinements to increase the durability and robustness of design, while further minimizing the weight of the unit.

Multi-functional apparatus for use in an automotive vehicle employing multiple tracks


Methods and apparatuses for environmental control systems are described. In one example, a method includes monitoring a voice communications call between a local call participant located in a building space and a remote call participant. The method includes detecting a change in a user state of the local call participant from the voice communications call. The method further includes adjusting an environmental parameter in the building space responsive to detecting the change in the user state of the local call participant.

As real estate utilization increases and offices become more densely populated, maintaining an optimal physical environment for employees is becoming an increasingly challenging problem. As employee density increases within a space, there is increased likelihood that employee well-being will decrease with resulting decreased productivity.
In the prior art, environmental control systems have been limited to traditional heating and air conditioning systems. However, these prior art solutions do not account for the current state of employees at an individual level and are limited in scope and adaptability to increase well-being. As a result, improved methods, apparatuses, and technologies for environmental control systems are needed.

Environmental control systems utilizing user monitoring


In a transmission system a transmitter (12) is coupled to a receiver (13) via a transmission line comprising two wires (1,2). The transmitter (12) generates on said wires two voltages with respect to a reference voltage being opposite in phase. To enable the transmission system to operate in case of a short circuit between the wires (1,2), said two voltages are generated by sources having different short circuit currents.

The invention is related to a digital transmission system comprising a transmitter having a first source for generating in response to digital symbols a first voltage with respect to a reference voltage on a first wire of a transmission line, a second source for generating a second voltage with respect to said reference voltage on a second wire of the transmission line, said second voltage having an opposite phase with respect to the first voltage, the transmission system further comprises at least one receiver coupled to said transmission line, having a detector for deriving digital symbols from the voltage difference between the first and second wire.
The invention is further related to a transmitter, a receiver and a transceiver for such a transmission system.
A transmission system according to the preamble is known from the book "Digital Integrated Electronics" by H. Taub and D. Schilling, published by McGraw-Hill, 1977, ISBN 0-07-085788-1.
Transmission systems according to the preamble can be used in local area networks, in several bus systems, and the local loop area of a digital telephone system. In the known transmission system, a first end of a transmission line consisting of two wires is connected to a transmitter. A first source is connected to a first wire of the transmission line, and a second source is connected to a second wire of the transmission line. The signals generated by the first and second source are opposite in phase.
The receiver being connected to a second end of the transmission line is provided with a detector connected to the first wire and the second wire of the transmission line for deriving digital symbols from the voltage difference between the first wire and the second wire. Because the first and the second source generate voltages having opposite phases the information to be transmitted can be derived from the voltage difference between the two wires. This reduces the vulnerability of the transmission system to electromagnetic interference, resulting in an increase of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) properties.
In the known transmission system no transmission is possible if a short circuit arises between the first wire and the second wire, so the complete transmission system will fail.

Fault tolerant digital transmission system


This invention comprises a torso 2 for putting on a shirt 1, a pair of right and left supporting arms 4 arranged at both sides of the torso 2 and inclined at the side of the torso 2 to draw the sleeve of the shirt 1, and a clamp device 10 arranged at the upper part of the supporting arms 4 for holding and fixing the end segment of the sleeve of the shirt 1. The clamp device 10 is formed in such a way that it can be turned by 90° around the shaft 11 arranged in a direction crossing at a direction crossing at a right angle with a longitudinal direction of the supporting arms 4 and along an inclining direction of the supporting arms 4 and it can be changed over between its vertical orientation and lateral direction. In addition, the clamp device 10 is moved up or down along the longitudinal direction of the supporting arms 4 and its height can be freely adjusted. Application of the present invention enables one clamp device to be changed in its orientation or height and further enables the clamp device to perform a clamp work in an easy manner and without damaging a cloth or a stitching part. With this arrangement, a product price can be made less expensive.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a shirt finishing machine for use in press finishing a shirt such as a washed white shirt and the like, and more particularly a shirt finishing machine formed to enable wrinkles to be eliminated under a state in which the shirt is put on a torso.
2. Description of the Related Art
As this type of prior art shirt finishing machine, there has been provided the machine described in the gazette of U.S. Pat. No. 6,758,377, for example. This type of prior art shirt finishing machine comprises a torso for putting on a shirt, a pair of front and rear press irons for pressing the front part and the rear part of the torso to press finish the shirt, and a pair of supporting arms installed at both sides of the torso, wherein the upper segments of the supporting arms are provided with clamp devices for use in holding and fixing the sleeve end of a short-sleeve shirt.
Thus, there are present various kinds of sleeves or sleeve ends in the shirt such as a white shirt or a blouse and the like. In addition, a length of the sleeve in the shirt is made different in response to a difference in size and a fixing angle of the sleeve is made different in view of its design. Accordingly, it is preferable in this type of shirt finishing machine that either a clamp orientation or clamp height can be changed or adjusted in compliance with a difference in the short-sleeve or long-sleeve or inclination of the sleeve in such a way that a stitch part of the cloth or the sleeve may not be damaged when the sleeve is pulled and in such a way that the clamp work may easily be carried out.
However, the prior art finishing machine had a clamp device fixed at the upper part of each of the supporting arms in any of the vertical orientation or lateral orientation and could not adjust the height of the clamp device.
Accordingly, the prior art shirt finishing machine had some problems that the sleeve could not be well finished through this prior art because the orientation of the clamp device could not be changed or clamp action could not be performed by adjusting its height.
Further, additionally, in accordance with the prior art shirt finishing machine, it had a problem that a worker for the machine had to raise the hand higher and clamp the sleeve under an uneasy attitude.
In addition, the aforesaid prior art shirt finishing machine was provided with the clamp device for the short-sleeve and the clamp device for the long-sleeve, respectively. Thus, this prior art shirt finishing machine had some problems that either the number of component parts or the number of assembling steps was increased, the component parts cost, assembling cost and manufacturing cost were increased, and the high manufacturing cost was needed.


A card connector (100) includes an insulative housing (1), a number of contacts (2) retained in the insulative housing, a metal shield (3) covering the insulative housing for defining a receiving space (10), an ejector comprising an operating member (4), and an actuating member (5) actuated by the operating member. The actuating member includes a post (51) located in the insulative housing, a pivoting plate (52) pivotedly assembled on the post, and a torsion spring (50). The torsion spring has a helical portion (501) installed around the post, a first flexible beam (5021) retaining with the pivoting plate, and a second flexible beam (5022) secured with the operating member.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to a card connector, and more particularly to a card connector with a user-friendly ejector.
2. Description of Related Arts
Taiwan Pat. No. TW201301680 discloses a card connector including an insulative housing, a plurality of contacts retained in the insulative housing, a metal shield covering the insulative housing for defining a receiving space, a tray member receivable in the receiving space, and an ejector for ejecting an inserted tray member from the receiving space. The insulative housing has a protruding post. The ejector comprises an operating portion oriented by the post and movable along an insertion/ejection direction, and an actuating portion in contact with the operating portion for being moved by the operating portion to eject an inserted tray member along the ejection direction.
China Pat. No. CN202585891 discloses another card connector including an insulative housing, a plurality of contacts retained in the insulative housing, a metal shield covering the insulative housing for defining a receiving space, a tray member receivable in the receiving space, and an ejector for ejecting an inserted tray member from the receiving space. The insulative housing has a protruding post. The ejector comprises an operating portion movable along an insertion/ejection direction, and an actuating portion oriented by the post and contacting with the operating portion. The actuating portion rotates about the post when actuated by the operating portion for ejecting an inserted tray member along the ejection direction.
In each of the two prior art card connectors mentioned above, the operating portion and the actuating portion are merely in contact with each other but not secured together such that when the actuating portion is moved by the operating portion, there is noise between the actuating portion and the operating portion. Furthermore, feeling of pushing operation or movement is not good if the operating portion is not accurately positioned with respect to the actuating portion.
A card connector with an ejector that obviates noise during operation and has good operation feeling is desired.


Systems and methods are described for backing up confidential data using user devices on the same local network. In an example, a first user device can download a data file from a server. The first user device can connect to the server on the same local network as a second user device. A user can select to delete the file from the first user device. The first user device can send the data file to the second user device using a local Internet Protocol (“IP”) address of the second user device. The second user device can store the data file on its local storage. If the user chooses to retrieve the data file to the first user device again, and if the user devices are on the same local network, the first user device can retrieve the data file from the second user device instead of the server.

Enterprises sometimes use device managements systems, such as a Unified Endpoint Management ("UEM") system, to secure and control certain aspects of user devices of employees. Some UEM systems include a feature or application that allows users to securely view confidential documents. The user can open a corresponding application, locate a file to view, and select the file, which causes a server of the UEM system to download the file to the user device.
Sometimes these files can be very large, amounting to hundreds of megabytes or even gigabytes of data. Downloading such files requires a significant amount of enterprise computing and network resources. To make this problem worse, user often download these files to a user device with limited storage space, such as a smart phone or tablet. Due to the file's size, users often delete the file from the device and redownload it when they need it again. This places excessive strain on the enterprise computing and network resources repetitively providing the same large files to the same user devices.
As a result, a need exists for backing up files of user devices with a minimal impact on enterprise network and computing resources.

Backing up confidential data to user devices on the same local network


An ESD clip for protecting an integrated circuit against electrostatic discharge comprises two mutually opposed pressure bodies interconnected by a spring for short-circuiting connection pins of the integrated circuit. The pressure bodies of the ESD clip are pressed against one another by the spring and in that the pressure bodies are coated with an electrically conducting supporting material. Only minimal mechanical moments are thus exerted on the connection wires of an integrated circuit, so that they are not or hardly deformed.

The invention relates to an ESD clip for protecting an electronic device against electrostatic discharge, which clip has two mutually opposed pressure bodies interconnected by a spring for short-circuiting connection wires of the electronic device. The invention also relates to an electronic device with an ESD clip and to a method of protecting an electronic device against electrostatic discharge.
Such a clip is used for protecting an electronic device against ESD ("ElectroStatic Discharge"). Such a discharge may occur when connection wires of an electronic device are gripped and static electricity is transferred from the person gripping the device to the device via the connection wires. Such a discharge may damage an electronic device. The connection wires of the device are short-circuited in practice as a protection against such an electrostatic discharge during handling of the device. The term "connection wires" is here understood to cover conductor tracks which serve to connect the electronic device to the surroundings. These may be, for example, wires, leads of lead frames, and conductor tracks provided on, for example, a synthetic resin foil.
German Patent Application 2348630 discloses a device of the kind mentioned in the opening paragraph. The known ESD clip is a single-part metal structure which comprises the two pressure bodies interconnected by the spring. The pressure bodies comprise as many contact springs as there are connection wires. The known ESD clip is suitable for short-circuiting connection wires of a so-called dual-in-line envelope. A dual-in-line envelope has two parallel rows of connection wires. The known clip is provided over an upper side of the envelope, whereby each of the pressure bodies is pressed against a row of the connection wires.
Owing to the progressing miniaturization, the connection wires of electronic devices are of a comparatively weak construction. Such weak connection wires are deformed when the known clip is used, so that the electronic device is damaged and no longer fits on, for example, a printed circuit board. In addition, the known clip is suitable for dual-in-line envelopes only.


A combination switch has a first switch (3) and a second switch (4) inserted and mounted on the right and left sides of a body (1), respectively. The first switch (1) contains a flasher unit (36) comprising MOS. The flasher unit (36) is disposed in a through hole (27c) formed in a plate (27) of the first switch (3). The lead terminal (36a) of the flasher unit (36) is connected with terminals (35c) by means of clips (37) in the through hole (27c) of the plate (27) and soldered therewith. This construction enables a flasher unit to be disposed in a so-called cassette type combination switch.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to switches for automotive vehicles and, in particular, to a combination switch structure for vehicles in which a flasher unit is disposed on a plate of, for example, a vehicle combination switch.
2. Description of the Related Art
A conventional combination switch structure is disclosed, for example, in Japanese Unexamined Utility Model Publication No. 85545/84. This conventional combination switch has a so-called flasher unit installed on a substrate fixed to a bottom of a body. The flasher unit comprises a plurality of electronic devices mounted on the substrate.
However, because the combination switch having the aforementioned conventional flasher unit comprises a plurality of electronic devices mounted on the substrate, the substrate and the entire body must be relatively large. This creates a problem because this conventional combination switch cannot be applied to a so-called cassette type combination switch in which a first column switch and a second column switch are inserted into a body from the right and left of the body and mounted thereon, as disclosed, for example, in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 40961/84.

Combination switch structure for vehicles


A camming coupler for removably attaching a music desk or other object to an upright support leg. The camming coupler includes an inner sleeve for receiving the upright support leg. The inner sleeve has at least one longitudinal slit formed therein, and preferably has four substantially equidistant longitudinal slits. The inner sleeve also has a cammed exterior surface. An attachment member extends from the inner sleeve, and is attachable to the music desk or other object. The camming coupler further includes an outer sleeve positioned over the inner sleeve. The outer sleeve has a cammed interior surface that corresponds with the cammed exterior surface of the inner sleeve. In use, the camming coupler is secured to a music desk or other object. An upright support leg is inserted in the inner sleeve, and the outer sleeve is rotated to compress the inner sleeve.

A variety of tables and table like-devices exist that include one or more substantially vertical support legs. For example, most conventional music stands include a base, a shaft, and a desk. The base rests on the ground and holds the shaft in a vertical position. The desk is attachable to the shaft. Typically, the desk, table top, or other support surface is permanently attached. However, in some circumstances it is desirable to releasably attach the desk, table top, or other object so that it can be removed from the support leg or legs for transport and storage.
Several U.S. patents have provided devices for releasably attaching a music desk to its shaft. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,692,719 to Shepherd discloses a collapsible music stand. The music desk of Shepherd is seated on the shaft, and can be removed for transport and storage. U.S. Pat. No. 5,564,661 to Gershon discloses an attachment mechanism for a music desk that includes an arcuate notched coupling head attached to the shaft of the music stand. A spring loaded notched arm attached to the music desk locks the position of the music desk with respect to the shaft. When the arm is disengaged, the music desk can be removed from the coupling head. U.S. Pat. No. 5,636,824 to Biasini discloses a device for attaching the music desk to the shaft. The device includes a lever which can be rotated to compress a sleeve positioned on the shaft. Biasini also discloses a lever having an eccentric portion. When rotated, the lever applies pressure to the shaft of the music stand, thus securing the music desk to the shaft.
A need still exists, however, for an attachment device for removably securing a music desk, table top, or other support surface to one or more support legs, which is simple and inexpensive to manufacture, is durable, and is also effective and easy to use.
Additionally, a need exists for an aesthetically pleasing attachment device for securing a music desk to a music stand. A music stand in use by a musician is frequently in full view of an audience, and thus must be attractive and simple in design to avoid being visually distracting.
Furthermore, an attachment device for removably securing a music desk table top, or other object to one or more support legs, which minimizes damage to the support leg or legs.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.


An illumination system disposed in a projection apparatus includes a solid-state light source group, a cooling module, and an ion fan. The cooling module is thermally coupled to the solid-state light source group. The cooling module is located on a path of a forced convection air generated by the ion fan. The projection apparatus avails prolonging a life time of the illumination system, and the ion fan does not have a magnetic shearing sound of a motor and a wind shearing sound of fan blades to avail reducing an operation noise of the illumination system.

1. Technical Field
The invention relates to an illumination system used in a projection apparatus and a projection apparatus using the illumination system.
2. Related Art
A projection apparatus is a display apparatus used for producing large size images. An imaging principle of the projection apparatus is to convert an illumination beam generated by a light source into an image beam through a light valve, and project the image beam onto a screen or a wall through a lens to form an image. Along with development of projection technology and reduction of fabrication cost, usage of the projection apparatus has gradually extended from commercial use to family use.
The conventional projection apparatus generally uses a high-pressure mercury lamp as a light source (for example, an ultrahigh-pressure gas discharge lamp), though a large amount of emitted heat thereof limits a life time of the high-pressure mercury lamp. Compared to the high-pressure mercury lamp, a solid-state light source (for example, a light-emitting diode (LED) or a laser diode (LD)) has a longer life time and occupies less space.
The projection apparatus generally uses a heat sink in collaboration with a motor fan to cool down the light source, which is adapted to both of the high-pressure mercury lamp and the solid-state light source. However, a problem of friction loss is generated between a shaft and a bearing of the motor fan. Usage of an oil-contained bearing may cause pollution, and a magnetic shearing sound caused by rotated motor fan and a wind shearing sound caused due to contact of rotated fan blades and air may all produce noise.
U.S. Patent Publication No. 20050077103, China Patent Publication No. 100437343 and U.S. Pat. No. 7,407,293 disclose a technique of cooling a "high-pressure mercury lamp" by using an ion wind generator to produce a forced convection air.

Projection apparatus having illumination system and associated ion fan


A composite anode active material, an anode including the composite anode active material, a lithium battery including the anode, and a method of preparing the composite anode active material. The composite anode active material includes: a shell including a hollow carbon fiber; and a core disposed in a hollow of the hollow carbon fiber, wherein the core includes a first metal nanostructure and a conducting agent.

1. Field
The present disclosure relates to a composite anode active material, an anode including the composite anode active material, a lithium battery including the anode, and a method of preparing the composite anode active material.
2. Description of the Related Art
Carbonaceous materials, such as graphite, are representative examples of anode active materials suitable for use in lithium batteries. Graphite has good capacity retention and high potential characteristics, and ensures a battery's high stability because there is no volumetric change during the intercalation or deintercalation of lithium. Graphite has a theoretical electrical capacity of about 372 mAh/g and a high irreversible capacity.
In addition, metals that can form alloys with lithium may be used as an anode active material for lithium batteries. Examples of metals that can form alloys with lithium include silicon (Si), tin (Sn), aluminum (Al), and the like. These metals that can form alloys with lithium have a very high electrical capacity. For example, these metals may have an electrical capacity 10 times higher than that of graphite. Such metals undergo volume expansion or shrinkage during charging/discharging, thereby causing the active material within the electrode to become electrically isolated. In addition, the decomposition reaction of electrolytes becomes severe due to an increase in the specific surface area of the active material.
Therefore, there is a demand for a composite anode active material having an electrical capacity as high as those metals alloyable with lithium and which is capable of absorbing stress resulting from the volumetric expansion of metal to prevent the deterioration of the composite anode active material.

Composite anode active material, anode and lithium battery each including the composite anode active material, method of preparing the composite anode active material


An improved method for removing heat from electronic devices, such as computer modules, is described. A flow of gas, such as air, cools the components. The gas flow is sufficient to cool so called "hot" components to their maximum operating temperature, and to cool the other components to their normal operating range. A liquid cooling system is also provided to cool the "hot" components to their normal operating range.

This invention relates to a method and apparatus for cooling electronic components.
Modern electronic devices, such as computers, consist of electronic components mounted on circuit boards. When these electronic devices operate, they generate heat. This heat must be removed from the devices or they may malfunction or may even be damaged or destroyed.
Most electronic components have a range of temperature at which they are designed to operate, hereinafter referred to as "normal operating range". Devices operating in the normal operating range operate according to product specifications with regard to speed, time to failure, and the like. Most electronic components have a maximum operating temperature. Electronic components operating at a temperature above the normal operating range, but below the maximum operating temperature, perform the desired function, but operate in a degraded fashion; for example, they may operate more slowly, they may be less tolerant of voltage variations, they may be less tolerant of electrical "noise", or they may fail after a shorter than normal period of time.
One technique for removing heat is to cause a gas, such as air, to move across the surface of the electronic components, or across a heat sink which contacts the electronic component. However, due to their low densities, gases are limited in the amount of heat that they can remove from electronic components. Therefore, as the electronic components, such as integrated circuits, incorporate more and more circuits, and operate faster and faster, they may generate enough heat such that circulating gas is not sufficient to remove the heat generated by the electronic components.
An alternate method for removing heat is to cause a liquid to contact a heat sink which contacts the electronic component. Because of their greater densities, moving liquids are capable of removing much greater amounts of heat than gases, but they involve either immersing the entire circuit board in the cooling liquid, or plumbing systems to circulate the liquid to the electronic components, or both. These plumbing systems often contain mechanical elements such as pumps, which are prone to failure. The designer of a cooling system for electronic components must therefore choose between the greater cooling capacity of a liquid cooling system and the lower cost and simplicity of a gas or air cooling system. Immersing the entire circuit board in the cooling liquid limits the choice of cooling liquid, because the cooling liquid must be non-corrosive to the circuit board and all its components and non-conductive. In addition care must be taken so that the cooling liquid does not get contaminated.
A part of most modern gas and liquid cooling systems for electronic devices is a heat sink. A heat sink is a thermally conductive material, such as aluminum, in physical contact with at least one electronic component which generates the heat. The heat sink transmits the heat to a cooling liquid or gas, or to some heat transport mechanism such as a cold plate.
A heat sink is normally physically attached to the electronic component or components by some means such as a thermally conductive adhesive, prior to its attachment to the circuit board. It covers approximately the same surface area of the circuit board (often referred to as the "footprint") as that of the electronic component or components.
If an electronic component produces a large amount of heat relative to its surface area, it may be necessary to use a so-called "extended surface" heat sink. Some extended surface heat sinks have a surface area and footprint that is larger than the surface area and footprint of the electronic component or components with which it is in contact. This is disadvantageous, however, as the extended surface heat sink may take up space on a circuit board that the designer could use for other purposes. Alternatively, extended surface heat sinks with compact footprints are taller than normal heat sinks. This is disadvantageous because it affects how closely circuit boards can be positioned.
There are typically several heat sinks on a circuit board. Heat sinks are normally designed specifically for either liquid or gas cooling. A heat sink designed for gas cooling maximizes the surface area of the heat sink that is exposed to the cooling gas, within the physical constraint of the design of the electronic device. A heat sink designed for liquid cooling must include a method of containing the liquid.
Another part of some gas or liquid cooling systems for electronic devices is a cold plate. A cold plate is a thermally conductive material such as copper or aluminum. A cold plate may directly contact the electronic component or, more commonly, may contact a heat sink which is in direct contact with the component; however, it is not normally attached to the electronic component or the heat sink prior to the component being placed on the circuit board. A cold plate is typically much larger in at least one dimension than the electronic components, and cover a much larger surface area than any of the electronic components. As ordinarily used, there are rarely more than one or two cold plates on a circuit board.
A factor which complicates the designer's decision whether to use a liquid, air or gas cooling system is that different types of components generate different amounts of heat. For example, devices containing computer CPU (Central Processing Unit) logic integrated circuits typically produce much greater amounts of heat than components such as computer memory chips. Another example of a component that produces greater amounts of heat than other components is a power amplifier in a microwave communications or radar system. This may result in a so-called "hot spot" on the circuit board. Most circulating gas systems or gas convection systems provide cooling that is relatively uniform over the surface of the circuit board. They are generally not well adapted to concentrate cooling gas at a "hot spot".
An example of a system that is adapted to cooling "hot spots" is illustrated in Bell U.S. Pat. No. 4,498,118, issued Feb. 5, 1985. In Bell, a cooling module is slidably mounted in opposed guide rails between two circuit boards. In the cooling module are orifices, through which a pressurized cooling fluid is directed towards the components of the adjacent circuit boards. A system such as Bell would require that the pattern of orifices be specially designed for the pattern of components on each circuit board, which makes production of the cooling module relatively complicated and expensive. Redesign of the circuit board, or replacement of either circuit board with another circuit board would require redesign and replacement of the cooling module. The cooling module would take up space in the rack of a cabinet that might otherwise be occupied by another circuit board. Only one cooling fluid is utilized, and the fluid circulates across the surface of the heat sink.
Other examples of systems that are adapted to cooling "hot spots" are illustrated in two application for a U.S. Patent by Novotny, Ser. No. 367,355 and Ser. No. 367,369, co-pending with this application and assigned to the same assingee as is the present application. In the Novotny inventions, a fluid is directed to the components through expansion valves. Only one cooling fluid is utilized, and the fluid circulates across the surface of the heat sink.
Liquid cooling systems are well adapted to cooling "hot spots" if the cooling liquid can be circulated directly to the hot spot. However the liquid cooling system has a greater capacity than is necessary to cool the devices that produce lesser quantities of heat. This can result in an unnecessarily complicated and expensive cooling system.
Designers of electronic devices try to make the devices as "fail safe" as possible. This is done by minimizing the consequences of failure of a component. One technique is to avoid situations in which the failure of one component results in the failure of the entire device. Often failure of a component or set of components of a cooling system can cause the entire device to fail. For example if the device is a liquid cooled computer, and the pump in the liquid cooling systems fails, the components may rapidly overheat, which may cause an unplanned computer shutdown. A frequently used technique for minimizing the consequences of the failure of a component of the cooling system is to include redundant components. For example, in gas cooling systems, it is common practice to employ multiple fans to force the cooling gas across the electronic components.
Prevention of a sudden failure is of particular interest in the computer art. If a computer experiences an unplanned shutdown, users may experience great inconvenience and expense. If a computer fails suddenly, valuable information can be irretrievably lost. However, if a potential failure can be detected and delayed a more graceful, planned shutdown can be performed. If the computer is a part of a computer network, the operations being performed by the failing computer may even be able to be transferred to another computer.
A cooling system may have two different methods of cooling the electronic components. For example, Altoz U.S. Pat. No. 4,635,709, entitled "Dual Mode Heat Exchanger" and issued Jan. 13, 1987 has a cooling system which circulates ambient air over the electronic components in an aircraft pod. If the aircraft travels at sufficiently high speed, the so-called "ram effect" makes the surrounding air too warm for effective cooling. For that situation, Altoz provides a second cooling method which uses evaporative cooling. In the evaporative cooling method, heat is transferred to a liquid which evaporates and is exhausted through a hydrophobic filter membrane. Systems such as Altoz which utilize both liquid and gas cooling techniques are often referred to as "hybrid" cooling systems.
A second example of a hybrid cooling system is described in Parmerlee et al. U.S. Pat. No. 4,315,300, entitled "Cooling Arrangement for Plug-in Module Assembly" and issued Feb. 9, 1982. In Parmerlee, et al., each heat generating module has a metallic heat plate which facilitates the transfer of heat from the electronic components to the parallel metallic sides which support the modules. Each parallel side is provided with fluid passageways for carrying a cooling liquid for removing heat transferred from the modules by way of the heat plate.
A key objective in Parmerlee et al. is to ensure that each module receives cool air at the same temperature of the air cooling the other modules. Thus, the liquid in Parmerlee is primarily concerned with providing cooling air of a temperature that is uniform from one module to another, but is not primarily concerned with cooling electronic components directly.
While Parmerlee et al. may achieve the objective of providing each module with cool air at the same temperature of the cooling air of the other modules, it is not as effective at cooling components directly. The amount of heat a cold plate can conduct is directly related to the cross sectional area of the cold plate. If it is necessary to increase the amount of heat conducted by the cold plate, the designer must make the cold plate wider or thicker. This may take up space on the circuit board and conflicts with the design goal of maximizing the number of electronic components on a circuit board.
Another characteristic of Parmerlee is that the heat transferred by the cold plate must travel across the circuit board for a long distance before it encounters the cooling liquid. In Parmerlee, the heat must travel through the cold plate to the edge of the circuit board to the parallel metallic sides to the cooling liquid. All cold plates have some thermal resistivity, which impedes the flow of heat and causes a temperature gradient, which decreases the efficiency of heat transfer.
While some of this disadvantage may be overcome by placing the electronic components that generate the most heat close to the parallel metallic sides, this conflicts with the design goal of placing electronic components according to functional rules, such as maximizing the speed at which the system operates.

Hybird cooling system for electronic components


An optical recording medium allowing data to be recorded on, erased from, and reproduced from, and storing information about power levels of an erase pulse. The recorded erase pattern information may include information about power levels of first and last pulses of an erase pattern for erasing data. The first and last pulses of the erase pattern can be differently set depending on the differing kind of recording layer or layers of a disk or differing kinds of disks and recorded in a reproducible only area or rewritable area of the optical recording medium. Thus, by presetting the appropriate erase power levels, the time required for selecting an optimal erase power for the optical recording medium can be considerably reduced.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an optical recording medium, and more particularly, to a method of recording erase pattern information on an optical recording medium, erasing information on the optical recording medium, and the optical recording medium on which power information of the erase pattern information is recorded.
2. Description of the Related Art
Recording data on an optical disk, a kind of optical recording media, means that a mark is made in a track formed on the optical disk. Currently recordable, erasable, and reproducible disks typically include RW-CDs of 650 MB, DVDs-RAM/R/RW of 4.7 GB, DVDs+RW of 4.7 GB, HD-DVDs of 23 GB, which are still under development, and the like. In a rewritable disk, a recording layer may be coated with a phase change layer which is caused to change from a crystalline to amorphous state according to an applied temperature or power level, with a mark being formed (according to the data required) through a phase change of the phase change layer. In such a rewritable disk, a writing strategy, according to the types of recording media, is adopted to optimize recording/reproducing characteristics. However, since recording conditions may vary from drive to drive, an optical recording medium compatible with one drive may not be compatible with another drive. Conventionally, a drive may include a pick-up and control apparatus, with the control apparatus controlling the operation of the pickup to perform any recording, erasing, or reproducing operations.

Method of recording erase pattern information on an optical recording medium, erasing information on the optical recording medium based on the erase pattern information, and optical recording medium therefor


Disclosed is a method and system for storing mail permanently without restriction of storage space of mail box. When user requests to store certain mail permanently, mail server transforms the requested mail data into permanent mail data with predetermined format. The transformed mail data is transmitted to an external server, the external server is a various kind of server that provides personal information storage space. The external server stores received permanent mail data on corresponding user area. If user requests to read permanent mail, the mail server requests the requested permanent mail data to the external server, and the external server transmits the requested permanent mail data to the mail server, by which users can read mails indicated as permanent mail regardless mail capacity of mail box.

The electronic mail service is one of most widely used Internet services by users. Most portal sites provide an electronic mail service, and a predetermined mail storage space is provided to each user, by which users can store mails in the limited space.
Web mail service provided by portal sites is a service that can read mails through web browser without a particular user interface or a protocol for receiving mails from a mail server. In conventional web mail service, small size storage space for mail was generally provided, however, request for expansion of mail storage space is increasing more and more.
In case of conventional mail service, because a predetermined mail storage space is given to users, new mails cannot be received if the mailbox reaches over the predetermined size. Therefore, users have to delete unnecessary mails to use the mail service continuously. If there are many mails that users want to store for a long time personally and size of these mails is near the predetermined storage size given to users, users have to delete mails although uses want to store them.
In addition, presently, portal sites provide various services that offer storage space for personal information such as blog, personal homepage, these kinds of personal information storage services are becoming more diversified.
Although the personal information storage services are becoming more diversified, no service that can use personal information storage space in a synthetic way has been provided. Therefore, although there is some storage space left in blog or personal homepage, users still have to delete mail data if there is not enough mail storage space, and mail data cannot be stored in another personal information storage space.
Therefore, although various personal information storage spaces are provided, users cannot utilize each of the storage spaces effectively by controlling storage of personal information. Recently, request for expanding mail storage space is increasing more and more, and it is necessary to store mails to be stored for a long period of time without restriction of storage space.

Method and system for providing permanent mail service


A transfer unit includes, as transfer rollers, a first roller and a second roller of which the latter has an elastic layer larger in an axial direction than that of the former, a first bearing member, a second bearing member, a roller holder, a first urging member, a second urging member, a switching cam, a transfer voltage power supply, and a driving mechanism. By rotating the roller holder, one of the first and second rollers is arranged opposite an image carrying member and, by rotating the switching cam, the first or second roller arranged opposite the image carrying member is arranged either at a reference position at which, by being kept in pressed contact with the image carrying member, the first or second roller forms a transfer nip or at a released position at which the first or second roller lies away from the image carrying member.

The present disclosure relates to a transfer unit for transferring to a recording medium a toner image formed on an image carrying member such as a photosensitive drum or an intermediate transfer belt. The present disclosure also relates to an image forming apparatus provided with one.
Conventionally, there is a known intermediate transfer-type image forming apparatus including an endless intermediate transfer belt that rotates in a prescribed direction and a plurality of image forming portions provided along the intermediate transfer belt. In the image forming apparatus, by the image forming portions, toner images of respective colors are primarily transferred to the intermediate transfer belt by being sequentially superimposed on each other, after which the toner images are secondarily transferred by a secondary transfer roller to a recording medium such as paper.
In such intermediate transfer-type image forming apparatuses, adhesion of toner to the surface of the secondary transfer roller accumulates due to durable printing. In particular, to improve color development and color reproducibly, it is necessary to execute calibration for correcting image density and color displacement with predetermined timing, and a patch image formed on the intermediate transfer belt during execution of calibration is, instead of being transferred to the recording medium, removed by a belt cleaning device. This causes, as the patch image passes through the secondary transfer roller, part of the toner transferred to the intermediate transfer belt to adhere to the secondary transfer roller.
Conventionally, the secondary transfer roller is cleaned by applying a reverse transfer voltage (a voltage with the same polarity as the toner) to the secondary transfer roller during a non-image forming period to move the toner deposited on the secondary transfer roller back to the intermediate transfer belt. However, this method is disadvantageous in that cleaning of the secondary transfer roller takes time, resulting in longer printing wait time.
To cope with that, there have been proposed methods for improving productivity by permitting switching of the secondary transfer roller to one of the size appropriate to the recording medium, and, for example, there is a known image forming apparatus that includes a plurality of secondary transfer rollers having different lengths in an axial direction, a rotary member having a supporting portion that rotatably supports the plurality of secondary transfer rollers and that is pivotable about an axis parallel to the axial direction, and a control portion that selects one roller out of the plurality of secondary transfer rollers in accordance with the width of the recording medium and rotates the supporting portion to arrange the roller opposite the intermediate transfer belt.

Transfer unit capable of switching between two transfer rollers


A method and system for determining location and/or motion for one or more wireless devices communicating at short range (i.e. less than about 30 feet) with other wireless devices on a wireless network. Signal strength measurements are passed within communication frames between wireless devices which can be used to represent an inverse of the distance, wherefrom a distance vector is determined between wireless devices. Using multiple distance vectors from multiple wireless network devices, a 2-D or 3-D coordinate representation for position of each wireless network in 2-D or 3-D space can be calculated. These coordinates can be utilized for determining the precise traveled position of a specific wireless network device in motion and for establishing a motion sensing system. The motion sensing system can be configured as input to a user interface to control devices and systems which integrated within or connected to devices communicating on the wireless network.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention pertains generally to communication networks, and more particularly to systems and methods calculating distance vectors between wireless network devices.
2. Description of Related Art
The Open System Interconnection (OSI) standard provides a seven layered hierarchy between an end user and a physical device through which various network systems can communicate. Each layer is responsible for different tasks and the OSI protocol specifies the interaction between layers while ensuring that the communication devices comply with the standard.
FIG. 1 shows the hierarchy 100 of the seven-layered OSI standard, which includes a physical layer 105, a data link layer 110, a network layer 115, a transport layer 120, a session layer 125, a presentation layer 130 and an application layer 135.
The physical layer 105 conveys the bit stream through the network at the electrical, mechanical and functional level, while providing a hardware means of sending and receiving data on a carrier. The data link layer 110 provides the representation of bits on the physical medium and the format of messages on the physical medium, sending blocks of data, such as frames, with proper synchronization. The networking layer 115 handles the routing and forwarding of the data to proper destinations, while maintaining and terminating connections. The transport layer 120 manages the end-to-end control and error checking to ensure complete data transfer. The session layer 125 sets up coordinates, and terminates communications between applications. The presentation layer 130 converts incoming and outgoing data from one presentation format to another. The applications layer 135 is where communications, quality of service, user authentication, and so forth are considered.
Similar to the OSI standard, the IEEE 802 committee has developed a three layer architecture for wireless networks that roughly corresponds to the physical layer and data link layer of the OSI standard. FIG. 2 illustrates the IEEE 802 standard 160. As shown in FIG. 2, the IEEE 802 standard includes a physical layer 165, a media access control (MAC) layer 170, and a logical link control layer 175. The physical layer 165 operates similar to the physical layer in the OSI standard. The MAC and the logical link control layers share the functions of the data link layer in the OSI standard 100. The logical link control layer 175 places data into frames that can communicate at the physical layer 165 and the MAC layer 170 manages communications over the data link sending data frames and receiving acknowledgment (ACK) frames.
Together the MAC layer 170 and the link control layer 175 are responsible for error checking as well as retransmission of frames that are not received and acknowledged.
The IEEE 802.11 standard also defines beacon frames within the MAC layer which are sent at regular intervals by an access point. The access point may act as a bridge between two networks with different protocols (e.g., Ethernet and IEEE 802 wireless networks).
Wireless technologies have been integrated into our daily lives and are being required to provide not only connectivity, but also high performance, reliability and stable communication. The most dominant of the IEEE 802 wireless communication standards is IEEE 802.11 and its variants, such as 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g which are being utilized in various wireless products. Communication between different devices (nodes) in the IEEE 802 network is performed by the exchanging of data frames between a sending node and a receiving node. Each IEEE 802.11b frame transmitted from a IEEE 802.11 equipped device contains information including the signal strength and noise. By measuring the signal strength information and including it in frames sent from a fixed node to a mobile node, it is possible to approximate the distance between fixed and mobile nodes.
However, it is very difficult to determine the exact location of a node at any point in time, because IEEE 802.11b is very susceptible to the effects of multipath fading, a multipath scenario illustrated in FIG. 2. As shown in the figure, a transmission emitting from a base station 220 is transmitted by an antenna 210. The transmission may take a direct path to a receiving mobile node 230 or, given the physical surroundings, the transmission may radiate, reflect or be diffused by one or more objects 240 and 250 that are closer to antenna 210. This causes a multipath propagation of the signal directed towards the receiving device 230.
Similarly, in a mobile wireless network system, such as a home wireless network, the occurrence of multipath propagation may cause the perceived signal strength information at one wireless network communication device to fluctuate greatly as a result of the slightest movement of the node or changes in the surroundings such as movement of obstacles in the line of sight. The fluctuation in signal strength makes it difficult to determine the location of one wireless network communication device relative to the other wireless devices in the wireless network.
Furthermore, the inability to accurately monitor movements of the different wireless network devices within the wireless network, sometimes impacts the ability to detect the addition or removal of a wireless network device from the wireless network.
Therefore, a need exists to monitor the signal strength between mobile wireless network devices communicating over a wireless network in order to determine the relative proximity and/or motion with respect to other wireless devices on the wireless network. The present invention fulfills that need as well as others and overcomes many of the deficiencies of prior network systems.

System and method for location and motion detection in a home wireless network


A crystalline mono hydrochloride salt of (4S,4aS,5aR,12aS)-4-dimethylamino-3,10,12,12a-tetrahydroxy-7-[(methoxy(methyl)amino)-methyl]-1,11-dioxo-1,4,4a,5,5a,6,11,12a-octahydro-naphthacene-2-carboxylic acid amide is disclosed having improved stability. In addition, a crystalline mono mesylate salt and crystalline mono sulfate salt of (4S,4aS,5aR,12aS)-4-dimethylamino-3,10,12,12a-tetrahydroxy-7-[(methoxy(methyl)amino)-methyl]-1,11-dioxo-1,4,4a,5,5a,6,11,12a-octahydro-naphthacene-2-carboxylic acid amide are also disclosed having improved stability. A pharmaceutical composition containing the crystalline salts and methods of treating inflammatory skin disorders and bacterial infections comprising administering the crystalline salts are also disclosed.

Tetracyclines are known "broad spectrum" antibiotics and have become widely used for therapeutic purposes. Tetracyclines have been found to be highly effective pharmacologically against rickettsiae; a number of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria; and the agents responsible for lymphogranuloma venereum, inclusion conjunctivitis, and psittacosis. The first use of tetracycline antibiotics dates as far back as 1948. Examples of pharmaceutically active tetracycline and tetracycline analogue compositions may be found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,980,584; 2,990,331; 3,062,717; 3,165,531; 3,454,697; 3,557,280; 3,674,859; 3,957,980; 4,018,889; 4,024,272; and 4,126,680. Tetracyclines may also be used to treat inflammatory skin disorders, including dermatitis, psoriasis, pyoderma gangrenosum, acne and rosacea.
Acne vulgaris, also referred to as acne, is both an inflammatory skin disorder and a bacterial infection. It is a disorder resulting from hormones affecting the sebaceous glands, which leads to plugged pores and outbreaks of lesions, or pimples. Acne is the most common skin disease in the United States, affecting nearly 17 million people. Severe acne can lead to disfiguration, and permanent scarring.
Acne is described as a disorder of the pilosebaceous units (PSUs). Found over most of the body, PSUs consist of sebaceous glands, which make an oily substance that normally empties onto the skin surface through the opening of the follicle, also called a pore. When the pore is plugged, the mixture of oil and cells allows bacteria that normally live on the skin to grow in the plugged follicles, which produce chemicals and enzymes and attract white blood cells that cause inflammation. The plugged follicle breaks down, the sebum, shed skin cells and bacteria disseminate into the nearby tissues, leading to lesions or pimples.
Acne is commonly treated with systemic antibiotics, including tetracyclines, to reduce the growth of bacteria. Efficacy is thought to be due to an effect on Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) as well as the intrinsic anti-inflammatory properties of these antibiotics. Propionibacterium acnes is a relatively slow growing, typically aerotolerant anaerobic gram positive bacterium (rod) that is linked to acne. Tetracyclines are known to be effective in killing P. acnes and other bacteria and have been used to treat acne because of their antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties.
Rosacea is a skin disorder characterized by facial redness, mainly affecting individuals of north western European descent. Early symptoms of rosacea include redness on the chin, nose, skin or forehead; small visible blood vessels on the face; bumps or pimples on the face; and watery and irritated eyes. Although the causes of rosacea are poorly understood, systemic antibiotics, such as tetracyclines, are commonly prescribed for the treatment of rosacea, due to both their anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties.
After the widespread use of tetracyclines for both major and minor illnesses and diseases led to resistance to these antibiotics, substituted tetracycline compounds were developed to treat bacterial infections, inflammation, neoplasms, and other conditions. The term "tetracycline compound" includes many compounds with a similar ring structure to tetracycline. Examples of these tetracycline compounds include: chlortetracycline, doxycycline, minocycline, oxytetracycline, demeclocycline, methacycline, sancycline, chelocardin, rolitetracycline, lymecycline, apicycline; clomocycline, guamecycline, meglucycline, mepylcycline, penimepicycline, pipacycline, etamocycline, penimocycline. For example, substituted tetracycline compounds have been disclosed in WO 2008/079339 and WO 2008/079363.
One substituted tetracycline compound is (4S,4aS,5aR,12aS)-4-dimethylamino-3,10,12,12a-tetrahydroxy-7-[(methoxy(methyl)amino)-methyl]-1,11-dioxo-1,4,4a,5,5a,6,11,12a-octahydro-naphthacene-2-carboxylic acid amide, described in U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 2008/0312193 and 2010/0305072. The free base of this compound has proven unstable for use as an active pharmaceutical ingredient. In addition, while those skilled in the art have attempted to synthesize a salt of this compound previously, only amorphous salts have been produced and these amorphous salts have shown only minimal improved stability over the free base. Accordingly, there exists a need in the art for improved stability of this substituted tetracycline compound.
The present invention is directed to the novel crystalline mono hydrochloride, mono mesylate, and mono sulfate salts of (4S,4aS,5aR,12aS)-4-dimethylamino-3,10,12,12a-tetrahydroxy-7-[(methoxy(methyl)amino)-methyl]-1,11-dioxo-1,4,4a,5,5a,6,11,12a-octahydro-naphthacene-2-carboxylic acid amide, which exhibit superior stability over the free base and previously known salts thereof. This is a significant advancement in the state of the art.

Crystalline salts of (4S,4AS,5AR,12AS)-4-dimethylamino-3,10,12,12A-tetrahydroxy-7-[methoxy(methyl)amino)-methyl] acid amide and methods of using the same


An emitter for an electron-beam projection lithography (EPL) system and a manufacturing method therefor are provided. The electron-beam emitter includes a substrate, an insulating layer overlying the substrate, and a gate electrode including a base layer formed on top of the insulating layer to a uniform thickness and an electron-beam blocking layer formed on the base layer in a predetermined pattern. The manufacturing method includes steps of: preparing a substrate; forming an insulating layer on the substrate; forming a base layer of a gate electrode by depositing a conductive metal on the insulating layer to a predetermined thickness; forming an electron-beam blocking layer of the gate electrode by depositing a metal capable of anodizing on the base layer to a predetermined thickness; and patterning the electron-beam blocking layer in a predetermined pattern by anodizing. The emitter provides a uniform electric field within the insulating layer and simplify the manufacturing method therefor.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an electron-beam lithography projection system, and more particularly, to an electron-beam emitter capable of securing a uniform electric field within an insulating layer of the emitter and simplifying a manufacturing method therefor.
2. Description of the Related Art
During a semiconductor manufacturing process, various lithographic techniques are employed to form a desired pattern on the surface of a substrate. Conventional optical lithography using light such as ultraviolet rays has a limit regarding a line width that can be implemented with this technique. For this reason, next generation lithography (NGL) techniques have been recently proposed, by which more miniaturized and integrated semiconductor ICs with nano-scale line widths can be realized. Examples of the NGL techniques include electron-beam projection lithography (EPL), ion projection lithography (IPL), extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL), and proximity X-ray lithography.
Among the NGL systems, EPL systems for patterning an electron-resist coated on a substrate to be processed into a desired form by using electron-beams emitted from an emitter are currently widely used since they have a simplified structure and it is easy to implement a large-area electron-beam emitter. Electron beam emitters with various structures can be adopted for this EPL system, and two examples of these structures are shown in FIGS. 1 and 2.
Referring to FIG. 1, a conventional metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) type emitter 10 has a structure in which an insulating layer 12 and a gate electrode 13 are sequentially stacked on a silicon substrate 11. The insulating layer 12 is formed from a silicon oxide layer, and the gate electrode 13 is made of conductive metal such as gold (Au).
As shown in FIG. 2, a metal-insulator-metal (MIM) type emitter 20 has a structure in which a lower electrode 22, an insulating layer 23, and a gate electrode 24 are sequentially stacked on a silicon substrate 21. Typically, the lower electrode 22 is made of aluminum (Al)—neodymium (Nd) alloy, the insulating layer 23 is made of anodized alumina, and the gate electrode 24 is made of a conductive metal such as gold (Au).
The insulating layers 12 and 23 of the conventional MIS and MIM type emitters 10 and 20, respectively, are patterned into a predetermined form and comprise thin and thick portions. In the emitters constructed above, electrons are emitted through the thin portions of the insulating layers 12 and 23.
FIGS. 3A–3D are cross-sections for explaining a method of manufacturing the conventional MIS type emitter 10 shown in FIG. 1. Referring to FIG. 3A, the surface of the silicon substrate 11 is thermally oxidized to form a silicon oxide layer 12a to a predetermined thickness. Then, as shown in FIG. 3B, the silicon oxide layer 12a are patterned into a desired form, and a silicon oxide layer 12b is formed as shown in FIG. 3C. As a result, the insulating layer 12 is lapped over the silicon substrate 11 in a predetermined pattern. Finally, as shown in FIG. 3D, a conductive metal such as gold (Au) is deposited over the entire surface of the insulating layer 12 to a predetermined thickness to form the gate electrode 13. After undergoing the above steps, the MIS type emitter 10 configured as above is completed.
The conventional MIM type emitter 20 of FIG. 2 is manufactured in a similar way. The process of manufacturing the conventional emitter 10 or 20 involves forming the insulating layer 12 or 23 by performing two steps of forming an oxide layer and one step of patterning the oxide layer and forming the gate electrodes 13 or 24 on the stepped insulating layer 12 or 23. This process is very complicated and in addition the conventional emitter 10 or 20 does not secure a uniform electric field within the insulating layer 12 or 23 due to the stepped structure.

Manufacturing method for emitter for electron-beam projection lithography


An ML root model format having a root model definition, is converted into an ML target model format not having the root model definition. A learning system is assigned to the root model definition that is convertible to the machine learning target model format. A new version of the root model definition is ported from the ML root model to the format of the ML target model to generate a new version of the machine learning target model after a learning iteration of the learning system. Quality limits are determined using an X control chart method based on a cross-validation of fold results generated during a validation of the new version of the machine learning root model. A quality metric value of the new version of the ML target model is evaluated against the quality threshold values of the new version of the ML root model.

The disclosure relates generally to a machine learning format conversion, and more specifically, to a computer-implemented method for converting a machine learning root model format from a format having a pipeline to another format without a pipeline. The disclosure relates further to a related converting system for converting a machine learning root model format, and a computer program product.
The terms "artificial intelligence" (AI) and/or "machine learning" (ML) are used interchangeably herein. The fields of ML and AI are driving traditional technologies and also the applicability of computerized methods to tackle also problems which can not easily be coded in a procedural manner.
It has been proven that machine learning, or recently, "deep learning" (DL) techniques have eclipsed previous AI approaches and have depicted how elegantly, end-to-end differentiable functions can be taught to perform very complex tasks involving high-level perception abilities. Many of these DL techniques used deep neural networks that have to be trained with training data, typically in a supervised learning process.
Because the problems to be solved are comparably complex, the training data is not only fed to one single machine learning model but to a sequence of machine learning models, such that the output data of the first machine learning model is used as input data for the second machine learning model. Such an approach in machine learning is denoted as "pipelining". For example, a simple text document processing workflow might include several stages: (i) split each document text into words, (ii) convert each document words into a numerical feature vector, and (iii) a prediction model using the feature vectors and labels. Thus, in machine learning it is common to run a sequence of algorithms to process and learn from data.
However, a particular architecture can be required to pass output data of one model, one algorithm, as input data to another model, a second algorithm. ML pipelines use the concept of ML "DataFrames" for this data passing. A DataFrame can use an ML dataset which can hold to a variety of data types. For example, a DataFrame could tip different columns storing text, feature vectors, true labels, and predictions. For a transformation of one DataFrame to another DataFrame, typically, a transformer can be used. For this, an estimator can be instrumental. It is an algorithm which can be fit on a DataFrame to produce a transformer. For example, a learning algorithm can be an estimator which trains on a DataFrame and produces a model. Hence, to stay in the above sketched model, a pipeline chains multiple transformers and estimators together to specify an ML workflow. In some cases, an ML library can support building such pipelines. Other types of ML systems may not support such pipeline definitions. However, for a continuous learning approach the usage of pipelines can be essential.
A user matching system can be configured to employ a stage learning process including a user compatibility learning stage, an SMT learning stage, and a match optimization stage. A method can also include determining, by the deep learning processor and using the neural network, prediction data including predicted results for the measured or of the health metrics for each of the multiple combinations of the measured or observed health metrics based on the training data. However, these described methods generally stay within their data model to provide their predictions. Different machine learning models, e.g., pipeline enabled vs. not pipeline enabled, are not addressed. There can therefore be a need to overcome problems and incompatibilities between different machine learning models in order to allow a seamless continuous learning process.

Continuous learning system for models without pipelines

International Business Machines Corporation