A communication system enabling significant reduction in delay in handover between MAPs without increasing the number of MAPs to install. In the communication system, MAP(101) issues a Router Advertisement to AR(111) to AR(118). Particularly, MAP(101) assigns a plurality of Router Advertisements of a source of care-of address (RCOA) to register with HA to AR(118) of a cell on either side of a boundary of areas for each MAP. MN(107) receives a Router Advertisement transmitted from AR that is a communicating party among AR(119) to AR(126), and using the Router Advertisement, generates care-of addresses, RCOA and LCOA. AR(111) to AR(118) transmit the Router Advertisement RA generated by MAP(101) to MN in communication. Further, AR(111) to AR(118) transmit the care-or-addresses, RCOA and LCOA, issued from MN(107) to MAP(101).

Recently, Mobile IP has increasingly been studied in mobile communications (for example, Non-patent Document 1).
Mobile IP is a protocol for automatically detecting a migration of a terminal between networks and enabling communications in a network after the migration in the same way as in a network before the migration. Mobile IP compensates for migrations in IP level, and has characteristics that the IP is not dependent on an application to use and techniques under layer 2.
The schematic operation of Mobile IP will be described below. FIGS. 1A and 1B are schematic diagrams illustrating Mobile IP, where FIG. 1A is a schematic diagram illustrating Mobile Ipv4, and FIG. 1B is a schematic diagram illustrating Mobile Ipv6.
As shown in FIG. 1A, procedures for registering a care-of address in Mobile Ipv4 are as follows: 1. A terminal moves to a cell (step ST11). 2. The terminal receives an Agent Advertisement periodically transmitted from a FA (Foreign Agent) (step ST12). 3. The terminal acquires a care-of address from the Agent Advertisement. 4. The terminal registers the care-of address with the FA (step ST13). 5. The FA registers the care-of address with a Home Agent (step ST14).
The FA is not necessary in Mobile Ipv6. Therefore, the use of Mobile Ipv6 has been discussed widely. Each terminal has a unique address called the home address, and uses a care-of address in a migration place. Accordingly, each terminal is assigned a care-of address as well as the home address. Each terminal needs to register the care-of address with the Home Agent when migrating to another cell. As shown in FIG. 1B, the registration of a care-of address is carried out in following procedures: 1. A terminal moves to another cell (step ST21). 2. The terminal receives a Router Advertisement periodically transmitted from an Access Router (step ST22). 3. The terminal generates a care-of address from the Router Advertisement. 4. The terminal registers the care-of address with the Home Agent (step ST23).
There is a method of installing a Mobility Anchor Point (hereinafter abbreviated as "MAP") on an upper layer of a plurality of Access Routers (hereinafter abbreviated as "ARs") to cause hierarchical registration of care-of address, and thereby intending fast handover and reduction in load on the Home Agent (herein after abbreviated as "HA"). FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating a configuration of a mobile IP network using MAPs.
A Mobile Node (hereinafter abbreviated as "MN") needs to register a care-of address with the MAP as well as the HA. The MN detects Prefixes of the MAP and AR from the Router Advertisement (hereinafter abbreviated as "RA") transmitted from the AR, and using the Prefixes and an Interface Identifier of the MN, generates two care-of addresses, a Regional Care-Of Address (hereinafter abbreviated as "RCOA") and On-Link Care-Of Address (hereinafter abbreviated as "LCOA"). Only the RCOA needs to be registered with the HA, and the number of registrations with the HA is significantly reduced. When moving between ARs, a change in LCOA is required, but only registration with the MAP is necessary. Since the MAP exists relatively nearer than the HA, registration time is short, enabling fast handover. In FIG. 2, AR1 to AR8 use the same LCOA, while AR9 to AR16 use the same LCOA.
The aforementioned operation is shown in FIG. 3. FIG. 3 is a flow diagram illustrating an example of the operation in the conventional network.
Initial setting is performed in ST51. In ST52, it is determined whether a terminal has moved between MAPs. When the terminal has moved between MAPs, the processing flow proceeds to ST53. When the terminal has not moved between MAPs, the processing flow proceeds to ST54. In ST53, the RCOA is registered with the HA. In ST54, the LCOA is registered with the MAP, and the processing flow returns to ST52. A list of terms of Mobile IP is shown in Table 1.
[Table 1]
However, in the aforementioned constitution using MAPs, it is necessary to register the care-of address with both the MAP and HA in handover between MAPs. It is thus an issue to reduce delay time in handover between MAPs.
In order to overcome the aforementioned issue, i.e. to reduce the delay time in handover between MAPs, a method is considered for installing MAPs hierarchically (for example, Non-patent Document 2).
Non-patent Document 1: Charles E. Perkins, "Mobile IP", IEICE Communications Magazines, MAY 2002,
Non-patent Document 2: Kono, et al., "Study on Terminal Mobility Analogy Method for Multilayer Dispersive IP Mobility Control System, CQ2002-77.

Communication system and communication method


An apparatus and a system, as well as a method and article, may operate to include repeating first data to provide first repeated data and deleting second repeated data to provide second data according to a programmed standard included in a first apparatus and selected from a plurality of reprogrammable standards.

One goal of the communications industry is to provide constant (e.g., "always-on") voice and data access, especially to mobile users. However, as users move about a given geographic area, products in their possession may encounter the need to transmit and/or receive data according to more than one communications standard, such as those which exist with respect to Wide Area Networks (WANs), Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) and Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs). In addition, the user's device data rate may not equal an allotted channel data rate. Thus, in order to communicate the user's data over a given communications link, the user's device may need to adapt the device standards to the link standards, and the device data rate to the channel data rate via rate matching, that is, by increasing or decreasing the device data rate to match the channel data rate.

Rate matching apparatus, systems, and methods


The present invention provides an intelligent mouse includes a physical environment conditions detector for sampling physical environment conditions in the intelligent mouse, a physical condition adjustor for adjusting the physical environment conditions; and a microprocessor unit for processing operations of the intelligent mouse. The microprocessor unit comprises a memory for storing a reference physical condition value represented a modest physical condition range; and an environment controller for processing the physical condition values and outputting a controlling command to the physical condition adjustor. The intelligent mouse can measure physical environment conditions automatically and adjust the physical environment conditions into a modest range automatically.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to an input device, particularly to an input device with a function of adjusting its physical conditions.
2. Related Art
Because of bad exterior environments, an ordinary mouse can not supply a modest operation environment for a user. For example, an operating hand is prone to shivers in chilly winter or sweats and becomes moist in hot summer.
The China patent application CN03139617, entitled "a warmer and cooler mouse", published on Jan. 19, 2005, discloses such a mouse can supply a user a warmer temperature in cold environment and a cool temperature in hot environment.
However the present mouse has two disadvantages, firstly, the mouse lacks an automatically adjustment mechanics to control the temperature of the mouse; a user has to turn on or turn off a switch manually. Secondly, the mouse lacks a comprehension of adjusting a physical moistness parameter.
Accordingly, it would be advantageous if the mouse can detect and adjust its physical conditions, not only the physical temperature parameter, but also the physical moistness parameter to a modest one automatically.

Longhua Town, Bao'an District, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province

Hong Fu Jin Precision Industry (Shen Zhen) Co., Ltd.


A mechanical pressure gauge indicator for showing a position of a multi-turn non-rising water valve stem is disclosed. The mechanical pressure gauge indicator uses 180 degrees of turning motion to indicate various approximations of pressure downstream of the regulating valve. One half turn of the mechanical simulated pressure gauge indicator indicates ten turns of the multi-turn non-rising water valve stem.

The present invention relates generally to pressure gauge indicators and, more particularly, to a mechanical single-turn indicator for showing the position of a multiple-turn actuator which might be used for example, in a regulating valve for regulation of downstream pressure.
Regulating valves are used in the irrigation industry for maintaining a predetermined downstream pressure. The regulating valve receives a small pilot supply of water from a main fluid supply valve. The regulating valve controls the pressure within a closure chamber of the main fluid supply valve, to thereby cause the main fluid supply valve to pass water from an upstream pipe to a downstream pipe when a pressure in the downstream pipe falls below a predetermined pressure. The flow of water through the main fluid supply valve is thus controlled by the regulating valve to achieve a desired downstream pressure.
In order to determine whether the desired downstream pressure has been achieved, a pressure gauge can be attached to the regulating valve to thereby indicate the downstream pressure. Since pressure gauges can be expensive, a common practice in the irrigation industry is to attach a Schrader valve to the regulating valve. The Schrader valve can accommodate a pressure hose gauge assembly, which can be connected to the Schrader valve for downstream pressure checks and adjustments.
Although use of a Schrader valve in combination with a regulating valve can be cost effective, this combination can also be labor intensive. During system checks, walk throughs, and other procedures where the downstream pressure of a regulating valve needs to be monitored, the user must carry the pressure hose gauge assembly and manually attach the pressure hose gauge assembly to each Schrader valve before reading the downstream pressure of the regulating valve. Thus, the user can only determine the downstream pressure of the regulating valve after connecting the pressure hose gauge assembly to the Schrader valve. A simple task of checking the downstream pressures of 10 regulating valves can consume a large amount of time, when the user is forced to attach the pressure hose gauge assembly to the Schrader valve of each regulating valve before reading the pressure of that regulating valve.
Another solution proposed by the prior art involves fitting the pressure gauge directly onto either the regulator valve or the downstream pipe. This solution, however, usually requires a significant financial expenditure for purchasing a pressure gauge and regulating valve combination. Such a combination of a pressure gauge and regulating valve is typically about double the cost of the above-mentioned Schrader valve and pressure hose gauge assembly combination. Additionally, many contractors do not recommend putting a sensitive pressure gauge into the regulating valve box.
U.S. Pat. No. 2,379,517 to E. L. Haden, issued on Jul. 3, 1945, discloses a universal indicator for remote controlled deck sockets. The indicator is basically a two position indicator for communicating whether a valve is in an open or closed position. This device uses an annular nut moveable relative to a rotatable spindle and having a single pin attached thereto.
When the spindle is rotated, the pin of the nut travels along a single helical slot to rotate a stationary sleeve. As the pin travels within the helical slot of the stationary sleeve, the pin also exerts a rotational force on a corresponding vertical slot of a corresponding oscillating sleeve.
Only the single pin, and the corresponding single helical slot are used, to rotate the oscillating sleeve. As a result, rotational force is only applied to a single point of the oscillating sleeve. Application of the rotational force to the oscillating sleeve at only a single point tends to cause an imbalanced motion, and further results in a frictional operation.
Another shortcoming of this prior art apparatus is the positioning of the helical slot on the stationary sleeve and the positioning of the vertical slots on the oscillating sleeve. Since the purpose of the pin of the annular nut is to rotate the oscillating sleeve with minimal friction, placement of vertical slots on the oscillating sleeve (as opposed to helical slots, for example) causes added friction. Thus, the primary sources of friction result from use of only a single pin of the annular nut, and from use of only a single vertical slot within the oscillating sleeve. The unbalanced forces resulting from use of only a single pin and a vertical slot may actually generate jamming forces.
Perhaps one result of this unbalanced force-application system of the prior art is the very limited range of motion of the index mark of the Haden device. Basically, this index mark moves within a range of approximately 30 degrees along a circle to indicate whether the valve is open or shut. The limited display of information, indicating only whether the valve is open or shut, is itself a shortcoming of the prior art as well. A device of simple and low-friction construction is thus needed for displaying a range of pressures of the regulating valve.
A result of the frictional operation of the Haden prior art device is that this device may need to be manufactured in metal parts and, further, may need to be lubricated to ensure proper operation. Metal parts can be expensive, subject to rust, and heavy. Lubrication of these metal parts can increase the complexity of the system for venting air from the spring side of the regulator diaphragm, for example.
A need has thus existed in the prior art for a compact, durable, and economically feasible pressure gauge indicator, which can be permanently affixed to regulating valve to thereby avoid the large expenditure of time associated with assembly and disassembly of Schrader-valve compatible pressure gauges.

Fluid control valve having mechanical pressure indicator


The present invention provides a stable form of azithromycin derivatives that act as antibiotics. These compounds are in anhydrous form and have increased stability over the hydrated forms.

Azithromycin is a well-known semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic. It is prepared through the ring expansion to incorporate a nitrogen atom in the macrolide ring of erythromycin A, followed by reductive methylation. This provides an antibiotic having more stability and greater effectiveness than erythromycin-A.
The ring expansion and subsequent conversion of erythromycin-A to provide azithromycin is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,474,768, (e.g., Example 3). Generally, the synthesis requires several steps. The product obtained is one of the hydrated versions, either monohydrate or dihydrate.
Azithromycin monohydrate is hygroscopic and thus, difficult to maintain in the monohydrated form. U.S. Pat. No. 4,963,531 and EP application 298 650 teach a process for preparing azithromycin dihydrate. The process requires preparing a solution of azithromycin monohydrate in tetrahydrofuran and water. The azithromycin dihydrate is obtained by crystallization upon addition of hexane.
In U.S. Pat. No. 4,963,531 it is disclosed that on storage at low humidity the azithromycin dihydrate loses water. In addition, samples of azithromycin mono- and di-hydrate stored at higher humidity rapidly absorbed water. Thus, the water percentage (percent hydration) in the crystals can vary depending on the relative humidity during storage. This variability of the percent hydration can make it difficult to accurately determine the proper amount of active ingredient needed to prepare various dosage forms.
Thus, there is a need for forms of azithromycin that exhibit stability and less variability in the level of hydration.

Process for preparation of anhydrous azithromycin


A bearing and brake support assembly includes a drive shaft and a bearing assembly. The bearing assembly has an inner race and an outer race. The inner race is secured around the drive shaft. The bearing and brake support assembly further includes a one-piece housing having a central passage extending therethrough. The outer race of the bearing assembly is secured to the one-piece housing at a location within the central passage. The bearing and brake support assembly further includes a yoke secured to the drive shaft. The bearing and brake support assembly moreover includes a brake drum secured to the yoke. The bearing and brake support assembly also includes a brake shoe assembly secured to the one-piece housing. The brake shoe assembly cooperates with the brake drum so as to selectively prevent rotation of the drive shaft.

The present invention relates generally to drive linkages, and more particularly to a bearing and brake support assembly which is used in a drive linkage.
Many articulating work machines such as wheel loaders include frames and drive shaft assemblies configured so as to cooperate with one another during articulation. In particular, many articulating work machines include a front drive linkage which has a separate drive shaft connected to a center drive or slip shaft via a universal joint in order to provide the necessary clearance from the frame of the articulating work machine during articulation. Such a configuration often requires a bearing assembly, known commonly as a midship bearing assembly, to be integrated into the front drive linkage. The midship bearing assembly functions to absorb radial thrusts and forces exerted upon the drive shaft during articulation of the articulating work machine, thereby preventing non-rotational movement of the front drive shaft.
Moreover, a number of midship bearing assemblies have heretofore been designed to include a support member to which a known drum brake assembly is fastened. The drum brake assembly functions to selectively restrict rotational movement of the drive shaft thereby functioning as a parking brake.
These midship bearing assemblies which have heretofore been designed are complex and often include a large number of components thereby causing the midship bearing assemblies to be relatively difficult and expensive to manufacture. As a result, efforts have been made to simplify the design of the midship bearing assembly. However, such efforts have had only limited success. In particular, efforts to reduce the number of components included in the midship bearing assembly have resulted in removal of the support member to which the drum brake assembly is secured thereby necessitating relocation of the parking brake function to another location on the drive shaft assembly of the articulating work machine such as the transmission. Such relocation may require redesign of other components (e.g. the transmission) thereby increasing the cost associated with manufacturing of the articulating work machine.
What is needed therefore is a bearing and brake support assembly which is relatively simple and inexpensive to manufacture. What is further needed is a bearing and brake support assembly that includes a relatively small number of components.


A method of scheduling time division duplex frames at a base station in a time division duplex system is provided. The method includes determining if the round-trip propagation delay between the base station and a communicatively coupled subscriber station is greater than the difference between the base station turn-around time and the minimum allowed subscriber station turn-around time, and modifying time slots in a time division duplex frame being sent to the subscriber station over a communication link to extend the range of signals sent from the base station.

One common time division duplex system configuration employs equipment located at a centralized location and equipment that is remotely located from the centralized location. The equipment located at a centralized location is controlled by a wireless service provider. The equipment that is located at the centralized locations consists of at least one base station and can also include distributed antenna "host" or "hub" units. The remotely located equipment consists of subscriber units or subscriber stations, which are typically not controlled by the wireless service provider. Optional equipment at other remote locations (which may or may not be controlled by the wireless service provider) consists of remote antenna units or remote radio heads.
One such system is a time division duplex system in which radio frequency (RF) signals are communicated between a base station and one or more subscriber stations. In one system configuration, the subscriber station is communicatively coupled to the base station by an antenna on the base station. In another system configuration, the subscriber station is communicatively coupled to the base station by an optical fiber and a remote antenna. In yet another system configuration, subscriber stations are communicatively coupled to the base station by at least one antenna on the base station and by one or more optical fibers and associated remote antennas. A distributed antenna system (DAS) is a system that includes optical fiber links to communicatively couple the base station to remote antenna units, which are communicatively coupled to subscriber stations located within the broadcast range of the remote antenna units.
In any of these configurations, time division duplex systems use the same channel band for downlink and uplink transmissions. Although it is theoretically possible to separate simultaneous downlink and uplink transmissions using directional couplers, the non-ideal nature of directionality in real couplers and the enormous differential between transmit and receive power levels will cause downlink/uplink interference if the transmissions are simultaneous. As a result, the base station or subscriber station cannot transmit and receive at the same time. The base station in the time division duplex system must either be transmitting in the downlink or receiving in the uplink but not both simultaneously. Likewise, the subscriber station must be receiving in the downlink or transmitting in the uplink but not both simultaneously.
The time division duplex system transmits time division duplex frames having an uplink frame (subscriber station to base station) and a downlink frame (base station to subscriber station). The time division duplex systems have a distance limitation between the base station and the subscriber station. The distance limitation is based on an allowed turn-around time that is provided between the downlink frames and the uplink frames of the time division duplex frame. If the round-trip propagation delay of the signals traveling the communication link is greater than the difference between the base station turn-around time and the minimum allowed subscriber station turn-around time, the base station and/or the subscriber station are unable to receive all the data in the time division duplex frame.
If the base station and subscriber station were collocated and could instantaneously switch from transmit-to-receive and receive-to-transmit mode, no gaps in transmission would be required for time division duplex. However, the propagation time of the speed of light must be accounted for between separated base stations and subscriber stations.
In addition, base station and subscriber station equipment must be allowed time to switch from a transmitting mode to a receiving mode and vice versa. The timing gaps for time division duplex systems, such as WiMAX systems, are therefore used to account for the propagation time of the signal between the base station and the subscriber station as well as equipment switching times.
The WiMAX Forum release 1.0 approved a profile for a time division duplex frame with a single profile specified for the turn-around times. The turn-around time (timing gap) between the end of the down link frame and the start of the uplink frame, as measured at the base station, is referred to as the transmit transition gap (TTG) in the WiMAX standard. Likewise, the turn-around time between the end of the up link frame and the beginning of the downlink frame, as measured at the base station, is referred to as the receive transition gap (RTG) in the WiMAX standard.
In a distributed antenna system, 5 km of fiber would use up most of the delay budget allowed by the WiMAX profile, resulting in an over-the-air coverage radius of less than 1 km. Fibers of greater length would exceed the delay budget, making the system unusable.

Range extension for time division duplex systems


A method and apparatus for processing a line pattern using a convolution kernel. An apparatus for processing a line pattern, the apparatus including a light source module radiating predetermined light and a camera module capturing an image of an object, onto which the light is radiated, the apparatus processing a line pattern included in the captured image, includes: a kernel learning unit determining a kernel shape and an optimal threshold value with respect to each vertical interval of the image using a simple line pattern formed at a predetermined location; a convolution application unit applying convolution to a captured test image using the determined kernel shape and optimal threshold value; and a region selection unit scanning each pixel column in the image, to which the convolution is applied, in a vertical direction, and setting pixel values of pixel groups other than a selected pixel group to 0 when a plurality of pixel groups having pixel values other than 0 exists.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates, in general, to simultaneous localization and mapping using a structured light distance sensor, and more particularly, to a method and apparatus that process a line pattern from an image generated by structured light, thereby eliminating noise from the image.
2. Description of Related Art
A mobile robot capable of moving by itself has a wide working area, such as an outdoor area at a fixed location, or a previously structured working environment, and therefore, it is more useful than a fixed robot from the standpoint of its functionality and variable applicability. Recent mobile robots undertake the work of humans in places where humans cannot easily go, such as the deep sea or radioactive areas, thus greatly contributing to the safety of human beings.
A mobile robot needs to have capabilities, such as automatic path planning, obstacle detection and collision avoidance, which are required to perform work in a place where previously supplied information about the surrounding environment is insufficient. Recently, research has been actively conducted on "Simultaneous Localization and Map Building (SLAM)" that is technology for simultaneously automatically building a map and localizing a robot while the robot moves to locations where previously supplied information is insufficient.
In order for a mobile robot to perform SLAM, it is essential to have the ability to obtain information used for localization from the surrounding environment. Various methods using a vision sensor, an ultrasonic wave sensor, a touch sensor, and others have been applied to SLAM. In particular, a vision sensor using structured light, such as a laser, and a camera, and a three-dimensional recognition algorithm based on the visual sensor reduce the burden of calculation and can be used in a place where the variation in brightness is severe, so that the visual sensor and the three-dimensional recognition algorithm are regarded as a very efficient method.
Such a method is performed by radiating light onto an object in a predetermined form such as laser light, and obtaining an image using a sensor such as a camera. Thereafter, if the location at which laser light is reflected is captured by an obtained image, the distance between the location at which laser light is emitted and the location at which laser light is reflected can be calculated through a triangulation method based on the coordinates of a camera image, a scan angle at the location, and the distance between the camera and the location of the laser. Such a triangulation method refers to a method of converting the distance between the laser and the laser light reflection location (location of the object), and the distance between the laser and the camera into a geometrical relationship, and obtaining the required distance.
A structured-light distance sensor is a device for sensing the distance to an obstacle using a camera and a line laser, as shown in FIG. 1. For this operation, an optical filter is attached to the camera to eliminate external noise. However, there is a problem in that, since the thickness of a laser pattern varies according to distance, the range of distance detection is narrow. Further, when the reflected pattern of the structured light appears on the camera, or when noise caused by a surrounding environment (for example, natural light) occurs, the function of the structured-light distance sensor can be impaired.
As an image processing method in a system using structured light, a method of binarizing an input image and utilizing the histogram of the binarized image is well known. For example, a device using the above method (for example, a vehicle) is constructed so that a laser and a camera are mounted on a front bumper thereof, and it radiates laser light onto an object and receives an image reflected from the object, as shown in FIG. 2. Further, the number of pixels having brightness above a certain level is indicated by the histogram of FIG. 3; they are counted so that a corner of the object can be recognized. However, this technology is problematic in that, since it can be applied only to the case where a detection target is simple, and only to an object which can be easily tracked after first being detected, it is difficult to apply the technology to household robots.

Method and apparatus for processing line pattern using convolution kernel


A releasable coupling for motorized machine tools including first and second coupling elements which are uncoupled when a predetermined triggering torque occurs. The first coupling element includes first locking elements, such as balls, while the second coupling element includes corresponding second locking elements, such as recesses. The first coupling element includes a concentric holding element. The holding element is rotatable with respect to the first and second coupling element between an inactive position and an active position. In the inactive position, the holding element allows the first and second locking elements to engage one another to maintain the first and second coupling elements in a coupled arrangement. After the predetermined triggering torque has occurred and the holding element is rotated into the active position, the holding element prevents the first and second locking elements from engaging one another to maintain the first and second coupling elements in a uncoupled arrangement. When the first and second locking elements are disengaged and the holding element is in the active position, the first and second locking elements are rotatable with respect to one another into, and away from, a coupling rotary position. When the holding element is in the active position, the holding element prevents an elastic force from acting on the first and second locking elements when they are in the coupling rotary position, thereby preventing the first and second locking elements from engaging one another.

The invention relates to a coupling, in particular for machine tools driven by a motor, which is releasable when a predetermined triggering torque occurs, comprising a coupling element rotatable about an axis of rotation and having at least one first locking element, and an additional coupling element rotatable about the axis of rotation and having at least one second locking element, wherein in a coupled position the locking elements are aligned in a defined coupling rotary position relative to one another and in relation to the axis of rotation and are in an operative position engaging in one another and wherein in an uncoupled position the locking elements are disengaged in an inoperative position, and an elastic force storing means which acts on the locking elements in the coupled position in the sense of maintaining the coupled position.
Couplings of this type are known for machine tools driven by a motor. These serve primarily as safety couplings in order to prevent any further operation when the tool is blocked and thus any breaking of the tool or any release of the machine tool from its attachment.
Couplings of this type are preferably used in machine tools for driving drilling tools, in particular drill bits.
The known couplings are predominantly claw couplings, with which the locking elements designed as claws disengage at the occurrence of the countertorque in their momentary coupling rotary position but always engage again in additional, possible coupling rotary positions and must then be caused to disengage again by means of the triggering torque so that such known couplings "chatter". As a result, not only does a torque corresponding to the triggering torque occur at the first disconnection of the coupling but always subsequent to this additional torques of the order of magnitude of the triggering torque which act on the drive side of the coupling and, therefore, result in an increased wear and tear and/or increased attachment requirements not only with regard to the coupling but also on the drive side.
The object underlying the invention is therefore to improve a coupling of the generic type such that this no longer "chatters".


A method for causing a permanent increase in the length and girth of a male subject's penis, the method comprising treatment comprising the step of (a) administering to the male an effective amount of a vasodilator selected from the group consisting of a vasodilator per se and compositions thereof comprising a pharmaceutically-acceptable diluent or carrier, to induce a cumulative prolonged engorgement of the subject's penis; and (b) repeating step (a) as necessary to cause the increase during the treatment. A potentiator which enhances the effect of the vasodilator may also be used.

There are various circumstances under which a male subject may desire the permanent enlargement of the length and/or girth of his penis, in both its flaccid and erect states. Penis enlargement may be desired for medical reasons, for example, if a patient is unable to penetrate during coitus due to an unusually small penis size; for cosmetic reasons; or to improve a person's self-esteem.
There have been many attempts to create a safe and effective means for achieving permanent penis enlargement, including the use of external weights and suction devices. The use of external weights is cumbersome and impractical and produces localized compressive forces that may cause localized ischemia. Furthermore, use of weights often leads to a thinning of the penis and may even impair penis function.
Suction devices are also cumbersome and impractical to wear on a prolonged basis, have limited effectiveness, and pose a number of risks. Suction devices produce localized compressive forces that may cause localized ischemia. Vacuum seals with pressure over 20 mm Hg can obstruct capillary flow and inhibit tissue perfusion. Suction devices often come with warnings that the devices should not be used for periods exceeding 20-30 minutes, which may be insufficient to achieve the desired result. Use of suction devices can also result in the thickening of the skin and accumulation of fluid in the superficial layers of the skin and subdermis. The skin of the penis is hypermobile, and only very loosely connected to deeper connective tissues and structures that comprise the erectile tissues of the penis. The skin of the penis can readily separate from the fibrous connective tissue capsule which encloses the erectile tissue of the penis when externally applied suction forces are applied to the penis.
Also, any suction forces applied to the penis will have a proportionately larger effect on the skin, and the forces on the deeper structures diminish dramatically. The increase in the surface area of the skin causes the suction forces to be applied mainly to the skin, not to the erectile tissue and the surrounding capsule of the cavernosal tissue. As a result, the skin can be thickened as fluid is extravasated and there is typically no, or only a limited enlargement, of the underlying erectile tissues of the penis. Use of suction devices may also cause the separation of the skin from the subdermis and the formation of seromas or blisters on the penis. The application of suction devices to the penis causes the extravasation of red blood cells out of the vascular spaces and into the extracellular compartments. If vacuum devices are applied for extended periods of time, this may lead to a significant pigmentation of the penis. Applying a suction device repeatedly may cause the deposition of large amounts of iron and other hemoglobin degradation products in the tissue of the penis causing hemosiderosis, which ultimately results in fibrosis. Furthermore, erectile dysfunction may result from prolonged use of these devices.


A method of fabricating a conductive composite wherein at least one predetermined electrical access area of a conductive material is coated with a maskant. The conductive material is included in a composite ply lay-up which is cured and then the maskant is removed from the conductive material.

Composite materials (made of fibers in a resin matrix) are light weight but strong and thus are widely used in a variety of applications. Composites, however, are typically non-conductive which can be problematic when structures made from composite materials must be grounded or protected against electromagnetic interference, lightning, or the like.
So, those skilled in the art in composite technology may incorporate a conductive metal mesh layer into the composite ply lay-up. During curing of the lay-up, however, the composite resin infiltrates the metal mesh material rendering it non-conductive. Attempts at removing the resin from the metal mesh by abrasion (e.g., grit blasting or sanding operations) are less than satisfactory. The result was often a non-uniform surface, incomplete removal of the resin, and removal of or damage to the metal mesh material. Attempts to use peel plies in the composite lay-up in the area that was required to be resin free were also less than satisfactory since resin often still coated the metallic mesh material.

Method of fabricating conductive composites


A device for performing a biopsy, in particular a bone-marrow biopsy, comprises a needle (1) provided with a handgrip (2) and a cannula (3) housing a mandrel (5) movable within the cannula bore (4). The handgrip (2) comprises a chamber (26) arranged coaxially with the cannula (3) and having two opposing ends, one (28) hermetically sealed and located in an edge (27) of the handgrip (2) and the other communicating with the bore (4) of the cannula (3), in correspondence with this latter there being provided interception means (11) operable from the outside of the handgrip (2) to lock the mandrel (5) within the cannula (3) during the insertion of the needle (1) into the patient but to enable the mandrel to move during the performing of the biopsy, the tissue which penetrates into the cannula (3) acting on the mandrel (5) to move the free end (8) of this latter into the chamber in the handgrip (2), said movement being measurable and providing confirmation that the biopsy has taken place and of the quantity of tissue which has penetrated into the cannula.

This invention relates to a device for performing a biopsy, in particular a bone-marrow biopsy, comprising a needle provided with a handgrip and a cannula housing a mandrel movable within the cannula bore.
With particular reference to a histological examination effected on a bone, the biopsy performed on the patient for this purpose can involve various problems relating to the quantity of bone tissue withdrawn and its retention during the extraction of the needle from the patient, if the needle is of known type.
In this respect, with known needles it can happen that during their extraction, the tissue is lost within the patient without the person performing the biopsy being aware of this. This means that the examination has to be performed a second time, with obvious inconvenience.
In addition the impossibility of knowing whether tissue has actually been withdrawn from the patient and how much tissue has been removed can create obvious problems both during the performing of the biopsy and during the histological examination.

Device for reliably performing a biopsy, in particular a bone-marrow biopsy


A wearable electric device includes a main body with a circuit module inside and at least a detachable battery strap with a battery module inside, and the main body and the detachable battery strap are detachably fastened together. A female buckle member is formed on the edge of the main body and includes a receiving chamber, a pair of locking notches arranged on the respective sides of the receiving chamber and a plurality of metal conductive points connected with the circuit module. A male buckle member is attached on the front part of the detachable battery strap to be fastened with the female buckle member and includes a plurality of pogo pin connectors for connecting with the metal conducting points, and a locking block for fastening with the receiving chamber.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention related to a wearable electronic device, especially related to a wearable electronic device with a detachable battery strap structure.
2. The Related Art
In order to be suitable for long wearing, the design of the wearable electronic device has to be balanced between the comfort of wearing and the battery life. Taking the smart watch as an example, all of the components of a smart watch are arranged inside the main body, so the thickness of the main body is generally more than 16 millimeters, and it makes users less comfortable when wearing it. The thickness of a thinner smart watch is still about 10 millimeters, but the thinner watch trades off mostly the volume of the battery, and causes the shortage of battery life.
In response, some sorts of smart watches use the battery strap to reduce the thickness of the watch without shortening the battery life, and moving the battery from the main body to the strap can also help the weight balance. However, the battery strap needs to be removed before recharging, and it is very inconvenient because the battery strap is too difficult to be removed.
In order to make the smart watch easier to be recharged, the present invention provides a detachable battery strap structure which can be detached from and fastened to the main body quickly, and it can also enhance the user experience.


A toggle assembly is provided for use with a fastener to engage a supportive structure. One or more teeth are positioned adjacent a lower peripheral edge of one or both of the toggle wing members. The teeth are oriented to engage a rearward surface of the supportive structure once the toggle assembly is passed through an opening formed in the supportive structure and the toggle assembly moves into an open position. One alternate embodiment provides inserts that may be selectively disclosed within recesses of the toggle wing members and provides one or more teeth for engagement with a rearward surface of a supportive structure to substantially prevent rotation of the toggle assembly while a fastener is passed therethrough and tightened.

Toggle bolts have been used for many years to support various objects on walls and ceilings, where there is no structural member, such as a joist or stud behind the immediate wall or ceiling surface. Toggle bolts typically provide a strong connection with the supportive structure and are frequently used to support shelves, cabinets, hanging plants, and the like. Toggle bolts are relatively inexpensive to manufacture and easy to use. However, the common typical toggle bolt suffers from at least one serious shortcoming. When a toggle bolt assembly is passed through an opening in a supportive structure, the opposite wings of the toggle assembly expand into an open position. A lower peripheral edge of the wing members must be engaged with a rearward surface of the supportive structure while the bolt is turned. This can oftentimes be difficult as most methods of advancing such bolts utilize a screwdriver or a socket wrench, which use a combination of turning, downward pressure to advance the bolt. More times than not, the lower peripheral edge portions of the toggle wing members simply slide along the rearward surface of the supportive structure, preventing proper advancement of the bolt through the toggle. Accordingly, proper securement and tightening of typical toggle bolts can be time consuming and frustrating.
Accordingly, what is needed is a novel toggle assembly that may be selectively engaged with the rearward surface of a supportive structure in such a manner that substantially prevents movement of the toggle with respect to the supportive structure while the bolt is advanced through the toggle and tightened.


A projection system comprising a first imaging component, at least a second imaging component, and a color combiner. The first and second imaging components each comprise an imager and a reflective polarizer that is configured to at least partially separate a light beam from the imager into a first portion and second portion, where the first portion and the second portion have substantially orthogonal polarization states. The first portions of the light beams are directed in the same direction above or below a plane defined by the second portions of the light beams. The color combiner is configured to combine the second portions of the light beams, where the second portions of the light beams have substantially orthogonal polarization states prior to entering the color combiner.

A projection system typically includes a light source, illumination optics, one or more imagers, projection optics, and a projection screen. The illumination optics collect light from the light source and direct that light in a predetermined manner to the imager(s). The imager(s) are typically polarization-rotating, image-forming devices, such as liquid crystal display imagers, which operate by rotating the polarization of the light to produce an image corresponding to digital video signals. The projection optics then magnify the image and project it onto the projection screen.
Imagers used in projection systems typically rely on polarizers to separate light into a pair of orthogonal polarization states (e.g., s-polarization and p-polarization). The separation generally involves transmitting light having a desired polarization state and absorbing the majority of the light having an undesired polarization state. Such polarizers, however, absorb a substantial amount of light energy, which is converted to heat. During extended periods of use, the generated heat may build up and damage the polarizers, thereby diminishing the polarization properties. This accordingly reduces the quality of the projected images over time. Typically, high-speed air flows are provided over the polarizers to maintain the polarizer temperatures below acceptable limits. However, the required volumetric flow rates may be high, and the size and number of fans needed in the projection system can consume a significant amount of electrical power and space in the projection system, in addition to generating distracting noise.

Projection system using reflective polarizers


The current invention provides compositions, which are useful as stationary phases for a variety of chromatographic applications, such as high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and solid-phase extraction (SPE). The compositions provide both strong aromatic and hydrophobic interactions with components of a sample. Moreover, the invention provides compositions of new silanes, their immobilization on a solid substrate, such as silica, to form new stationary phases.

Selectivity is an important factor for a successful chromatographic separation. Common stationary phases for liquid chromatography, such as reversed-phase (RP), ion-exchange (IEX) and normal phase (NP) chromatography are frequently characterized by limited selectivity necessitating multiple analyses for a single sample.
Reversed-phase (RP) stationary phases for liquid chromatography (LC) are both popular and commercially available. In recent years, stationary phases containing a phenyl type functionality have been introduced and are widely used. A recent report indicates that 35% of all RPLC analyses employed C18 phases and 19% used phenyl-type phases (Ronald E. Majors, Trends in HPLC Column Usage, LCGC North America, Nov. 1, 2009, pp 956-972). The increased popularity of phenyl phases results from their unique chromatographic selectivity complimentary to alkyl-type phases (e.g., C18) in method developments because of their capacity to participate in aromatic interaction with aromatic solutes.
Phenyl bonded phases have been successfully used to resolve positional isomers (L. Zhou, Y. Wu, B. D. Johnson, J. M. Wyvratt, J. Chromatogr. A 866 (2000), p. 281), tocopherols (S. L. Richhemier, M. C. Kent, M. W. Bernat, J. Chromatogr. A 677 (1994), p. 75), flavonoids (F. Dondi, Y. D. Kahie, J. Chromatogr. 461 (1989), p. 281), taxols (D. C. Locke, R. Dolfinger, Anal. Chem. 75 (2003), p. 1355), polynuclear aromatics and nitroaromatic compounds (D. H. Marchand, K. Croes, J. W. Dolan, L. R. Snyder, R. A. Henry, K. M. R. Kallury, S. Waite, P. W. Carr, J. Chromatogr. A 1062 (2005), p. 65), active pharmaceutical ingredient and related compounds (D. H. Marchand, K. Croes, J. W. Dolan, L. R. Snyder, R. A. Henry, K. M. R. Kallury, S. Waite, P. W. Carr, J. Chromatogr. A 1062 (2005), p. 65).
Although there are a number of commercial phenyl-type phases in the market, all of them have at least one of the following drawbacks that prevent them from broad application: low hydrophobic retention, inadequate shape selectivity for analytes, and incompatibility with highly aqueous mobile phases. The most common commercial phenyl columns contain a phenyl ligand with a short alkyl linker covalently bound to the silica surface, however, due to the short alkyl linker, these columns usually lack sufficient hydrophobic retention and exhibit low hydrolytic stability.
A great deal of research has been done to prepare stationary phases containing various aromatic groups, such as phenyl (J. D. Goss, J. Chromatogr. A 828 (1998), p. 267), pyrenyl (K. Kimata, T. Hirose, K. Mariachi, K. Kosoya, T. Araki, N. Tanaka, Anal. Chem. 67 (1995), p. 2556 and N. Tanaka, Y. Okuda, K. Iwaguchi, M. Araki, J. Chromatogr. 239 (1982), p. 761), naphthenyl (N. Tanaka, Y. Okuda, K. Iwaguchi, M. Araki, J. Chromatogr. 239 (1982), p. 761), fluorenyl (R. R. Brindle, K. Albert, J. Chromatogr. A 757 (1997), p. 3), anthracenyl (C. Grosse-Rhode, H. G. Kicinski, A. Kettrup, Chromatographia 29 (1990), p. 489) and naphthalimide (J. Horak, N. M. Maier, W. Lindner, J. Chromatogr. A 1045 (2004), p. 43).
Nakashima et al. used a packing material, 3-(1,8-naphthalimido)propyl-modified silyl silica gel, as a stationary phase for high-performance liquid chromatography. It was reported that this material behaved like a reversed-phase stationary phase with some π-π interaction, and was used to separate purine derivatives, i.e., xanthine, hypoxanthine, uric acid, theobromine, theophylline and caffeine (K. Nakashima et al. J. Chromatogr. A 722 (1996), pp. 107-113). However, due to the short alkyl linker, hydrophobic retention is too low for broad application when a reverse phase modality is desired. In addition, the synthetic route used by Nakashima et al. involved a two-step reaction, resulting in undesirable π-π interaction or aromatic stacking interaction and an anion-exchange "mixed-mode" material. This synthetic route also provided only a low bonding density of the organic ligands, leading to low shape selectivity and low hydrolytic stability.
J. Horak et al. reported preparation and chromatographic evaluation data of three naphthalimide-type stationary phases (J. Horak et al. J. Chromatogr. A 1045 (2004), pp. 43-58). These phases consisted of a naphthalimide end-group to provide an aromatic stacking interaction and a long alkyl spacer with a thiol ether linkage. They reported that the presence of electron donor/acceptor moieties within a reversed phase system not only increased the overall retention times for aromatic solutes, but also led to an enhanced shape selectivity of the hybrid stationary phase. However, these phases have quite a few drawbacks. Firstly, thiol and thiol ether groups are not stable, and are subject to oxidation and/or cleavage under acidic conditions. Thus, they are not viable chromatographic packing materials. Secondly, the synthesis involves free radical addition between R1—SH and CH2═CH—R2, generating an undesirably complex mixed-mode surface, including an aromatic interaction moiety, a thiol ether and unreacted thiol groups. Furthermore, due to steric hindrance, the reported synthetic approach produces very low bonding density (1.08 to 1.73 μmol/m2). Low bonding density has adverse effects on chromatographic properties, including low shape selectivity, low hydrophobic retention and low hydrolytic stability
Most high surface coverage reversed-phase columns are not compatible with highly aqueous mobile phases, suffering from sudden retention time loss (a phenomenon often referred to as stationary phase de-wetting or phase collapse) after interrupting mobile phase flow. An exemplary solution to this problem is the use of polar-end-capping or the incorporation of polar groups, including amide, sulfonamide, carbamate, or urea groups in the alkyl chain. However, phenyl-type phases have lower hydrophobic retention compared to their alkyl-type counterpart with the same number of carbon atoms and adding a polar group further exacerbates this problem. Thus it's only by combining all three components (i.e., a longer, more hydrophobic linker, a polar group and an aromatic moiety fused to the polar group that a useful aromatic interaction stationary phase with reverse phase properties, which is compatible with highly aqueous mobile phases can be prepared. The present invention provides stationary phases having such properties.

Functionalized substrates with aromatic stacking properties


A system and method for dynamic processing of unbounded data streams. The system is adapted to operate on a data processing system including a display panel and a database stored on a non-volatile storage device. An input stream of data elements is received by the system from the database. The input stream of data elements is designated as a source data stream. An insert list of data elements is provided to maintain a first set of data elements arranged in sequence according to a corresponding sequence value; the first set of data elements is not contained in the source data stream. A delete list of data elements is provided to maintain a second set of data elements presently in the source data stream, and arranged in sequence according to a corresponding sequence value. A flagged list of data elements selected for further processing by a user, contains a third list of data elements arranged in sequence according to a corresponding sequence. In order to identify a data element to be returned to the display panel in response to a request for a current element in an apparent list of data elements, the system filters the source data stream through the insert list of data elements to obtain a candidate data element for the next element in the apparent list. The system then filters candidate data element through the delete list of data elements to verify that the candidate element has not been deleted. The system may optionally check the candidate data element through the flagged list of data elements to determine if the candidate element has been flagged. Finally, the system sets the candidate data element as the current data element in the apparent list and returns the current data element to the display panel.

1. Field of the Invention
The field of the invention relates generally to a cut and paste filter for unbounded, dynamic, non-modifiable data streams. More particularly, the invention relates to a system and method for permitting users to interact with listed data elements without immediately saving changes to the database.
2. Related Art
There are several conventional data processing systems which immediately commit changes to the database.
One example is U.S. Pat. No. 4,717,911 to Matsuura. This patent teaches a system for editing a document. Lines of the document are chained together in memory by pointers. Additional pointers are added to the chained document during editing. The added pointers permit the original text to be reconstructed if the user later determines that the editing was erroneous.
In addition, U.S. Pat. No. 4,498,145 to Baker et al. teaches a system and method for updating row data in a database using a soft log for storing modified data until changes are complete. The soft log is used to maintain the state of the system perceived by the user in the event that an update fails.
Several commercially available word processors such as WordPerfect.RTM., support retrieval of recently deleted data by simple buffering of the deleted text.
The present invention overcomes various deficiencies of conventional list processing systems.

System for modifying persistent database based upon set of data elements formed after selective insertion or deletion

International Business Machines Corporation


Discriminating a modulation type based upon a predetermined portion of symbols for a received encoded signal. While receiving the encoded signal, at least a first and a second cumulative soft metrics are generated using the plurality of symbols over a predetermined portion of the received encoded signal. The first cumulative soft metric is compared with the second cumulative soft metric to generate or provide a discriminated modulation type. With the discriminated modulation type, the signal field is decoded, allowing for decoding of the accompanying data payload with the encoded signal.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to wireless communications and, more particularly, modulation type discrimination determination for a received communication signal.
2. Related Art
Communication systems are known to support wireless and wire lined communications between wireless and/or wire lined communication devices. Such communication systems range from national and/or international cellular telephone systems to the Internet to point-to-point in-home wireless networks. Each type of communication system is constructed, and hence operates, in accordance with one or more communication standards. For instance, wireless communication systems may operate in accordance with one or more standards, including, but not limited to, IEEE 802.11, Bluetooth, advanced mobile phone services (AMPS), digital AMPS, global system for mobile communications (GSM), code division multiple access (CDMA), local multi-point distribution systems (LMDS), multi-channel-multi-point distribution systems (MMDS), and/or variations thereof.
Depending on the type of wireless communication system, a wireless communication device, such as a cellular telephone, two-way radio, personal digital assistant (PDA), personal computer (PC), laptop computer, home entertainment equipment, etc., communicates directly or indirectly with other wireless communication devices. For direct communications (also known as point-to-point communications), the participating wireless communication devices tune their receivers and transmitters to the same channel or channels (for example, one of a plurality of radio frequency (RF) carriers of the wireless communication system) and communicate over that channel(s). For indirect wireless communications, each wireless communication device communicates directly with an associated base station (for example, for cellular services) and/or an associated access point (for example, for an in-home or in-building wireless network) via an assigned channel. To complete a communication connection between the wireless communication devices, the associated base stations and/or associated access points communicate with each other directly, via a system controller, via a public switch telephone network (PSTN), via the Internet, and/or via some other wide area network.
Each wireless communication device includes a built-in radio transceiver (that is, receiver and transmitter) or is coupled to an associated radio transceiver (for example, a station for in-home and/or in-building wireless communication networks, RF modem, etc.). As is known, the transmitter includes a data modulation stage, one or more intermediate frequency stages, and a power amplifier stage. The data modulation stage converts raw data into baseband signals in accordance with the particular wireless communication standard. The one or more intermediate frequency stages mix the baseband signals with one or more local oscillations to produce RF signals. The power amplifier stage amplifies the RF signals prior to transmission via an antenna.
Typically, the data modulation stage is implemented on a baseband processor chip, while the intermediate frequency (IF) stages and power amplifier stage are implemented on a separate radio processor chip. Historically, radio integrated circuits have been designed using bi-polar circuitry, allowing for large signal swings and linear transmitter component behavior. Therefore, many legacy baseband processors employ analog interfaces that communicate analog signals to and from the radio processor.
An issue that exists for digital receivers is to have the capability of receiving various frame formats with different data structures. Often, a transmitter will adjust the transmission modulation-type to one of many based upon a number of considerations, such as signal interference levels, data rate, etc. A receiver, however, does not have a priori knowledge of the modulation-type of the pertinent portion of a received data frame—that is, knowledge of the modulation-type is not self-evident or capable of being determined without examination of the received signal. Thus, a need exists for discriminating modulation types of the received data frame in view of various frame formats supporting differing data throughput to allow the receiver to properly decode or decipher an incoming signal.

Modulation-type discrimination in a wireless local area network


An inner diameter-side cylindrical member 37 of a supporting ring 36 is externally fitted on a shoulder 35 of an inner ring 3 constituting a hub. An encoder 29a is supported on the outer peripheral surface of an outer diameter-side cylindrical portion 38 constituting the supporting ring 36. Further, to a metal core 30a internally fitted to an outer ring 1 is supported and fixed a rotation-detecting sensor 21b, and also a proximal end portion of a seal member 44 is connected and fixed thereto. An edge of at least one of seal lips 45a, 45b, 45c of the seal member 44 is brought to be in sliding contact with the supporting ring 36 around the entire circumference. Since the rotation-detecting sensor 21b and the seal member 44 are supported by the core metal 30a, a rolling bearing unit can be downsized. Further, since the encoder 29a is placed on the outer peripheral surface of the outer diameter-side cylindrical portion 38, the width dimension of a surface with which the edge of each of the seal lips 45a, 45b, 45c is brought to be in sliding contact is secured for excellent sealing ability. The structure provides a rolling bearing unit with a rotating speed-detecting device, where the bearing unit is downsized and has a construction capable of achieving excellent sealing ability.

A rolling bearing unit is used to rotatably support the wheel of an automobile with respect to a suspension system. Moreover, in order to control an anti-lock brake system (ABS) or a traction control system (TCS), it is necessary to detect the rotational speed of the wheel. Therefore, a method has been widely used recently where the wheel is rotatably supported with respect to the suspension system, and the rotational speed of the wheel is detected, by using a rolling bearing unit with a rotational speed detecting device in which a rotational speed detecting device is incorporated into the rolling bearing unit.
As one example of a rolling bearing unit with a rotational speed detecting device used for such a purpose, a structure as shown in FIGS. 5 and 6 is disclosed in Patent Reference 1 (Japanese Patent Application Publication No. H09-21822). This conventionally-known rolling bearing unit with a rotational speed detecting device rotatably supports a hub 4 comprising a hub body 2 and an inner ring 3 such that it can rotate freely on the inner diameter side of an outer ring 1 which is supported and fixed to a suspension system (not shown in the figure), and which does not rotate during use. The outer ring 1 has an external flange shaped attachment portion 5 on its outer peripheral surface, and double-row outer ring raceways 6 on its inner peripheral surface. The hub body 2 has a flange 7 for supporting the wheels on the outside (relative to the axial direction, the outer side in the vehicle widthwise direction when assembled on an automobile. Similarly in the present specification. The left side in the figures excluding FIG. 6) end portion of the outer peripheral surface. Furthermore, a first inner ring raceway 8 is formed on a middle portion of the outer peripheral surface of the hub body 2, and the inner ring 3 formed with a second inner ring raceway 10 on its outer peripheral surface, is fitted onto a small diameter step portion 9 formed on the inside (relative to the axial direction, on the vehicle widthwise central side when assembled on an automobile. Similarly in the present specification. The right side of the figures excluding FIG. 6) end portion.
Moreover, between the outer ring raceways 6 and the inner ring raceways 8 and 10, a plurality of rolling elements 11 are rotatably provided, and the hub 4 is supported on the inner diameter side of the outer ring 1 such that it rotates freely. Furthermore, a first seal ring 12 is provided between the outside opening of the outer ring 1 and the outer peripheral surface of the middle portion of the hub body 2. This first seal ring 12 closes the outside opening of a cylindrical space 13 in which the rolling elements 11 are provided, in order to prevent grease in the space 13 from leaking outside, or external foreign substances from entering the space 13. Here, in the example of the figure, balls are used as the rolling elements 11. However, in the case of a rolling bearing unit with a rotational speed detecting device for an automobile, whose weight is higher, tapered rollers may be used as the rolling elements. Furthermore, a drive shaft 15 is provided in a central hole 14 of the hub body 2 such that it can be inserted freely, and the outer peripheral surface of the drive shaft 15 and the inner peripheral surface of the central hole 14 are engaged freely using a spline. When the automobile is traveling, the hub body 2 is rotated by the drive shaft 15 via a constant velocity joint 16 provided on its inside end.
On the other hand, a combination seal ring 17 is provided between the outer peripheral surface of a portion at the inside end of the inner ring 3, which is inwardly away from the second inner ring raceway 10, and the inner peripheral surface of the inside end of the outer ring 1, so that the inside opening of the space 13 is closed. Half of the outer diameter side of a metal core 19 of an inner diameter side seal ring element 18, which constitutes the combination seal ring 17, is formed in a comb shape, and the magnetic characteristics on the inner surface of the half of the outer diameter side are changed alternately around the direction of the circumference at equal spacing, thus providing a function as an encoder in that half of the outer diameter side of the metal core 19.
On the other hand, a cover 20, whose cross-section is approximately L-shaped, and which is formed in a circular shape overall by forming from a metal plate using a press, is externally secured on the outer peripheral surface of the inside end of the outer ring 1. A rotation-detecting sensor 21 is supported in the inside of the cover 20. The rotation-detecting sensor 21 is encapsulated using a synthetic resin 22, and its detecting section faces the inside surface of the half of the outer diameter side of the metal core 19 that functions as the encoder. The rotation-detecting sensor 21 is formed by a permanent magnet 23, which is polarized in the axial direction (horizontal direction of FIG. 5), and a magnetic detecting element 24 such as a Hall IC, a magnetoresistive element or the like. A signal from the rotation-detecting sensor 21 is transmitted via a harness 25 to a controller (not shown in the figure), which is provided on the vehicle body side, in order to control the ABS and TCS.
A seal ring 26 is fitted around the whole circumference of the inner peripheral surface of the inside end of the cover 20. The arrangement is such that the edge of the seal ring 26 makes a sliding contact all around the circumference of the surface of the constant velocity joint 16 when the drive shaft 15 is inserted into the central hole 14 of the hub body 2.
According to the rolling bearing unit with a rotational speed detecting device disclosed in Patent Reference 1, which is constructed as described above, a wheel fixed onto the hub body 2 can be rotatably supported on the suspension system supporting the outer ring 1. Furthermore, when the metal core 19 which functions as an encoder rotates together with the inner ring 3 fixed on the inside end of the hub body 2, accompanying rotation of the wheel, the density of the magnetic flux transmitted to the magnetic detecting element 24 of the rotation-detecting sensor 21 changes. Hence the resistance value or the output voltage of the rotation-detecting sensor 21 change. In this manner, the frequency at which the value of the resistance or the output voltage of the rotation-detecting sensor 21 changes is proportional to the rotational speed of the wheel. Therefore, if an output signal from the rotation-detecting sensor 21 is input to the controller (not shown in the figure), it is possible to obtain the rotational speed of the wheel, and control the ABS and TCS appropriately.
Moreover, in the case of the conventional structure shown in FIGS. 5 and 6, the seal ring 26 is fitted to the inside end of the inner peripheral surface of the cover 20, and the edge of the seal ring 26 makes a sliding contact all around the circumference of the surface of the constant velocity joint 16. Therefore when the rolling bearing unit with a rotational speed detecting device is used, it is possible to prevent foreign substances such as magnetic powder and the like from entering the cover 20. Accordingly, it is possible to prevent foreign substances such as magnetic powder and the like from sticking near the permanent magnet 23 of the rotation-detecting sensor 21, and to prevent the accuracy of the detected rotational speed of the wheel from deteriorating.
In the case of the conventional structure as shown in FIGS. 5 and 6, the metal core 19, which is a structural element of the combination seal ring 17 for closing the inside opening of the space 13 in which the rolling elements 11 are provided, has a function as an encoder. However, the rotation-detecting sensor 21 is supported in the cover 20, which is independent from the combination seal ring 17. Therefore, not only is it difficult to miniaturize the rotational speed detecting device section, but also the assembly operation of the rotational speed detecting device section is troublesome. To address this, Patent Reference 2 (Japanese Patent Application Publication No. H3-279061), Patent Reference 3 (U.S. Pat. No. 6,559,633), and Patent Reference 4 (U.S. Pat. No. 6,499,885), disclose a structure of a rolling bearing unit with a rotational speed detecting device, in which not only an encoder but also a rotation-detecting sensor are installed in a combination sealing section.
FIG. 7 shows a rolling bearing unit with a rotational speed detecting device as disclosed in Patent Reference 4. In the case of this second example of a conventional structure, a circular case 27 made of synthetic resin is fitted into the inside end of an outer ring 1, and a combination seal ring 17 is provided between the inner peripheral surface of the case 27 and the outer peripheral surface of the inside end of the inner ring 3. Of the inner diameter side and the outer diameter side seal ring elements 18 and 28, which constitute the combination seal ring 17, the inner diameter side seal ring element 18 is externally fixed on the inside end of the inner ring 3. On the other hand, the outer diameter side seal ring element 28 is connected and fixed on an inner peripheral surface portion of the case 27 at the same time as injection molding the case 27. Furthermore, an annular encoder 29 is fixed to the inner diameter side seal ring element 18, and a rotation-detecting sensor 21a including a magnetic detecting element 24a is fixed to the outer diameter side seal ring element 28.
According to the structures disclosed in Patent References 2 to 4, including the second example of an existing structure shown in FIG. 7, it is possible to miniaturize the rotational speed detecting device section, and to simplify the assembly operation of the rotational speed detecting device section. However, the structure disclosed in Patent Reference 2 requires extremely small sensors and encoders when it is actually used for a rolling bearing unit for an automobile. Accordingly, it is not capable of practical use with current technical standards.
On the other hand, in the case of the invention disclosed in Patent References 3 and 4, the sensor and encoder disclosed have realistic dimensions. However, in the structure disclosed in Patent Reference 3 an encoder is supported on the inside surface of an annular portion of a slinger externally fixed to the inside end of a hub, and the edge of the seal member makes a sliding contact with the outer peripheral surface of the cylinder section of the slinger, and a part of the inside surface of the annular portion, which is toward the outer diameter. In the case of such a structure disclosed in Patent Reference 3, the design is not realistic as a combination seal ring. For instance the width of the part with which the edge of the seal member makes a sliding contact is small, and so forth. As a result, in the case where the outer ring and the hub are displaced due to the load applied to the rolling bearing unit during use, the edge of the seal member comes away from the mating surface, so there is a possibility that the necessary sealing performance cannot be ensured.
Moreover, in the case of the structure disclosed in Patent Reference 4, in addition to a metal core 30 constituting the outer diameter seal ring element 28 there is a seal member 31 constituting the inner diameter side seal ring element 18, between the surface to be detected of the encoder 29, and the detecting section of the magnetic detecting element 24a. As a result, it is not possible to make the distance between the surface to be detected and the detecting section small. In order to increase the reliability of the rotational speed detection, it is preferable to make this distance small. Therefore, a structure in which the distance cannot be made small is not desirable.
Furthermore, in the case of the structure disclosed in Patent Reference 4, since the outer diameter side seal ring element 28, which supports the rotation-detecting sensor 21a, is internally fixed to the outer ring 1 via the case 27 made of synthetic resin, it is difficult to ensure the strength of the support of the rotation-detecting sensor 21a. That is, the coefficient of friction that acts on the contact portion between the outer peripheral surface of the case 27 made of synthetic resin, and the inner peripheral surface of the outer ring 1 made of metal, is small. Hence the case 27 can easily rotate relative to the outer ring 1 with comparatively little force. Moreover, due to the difference in the coefficient of expansion between synthetic resin and metal, there is a possibility that the surface pressure of the contact portion is reduced. The reduction in the surface pressure of the contact portion occurs directly at low temperature, and also due to permanent deformation in fatigue of the synthetic resin, which accompanies an excessive increase in surface pressure at high temperature. For whichever reason, when the surface pressure of the contact portion is reduced, coupled with the fact that the coefficient of friction of the contact portion is low, the case 27 rotates relative to the outer ring 1. When it rotates, it causes a failure such as disconnection of the harness 25 for obtaining a signal from the rotation-detecting sensor 21a.
[Patent Reference 1] Japanese Patent Application Publication No. H9-21822
[Patent Reference 2] Japanese Patent Application Publication No. H3-279061
[Patent Reference 3] U.S. Pat. No. 6,559,633
[Patent Reference 4] U.S. Pat. No. 6,499,885

Rolling bearing unit with rotational speed detecting device


A method for fabricating a semiconductor device, adapted for a MOS type DRAM having a grooved cell capacitor portion formed on a main surface of a semiconductor substrate, including the steps of: forming a highly concentrated first layer of the same conductivity type as that of a semiconductor substrate on a desired portion with an oxidization-resistant first insulating film as a mask, and performing thermal oxidization to form a field oxidized film; removing the first insulating film; forming a second insulating film; forming an opening on the second insulating film at the portion which is in a close proximity to the field oxidized film; etching the semiconductor substrate to form a groove; performing oblique rotational ion injection into a portion other than an upper side wall of the groove with the second insulating film as a peak-shaped mask, forming only on a desired region a highly concentrated second layer of the same conductivity type as that of the semiconductor substrate; removing the second insulating film, forming a highly concentrated third layer of an opposite conductivity type to that of the semiconductor substrate at least on the entire side wall of the groove; and forming a high dielectric film and a conductive electrode in the groove.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method for fabricating a semiconductor device, and more particularly, to an ion injecting method for injecting ions into the side wall of a grooved capacitor in a MOS type DRAM having a grooved cell capacitor portion having a memory capacitor formed in the portion of a groove provided on the substrate of a semiconductor memory device.
2. Description of the Related Art
Many semiconductor memory devices are configured to have 1-transistor and 1-capacitor memory cells each consisting of a single MOS transistor and a single capacitor coupled in series to the transistor. A typical conventional method for fabricating semiconductor memory devices of this type will now be described referring to FIGS. 1 through 4. In this example, a semiconductor substrate 1 is of a p-type silicon substrate.
To begin with, as shown in FIG. 1, after a nitrided film 2 is formed on the semiconductor substrate 1, a lithography step will be carried out to form an opening that reaches the substrate, and then B.sup.+ ions will be injected through the opening in the desired portion for a device isolating region to prevent a punch through between devices, thereby forming a p.sup.+ layer 3. Next, as shown in FIG. 2, the semiconductor substrate 1 is oxidized using a LOCOS method to form a field oxidized film 4 that will be the device isolating region and the nitrided film 2 is then eliminated. Subsequently, As.sup.+ ions are injected into the desired portion through a lithography step to form an n.sup.+ layer 5 with a concentration of 10.sup.18 cm.sup.-3 and a depth of 0.3 .mu.m. Then, as shown in FIG. 3, a photoresist 6 is applied on the resultant structure, a lithography step is performed to form an opening that reaches the n.sup.+ layer 5 in the desired portion, and the semiconductor substrate 1 is etched around the opening, forming a groove 7 to form a capacitor. Then B.sup.+ ions are injected in the side wall of the groove 7 through oblique rotational injection to increase the capacitor and reduce soft error, thus forming a p.sup.+ layer 8. At this time, the ions are injected while changing an oblique ion injecting angle .theta. within a range of 0 (vertical) to 55 degrees so that the boron concentration in the groove 7 may be uniform. This method however provides a p.sup.+ layer-overlapped portion 21 where the p.sup.+ layer 3 underlying the field oxidized film 4 overlaps with the p.sup.+ layer 8 of the side wall of the groove's opening, and increases the boron concentration for such portion accordingly. It is therefore possible that a depression layer of a p-n junction to be formed later becomes thinner locally by the p.sup.+ layer-overlapped portion 21. As a result, an electric field may concentrate on this portion, increasing the leak current and reducing the dielectric strength. Further, crystal defects which occur in the silicon substrate when ions are injected are likely to remain, which may also increase the leak current. In other words, the charge accumulation time of the grooved capacitor will be significantly longer, preventing the semiconductor device from functioning as a DRAM. In short the prior art technique merely accomplishes the ion injection in the upper portion of the groove's side wall or ion injection in the entire groove, but cannot inject ions in other portions than the upper portion of the side wall of the groove's opening.
In the next step, as shown in FIG. 4, As.sup.+ ions are injected through oblique rotational injection to form an n.sup.+ layer 9, a high dielectric layer 10 serving as an insulating film for the capacitor portion is formed after removing the photoresist 6, and an electrode 11 of polysilicon, etc. is formed thereon. After an insulating film 12 and a gate insulating film 13 are formed, a word line 14 will be patterned. An n.sup.+ diffusion layer 15 is formed by injecting As.sup.+ ions with a photoresist as a mask. Then, after an interlayer film 16 is grown on the resultant structure, a contact for the diffusion layer 15 will be patterned, and a digit line 17 will be formed of aluminum or the like, thus completing a semiconductor memory device.
According to the above-described conventional oblique rotational injection of B.sup.+ ions in the side wall of the grooved capacitor portion, the p.sup.+ layer 8 is formed while varying the oblique ion injecting angle .theta. within a range of 0 (vertical) to 55 degrees in FIG. 3 so that the boron concentration in the groove 7 may be uniform. As mentioned above, however, this method creates the p.sup.+ layer-overlapped portion 21 where the p.sup.+ layer 3 underlying the field oxidized film 4 overlaps with the p.sup.+ layer 8 of the side wall of the groove's opening. More specifically, if boron ions are injected at 2.times.10.sup.13 cm.sup.-2 to form the p.sup.+ layer 3 and at 2.times.10.sup.13 cm.sup.-2 to form the p.sup.+ layer 8, 4.times.10.sup.13 cm.sup.-2 of boron ions will be injected in the p.sup.+ layer-overlapped portion 21, locally increasing the boron concentration. The depression layer of the p-n junction therefore becomes thinner at that portion. When a voltage is applied to the grooved capacitor portion, therefore, more electric field concentrates locally in the depression layer at the p.sup.+ layer-overlapped portion 21 where boron ions of 4.times.10.sup.13 cm.sup.-2 have been injected than in the other portion. This will significantly reduce the dielectric strength and increase the leak current. In addition, crystal defects which occur in the silicon substrate at the time of ion injection are apt to remain to further increase the leak current, thereby impairing the reliability of this device, disadvantageously.

Method of fabricating semiconductor device having a trenched cell capacitor


Embodiments are disclosed herein that relate to generating a decision tree through graphical processing unit (GPU) based machine learning. For example, one embodiment provides a method including, for each level of the decision tree: performing, at each GPU of the parallel processing pipeline, a feature test for a feature in a feature set on every example in an example set. The method further includes accumulating results of the feature tests in local memory blocks. The method further includes writing the accumulated results from each local memory block to global memory to generate a histogram of features for every node in the level, and for each node in the level, assigning a feature having a lowest entropy in accordance with the histograms to the node.

in machine learning, a decision tree is the result of a resource-intensive process by which a computing system processes a very large set of examples. These examples are used to construct a tree of questions that are used to ultimately classify input data at runtime. The more examples that are used during training of a decision tree, typically, the more accurate the runtime result. Traditionally the solution for processing millions to billions of examples is to use large clusters of networked central processing unit (CPU) based computing devices. However, this type of solution is expensive and is subject to unreliability. For example, additional components and connections are required in order to network clusters of CPU-based computing devices together, which create additional points of potential failure. Moreover, since the CPU-based computing device clusters are typically distributed over different areas, additional labor is required to maintain the clusters, which increases operating costs.

Parallel processing machine learning decision tree training


An air/fuel control system for internal combustion engines having three-way (NOx, CO, and HC) catalytic converters. A feedback variable is generated by subtracting the normalized output of a nitrogen oxide sensor from the normalized output of a combined HC/CO sensor. The zero crossing point of the feedback variable identifies the operating point for optimal conversion efficiency of the catalytic converter and is used to trim liquid fuel delivery for maintaining optimal conversion efficiency.

The field of the invention relates to air/fuel control systems for internal combustion engines equipped with catalytic converters.
It is known to correct fuel delivered to an internal combustion engine in response to feedback from a two-state (rich/lean) exhaust gas oxygen sensor. A proportional plus integral feedback controller responsive to the sensor output will force the engine's operating air/fuel ratio to oscillate or hunt around the sensor switch point. If the sensor switch point actually corresponds to stoichiometric combustion, the efficiency of a three-way catalytic converter (NOx, CO, and HC) will be optimized.
Feedback systems are also known in which the exhaust sensor is placed downstream of the catalyst where exhaust gases are near equilibrium and average engine air/fuel operation is more likely to average at stoichiometry.
The inventors herein have recognized that the operating window for maximum efficiency of a catalytic converter does not always correspond to the switch point the oxygen gas sensor used in a feedback control system. Even when a relatively good correspondence is initially achieved, aging and temperature effects of the oxygen sensor may cause a variance between the sensor indication and the actual conversion window of the catalytic converter.


When a client computer requests data from a disk or similar device at a server computer, the client exports the memory associated with an allocated read buffer by generating and storing one or more incoming MMU (IMMU) entries that map the read buffer to an assigned global address range. The remote data read request, along with the assigned global address range is communicated to the server node. At the server, the request is serviced by performing a memory import operation, in which one or more outgoing MMU (OMMU) entries are generated and stored for mapping the global address range specified in the read request to a corresponding range of local physical addresses. The mapped local physical addresses in the server are not locations in the server's memory. The server then performs a DMA operation for directly transferring the data specified in the request message from the disk to the mapped local physical addresses. The DMA operation transmits the specified data to the server's network interface, at which the mapped local physical addresses to which the data is transferred are converted into the corresponding global addresses. The specified data with the corresponding global addresses are then transmitted to the client node. The client converts the global addresses in the received specified data into the local physical addresses corresponding to the allocated receive buffer, and stores the received specified data in the allocated receive buffer.

In many multiple-node computer systems it is important for processes or tasks running on one computer node (sometimes called the client) to be able to access information stored on a disk or similar device that is associated with another computer node (sometimes called the server). Generally, accessing data on a remotely located disk is expensive in terms of latency and resources used. The present invention provides a system and method for reducing both the latency and the resources used on the server node when a client node performs a disk read from a disk located at (or attached to) the server node.
Referring to FIG. 1, there is shown a highly simplified representation of two computer nodes herein called Node A or the server 50, and Node B or the client 52. The computer at each node can be any type of computer. In other words, the particular brand, architecture and operating system is of no importance to the present discussion, so long as each computer node is configured to operate in a networked environment. Each computer node 50, 52 will typically include a central processing unit (CPU) 54, random access memory 56, an internal memory bus 58 and a communications interface 60, often called a network interface card (NIC). The computer nodes communicate with each other by transmitting messages or packets to each other via a network interconnect 62, which may include one or more types of communication media, switching mechanisms and the like.
For the purposes of this discussion it is assumed that the NIC is suitable for memory mapped message passing. That is, the NIC must be directly addressable using local physical addresses, and direct loads and stores to from and to locations in a remote computer node can be performed through the NIC without having to use the NIC's driver software.
Further, since the present invention involves remote disk access, at least one of the computer nodes 50 has a non-volatile, non-random access memory device 64, such as a high speed magnetic disk, and a corresponding disk controller 66. Actually, in many implementations most or all of the computer nodes will have one or more local disk drives. However, since we are only interested in explaining how one computer node 52 accesses data on the disk 64 connected to another computer node 50, just the disk 64 for the server node 50 is shown in FIG. 1.
It should be noted that the term "message transmission" is sometimes used to indicate or imply the use of a message transmission protocol in which the receiving system automatically processes the transmitted message, while the term "data transmission" simply indicates the writing or copying of data from one system to another. However, in this document, the terms "message transmission" and "data transmission" will be used interchangeably.
FIG. 2 shows a simplified representation of a conventional communications interface (or NIC) 60, such the ones used in the computer nodes of FIG. 1, showing only the components of particular interest. The NIC 60 typically includes two address mapping mechanisms: an incoming memory management unit (IMMU) 70 and an outgoing memory management unit (OMMU) 72. The purpose of the two memory management units are to map local physical addresses (PA's) in each computer node to global addresses (GA's) and back. Transport logic 74 in the NIC 60 handles the mechanics of transmitting and receiving message packets, including looking up and converting addresses using the IMMU 70 and OMMU 72.
The dashed lines between the memory bus 60 and the IMMU 70 and OMMU 72 represent CPU derived control signals for storing and deleting address translation entries in the two MMU's, typically under the control of a NIC driver program. The dashed line between the memory bus 60 and the transport logic 74 represents CPU derived control signals for configuring and controlling the transport logic 74.

System and method for efficient remote disk I/O


An integrated circuit die is provided having a body portion having a singulation side and a pedestal portion extending from the body portion and having a singulation side coplanar with the singulation side of the body portion.

In the electronics industry, as products such as cell phones and camcorders become smaller and smaller, increased miniaturization of integrated circuit (IC) packages has become more and more critical. At the same time, higher performance and lower cost have become essential for new products.
Usually, many individual integrated circuit devices are constructed on the same wafer and groups of integrated circuit devices are separated into individual integrated circuit die.
In order to interface an integrated circuit die with other circuitry, it is common to mount it on a leadframe or on a multi-chip module substrate that is surrounded by a number of lead fingers. Each die has bonding pads that are then individually connected in a wire bonding operation to the lead fingers of the leadframe using extremely fine gold (Au) or aluminum (Al) wires. The assemblies are then packaged by individually encapsulating them in molded plastic, epoxy, or ceramic bodies.
One approach to putting more integrated circuit dies in a single package involves stacking the dies with space between the dies for wire bonding. The space is achieved by means of a thick layer of organic adhesive or in combination with inorganic spacers of material such as silicon (Si), ceramic, or metal. Unfortunately, the stacking adversely affects the performance of the package because of decreased thermal performance due to the inability to remove heat through the organic adhesive and/or inorganic spacers. As the number of dies in the stack increases, thermal resistance increases at a faster rate. Further, such stacked dies have a high manufacturing cost.
Another approach is to put more integrated circuit dies side-by-side in a single package but this results in packages taking up large areas on the printed circuit boards.
Each attempt to reduce the size of the integrated circuit package tends to create additional problems with cost, heat transfer, and electrical performance.
Solutions to these problems have been long sought, but prior developments have not taught or suggested any solutions and, thus, solutions to these problems have long eluded those skilled in the art.


A method of making an interior automotive panel. The method includes placing at least one three dimensional panel component on a first mold component having a mold surface shaped to form the exterior surface of the interior automotive panel. The at least one three-dimensional panel component has an exterior surface in contact with the mold surface. The method includes registering a registration feature of the at least one three-dimensional panel component with a groove defined by the mold surface of the first mold component and positioning a second mold component in registered communication with the first mold component. Together the first and second mold components define a void in the shape of the interior automotive panel. The method includes injecting resin into the void and removing a formed interior automotive panel from the first and second molds, the interior automotive panel having multiple surfaces of different surface qualities.

Vehicles generally have automotive panels covering structure elements and/or providing interior decoration. Automotive door panels are often constructed of a combination of panels which are separately assembled and then brought together to form a complete door panel. Typically a base door panel is fabricated, as by injection molding, and various components (e.g., door handles, trim, etc.) are attached to the base door panel. The assembly usually requires several secondary processes that include assembly and trimming of the components.

Interior automotive panels and method of making thereof