An electro-magnetic device is provided, including a first winding set of nested windings, and a second winding set of nested windings positioned adjacent to the first winding set. A method of making an electro-magnetic device including a first winding set of nested windings, and a second winding set of nested windings positioned adjacent to the first winding set is also provided.

Generally, a transformer is an electrical device that transfers electrical energy between two or more circuits through electromagnetic induction. Electromagnetic induction produces an electromotive force (EMF) across a conductor which is exposed to time varying magnetic fields. That is, a varying current in the transformer's primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer core and a varying magnetic field impinging on the transformer's secondary winding. This varying magnetic field at the secondary winding induces a varying EMF or voltage in the secondary winding due to electromagnetic induction. Transformers rely on Faraday's Law and high magnetic permeability core properties, to efficiently change AC voltages from one voltage level to another, such as within power networks, for example.
Presently available planar devices, such as transformers, utilize printed circuit boards for windings. The fill factor of these printed circuit board based products is approximately 35%. These known products allow minimal variation in winding thickness within the same package, and do not allow for design flexibility without extensive cost.
Therefore, a need exists to produce transformers that have a greater conductor fill factor, allow variable thickness and numbers of wires to be utilized within the same package, have windings that build outward for a proximity effect, all while producing higher power transformers with reduced height.
In addition, there remains the need for devices that allow for varied arrangements of coils, such as in the number, types and positioning of coils, in reduced sized packages.

Nested flat wound coils forming windings for transformers and inductors


An ultrasonic transmitter unit includes: a sheath that forms a cylindrical shape and is having a proximal end and a distal end; an ultrasonic transmitter configured to be inserted into the sheath; and a cover member that covers a part of the ultrasonic transmitter and has an inner surface and an outer surface. The ultrasonic transmitter includes: a first area surrounded by the sheath; a second area protruding from the distal end of the sheath; and a distal-end treatment portion provided in a distal end of the second area. The cover member covers the second area of the ultrasonic transmitter, and exposes the distal-end treatment portion of the ultrasonic transmitter to an outside, and is made of fluorine-based resin.

International Publication No. WO2017/0013815 A1 discloses an ultrasonic treatment instrument which cuts a treatment target such as a bone, etc., using ultrasonic vibration. The aforementioned ultrasonic treatment instrument includes a sheath extended along the longitudinal axis, and an ultrasonic probe is inserted into the sheath. The ultrasonic probe has its proximal end connected to an ultrasonic transducer, and includes a distal-end treatment portion in a protrusion from the sheath toward a distal side. Ultrasonic vibration generated in the ultrasonic transducer is transmitted through the ultrasonic probe to its distal-end treatment portion. The distal-end treatment portion to which ultrasonic vibration has been transmitted is used to cut a treatment target.
In the treatment, an ultrasonic treatment instrument such as that disclosed in International Publication No. WO2017/0013815 A1 is used with another instrument such as an arthroscope (endoscope) in combination with the ultrasonic treatment instrument within a joint cavity in a human body. In such a case, the sheath may be extended up to the vicinity of the distal-end treatment portion in order to prevent contact between the ultrasonic probe and another instrument (external instrument). The sheath extended up to the vicinity of the distal-end treatment portion may affect treatment performance such as accessibility to a treatment target.


A zoom lens system having a plurality of lens units, each lens unit being composed of at least one lens element, the zoom lens system, in order from an object side to an image side, comprising: a first lens unit having negative optical power and being composed of at least two lens elements; and a second lens unit having positive optical power, wherein in zooming from a wide-angle limit to a telephoto limit at the time of image taking, the lens units are individually moved along an optical axis to vary magnification such that an interval between the first lens unit and the second lens unit decreases, and the conditions: fW/D1>7.5 and Z=fT/fW>4.0 (fW: a focal length of the entire system at a wide-angle limit, fT: a focal length of the entire system at a telephoto limit, D1: a center thickness of a lens element located on the most object side in the first lens unit) are satisfied; an imaging device; and a camera.

With recent progress in the development of solid-state image sensors such as a CCD (Charge Coupled Device) and a CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor) having a high pixel, digital still cameras and digital video cameras (simply referred to as "digital cameras", hereinafter) are rapidly spreading that employ an imaging device including an imaging optical system of high optical performance corresponding to the above-mentioned solid-state image sensors of a high pixel. Among these digital cameras having a high optical performance, the demand for the compact digital camera has increased especially.
The compact digital cameras are requested to reduce the further thickness in terms of ease of portability and storability. As means for achieving such thin and compact digital cameras, in conventional art, various kinds of zoom lens systems having a three-unit construction of negative lead type and a short optical overall length (overall length of lens system: the distance from the tip of the most object side lens surface to an image surface in the entire lens system) have been proposed that, in order from an object side to an image side, comprise: a first lens unit having negative optical power; a second lens unit having positive optical power; and a third lens unit having positive optical power.
For example, Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 2008-241794 discloses a zoom lens, in order from the object side to the image side, having three lens units of a negative lens unit, a positive lens unit, and a positive lens unit. In the zoom lens, intervals between the individual lens units vary at the time of magnification change. Also in the zoom lens, the relationship among focal lengths of the entire system at a wide-angle limit and a telephoto limit, imaging magnification of a second lens unit at a telephoto limit, and a focal length, an Abbe number, a partial dispersion ratio, a refractive index and a radius of curvature of a lens constituting the second lens unit is specified. The zoom lens disclosed in Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 2008-241794 has a wide view angle at a wide-angle limit and a relatively high zooming ratio.
Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 2007-140359 discloses a zoom lens, in order from the object side to the image side, having at least two lens units of a negative lens unit, and a positive lens unit. In the zoom lens, intervals between the individual lens units vary at the time of magnification change. Also in the zoom lens, the relationship among a refractive index, a focal length and a radius of curvature of a lens constituting a first lens unit is specified. The zoom lens disclosed in Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 2007-140359 has a reduced optical overall length and a high optical performance all over the range of magnification change.
Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 2006-227197 discloses a zoom lens, in order from the object side to the image side, having three lens units of a negative lens unit, a positive lens unit, and a positive lens unit. In the zoom lens, the individual lens units move for magnification change so that an interval between a first lens unit and a second lens unit decrease and an interval between the second lens unit and a third lens unit increase, at a telephoto limit relative to at a wide-angle limit. Also in the zoom lens, the first lens unit is composed of two lenses of a negative lens and a positive lens, the second lens unit is composed of three lenses of a positive lens and a cemented lens composed of a positive lens and a negative lens, the third lens unit is composed of one positive lens, and imaging magnification of the second lens unit at a telephoto limit is specified. The zoom lens disclosed in Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 2006-227197 has a relatively high zooming ratio with remaining the desired optical performance.
Japanese Patent No. 3589555 discloses a zoom lens, in order from the object side to the image side, having three lens units of a negative lens unit, a positive lens unit, and a positive lens unit. In the zoom lens, a first lens unit moves with locus of a convex to the image side, a second lens unit monotonically moves to the object side from a wide-angle limit to a telephoto limit, and a third lens unit moves with locus of a convex to the object side, at the time of magnification change. Also in the zoom lens, the relationship between a focal length of the entire system at a wide-angle limit and a focal length of each lens unit is specified. The zoom lens disclosed in Japanese Patent No. 3589555 has a reduced optical overall length and suppressed distortion with a small number of lenses.
Japanese Patent No. 3868092 discloses a zoom lens, in order from the object side to the image side, having three lens units of a negative lens unit, a positive lens unit, and a positive lens unit. In the zoom lens, a first lens unit moves with locus of a convex to the image side, a second lens unit monotonically moves to the object side from a wide-angle limit to a telephoto limit, and a third lens unit moves with locus of a convex to the object side, at the time of magnification change. Also in the zoom lens, the relationship between a focal length of the entire system at a wide-angle limit and a focal length of each lens unit is specified. The zoom lens disclosed in Japanese Patent No. 3868092 has a reduced optical overall length and suppressed distortion with a small number of lenses.

Zoom lens system, imaging device and camera

Panasonic Intellectual Property Management Co., Ltd.


A system and method is provided for monitoring the operating condition of a pump by evaluating fault data encoded in the instantaneous current of the motor driving the pump. The data is converted to a frequency spectrum which is analyzed to create a fault signature having fault attributes relating to various fault conditions associated with the pump. The fault signature is then input to a neural network that operates in conjunction with a preprocessing and post processing module to perform decisions and output those decisions to a user interface. A stand alone module is also provided that includes an adaptive preprocessing module, a one-shot unsupervised neural network and a fuzzy based expert system to provide a decision making module that operates with limited human supervision.

Motors, pumps and bearings require frequent maintenance attention in typical commercial systems and industrial plants. With conventional maintenance strategies such as exception-based and periodic-checking, faults developed in critical equipment (e.g. pumps) have to be detected by human experts through physical examination and other off-line tests (e.g., metal wear analysis) during a routine maintenance in order for corrective action to be taken. Faults that go undetected during a regular maintenance check-up may lead to catastrophic failure and un-scheduled shut-down of the plant. The probability of an un-scheduled shut-down increases as the time period between successive maintenance inspections increases. The frequency of performing maintenance, however, is limited by availability of man-power and financial resources and hence is not easily increased. Some maintenance inspections, such as impeller inspection may require stopping the process or even disassembling machinery. The lost production time may cost ten times more than the labor cost involved. There is also a possibility that the reassembled machine may fail due to an assembly error or high start up stresses for example. Finally, periodically replacing components (via routine preventive maintenance) such as bearings, seals, or impellers is costly since the service life of good components may unnecessarily be cut short.
Cavitation, blockage and impeller damage are common problems/faults encountered with pumps. Cavitation can cause accelerated wear, and mechanical damage to pump components, couplings, gear trains, and drive motors. Cavitation is the formation of vapor bubbles in the inlet flow regime or the suction zone of the pump. This condition occurs when local pressure drops to below the vapor pressure of the liquid being pumped. These vapor bubbles collapse or implode when they enter a high pressure zone (e.g. at the discharge section or a higher pressure area near the impeller) of the pump causing erosion of impeller casings as well as other pump components. If a pump runs for an extended period under cavitation conditions, permanent damage may occur to the pump structure and accelerated wear and deterioration of pump internal surfaces and seals may occur. Detection of such conditions before they become severe or prolonged can help to avoid cavitation-induced damage to the pump and facilitate extended plant up time. Such detection also can avoid accelerated pump wear and unexpected failures and further enable a well planned and cost-effective maintenance routine. Depending on the type of pump, other problems can occur such as inlet or outlet blockage, leakage of air into the system due to faulty pump seals, or the impeller or impeller parts impacting the pump casing.
Prior efforts in pump diagnostics have included vibration analysis and acoustic analysis techniques. For example, a modern chemical plant may require a service engineer to physically go to hundreds or even thousands of critical pumps periodically (e.g., monthly) to record vibration data from the pump. The data is then subsequently analyzed using vibration analysis algorithms to detect pump problems such as broken impeller vanes or out of balance conditions. Other research efforts have looked at performing pump diagnostics using process instrumentation such as flow meters and pressure transducers. Some efforts have looked at the relationship between inlet and outlet pressures and flow rate with pump speed to determine if a pump problem exists. Others have performed trending on these parameters over time.
Still other techniques have focused on signal analysis of unconditioned process sensors, such as flow sensors and pressure sensors. Flow sensors such as orifice-plate differential pressure, vortex, turbine, time-domain pressure techniques are invasive sensors and must be installed in-line within the process framework or pump system. Other flow sensors such as corriolis flow meters, are extremely costly and must be installed in-line with process piping.
In view of the above, there is a strong need in the art for a system and/or method for condition monitoring which mitigates some of the above-noted problems associated with conventional pump monitoring systems and/or methods.

Detection of pump cavitation/blockage and seal failure via current signature analysis


In order to enable quantitative and ready assessment of the kinetics of a tissue on the basis of motion information of the tissue resulting from analysis performed according to the Doppler method, and to enable ready observation of a temporal change in motion of the tissue, there is provided, as one aspect, a diagnostic ultrasound Doppler imaging system. The system comprises a unit for scanning an object with ultrasonic waves over a cross section of the object to produce an echo signal representing electrical quantities proportional to ultrasonic waves reflected from the object; a unit for extracting from the echo signal a Doppler signal emanating from a tissue in motion inside the object; and a unit for analyzing the frequency of the Doppler signal to obtain two-dimensional image data concerning the motion of the tissue on the cross section frame by frame. The system further comprises a unit for superposing a plurality of old and new frames of the two-dimensional image data computed time-sequentially; and a unit for displaying the superposed two-dimensional image data. The displaying unit includes a circuit for coloring the superposed two-dimensional image data according to the motion of the tissue.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a diagnostic ultrasound Doppler technology enabling effective diagnosis of ischemic cardiac diseases including myocardial infarction and angina, and left ventricular dilation including hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. More particularly, this invention is concerned with tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) in which a Doppler imaging method is used to detect motion information of a cardiac muscle (cardiac wall) or vascular wall, and the results of computation are displayed in color.
2. Description of the Related Art
Currently, quantitative assessment of cardiac or vascular functions is essential to diagnosis of cardiac diseases. Various methods of diagnosis have been attempted.
Ultrasonic diagnosis that is one of such methods is often achieved by observing a real-time B-mode tomographic image of, for example, the left ventricle (the left ventricle is regarded as a center of assessment of cardiac functions). Through observation, a grave symptom of an ischemic cardiac disease, left ventricular dilation, or the like can be diagnosed to some extent.
In recent years, more advanced and specialized diagnostic methods have been proposed. For example, there is left ventricular wall motion analysis dedicated to diagnosis of ischemic cardiac diseases. This analytic method measures change in thickness of a cardiac muscle between a left ventricular systole and diastole, and a region exhibiting a small change in thickness is diagnosed as a "region with a deteriorated contracting ability," that is, an "ischemic region." Various algorithms have been devised for this analysis. Whichever of the algorithms is adopted, a B-mode tomographic image is used to trace the contour of the left ventricular endocardium or epicardium at an end systole and end diastole. The trace information is used for measurement.
Stress echo imaging is also known as a method for diagnosing myocardial infarction. This diagnostic method stresses the heart through exercise, by administering a drug, or by applying an electrical impulse. Ultrasonic tomographic (B-mode) images of the heart produced before and after the stressing are recorded. Thereafter, the images produced before and after the stressing are displayed side by side on one monitor and are compared with each other in terms of change in thickness of a cardiac muscle between a cardiac systole and diastole (cardiac muscles normally thicken during a systole). Thus, a region with infarction can be specified.
However, the foregoing diagnostic methods have various drawbacks such as those described below.
To begin with, when a B-mode tomographic image is viewed and observed for diagnosis, because a monitor screen displays a mere real-time image, it is hard to determine hypofunction of an organ or discriminate an abnormal tissue. Even for a physician having abundant experience in ultrasonic diagnosis, it is practically hard to acquire detailed information of a region with a locally-deteriorated contracting ability deriving from an ischemic cardiac disease, or of left ventricular dilation. Moreover, the left ventricular wall motion analysis is a diagnostic method dedicated to ischemic cardiac diseases, and therefore lacks in generality.
Under these circumstances, a first relatively useful approach is an approach using a tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) system. Using this system, a Doppler signal is extracted from an echo signal on which the motion of a tissue such as a cardiac muscle is reflected, and motion velocity information resulting from frequency analysis of the Doppler signal is displayed as a color tomographic image. The color tomographic image is displayed while being updated sequentially frame by frame, or displayed as a frozen image.
Furthermore, as a second approach, an approach using a diagnostic ultrasound system in which tracing the contour of a tissue and coloring are combined for imaging has been known in the past (for example, Roberto M. Lan et al., "Echocardiographic Qantification of Regional Left Ventricular Wall Motion With Color Kinesis", 1877-1885, Vol. 93, No. 10, May 15, 1996). Taking a cardiac muscle for instance, the contour of the endocardium is traced in each of frames constituting a B-mode tomographic image (black-and-white) produced during a systole, and areas defined with pairs of contour lines are colored differently for display. Consequently, the endocardium is seen making motion in real time with contraction.
However, the foregoing first and second approaches still have the drawbacks described below.
The tissue Doppler imaging system employed in the first approach displays only a Doppler image of a tissue at a certain instant, and is therefore unsuitable for observing a time-sequential change in motion. When a tissue Doppler image is used to assess the cardiac or vascular functions, compared with when a B-mode image is viewed or observed, it is advantageous that velocity information can be observed directly. For determining hypofunction of an organ or discriminating an abnormal region, it takes much time and labor for handling. Moreover, the determination or discrimination still requires expertise and is therefore hard to do.
In the case of the system employed in the second approach, in which tracing a contour in a B-mode image and coloring are combined, there are the drawbacks described below.
First, image information used for imaging is B-mode morphologic information and therefore lacks in motion information of each myocardial region. For example, areas defined pairs of contours of the endocardium in frames are painted in the same color, and the morphology of the endocardium making a time-sequential change in motion is thus expressed. Resultant diagnosis is analogous to that in the foregoing left ventricular analysis, and is achieved by detecting an abnormality such as myocardial infarction through interpretation of a morphologic change of the endocardium. Unless an illness progresses and becomes considerably grave, an apparent morphologic change is usually not discerned. This kind of diagnostic method is therefore unsuitable for early discovery of an illness or discovery of an illness in an early stage.
Secondly, there is a problem with precision in tracing the contour of the endocardium. As mentioned above, if discovery of an abnormal region is dependent only on a morphologic change of the endocardium, the precision in tracing the contour of the endocardium counts. If the precision deteriorates, it would presumably lead to misdiagnosis or missing an abnormal region. Eventually, the reliability of the system deteriorates.

Diagnostic ultrasound Doppler imaging system and Doppler imaging method for ultrasonic diagnosis


An improved apparatus for reducing friction in an EGR driver may include a space member mounted on a stem and having a side provided with a plurality of depressed portions to reduce a contact area with an inner side of a valve, such that the friction generated by a contact of the stem with a stem guide when the stem provided inside the valve vertically moves is reduced.

Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an improved apparatus for reducing a friction in an Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) driver, and more particularly, to an improved apparatus for reducing a friction in an EGR driver, in which a stem guide provided inside an EGR valve for a vehicle into which exhaust gas is inpoured and a space member having a side provided with a plurality of depressed portions so as to reduce a contact area with an inner side of the EGR valve at one point of an outer peripheral surface of a stem vertically moving along the stem guide are provided and a length of the existing stem guide is reduced due to the space member.
Description of Related Art
Generally, a method which is the most frequently used to suppress a generation of nitrogen oxide (NOx) generated from exhaust gas emitted from an engine which is equipped in a vehicle has used an exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) valve which adds some of cooled exhaust gas to a mixer to be sucked into a cylinder.
Describing a configuration of the EGR valve, the EGR valve includes a housing which is configured of an inlet and an outlet, an opening and closing apparatus which selectively opens and closes the inlet, and an actuator which operates the opening and closing apparatus to induce a reciprocating motion.
The inlet of the housing is connected to an exhaust manifold of the engine and the outlet thereof is connected to an intake manifold of the engine, such that some of the exhaust gas emitted from the exhaust manifold selectively moves to the intake manifold by the EGR valve depending on the operation of the actuator and the opening and closing apparatus.
The existing EGR valve takes an apparatus disclosed in Korean conventional art. According to the existing apparatus, a gear apparatus is provided between the actuator and the opening and closing apparatus and a recirculation operation of the exhaust gas is performed depending on the operation of the gear apparatus.
Meanwhile, FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a valve according to the related art at a connection part into which the exhaust gas and the EGR gas are introduced. As illustrated in FIG. 1, it may be confirmed that a lip seal 40 is formed at an upper portion of a stem 20 vertically moving along a stem guide 30.
However, there is a problem in that an engine may stall or rattle while a vehicle in which the EGR valve is equipped is driven. As one of the causes of the problem, there is an increase in a sliding load due to an interference of a sliding part configured of the lip seal 40, the stem 20, and the stem guide 30 since heat generated by a friction generated from the stem 20 vertically moving along the stem guide 30 is transferred to the lip seal 40 to contract the lip seal 40.
Further, the stem guide 30 is exposed to the high temperature, and thus the friction is increased due to a vertical motion of the stem 20 while the vehicle is driven. As a result, several problems such as generating a warning light to a driver occur. Therefore, a method for reducing a friction which is generated at the time of the vertical motion of the stem 20 has been researched.
Therefore, various aspects of the present invention are directed to providing the stem guide 30 having a more reduced length than the related art and a space member having a side provided with a plurality of depressed portions to reduce the friction between the inner side of the valve and the stem 20.
The information disclosed in this Background of the Invention section is only for enhancement of understanding of the general background of the invention and should not be taken as an acknowledgement or any form of suggestion that this information forms the prior art already known to a person skilled in the art.

Apparatus for reducing friction in EGR driver


It is an object of the present invention to realize a data recording disk that is resistant against burst errors and capable of quick access without sacrificing recording capacity. A disk 1 is divided into zones, and the number of sectors per track is made larger by one in a more outside zone than in a more inside zone. The disk 1 is driven at a constant rotational angular velocity. The sector is composed of an address area and a data area, and it is arranged for the address recorded in the address area to complete error detection and correction processing within the address area. An error detection and correction code in the data area is completed extending over a plurality of sectors.

The present invention relates to a data recording disk, and more particularly to a data recording disk which is made more resistant to burst errors without decreasing recording capacity.
In a data recording disk, a track of one rotation's portion is normally divided into a plurality of sectors. Further, it is arranged so that address information is recorded in each sector, and predetermined data are recorded and regenerated in each sector with the address as reference.
In order to make access to a data recording disk quickly, it is desirable to rotate the disk at a constant angular velocity (CAV). When a disk is rotated at a constant angular velocity, however, linear recording density along the outer circumference of the disk becomes lower than that along the inner circumference thereof, and the recording capacity becomes smaller by that portion.
Now, a disk that is made to be driven at a constant linear velocity (CLV) is also known. When the CLV is adopted, linear recording densities along the inner circumference and the outer circumference of the disk become equal to each other. Therefore, it is possible to increase the recording capacity of the disk by that portion. In the CLV disk, however, access performance is deteriorated since the position of the sector in each track varies from track to track.
Accordingly, a zone CAV disk in which the track is divided radially into a plurality of zones and the number of the sectors per track in an outside zone is set so as to be made larger by one sector more than the number of sectors per track in an inside zone successively, and which is rotated at a constant angular velocity has been proposed. Within the zone, the number of sectors per track is made constant. Accordingly, although the recording density is not as high as the CLV disk, it is possible to improve the recording density as compared with the CAV disk. Further, since the zone CAV disk is always rotated at a constant rotational angular velocity (namely, since it is similar to a normal CAV disk in this point), irrespective of the zone, quick access becomes possible as compared with the CLV disk.
Now, it is desired of late to further increase the recording capacity of the data recording disk. As a result, such a tendency that a track pitch is narrowed and a bit length is shortened, thereby to make a surface density of the whole disk higher is being developed. For example, such values that 0.9 .mu.m as the track pitch and 0.34 .mu.m as the bit length are proposed.
When recording at high density is performed by making the track pitch and the bit length shorter, the length of one sector becomes shorter. As a result, in such a case that a disk is injured in a predetermined length, the number of data that are damaged within a sector for a crack in the same length is increased as densification is advanced.
Since detection and correction of errors in data are normally made in the unit of sector, it means that, when densification advances, the disk becomes weaker against burst errors by that portion.
Therefore, it is conceivable to increase the interleaving length in order to make the disk stronger against burst errors. In order to increase the interleaving length, it is required to make the sector length longer for instance. However, there has been a subject that, when a longer sector is adopted, zoning efficiency is deteriorated and the recording capacity of the disk is reduced.
Therefore, as shown in FIG. 19 for instance, a scope for error detection and correction (a scope of interleaving) is set extending over several sectors in a CLV disk for a ROM for exclusive use for regeneration.
In the example shown in FIG. 19, one sector is composed of 28 frames, one frame is consisted of 87 bytes, and a frame sink (FS) in two bytes is added to each frame.
Further, 20 bytes at the head of each sector are used as an address area, where sector addresses are arranged.
Further, a C1 code and a C2 code are used as error correction codes, and the C1 codes are provided for those data that are arranged in a horizontal direction in the figure and the C2 codes are provided for those data that are arranged in an oblique direction. The C1 code is to consist of 8 bytes and the C2 code of 14 bytes.
Besides, an error detection code (EDC) in 4 bytes is also provided in each sector.
Namely, in this example, the interleaving length of the C1 code becomes 170 bytes, and the interleaving length of the C2 code is to include 170 bytes (170 frames).
In this example, however, since the error correction on the address is made similarly to the error correction on the data, the data of 170 frames (approximately 13 sectors) have to be read in order to make error detection and correction of the addresses, and quick error detection and correction cannot be made, thus causing a subject of preventing quick access.


An optical modulator module includes an optical modulator including an optical waveguide which conducts an inputted optical signal, and m modulator regions on the optical waveguide; and m discrete driving circuits serially connected to one another. The discrete driving circuits include a driving circuit which outputs a signal obtained from a digital input signal with a synchronization signal to one of the modulator regions, and a phase shifting circuit which outputs a signal resulting from giving a delay to a signal branched from the synchronization signal. A discrete driving circuit receives the signal outputted from the phase shifting circuit. Each of the modulator regions includes modulation electrodes, an electric field caused by a modulation electric signal applied to each of the modulation electrodes penetrates by a penetration length d, and every two adjacent modulation electrodes has a distance Lgap given by Lgap=2d.

With the explosive growth of demands for broadband multimedia communication services, such as the Internet service and a video streaming service, the introduction of a high-density wavelength multiplexed optical fiber communication system which enables realization of a highly reliable long-distance large-capacity communication system is being promoted in trunk-line systems and metro systems. On the other hand, in subscriber-line systems, optical fiber access services are being rapidly promoted. In these communication systems using optical fibers, a reduction of cost for laying optical fibers which are optical transmission lines and improvement of the transmission band utilization efficiency per optical fiber are important. For this reason, various wavelength multiplexing technologies for transmitting a signal light obtained by multiplexing a plurality of signal lights having mutually different wavelengths have been widely used.
With respect to an optical modulator used in an optical transmitter for wavelength multiplexed optical fiber communication systems, it is required that high-speed optical modulation is possible and the degree of dependence on signal light's wavelength is small. Moreover, with respect to such an optical modulator, it is also required that undesired optical phase modulation elements (in the case where an employed modulation method is an optical intensity modulation method) or undesired optical intensity modulation elements (in the case where an employed modulation method is an optical phase modulation method), which lead to a deterioration of received light's waveform at the time of long-distance signal transmission, are suppressed as much as possible. In such applications, a Mach-Zehnder (MZ) optical intensity modulator in which an optical waveguide type MZ interferometer incorporates therein an optical phase modulator of the same optical waveguide type is practical.
Such an MZ optical intensity modulator is produced by using an electro-optic crystal whose refractive index varies in proportion to the intensity of an applied electric field. A currently practically used MZ optical intensity modulator is produced on the basis of a so-called planar optical waveguide circuit in which titanium is diffused on the surface of a substrate made of lithium niobate (LN (LiNbO3)) which is a typical electro-optic crystal. Generally, with regard to the planar optical waveguide circuit, an MZ interferometer is configured such that regions for an optical phase modulator and an optical multiplexer/demultiplexer unit are monolithically integrated on the same LN substrate, and further, an electrode for applying an electric field to the optical phase modulator is provided.
Additionally, developments targeted for an optical waveguide type semiconductor optical phase modulator and an optical waveguide type semiconductor MZ optical modulator which employ a III-V compound semiconductor, such as gallium arsenide (GaAs) or indium phosphide (InP) which is useful in integration of light source elements are being also carried out actively. Such an optical waveguide type semiconductor optical phase modulator and an optical waveguide type semiconductor MZ optical modulator are each configured such that a medium for which a (complex) refractive index relative to signal light varies in accordance with the intensity of an electric field (a multiply mixed crystal of III-V compound semiconductors or a layered structure based thereon) is employed as an undoped core layer. Further, in such an optical waveguide type semiconductor optical phase modulator and an optical waveguide type semiconductor MZ optical modulator, the core layer is inserted between upper cladding layer and lower cladding layer, each having a corresponding one of p-type and n-type electrical conductivities. In this way, a single-mode optical waveguide having a so-called p-i-n type diode structure is achieved. Further, a configuration in which a reverse bias voltage is applied to an optical waveguide configured in such a way is commonly used.
The amplitude of a driving voltage of an MZ optical modulator is in inverse proportion to the length ("modulator region length") of a modulation region (hereinafter, being referred to as "modulator region") of an optical phase modulator in a region where a frequency of the driving voltage is low. For this reason, it is preferable that the modulator region length is made longer in order to achieve lowering of the driving voltage. However, when the modulator region length is increased to a degree same as that of the transmission wavelength of a modulation electric signal, a driving electric signal distribution along an optical signal propagation axis with respect to the modulator region cannot be regarded as a uniform distribution any more. Further, in this case, a relation between an optical modulation efficiency and a length with respect to the modulator region is not a simple inverse proportion relation any more. Further, the capacitance of the modulator region increases as it gets longer, and thus, lengthening the modulator region is not acceptable from a viewpoint of a modulation bandwidth improvement. In order to solve such problems, a so-called traveling-wave type electrode is generally used. In a configuration in which such a traveling-wave type electrode is used, the modulator region is regarded as a transmission line. Further, a modulation electric signal applied to the modulator region is regarded as a traveling wave. Moreover, in order to make a length of an interaction between a modulation electric signal and a modulation target optical signal longer as far as possible, the optical phase modulator is configured such that respective phase velocities of the modulation electric signal and the modulation target optical signal become close to each other. An optical modulator having such a traveling-wave type electrode structure is already widespread in use as a key component of optical transmitters for use in 2.5 Gb/s-40 Gb/s long-distance large-capacity optical fiber communication systems.
Currently, the development of next-generation optical fiber communication system capable of dealing with a further growth of communication demand is required. However, when a binary digital optical intensity modulation method is still continuously employed in such next-generation optical fiber communication systems, it is anticipated that a light waveform deterioration at a receiving end due to the influence of dispersion and a non-linear effect in optical fibers which are transmission lines becomes remarkable. For this reason, it is deemed to be difficult to achieve further improvements of a transmission distance and a transmission speed by using the binary digital optical intensity modulation method. Accordingly, for the purpose of settlement of such problems and further improvements of the transmission distance and the band utilization efficiency, an attempt to apply a multi-level or multiplexed modulation method, such as a quadrature amplitude modulation method or an orthogonal frequency division multiplex modulation method, whose practical uses are preceded by wireless communications, is expected. Hereinafter, the quadrature amplitude modulation method will be referred to as a QAM method. Further, the orthogonal frequency division multiplex method will be referred to as an OFDM method.
In these optical modulation methods, each combination of an amplitude and a phase (or real part and imaginary part) of an optical signal is caused to correspond to modulation data composed of a plurality of bits. As a result, the optical modulation signal becomes a complex optical modulation signal. That is, increasing the band utilization efficiency of an optical modulation code is equivalent to increasing the number of the setting levels with respect to each of amplitude and phase of signal light to a multiple-stage. Further, when such a complex optical modulation signal is generated by using the foregoing multi-level optical modulator, the amplitude of a modulation electric signal therefor need to be set to any appropriate one of amplitudes. As a means for generating an analog electric signal having such any appropriate amplitude in a pseudo manner, generally, an digital-to-analog converter (hereinafter, referred to as a DAC) whose total bit number corresponds to a setting resolution for the analog electric signal is used. However, its conversion speed, which depends on its internal circuit configuration and the like, ends at a speed of around a few gigahertz even on a research and development basis. Further, as a target DAC's operation speed becomes higher, a resolution of the target DAC tends to be further roughened (that is, the total bit number of the target DAC tends to be smaller). With respect to resolutions of present DACs, a DAC capable of realizing a settling time of around several hundreds of picoseconds has a resolution of around 4 to 6 bits (16 to 64 stages). Additionally, it is difficult to realize a DAC capable of realizing a response speed of several gigahertz and outputting a voltage higher than or equal to 1 V. Further, in order to obtain a voltage amplitude enough to drive a multi-level modulator (normally around 3.3 to 7 V), it is necessary to provide a driving circuit which amplifies an analog electric signal outputted from a DAC linearly, that is, with least distortions. Similarly, however, even if the improvements of the characteristics of amplification elements themselves and devices on circuits are performed, it is not easy to perform true linear-amplification on an analog electric signal fluctuating at a high speed of several tens of gigahertz.
Such a velocity mismatch between a modulation target optical signal and a modulation electric signal restricts an effective interaction length between the modulation target optical signal and the modulation electric signal. Thus, there is a disadvantage that, just like a case where there exists an impedance mismatch, the existence of such a velocity mismatch causes a restriction on modulation bandwidth and an increase of an amount of a driving electric current. As described above, when such a traveling-wave type electrode structure is employed in an optical phase modulator or an electric-field absorption type optical intensity modulator of an optical waveguide type to which the p-i-n type diode structure is applied, there occur problems in achievement of lowering of operation voltage and broadening of operation bandwidth.
With respect to these problems, an attempt to satisfy both the phase velocity matching and the impedance matching by changing the layered structure or the electrode structure of such a semiconductor optical modulator has been reported. For example, an attempt to satisfy both the phase velocity matching and the impedance matching by a layered structure of an n-SI-i-n type (SI: semi-insulating semiconductor) or the like in which the p-type semiconductor layer is not included, simultaneously with maintaining the uniformity of the existing layered structure along an optical signal propagation axis has been reported (refer to NPL (non-patent literature) 1).
Moreover, a structure in which a low impedance region having a layered structure based on, for example, a p-i-n structure and a high impedance region having a layered structure based on, for example, an SI-i-n structure are alternately arranged at intervals of a certain length which is sufficiently short as compared with a transmission wavelength of a modulation electric signal has been proposed (refer to NPL 2). Here, in the low impedance region having a layered structure based on a p-i-n structure, the phase velocity of the modulation electric signal is slow and the characteristic impedance is low. On the other hand, in the high impedance region having a layered structure based on an SI-i-n structure, the phase velocity of the modulation electric signal is fast and the characteristic impedance is high. It is described in NPL 2 that this configuration enables realization of apparent satisfactions of both of a phase velocity matching and an impedance matching by weighted-averaging of phase velocities of the both regions and a weighted-averaging of characteristic impedance of the both regions.
Moreover, an optical modulator including a segmented electrode structure in which an electrode of the optical modulator is segmented (refer to PTL (patent literature) 1 to PTL 3). Besides, a structure in which each of segmented electrodes arranged in a modulator has a length resulting from multiplying a unit length by the n-th power of 2 has been proposed (refer to PTL 4 to PTL 7).
As an optical modulator capable of solving such problems, an optical modulator (a linear-accelerator-type in-line electrode structure optical modulator), in which a plurality of short-length optical phase modulators are connected in line a dedicated discrete driving circuit is provided for each of the optical phase modulators and these discrete driving circuits are sequentially driven while synchronized with a modulation target optical signal transmitting through a row of these optical phase modulators, has been proposed (refer to NPL 3 and NPL 4).

Optical modulator module and modulation method for optical signal


The present invention provides a transformer capable of driving a plurality of lamps with one transformer by increasing the number of outer bobbins wrapping an outer circumferential surface of an inner bobbin wound by a coil and the number of output terminals by winding other coils around the outer bobbins.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a transformer; and, more particularly, to a transformer capable of driving a plurality of lamps with one transformer by increasing the number of outer bobbins wrapping an outer circumferential surface of an inner bobbin wound by a coil and the number of output terminals by winding other coils around the outer bobbins.
2. Description of the Related Art
Generally, with the development of information industries, display devices have also made rapid development. LCDs (Liquid Crystal Displays) among the display devices have been widely used because they can be reduced in weight, thickness, and power consumption. Each of the LCDs includes a backlight unit for generating light and a liquid crystal panel for displaying an image by using the light.
The backlight unit consists of a light source for generating the light, an inverter circuit unit for driving the light source, an optical member for uniformly supplying the light to the liquid crystal panel, and so on. Herein, the inverter circuit unit is provided with a transformer for generating an AC high-voltage to drive the light source after receiving an AC low-voltage.
Meanwhile, the display devices gradually increase in size, but internal circuits and parts employed for the display devices have been developed in such a manner as to be increasingly miniaturized. Furthermore, due to intensifying price competition for the display devices, an effort to reduce the number of parts and a unit cost continues to be made.
However, a general transformer includes one or two output terminals for one transformer. Herein, the output terminals output driving power by being electrically connected to one lamp, wherein in the case where as the display device increase in size, the number of lamps needs to increase, there is no alternative but to increase the number of transformers according to the number of lamps, which results in a rise of the cost of the display device employing the transformer and in addition, increases the volume occupied by the transformer in the display device.


A method for moving a load with a crane in a collision-free manner in a space having at least one obstacle includes providing a position of the obstacle, providing at least one safe state variable of the load, determining from the safe state variable a safety zone surrounding the load, and dynamically monitoring the safety zone in relation to the position of the obstacle.

The invention relates to a method for moving a load with a crane in a collision-free manner in a space having at least one obstacle.
The invention also relates to a controller for carrying out a method of this type.
The invention further relates to an independent, safe monitoring module for collision detection, which has such a controller.
Furthermore, the invention has a system with a crane for moving a load, which comprises such a monitoring module.
In the crane environment, for example, in ports during the loading and unloading of loads, for example, containers, collisions occur again and again between an, in particular, rope-suspended load, and an obstacle, also referred to as an object. In the case of a manually operated crane, the whole responsibility for the crane and the load carried by it rests with the crane operator. He must ensure that a collision with another object does not occur.
In the case of an automatically operated crane, the, in particular, rope-suspended load is guided with sensor support through a 2D or 3D space having at least one obstacle, wherein by means of hardware and software solutions, it must be ensured that no collisions occur. For example, systems such as an oscillation damping, also known as "sway control", path calculation in 2D or 3D space and systems for acquiring obstacles and disturbance variables are utilized.
The complete safety certification of a solution of this type having a plurality of systems represents a significant effort since each of the subsystems must be safety certified individually. A safe functioning of the whole system is only assured if all the subsystems fulfil the safety-related requirements.
For example, the published application WO 2005/049285 A1 discloses a system for sway control. The system comprises a first apparatus which is connected to measure an acceleration of a first object which is suspended from a second object, wherein the first apparatus generates a first signal which represents the acceleration of the first object; a second apparatus which is connected to measure an acceleration of a second object, wherein the second device generates a second signal which represents the acceleration of the second object; a processor which is connected to the first and second apparatuses and is configured to determine a sway of the first object in relation to the second object on the basis at least partially of the first and second signals, wherein the sway represents a relative displacement of the first object in relation to the second object.
For a real time route planning in the 2D/3D space, simplifications in the algorithms would be required, which for a safety certification, represent a significant effort with regard to the provision of evidence of safe functioning. For systems such as sway control, the attempt is made to achieve a safety certification by means of redundancy.
The published application WO 2018/007203 A1 describes a method for preventing a collision of a load of a crane with an obstacle. In order to provide a solution to collision prevention which meets a safety level, a solution is proposed in which the load is moved along a trajectory wherein a height profile is acquired at least along the trajectory by means of at least two sensors for distance measurement, wherein signals from the sensors are transmitted via at least two communication channels to a controller having at least two operating systems of    which at least one has a safety program in a secure region, wherein an obstacle is detected along the trajectory by means of the height profile. The controller also has a secure communications interface for transmitting signals from the controller to a crane control system.
It is an object of the invention to provide a method for moving a load with a crane in a collision-free manner which meets a safety level in the simplest possible manner.

Method for moving a load with a crane in a collision-free manner


Disclosed is a system for displaying on calling partner terminal during call waiting information on a wireless terminal received via an Internet server through which a user stores a call connection community screen, with a message containing a call connection community screen is received via the Internet server and displayed for a calling partner during a call waiting in a wireless terminal. A predetermined field of the message is checked when a message is received from the messaging server in a call waiting status. If the predetermined field has a specific set value, the call connection community screen is extracted from the message and displayed on a display window, with the call connection community screen containing information of the calling partner. User individuality can be visually expressed to the calling partner during the call waiting and the call waiting time can be more efficiently utilized through the interactive screen.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an apparatus and method for displaying information of a calling partner during call waiting in a portable wireless terminal, and more particularly, to an apparatus and method for receiving and displaying information previously registered by a calling partner, in a message form, during call waiting.
2. Background of the Prior Art
As electronic and communication industries advance, portable wireless terminals are being more widely distributed, and functions of the terminals are being diversified to meet user's demands. Meanwhile, the terminals tend to be of smaller-size and more lightweight. Further, the emergence of a portable wireless terminal with a built-in digital camera allows desired objects to be easily captured and stored. Also, the captured images can be uploaded to a wireless Internet server and transmitted to other terminals.
In the portable wireless terminal, a Short Message Service (SMS) is widely used. Meanwhile, SMS is evolving into a Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) to allow transmission of a message having an attached image. That is, while SMS could originally only transmit characters, it can now transmit a variety of images, such as photographs or animation.
In general, for an outgoing voice call, a calling party hears a call connection sound (music or voice message), which is stored by a called party, until a called terminal responds to the voice call and the call is actually connected. Here, the duration of time until the call is actually connected after the outgoing voice call is made will be referred to as a call waiting time, i.e. "call waiting". At this point, the calling terminal counts and displays a call duration and the called terminal displays a caller ID. That is, although a voice service capable of expressing the called party's personality during the call waiting is supported, such display service is uniform and does not allow various demands of a user to be met. Further, since the called terminal can recognize the calling party only through caller ID, there is a demand for more varied display services.
That is, if a display service capable of expressing the calling partner's personality during the call waiting is supported, it may be an additional service comparable to the call connection sound. Specifically, such an additional service may be useful in cases such as when a called party cannot answer the phone because he or she is on urgent business, at an important meeting, absent, on vacation, on a business trip, or in the hospital. If such a situation can be determined through a call waiting screen, allowing wasted time due to the repetitive callings to be prevented. In addition, if a called party's emotion (i.e. angry, depressed, happy, etc.) can be known through the call waiting screen, the calling party can more adaptively cope with the called party's emotion during or when initiating a telephone conversation. Specifically, such a call waiting screen can be used as a medium through which the calling party can be reminded of birthdays, meeting places, etc. Further, it can be used as a medium for expressing delicate emotions to intimate friends can be expressed with characters, photographs, pictures, etc.
As described above, in conventional systems, the calling terminal in call waiting status will simply display the call duration, and the called terminal will display only the caller ID. Accordingly, both the calling terminal and the called terminal simply display only such basic information. The present invention allows for visual display of the calling partner's personality, like the call connection sound, during the call waiting.

Apparatus and method for displaying information of calling partner during call waiting in portable wireless terminal


An engine-driven vehicle cooling device includes an engine room for reception of an engine, a radiator provided within the engine room for cooling down a cooling water circulating through the engine, a cooling fan positioned between the engine and the radiator for blowing an internal air present in the engine room toward the radiator, a charged air cooler smaller in size than the radiator and disposed between the radiator and the cooling fan in a parallel relationship with the radiator, a shroud provided at an intake side of the cooling fan in the engine room for obstructing a stream of the internal air heading for the charged air cooler, and an external air inlet opening provided between the shroud and the cooling fan for allowing an external air present outside the engine room to be supplied to the charged air cooler as the cooling fan is caused to rotate.

A. Field of the Invention
The present invention is directed to a common use pedal device for use in automotive vehicles, and more specifically, to a common use pedal device that can be applied to both a manually controlled vehicle and an electronically controlled vehicle in common.
B. Description of the Related Art
Automotive vehicles are usually provided with a plurality of pedal devices, e.g., an accelerator pedal for accelerating the vehicles, a brake pedal for reducing the speed of the vehicle and a clutch pedal for disconnecting power delivery.
Such pedal devices may be classified into a manually controlled pedal device adapted for use in carburetor-equipped vehicles and an electronically controlled pedal device for use in vehicles incorporating an Electronic Control Unit (also referred to as "ECU").
The manually controlled pedal device is operatively connected to a throttle valve by way of a cable and, when pressed down by an operator, can be rotated about a pivot axis to pull the cable. This controls the degree of opening of the throttle valve.
The electronically controlled pedal device is electrically associated with the electronic control unit and can be rotated at an angle as it is pressed down by the operator. The angle of rotation is detected by a detection sensor and notified to the electronic control unit that controls an electronically controlled engine, based on the result of detection.
Most of automotive vehicles recently on sale are equipped with the electronic control unit for electronically controlling various vehicle operations, which rapidly increases the demand for the electronically controlled pedal device.
Despite such situation, the manually controlled vehicles continue to be in use together with the electronically controlled vehicles. This makes it inevitable to separately produce the manually controlled pedal device and the electronically controlled pedal device. Producing the two kinds of pedal devices separately is quite costly and time-consuming, consequently increasing the overall throughput and production costs.


The invention features vectors encoding immunotoxic fusion proteins containing targeting domains and toxic domains, targeting cells transduced with the vectors, methods of making the targeting cells, and methods of treating diseases (e.g., cancer) using both the vectors and the transduced cells.

The invention is generally in the field of immunotoxins, particularly immunotoxins effective against pathogenic cells, e.g., cancer cells.
Immunotoxins are multifunctional (e.g., bifunctional) molecules that contain domains that direct the molecules to target cells of interest (e.g., cancer cells) and toxic domains that kill the target cells. They are thus useful in pathological conditions such as cancer, autoimmune diseases, and certain infectious diseases. The field of immunotoxins has been limited by an inability to escalate the dose of immunotoxin administered to a subject to a level that is therapeutic but not unacceptably toxic.

Cell-mediated targeting of toxins to pathogenic cells


A wireline or logging while drilling device includes: a first coil configured to vary the intensity of a main magnetic field so as to produce phase modulation of signals emitted by spins in a sensitive volume; and a second coil configured to excite the spins in the sensitive volume in an inverse ratio of gyromagnetic constants of the spins; and receive signals from the spins displaced in frequency from the Larmor frequency of the spins by the phase modulation produced by the first coil.

This disclosure relates to the field of geological exploration, and in particular to apparatus and methods for continuous analysis of signals from magnetized geological formations by magnetic resonance wire line logging.
Continuous analysis of moving magnetized material by magnetic resonance creates periodic variation of the Larmor frequency of the moving magnetized material by modulating coils that periodically vary the main magnetic B0 field strength. This periodically varies the impedance presented to the radio frequency oscillator power supply, which impedance function is a Lorentzian line. This methodology does not directly detect signals continuously emitted by the moving magnetized material.
Continuous creation and detection of signals emitted by moving magnetized material is disclosed by U.S. Pat. No. 6,452,390B1 to Wollin, and by the application of this technology to flow in a borehole environment disclosed in US 2016/0097664A1 to Wollin, both incorporated herein by reference for all purposes.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Apparatus and method for direct analysis of formation composition by magnetic resonance wireline logging


A system status display module with a level-shift circuit thereof is provided for processing signals of system status data. The level-shift circuit includes an input circuit and an output circuit for processing plural input signals that have different voltage ranges. The input circuit includes two field effect transistors (FETs) in circuit connection with an input adjusting voltage, thereby transferring the voltage ranges of the input signals into the operation voltage range of a display controller on the module. The output circuit includes another two FETs in circuit connection with two different output adjusting voltages, thereby transferring the voltage range of an output signal transmitted from the display controller into required voltage ranges for the mother board.

1. Field of Invention
The present invention relates to a level-shift circuit, and more particularly to a system status display module and a level-shift circuit thereof that transforms the different voltage ranges of plural system status signals.
2. Related Art
The status data of computer system allows a engineer to know the current status of the BIOS (Basic Input/Output System), the CPU (Central Processing Unit), the system memory, the operation of the mother board, the power supply, the input/output devices and the peripherals. Generally, a signal cable is used to output various system status signals from the mother board to a system status display module, such as a LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) to display the system status.
In the prior art, the mother boards usually have different designs for the signal sources and transmission paths of the system status data. What more complex is that the system status signals have different operating voltage ranges. If the signal status signals have different voltage ranges from the operating voltage of the display controller of the system status display module, the display will possibly make error identifications on the logic high/low of the system status signals, and thereby displaying the wrong data. For example, a system status signal S1 sourced from a South Bridge or an I/O controller (such as a Super I/O controller) has a voltage range of 0˜5 V, while another system status signal S2 transmitted through a COM port (communication port) controller has a raised voltage range of −12˜12V. Then, if a display controller of the system status display module has an operating voltage range of 0˜5 V, the display controller will possibly read and display the −12˜12V system status signal S2 in a totally opposite way. Actually, even the signal source is the same, inappropriate voltage ranges of the system status signals lead to different reading results.
However, there is no appropriate solution that can be applied to different mother boards for displaying system status, or allow the system status display module to read and display the system status signals with different voltage ranges from different mother boards or different system components.

System status display module and level-shift circuit thereof


The invention relates to a material composition that is used for producing a coating for a component, especially a turbine component, which is made of a metallic basic material, i.e. a metal or a metal alloy. Said material composition comprises a matrix material for forming a basic coating matrix and at least one filler for adjusting desired coating proportions or coating characteristics. The matrix material can be provided especially with basic glass ceramic properties. The inventive material composition is characterized in that the matrix material and/or the filler contains nanoparticles.

In its simplest form, a gas turbine installation comprises a compressor, a combustion chamber and a turbine. Intake air is compressed in the compressor, and fuel is then added to it. This is followed by combustion of this mixture in the combustion chamber, with the combustion exhaust gases being fed to the turbine, where their thermal energy is withdrawn and converted into mechanical energy. The compressor is generally driven by the turbine and comprises a multiplicity of compressor blades or vanes.
During compression of the air in the compressor, water may be formed, which under certain circumstances combines with other elements contained in the air to form an electrolyte which can lead to corrosion and erosion at the compressor blades or vanes. To prevent this corrosion and/or erosion, therefore, compressor blades or vanes are generally provided with coatings. Coatings which are particularly suitable in this context are those which comprise a for example phosphate-bonded base matrix with metal particles, such as for example aluminum particles, dispersibly distributed therein. The protective effect of a coating of this type is that the metal particles embedded in the base coating, together with the (more noble) metal of the compressor blade or vane and the electrolyte, from a galvanic cell, in which the metal particles form what are known as sacrificial anodes. The oxidation or corrosion then takes place in the sacrificial anodes, i.e. in the metal particles, and not in the metal of the compressor blade or vane.
The phosphate-bonded base matrix has glass-ceramic properties, is thermally stable, is likewise resistant to the corrosion, and also provides protection against mechanical effects, such as abrasion and erosion.
In addition to the metal particles, the coating may contain further particles as fillers. By way of example, mention may be made at this point of dye particles.
Other types of coatings may be considered as well as phosphate-bonded coatings. EP 0 142 418 B1, EP 0 905 279 A1 and EP 0 995 816 A1 describe chromate/phosphate-based coatings. EP 1 096 040 A2 describes a phosphate/borate-based coating, and EP 0 933 446 B1 describes a phosphate/permanganate-based coating. The coatings described use particle additions with particle sizes of >1 μm. Therefore, the coatings have layer structures with grain sizes of over 1 μm. To obtain a smooth blade or vane outer surface, therefore, a particularly suitable outer coating, known as the top coat, is applied above a primer layer, known as the base coat, of this type.

Material composition for producing a coating for a component made from a metallic base material, and coated metallic component


A handwritten word is transcribed into a list of possibly correct transcriptions of the handwritten word. The list contains a number of text words, and this list is compared with previously stored set of lists of text words. Based on a metric, one or more nearest neighbor lists are selected from the set. A decision is made, according to a number of combination rules, as to which text word in the nearest neighbor lists or the recently transcribed list is the best transcription of the handwritten word. This best transcription is selected as the appropriate text word transcription of the handwritten word. The selected word is compared to a true transcription of the selected word Machine learning techniques are used when the selected and true transcriptions differ. The machine learning techniques create or update rules that are used to determine which text word of the nearest neighbor lists or the recently transcribed list is the correct transcription of the handwritten word.

Despite extensive research in handwriting recognition, satisfactory recognition accuracy still remains elusive. This is particularly true for unconstrained handwriting. Unconstrained handwriting occurs, for example, in handwritten recognition systems that are used to transcribe notes. For this type of unconstrained handwriting, handwriting recognition applications have to deal with users who are free to use any combination of printing and cursive writing. Additionally, people taking notes often write hurriedly, often write at a slant, and may not complete certain characters that should be completed. Thus, unconstrained handwriting recognition is quite hard
Another reason for the lack of satisfactory recognition accuracy is the tremendous variability that exists between writing styles of individuals. Since one cannot know in advance the style of writing that an individual may have, one must either attempt to make a "universal" recognizer that can recognize any writing style, or make a system that can adapt to the particular style of a writer. Both systems exist and each has its own benefits and detriments. For example, universal recognizers tend to work better in locations where a large number of people use the recognition system, while adaptive recognizers tend to work well when only a single per son uses the recognition system.
A detriment to both of these systems is that they are initially designed to perform a fixed set of functions. For instance, if a vendor has a particular recognizer, it is generally impractical or impossible to add any type of adaptive functionality to the recognizer. Moreover, if a system is adaptive, there is generally no way to use a different recognition engine with the system. Finally, adaptive learning techniques still deal with inherent imperfections in a handwritten recognizer. There are few techniques that help to correct errors caused by the statistical structure of handwriting recognizers. For example, if a person consistently writes the word "cat," a handwriting recognizer might consistently transcribe this handwritten word into "cut." This is accurate in a statistical sense, as the handwriting recognizer is always outputting the same word, but is an inaccurate transcription of the handwritten word. There are relatively few systems that can collect this error.
There is, therefore, a need for techniques that allow adaptive learning for currently existing handwriting recognition systems and that use the statistical structure of handwriting recognizers to correct transcription errors.

Handwritten word recognition using nearest neighbor techniques that allow adaptive learning

International Business Machines Corporation


A portable collapsible stand includes first, second, and third support frames, a work surface frame, and a telescoping strut pivotably connected to the first and work surface frames. The second frame projects perpendicularly from a lower portion of the first frame. A first end of the third frame is rotatably connected to an upper portion of the first frame such that the third frame pivots from a first parallel position to a second perpendicular position with respect to the first frame. An upper portion of the work surface frame is rotatably connected to the upper portion of the first frame. In operation, the stand can assume a collapsed position in which the first, third and work surface frames are generally parallel, and an operating position in which the third frame and first frame are perpendicular and the work surface frame and surface supporting the stand are parallel.

Portable collapsible stands have many uses such as providing portable work surfaces, supporting tools, minimizing storage space requirements, and increasing the mobility of objects that are difficult to move. Such stands are particularly useful in the construction industry where portability of tools is desirable, often leading to increases in work efficiency and ultimate cost savings. Generally, the heavier a tool is, the more awkward it is to transport not only to and from, but also, around project sites.
Where a tool is attached to a collapsible stand, the weight of the combined unit is generally centered about the tool, which is often positioned on the top of the stand. Because of the high center of gravity, such positioning increases awkwardness and the tendency to tip over while transporting and handling the tool. Moving such a tool leads not only to increased safety concerns for the tool operator, but also to a likely decrease in work quality. A tool-stand combination with a high center of gravity is not only less stable, but also more difficult to set up and break down.
Existing conventional portable collapsible stands suffer from the foregoing shortcomings in that they are generally not easily transportable and do not provide a stable surface for the tool they are to support. Existing devices are also generally not easily set up for operation or broken down for transport or storage.


An all-purpose/all-terrain tripodal stroller suitable for urban and rural or recreational and fitness related activities, including street strolling and shopping, or jogging and off-road hiking and strolling. An improved stroller chassis design with high ground clearance yet low center of gravity, maximizing collapsibility yet minimizing total size of vehicle envelope. When folding, the improved chassis allows the front wheel to pivot rearward until in alignment with both rear wheels, while the variable height steering handle folds down around central wheel. All pivot points engaged while collapsing are cantilevered out of plane with support members, which minimizes all scissoring and pinching actions between all framing members.

Over the last few years, several 3-wheeled strollers have entered the market claiming various "all-terrain" features and/or recreational and fitness related capabilities.
All of these designs benefit from the inherent stability of tripodal wheeled contact points over variable terrain. But several salient structural limitations common to all of them limits the quality and versatility of their performance.
The numerous modes of use that modern stroller designs attempt to satisfy have branched into several specialized areas of usefulness. Two primary fields of use are: Street or "urban" use, with an emphasis on light, compact and collapsible design; and "rural" or recreational and fitness/jogging/all-terrain use, with an emphasis on larger wheels and tripodal wheel configurations, to mitigate the effects of uneven or unpaved ground.
The present invention incorporates many of the super light and compact folding features of traditional "urban" stroller and buggy designs, with the durable and mobility enhancing advantages of the so-called "jogging" or "all-terrain" strollers, which are more suitable in suburban and rural environments, into a single unitary design. This Urban and All-Terrain Stroller not only brings these fields of use together, but also substantially improves vehicle performance in both it's urban/street and recreational/rural modes.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,953,880 (Sudakoff), 5,029,891 (Jacobs), 5,123,670 (Chen), 5,176,395 (Garforth-Bles), 5,224,720 (Chaw), 5,076,599 (Lockett), and 5,188,389 (Baechler), all embody three-wheeled strollers. All have chassis designs with similar support frameworks that define a rigid triangular or T-shaped structural "plane," parallel to the ground, the height or ground clearance of which is generally determined by the height of the wheel axis above the ground. They also have a solid axle, in the above-stated plane, along the axis generally defined by the two rear wheels.
These common features share distinct limitations: 1) the chassis' ground clearance is limited by the height of the wheel axis, necessitating a larger wheel to provide adequate ground clearance; 2) the total center of gravity of a seated child is moved upward, because all cross supports and framing must occur above the defining plane determined by the height of the wheel axis (necessitating a larger vehicle envelope, and a longer and/or broader "foot-print" of contact points with the ground, to achieve desired stability), and; 3) a solid, uninterrupted structural element or "axle" between the two rear wheels precludes the possibility of having all three wheels, in a collapsed mode, aligned along a single axis, which is most desirable for both maximal collapsing performance, and ease of mobility, transport and storage while stroller is collapsed.
While attempting to comprehensively address the very specific and narrow design considerations related to recreational, fitness, and "all-terrain" stroller use, these strollers actually do so in a way that limits their utility to their own specialty design niche, precluding practical use in all-purpose and/or urban applications. These strollers all incorporate similar design short-comings, with minor changes, evidencing a failure to embark on a comprehensive design revision and functional solution.
It has long been recognized that accidental collapse, and the scissoring and pinching action associated with collapsing strollers, are two of the most injury and liability prone aspects of all stroller designs, but very little has been done to comprehensively address these significant flaws.
Further, most strollers that can provide both upright and reclined seat positions do so in a way that necessitates moving the load center of gravity outward, usually toward the rear, increasingly moving the load weight away from the vehicle's and vehicle load's center of gravity. In the preferred embodiment of the present vehicle, the reclined position is achieved by shifting the child's weight slightly forward and down, increasing the vehicle and vehicle load stability by moving the weight further inside the vehicle envelope, and farther within the "footprint" of the three wheels.
Accordingly, several objects and advantages of the present invention specifically address the broad failures of preexisting three-wheel designs while incorporating numerous other functional advantages that will become apparent from the following description of a preferred embodiment.


Using a model calculation, desired changes in the yaw rate .DELTA..phi. and the transverse acceleration .DELTA.y are determined from a small change actually made in the steering angle and are compared to measured quantities .DELTA..phi..sub.F and .DELTA.y.sub.F determined on the vehicle. The deviations of the actual values of yaw rate and transverse acceleration from the calculated values are weighted using predetermined weighting factors for the relative importance of yaw rate and transverse acceleration and supplied with factors dependent on the individual wheel; finally, the values relating to the same wheel are added. They represent desired changes in the brake slip values and a controller finally converts these into brake slip value changes.

As is known, vehicle dynamics are influenced by the forces exerted on the tires of the vehicle by the roadway. It is known that, when the vehicle is braking, the skew running stiffness of the tires depends on the brake slips of the tires. In general, the skew running stiffness of the tires decreases with increasing brake slip.
For guiding the vehicle, cornering forces on the tires are necessary. For the yawing dynamics of the vehicle, yawing moments on the vehicle are necessary. These yawing moments can be caused both by the braking forces and by the cornering forces. For the yawing movement of the vehicle, the braking forces are thus important for two reasons. Firstly because the braking forces can exert a yawing moment on the vehicle and secondly because the braking forces can influence the yawing moment of the cornering forces (indirectly via the brake slip) by changing the skew running stiffness.


A Method and System for Tuning the Effect of Vehicle Characteristics on Risk Prediction is disclosed. The system many incorporate many of those driver risk assessment system features previously disclosed by Assignee's Prior Applications. The present system provides a major functional distinction from those prior systems by adding the feature of real-time tuning of the risk assessment/prediction/analysis system in response to ongoing changes in vehicle motion characteristics. Specifically, system monitors the vehicle center of gravity for changes on a real-time basis, and then adjusts the risk prediction/assessment/analysis system responsively. The system executes an initialization feature that implements an initial, or series of initial vehicular motion profiles at the commencement of either a driving trip of the system being powered up. A catalog or index of “standardized” motion profiles are accessible for initial comparison to actual vehicle motion characteristics in order to streamline the tuning of the driver risk analysis system. The system determines if and when an offset in Center of Gravity (i.e. from where initialized) has occurred, after which the system responsively tunes the driver risk assessment/prediction/analysis/reporting system.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to systems for analyzing driving events and risk and, more specifically, to a Method and System for Tuning the Effect of Vehicle Characteristics on Risk Prediction.
2. Description of Related Art
The surveillance, analysis and reporting of vehicular accidents and "events" has, for some time, been the focus of numerous inventive and commercial efforts. These systems seek to monitor a vehicle's condition while being driven by a driver, and then record and report whenever a "hazardous" condition is detected. What vehicle (and/or driver) symptoms are to constitute a "hazardous" event or condition is defined in the context of a particular monitoring system. Each system will monitor one or more sensor devices located in the vehicle (e.g. shock sensors, location sensors, attitude/orientation sensors, sound sensors), and will generally apply a threshold alarm level (of a variety of levels of sophistication) to the sensor(s) output to assign an event or a non-event. Prior systems of note include the following patents and printed publications: Guensler; et al., US2007/0216521 describes a "Real-time Traffic Citation Probability Display System and Method" incorporates environmental factors and geocentric risk elements to determine driver risk of citation in real-time. Gunderson, et al., US2007/0257804 describes a "System and Method for Reducing Driving Risk with Foresight." The Gunderson system and method introduces driver coaching into the driver risk analysis system and method. Warren, et al., US2007/0027726 is a system for "Calculation of Driver Score Based on Vehicle Operation for Forward-looking Insurance Premiums." Warren calculates insurance premiums using geomapping to subdivide underwriting areas. Gunderson, et al., US2007/0271105 is a "System and Method for Reducing Risk with Hindsight" that provides forensic analysis of a vehicle accident, including video of the driver and area in front of the vehicle. Gunderson, et al., US2007/0268158 is a "System and Method for Reducing Risk with Insight." This Gunderson method and system monitors driving for the purpose of analyzing and reporting events on a driver-centric basis. Gunderson, et al, US2007/0257815 is a "System and Method for Taking Risk out of Driving," and introduces the creation of a driver coaching session as part of the driving monitoring system. Warren, et al., US2006/0253307 describes "Calculation of Driver Score based on Vehicle Operation" in order to assess driver risk based upon a vehicle/driver geolocation and duration in risky locations. Warren, et al., US20060053038 is related to the '307 Warren, that further includes activity parameters in determining driver risk. Kuttenberger, et al., is a "Method and Device for Evaluating Driving Situations." This system does calculate driving risk based upon accelerometers and other vehicle characteristics. Finally, Kuboi, et al. is a "Vehicle Behavior Analysis System" that includes GPS, video and onboard triggers for notification/storing/uploading data related to the vehicle behavior.
A detailed review of each of these prior systems has been conducted, and while each and every one of them discloses what is purported to be a novel system for vehicle risk monitoring, reporting and/or analysis, none of these prior systems suggests a system that uses real-time monitoring of the vehicle center of gravity in order to continuously "tune" the onboard vehicle risk sensing and risk predicting systems.

Method and system for tuning the effect of vehicle characteristics on risk prediction


A technique and system protects documents at rest and in motion using declarative policies and encryption. Encryption in the system is provided transparently and can work in conjunction with policy enforcers installed at a system. A system can protect information or documents from: (i) insider theft; (ii) ensure confidentiality; and (iii) prevent data loss, while enabling collaboration both inside and outside of a company.

The present invention relates to the field of information or document management, and more specifically, to protecting documents at rest and in motion using declarative policies and encryption.
Computers have evolved to become repositories for information from all aspects of life, including society's personal and business matters. These vast stores of knowledge are easily accessible through a variety of convenient methods, such as through a network connection. But as reliance on computers has grown, so has the need to keep information, particularly sensitive information, out of the hands of those who may abuse it.
In the business realm, an information management system addresses this need to protect sensitive or high-value information. Some common business challenges that companies look to address are: (i) insider theft—protecting intellectual property from being stolen by personnel working within an organization (e.g., theft by employees, theft by contractors); (ii) external sharing—controlling intellectual property shared with partners or customers; (iii) confidentiality—preserving the confidentiality around sensitive or secret projects; and (iv) external collaboration—limiting third-party use of data.
While these business challenges may seem straight forward, there are many operational or functional challenges associated with implementing an information management system. Some of these operational and functional challenges include classifying information, handling of different data types, controlling access to information, controlling use of information, making information available to users, protecting information at-rest, in-transit and in-distribution, and managing policies and information being managed.
Therefore, there is a need for improved information management systems.

Protecting information using policies and encryption