An irrigated catheter with uniform cooling and/or uniform fluid distribution in longitudinally spaced apart elution holes by varying the diameter of a fluid delivery lumen. A number of elution holes are provided in a tip region of a catheter body, and these elution holes are in fluid communication with the lumen through ducts. The fluid delivery lumen may be provided with a flow constrictor to restrict flow of fluid towards the distal region.

Ablation catheters using RF (radio frequency) energy are known. A typical ablation catheter has electrodes located at the catheter tip and delivers RF energy to ablate selected tissue areas in a patient. For example, patients with arrhythmia experience irregular heart beats caused by arrhythmogenic electrical signals generated in cardiac tissues. Such patients may be treated by ablating those cardiac tissues that generate such unintended electrical signals with RF energy. With the help of sensing and mapping tools, an electrophysiologist can determine the region of cardiac tissue targeted for ablation. Once determined, a catheter tip having one or more electrodes is positioned over the targeted tissue. Then, the user sends RF energy from the generator to the electrodes, creating sufficient heat to damage the targeted tissue. By damaging and scarring the targeted tissue, aberrant electrical signal generation or transmission is interrupted.
Application of curative energy is currently performed endocardially with the objective of reaching the epicardium to create a fully transmural lesion. This is important in all arrhythmias especially during ablation for atrial fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia. In the former case, transmural lesions are required to create conduction block to isolate relevant structures while in the latter case the arrhythmogenic substrate is located often in the epicardial layer of ventricular walls. Delivery of the energy is limited by the increase of temperature at the interface between catheter tip and endocardial surface and there is a good correlation between thrombus formation and high temperature. A temperature sensor is typically provided near the tip of the catheter so the user may monitor the operating temperature to ensure that overheating does not occur in the catheter tip and in the surrounding tissues. One known solution to prevent overheating is by having an irrigation system embedded within the catheter. In brief, a typical irrigation system includes a delivery lumen inside of the catheter body to supply cooling fluid, such a saline, from a pump to the catheter tip. An irrigation system may internally irrigate the catheter tip, where the cooling fluid circulates within the catheter tip. Another type of irrigation system delivers cooling fluid from within the catheter tip to the outside of the catheter tip which also cools the surrounding tissues. Catheters with an irrigated tip allow the delivery of more energy with a lower temperature at the tissue/catheter interface thus minimizing thrombus formation while maximizing deep lesion creation in the tissue. Despite numerous desirable properties, however, known irrigated catheters have several disadvantages. For example, because the temperature of the catheter tip region can vary depending on factors such as its proximity to an electrode and irrigation duct, it is difficult to monitor and ensure that all heated surfaces along the catheter tip are adequately cooled. Often the catheter tip is positioned not perpendicularly to the tissue but tangentially to increase the tip/tissue contact area as for example during ablation of the inferior part of the right sided pulmonary vein. In this situation and in every other situation where a tip side/tissue contact is required, a uniform cooling of the catheter tip would further reduce thrombus formation while allowing development of larger electrodes to more efficiently deliver energy for ablation. In this way the entire electrode surface can be used to ablate a pathological tissue without overheating any portion of the catheter tip and causing thrombus formation.
Thus, there is still a need for irrigated ablation catheter where the irrigation pattern is controlled to provide desired relative uniform cooling to the catheter tip and/or surrounding tissues.
All referenced patents, applications and literatures are incorporated herein by which is incorporated by reference herein is inconsistent or contrary to the definition of that term provided herein, the definition of that term provided herein applies and the definition of that term in the reference does not apply. The contemplated embodiments may seek to satisfy one or more of the above-mentioned desire. Although the present invention may obviate one or more of the above-mentioned desires, it should be understood that some aspects of the invention might not necessarily obviate them.

Irrigated catheter with improved fluid flow

ST. JUDE MEDICAL, ATRIAL FIBRILLATION DIVISION, INC.


MicroRNA genes are highly associated with chromosomal features involved in the etiology of different cancers. The perturbations in the genomic structure or chromosomal architecture of a cell caused by these cancer-associated chromosomal features can affect the expression of the miR gene(s) located in close proximity to that chromosomal feature. Evaluation of miR gene expression can therefore be used to indicate the presence of a cancer-causing chromosomal lesion in a subject. As the change in miR gene expression level caused by a cancer-associated chromosomal feature may also contribute to cancerigenesis, a given cancer can be treated by restoring the level of miR gene expression to normal. microRNA expression profiling can be used to diagnose cancer and predict whether a particular cancer is associated with an adverse prognosis. The identification of specific mutations associated with genomic regions that harbor miR genes in CLL patients provides a means for diagnosing CLL and possibly other cancers.

Taken as a whole, cancers are a significant source of mortality and morbidity in the U.S. and throughout the world. However, cancers are a large and varied class of diseases with diverse etiologies. Researchers therefore have been unable to develop treatments or diagnostic tests which cover more than a few types of cancer.
For example, cancers are associated with many different classes of chromosomal features. One such class of chromosomal features are perturbations in the genomic structure of certain genes, such as the deletion or mutation of tumor suppressor genes. The activation of proto-oncogenes by gene amplification or promoter activation (e.g., by viral integration), epigenetic modifications (e.g., a change in DNA methylation) and chromosomal translocations can also cause cancerigenesis. Such perturbations in the genomic structure which are involved in the etiology of cancers are called "cancer-associated genomic regions" or "CAGRs."
Chromosomal fragile sites are another class of chromosomal feature implicated in the etiology of cancers. Chromosomal fragile sites are regions of genomic DNA which show an abnormally high occurrence of gaps or breaks when DNA synthesis is perturbed during metaphase. These fragile sites are categorized as "rare" or "common." As their name suggests, rare fragile sites are uncommon. Such sites are associated with di- or tri-nucleotide repeats, can be induced in metaphase chromosomes by folic acid deficiency, and segregate in a Mendelian manner. An exemplary rare fragile site is the Fragile X site.
Common fragile sites are revealed when cells are grown in the presence of aphidocolin or 5-azacytidine, which inhibit DNA polymerase. At least eighty-nine common fragile sites have been identified, and at least one such site is found on every human chromosome. Thus, while their function is poorly understood, common fragile sites represent a basic component of the human chromosome structure.
Induction of fragile sites in vitro leads to increased sister-chromatid exchange and a high rate of chromosomal deletions, amplifications and translocations, while fragile sites have been colocalized with chromosome breakpoints in vivo. Also, most common fragile sites studied in tumor cells contain large, intra-locus deletions or translocations, and a number of tumors have been identified with deletions in multiple fragile sites. Chromosomal fragile sites are therefore mechanistically involved in producing many of the chromosomal lesions commonly seen in cancer cells.
Cervical cancer, which is the second leading cause of female cancer mortality worldwide, is highly associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Indeed, sequences from the HPV16 or HPV18 viruses are found in cells from nearly every cervical tumor cell examined. In malignant forms of cervical cancer, the HPV genome is found integrated into the genome of the cancer cells. HPV preferentially integrates in or near common chromosomal fragile sites. HPV integration into a host cell genome can cause large amplification, deletions or rearrangements near the integration site. Expression of cellular genes near the HPV integration site can therefore be affected, which may contribute to the oncogenesis of the infected cell. These sites of HPV integration into a host cell genome are therefore considered another class of chromosomal feature that is associated with a cancer.
Homeobox genes are a conserved family of regulatory genes that contain the same 183-nucleotide sequence, called the "homeobox." The homeobox genes encode nuclear transcription factors called "homeoproteins," which regulate the expression of numerous downstream genes important in development. The homeobox sequence itself encodes a 61 amino acid "homeodomain" that recognizes and binds to a specific DNA binding motif in the target developmental genes. Homeobox genes are categorized as "class I" or "clustered" homeobox genes, which regulate antero-posterior patterning during embryogenesis, or "class II" homeobox genes, which are dispersed throughout the genome. Altogether, the homeobox genes account for more than 0.1% of the vertebrate genome.
The homeobox genes are believed to "decode" external inductive stimuli that signal a given cell to proceed down a particular developmental lineage. For example, specific homeobox genes might be activated in response to various growth factors or other external stimuli that activate signal transduction pathways in a cell. The homeobox genes then activate and/or repress specific programs of effector or developmental genes (e.g., morphogenetic molecules, cell-cycle regulators, pro- or anti-apoptotic proteins, etc.) to induce the phenotype "ordered" by the external stimuli. The homeobox system is clearly highly coordinated during embryogenesis and morphogenesis, but appears to be dysregulated during oncogenesis. Such dysregulation likely occurs because of disruptions in the genomic structure or chromosomal architecture surrounding the homeobox genes or gene clusters. The homeobox genes or gene clusters are therefore considered yet another chromosomal feature which are associated with cancers.
Micro RNAs (miRs) are naturally-occurring 19 to 25 nucleotide transcripts found in over one hundred distinct organisms, including fruit flies, nematodes and humans. The miRs are typically processed from 60- to 70-nucleotide foldback RNA precursor structures, which are transcribed from the miR gene. The miR precursor processing reaction requires Dicer RNase III and Argonaute family members (Sasaki et al. (2003), Genomics 82, 323-330). The miR precursor or processed miR products are easily detected, and an alteration in the levels of these molecules within a cell can indicate a perturbation in the chromosomal region containing the miR gene.
To date, at least 222 separate miR genes have been identified in the human genome. Two miR genes (miR15a and miR16a) have been localized to a homozygously deleted region on chromosome 13 that is correlated with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (Calin et al. (2002), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99:15524-29), and the miR-143/miR145 gene cluster is downregulated in colon cancer (Michael et al. (2003), Mol. Cancer Res. 1:882-91). However, the distribution of miR genes throughout the genome, and the relationship of the miR genes to the diverse chromosomal features discussed herein, has not been systematically studied.
A method for reliably and accurately diagnosing, or for screening individuals for a predisposition to, cancers associated with such diverse chromosomal features as CAGRs, fragile sites, HPV integration sites and homeobox genes is needed. A method of treating cancers associated with these diverse chromosomal features is also highly desired.

Diagnosis and treatment of cancers with microRNA located in or near cancer associated chromosomal features


A charge control device includes a control circuit configured to monitor a charge voltage and a charge current of a battery and perform output feedback control upon the charge voltage and the charge current to thereby achieve constant voltage charge or constant current charge of the battery; and an adjusting circuit configured to adjust the output feedback control of the control circuit based on charge state information of the battery obtained by a gas gauge device.

Charge accuracy (generally, about ±1.0%) of a battery has been determined by the performance of a charge control device (for example, a charge control IC or a system IC having charge control function) only.
However, it is difficult to completely eliminate manufacture variations (variation of temperature characteristics, variation of package stress, variation of implementation stress, etc.) of the charge control device. Therefore, there is a limit to enhance the charge accuracy of the battery by the charge control device only.

Charge control device and electronic apparatus using the same


A display device having multiple viewing zones includes a display panel including a plurality of pixels in a matrix form, each pixel including red, green and blue sub-pixels arranged in a vertical direction; and a light guide panel guiding a first image emitted from the pixels in first columns among the plurality of pixels to a first viewing zone and a second image emitted from the pixels in second columns among the plurality of pixels to a second viewing zone, wherein the first column is adjacent to the second column.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a display device having multiple viewing zones.
2. Discussion of the Related Art
In general, display devices display an image in common over viewing directions, and viewers watch the same image through the display device. This type of display device has disadvantage when viewers want to watch different images. Recently, a navigation device has had multiple functions such as a navigation mode, an image display mode, and the like. When the navigation mode is operated, one at a passenger seat who wants to watch like moving images could not do. Accordingly, recently, multi-view mode display devices, which can simultaneously display multiple images at multiple viewing zones, have been suggested to provide viewers with different images according to different viewing zones. FIG. 1 is a schematic view illustrating a multi-view mode display device having dual viewing zones according to the related art.
Referring to FIG. 1, the display device 1 according to the related art includes a display panel 10 and a parallax barrier 20. The display panel 10 includes a plurality of sub-pixels SP. The parallax barrier 20 includes a transmissive portion T and a blocking portion B arranged alternately in order that different sub-pixels SP are selectively viewed according to positions. Accordingly, viewers u1 and u2 at different viewing zones see different images.
The parallax barrier 20 selectively passes and blocks lights so that the left viewer u1 at a first viewing zone sees lights from sub-pixels SP displaying left image data L among lights from all sub-pixels SP while the right viewer u2 at a second viewing zone sees lights from sub-pixels SP displaying right image data R among lights from all sub-pixels SP.
An image displayed through the multi-view mode display device displaying multiple images has a resolution less than through an image displayed by a single view mode display device displaying an image in common. For example, the dual view mode display device is supplied with two original image data. Each original image data supplied have data amounts to be displayed through the single view mode display device. However, to simultaneously display dual images through the dual view mode display device, each original image data are sampled and have a data amount less than an original data amount, and the dual view mode display device displays the dual images with the two sampled image data. Accordingly, the viewer can not see some parts not sampled out of the original image, and resolution of the image viewed through the dual view mode display device is reduced.
FIG. 2 is a view illustrating a method of inputting first and second original image data into a display panel of a dual view mode display device according to the related art. In FIG. 2, each of the first and second original image data inputted to the display device is shown in a matrix form in view of mapping each of the first and second original image data into a single view mode display device. It is assumed that each of the first and second original image data have pixel image data of 6*3 in horizontal and vertical pixel resolutions, and the display panel has pixels of 6*3 in horizontal and vertical pixel resolutions and 18*3 in horizontal and vertical sub-pixel resolutions.
Referring to FIG. 2, the display panel (10 of FIG. 1) of the dual view mode the display device (1 of FIG. 1) includes a plurality of pixels arranged in horizontal and vertical directions. Each pixel includes red (R), green (G) and blue (B) sub-pixels arranged in a horizontal direction. Sub-pixels R, G or B having the same color are arranged in a vertical direction. The pixel has a square shape, and the sub-pixel has a rectangular shape having a ratio of width to length, 1:3.
The display panel has the same configuration of the pixels and sub-pixels as the configuration of each of the first and second original image pixel and sub-pixel data, the display panel should have image data sampled among each of the first and second original image data. For example, sub-pixels at odd (o) columns with respect to sub-pixel of the display panel are supplied with image data sampled among the first original image data for a first viewing zone. Further, sub-pixels at even (e) columns with respect to sub-pixel of the display panel are supplied with image data sampled among the second original image data for a second viewing zone.
Accordingly, half of each of the first original image data and the second original image data are selected and inputted to the corresponding sub-pixels. For example, image data at odd columns with respect to sub-pixel among the first original image data are selected and inputted to the sub-pixels at odd columns with respect to sub-pixel of the display panel while image data at even columns with respect to sub-pixel among the second original image data are selected and inputted to the sub-pixels at even columns with respect to sub-pixel of the display panel. Accordingly, the display panel simultaneously displays dual images through the sub-pixels at odd and even columns, respectively.
FIGS. 3A and 3B are views illustrating first and second images viewed at first and second viewing zones, respectively, using the display device according to the related art.
Referring to FIGS. 3A and 3B, since the parallax barrier (20 of FIG. 1) is located on the display panel, the sub-pixels at odd columns supplied with the sampled first original image data are viewed at the first viewing zone while the sub-pixels at even columns supplied with the sampled second original image data are viewed at the second viewing zone.
At each of the first and second viewing zones, one of adjacent two sub-pixels of the display panel is viewed. Accordingly, a pixel of an image viewed at each viewing zone seems to have an area occupied by six sub-pixels in a horizontal direction. Accordingly, a vertical resolution of the image viewed at each viewing zone is the same as the vertical resolution of the original image. However, a horizontal resolution of the image is half of the horizontal resolution of the original image. Accordingly, resolution of the image viewed at each viewing angle is reduced sharply. In other words, each of the first and second original images has a resolution of 6*3 while each of the images viewed at the first and second viewing zones has a resolution of 3*3. The horizontal resolution is reduced more as the display device has more viewing zones.
FIG. 4 is a view illustrating a method of attaching a parallax barrier to a display panel according to the related art.
Referring to FIG. 4, a display panel 10 includes first and second substrates 11 and 12. A parallax barrier 20 is attached to the second substrate 12 of the display panel 10. To transmit multiple images to corresponding viewing zones, a predetermined thickness of the second substrate, which is a distance between the pixels of the display panel 10 and the parallax barrier 20, is required. The distance between the pixels and the parallax barrier 20 is proportional to a pitch i.e., a distance between sub-pixels in a horizontal direction for the same viewing zone. The pitch in the related art, for example, a distance by two sub-pixels as shown in FIG. 2 is very short. Accordingly, the short distance between the pixels and the parallax barrier 20 i.e, the small thickness of the second substrate 12 is required, and the second substrate 12 is required to be removed much. Further, as the display device have recently had the high definition, the second 12 is required to have the smaller thickness and to be removed more. However, since a process of removing the second substrate made of a material such as glass is very difficult, many problems occur as removing amount of the second substrate 12 increases. For example, when a polishing method is used to remove the top portion of the second substrate 12 shown as a dashed line in FIG. 4, uniformity of removing is reduced and the removed surface of the second substrate 12 is uneven. Accordingly, transmissive and blocking portions TA and BA of the parallax barrier 20 may be located at undesired position, and thus desired images may not be transmitted to the corresponding zones. Further, some portions are excessively removed, and thus holes sometimes occur.
Further, protruded portion of the first substrate 11, at which a pad portion connected to a driving circuit is located, has defect or loss during the removing process.
Further, since the remaining thickness of the second substrate 12 is very thin, a breakage of the second substrate 12 occurs when pressure is applied to attach the parallax barrier 20 to the display panel 10.

Display device having multiple viewing zones and converting horizontally-arranged RGB subpixel data for output on square-shaped vertically-arranged RGB subpixels


Arrangements relate to a data storage system. The data storage system can include a data storage tape. The data storage tape can be arranged in a concertina format. In such a format, the data storage tape can include a plurality of tape segments. Each tape segment can be separated from a neighboring tape segment by a fold. In some arrangements, the data storage tape arranged in a concertina format can be received within a housing.

Arrangements described herein relate to tape-based data storage systems.
Current demands for Random Access data storage have been met by hard disk-based systems. Recently, business data requirements have increased dramatically; consequently, there has been significant growth in the amount of data storage needed. However, current technology has not been able to increase hard disk density to keep pace with the increasing data storage demands in order to provide a cost effective solution.
Data can be stored on a tape-based storage system. There has been relatively little development of tape-based data storage system over the last 30 years. Recent advances in tape using barium ferrite can store up to 35 TB of data in a space of 10 centimeters by 10 centimeters by 2 centimeters. Despite the ability for providing such high density, this type of medium only allows data access using sequential read/write methods. In such methods, tape is streamed from one spool to another spool and either written or read during this spooling process. It is not possible to advance to a particular location on the tape and access the data without waiting for a period of time for the system to spool to the desired location on the tape. This period of time can be particularly lengthy if the data is at or near the end of the tape.

Data storage tape with random access data


A system and method are provided to facilitate dual damascene interconnect integration with two imprint acts. The method provides for creation of a pair of translucent imprint molds containing the dual damascene pattern to be imprinted. The first imprint mold of the pair contains the via features of the dual damascene pattern and the second imprint mold of the pair contains the trench features. The via feature imprint mold is brought into contact with a first imaging layer deposited upon a first transfer layer which is deposited upon a dielectric layer of a substrate. The trench feature imprint mold is brought into contact with a second imaging layer deposited upon a second transfer layer which is deposited upon the first imaging layer of the substrate. When each imaging layer is exposed to a source of illumination, it cures with a structure matching the features of the corresponding imprint mold. A sequence of etches transfer and combine the via features from the first imaging layer with the trenches from the second imaging layer to create the dual damascene openings within the dielectric layer.

In the semiconductor industry, there is a continuing trend toward higher device densities. To achieve these high densities there have been, and continue to be, efforts toward scaling down device dimensions (e.g., at sub-micron levels) on semiconductor wafers. In order to accomplish such high device packing densities, smaller and smaller feature sizes are required. This includes the width and spacing of interconnecting lines, spacing and diameter of contact holes, and the surface geometry, such as corners and edges, of various features. The dimensions of and between such small features can be referred to as critical dimensions. With an ever increasing number of integrated circuit features being formed on a circuit die, the importance of properly designing patterns to form structures that are isolated and non-interfering with one another has also increased.
The requirement of small features with close spacing between adjacent features requires high resolution lithographic processes. In general, lithography refers to processes for pattern transfer between various media. It is a technique used for integrated circuit fabrication in which a silicon structure is coated uniformly with a radiation-sensitive film (the resist or lithographic coating) and an exposing source (such as optical light, x-rays, or an electron beam) illuminates selected areas of the surface through an intervening master template. The intervening master template is generally known as a mask, photomask, or reticle for a particular pattern. The lithographic coating is generally a radiation-sensitive coating suitable for receiving a projected image of the subject pattern. Once the image is projected, it is indelibly formed in the coating. The projected image may be either a negative image or a positive image of the subject pattern. Exposure of the coating through a reticle, mask or photomask causes the image area to become either more or less soluble (depending on the coating) in a particular solvent developer. The more soluble areas are removed in the developing process to leave the pattern image in the coating as less soluble polymer.
The process of manufacturing semiconductors (e.g., integrated circuits, ICs, chips) employing masks typically consists of more than a hundred steps, during which hundreds of copies of an integrated circuit may be formed on a single wafer. Generally, the process involves creating several patterned layers on and into the substrate that ultimately forms the complete integrated circuit. The patterned layers are created, in part, by the light that passes through the masks. A series of lenses provides for reduction in size from the mask to the projected image onto the resist. The optical equipment for traditional photolithographic processes requires significant capital investment.
Imprint lithography (also know as nanoprint lithography, nanoprint, nanoimprint or nanoimprint lithography) technologies are emerging which provide an alternative in which the capital investment is significantly reduced in part because patterns are exposed through a 1:1 mask or mold in close proximity to the wafer. Imprint lithography is relatively inexpensive because it avoids costly optics, as well as cumbersome enhancement techniques like phase-shift masks. Capital cost for equipment is far less than typical step-and-scan or scan and repeat systems. Imprint lithography does not depend on costly optical elements; rather, the line width is determined by the mask or mold.
One advantage of imprint lithography is that the circuit designers do not need to be concerned about optical proximity correction which limits how patterns are placed on the mask. However, because imprint lithographic methods do not utilize the typical 4× optical reduction employed in conventional lithographic processes, the small feature sizes are more difficult to achieve. In order to produce devices with similar critical dimensions to conventional optical lithographic methods, new processes and techniques are required. Techniques which facilitate integration of three dimensional features in substrates can further extend the utility of imprint lithography.

System and method for imprint lithography to facilitate dual damascene integration with two imprint acts


There is provided a dual-band chip antenna module mounted on a mainboard of a terminal for operating in different frequency bands. In the dual-band chip antenna module, a first antenna element is connected in series with a second antenna element, a feed line is formed on the mainboard to electrically connect the first antenna element with an RF connector, and a radiation pattern is extended from the second antenna element. Therefore, the gain of the dual-band chip antenna module configured in series is increased to over twice that of a dual-band chip antenna module configured in parallel.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a surface mountable chip antenna module for a portable wireless terminal, and more particularly, to a dual-band chip antenna module having elements connected in series to allow a high-band antenna element to utilize a low-band antenna element, such that the antenna module can have an increased current distribution and gain and thereby have an improved radiation performance.
2. Background of the Prior Art
Recently, mobile wireless terminals, such as the Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), the Personal Communication Service (PCS) terminal, the Distributed Communication System (DCS) terminal, Global Positioning System (GPS) terminal, cellular phones and wireless notebook computers, are becoming more popular, and terminals with various functions and designs are being introduced. Further, small-sized, slim, and lightweight terminals are also being introduced, and at the same time the terminals are required to have various functions to satisfy user's demand. Therefore, the designs of the terminals are focused on size reduction while maintaining or improving the functions to satisfy the user's demand.
Specifically, a rod antenna (or whip antenna) and a helical antenna, which protrude outward from the terminal, are easy to break, and deteriorate the external appearance and portability of the terminal. Therefore, an antenna installed within the terminal is becoming more popular (and referred to as a built-in antenna, internal antenna, or intenna), and efforts are ongoing to improve the performance and productivity of the built-in antenna. There are two types of built-in antennas in common use: a planar inverted F antenna (PIFA) module having a feeding point and a ground point, and a chip antenna module suitable for mounting on a ceramic dielectric substance and having a copper coil the turns of which are adjusted according to the operating frequency of the terminal.
Since the chip antenna module is mounted on an RF mainboard of a terminal in the form of surface mounted device (SMD), it takes less space than the PIFA type antenna and thereby enables the terminal to have a slim, simple, and lightweight appearance.
The chip antenna module is commonly used for a dual-band terminal. That is, the dual-band terminal has two antenna elements mounted on its mainboard, for example, a low-band antenna element for a 900-MHz CDMA or GSM application and a high-band antenna element for an 1800-MHz PCS or DCS application.
The arrangement of the low-band and high-band antenna elements of the chip antenna module is disclosed in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/969,589, filed on Oct. 20, 2004, and assigned to the present assignee, in which an RF connector of a mainboard and two antenna elements of different frequency bands are connected in parallel, and a radiation plate is employed to improve a radiation characteristic of the antenna.


An apparatus of an aspect includes a plurality of cores and shared core extension logic coupled with each of the plurality of cores. The shared core extension logic has shared data processing logic that is shared by each of the plurality of cores. Instruction execution logic, for each of the cores, in response to a shared core extension call instruction, is to call the shared core extension logic. The call is to have data processing performed by the shared data processing logic on behalf of a corresponding core. Other apparatus, methods, and systems are also disclosed.

Field
Embodiments relate to processors. In particular, embodiments relate to processors having multiple cores.
Background Information
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a prior art processor 100. The processor has multiple cores 101. In particular, the illustrated processor has a core 0 101-0, a core 1 101-1, through a core M 101-M. By way of example, there may be two, four, seven, ten, sixteen, or any other appropriate number of cores. Each of the cores includes corresponding Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD) execution logic 102. In particular, core 0 includes SIMD execution logic 102-0, core 1 includes SIMD execution logic 102-1, and core M includes SIMD execution logic 102-M. That is, the SIMD execution logic is replicated per-core. Each SIMD execution logic is operable to process SIMD, vector, or packed data operands. Each of the operands may have multiple smaller data elements, such as 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit, or 64-bit data elements, which are packed together in the operands and processed in parallel by the SIMD execution logic.
In some processors, each of the SIMD execution logic may represent a relatively large amount of logic. For example, this may be the case when each of the SIMD execution logic is to process wide SIMD operands. Some processors are able to process vector or packed data operands having relatively wide widths, such as, for example, 128-bit operands, 256-bit operands, 512-bit operands, 1024-bit operands, or the like. Commonly, the SIMD execution logic needed to process such wide operands tends to be relatively large, to consume a relatively large amount of die area, to increase the cost of manufacturing the processor, and to consume a relatively large amount of power during use. Replicating the relatively large SIMD execution logic per-core tends to exacerbate such problems. Moreover, in many applications or workload scenarios, the replicated SIMD execution logic per-core tends to be underutilized at least some of the time. If the number of cores continues to increase in the future, such problems may become even more significant.
Still further, in the prior art processor of FIG. 1, each of the cores also has conventional flow control logic. In particular, core 0 has flow control logic 103-0, core 1 has flow control logic 103-1, and core M has flow control logic 103-M. Commonly, the flow control logic may be designed or optimized to cover a wide range of usage models, for example, introducing speculative execution. However, this generally tends to have a relatively small benefit for SIMD and various other high throughput computations, but tends to be accompanied by relatively high power consumption.

Processor having multiple cores, shared core extension logic, and shared core extension utilization instructions


An analog of sialic Lewis antigen prepared from native capsular polysaccharide of Klebsiella 63 bacteria.

Complex polysaccharides have a variety of industrial applications. Generally these molecules alter the physical properties----including viscosity and rheology----of fluid media in which they are suspended. Accordingly, complex polysaccharides are used as thickeners in the food industry, for suspending waste fragments in drilling or cutting operations, and as water soluble lubricants. Baird et al., "Industrial Applications Of Some New Microbial Polysaccharides," Biotechnology, November 1983, pp. 778-83. For similar reasons, complex polysaccharides are also used to reduce turbulence of fluid flow in pipelines and other containers. J.W. Hoyt, Drag Reduction In Polysaccharide Solutions, Trends In Biotechnology, 3, 17-20 (1985). The physics-chemical basis for these effects is not understood, id. although correlations between drag reduction and the extensional viscosity of polysaccharides have been reported. G.R. Petersen et al., "Rheologically Interesting Polysaccharides From Yeasts", Appl. Biochem. Biotech., 20/21, 845-67 (1989).
Because the basis for these useful properties of complex polysaccharides is not understood, the identification of useful complex polysaccharides requires screening of candidate polymers. Accordingly, it is desirable to develop methods for producing new candidate complex polysaccharides for evaluation.
Structurally altered capsular polysaccharides are produced by mutant bacteria. These polysaccharides are isolated by selecting a wild type bacterial strain and a phage producing degradative enzymes that have substrate specificity for the capsular polysaccharides produced by the wild type bacteria. Phage-resistant mutants producing capsular polysaccharides are selected and the structurally altered capsular poly saccharide is isolated therefrom.
The cells of many bacterial species specifically, gram negative bacteria----are surrounded by a glycocalyx also referred to as a capsular polysaccharide ("CPS") several hundred nanometers in thickness. The glycocalyx consists of a complex polysaccharide polymer that appears to be species specific. H. Geyer et al. "Degradation Of Bacterial Surface Carbohydrates By Virus-Associated Enzymes", Pure and Applied Chemistry, 55, pp. 673-85. Hence bacteria have proved to be an important source of complex polysaccharides. Baird et al. (1983). Bacteria are an especially desirable source of polysaccharides because of the purity and uniformity of the product.
Bacteriophage are viruses that infect bacteria. The viruses that infect bacteria encapsulated by a glycocalyx are specially adapted to penetrate the polysaccharide barrier. The tail fibers or spikes by which these viruses are seen to attach to bacteria contain enzymes----generally referred to as endoglycanases or endopolysaccharases----that degrade the glycocalyx. These enzymes exhibit a high degree of substrate specificity. Geyer et al, Pure and Applied Chemistry, 55, pp. 673-85.
According to the present invention, a strain of encapsulated bacteria and the specific phage which infects it are employed. The selected bacteria are optionally exposed to a mutagenic agent. Examples of useful mutagenic agents include radiation and chemical mutagens, such as nitrosoguanidine. The mutagenized bacterial cells are grown to a desired density, and then screened for resistance to phage that specifically degrade the glycocalyx of the wild type strain surviving bacteria are likely to have a glycocalyx with altered chemical structure. The CPS of the selected bacterial strains is harvested with enzymes derived from phage. The isolated CPS is purified by known techniques and degraded to oligomer by further treatment with phage enzymes.
In one embodiment of the present invention, we employed a strain Klebsiella pneumoniae that produces a capsular polysaccharide known as K63, and a phage ("K63 phage") that specifically degrades the same polysaccharide. We obtained Klebsielia pneumoniae strain 5845/52 from the World Health Organization. This strain produces the K63 capsular protein. The K63 CPS is a straight chain heteropolymer of fucose, galacuronic acid and galactose, linked, in that order by a 1-3 glycosidic linkages. The K63 phage enzymatically hydrolyzes the a 1-3 linkage between the galactose and fucose monomers. Both the nature of the CPS polymer and the mode of action of the K63 phage enzyme are representative, and support the general applicability of our method.
We selected mutants for further study that were either spontaneously generated or were induced by exposure to the mutagenic agents nitrosoguanidine or ultraviolet radiation. J.H. Miller, Experiments In Molecular Genetics (1972). Following treatment to induce mutation, cells were grown on DIFCO Nutrient Broth, supplemented with 1% glucose, at 30.degree. C., while rotated at 150 rpm. Cells were grown to early stationary phase (OD.sup.590 of approximately 3.5). Calcium chloride (0.1M) was added to stabilize the CPS matrix.
The fresh stationary phase culture, less than 2 hours old, contained approximately 2.5.times.10.sup.9 viable cells/ml. Phage 63 was added at a concentration sufficient to achieve a multiplicity of infection ("MOI") of between one and five. The culture was incubated at room temperature for about 10 minutes to permit phage to attach to the bacterial cells. The infected culture was then diluted 10 fold into fresh glucose supplemented nutrient broth and grown overnight to stationary phase. Phage resistant mutants were isolated as single colonies on petri dishes after streaking with the overnight culture of infected bacteria. Resistant colonies that did not form plaques were selected. Phage resistance of the selected colonies was confirmed by administration of a drop of phage/enzyme concentrate. The zone of lysis produced by the diffusion of the phage/enzyme concentrate was dramatically reduced for those strains with phage resistance when compared with wild type bacteria.
Mutants whose phage resistance was due to altered CPS were selected from among those phage resistant mutants already identified. The phage resistant colonies were grown for 5 to 7 days so that mucoid (CPS producing) and non-mucoid mutant colonies could be distinguished. The colonies were retested for phage resistance as before. Mucoid mutants that remained phage resistant were assumed to have altered CPS. Non-mucoid phage resistant mutants were assumed to be resistant for other reasons, for example, lacking virus receptor sites. Approximately 90% of the 5845/52 phage resistant mutants have altered CPS by this criterion.
In order to test the capacity of the altered CPS from mutant cells to affect Theological properties of aqueous media, we partially purified the CPS. The cultured mutant bacterial cells, like those produced by large-scale industrial fermentations, is resistant to high speed centrifugation. We succeeded in achieving substantial purification of the altered CPS using a concentrated extract of phage enzymes.
A concentrated mixture of CPS specific enzyme and phage fragments was prepared by preparing a phage lysate from stationary phase cultures, and concentrating the lysate 80 fold with an AMICON hollow fiber filter (HPI10), followed by dialysis to remove low molecular weight substances. The final concentration factor was 39. This material showed a 24-fold enhancement in enzymatic activity as determined by a reducing end sugar assay, as compared with crude phage lysate.
Phage/enzyme concentrate was added in small quantities----1 ml/liter----to cultures of mutant bacterial cells. This results in a rapid and dramatic reduction (>100 fold) in the viscosity of the culture media. Altered CPS was thereafter separated from the bacterial cells by low speed centrifugation at 20 degrees C. Immediately after centrifugation, the supernatant was precipitated by the addition of 4 volumes of isopropanol at 20 degrees C. We have also used cold ethanol in place of cold isopropanol. The resulting precipitate was rehydrated and extensively dialyzed against deionized water.
The CPS polymer obtained from wild-type K63 bacteria had an apparent molecular weight of 3.5.times.10 6 daltons. Digestion of this material with phage 63 enzyme reproducibly yielded a homogeneous monodisperse polysaccharide with a molecular weight of 9.0-105 daltons.
We measured the drag reduction produced by undigested CPS harvested from wild type and mutant K63 bacteria using a turbulent flow rheometer fabricated according to the design of Hoyt (J.W. Hoyt, Polymer Letts., 9, 851-62 (1971); J.W. Hoyt, "The Solution Properties Of Natural Polymers", The Chemical Society Special Publication, No. 23, (London) pp. 86-91 (1968)! modified by altering pipe diameter to operate at a fixed Reynolds number of 16,500. The drag reduction was calculated: EQU Drag Reduction (%)=100.times.(PD.sub.solvent -PD.sub.solution) /PD.sub.solvent
Where are PD.sub.solvent and PD.sub.solution the pressure differences in the solvent and solution, respectively, measured from a strip chart recording of pressures taken at two points, 12.7 cm apart, along a 1 mm pipe. Between sample runs, the rheometer was rinsed with tap water until the baseline returned to normal. Sample size was 100 ml and all measurements were made with water as the solvent. Sample observations were normalized (wt/ppm or mg/1) typically 100-500 wt/ppm. Our observations were reproducible to within 1-2%. We considered measurements that differed by less than 5% to be equivalent.
Our observations of drag reduction coefficients for wild type and mutant CPS (from 8 mutant strains) are summarized in Table 1. Mutant strains 1, 2 and 5 were spontaneous mutants, while strains 3, 4, 5, 6, and 8 were induced by nitrosoguanidine. All mutants showed a decrease in pyruvulation while altered NMR spectra have been detected only in the spontaneous mutants. Our results show a 10% improvement in drag reduction in the CPS from mutant bacteria. Furthermore, as also shown in Table 1, CPS from mutant bacteria is more resistant to mechanical shearing as determined by repeated observations of drag reduction with a rheometer.
TABLE 1 ______________________________________ Characterization of K63 CPS Mutants: Drag Reduction Results % DRAG % SHEAR STRAIN REDUCTION STABILITY ______________________________________ K 63 wt 55.9 84.9 K 63-JPL1 67.7 95.6 K 63-JPL2 66.7 95.6 K 63-JPL3 67.0 99.4 K 63-JPL4 67.6 98.2 K 63-JPL5 67.0 99.4 K 63-JPL6 67.6 95.7 K 63-JPL8 67.2 99.7 ______________________________________
Bacteria are also a useful source of polysaccharides that can be chemically modified for further synthesis. For example the Klebsiella K63 model system can be used as a source of an analogue of the Sialyl Lewis X Antigen ("SLeX"). SleX is a tetrasaccharide which is known to inhibit inflammation in mammals. Its mode of action is believed to be blocking adhesion of neutrophils or leukocytes (cellular components of blood involved in the inflammatory process) to binding sites termed "Selectins", particularly, Selectin E, on the surface of endothelial cells. Y. Ichikawa "Chemical-Enzymatic Synthesis and Conformational Analysis of Sialyl Lewis x and Derivatives", J.Am. Chem Soc. 1992, 114, 9283-9298! This therapeutic approach has application in limiting reperfusion injury following myocardial infarction, surgery and traumatic shock.
De novo synthesis of oligosaccharides using chemical methods is problematic. Chemical synthesis of each monomeric component requires about 7 separate steps; for a tetrasaccharide, nearly 30 steps would be required. Chemical synthesis is expensive and time consuming even when carried out by an experienced scientist. It is believed that chemical synthesis of short chain oligosaccarides would cost about $75,000. per gram of product. Accordingly, chemical modification of naturally occurring oligosacharrides represents a significant savings in time and material.

Synthetic analog of sialic Lewis antigen from bacterial capsular polysaccharide


Provided is a manufacturing method for a cylindrical portion in a cylindrical shape protruding in a plate thickness direction of a plate-like portion made of metal, the cylindrical portion being formed integrally with the plate-like portion. The manufacturing method uses a manufacturing device including: a first metal mold provided with an inner circumferential surface that comes in contact with an outer circumferential surface of the cylindrical portion; a second metal mold coming in contact with a protruding tip of the cylindrical portion; and a third metal mold coming into press contact with a workpiece toward a side of the second metal mold. The third metal mold is displaced toward the side of the second metal mold and a portion of the workpiece undergoes plastic flow toward the inner circumferential surface, whereby the portion that underwent the plastic flow comes into press contact with the inner circumferential surface.

The present disclosure relates to a manufacturing method for forming a cylindrical portion integrally with a plate-like portion.
For example, as described in Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2015-20205 a processed product made from a metal plate is mostly manufactured by a press-forming method that excels in terms of mass production capability (productivity).

Manufacturing method for cylindrical portion


A transmitter for transmitting signals to targets and a receiver for receiving signals reflected from targets are included. The transmitter outputs CW signals for detecting direction and velocity of the target. The receiver performs: a function of receiving signals reflected from targets with a plurality of receiving antennas at the same time as transmitting from the transmitter, and performing spectral analysis with respect to receiving signals to thereby classify them by velocity component; a function of correlating signals of the receiving antenna systems; a function of integrating the signals correlation-processed; and a function of obtaining phase fronts of signals made incident on an antenna face from the phase differences of signals between receiving antennas, and performing two-dimensional FFT to the outputs to thereby measure the direction and velocity of the target.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an interferometer-type radar which observes a flying target.
2. Related Art
A conventional radar uses a very narrow beam antenna so as to know the direction of the target. In order to observe a wide area with the narrow beam width, it is required to scan the antenna at a high speed. In a case of searching a potential target, a certain time period is required from the time a specific direction is scanned to the time the same direction is scanned again, so a target which appeared suddenly may be overlooked.
In the conventional radar, a distance is measured with a delay time until a transmitting signal is reflected from a target and received. In order to improve the distance resolution, the transmitting pulse width must be reduced, which causes a decrease in the transmitting average power, an expansion of the receiving bandwidth, and a drop of S/N. Therefore, there is a case where a target, in which the radar cross section area for reflecting the transmitting signal is small, cannot be found.
In the conventional pulse radar, a Doppler frequency shift of a reflection signal is generally used for measuring the velocity of the target. In order to measure the velocity of a high speed moving target, the pulse repetition frequency should be twice as large as the Doppler frequency. In a case that the target is a flying object moving at an extremely high speed such as a missile, the receiving time window becomes extremely small, whereby ambiguity is caused in the distance measurement. In order to prevent this problem, it has been required to calculate the distance to the target by performing analytical processing using plural pulse repetition frequencies.
A conventional phased array radar forms a multi-beams, and by using these beams, tracks a plurality of targets independently. However, since there is a limit in the number of beams capable to be divided, the number of target which can be tracked is limited.
As a method of obtaining the distance to the target and the velocity of the target by using a means other than a pulse radar, there is one using an FMCW radar. In a conventional FMCW radar, the velocity of the target is detected from the Doppler shift component of the baseband frequency in the frequency ascending time and the frequency descending time of a FMCW signal, and the distance to the target is obtained by correcting the Doppler component. (see, for example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 2000-46941 and Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 2003-177175).
However, when the target is moving, there is a problem that a baseband signal, which is a frequency-converted receiving signal by a transmitting signal, is affected by a Doppler shift due to the velocity of the target, and at the same time, the frequency changes according to the movement of the target, whereby it is impossible to measure the distance accurately. Further, if the velocity and a change in the velocity of the target are large, or if there are a number of targets of different velocities at the same time, it is difficult to apply the above-mentioned method.
Further, in the conventional FMCW radar, an influence of delay is disregarded by taking a repetition cycle which is much larger than a delay due to the distance. Therefore, when measuring a long distance, there is a problem that a fast repetition cycle cannot be adopted, whereby it is difficult to measure the distance to a target moving at a high speed with higher accuracy.


Provided herein is a dual-phase stainless steel having excellent carbon dioxide corrosion resistance, excellent sulfide stress corrosion cracking resistance, and excellent sulfide stress cracking resistance. The dual-phase stainless steel contains, in mass %, C: 0.03% or less, Si: 1.0% or less, Mn: 0.10 to 1.5%, P: 0.030% or less, S: 0.005% or less, Cr: 20.0 to 30.0%, Ni: 5.0 to 10.0%, Mo: 2.0 to 5.0%, Cu: 2.0 to 6.0%, N: less than 0.07%, and the balance Fe and unavoidable impurities, and has a structure that is 20 to 70% austenite phase, and 30 to 80% ferrite phase in terms of a volume fraction.

Rising crude oil prices, and the increasing shortage of petroleum resources have prompted active development of deep oil fields that were unthinkable in the past, and oil fields and gas fields of a severe corrosive environment, or a sour environment as it is also called, where hydrogen sulfide and other corrosive gases are present. Such oil fields and gas fields are typically very deep, and involve a severe, high-temperature corrosive environment of an atmosphere containing CO2, Cl−, and H2S. Steel pipes for oil country tubular goods intended for use in such an environment need to be made of materials having high strength, high toughness, and high corrosion resistance (carbon dioxide corrosion resistance, sulfide stress corrosion cracking resistance, and sulfide stress cracking resistance).
Oil country tubular goods (OCTG) used for mining of oil fields and gas fields of an environment containing CO2, Cl−, and the like often use dual-phase stainless steel pipes.
For example, PTL 1 discloses a dual-phase stainless steel of a composition containing, in mass %, C≤0.03%, Si≤1.0%, Mn≤1.5%, P≤0.03%, S≤0.0015%, Cr: 24 to 26%, Ni: 9 to 13%, Mo: 4 to 5%, N: 0.03 to 0.20%, Al: 0.01 to 0.04%, O≤0.005%, Ca: 0.001 to 0.005%, restricted additive amounts of S, O, and Ca, and restricted amounts of Cr, Ni, Mo, and N, which greatly contribute to the phase balance that affects hot workability. The dual-phase stainless steel can have improved H2S corrosive resistance with the optimized Cr, Ni, Mo, and N contents within the limited ranges, while maintaining the same levels of hot workability achievable with traditional steels.
However, the technique described in PTL 1 can only achieve a yield strength as high as about 80 ksi (551 MPa), and is applicable to only some types of steel pipes for oil country tubular goods applications.
In order to provide a solution to this problem, various high-strength dual-phase stainless steels preferred for use in oil country tubular goods have been proposed.
For example, PTL 2 discloses a method for producing a dual-phase stainless steel pipe. The method is intended to produce a steel pipe by cold drawing of a steel material for cold drawing prepared by hot working or by hot working and an additional solid-solution heat treatment of a dual-phase stainless steel material containing, in mass %, C: 0.03% or less, Si: 1% or less, Mn: 0.1 to 2%, Cr: 20 to 35%, Ni: 3 to 10%, Mo: 0 to 4%, W: 0 to 6%, Cu: 0 to 3%, N: 0.15 to 0.35%, and the balance Fe and impurities. In this method, the cold drawing is performed under the conditions that Rd, which represents the extent of working in terms of a percentage reduction of a cross section after the final cold drawing, is 5 to 35%, and that Rd (%)≥(MYS−55)/17.2−{1.2×Cr+3.0×(Mo+0.5×W)}. In this way, the method produces a dual-phase stainless steel pipe having the required corrosion resistance and strength for oil country tubular goods.
PTL 3 discloses a method for producing a high-strength dual-phase stainless steel having improved corrosion resistance. The method includes heating a Cu-containing austenite-ferrite dual-phase stainless steel to 1,000° C. or more for hot working, and directly quenching the steel from a temperature of 800° C. or more, followed by aging.
PTL 4 discloses a method for producing a seawater-resistant, precipitation strengthened dual-phase stainless steel. The method uses a seawater-resistant, precipitation strengthened dual-phase stainless steel that contains, in weight %, C: 0.03% or less, Si: 1% or less, Mn: 1.5% or less, P: 0.04% or less, S: 0.01% or less, Cr: 20 to 26%, Ni: 3 to 7%, Sol-Al: 0.03% or less, N: 0.25% or less, Cu: 1 to 4%, and further one or two of Mo: 2 to 6%, and W: 4 to 10%, and elements including Ca: 0 to 0.005%, Mg: 0 to 0.05%, B: 0 to 0.03%, Zr: 0 to 0.3%, and a total of 0 to 0.03% of Y, La, and Ce, and that satisfies PT≥35, and 70≥G≥30, where PT is the seawater-resistance index PT, and G is the austenite fraction. In the method, the steel is subjected to a solution treatment at 1,000° C. or more, and to an aging heat treatment in a temperature range of 450 to 600° C. to produce a seawater-resistant, precipitation strengthened dual-phase stainless steel.
PTL 5 discloses a method for producing a high-strength dual-phase stainless steel material that can be used in deep oil country tubular goods, and in oil country tubular goods logging lines for gas well. The method includes subjecting a solution-treated Cu-containing austenite-ferrite dual-phase stainless steel material to cold working with a cross section percentage reduction of 35% or more, heating the steel to 800 to 1,150° C. at a heating rate of 50° C./sec or more, and quenching the steel, followed by cold working after 300 to 700° C. warm working, or aging performed at 450 to 700° C. after the cold working.
PTL 6 discloses a method for producing a dual-phase stainless steel for sour gas oil country tubular goods. The method uses a steel containing C: 0.02 wt % or less, Si: 1.0 wt % or less, Mn: 1.5 wt % or less, Cr: 21 to 28 wt %, Ni: 3 to 8 wt %, Mo: 1 to 4 wt %, N: 0.1 to 0.3 wt %, Cu: 2 wt % or less, W: 2 wt % or less, Al: 0.02 wt % or less, Ti: 0.1 wt % or less, V: 0.1 wt % or less, Nb: 0.1 wt % or less, Ta: 0.1 wt % or less, Zr: 0.01 wt % or less, B: 0.01 wt % or less, P: 0.02 wt % or less, and S: 0.005 wt % or less. The steel is subjected to a solution heat treatment at 1,000 to 1,150° C., and to an aging heat treatment at 450 to 500° C. for 30 to 120 minutes.
PTL 7 discloses a method for producing a ferrite stainless steel for cold working. In this method, a steel containing, in weight %, C: 0.0100% or less, Si: 0.40% or less, Mn: 0.50% or less, Ni: less than 0.20%, Cr: 11.0 to 18.0%, N: 0.0120% or less, Nb: 0 to 0.10%, Ti: 0 to 0.10%, Al: 0 to 0.10%, Mo: 0 to 0.50%, Cu: 0 to 0.50%, and the balance Fe and unavoidable impurities is heated to a temperature of 950° C. or less and 700° C. or more, and hot rolled under a controlled finishing temperature of 850° C. or less and 700° C. or more to produce a fine initial grain size for the material, and thereby improve toughness.

Dual-phase stainless steel, and method of production thereof


A fluid control system for powering vehicle accessories includes a pump for generating a supply flow of hydraulic fluid. The system also includes a fluid valve assembly having a housing which includes an inlet, a first outlet, a second outlet, and a third outlet defined therein. The inlet is in fluid communication with the supply flow of fluid. The fluid valve assembly provides (1) a first fluid path between the inlet and the first outlet, (2) a second fluid path between the inlet and the second outlet, and (3) a third fluid path between the inlet and the third outlet. The system also includes a fan motor for rotating an engine cooling fan. The fan motor is in fluid communication with the first outlet. Moreover, the system includes a steering control circuit which is in fluid communication with the second outlet. The system further includes a reservoir which is in fluid communication with the third outlet. A method of controlling fluid flow between a plurality of vehicle components is also disclosed.

The present invention relates generally to fluid circuits, and more particularly to an integrated fluid control valve manifold of a fluid control system for powering vehicle accessories such as a cooling fan and a power steering unit.
Many vehicles include an engine cooling fan, with some being driven by a hydraulic motor. For economic reasons, it is known to provide an integrated fluid control circuit in these vehicles which includes both a fluid control circuit for operating an engine cooling fan, and a fluid control circuit for operating a hydraulic-assisted steering linkage. Such integrated fluid control circuits provide the necessary operational pressure for proper functioning of the fluid circuit with a single fluid pump. The use of a single fluid pump reduces costs associated with manufacturing the vehicle.
It is desirable to position the fluid components associated with the engine cooling fan in a series configuration with the fluid components associated with the hydraulic-assisted steering linkage. Such a series configuration creates a first pressure drop across the fluid components associated with the engine cooling fan and a second pressure drop across the fluid components associated with the hydraulic-assisted steering linkage. Such a configuration defines an integrated fluid control circuit wherein an output pressure on a fluid supply line of the single fluid pump fluctuates (i.e. rises and falls) as a function of the sum of the two pressure drops.
The pressure drop across each of the two groups of fluid components may vary widely depending on operating conditions associated with the vehicle. For example, on hot days the fluid pressure requirements associated with the engine cooling fan will increase. If during such a hot day the operator of the vehicle executes a steering maneuver that requires a large amount of fluid pressure (e.g. an abrupt, sharp turn), the sum of the two fluid pressure requirements may exceed the fluid pressure generating capabilities of the single fluid pump.
In such situations as described above wherein the fluid pressure requirements of the two groups of fluid components exceeds the pressure generating capabilities of the single fluid pump, it is desirable to give priority to the fluid components associated with the hydraulic-assisted steering linkage over the fluid components associated with the engine cooling fan. In particular, it is desirable to bypass fluid pressure around the fluid components associated with the engine cooling fan and direct the fluid pressure to the fluid components associated with the hydraulic-assisted steering linkage thereby reducing the speed of the engine cooling fan.
In addition, it is desirable to control the overall fluid pressure of the integrated fluid control circuit. In particular, it is desirable to provide fluid pressure necessary to operate the fluid components associated with the engine cooling fan and the hydraulic-assisted steering linkage while not exceeding the operative range of the pressure generating capabilities of the single fluid pump.
Still further, it is desirable to reduce the number of discrete fluid components included in the integrated fluid control circuit. In particular, it is desirable to provide a fluid valve manifold which can integrate one or more of the functions associated with the integrated fluid control circuit such as a pressure relief function and a bypass function into a single component. Additionally, it may be desirable to integrate other functions and/or components associated with the integrated fluid control circuit into the fluid valve manifold such as a fan motor associated with the engine cooling fan, and/or a flow control valve and a pressure relief valve associated with the hydraulic-assisted steering linkage. Such an integrated fluid valve manifold would provide for increased design efficiency and decreased manufacturing costs of the vehicle.
What is needed therefore is an apparatus and method that gives priority to the advancement of fluid pressure to the fluid components associated with the hydraulic-assisted steering mechanism over the fluid components associated with the engine cooling fan. What is further needed is an apparatus and method that controls on the overall pressure associated with the integrated fluid control circuit. What is also needed is a means to regulate and compensate flow as a function of engine speed. What is yet further needed is an apparatus and method that integrates one or more of the functions of the integrated fluid control circuit into a single fluid valve manifold.

Apparatus and method of controlling fluid flow between a plurality of vehicle components


During the transmission of data packets received on a wired connection via a first interface via a second interface designed for the wireless transmission of data, the problem exists that between receiving the data and transmitting the data via the second interface a relatively large delay time can arise which must be bridged by means of a suitably dimensioned buffer memory. To enable the maximum delay time to be further reduced, the necessary processing of the received IEEE 1394 bus packets is already performed section by section immediately after a received data packet has arrived. After the complete number of bus packets falling within a transmission frame has been received, there is therefore no longer any lengthy processing time required and the probability of missing the time slots reserved in the next transmission frame is significantly reduced. The buffer memory for bridging the delay time period can therefore be correspondingly smaller.

Devices in the home, such as typical home entertainment equipment for example, particular mention also being made of a personal computer which nowadays can also be considered home entertainment equipment, or also other household devices, for example "white goods" appliances, are increasingly being networked. This networking encompasses not only systems in which the devices are networked by means of wires, that is to say with appropriate cable connections between the devices, such as with the aid of the IEEE 1394 bus system for example, but also systems in which the devices are wirelessly networked. Particular mention is made at this point of the so-called HIPERLAN/2 system which has become established alongside the IEEE 802.11x system. The HIPERLAN/2 system enables the networking of devices in the home. It provides a number of approximately 20 MHz wide channels in the 5 GHz range, which in turn are subdivided according to a TDMA method (Time Division Multiplex Access).
The modulation method corresponds to an OFDM method (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex), so that the least possible interference occurs during multipath receiving. The maximum data rate is in the range of 54 Mbit/s. Video data streams and audio data streams can consequently be transmitted in the HIPERLAN channels.
The HIPERLAN system has already been specified in an ETSI/BRAN standard. An overview of the system may be found in the document ETSI TR 101 683 V1.1.1 (2000/02) Broadband Radio Access Network (BRAN); HIPERLAN Type 2; System Overview. The key component for the invention is described in the document ETSI TS 101 493-1 V1.1.1 (2000/04); Broadband Radio Access Networks (BRAN); HIPERLAN Type 2; Packet Based Convergence Layer; Part 1 and Part 3. Further components of the system, such as the physical layer and data link control layer (DLC) in particular, are published in other documents. These may all be obtained from the European Telecommunications Standards Institute in F-06921 Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France.
For networking devices in the home, one scenario which uses a combination of both networking systems, namely firstly wired and secondly wireless, has proved to be expedient. If data between the two different systems is also to be exchanged among the systems, a bridge circuit is consequently required for this purpose; on the one hand said circuit is therefore connected to the wired system and on the other hand it also has an interface to the wireless transmission system. Such a bridge circuit is therefore equipped with two interfaces, firstly for the wired transmission system and secondly for the wireless transmission system.
The invention relates to such a bridge unit. In particular, the invention solves a problem that occurs when the IEEE 1394 bus system is used as the wired system and the aforementioned HIPERLAN/2 system is used as the wireless transmission system. A separate specification was created for this application. This is called ETSI TS 101 493-3 V1.1.1 (2000/09); Broadband Radio Access Networks (BRAN); HIPERLAN Type 2; Packet Based Convergence Layer; Part 3; IEEE 1394 Specific Convergence Sublayer (SSCS). It is described in Annex C.3 of the aforesaid document that the maximum transmission delay with isochronous data transmission from the IEEE 1394 bus system into the HIPERLAN/2 system is 6.1 ms. Accordingly, 2.1 ms of this arises from the fact that in the worst case it is necessary to wait first for 17 IEEE 1394 bus packets to arrive before the data for a MAC transmission frame (Medium Access Control) has been collected. A further 2 ms time delay can arise from the fact that the time slots reserved for the station are available just when the received data needs to be made available by the DLC layer for transmission. In the extreme case, it is then necessary to wait for the next MAC transmission frame. 2 ms of delay time can thus also arise if the transmission frame was newly divided just at the moment when the data is available, and afterwards the time slots allotted to the station are positioned at another point of the MAC transmission frame.
In order to bridge this delay time, it is therefore necessary to implement a correspondingly large buffer memory in the bridge circuit. It is even recommended to dimension the buffer memory to be so large that even the delay time of 8 ms can still be buffered.

Method for processing data packets received via a first interface and device for carrying out the method


A disc brake for a vehicle has a caliper body including an acting section having a cylinder hole and provided on a first side of a disc rotor, a reacting section on a second side of the disc rotor and a bridge section connecting the acting section with the reacting section, a pair of friction pads, a caliper bracket fixed to a vehicle body via a pair of mounting bolts, the caliper bracket having a mount hole for the mounting bolt and a torque receiving face and provided on both sides of the caliper bracket in a circumferential direction of the disc rotor and a pair of slide pins wherein a center of the mount hole of the mounting bolt and a center of the cylinder hole are located in an area defined between the first and second base lines.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a disc brake for a vehicle incorporated into an automobile or motorcycle. More particularly, the present invention relates to a pin-slide type disc brake for a vehicle.
2. Description of the Related Art
The pin-slide type disc brake is typically composed as follows. A caliper body, to which an acting section provided on one side of a disc rotor and a reacting section provided on the other side of the disc rotor are integrally connected by a bridge portion which strides across the outside of the disc rotor, is supported by a caliper bracket, which is fixed to a vehicle body at one side portion of the disc rotor, by a pair of slide pins so that the caliper body can slide in axial direction of the disc, and a pair of frictional pads are arranged between the acting section and the reacting section while the disc rotor is being interposed between the pair of frictional pads, and further a torque receiving section for receiving a braking torque given from the frictional pads is provided in the caliper bracket. The disc brake for a vehicle is fixed to the vehicle body in such a manner that mounting holes for mounting bolts are formed in the vehicle attaching section provided in the caliper bracket and the caliper bracket is fastened to the vehicle body by mounting bolts which are inserted into the mounting holes for mounting bolts.
Torque receiving faces for receiving a braking torque given from the frictional pad are provided on both sides of the caliper bracket in the circumferential direction of the disc rotor being opposed to each other. A torque transmitting section, which is formed in the frictional pad, is made to contact with the torque receiving face so that the braking torque given from the frictional pad can be received by the caliper body. (For example, see Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication no. JP-A-2004-28304.)
In the disc brake described above, the vehicle body attaching section of the caliper bracket at a rotation come-out side, which is defined such that a portion of the disc rotor near the rotation come-out side moves apart from the caliper body when the vehicle runs forward, is arranged close to the torque receiving section, and the mounting bolt is attached close to the torque receiving section. On the other hand, the vehicle body attaching section at a rotation come-in side, which is defined such that a portion of the disc rotor near the rotation come-in side approaches to the caliper body when the vehicle runs forward, is arranged on the inner circumferential side of the disc rotor in respect to the torque receiving section, and the mounting bolt is attached at a position apart from the torque receiving section. Therefore, at the time of braking, the caliper bracket is given a load in such a manner that the caliper bracket is tilted and twisted. Accordingly, the brake feeling is deteriorated. Further, there is a possibility that the frictional pads are partially abraded and disadvantageously dragged. For the above reasons, it is necessary to enhance the attaching strength of the caliper bracket to the vehicle body so as to prevent the tilt and twist of the caliper bracket in the axial direction of the disc. Therefore, in the related art, the wall thickness of the caliper bracket must be increased, which increases the weight and the size of the caliper bracket. As a result, the manufacturing cost of the disc brake is raised.
Moreover, in the disc brake described above, the friction pads, a reacting pawl provided on the reacting section and a portion of the caliper bracket located on the reacting section side are composed into a complicated shape in which recess portions and protruding portions are formed. Therefore, when the disc brake is used in a condition in which earth and sand tend to get into the periphery of the disc brake, the earth and sand, which have gotten into the periphery of the friction pad, are caught by the complicated recess portions and protruding portions. Accordingly, it becomes late that the earth and sand are discharged from the periphery of the friction pad, and the earth and sand temporarily stay in the periphery of the friction pad. In this case, although it is a temporary phenomenon, the friction pad bites the earth and sand, and the brake feeling is deteriorated and further the dragging of the friction pad occurs.


A riding type sweeper with a rear-mounted engine and a driven sweeper roller located between the front axle and the rear axle, wherein the sweeper roller transports the dirt into a coarse dirt container disposed behind the sweeper roller, from which the fine dirt is suctioned off by a filter blower unit. The filter blower unit is arranged in the region before the rear-mounted engine in a vertically superpositioned arrangement, with the blower turbine together with the fine filter being arranged in a common box.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a riding type sweeper with a rear-mounted engine and a driven sweeper roller located between the front axle and the rear axle. The sweeper roller transports the dirt into a container for coarse dirt which is disposed behind the sweeper roller, from which the fine dirt is suctioned off by a filter blower unit.
2. Description of the Related Art
Such riding type sweepers are known, for example, from the subject matter described in PCT/WO 97/15731. This reference discloses a rear-mounted engine arranged vertically, having an upwardly projecting drive shaft that is flanged directly on a blower turbine which operates via a suction hose on a fine filter which is disposed in the rear section. However, this arrangement causes a disadvantageous weight distribution, because the fine filter dust remover and the associated suction channel leading to the coarse dirt container located in the rear section shifts the weight of the entire vehicle towards the rear. Moreover, the body of the vehicle is relatively high, since the blower which is also oriented vertically and has a suction hose attached to the top requires a corresponding overall height.
It is therefore an object of the invention to improve a riding type sweeper of the aforedescribed type so that the sweeper has a more advantageous weight distribution and a reduced height.
The object of the invention is solved in that the filter blower unit is arranged in the region before the rear-mounted engine in a vertically superpositioned arrangement and that the blower turbine together with the fine filter are arranged in a common box (24). In other words, one aspect of the invention is to propose a filter blower unit, in which the fine filter and the blower turbine are arranged in a common box and located in a vertically superpositioned arrangement in the region of the rear-mounted engine in front of the rear axle of the vehicle.
Advantageously, placing the direct connection of blower turbine fine filter in a common box, in which the drive for the blower turbine is also inserted, provides a compact construction. By arranging these components as a superpositioned assembly, any weight projecting over the rear section of the vehicle can advantageously be eliminated. In this arrangement, the filter blower unit can be vertically stacked directly before the rear-mounted engine in the space between the front axle and the rear axle.
Further advantageously, by flanging the filter blower unit directly to the coarse dirt container, a suction channel between the fine filter and the coarse dirt container as well and a fine dust container can be eliminated. This reduces both the manufacturing cost and the weight of the vehicle, while at the same time improving the distribution of the space.
A cleaning device can be used to remove from the fine filter the dirt that is drawn in by the fine filter, with the removed dirt being returned to the coarse dirt container.
The overall height is also reduced and the device made more compact by arranging the vertical drive shaft of the rear-mounted engine so that it projects vertically downwardly. The drive shaft can thereby distribute the drive power to all the drives of the various components that are to be driven. This eliminates an upwardly projecting drive shaft which would otherwise increase the overall height.
One embodiment of the invention is directed toward achieving a compact construction with a low overall height. This embodiment is realized in that the fine dust container filter blower unit is arranged sequentially horizontally in the rear section of the vehicle and that the blower turbine with the fine filter and the fine dust container are arranged in a common box. This also makes the design compact, because the blower turbine, fine filter and fine dust container are located in a common box. This embodiment eliminates the suction hose between a blower turbine located remote from the fine filter, which would otherwise be required.
As mentioned above, the fine dust container filter blower unit is arranged in the rear section of the vehicle; however, the rear-mounted engine is not located above the rear axle, but rather slightly in front of the rear axle for optimizing the weight distribution on the rear axle. This embodiment also provides a compact construction by positioning the drive for the blower turbine in the space between the blower turbine and the fine filter and fine dust container and providing a pulley that is connected through an angle drive with the downwardly projecting drive shaft of the rear-mounted engine.
Other objects and features of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. It is to be understood, however, that the drawings are intended solely for purposes of illustration and not as a definition of the limits of the invention, for which reference should be made to the appended claims.

Riding type sweeper with rear-mounted engine


There is produced a color correction definition for reproducing a suitable color correction common to a plurality of types of images. A color correction definition producing apparatus has a receiving section for receiving a plurality of LUTs (color correction definitions), a computing section for computing histograms used as an assembly of weight for sets of coordinate values constituting each of the LUTs, and a synthesizing section for synthesizing the plurality of LUTs received in the receiving section using the weight computed in the computing section.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a color correction definition producing method of producing a color correction definition defining the association between coordinate values on a color space corresponding to colors before and after the color correction, a color correction definition producing apparatus, and a color correction definition producing program storage medium, which is incorporated into a computer system, storing therein a color correction definition producing program causing the computer system to operate as the color correction definition producing apparatus.
2. Description of the Related Art
In a technical field of printing, a photograph and the like, in the event that an image on a reversal film is transferred onto a printing paper or a photographic paper to make a printed matter or a photograph, it often happens that an operator applies a color correction to form a high quality of image having the tone of a color, which is visually preferable for a person, on the printed matter or the photograph.
Hitherto, for forming such a high quality of image, there is use a specified system for producing a printed matter or a photograph to optimize the system in accordance with experience of an operator of the system.
For example, in case of the printing, when an image on a reversal film is read by a scanner, image data from the scanner is corrected. An image is printed on a printing paper with printing ink in accordance with the corrected image data, so that a preferable tone of color image is produced. At that time, a correction parameter for correcting the image data derived through the scanner is optimized in accordance with know-how based on the experience of an operator of the scanner, taking into consideration properties of the system in its entirety including printing papers, printing ink and the like. That is, a know-how of image formation, in which an image having a preferable tone of color is formed from an image on a reversal film, is possessed by the operator of the scanner. Here, it is assumed that the operator of the scanner optimizes the correction parameter for a combination of a certain film and printing ink so that an image having a preferable tone of color is obtained. However, in the event that the film and/or the printing ink are replaced by other film and/or printing ink, the correction parameter will be changed to an inappropriate correction parameter. Thus, in this case, there is a need to optimize the correction parameter again.
On the other hand, in case of the photograph, a reversal film is loaded on a laboratory system and adjusted light for exposure is projected onto the loaded reversal film, so that a corrected image is obtained. The corrected image thus obtained is printed on a printing paper to form an image having a preferable tone of color. At that time, a balance among R light, G light and B light for the exposure and an exposure time are optimized by an operator of the laboratory system and an automatic control mechanism of the laboratory system, taking into consideration properties of the system in its entirety including films, a light source, printing papers and the like. Further, also with respect to a combination of a sort of a film and a sort of a printing paper, there is selected such an optimum combination that a preferable tone of color image can be obtained. That is, a know-how of image formation, in which an image having a preferable tone of color is formed, is possessed by the operator of the laboratory system, a maker of the laboratory system and a maker of the film. Here, it is assumed that an exposure time or the like is optimized for a combination of a certain film and a certain printing paper so that an image having a preferable tone of color is obtained. However, for example, in the event that the film is replaced by another film developed newly, the combination of the film and the printing paper and the exposure time will be inappropriate for the new film. Thus, also in this case, there is a need to optimize the exposure time and the like again.
Thus, in both the cases of the printing and the photograph, there is a need to do over again an optimization to form an image having a preferable tone of color, whenever a film and the like is replaced by a new type of one according to a development of products.
Further, recently, as digital technology advances, it is increased that a transfer of images is performed among different industries and media. For example, in the event that instead of distribution of printed papers, images of the printed matter appears in a home page of an internet, the image of the printed matter will be converted into an image of a television, which is not so related to the printing industry hitherto. Further, for example, it begins that one shot of an image photographed by a home video is printed out by a printer of a personal computer, or outputted on a printing paper for a photograph. In the event that such a transfer of images is performed, it is desired that a high quality of image having a preferable tone of color as mentioned above is obtained at the received end of the image. However, according to the prior art, the above-mentioned know-how is merely allowed to be used only in the individual industries such as the printing industry and the photographic industry, but is not allowed to be used in a different industry on a common basis.
In order to solve the above-mentioned problems, there is considered a method in which colors of images before and after the color correction and image data are derived by an operator and the like, so that a know-how possessed by the operator and the like is extracted in form of a color correction definition such as a Look Up Table (LUT) which defines the association between a color of an original image and a color of an image after the color correction.
However, in the event that an operator performs a data operation, the operator performs an operation based on the original image. For example, in the event that the original image is concerned with a portrait image, the operator performs such an operation that an image wherein skin color is clear can be obtained, and in the event that the original image is concerned with a landscape image, the operator performs such an operation that an image wherein colors of leaves and color of the sky are clear can be obtained. Thus, according to the color correction definition extracted in accordance with the way as mentioned above, it is possible to reproduce an adequate color correction for colors included in the original image. However, it is not always expected that it is possible to reproduce an adequate color correction for colors other than the colors included in the original image. In other words, in order to apply an appropriate color correction to the respective one of the various types of images, there is a need to use in different ways the color correction definition depending on the respective one of the various types of images.

Color correction definition producing method, color correction definition producing apparatus, and color correction definition producing program storage medium