Methods and systems for data visualization in a datacenter are described herein. At least some illustrative embodiments comprise a method for monitoring a datacenter, comprising collecting a plurality of real-time data samples from a plurality of data sensors, generating a plurality of processed data values based at least in part on the plurality of real-time data samples, mapping each of the plurality of processed data values to one of a plurality of colors, and displaying the plurality of processed data values as regions of color on one or more two-dimensional (2-D) planes within a three-dimensional (3-D) space representing a datacenter.

As datacenters have increased in size and complexity, so has the need for datacenter-wide environmental monitoring. The increased size of datacenters has brought with it an increase in the complexity of the interaction of environmental parameters affecting the operation of equipment within the datacenters. This sometimes results in complex patterns related to environmental conditions that are not easily predicted or monitored. An example of a parameter that can be difficult to monitor is the heat distribution throughout the datacenter. In large datacenters that use under-the-floor cold air distribution predicting and monitoring the heat load produced by the equipment can be difficult. Changes in heat loading or airflow in just one small area of the datacenter can significantly affect the distribution and flow of air and heat for the entire datacenter. Many other physical and electrical environmental factors (e.g., humidity and power consumption) are also similarly impacted by the size and complexity of today's datacenters.
In order to more accurately track changes in the operating environment of datacenter equipment, datacenter operators have increasingly turned to the use of monitoring sensors and appliances. These devices are installed in the datacenter (within or external to the equipment racks) and provide measured values for a wide variety of physical and electrical environmental parameters within the datacenter. The data provided by such devices may be monitored and displayed either by existing network monitoring software (e.g., HP 0PENVIEVV® by HEWLETT-PACKARD®) or by other dedicated and/or proprietary software designed to work with specific sensors and/or appliances. The data collected is used by the monitoring software to display instantaneous and/or 2-dimensional trend data, and is sometimes used to trigger alarm and/or event notifications if one or more threshold values are exceeded by a monitored parameter. The data presented to operators reflects individual measurements and trends, but may not be very useful to operators in identifying and/or predicting in real-time the types of large scale environmental trends or issues that operators are likely to encounter in today's larger and more complex datacenters. Further, the large number of measurements that need to be monitored in a large datacenter may rapidly subject operators to information overload, creating a substantial risk that an impending or actual failure will go unnoticed.
Other software packages are capable of providing datacenter environmental modeling (e.g., RACKWISE™by VISUAL NETWORK DESIGN), but such software packages are limited to providing generalized calculated environmental predictions (e.g., total power consumption and total required cooling) based on models of the equipment within the datacenter. Still other general purpose fluid/thermal modeling software packages provide 3-dimensional modeling and display of fluid/thermal flows (e.g., FLOW-3D® by FLOW SCIENCE), but these packages are limited to providing theoretical projections of general parameters such as, for example, air flow and temperature variations.

Hewlett Packard Enterprise Development LP


A battlefield personnel threat detection system for identifying and analyzing vibrations corresponding to an immutable characteristic of a target of interest includes a transmitter for producing a transmit laser beam by amplification of a primary coherent laser signal, a coherent receiver responsive to backscattered light produced by interaction of the transmit laser beam with the target of interest and generating data corresponding to the immutable characteristic of the target of interest, and a control and display module for analyzing the data to thereby detect the presence of the target of interest and for controlling operation of the transmitter and the receiver. The target of interest can be an enemy soldier. In the battlefield personnel threat detection system, the control and display module permits the transmitter and the receiver to operate in an agile search mode of operation in which spectra indicative of the enemy soldier are produced and a signature classification mode of operation in which the spectra are analyzed for the immutable characteristic of the enemy soldier, by which the enemy soldier can be located. A method for operating a battlefield personnel threat detection system including a micro-doppler ladar system and a signal processor is also described.

The present invention relates generally to battlefield personnel threat detection systems. More specifically, the present invention relates to a micro-doppler laser radar (ladar) battlefield personnel threat detection system for detecting and localizing threats to deployed personnel. According to one aspect of the present invention, the micro-doppler ladar system detects the principal threat to deployed field personnel, i.e., deployed enemy personnel. A method for employing a micro-doppler ladar system for detecting and localizing threats to deployed personnel is also disclosed.
The future battlefield will demand an increased ability to acquire, transmit, process, disseminate, and utilize surveillance and target acquisition information. One relatively new source of intelligence information is remote monitoring of the battlefield, using seismic, acoustic, and magnetic remotely monitored sensors (REMS). When enemy personnel or vehicle movement activates these remote sensors, a monitor display located behind friendly lines indicates the type of activity. The operator can derive from this display not only the enemy's presence but also such information as direction and/or speed of convoys and personnel, number of the vehicles in a convoy, and convoy composition, e.g., armored versus wheeled vehicles. REMS works on the principles of detection of an outside stimulus, logic processing of that stimulus, and transmission of a coded signal to a readout device. The tactical unattended ground sensors used by REMS may include sensors which operate on magnetic, seismic, acoustic, electromagnetic and audio detection principles. It will be appreciated that the REMS approach to perimeter monitoring requires the initial placement of several REMS, for example, geophones. Manual placement of these geophones requires use of the very personnel that REMS is intended to protect; remote placement by air drops or artillery generally alerts enemy forces to the fact that an opposing force is interested in a specific segment of the theater.
Another attempt at providing effective perimeter protection for deployed personnel involves a detection system which detects intruders using a transmission line, for example, a Goubau line, as a sensing element. The transmission line is positioned about the perimeter of the area to be protected and an antenna applies pulsed RF energy to the line. An intruder in the field of the line causes an RF reflection back toward the source, which reflection is detected by Doppler range-gating techniques. As with the geophone system mentioned above, the installation of the transmission line detection system dictates that deployed personnel be placed at risk to physically lay the transmission line.
The ability to detect the presence of an enemy soldier or hostile individual concealed within a structure, i.e., within a building or vehicle, or behind a barrier such as vegetation, can be of paramount importance both to soldiers in combat conditions and to law enforcement officials in tactical situations. For example, the detection thresholds for uniformed human targets have been established in field tests as varying between 50 and 115 feet in a semi deciduous tropical forest, with the longer detection threshold being observed near the end of the dry season when less foliage is present. The use of optical devices such as non magnifying yellow, red, and dichroic lenses as aids to personnel detection in a tropical forest has been determined to be ineffective. Although detection of hostile personnel within buildings and vehicles is possible using infrared detectors, the effectiveness of such devices varies with ambient conditions and is inversely proportional to the amount of thermal insulation provided by, for example, the building.
The consequences of failing to detect individual(s) such as illegal aliens concealed in a vehicle, a terrorist holed up in a room in a building, or a group of enemy soldiers hiding in vegetation around a landing zone, in a timely manner, can range from serious to catastrophic. Moreover, knowledge regarding the physiological status, e.g., is the target aware of detection or in a state of heightened alert, of these individuals could also be invaluable in combat and/or tactical situations. There are no conventional systems that can provide such information reliably.
It will be appreciated that such a system capable of detecting, for example, enemy soldier approaching through thick vegetation, could likewise be used monitor to the physiological state of an individual remotely. Moreover, such a postulated system could be invaluable in determining, e.g., whether a witness is lying to Congress or a court, whether a suspicious individual in a crowd or audience is likely to be a terrorist or assassin, whether a potentially suicidal person is about to jump, or whether an adversary across a bargaining table is calm or excited. No transportable system presently exists which can provide remote detection of a person's physiological status.
The problem of detecting people in hiding from a distance is central to developing reliably effective methods of countering ambushes in military operations. Techniques that depend upon detection of airborne human effluents are among those that have been considered. However, the equipment needed to identify chemical clouds or plumes which signal potential hazzards to friendly personnel has heretofore not been available. Although a CO.sub.2 MTI Laser Radar for Personnel and Vehicular Detection project, whose primary goal was the construction of a feasibility model which could be tripod mounted, easily transported in the field, and yet withstand the rigors of field use without performance degradation, was initiated, the laser radar finally deployed consisted of two heavy, bulky units; a laser radar head; and power supply/control panel. Such units were never considered successful because the rigid structure of the CO.sub.2 laser and its relatively cumbersome power supply, i.e., field generator, made the system transportable, not portable. It will be appreciated that the fixed frequency output wavelength of the CO.sub.2 laser radar further limited the usefulness of the system.
What is needed is a system for detecting the presence of a threat to an individual based on measurement of an immutable characteristic of the threat. Moreover, what is needed is a system for detecting the presence of antagonist individuals who pose a threat to deployed soldiers or law enforcement officers. What is also needed is a system for sensing the physiological status of individuals classified as threats to friendly forces.

Battlefield personnel threat detection system and operating method therefor


The invention provides methods for the identification of agents that modify or mimic P protein function. Cells expressing a P protein are generally more sensitive to toxins, and changes in cell viability and/or cell death after exposure of P protein-expressing cells to an agent and a toxin is an indication that such an agent is a modifier of P protein expression. The invention also provides methods for the treatment of melanoma and other cancers.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to the fields of dermatology, cell biology and cancer. More specifically, the invention relates to the fields of drug discovery, particularly the biology of skin pigmentation, and cancer.
2. Summary of the Related Art
Melanocytes are pigment-producing cells that are principle targets for the treatment of hypo-pigmentation, hyper-pigmentation, and melanoma. The pink-eyed dilution protein (P), which is produced in melanocytes, is necessary for the production of both cutaneous and ocular eumelanin, but the precise function for the P protein is not known. Mutations in the pink-eyed dilution gene result in the most common form of albinism worldwide (The Metabolic and Molecular Basis of Inherited Disease. Scriver et al., eds, McGraw-Hill Professional Publishing, New York, 8th Ed. (2000); pp. 4353-4392; ISBN: 0079130356). Affected individuals have hypopigmented skin, hair and eyes (Manga et al., J. Dermatol. 26:738-747 (1999)), and are thus at increased risk of developing UV-induced carcinomas (Kromberg et al., Clin. Genet. 36:43-52 (1989)).
Several authors have suggested that P protein functions as a tyrosine transporter by pumping tyrosine into the melanosome, where it is converted into melanin by tyrosinase activity (see, e.g., Rinchik et al., Nature 361:72-76 (1993)). Contradicting this suggestion, it has been found that tyrosine uptake by melanosomes is virtually the same in P-null and wild-type melanocytes (Gahl et al., Pigment. Cell. Res. 8:229-233 (1995)).
This observation has led other authors to hypothesize that P protein is necessary for the transport of some other small molecule, which is necessary for melanogenesis, into melanosomes (Nordlund et al., eds, The Pigmentary System: Physiology and Pathophysiology, Oxford University, New York (1998) pp. 217-229) or in controlling the trafficking of melanosomal proteins (Manga et al., Pigment Cell Res. 14:362-367 (2001)).
Interestingly, a number of melanoma cell lines fail to express the pink-eyed dilution protein (P)(Id.). Human melanoma is the result of the malignant transformation of melanocytes. The incidence rates for this form of neoplasia have been reported to be increasing by a factor of about 15 over the last 60 years (Gilchrest et al., New England J. Med. 340:1341-1348 (1999).
Advanced malignant melanomas have a poor prognosis, particularly since they show increased resistance to many of the currently available chemotherapeutic agents. The mechanisms used by melanomas to escape induction of programmed cell death, or apoptosis, appear to vary. These mechanisms include transport of chemotherapeutic drugs to remove them from their target sites, changes in enzyme activation that affect cellular detoxification, and modulation of the apoptosis pathway itself (Helmbach et al., Int. J. Cancer 93:617-622 (2001)).
A variety of treatments for melanoma have been proposed, but the disease is still very difficult to treat in advanced stages. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,066,489 describes a combination therapy for the treatment of melanoma; U.S. Pat. No. 5,731,325 describes the treatment of melanomas with thalidomide alone or in combination with other anti-melanoma agents, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,291,196 discloses melanoma and prostate cancer specific antibodies for immunodetection and immunotherapy of these diseases.
Thus, there continues to be a need for improved methods for the treatment of cancer, particularly melanoma.
Many individuals desire to increase or decrease the level of body pigmentation in whole or part. Moreover, medical conditions based on hyper- or hypo-pigmentation also require treatments that are effective at increasing or decreasing the amount of pigment in the skin. A number of compositions are known to lighten skin. For example, hydroquinone is a well-known active substance used for skin de-pigmentation (e.g., see U.S. Pat. No. 6,139,854). Lactoferrin hydrolyzates have been used as a tyrosinase inhibitory agent (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,214,028 and 5,389,611), and certain resorcinol derivatives have been used as skin lightening agents (U.S. Pat. No. 6,132,740).
The P protein is one possible target for the treatment of hypo- and hyper-pigmentation. For example, PCT patent publication WO 01/01131 A1 describes methods for the identification of agonists and antagonists of P protein function. These methods are not based on cell viability or cell glutathione content, but rather are based on identifying compounds that affect tyrosinase activity in a P protein dependent fashion or measuring the production of melanin.
There remains a need in the art for more effective and efficient methods of inhibiting melanin production. The need for new and improved methods for lightening skin is evident in view of the cosmetic industry's estimate that the market for skin lighteners worldwide exceeds well over one billion dollars a year. In addition, there is also a need for agents that increase pigmentation for the purpose of providing "safe tanning" or for the treatment of hypopigmentation or the treatment of various forms of albinism. Thus, there is a continuing need for the development of improved agents that limit or inhibit pigmentation in the skin.


Tool chatter during a pipe threading operation is reduced by positioning a pipe end to be threaded alongside a threading tool, positioning a radially expandable mandrel inside of the pipe end, securing the mandrel by expansion, threading the pipe end with the threading tool, and removing the mandrel. A preferred mandrel comprises a housing, an elastomeric sleeve, a piston, and a cylinder head. The elastomeric sleeve covers the outside cylindrical surface of the housing. The device is filled with hydraulic fluid and the piston is actuated to expand the sleeve against the inside of the pipe. Vibrations from the cutting operation are absorbed by the hydraulic fluid after being transmitted into it via the elastomeric sleeve.

Oil field tubular goods are often supplied in end-threaded sections. The threads are formed in a single-pass threading operation that takes only a few seconds once cutting commences. Because of the extreme pressures involved in such an operation, vibration or chatter can set up between the pipe and the cutting tool which can destroy the integrity of the thread, resulting in the pipe having to be cut off to a non-standard length and a new thread formed. The problem is worse in thin-walled tubulars. Losses include increased scrap, down time, factory seconds, broken tools and reduced throughput in attempts to avoid the foregoing.
A device and technique for reducing losses incurred on account of tool chatter would be desirable.


A cylindrical coil winding structure of a flyback transformer is disclosed, which comprises a cylindrical winding member and a magnetizable core inserted into the cylindrical winding member. The cylindrical winding member includes a cylindrical insulator sheet and a conductor coil pattern formed on the outer surface thereof. A manufacturing process of the cylindrical flexible coil winding structure is also disclosed.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a coil winding structure of a transformer, and more particularly, to a cylindrical coil winding structure of a flyback transformer for applying high-voltage current to a cathode-ray tube.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Generally, a cathode-ray tube includes an electron gun emitting a thermal electron beam and a photosensitive screen producing desired colors and images by the emitted electron beam. The photosensitive screen is coated with a combination of R, G and B type fluorescent materials. Also the cathode-ray tube is provided with a deflection coil, a focusing coil and an accelerating coil, etc., for controlling the emitted electron beam.
Typically, the cathode-ray tube requires a high-voltage of 25,000 V or so for deflecting and focusing the electron beam, and this high voltage current is generated by a flyback transformer and applied to the cathode-ray tube.
FIG. 1 is a perspective view illustrating an exploded state of a conventional flyback transformer, which will be described below.
As illustrated in FIG. 1, the conventional flyback transformer includes a casing 10 having a through-hole 12, a cylindrical secondary coil assembly 30 inside the casing 10, a cylindrical primary coil assembly 20 inserted into the secondary coil assembly 30, a magnetizable core 40 inserted into the primary coil assembly 20, an anode cap 14 attached to the secondary coil assembly 30, a cover 50 for the casing 10, and a condenser 52 inside the cover 50, etc.
The primary and secondary coil assemblies 20, 30 respectively consist of an insulating bobbin 24, 34 and primary and secondary coil windings 22, 32 around the bobbins 24, 34. All turns of the coil windings 22, 32 are insulated from each other.
Voltage applied to the flyback transformer is rectified by the condenser 52, flows to the primary coil assembly 20, and consequently to the primary coil winding 22.
The voltage applied to the primary coil winding 22, that is, a primary voltage, provides a large secondary voltage by mutual induction effect. As is well known, the value of the secondary voltage is determined depending on the ratio of the number of turns of the secondary coil winding 32 to that of the primary winding 22. Thereafter, the induced secondary voltage is applied through the anode cap 14 to the cathode-ray tube and then functions by emitting, accelerating, and focusing the electron beam.
In the above-described conventional flyback transformer, however, achieving uniformity in the characteristics thereof is not easy. Namely, in the coil winding process, the adjacent coil turns are very likely to overlap or separate from each other. Therefore, all of those problems lead to variation or fluctuation in the characteristics of the flyback transformer, consequently resulting in poor high voltage regulation thereof.
Furthermore, the demand for large sized cathode-ray tubes has increased, and therefore various devices for supplying voltage to the cathode-ray tube, especially the flyback transformer which requires a greater number of turns in the coil windings, has lead to a resultant increase in the overall size of the flyback transformer.

Cylindrical coil winding structure of flyback transformer


Methods for cryptographic synchronization of data packets. A roll-over counter (ROC) value is periodically appended to and transmitted with a data packet when a function of the packet sequence number equals a predetermined value. The ROC effectively synchronizes the cryptographic transformation of the data packets. Although the disclosed methods are generally applicable to many transmission protocols, they are particularly adaptable for use in systems wherein the data packets are transmitted to a receiver using the Secure Real-Time Transport Protocol (SRTP) as defined in Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Request for Comments (RFC) 3711.

A security, or cryptographic, protocol is an abstract or concrete protocol that performs a security-related function and applies cryptographic methods. Cryptographic protocols are widely used for secure application-level data transport. A cryptographic protocol usually incorporates at least some of these aspects: key agreement or establishment; entity authentication; symmetric encryption and message authentication material construction; secured application-level data transport; and non-repudiation methods.
A cryptographic protocol running over an unreliable transport mechanism requires means to synchronize the transmitter and receiver, for example, due to packet loss or packet reordering. At the lowest level, a receiver must be able to correctly assemble data packets into "intelligible" data; e.g., it must know if a data packet is missing so that it can request retransmission. Synchronization is typically accomplished by adding a sequence number to each pocket or by using an already existing sequence number. Such sequence numbers are then input to a cryptographic algorithm, together with the proper key, and synchronization is obtained on a per-packet basis. The latter approach is preferred, however, since it does not increase the amount of data and, thus, the necessary bandwidth.
Due to the properties of cryptographic transforms, the same sequence number should never be used twice with the same key. Conventional built-in counters, however, are typically only 16 bits and, thus, in high speed communications, a 16-bit sequence number space may "wrap" within a matter of seconds, leading to inefficiency due to necessary frequent re-keying. For example, with a 16-bit sequence number, every 216 packet will contain identical sequence numbers, and thus a receiver is unable to distinguish such packets.
To get around this problem, a roll-over counter ("ROC") can be used to define an "extended" sequence number. For a 16-bit sequence number (sequence_number) and extended sequence number (EXTENDED_SEQ) could be equal to sequence_number+ROC*216. In such systems, the ROC should be updated on the transmitter and receiver sides whenever sequence_number "wraps" modulo 216. The ROC value, however, is typically not carried in the packets, but is implicitly maintained by the transmitter and receiver. It can be shown, however, that as long as packet re-order/loss is not more than 215, it is possible to maintain synchronization by estimating the ROC value based on heuristic methods; see, for example the Appendix of Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Request for Comments (RFC) 3711, "Secure Real-time Transport Protocol" ("SRTP").
In some applications where users may join or leave an ongoing session (e.g., 3GPP Multi-cast and broadcast services (MBMS); where SRTP is to be used), however, the "extended" mechanism is not sufficient due to the fact that each user must be given the current ROC value and it is not trivial how to accurately transfer the information to the users. SRTP currently does not provide a mechanism to provide the ROC value using inband signaling. It is possible, however, to signal the value out-of-band using a key management protocol (e.g., Multimedia Internet KEYing ("MIKEY"), IETF RFC3830). The problem with this approach is that key management is typically performed by a separate process and it is not unlikely that the key management is performed long before a user decides to join a session. In this case, the value of ROC that was used when key management was performed will not be valid when a user joins a session.
Even though key management is performed more or less in synchronization with SRTP stream processing, it is possible that the ROC value will be incorrect due to the way SRTP estimates the extended sequence number. For example, assume that the media (SRTP) sequence number has just wrapped around (e.g., is equal to 0x0000) and that the key management reads the ROC value at this point in time. Next, the ROC value is transported to the user (receiver) and the user reads the ROC value and stores it for reference. Since it is possible that packets are re-ordered on the path between the media server and the user, the first media (SRTP) packet the user receives could be a delayed packet which happens to have, for example, a sequence number equal to 0xFFFF. In this situation, SRTP may process this (delayed) packet with a ROC value that is one too high. Also, the next SRTP packet received is likely to have a sequence number equal to 0x0000. In this situation, SRTP would guess, or estimate, that the sequence number has wrapped around and, thus, would increase its ROC value by one. This would cause loss of synchronization. Under conditions of heavy packet loss, or if the user leaves a session and rejoins after such a long period of time that the ROC has wrapped around at least one time, the problem re-appears.
Accordingly, there is a need in the art for methods for secure and bandwidth efficient cryptographic synchronization. Preferably, such methods should make efficient use of bandwidth and protect against unauthorized manipulation.

Methods for secure and bandwidth efficient cryptographic synchronization


An optoelectronic detector using a photodetector (1) and a stress induction device for inducing elastic waves with the stress inducing device being mechanically coupled to the photodetector. The stress inducing device includes an excitation which permits the transmission of the elastic waves.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a semiconductor optoelectronic detector and in particular to a quantum well detector possessing a high detectivity permitting lesser sensitivity to noise.
2. Discussion of the Background
An optical detector uses:
photoconduction or the photovoltaic effect induced by a transition between the valence band and the conduction band
or photoconduction induced by a transition from a localized level (associated with a well in a heterostructure or with a localized level in the forbidden band) towards the conduction or valence band.
The energy band detected is directly related to the energy of the forbidden band in the first case or to the level's depth in energy with respect to the band in the second case.


An improved driver and ODT impedance calibration techniques of a synchronous memory device are provided. The impedance calibration is performed by generating a calibration enable signal showing a calibration operation mode entry. The code signals for an ODT calibration are generated for every predetermined interval of time. A first control signal is generated based on the calibration enable signal. A final code signal of the sequentially generated code signals is latched by the first control signal to use as a driver and ODT impedance calibration signal.

The present invention relates to an impedance calibration method of a driver and on-die termination (hereinafter referred to as "ODT") of a synchronous memory device, and more particularly, to an improved driver and ODT impedance calibration method of a synchronous memory device in which the calibration is normally made in an enable state to match a present impedance situation with a compensation for this.
In general, a semiconductor device such as a memory device exchanges data and the like with an external system. However, if the bus-line impedance used to connect a semiconductor device and an external system is different from the signal-line impedance of the semiconductor device directly connected to the bus line, it may cause a reflection of the data. In recent high-speed semiconductor devices, an impedance-matching device, such as an ODT device, is provided to prevent such a data reflection.
The ODT device includes resistance elements and is connected to an input/output line, which is connected to the input/output pad of the semiconductor device. The ODT device selectively turns on/off the resistance elements connected to the input/output line, thereby calibrating the impedance of the input/output line.
FIG. 1 is a circuit diagram showing an example of a device that calibrates the impedance of an ODT device.
In FIG. 1, an internal calibration enable signal (int_calen), a signal generated in the ODT impedance calibration mode, is generated inside the semiconductor device.
An external calibration enable signal (ext_calen) is a signal which is applied from outside during normal operation of the semiconductor device. The external calibration enable signal (ext_calen) is a signal to be applied in calibrating the ODT device impedance when a characteristic of the semiconductor device is changed due to the variation of temperature, voltage, and the like during normal operation.
In FIG. 1, an oscillator 110 receives an internal calibration enable signal (int_calen) at high level to output an oscillation signal (osc_clk). An M-bit counter 11 counts the pulse number of the oscillation signal (osc_clk).
A maximum counter trigger signal generator 120 is controlled by the M-bit counter 11, and, when the pulse of the oscillation signal (osc_clk) is M-th, the maximum counter trigger signal generator 120 transmits a trigger signal (int_discal) from low level to high level.
A pulse generator (130) is synchronized with the rising edge of the oscillation signal (osc_clk) to output a pulse signal (G_calp). Moreover, the pulse generator 130 receives the trigger signal (int_discal) and external calibration enable signal (ext_calen).
An oscillator 140 receives the pulse signal (G_calp) generated by the pulse generator 130, and controls the operation of the pulse generator 150. Here, a pulse signal (L_calp) outputted from the pulse generator 150 is synchronized with the rising edge of the pulse signal (G_calp) to produce a plurality of pulses.
An N-bit counter 12 counts the pulse number of the pulse generator 150.
A maximum counter trigger signal generator 160 is controlled by the N-bit counter 12, and the maximum counter trigger signal generator 160 disables the operation of the oscillator 140 when the pulse of the pulse signal (L_calp) is N-th.
The ODT impedance calibration portion 170 receives the output signal (L_calp) of the pulse generator 150 to output a plurality of control signals (code<0:n-1>). The ODT impedance is calibrated by the control signal (code<0:n-1>), which is selectively enabled (refer to reference numeral 220 of FIG. 2).
FIG. 2 is a more detailed view showing a portion of the circuit block illustrated in FIG. 1.
As illustrated in FIG. 2, the ODT impedance calibration device 170 includes a comparator 210, an ODT block 220, and an N-bit counter 230.
The comparator 210 and N-bit counter 230 are driven by the pulse signal (L_calp) outputted from the pulse generator 150.
The comparator 210 compares a line voltage (ZQ_in) applied to resistance (RQ) with a reference voltage (Vref).
The N-bit counter 230 receives an output signal (Com_out) of the comparator 210 to output a control signal (code<0:n-1>) which controls the ODT block 220.
The ODT block 220 calibrates the turn-on/turn-off of a PMOS transistor with the control signal (code<0:n-1>) to calibrate the impedance voltage of the ZQ line (ZQ_in). Reference characters A, B, C, and D within the ODT block 220 indicate resistance values.
The resistance (RQ) connected to the ZQ line (ZQ_in) is a reference resistance for calibration of the driver and ODT, which is a resistance targeted with respect to the calibration of P_Leg and L_Leg.
Hereinafter, referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, such a driver and ODT impedance calibration method will be described in more detail.
In general, if a semiconductor device wants to perform a normal operation, the driver and ODT impedance of the internal line, which receive the external signal or transmit the internal signal, should be calibrated to an optimum value. The driver and ODT impedance should be optimized in order to prevent the interference or distortion of the input signal.
An initial ODT impedance calibration in the semiconductor device is performed by the internal calibration enable signal (int_calen).
Then, it is necessary for the semiconductor device to recalibrate the driver and ODT impedance by reflecting the variation of temperature, voltage, and the like while performing a normal operation. In this case, the receipt of an external calibration enable signal (ext_calen) is used to recalibrate the impedance. Typically, however, the minimum period of an external calibration enable signal (ext_calen) is determined. This restricts the number of times available to recalibrate the impedance for a limited period of time.
FIG. 3A is another example of a conventional output driver and ODT impedance calibration circuit, in which the output signal (Pcode<0:5>, Ncode<0:5>) of the calibration circuit calibrates the resistance value of the impedance implemented by the memory device's output driver and ODT device.
The calibration circuit of FIG. 3A includes the calibration control signal generator 301, the P_Leg calibration portion 302, an N-Leg calibration portion 304, a final P_Leg 6-bit latch portion 303, and a final N_Leg 6-bit latch portion 305.
FIG. 3B illustrates an example of the input/output line receiving output signal (Pcode<0:5>, Ncode<0:5>) of FIG. 3A to calibrate the impedance of the line (L).
FIG. 4 is an example of the calibration control signal generator 301 illustrated in FIG. 3A, which includes a calibration enable portion 401, a maximum bit counter portion 402, and a calibration oscillation portion 403.
FIG. 5 is an example of the P_Leg calibration portion 302 illustrated in FIG. 3A, which includes an output driver & ODT P_Leg 501, a 2-stage comparator amplifier 502, and an up-down bit counter portion 503.
FIG. 6 is an example of the N_Leg calibration portion 304 illustrated in FIG. 3A, which includes an output driver and ODT N_Leg 601, a 2-stage comparator amplifier 602, and an up-down bit counter portion 603.
FIG. 7 is an illustration explaining the operation of the circuit illustrated in FIGS. 3A-3B and 4 through 6.
As illustrated above, the calibration control signal generator 301 generates enable signals (Cal_en, Cen—1st, Cen—2nd) in response to the pulse signal (Cal_enp). In other words, as seen in FIGS. 4 and 7, the enable signal (Cal_en) is enabled to high level by the pulse signal (Cal_enp). While the enable signal (Cal_en) is enabled, the calibration oscillator 403 generates the enable signals (Cen—1st, Cen—2nd) having waveforms as shown in FIG. 7. The maximum bit counter portion 402 of FIG. 4 counts a toggling number of the enable signal (Cen—2nd) to output a stop signal (STOP) when the toggling number of the enable signal (Cen—2nd) is matched with the maximum counter set in the maximum bit counter portion 402. The enable signal (Cal_en) of the calibration enable portion 401 is disabled to low level by the stop signal (STOP).
Next, FIG. 5 is an example of the P_Leg calibration portion 302 illustrated in FIG. 3A. In FIG. 5, ZQ is connected to the output driver & ODT P_Leg 501 which is a PMOS impedance portion used as an ODT of external resistances (RQ in FIG. 2), data pull-up output drivers, data, address, and command. A voltage level of the ZQ node and a reference voltage (vrefd) at a predetermined level are compared in the 2-stage comparator amplifier 502. When the voltage level of the ZQ node is lower than that of the reference voltage (vrefd), an output signal (up_dnz) of the 2-stage comparator amplifier 502 becomes high level. When the output signal (up_dnz) becomes high level, an output signal value (Pcode_pre<0:5>) of the up-down bit counter portion 503 increases by one step to reduce an impedance of the output driver and ODT impedance.
FIG. 6 is an example of an N-Leg calibration portion 304 illustrated in FIG. 3a.
In FIG. 6, an output driver & ODT N_Leg 601 is connected to an output of the P_Leg calibration portion 302 of FIG. 5 and a pull-down N-Leg of the driver, which is provided to calibrate the pull-down N_Leg of the driver according to a level of the output driver & ODT P_Leg 501 of FIG. 5. The N-Leg calibration portion 304 of FIG. 6 outputs an internal voltage Vint while calibrating a count value of the signal Nnode_pre<0:5> to compare with a reference voltage Vrefd, and the 2-stage comparator amplifier 602 compares the reference voltage Vrefd with the internal voltage Vint, and the up-down bit counter portion 603 increases or decreases a value of the signal Nnode_pre<0:5> by one step according to a logic level of an output signal (up_dnz) of the 2-stage comparator amplifier 602.
The above-mentioned process is performed until the increase/decrease of the signal (Pcode_pre<0:5>, Ncode_pre<0:5>) is repeated with the same value (for example, 011100->111100->011100, ->111100, . . . ).
Shown in FIG. 7 is a case where an internal calibration operation is performed three times and a value of the signal (Pcode_pre<0:5>) is increased by one step according to each calibration.
In FIG. 7, when the calibration is terminated by a first pulse signal (Cal_enp), a value of the signal (Pcode_pre<0:5>) is "011100." However, in the prior art, the value "011100" of the calibrated signal (Pcode_pre<0:5>) is reflected in the output driver and ODT device when a second pulse signal (Cal_enp) is applied. In other words, as seen in FIG. 3, the signal (Pcode_pre<0:5>) having the value "011100" is outputted from the final P_Leg 6-bit latch portion 303 in response to the second pulse signal (Cal_enp). Accordingly, the final P_Leg 6-bit latch portion 303 outputs the signal Pcode<0:5> having the value "011100."
As a result, there is a problem that the variation of temperature, voltage, and the like corresponding to a present calibration period cannot be reflected in the present calibration but reflected in the next calibration.
On the other hand, FIG. 8 is an illustration for explaining input signal waveforms of a 2-stage comparative amplifier of FIG. 5 and its resulting output signal (Pcode_pre<0:5>) values of the up-down bit counter portion 503. For a reference, an example of the 2-stage comparator amplifier 502 is illustrated in FIG. 15.
As seen in FIG. 8, when a level difference between signals (d0, d0z) is greater than a predetermined level, the comparison time is short and the amplification degree is good as illustrated in {circle around (1)} or {circle around (2)} in FIG. 8, but when a level difference between the input signals is very small as illustrated in {circle around (3)}, it takes a longer time until the next stage amplifies the level to the extent that it can be recognized as a low or high level. When a value is latched in such an unstable region {circle around (3)}, the signal (Pcode_pre<0:5>) may not be increased (Case-1) or decreased (Case-2) by one step; or it may occur a case where a totally different value ends up being latched (Case-3). In such a case, there is a problem that an impedance level of the output driver and an impedance level of the ODT device may get out of an optimal tolerance range.

Method for calibrating a driver and on-die termination of a synchronous memory device


A variable stator of a turbomachine with a profile skeleton line extending along a meridional flow line, with the stator being radially divided into at least three zones (Z0, Z1, Z2) and with the respective radial inner and the radial outer profile skeleton line of each zone (Z0, Z1, Z2) being designed such that it satisfies the following equations:

The present invention relates to variable stator blades of turbomachines, such as blowers, compressors, pumps and fans of the axial, semi-axial or radial type. The working medium (fluid) may be gaseous or liquid.
More particularly, this invention relates to at least one variable stator blade of a turbomachine or to a variable inlet guide vane assembly, if applicable. The respective blading is situated within a casing, which confines the passage of fluid through at least one rotor and one stator in the outward direction. While a rotor comprises several rotor blades attached to a rotating shaft and transfers energy to the working medium, a stator consists of several stator blades mostly fixed in the casing.
The aerodynamic roadability and the efficiency of turbomachines, for example blowers, compressors, pumps and fans, is limited in particular by the growth and the separation of boundary layers in the area of the radial gaps between the blading and the casing or the hub, respectively, these gaps being necessary at the annulus rim for reasons of design.
In particular on rotatable variable stators, the radial gaps generated by the required recesses before and after the trunnion are pronounced and entail considerable flow losses. In order to limit these losses, rotary bases of max possible size are usually used on the inward and outward ends of the variable stators to keep small the extension of the recesses in flow direction. Preferably, the rotary bases are provided such that they are situated in the crucial profile leading edge zones of the blade peripheral sections.
However, due to failure provisions and design constraints, configurations of variable stators quite frequently exist which have only small size and where the rotary bases are not situated far enough upstream. In this case, a considerable radial gap exists both before and after the rotary base. The state of the art does not provide any aerodynamically favorable solutions to this fundamental problem. The general concept of boundary influencing of radial running gaps by changing the type of skeleton line along the blade height is provided in the state of the art, however, the known solutions are not adequate and, therefore, not effective, in particular for the flow conditions at a blade end with rotary base and two partial radial gaps.
FIG. 1 schematically shows two blade configurations in the meridional plane defined by the radial direction r and the axial direction x, these blade configurations corresponding to the state of the art. The representation is limited to a variable stator borne in the hub and the casing, a bearing only in the casing or the hub, with full radial gap at the respective (other) blade end is however also possible in individual cases.
On the left-hand side, a conventional variable stator without variation of the type of skeleton line is shown. In this simplest standard case, the blade consists of only one block (Z0) in which the type of the skeleton line is specified according to fixed rules. This category includes the so-called CDA (controlled diffusion airfoils) according to U.S. Pat. No. 4,431,376. Aerodynamically, CDA aim at a moderate profile front load.
On the right-hand side, a conventional blade is shown whose rotating base extends up to the leading edge. In lieu of a completely uniform profile, the blade may also feature a continuous change of the profile type over the entire height according to the state of the art. Here, the entire blade is not represented by a block (Z0) of uniform profile, but by only one large transition zone. This includes concepts from known publications providing for a transition from a CDA type of skeleton line to a type of skeleton line that aims more at a profile back load in the blade outer areas (R. F. Behike, Journal of Turbomachinery, Vol. 8, July 1986).
In addition, attempts exist to positively influence the peripheral zone flow by specially shaping the blade stacking axis, for example by imparting a bend, sweep or dihedral to the blading (see EP0661413A1, EP1106835A2, EP1106836A2). None of the existing solutions refers to variable stators.

Abstract: α      *        =                            α          1                -                  α          P                                      α          1                -                  α          2                                S      *        =                  S        P            S                      where:                    P is any point of the profile skeleton line,            α1 is the angle of inclination at the stator leading edge,            α2 is the angle of inclination at the stator trailing edge,            α* is the dimensionless, specific angle of the total curvature,            S* is the dimensionless, specific extension,            αP is the angle of the tangent at any point P of the profile skeleton line to the central meridional flow line,            sP is the extension of the profile skeleton line at any point P, and            S is the total extension of the profile skeleton line.


A portable telephone bank includes a group of public telephones connected to a central communication unit. The public telephones permit callers to place telephone calls over a public telephone network. Each of the telephones includes a portable handset that permits a caller to roam within a predetermined range of the portable telephone bank. The central communication unit transmits communication signals from the telephones to the public telephone network via wireless communication channels.

The present invention relates generally to public communication systems and, more particularly, to a portable bank of cordless, wireless, or disposable public telephones.
Public telephones have remained relatively static over the last decade. FIG. 1 is a diagram of a conventional bank of public telephones 100. The telephone bank 100 includes several telephone units 110. Each telephone unit 110 includes a housing 120, a handset 130 connected to the housing 120 via a cord or cable 140, a coin reception slot 150 that receives coins as payment for a call, a card reception slot 160 that receives a debit or credit card as payment for a call, and a coin return slot 170 that returns the coin payment in the event of incomplete placement of a call.
Typically, a provider permanently installs the telephone bank 100 at a predetermined location, such as at an airport or a shopping mall, or temporarily installs it at a location where temporary telephone service is needed, such as at a convention or a sporting event. The provider connects the telephone bank 100 to a public telephone line at the location.
One problem that exists with the conventional telephone bank 100 is that callers must congregate in the telephone area to wait for a telephone to become available and to place a call. The telephone cord 140 limits a caller""s movement during the call to an area of usually less than a foot. The cord 140 also limits the telephone""s use by callers who cannot comfortably reach the telephone handset 130, such as individuals in wheelchairs.
FIG. 2 is a diagram of a conventional bank of public telephones 200 that addresses the above problem. The telephone bank 200 includes several telephone units 210. Each telephone unit 210 includes a housing 220, a cordless handset 230, a coin reception slot 240 that receives coins as payment for a call, a card reception slot 250 that receives a debit or credit card as payment for a call, and a coin return slot 260 that returns the coin payment in the event of incomplete placement of a call. The cordless handset 230 permits a caller to roam outside the immediate area of the telephone bank 200.
Both of the above conventional telephone banks 100 and 200 have an additional problem in that they require a physical connection to a public telephone network. Also, the physical connection must be capable of handling the maximum telephone service provided by the telephone bank. As a result, providers are limited as to the locations at which these telephone banks can be installed, thereby limiting the availability of public telephone service.
Therefore, a need exists for a mechanism that provides public telephone service at any location, regardless of whether the location contains a physical connection to the public telephone network.
Systems and methods consistent with the present invention address this need by providing a portable bank of cordless, wireless, or disposable telephones that provide public telephone service at any location.
In accordance with the purpose of the invention as embodied and broadly described herein, a system consistent with the present invention includes a group of public telephones connected to a central communication unit. The public telephones permit callers to place telephone calls over a public telephone network. Each of the telephones includes a portable handset that permits a caller to roam outside an immediate area of the system. The central communication unit transmits communication signals from the telephones to the public telephone network via wireless communication channels.
In another implementation consistent with the present invention, a system includes at least one satellite, a gateway connected to the at least one satellite by a wireless communication channel and to the public telephone network by a wireline communication channel, and a portable public telephone bank. The portable telephone bank includes a plurality of public telephones and a central communication unit.
The public telephones permit callers to place telephone calls. Each of the public telephones includes a portable handset that permits a caller to roam within a predetermined range of the portable telephone bank. The central communication unit connects to the public telephones and the at least one satellite to transmit communication signals between the public telephones and the public telephone network via the at least one satellite and the gateway.
In a different implementation consistent with the present invention, the central communication unit transmits communication signals from the public telephones to a public telephone network via a high-speed data link.
In other implementations consistent with the present invention, the public telephones include cordless, wireless, or disposable handsets.


A method for preventing subscriber identifier leakage from a telecommunications network includes receiving, by a security edge protection proxy (SEPP), an authentication response message authorizing a subscriber in a visitor network, wherein the authentication response message includes a home subscriber identifier used to identify the subscriber within a home network. The method further includes replacing, by the SEPP, the home subscriber identifier in the authentication response message with a visitor subscriber identifier. The method further includes forwarding, by the SEPP, the authentication response message with the visitor subscriber identifier to a visitor network.

The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) is a collaboration between groups of telecommunications standards associations. The 3GPP defined mobile phone system specifications for telecommunications networks including 3G, 4G, and Long Term Evolution (LTE) networks.
The next generation network for 3GPP is the 5G network. The 5G specifications target high data rates, reduced latency, energy saving, cost reduction, higher system capacity, and increasing numbers of connected devices.
The 5G system architecture introduces the security edge protection proxy (SEPP) as the entity sitting at the perimeter of a public land mobile network (PLMN). The SEPP can protect messages that are sent over interfaces between different networks. The SEPP can be configured as the node that:                receives all service layer messages from the Network Function and protects them before sending them out of the network on the N32 interface and        receives all messages on the N32 interface and forwards them to the appropriate Network Function after verifying security, where present.
The SEPP implements application layer security for all the service layer information exchanged between two NFs across two different PLMNs.
The 5G system architectures includes a subscriber permanent identifier (SUPI) for subscribers. The SUPI is a globally unique identifier allocated to each subscriber in the 5G system. 5G has introduced concepts like the subscription concealed identifier (SUCI) to make sure that the SUPI remains confidential and known only to user equipment (UE) and the network.
During a roaming scenario, the SUPI needs to be shared with a visitor network for 5G service-based interface (SBI) service access. Sharing the SUPI with visitor network, however, opens up the possibility of SUPI leakage. SUPI can leak from the visitor network because of compromised security in visitor network. For example, the visitor access and mobility management function (AMF) can be compromised and may be leaking data. Data leaks from a visitor network may not be exposed for days and months, and leaked SUPIs may already be sold on the dark web by the time the leaks are exposed.
In light of these and other difficulties, there exists a need for methods, systems, and computer readable media for preventing subscriber identifier leakage.

Methods, systems, and computer readable media for preventing subscriber identifier leakage


A bicycle seat shock absorber comprising a shaft for attaching to a bicycle frame, a contoured flat spring having a first end and a second end wherein the first end is attached to the shaft, a support member having a first end and a second end wherein the first end is attached to the spring and the second end is attached to the bicycle seat, a flexible first strap having a first end and a second end wherein the first end is connected to the spring first end and the second end is connected to the spring second end, and a flexible second strap having a first end and a second end wherein the first end is connected to the shaft and the second end is connected to the support member second end.

1. Field of the Invention
In general, the present invention relates to a new and improved shock absorber assembly for vehicles. More particularly, the present invention provides a contoured "flat" spring made from composite materials which may be utilized in conjunction with a bicycle seat, with bicycle wheels, and other vehicles where a shock absorbing feature is desired.
2. Description of the Prior Art
With moving vehicles, such as bicycles, motorcycles, automobiles, and various other transportation and sports related vehicles, occupant comfort is often a key element in design. Minimizing the jarring of bumps and varied terrain during motion of the vehicle has been pursued through many various designs throughout vehicular history. In particular, this pursuit is extremely evident in the bicycle industry which is constantly increasing in consumer demand and the associated consumer desire for equipment that provides shock absorbing capabilities in normal and off road excursions.
It is felt that adequate suspension methods for bicycles have not been fully addressed. While many suspension systems exist and are utilized in bicycles, many of the designs are relatively limited, especially for rear suspension systems. Currently in the art, rear wheel suspension systems often are unnecessarily heavy, have too many associated parts, and greatly increase the price for bicycles.
A few seat post suspension systems are available for hard tail bicycles that help to offer cushion over bumps at relatively low expense. The systems that are currently available either use in-line damping mechanisms or polycentric devices with springs or elastomers for cushioning. These devices too may require additional maintenance due to moving parts, may result in stiction (sticking from overcoming friction), and may add additional weight to the bicycle. It is not unusual for a typical suspension system for a bicycle seat to weigh around 500 grams.
The above discussed limitations in the prior art is not exhaustive. The current invention provides an inexpensive, effective, and more reliable apparatus and method of using the same where the prior art fails.


Multiple Bloom filters are generated to partition data between first and second disjoint data sets of elements. Each element in the first data set is assigned to a bucket of a first set of buckets, and each element in the second data set is assigned to a bucket of a second set of buckets. A Bloom filter is generated for each bucket of the first set of buckets. The Bloom filter generated for a bucket indicates that each element assigned to that bucket is part of the first data set, and that each element assigned to a corresponding bucket of the second set of buckets is not part of the first data set. Additionally, a Bloom filter corresponding to a subsequently received element can be determined and used to identify whether that subsequently received element is part of the first data set or the second data set.

As computing technology has advanced, the tasks that computers have been expected to handle have increased in size and complexity. One such task is managing two or more very large sets of elements and responding to subsequent requests querying which of the sets a particular element is part of These elements can be any types of strings or integers, such as the URLs (Uniform Resource Locators) of all the Web pages on the Internet, which currently totals approximately five billion URLs. For example, a computer may be expected to keep track of the URLs of all the Web pages on the Internet as two or more separate sets of URLs, and subsequently respond to queries as to which of the sets includes a particular URL. Managing such large amounts of data can be problematic as determining which set a particular element is part of can be very time-consuming.

Data partitioning via bucketing bloom filters


A contact printing apparatus (100), using a direct-coupled emissive array (20) of individual light emitting pixels (22), forms an image from digital data onto a photosensitive medium (16). The direct-coupled emissive array (20) is fabricated on an optically coupled substrate (25) that provides light-directing elements, such as a lenslet array or fiber optic faceplate (40) for directing light from emitter pixels (22) to print pixel (71) locations on the photosensitive medium (16).

A number of different imaging technologies have been employed for recording images from digital data onto photosensitive media. Technologies adapted for digital printing onto photosensitive media include cathode ray tube (CRT), scanned laser beam, liquid crystal display (LCD) and digital micromirror device (DMD) technologies. Each of these imaging technologies achieves some measure of success for producing high quality prints competitive with more traditional optical imaging approaches.
In a CRT-based printer, digital image data modulates an electron beam, providing variable exposure energy as the beam scans across a phosphorescent screen. The emitted light is conditioned by color filters, then directed to the media through imaging optics. Examples of CRT-based systems include those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,754,334 (Kriz et al.) and in U.S. Pat. No. 5,303,056 (Constable).
In a laser-based printer, digital image data modulates the on-time duration or the intensity of a laser beam that is scanned across the media surface by a rotating reflector, such as a mirrored polygon. Relatively complex F-Theta optics are generally required for laser printing in order to minimize polygon-related artifacts and to provide the desired print resolution. One example of a laser-based printer is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,728,965 (Kessler et al.)
LCDs and DMDs are spatial light modulators that offer another alternative imaging solution. A spatial light modulator can be considered essentially as a one-dimensional (linear) or two-dimensional (area) array of light-valve elements, each element corresponding to an image pixel. In an LCD-based printer, digital image data modulates the polarization state of an incident optical beam. One example of an LCD-based printer is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,652,661 (Gallipeau et al.) In a DMD-based printer, digital image data modulates electrostatically deflectable mirrors, each corresponding to a single image pixel. One example of a DMD-based printer is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,461,411 (Florence et al.) Printing apparatus using either an LCD or a DMD spatial light modulator requires both illumination optics, to condition and direct incident light from a light source, and projection optics for directing modulated light onto the photosensitive medium.
While varying degrees of success have been achieved in deploying each of these technologies, some drawbacks remain. CRT imaging devices, for example, are bulky, limited in resolution, and relatively expensive. Laser scanning devices are characterized by relatively high cost and substantial optical and mechanical complexity. LCD-based printers require supporting optical systems for uniformization, polarization, illumination, and focusing of the modulated light. DMD printers also require costly support optics and are limited in the available resolution. Supporting optics for digital printing systems employing CRT, scanned laser, LCD, and DMD imaging devices add cost, size, and complexity to printing apparatus design. The significant size, complexity, and cost requirements prevent the building of compact digital printing systems, such as for handheld applications, and it can be seen that there is a need for a digital printing apparatus with simpler design and smaller form factor.
Photoemissive area arrays, such as the various types of organic light emitting diode (OLED) devices, have been developed chiefly for imaging as display devices. However, it has been recognized that there may be advantages to using OLED devices for printing onto photosensitive media. Photoemissive arrays can act as both light modulators and light emitters, and they can print a full image frame at a time. By eliminating the need of additional light source and illumination optics, photoemissive arrays can be employed to provide simplification to the design of printer systems. However, they still require separate projection optics for image forming on photosensitive media. Referring to FIG. 1, there is shown the basic optical path for a prior art printing apparatus 10 employing an conventional emissive array 19 with a lens 14 for imaging onto a photosensitive medium 16. Lens 14 could use a single element, as represented in FIG. 1, but would more likely include multiple optical elements, with chromatic correction, for example. The need for projection optics still poses limitations to the use of OLED devices in building very compact printer systems.
A notable configuration for printer design is contact printing, where an image is printed onto a photosensitive medium that is placed against or very near the exposing surface of a printhead. Without the use of interposed optics for imaging, contact printing has the advantage of allowing the implementation of potentially compact printer systems, but is not suitable for many digital printing technologies. In particular, light path constraints prevent laser-, LCD- and DMD-based imaging systems from being used in contact printing configuration. There has been disclosures of CRT-based digital printer designs utilizing contact printing. For example, as is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,484,233 (Strout et al.), CRT imaging is used in conjunction with a specially manufactured and treated fiber optic faceplate for forming an exposure image directly at the photosensitive media plane. Notably, the apparatus of U.S. Pat. No. 4,484,233 is sizable, requiring substantial depth for forming and modulating the imaging beam. Thus, although the apparatus of U.S. Pat. No. 4,484,233 does not require lens components for exposure of the photosensitive medium, it does require a sizable CRT system and a fiber optic faceplate that is specially designed and would be costly and not suitable for compact applications.
There is also an inherent device limitation that limits the suitability of OLED devices for use in contact printing designs. OLED devices are conventionally fabricated onto a glass substrate. Light emitted from the OLED material is dispersed as it travels through the transparent glass substrate. This causes a loss of sharpness and contrast, so that external supporting optics are generally unavoidable in order to use OLED devices in high resolution, high quality printing applications. Furthermore, OLED light emission is Lambertian, emitting equally in all directions. This is problematic for printing applications in that a significant fraction of the light from an OLED emitter at one pixel location exits the substrate at another pixel location, causing undesirable crosstalk. This further reduces sharpness and contrast for the image exposed on a photosensitive medium in contact printing configuration.
Thus, while the use of photoemissive arrays such as OLED offers the potential of achieving a compact printer design, inherent device limitations, as conventionally fabricated and deployed, prevent further simplification of printer design. There is, as yet, no clear solution of designing a high quality, photoemissive array printer without the cost, complexity, and space requirements of the optical subsystem between the printhead and the photosensitive medium. It can be seen that there is a need for improvement in a printing apparatus and method that achieves very compact printing at high image quality.

Printer using direct-coupled emissive array


The present invention provides a plug for mounting on at least one cable having at least one optical conductor, the plug comprising a body and including at least one optoelectronic converter provided with connection means arranged inside the body in a manner that is removable and interchangeable.

The present invention relates to a plug of the "over connector" type for mounting on at least one cable having at least one optical conductor, and also to a receptacle configured to be connected to the plug.
The invention applies to a plug having at least one optical channel and mounted on a cable including at least one optical conductor, such a plug being used for example in telecommunications installations such as relay antennas for mobile telephony, in broadband data transmission networks for domestic or industrial use, for networks of monitoring cameras, or indeed for data transmission in railway installations. When such a plug is mounted on a cable, they may be referred to together as an active cable assembly.
It is known to use optical plugs having an optoelectronic converter provided with connection means of the kind described for example in European patent application EP 0 726 477, and also known as "transceiver" means. In known plugs, the optoelectronic converter is carried by a receptacle connected to a printed circuit card, e.g. as described in application WO 2009/100796.
Because of the arrangement of the optoelectronic converter in the receptacle, it can happen that the heat generated in the optoelectronic converter is not dissipated in satisfactory manner. Furthermore, an outlet from the optoelectronic converter is for connection to one or more optical contacts carried by a plug. Making a connection between optical contacts and the optoelectronic converter can be made more difficult because it implies connecting together a receptacle and a plug.
Furthermore, incorporating the optoelectronic converter in the receptacle makes it more difficult to have manual access to the device for unlocking the optical contacts of the plug. It can then be found necessary to have recourse to a device that makes it possible to synchronize unlocking of the optical contacts with unlocking of the plug.
In addition, with a receptacle having an optoelectronic converter incorporated therein, it can be difficult to obtain satisfactory alignment between the electrical interface of the plug and that of the receptacle, in spite of the tolerances specified by the manufacturers.
It can also be found difficult to fit a receptacle with an incorporated optoelectronic converter presenting different optical interface standards, such as optical interfaces using LC or SC optical contacts.
There exists the need to benefit from a connection system that uses a transceiver while remedying the above-mentioned drawbacks of the prior art in full or in part.


A gas cooling device capable of efficiently cooling a gas such as an EGR gas, etc. is provided. A multiplicity of cooling pipes perpendicularly intersecting a gas flow direction in a gas pipe for a gas such as an EGR gas, etc. are provided to extend through an outer peripheral wall of the gas pipe, a cooling jacket is provided on an outer surface of the gas pipe on both sides of a group of the cooling medium pipes in an axial direction, or on the entire outer surface of the gas pipe, and the gas in the gas pipe is cooled by a cooling medium flowing through the cooling pipes.

A method of taking out a part of exhaust gases from an exhaust system to return the same to an intake system of an engine again to add the same to a mixture is called EGR (Exhaust Gas Recirculation). EGR is thought to be a method that is effective in purification of exhaust gases of an engine and enhancement in thermal efficiency because it produces much effect such as suppression of generation of NOx (nitrogen oxide) reduction in pumping loss, that reduction in radiation loss to a cooling liquid, which is accompanied by temperature drop of combustion gases, an increase in specific heat ratio, which is caused by changes in quantity and composition of working gas, and enhancement in cycle efficiency accompanying such increase.
However, when an EGR gas is increased in temperature and in quantity, an EGR valve is degraded in durability due to a thermal influence thereof and suffers in some cases from early breakage, and it is recognized that there is a need for a water-cooled construction for the purpose of prevention such degradation and breakage and fuel consumption is decreased due to that reduction in charging efficiency, which is caused by an increase in intake-air temperature. In order to avoid such situation, there is used a device that cools an EGR gas with a cooling liquid of an engine, a cooling medium for car air conditioners, a cooling wind, or the like.
Various coolers of heat exchanger type have been proposed as a conventional cooling device for an EGR gas.
There are, for example, a double tube type heat exchanger, in which an outer tube for having a liquid passing therethrough is arranged outside an inner tube for having a gas passing therethrough, heat exchange is performed between the gas and the liquid, and metallic corrugated sheets are inserted as fins into the inner tube (see JP-A-11-23181), a double tube type heat exchanger, in which an inner tube and an outer tube are provided, and either of a high-temperature side fluid passage and a low-temperature side fluid passage is provided on a side of the inner tube and a side of the outer tube, respectively (see JP-A-2002-350071), a double tube type heat exchanger comprising an inner tube for having a medium being cooled, flowing inside, an outer tube provided in a manner to surround an outer periphery of the inner tube with a gap therebetween, and radiating fins having a thermal stress relaxing function and arranged inside the inner tube (see JP-A-2000-111277), a double tube type heat exchanger comprising an inner tube for having a medium being cooled, flowing inside, an outer tube provided in a manner to surround an outer periphery of the inner tube with a gap therebetween, and cross fins arranged inside the inner tube (see JP-A-2003-21478), an EGR gas cooling device, in which a cooling pipe (heat transfer pipe) is brought into contact with and spirally wound around an outer peripheral surface of an EGR gas pipe (see JP-A-9-88730), and an EGR gas cooling device constructed such that a cooling pipe (heat transfer pipe) extends through an outer peripheral wall of an EGR gas pipe to be inserted into the EGR gas pipe (see JP-A-9-88731).


Recovering heavy oil from a subterraneous formation penetrated by at least one injection well and one production well, by injecting into the injection well a mixture of steam and an alkyl alkoxylated carboxylate salt, increasing the apparent viscosity of the steam while at the same time lowering the steam mobility, and recovering oil from the subterranean formation.

The present invention relates to a foam-forming surfactant and method for improving the recovery of heavy oil from subterranean wells.
As more light oil reservoirs have either depleted or reached their economic limit, the percentage of heavy oils in world oil production continues to rise. However, the recovery of heavy oils can be challenging due to their extremely high viscosity at formation temperature and the low permeability of the sand formations (Larter et al., 2006). Conventional technologies for heavy oil recovery, therefore, must apply heat in the process to melt the oils in order to mobilize them for effective recovery. Some technologies use steam as the source of heat. Some generate heat by in-situ combustion or electrical heating (Nasr and Ayodele, 2005; Szasz and Berry Jr., 1963; Alvarez and Han, 2013).
Steam injection has been demonstrated as one of the most effective recovery methods for heavy oils by heating the formation, lowering the viscosity of the heavy oils and thus enhancing the flow of the heavy oils toward the production wells. For example, steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) has been the most common method in temperature infused recovery technologies for heavy oils. In this process, steam is injected into the steam-injection well. The steam rises due to buoyancy forces and forms a steam chamber above the well. The heat in the steam chamber softens the oil so it melts and drains into the production well located under the injection well. The oil, along with the condensed water from steam, can be pumped to the surface and separated from water. Modifications to the SAGD process to improve the oil recovery such as solvent-steam injection and convective SAGD have been evaluated (Sood, 2016; Nasr et al., 2003). However, steam injection in the thermal processes such as SAGD, steam drive and cyclic steam has its own problems including steam override and steam channeling, resulting in low oil recovery in low permeability zones (Zhang et al., 2007; Castanier and Brigham, 1991). The steam override occurs when the gravitational force causes the low-density steam to rise to the top of the formation and bypass a significant fraction of initial oil in place in the lower part of the reservoir. Steam channeling is observed when the steam channels through relatively high-permeability zones and displaces oil from that zone while bypassing a significant fraction of oil in lower-permeability zones (Duerksen, 1986; Eson, 1983; Chen et al., 2010). Both phenomena occur due to the low steam viscosity and can result in high cost of steam generation and low oil recovery.
It has been demonstrated in prior art literature that surfactants, injected along with steam, create a steam foam flood that improves the steam flood process in heavy oil recovery. The presence of foam creates a barrier that slows the movement of the steam to both upper levels of the formation and towards the production wells, resulting in the distribution of steam to low permeability zones of the reservoir and transfer heat more efficiently to the oil to reduce oil viscosity. In other words, the issues of steam override and channeling can be overcome by an increase in steam apparent viscosity by surfactant foams. As a result, the average residual oil saturation in the reservoir is reduced.
Prior art systems described for anionic surfactants focused mostly on sulfonate surfactants as foaming agents for steam EOR processes, at operating temperatures up to 200° C. (Gassmann et al., 1984; Huang et al., 1984; Muijs et al., 1988; Wall, 1989; Cuenca et al., 2014). Some carboxylates were also reported as steam foaming agents at up to 180° C. (Hawkins and Schievelbein, 1986). There is a continued need for enhanced oil recovery techniques from various oil-bearing formations, such as subterranean oil wells as well as tar or oil sands. The further need to perform such recovery methods at elevated temperatures, such as used in steam applications, are well met by the compounds and methods described in the current invention.

Alkyl alkoxylated carboxylate salts as steam foam additives for heavy oil recovery


Disclosed is a method of manufacturing a continuous disk winding. A high-temperature superconducting wire is lapped using Kapton films to insulate the high-temperature superconducting wire. The high-temperature superconducting wire is wound on a bobbin by a predetermined number of turns to form a layer of windings. An annular disk having a slit formed therein is fitted onto the bobbin. The slit is formed along the circumference of the disk and to be inclined from the inner side of the disk towards the outer side thereof. The high-temperature superconducting wire is inserted into the slit of the disk to pass through the annular disk smoothly along the inclined slit and wound again by the predetermined number of turns to form a next layer of windings. The above steps of fitting an annular disk, and inserting and winding the high-temperature superconducting wire are repeated to form multiple layers of windings.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method of manufacturing a high-temperature superconducting winding, and, more particularly, to a method of manufacturing a continuous disk winding for high-voltage superconducting transformers that has special features of no joint and low loss, which are advantages of a layer winding, while being formed in the shape of a disk winding, which is advantageous in voltage distribution and insulation.
2. Description of the Related Art
Transformers are being recognized as the first application that can be put to practical use among currently developed high-temperature superconducting power equipment. Most high-temperature superconducting transformers recently researched and developed domestically and abroad are based on high voltage and large capacity. Depending upon the shape of winding, a high-temperature superconducting winding constituting such high-temperature superconducting transformers is generally classified as a solenoid type layer winding as shown in FIG. 1A or as a disk winding, which is widely adopted as a winding using a high-temperature superconducting wire made of a general tape formed in double pan cake type, as shown in FIG. 1B. The winding shape of most high-temperature superconducting transformers currently developed all over the world is the layer winding. On the other hand, the disk winding has not been much developed. This is because alternating current loss is less when the winding of the same high-temperature superconducting transformer is manufactured in the shape of the layer winding than when the winding of the same high-temperature superconducting transformer is manufactured in the shape of the disk winding.
For a superconducting wire used in developing the high-temperature superconducting power equipment, alternating current loss is generated due to an alternating magnetic field. Especially, the superconducting wire is very weak with relation to the magnetic field applied perpendicular to the surface of the superconducting wire. For this reason, it is a general trend to adopt the high-temperature superconducting winding manufactured in the layer shape in order to reduce loss and prevent decrease of efficiency.
In the case of the high-voltage transformer, the layer winding reduces the alternating current loss generated in the superconducting wire. However, the layer winding is disadvantageous in the terms of insulation. Furthermore, the capacitance of the high-voltage transformer is small, and therefore, the high-voltage transformer is vulnerable to voltage spikes. For this reason, the high-voltage transformer using a copper wire uses the disk winding.
The disk winding is more advantageous, in terms of voltage distribution and insulation, than the layer winding as the terminal voltage of the transformer is increased. In a transformer, to which high voltage is applied as in a power-transmission transformer, it is generally preferable to adopt the disk winding. In the case that the disk winding is applied to the high-temperature superconducting transformer, however, it is necessary to electrically connect the disks with each other, and a great loss is generated in such electrical connections. Consequently, the stability of the superconducting winding is reduced, and it results in high costs to cool the high-temperature superconducting transformer.
In spite of the above-mentioned drawbacks, however, the adoption of the disk winding as the winding for high-temperature superconducting transformers is urgently requested considering high voltage, which is a current trend of developing the high-temperature superconducting power equipment.

Method of manufacturing continuous disk winding for high-voltage superconducting transformers


An apparatus includes an emergency services location module, operatively coupled to location hardware. The emergency services location module is operative to receive a session certificate from an emergency services network entity in response to the apparatus placing an emergency services call or sending an emergency services message. The emergency services location module validates the session certificate to validate that the emergency services network entity is authorized to receive location information, and sends location information obtained from the location hardware to the emergency services network entity, in response to validating the session certificate. The emergency services location module may also be operative to override a user privacy setting that prevents location information from being sent from the apparatus, in response to determining that the session certificate is valid. The emergency services location module may also encrypt the location information prior to sending the location information to the emergency services network entity.

The National Emergency Number Association (NENA) provides various recommended standards for "Enhanced 911" ("E911") services such as the "Interim VoIP Architecture for Enhanced 9-1-1 Services (i2)," Issue 1, December 2005. The purpose of this and other standards is to prepare the telecommunications industry for the use of Voice over Internet Technology (VoIP) as the predominant telephony technology, and to provide an interim architecture such that callers in an Internet Protocol (IP) domain may connect and be supported by Public Safety Answering Points (PSAPs) within the existing E911 network.
An example emergency services network architecture 100 for providing interconnection between an IP domain and existing E911 infrastructure, as recommended by NENA in the publication "Interim VoIP Architecture for Enhanced 9-1-1 Services (i2)," 08-001, Issue 1 (Dec. 6, 2005), is illustrated in FIG. 1. The left side of the architecture represents the IP domain which includes various private and public server providers. Call control interfaces in the IP domain may be Session Initiation Protocol (SIP), H.323, or some other suitable protocol that can provide the required NENA and call control functionality. The various interfaces are defined by NENA. The various dashed line interfaces "v1," "v4," "v5," and "v6" represent logical signaling interfaces, such as SIP signaling interfaces. The solid line interfaces "v0," "v2," "v3," "v7," "v8," and "v9" represent logical interfaces for exchanging location related data in the IP domain.
The Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) 101 in the circuit switched domain interfaces directly with the PSAP 131 as shown. On the circuit switched side, an Automatic Location Identification (ALI) database 133 provides the PSAP with a caller's address or geodetic (XY) location of the telephone and also supplementary emergency service information related to the location of call origination. Non-emergency calls can be sent between the PSTN 101 and the IP domain via a PSTN gateway 103 which interfaces with one or more routing proxy 105 and corresponding redirect servers 107.
To provide emergency service access for the IP domain, E911 selective routers 127 operate in conjunction with a Selective Routing Database (SRDB) 129 which is the routing table relating telephone numbers to Emergency Service Numbers (ESNs) and which determines the routing of 911 calls. The E911 selective routers interface with one or more Emergency Services Gateways (ESGW) 109 which provide a signaling and media interface between the circuit switched conventional E911 SRDB 129 and the IP domain.
In the IP domain dashed line, logical signaling interfaces, the v4 interface is for forwarding calls via the routing proxy 105, or call server/proxy 111, to the correct ESGW 109. The v5 interface is defined as a SIP interface between the call server/proxy 111 and redirect server(s) 107; while the v6 interface is defined as a SIP interface between the call server/proxy 111 and the routing proxy 105. A VoIP end point 115, such as a VoIP telephone, communicates with the call server/proxy 111 via the v1 interface.
In the IP domain, the solid line logical interfaces "v0," "v2," "v3," "v7," "v8," and "v9" are related to location information. The VoIP end point 115 may receive pre-determined location information from a Location Information Server (LIS) 117 over the v0 interface. The LIS 117 may serve as a location information repository with either geo-spatial location data or civic address data, correlated to physical locations. The LIS 117 may also include a "wiremap," that is, mappings between individual location information and logical representations of the physical locations. The VoIP Positioning Center (VPC) 113 provides routing information for VoIP emergency calls and helps deliver location information to the PSAP 131using the ALI 133 infrastructure using the v-E2 interface. The call server/proxy 111 uses the v2 interface to request emergency call routing information from the VPC 113 in architectures where the call server/proxy 111 and/or the routing proxy 105 and redirect server(s) 107 are separate elements from the VPC 113.
The v3 interface is defined as an optional interface that allows the VPC 113 to obtain an emergency caller's location from the LIS 117. The v7 interface is a location validation interface between the LIS 117 and the Validation Database (VDB) 135, that the LIS 117 uses to request validation of a specific civic location. The VDB 135 checks the civic location, received in the request, in the Standard Master Street Address Guide (MSAG) 125. A database management system (DBMS) 123 interacts with the MSAG 125, the VDB 135 and an Emergency Services Zone Routing Database (ERDB) 119. The VPC 113 may query the ERDB 119 using the v8 interface and obtain routing information and other information for an emergency caller. The v9 interface enables the LIS 117 or the VPC 113 to discover the appropriate VDB/ERDB via the Root Discovery Server 121.
FIG. 2 illustrates an example of an existing software architecture 200 for obtaining location information from a mobile device GPS location system supporting both E911 Phase 2 calls requiring precise location, and Location-based services (LBS). The software architecture 200 illustrates a portion of a software stack that includes an application layer having various third party applications 203. An operating system location provider 205, provides location information to the third party applications 203 based on restrictions related to a user location privacy setting 201 which, in turn, pertains to LBS usage. The user privacy setting 201 may be, for example, stored in a memory location of the mobile device. The operating system location provider 205 may receive location information requests from any of the various third party applications 203. In response, the operating system location provider 205 will check the user privacy setting 201 and, in compliance with the setting, will obtain location information from, for example, GPS chip 209 via a hardware abstraction layer 207. If the user privacy setting is, for example, set to "GPS Disabled," then an LBS application needing the user's GPS location would receive an error message when attempting to obtain the location. The location information could also be obtained from location servers which may utilize measurements provided by GPS chip 209. For emergency call purposes, a trusted or embedded 911 dialer 211 is present that directly accesses the GPS chip 209, and thus location information, via the hardware abstraction layer 207, regardless of the user privacy setting. This trusted dialer is now used mostly for circuit switched 911 access using a traditional circuit switched wireless technology for voice calls such as GSM, UMTS, and CDMA 1X, however it could also be used for "managed" VoIP services specified by the wireless operator for voice calling on an LTE network, for example. Some configurations of the software architecture 200 may also include an emergency-capable location provider 213 which operates for trusted uses only (such as operating in conjunction with trusted native or embedded 911 dialer 211).
Various problems exist for implementing "Next Generation" 911 (NG911) systems within the constraints of the network and mobile device architectures illustrated in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2. Specifically, given that the latest model mobile devices provide interfaces for access by various third party software developers, any so-called "over-the-top" VoIP applications, capable of dialing 911, could come from any third-party whose trustworthiness cannot be guaranteed. Although the FCC rules currently do not require such over-the-top VoIP applications to comply with E911 Phase 2 requirements, it is contemplated that the FCC may change its policy and allow any downloadable VoIP application to be able to dial 911, obtain Phase 2 location, and then deliver it to a P SAP. On one hand, the enforcement of the user privacy setting for NG911-compatible applications means that the emergency application may be refused access to the GPS hardware by the OS location provider, thus precluding one of the primary uses of the emergency application. On the other hand, the bypassing of the user privacy setting for NG911-compatible applications places private personal location information at risk.
For example, a third party NG911-compatible application may be able to access readable latitude and longitude information even though the user has turned on their mobile device location privacy setting. A malicious or defective VoIP or messaging application may leak the user's latitude and longitude to unwanted parties, against the explicit wishes of the user.

Apparatus and method for secure private location information transfer


An antenna device comprises a base, a combination element, a fixing element, a rotation unit, and a radiation conductor. The base has a through hole and a bottom surface. The bottom surface has a plurality of pins, and the through hole is approximately parallel to the bottom surface. The combination element has a first blocking portion. The fixing element has an embedding surface, wherein the embedding surface is surrounded by a plurality of metal plates. The first blocking portion touches one terminal of the fixing element. The rotation unit has a second blocking portion, and the second blocking portion touches the other terminal of the fixing element. The other terminal of rotation unit pivoted at the radiation conductor. The fixing element wedges with close in the inner of the through hole of the base. Therefore, the antenna device is formed a firm structure.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an antenna device, and more particularly, to a combination structure of antenna device with an embedding surface of a fixing element, which is an expansive and hollow cylinder.
2. Description of Related Art
As the global communication business develops rapidly, the wireless mobile communication technique as a principle mean of personal communication in the future causes great concern. Because of the complexity of the wireless communication technique, the industries must provide best combination products. No matter the appearance of appreciation of the beauty or the effects of transmitting and receiving signals will decide the key factor of products on sale. Especially, the improvement on the external structure of the external components of the hardware for the antenna is an important mission for the designers of the corresponding organizations to make a breakthrough.
For increasing the strength of the combination structure for the antenna module, the American patent NO. U.S. Pat. No. 7,195,520 'Connector for antenna', as an example, uses a C-shaped mounted between a hollow casing and a terminal. Although the structure of the antenna is simple, the components can not be shifted to the front and rear, and the antenna can not be retrieved either. So the precision for fabricating is not easy to control. One of the other references uses the improvement of an adapter to lower the risk of the damage to the antenna during taking the antenna apart. But the antenna can not be retrieved in the inner of the transceiver causing inconvenience on carrying. It is very inconvenient to re-fabricate the antenna at the usage state.
So it is desired to develop an antenna device with convenient carrying, easy retrieving, simple structure, and low cost.

Antenna device and wireless signal transmission device with the same