The invention relates to sensors for monitoring a medium, comprising an electromagnetic radiation source and a detector of electromagnetic radiation, the medium being located in the ray path between the electromagnetic radiation source and the detector and the refraction varying when the medium varies. The sensors are characterized by their ease of production. To that end, the electromagnetic radiation source and detector are disposed in at least one housing. Furthermore, either at least one region or at least one component of the housing consists of material which is transparent to electromagnetic radiation, the medium being located in the region or at the component of the housing. At least one wall of the region is so disposed or designed that the radiation for refraction impinges on or emerges from the surface at an angle which is different from 90°. In addition, the detector is at least one photo diode, such that, when the medium varies, the radiation either does not impinge or impinges on the photo diode.

The invention concerns sensors for monitoring a medium, comprising an electromagnetic radiation source and a detector for electromagnetic radiation wherein the medium is located in the beam path between the electromagnetic radiation source and the detector and the refraction changes upon change of the medium.
The publication DE 10 2007 010 805 B3 discloses a method and a device for determining the urea concentration of a solution. For this purpose, light is emitted at various incident angles onto a boundary surface between a denser medium and a less dense medium, i.e., the body and the solution. For this purpose, a boundary surface between the body and the solution must be present. The light is then partially reflected at the boundary surface, depending on the incident angle, wherein with increasing incident angle the proportion of light reflected at the boundary surface increases. The reflected radiation is then detected by an appropriately arranged spatially resolving radiation detector.
The publication DE 10 2008 056 559 A1 comprises a sensor arrangement for detection of a first liquid medium in a second liquid medium by means of reflection of an emitted light beam as well as a correlated receiver. For this purpose, two glass rod lenses encapsulated in a housing are arranged parallel to each other. The glass rod lenses have a different optical refractive index than the liquid media. Opposite the glass rod lenses a reflection surface is arranged that is connected to the housing.
It is disadvantageous that depositions and contaminations of the boundary surface or of the reflection surface can falsify the measured result.


A coating and developing system includes a resist film forming unit block and antireflection film forming unit blocks stacked up in layers to form a resist film and an antireflection film underlying the resist film and an antireflection film overlying the resist film in a small space. The coating and developing system is capable of coping with either of a case where antireflection films are formed and a case where any antireflection film is not formed and needs simple software. Film forming unit blocks, namely, a TCT layer B3, a COT layer B4 and a BCT layer B5, and developing unit blocks, namely, DEV layers B1 and B2, are stacked up in layers in a processing block S2. The TCT layer B3, the COT layer B4 and the BCT layer B5 are used selectively in the case where antireflection films are formed and the case where any antireflection film is not formed. The coating and developing system is controlled by a simple carrying program and simple software.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a coating and developing system for applying a liquid resist to a surface of a substrate, such as a semiconductor wafer or a LCD substrate, namely, a glass substrate for a liquid crystal display, to coat the surface with a resist film and developing the exposed resist film, and a coating and developing method.
2. Description of the Related Art
In a manufacturing process for manufacturing semiconductor devices or LCD panels, a resist pattern is formed on a substrate by a photolithographic process. The photolithographic process includes a series of steps of forming a resist film on a substrate, such as a semiconductor wafer (hereinafter, referred to simply as "wafer") by applying a liquid resist to the surface of the substrate, exposing the resist film to light through a photomask, and developing the exposed resist film to form a desired resist pattern.
Generally, this photolithographic process is carried out by a resist pattern forming system built by combining an exposure system with a coating and developing system. FIG. 23 shows a known resist pattern forming system of this type disclosed in, for example, Patent document 1. Referring to FIG. 23, a carrier 10 holding a plurality of wafers W is delivered onto a carrier stage 11 installed in a carrier handling block 1A, and then a transfer arm 12 transfers the wafer W from the carrier 10 to a processing block 1B. The wafer W is delivered to a coating unit 13A installed in the processing block 1B. The coating unit 13A applies a liquid resist to a surface of the wafer W in a resist film. Subsequently, the wafer coated with the resist film is carried via an interface block 1C to an exposure system 1D.
The wafer W is returned to the processing block 1B after being subjected to an exposure process. A developing unit 13B subjects the wafer W to a developing process, and then the wafer W is returned to the carrier 10. Indicated at 14 (14a to 14c) in FIG. 11 are shelf units including a heating unit for processing a wafer by a predetermined heating process, a cooling unit for processing the wafer by a predetermined cooling process and a transfer stage. Each of the shelf units processes a wafer before or after the wafer is processed by the coating unit 13A and the developing unit 13B. Each of two carrying devices 15A and 15B installed in the processing block 1B carries a wafer W in the processing block 1B from one to another of modules in which the wafer W is to be placed, such as the coating unit 13A, the developing unit 13B and the shelf units 14a to 14c. Each of all the wafers W to be processed by the foregoing processes is carried to desired modules according to a carrying schedule specifying time points when the wafer W is to be carried to the modules.
Resist films of different types are formed in different coating mode, respectively. A first coating mode forms a resist film and antireflection films over and under the resist film, a second coating mode forms a resist film and an antireflection film over or under the resist film, and a third coating mode forms only a resist film. Therefore, in some cases, the units necessary for forming films, such as the coating unit, the heating unit and the cooling unit, processes wafers of different lots under different processing conditions. In such a case, a complex carrying program must be prepared for each type of the resist film when the coating unit, the heating unit and the cooling unit are installed in the same processing block because the different types of resist films are formed by using different units and are carried along different carrying paths. Since carrying programs to be produced according to the carrying schedule are originally complex, work for producing a carrying program for each of desired resist films is very complex and troublesome and such work is practically impossible.
When many units including the coating unit, the heating unit and the cooling unit are installed in the same processing block, the processing block is inevitably large and occupies a large area. A recent exposure system operates at a high throughput. Consequently, the coating and developing system is required to have a high processing ability corresponding to the throughput of the exposure system. However, the same carrying system operates to carry a wafer W to the coating unit for forming a resist film before the exposure process, to carry a wafer to an antireflection film forming unit for forming the antireflection film and to carry a wafer coated with an exposed resist film to the developing unit after exposure, it is difficult to operate the exposure system at a high throughput.
The inventors of the present invention have been making studies to develop a multilayer system including an area holding modules for processes preceding an exposure process and an area holding modules for containing modules for carrying out processes succeeding the exposure process disposed in a vertical arrangement to reduce load on carrying means, to improve carrying efficiency, to increase the throughput of a coating and developing system, and having a large degree of freedom of carrying route selection.
Although construction that disposes a coating area and a developing area in a vertical arrangement and provides the coating area and the developing area with individual carrying means is mentioned in Patent document 2, nothing is mentioned in Patent document 2 about improving carrying efficiency and increasing the degree of freedom of carrying route selection.
Patent document 1: JP 2004-193597 A
Patent document 2: Jpn. Pat. No. 3337677

Coating and developing system and coating and developing method


A pump for pumping a liquid containing solids comprises a housing having a first end and second end and an interior pump chamber. An inlet pipe leads to the pump chamber through the first end, and an outlet pipe leads from the pump chamber at the second end. A core having a vane extending therefrom rotates within the chamber. The core has hollow portions permitting material to move from the inlet pipe to the pump chamber and from the pump chamber to the outlet pipe. The vane extends from the core outwardly, seals against the housing, and works in cooperation with a pair of moving blades to draw material from the inlet pipe and expel the material through the outlet pipe. The blades, which are arcuate in shape and have curved ends, are operated by pneumatic cylinders and move from a retracted position in which they are positioned out of the pump chamber to a deployed position in which the curved end sealably engages the core.

In food product manufacturing, liquids containing solids are frequently moved from one location or apparatus to another. When sufficiently viscous, these materials will move through pipes. A pumping apparatus is normally necessary, however, to effectuate movement of the material.
In many instances, the pump must not alter the character of the material. For example, it may be desirable to move a finished soup product from the processing area to the canning area. The soup may largely comprise liquid, but it may also contain solid or semi-solid matter, such as chunks or blocks of meat, vegetables, noodles, or the like. This product must move through the pump without being damaged in order for the product to retain its desired character.
A mechanism for pumping liquid containing solids which is efficient in pumping and which does not damage the product being pumped is needed.

Method and pump for pumping liquid containing solids


A bearing frame or a cylinder head cover for an internal combustion engine may include at least one camshaft mounted in tunnel bearings in at least two bearing openings arranged along a bearing channel and completely enclosing at least one of the camshaft and a radial bearing, and at least one axial shaft bearing ring arranged on the camshaft. The axial shaft bearing ring may have a ring groove which is open towards the bearing frame or towards the cylinder head cover. At least one engagement element may be arranged on the bearing frame or on the cylinder head cover, which engagement element may engage into the ring groove and forms an axial bearing for the camshaft.

Camshafts are required for the actuation of inlet and outlet valves in internal combustion engines, the assembly and mounting of modern camshafts in an internal combustion engine becoming increasingly more difficult on account of the complexity of the said modern camshafts.
DE 103 31 089 A1 has disclosed a cylinder head cover of the generic type for an internal combustion engine having at least one camshaft which protrudes through at least one bearing bracket along a bearing channel for the camshaft in the cylinder head cover, the bearing bracket having an opening or bore which encloses the camshaft completely.
DE 10 2007 014 544 A1 has disclosed an internal combustion engine having at least one camshaft which has at least one stop element for the formation of an axial bearing, which stop element interacts with a bearing frame of the axial bearing for axial mounting. Here, the stop element is formed by a cam of the camshaft, and the bearing frame additionally has a clearance for the cam shape of the cam. As a result, axial mounting can be achieved via a cam.
DE 10 2009 031 455 A1 has disclosed a further internal combustion engine having a camshaft system with a first camshaft for controlling gas exchange valves of the internal combustion engine. Here, a gearwheel is arranged fixedly on the camshaft so as to rotate with it. In order for it then to be possible for an axial bearing system of the camshaft which is as simple as possible to be realised, a housing part of the internal combustion engine has a recess in the interior of the housing, in which recess the gearwheel is guided circumferentially at least in regions in such a way that the gearwheel interacts at least by way of end face regions of gearwheel end faces which lie opposite one another on one of the two sides with in each case one side wall region of in each case one side wall of the recess. The gearwheel therefore has two tasks, namely firstly as a drive element and secondly as an axial bearing for the camshaft.
DE 10 2009 049 218 A1 has disclosed a camshaft of an internal combustion engine having at least one single-piece thrust washer which is arranged and is additionally fixed captively between the drive element which is joined fixedly to the camshaft and a functional element which is likewise joined fixedly to the camshaft.
DE 10 2013 205 129 A1 has disclosed a bearing frame of the generic type or a cylinder head cover of the internal combustion engine having at least one camshaft which is mounted therein, the camshaft being mounted in tunnel bearings in at least two bearing openings which are arranged along a bearing channel and enclose the camshaft completely.
A common feature of all the above-described solutions for axial mounting of a camshaft in an internal combustion engine is that the complete camshaft is inserted into a split bearing, such as a bearing block or a split cylinder head. This does not function in the case of a camshaft which is assembled in a cylinder head cover or a bearing frame, with the result that, in this case, the axial bearing is usually realised by way of a ball bearing (cf. DE 103 31 089 A1). A ball bearing of this type requires a large amount of radial installation space in the cylinder head cover or the bearing frame, however, which impedes the advantage of a cylinder head cover, namely being of lightweight and compact construction. The conventional axial mounting by means of a plain bearing, for example by way of two collared cams being joined on two sliding faces in the housing, also often proves problematic, since there is little space available in the cylinder head cover for cams of this type. Above all, it proves problematic to hold the cam during the mounting, since as a rule only one of the two cams can be held in a manner which is supported satisfactorily on a planar face in the push-in direction of the shaft.

Bearing frame or cylinder head cover of an internal combustion engine


A display where lights may be programmed to randomly flash is described. The randomness may be changed by changing the mode of flashing. The lights may extend along strings that are powered by a power supply that may itself be plugged into a socket that had previously served as a light socket. The display may be added to existing displays to enhance existing visual effects. The display may be submerged and the lights may remain upright because of their buoyancy.

There are lighting displays that currently exist with flashing lights. However, the sequence in which the lights are flashed in these displays may be predictable and/or constant. This limits the visual effects and dramatic value provided by the display. Accordingly, there is a need for lighting displays in which the lights may randomly flash.
This is especially so where a large number of lights make up the display. That is, the difficulty in attempting to randomize the flashing of a large number of lights would be very difficult. Accordingly, there is a need for a manner in which to randomize the flashing of lights, including a large number of lights.
There are also lighting and water displays that have existed for some time. While these displays may continue to provide attractive visual effects, it may be that these displays could use an enhancement. Accordingly, there is a need for a display that may be added to existing displays to enhance existing visual effects.


An elastomeric seal for connecting two relatively movable architectural structures, such as floor sections, is constructed to optimize resistance to failure of the elastomeric element, in either adhesion or cohesion modes. An elastomeric seal, and an underlying support plate are provided with gently undulating, somewhat sinusoidal surface configuration, with the elastomeric element being of downwardly convex configuration and of relatively maximum thickness in its center, and of downwardly concave configuration and relatively less thickness in regions spaced on either side of center. Widthwise stretching of the elastomeric element tends to be concentrated in the regions of downwardly concave configuration, being thus not only distributed but also located away from areas of maximum vertical stress. An underlying supporting plate is provided with relatively thin, deformable edge flanges, which enable the supporting plate to function as a mold bottom, for pouring of a curable liquid elastomer at a nominal width, while at the same time allowing lateral compression of the assembly to a lesser width during normal functioning of the sealing system.

In the design of architectural structures, it is relatively common to construct a large structure in independent segments, adjacent but spaced from each other, to allow for a degree of relative movement between the sections. Such movement may be caused by expansion and extraction factors, for example, seismic activity or the like. Typically, a suitable cover for seal is provided to span the joint between the two structures while allowing for the designed degree of relative motion. For certain types of installations, for example floors, it is advantageous to employ an elastomeric sealing element which extends between the adjacent structures. The elastomeric element is bonded at opposite sides to the structures and, in the case of floor sections, provides a relatively smooth continuation of the floor surface suitable for pedestrian traffic and light vehicles. The elastomeric element is allowed to stretch, retract, twist and distort, as necessary to accommodate the expected relative movements of the adjacent structures. One known form of such elastomeric joint seals is reflected in U.S. Pat. No. 3,849,958.
Particularly where the joint seal spans a substantial open space between the structures and/or a substantial vertical load may be expected (e.g., from light wheeled vehicles), the elastomeric sealing element is provided with a rigid support member underlying the elastomeric sealing element and supporting the same vertically while allowing the necessary sliding, stretching, retracting, twisting motions that the joint seal is required to accommodate.
Historically, architectural joints sealed with elastomeric sealing elements of the type described above have been subject to failure to a greater degree than desired. Such failures can be either cohesive failure or adhesive failure. For example, if the stresses applied at the adhesive interface exceed the adhesion bond, an adhesion failure will occur. To reduce the likelihood of adhesion failure, the elastomeric element can be configured to have a reduced cross section in the center, as reflected for example in the beforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 3,849,958. However, while this design can reduce the potential for adhesion failure, the likelihood of a cohesion failure is increased, so that one problem is traded off for another. Moreover, the seal is weakest at the center, where the vertical load stress are greatest.
Pursuant to the present invention, a novel and improved configuration of elastomeric seal and supporting element is provided, in which the bottom configuration of the elastomeric sealing element, and the conforming upper surface configuration of the underlying rigid support, is of a somewhat sinusoidal cross sectional configuration with the elastomeric seal having a section of greater thickness in the central regions. The arrangement of the invention provides for a plurality of regions, across the width of the elastomeric sealing element but spaced from the central portions thereof, in which widthwise elongation of the sealing element is facilitated. The arrangement is such that the stress level at the adhesive bond interface is minimized, while the cohesive stress of the elongation is effectively distributed, minimizing the potential for either adhesive or cohesive failure.
In an optimum form of the invention, a rigid supporting plate is provided with a concave central contour, merging with convex contours on either side thereof. A conforming elastomeric seal, typically formed by being poured in place over the supporting plate, thus is provided with a downwardly convex portion of increased thickness in its center, and downwardly concave portions of reduced thickness on either side thereof. Multiple advantages flow from this configuration, as will appear.
For a more complete understanding of the above and other features and advantages of the invention, reference should be made to the following detailed description of a preferred embodiment and to the accompanying drawing.

Elastomeric sealing system for architectural joints


A migration source virtual server and a migration destination virtual server respectively include a volume information management unit for associating and managing volume identifying information for identifying the logical volumes and the logical volumes managed by the management OS of the migration source virtual server and the management OS of the migration destination virtual server; an identification unit for the migration source virtual server and the migration destination virtual server to identify the same logical volume as a target logical volume based on the volume identifying information; and a virtual OS migration unit for migrating data in an memory area used by a virtual OS of the migration source virtual server to the migration destination virtual server, and migrating update data in the memory area to be updated during the migration to the migration destination virtual server.

The present invention generally relates to a virtual computer system and a virtual computer migration method, and in particular relates to a virtual computer system that uses a virtual server loaded with a plurality of virtual OSes (Operation Systems).
Conventionally, virtual machine technology of virtualizing server hardware and operating a virtual OS in such virtual hardware is known. In this virtual machine technology, a plurality of virtual hardware devices are prepared and a virtual server capable of simultaneously operating a plurality of virtual OSes is used. Under ordinary circumstances, since a plurality of OSes to be operated respectively in a plurality of servers can be integrated as a plurality of virtual OSes in a virtual server, server operation costs can be reduced.
In addition, with the virtual machine technology as disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 10-283210, a live migration function of migrating a virtual OS operating in one virtual server to the other virtual server is also being developed. With the live migration function, even if one virtual server is in the middle of reading or writing data, the virtual OS can be migrated to the other virtual server.
Meanwhile, when using a storage apparatus to store data, there is a method of managing a plurality of hard disks according to a RAID (Redundant Array of Independent/Inexpensive Disks) format. Here, at least one or more logical volumes (hereinafter simply referred to as "volumes") are formed in a physical storage area provided by a plurality of hard disks.

Virtual computer system and virtual computer migration control method


A CAN module receives a message from a CAN bus to store the same in a message box unit of a message box. A reception request signal is output from the message box unit to a DMAC/IF. The DMAC/IF outputs a 7-bit encoded address together with a transfer request signal. A DMAC accesses a selected message box unit of the CAN module and a memory based on the transfer request signal and the 7-bit encoded address to transfer the message stored in the selected message box unit to the memory.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to data transfer control of an information processing device and, more particularly, a direct memory access control system.
2. Description of the Background Art
In a conventional information processing device having a central processing unit, a main storage device and an I/O apparatus connected through a bus, when data transfer occurs with the I/O apparatus, the central processing unit issues an instruction to the I/O apparatus to execute processing of transferring information from the I/O apparatus to the main storage device through the bus.
In such a case, the central processing unit (CPU) should constantly monitor the I/O apparatus under its control to wait for the completion of the data transfer operation, so that load on the CPU might be increased to degrade performance of the system as a whole. In recent years, therefore, adopted for data transfer control is a direct memory access control system (hereinafter, also referred simply as a DMA) in which a main storage device is directly accessed from an I/O apparatus to transfer data without through a CPU.
Japanese Patent Laying-Open No. 2000-148661, Japanese Patent Laying-Open No. 11-085683 and Japanese Patent Laying-Open No. 06-161947 disclose the information processing devices adopting a DMA which enables high efficiency and improvement in performance of the system as a whole in data transfer to a main storage device.
On the other hand, as one I/O apparatus, a CAN (Controller Area Network) module has been drawing attention. A CAN module, which is mainly used for apparatus mounted on automobiles, is characterized in enabling information data communication having high reliability and safety.
It is a common practice for a conventional CAN module to have a structure in which a message received through a bus is stored in a message box as a memory embedded in the CAN module.
Therefore, adopted for a CPU is a system of directly accessing the message box from the CPU upon a notification of interruption when reception of a message is acknowledged in the CAN module. Since message information will be deleted once it is read by an access from the CPU, the structure in which transfer is made from a memory in the CAN module to a main storage device has not been adopted.
As described above, because the CPU adopts the system of directly accessing the memory in the CAN module, no reading from the CPU causes overwrite of the message box by a subsequently received message.
In addition, since in an access from the CAN module to the CPU, a received message is read through a low-speed peripheral bus, reading is executed at a very low speed.

High-speed data readable information processing device


This is a dynamic system for refrigeration equipment. This invention provides special features, including a set of mechanisms, electro-mechanisms, and electronic controls for refrigeration compression chambers or other kinds of fluids that employ two, three, or four compression chambers. There is extremely low vibration, noise, cost, and energy consumption in this equipment. It does not overheat and has a reduced size, lightweight and requires less raw materials to build it. There are other advantages in its technical aspects. It can be run on an electric motor or only with solenoid coils for traction. The applications include, but are not limited to, refrigerators, freezers, air conditioners, cold stores, refrigerated trucks, compressors for automotive air-conditioning, etc. Other applications include those that normally require a piston (piston-air compressor or diaphragm compressor to fill tires, spray painting, etc . ). The invention also provides a new type of internal combustion engine for automobiles and trucks, etc.

Refrigeration technology through compression and expansion of refrigeration gas and compression of fluid by means of piston movement within the cylinder that uses an electrical motor propulsion force is relatively old-fashioned. Moreover recently, propulsion force without the use of an electric motor; as the motor has been substituted by a solenoid coil that propels the piston forming a fluid compression chamber at "one" of its extremities.

Dynamic system for refrigeration equipment


A liquid milk transfer system for conveying milk from a milk reservoir device to a milk storage container. A support structure has a first opening that communicates with an interior of the milk storage container. The first opening of the support structure has an irregular circumferential shape partially the same as partial surface dimensions of the milk reservoir. The first opening receives and supports the milk storage container with a pouring spout positioned below the first opening, and the pouring spout located above the interior of the milk storage.

Breast pumps are well known, but the field of breast pump devices with self-contained breast milk reservoirs which can be used discreetly by fitting them within a woman's brassiere, often under ordinary clothing so that a woman can use a breast pump around others discreetly, is relatively new. The only known devices in this field, upon which this invention improves, are taught in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,559,915; 8,118,772 and 8,702,646 (Dao, Garbez), the disclosures of which patents are incorporated by reference herein.
The above-mentioned patents disclose a milk collecting reservoir generally cup-shaped to fit into a lactating woman's brassiere, which reservoir is adapted to be disconnected from a pump and emptied when full after hands-free operation, whereby the milk can be transferred to a feeding or milk storage container such as a baby bottle or pliable storage bag. If the milk is to be used to feed a baby upon emptying the reservoir, the milk is poured into a baby bottle, and then a nippled cap is fastened to the opening of the baby bottle. The nipple is then placed in the baby's mouth. If the milk removed from the reservoir is to be stored, the baby bottle, or other container to which the milk is transferred from the reservoir, is capped or sealed and stored in a refrigerated environment. If desired, the breast milk in the reservoir can be transferred to a pliable bag.
The naturally shaped breast milk collection systems disclosed in the patents identified above include a pour spout which creates a narrow stream when the reservoir assembly is removed from the brassiere and inverted, allowing the milk to be poured into a baby bottle or other container without the use of any additional devices, funnels or gear. But a need exits for a milk transfer device to aid in this process, to reduce the risk of spillage for some users who are fatigued, or are unsteady, or may simply desire to use these collection systems in conjunction with narrow-mouthed baby bottles or storage bags, but who worry about the increased risk of spillage when trying to pour the milk into a bottle with a small opening. Additionally, more and varying shapes and sizes of breast milk collection systems are being developed with irregular shapes that may be difficult to maintain steady during pouring. There is an additional need for users of these milk collection devices to have greater choices in the selection of baby feeding and milk storage bottles they use in combination with these breast milk collection systems.

Device and method for transferring breast milk from an irregular shaped reservoir assembly for storage or feeding


A multi-spectral two-dimensional imaging spectrometer includes a combination of achromatic, well-corrected lenses for imaging a two-dimensional scene on an internal field stop. The light emanating from this intermediate image is collimated with another well-corrected lens. A spectral separation subassembly consisting of multiple dichroic filters divides the incident light into multiple, identical, and independent arms. The light in each arm is spectrally filtered based on the properties of the dichroic filters in the separation subassembly. An re-imaging subassembly composed of a well-corrected lens forms contiguous images onto a single two-dimensional detector array. The images are identical copies of the original object with each copy having a different spectral component and can be viewed on a standard monitor or alternatively on a computer employing an analog-to-digital conversion device.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention pertains broadly to the area of spectroscopic systems and imaging spectrometry where multiple images of an object are formed corresponding to different spectral components of the object. More specifically, the invention relates to a novel imaging spectrometer designed to acquire simultaneous, spectrally-discrete, two-dimensional images in real time while maintaining the spatial integrity of the image without using scanning mechanisms or mathematically intensive reconstruction/registration algorithms.
2. Description of the Related Art
Spectroscopic systems are optical systems that allow for the determination of the spectral (wavelength) composition of objects and scenes. Generally, these systems collect the total energy coming from the object. The wavelengths that comprise the collected energy are separated with the use of a dispersive element employing refractive means such as a prism or diffractive means such as a grating. After passing through one of these dispersive elements, the different wavelength components of the wavefront propagate in different directions and their intensities are recorded by a one-dimensional array of detector pixels.
Fairly complicated spectroscopic systems have been developed in the prior art. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,149,959 and No. 5,276,321 describe multichannel systems for the detection of the wavelength composition of an objects. U.S. Pat. No. 5,251,008, No. 5,561,521, No. 5,461,477, No. 5,225,888, and No. 5,059,026 employ interferometric methods for determining the spectral content of an object or scene. U.S. Pat. No. 4,743,112 and No. 5,260,767 disclose elaborate examples of systems wherein an imaging component forms the image of an object onto a slit aperture and the resulting one dimensional line image is collimated by a lens and dispersed by a grating or prism in a direction perpendicular to the line image. The dispersed light is then imaged onto a two-dimensional detector array.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,216,484 describes an acousto-optic tunable filter-based imaging spectrometers. U.S. Pat. No. 4,134,683 uses multiple channels, where each consists of a lens system, a spectral filter and a detector array. U.S. Pat. No. 4,268,119, No. 4,084,180, No. 4,072,405 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,916,529 use a single optical system in conjunction with a multiple prism assembly. U.S. Pat. No. 5,414,458 utilizes cube beamsplitters instead of prism assemblies. U.S. Pat. No. 4,281,339 and No. 4,531,054 utilize a series of dichroic beamsplitters to propagate the incident light in different directions.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,650,321 discusses a multiple detector system where two detector arrays are used in combination with a dispersive imaging system. U.S. Pat. No. 3,720,146 describes the use of four lenses arranged in a parallelogram configuration to simultaneously produce four images on a film plane. U.S. Pat. No. 5,479,015 also implements multiple focusing members to form a plurality of identical images on a single detector array. U.S. Pat. No. 4,141,625 discusses the use of two partially reflecting mirrors in combination with a single lens system to create two images of an object on a single detector array. U.S. Pat. No. 4,272,684 uses a reflective prism configuration to function as a beamsplitter.
Filter wheel systems have also been used as a means of obtaining spectral images using a single detector, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,587,784. U.S. Pat. No. 4,933,751 describes a tri-color separating system which uses four dichroic beamsplitters to form three separate color images right next to each other at an image plane. U.S. Pat. No. 4,786,813 disclose a method for producing two-dimensional, spectrally discrete images on a single detector array by employing a segmented concave mirror. Finally, U.S. Pat. No. 5,024,530 discusses a telecentric, filtered imager capable of producing only two spectral images of an object; U.S. Pat. No. 5,642,191 discloses a very similar approach. U.S. Pat. No. 5,526,119 utilizes multi-faceted prisms to overcome the limitation of two-band imaging and obtain more images.
These prior-art systems are not capable of performing two-dimensional, real-time imaging spectrometry; many require mechanical or electrical scanning and often also require application specific, computationally intensive, system matrices. Therefore, there is still a need for an imaging spectrometer that does not suffer from these drawbacks. This invention is directed at providing an apparatus and a related spectrometric approach to fulfil that need.

Multi-spectral two-dimensional imaging spectrometer


A method for simulating an impurity distribution in a multilayer structure includes analytically simulating an impurity distribution for each layer to obtain a first impurity distribution profile for each layer by using impurity distribution moments defined for the material of each layer, analytically simulating a point defect distribution for a crystal layer to obtain a point defect distribution profile by using the first impurity distribution profile and point defect distribution moments defined for the material of crystal layer, simulating a thermal diffusion to obtain a final impurity distribution profile for each layer by using the first impurity distribution profile and point defect distribution profile. The point defect distribution moments are obtained previously for the material of the crystal layer by Monte Carlo method under typical conditions to obviate using the Monte Carlo method for each simulation under a specified condition.

(a). Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a method for an impurity distribution simulation for use in a semiconductor manufacturing process.
(b). Description of the Related Art
A conventional technique to simulate an impurity distribution in a semiconductor manufacturing process which includes a combination of an ion implantation and a thermal diffusion steps will be described first. FIG. 1 is a flowchart of the conventional technique used to simulate an ion implantation and a thermal diffusion steps.
Initially, at step T1, a decision is made whether or not a subject step to be simulated is an ion implantation. If it is an ion implantation, the ion implantation simulation is performed at step T2.
There are two categories in methods for simulation which have been used for an ion implantation, including an analytical method and a Monte Carlo method. An ion implantation simulation for an arbitrary multilayer structure using an analytical technique can be made by expanding a method for a two-layer structure which is described in an article entitled "Models for Implantation into Multilayer Targets" by H. Ryssel, J. Lorens and K. Hoffmann in Appl. Phys. A41, 201-207(1986).
If it is determined at step T1 that this is not an ion implantation step, it is determined at step T3 whether or not the step to be performed is a thermal diffusion. If a thermal diffusion is to be performed in this-step, a thermal diffusion simulation takes place at step T4. After performing an ion implantation simulation or a thermal diffusion simulation after step T2 or step T4 in FIG. 1, it is determined at step T5 whether all the steps have been completed. If not, the operation returns to step T1, repeating the above described procedure.
A simulation technique for the thermal diffusion known in the art are conducted in two ways, one not considering and another considering a point defect distribution. In order to effect a simulation with a good accuracy for a semiconductor manufacturing process, which includes an ion implantation and a thermal diffusion steps, it is essential to use a thermal diffusion simulation which tales a point defect distribution into consideration. To effect a thermal diffusion simulation which consider the point defect distribution during the thermal diffusion step, it is necessary that a point defect distribution which occurs during the ion implantation be continually calculated. At this end, a simulation for the ion implantation step should be conducted in the conventional technique by using Monte Carlo method in the ion implantation simulation.
However, there is a problem in conducting the Monte Carlo method in the ion implantation simulation in that it requires an increased length of time for the calculation. This is because the Monte Carlo method performs a simulation of a scattering process for each ion implanted in a statistical method, in which the calculation for one ion implantation simulation should cover at least 1,000 to 10,000 ion particles. In practice, when such a simulation is conducted for phosphorus ions at an energy on the order of 1,000 keV and for a number of particles, which is 10,000 for example, the calculation requires 10 hours or longer using a work station of, for example, model 95MIPS, 54SPECfp92.

Method for impurity distribution simulation


Cell-based immunotherapy (e.g., immunization or vaccination) may be improved by frequent administration to a human subject of allogeneic cancer cells secreting a modified heat shock protein (e.g., gp96), depletion of B cells in the subject, or both. Antigen (e.g., epitope derived from neoantigen or tumor antigen of allogeneic or syngeneic cancer cells) may induce a specific immune response in the subject. For example, the epitope bound in an immunogenic complex with the secreted heat shock protein may be obtained from allogeneic cancer cells coexpressing both secreted gp96 and antigen, or from syngeneic cancer cells of the subject expressing only antigen.

This invention relates to improving cancer cell-based immunotherapy (e.g., immunization or vaccination) comprised of administration of allogeneic cancer cells secreting a modified heat shock protein to a human subject. It is improved by frequent administration of allogeneic cancer cells to the subject, depletion of B cells in the subject before and/or during the first or at least one administration of allogeneic cancer cells, or both.
WO 99/42121 disclosed a cell-based vaccine, wherein modified heat shock protein encoded by a transfected expression construct is secreted. The vaccine may be effective to treat or prevent cancer or infectious disease. One injection of recombinant cancer cells and two injections of recombinant cancer cells separated by two weeks were described. Autologous cancer cells were preferred. By contrast, the present invention uses allogeneic cancer cells.
WO 2005/030136 disclosed inhibiting a tumor by administering a lung cancer cell genetically modified to express CD80 and HLA. The cancer cell does not secrete a modified heat shock protein.
Cancer is typically treated by surgical resection of the tumor, radiation or drugs to kill cancer cells, or a combination thereof. The immune system can inhibit the multiplication and spread of cancer cells. They may escape immuno-logic surveillance, however, by being nonimmunogenic (e.g., nonsmall cell lung cancer), which blocks priming of the immune response to generate an effective response, or being immunogenic (e.g., melanoma) but blocking the effector phase of the immune response. Alternatively, blockade of priming could be due to the tumor secreting immunosuppressive mediators or tolerizing chemokines and/or stimulation of regulatory cells, tolerogenic antigen presenting cells, or myelosuppressor cells. Active immunotherapy by administering allogeneic cancer cells could circumvent blockade, and prime the innate and/or adaptive immune response. The induction and amplification of a tumor-specific CD8+T-cell response would be especially desirable as evaluated by cytolysis of cancer cells or secretion of interferon gamma stimulated by cancer cells.
Raez et al. (J. Clin. Oncol. 22:2800-2807, 2004) described a phase I trial of an allogeneic cancer cell-based vaccine for non-small cell lung cancer in patients with advanced metastatic disease. Adenocarcinoma cell line AD100 was transfected to express CD80 and HLA-A1 or A2. Patients were immunized intradermally with 5×107 cells once every two weeks. Three immunizations represented one course of treatment. Unless a patient had no response to the initial immunization, up to three courses of treatment for a total of nine immunizations were administered. The promising results obtained using this cell-based vaccine might be improved by increasing the frequency of immunization and depleting B cells before and/or during at least one immunization.
Therefore, it is an objective of the present invention to provide improved immunotherapy (e.g., immunization or vaccination), which comprises administering allogeneic cancer cells secreting a modified heat shock protein to a human subject, by frequent administration, depletion of B cells before and/or during the initial or at least one administration, or both. Other advantages and improvements are described below or would be apparent from the disclosure herein.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Allogeneic cancer cell-based immunotherapy


A layered photoconductive imaging member comprised of a supporting substrate, a photogenerator layer comprised of perylene photoconductive pigments dispersed in a resin binder mixture comprised of at least two polymers, and a charge transport layer.

This invention is generally directed to imaging members and their utilization in, for example, electrophotography, and more specifically, to photogenerating layers comprised of photogenerating pigments dispersed in a mixture of polymeric binders to thereby enable, for example, improved photosensitivity thereof and other advantages as illustrated herein. The resulting layered imaging members possess a number of advantages, such as high photoconductivity, low dark decay and excellent stability over extended xerographic cycling, for example from about 1 percent to about 20 percent cycle down after 50,000 imaging cycles, flat spectral response at 400 to 900 nanometers in embodiments, and wherein, for example, the imaging members with photogenerating pigments like benzimidazole perylene have improved photosensitivity of E.sub.1/2 of 3 ergs/cm.sup.2 as compared to an E.sub.1/2 of greater than 4 ergs/cm.sup.2 for similar imaging members with a single binder for the photogenerating pigments.
Generally, layered photoresponsive imaging members are described in a number of U.S. patents, such as U.S. Pat. No. 4,265,900, the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference, wherein there is illustrated an imaging member comprised of a photogenerating layer, and an aryl amine hole transport layer. Examples of photogenerating layer components include trigonal selenium, metal phthalocyanines, oxymetallo phthalocyanines, and metal free phthalocyanines. Additionally, there is described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,121,006 a composite xerographic photoconductive member comprised of finely divided particles of a photoconductive inorganic compound dispersed in an electrically insulating polymeric binder. The binder materials disclosed in the '006 patent comprise a material which is incapable of transporting for any significant distance injected charge carriers generated by the photoconductive particles. Polymeric binders for the photogenerating pigments include, for example, polycarbonates, polyvinylcarbazole, and the like. Also, illustrative examples of polymeric binder resinous materials that can be selected for the photogenerator pigment include those polymers as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,121,006, the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference.
In a copending application U.S. Ser. No. 537,714, the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference, there are illustrated photoresponsive imaging members with photogenerating oxytitanium phthalocyanine layers prepared by vacuum deposition dispersed in for example certain single resin binders like polycarbonates. It is indicated in this copending application that the imaging members comprised of the vacuum deposited oxytitanium phthalocyanines and aryl amine hole transporting compounds exhibit superior xerographic performance, since low dark decay characteristics result and higher photosensitivity is observed, particularly in comparison to several prior art imaging members prepared by solution coating or spray coating, reference, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,429,029.
In U.S. Pat. No. 5,206,359 there are disclosed imaging members with titanyl phthalocyanine photogenerating pigments dispersed in, for example, certain single resin binders, and wherein the phthalocyanine is prepared by the treatment of Type X oxytitanium phthalocyanine with a halobenzene; and more specifically, the solubilization of a Type I oxytitanium phthalocyanine, which can be obtained by the reaction of 1,3-diiminoisoindoline and titanium tetrabutoxide in the presence of a solvent, such as chloronaphthalene, reference U.S. Pat. No. 5,189,156, the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference, in a mixture of trifluoroacetic acid and methylene chloride, precipitation of the desired Type X oxytitanium phthalocyanine, separation by, for example, filtration, and thereafter subjecting the product to washing with fluorobenzene.
Perylene pigments, particularly the derivatives thereof prepared from perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic acids or anhydrides, are useful photogenerating materials in layered imaging members for electrophotographic applications. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,587,189, the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference, illustrates imaging members containing a benzimidazole perylene layer prepared by vacuum evaporation or dispersion in a single polymeric binder. Other photogenerating pigments, such as azos, phthalocyanines, polycyclic quinones, squaraines, and the like, have been used in imaging members fabricated by vacuum evaporation, binder solution coatings or binderless pigment dispersions.
Also of interest is U.S. Pat. No. 4,514,482, the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference, directed to perylene photoconductive devices.
Improvement in the photosensitivity of photoconducting imaging members would have several advantages in the operation of electrophotography printing processes, for example the printing speed can be improved resulting in higher productivity. The required power of illuminating sources such as lasers, light emitting diodes, liquid crystal imaging bars, electric lamps, used to create the latent images on the photoconducting imaging member can be significantly reduced leading to cost savings in the hardware and operation aspects. Thus, the efficiency of imaging members can be increased when there is improvement in the photosensitivity thereof. Therefore, it is evident there is continued desire to improve the photoresponse properties of imaging members.
This invention in embodiments primarily relates to imaging members comprised of photogenerating pigments, like benzimidazole perylene prepared with selected mixtures of polymeric binders, which exhibit an unexpected improvement in photosensitivity as compared to, for example, when only a single binder was employed in preparing the imaging members. In addition, the mixed binders also possess additional advantages over the single binder system such as improvements in mechanical properties, superior pigment dispersion, and the like. The ability of maintaining mechanical integrity in layered imaging members is important as the delamination or large dimensional distortion of its various layers would be lead to severe degradation of image quality or complete operational failure. The pigment dispersion quality of the imaging members can have a strong impact on its printing quality such as graininess, resolution, uniformity of solid areas and the like, advantages achievable with the present invention in embodiments.
It is an objective of this invention to provide significant improvements in photosensitivity and other properties such as mechanical, and printing quality of the imaging members formed by using a mixture of binders instead of a single binder in dispersing the photogenerating pigments, and processes thereof.


A charge pump includes a resistor divider connected between an output voltage node and ground and a comparator inputting a reference voltage at one input, and a divided voltage from the resistor divider at another input. A digital control circuit is enabled by the comparator. A first transistor and a second transistor are in series between an input voltage node and the ground, both transistors controlled by the digital control circuit. A pump capacitor is connected between to the output voltage node and between the first and second transistor, and being charged by turning the first and second transistors on and off. A first diode is between the pump capacitor and the input voltage node. A second diode between the pump capacitor and the output voltage node. A reservoir capacitor between the output voltage node and ground. The digital control circuit comprises a first shift register. The first transistor comprises a first plurality of parallel transistors, the first shift register includes any of a first plurality of DQ, RS or JK flip flops connected in series, and outputs of the flip flops control gates of the first plurality of parallel transistors.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention is related to charge pumps, and more particularly, to digitally controlled active feedback charge pumps.
2. Related Art
A charge pump regulator is a DC/DC switching converter that converts a lower input voltage and regulates to a higher output voltage or vice versa. The advantage of a charge pump is that it stores energy in a relatively cheaper capacitor instead of in an inductor. Commonly used topologies in most of the commercial integrated circuits are "skip" mode and "linear" (constant frequency) mode.
The voltage regulation of the charge pump is controlled using both the "skip" and "linear" modes. The "skip" mode operation is depicted in FIGS. 1A–1B.
The circuit includes two capacitors, a pumping capacitor Cpump and a reservoir capacitor Cres. These storage elements provide current to the load at the output. The output voltage Vout is set by the ratio of resistors R1, R2 and is governed by Vout=Vref*(R1+R2)/R2. In FIG. 1B, during φ1, both transistors M1, M3 are turned on, and transistors M2, M4 are turned off. Node "x" is charged to Vin. During φ2,transistors M2, M4 are turned on and transistors M1, M3 are turned off. Cres is being charged to the desired output voltage. The same charging sequence continues until a comparator 101 detects an output higher than the desired voltage, and then disables a clock generator 102. The circuit skips switching (i.e., idles) until the output voltage Vout drops lower. The clock generator 102 is then reactivated. The same principle applies to FIG. 1A except that the transistors M3, M4 are replaced by diodes D1, D2 respectively (this circuit is known as a Dickson charge pump).
In FIG. 2, a Dickson charge pump operating in a constant frequency mode is illustrated. When the Dickson charge pump operates at a constant frequency, there are no skip (idle) cycles. The output of the comparator 101 feeds into a control circuit 202, which generates a DC voltage to control the on-resistance of transistor M2 under different loading conditions. Hence, voltage regulation at Vout can be achieved by adjusting the I*R drop across the transistor M2.
A third regulation scheme is to combine the "skip" and "linear" mode to form an active-control circuit. This is depicted in FIG. 3. In this control scheme, skip cycles are inserted, in addition to the use of resistance control.
FIG. 4 shows an operating principle of the Dickson charge pump with active-cycle control. Let Qc be the charge transferred to the Cpump during a charging cycle and Qp be the charges delivered to the load and to the Cres during a pumping cycle. Mathematically, |Qc|=|Qp|. Hence the average current during the time tp is |Ic|=|Ip|, Ip is the current passing through D2, and IL is the load current, where
  Ip  =            I      L        +          I      L        +                            (                                    I              L                        *            tw                    )                tp            .      IL is also the charging current to Cres. (IL*tw) is the reserved charge to supply IL in idle.
Vout can be expressed as follows:Vout=(Vmbat−VF−IcRn)+(Vcc−VF−IpRp)where Rp, Rn are the on resistances of M2, M1 respectively, Vmbat is a battery voltage, VF is the forward junction voltage of the diodes D1, D2.
  Vout  =      Vmbat    +    Vcc    -          2            VF        -                            I          L                                  (                      2            +                          tw              tp                                )                                  (                  Rp          +          Rn                )
Here, the
  (      2    +          tw      tp        )term is the skip control, and the (Rp+Rn) term is the resistance control.
The above equation shows how the output voltage can be controlled by adjusting the resistance of M1, M2 and by inserting skip cycles. Note that Vmbat can be the same as Vcc if the anode of the diode D1 is tied to the source of M2.
The problem with the approaches above is as follows: if analog feedback is used, there are often stability issues that need to be addressed fairly carefully. Additionally, pulse width modulation (PWM) schemes can be device-intensive in terms of implementation. Also, feedback control for pulse width modulation circuits frequently has stability problems, and needs to be very carefully designed. For example, such circuits may require lead-lag compensation, or may require transistors that number in the tens or even hundreds to achieve the pulse-width modulation with stable feedback control.

Regulated charge pump with digital resistance control


A bonding method according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure includes a first holding processing, a second holding processing, a temporary bonding processing, a temperature increasing processing and a main bonding processing. In the first holding processing, a target substrate is held. In the second holding processing, a glass substrate held by electrostatic adsorption. In the temporary bonding processing, the target substrate and the glass substrate are temporarily bonded with a pressing force lower than a predetermined pressing force at a temperature lower than a predetermined temperature. In the temperature increasing processing, while releasing the electrostatic adsorption of the glass substrate at the same time as or after the temporary bonding, the temperature is increased to the predetermined temperature. In the main bonding processing, a main bonding of the target substrate and the glass substrate is performed with the predetermined pressing force.

In a manufacturing process of a semiconductor device, semiconductor substrates such as silicon wafers or compound semiconductor substrates have become larger in diameter and thinner in thickness. When a thin semiconductor substrate with a large diameter is transferred or subjected to a polishing process, there is a concern that a warpage or a crack may occur in the substrate. Therefore, target substrates have been reinforced by bonding support substrates such as glass substrates to the target substrates.
For example, International Publication WO2010/055730 discloses a method for bonding a target substrate and a glass substrate in which the target substrate and the glass substrate are held by an upper chuck and a lower chuck, respectively, and the upper chuck and the lower chuck are brought into close proximity with each other to press the target substrate and the glass substrate. An adhesive is then applied on the surface of the target substrate or the support substrate such that both of the substrates are bonded by being pressed as described above.
Further, International Publication WO2010/055730 discloses a method for bonding a target substrate and a glass substrate in which heating mechanisms are provided in an upper chuck and a lower chuck and the target substrate and the support substrate are heated.

Bonding method, bonding apparatus and bonding system


A latency circuit for use in a semiconductor memory device includes a latency control clock generator generating an m-divided division signal from an external clock and at least one latency control clock from the m-divided division signal, wherein m is a natural number greater than or equal to 2. The latency circuit also includes a latency signal generator generating a latency signal in response to the at least one latency control clock, a latency control signal and an internal read command signal, wherein the latency control signal is generated from a column address strobe (CAS) latency and the internal read command signal is generated in response to a received read command.

The inventive concept relates to semiconductor memory devices, and more particularly, to latency circuits incorporated within semiconductor memory devices, wherein the latency circuits are capable of generating a latency signal using a 1-division or 2-division method according to a column address strobe (CAS) latency.
Different types of semiconductor memory devices are used to implement various memories within a computer system or consumer electronic device (hereafter, generically referred to as "the system"). The speed at which data may be input to and output from a semiconductor memory device is a very important factor in determining the overall operating characteristics of the system. In order to increase overall operating speed of the system, synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM) is commonly used. The SDRAM includes internal circuits that are synchronously controlled in relation to a clock signal generated within the system.
In order to increase its operating speed (or frequency), the SDRAM uses the so-called CAS latency function. CAS latency indicates the number of clock cycles between the time at which a read command is applied to the SDRAM device and the time at which corresponding data is output. Thus, the SDRAM reads data in response to a received read command, and then outputs the "read data" following the number of clock cycles defined by the CAS latency. For example, when a CAS latency is defined as 8 cycles, read data is output synchronously with an output clock eight (8) clock cycles following receipt of the read command.
A latency circuit is used to generate a latency signal. The latency signal is essentially an output control signal that determines when read data may be output from a SDRAM in response to a read command. Thus, the latency circuit may be viewed as a type of data output control (or output enabling) circuit. The data output buffer(s) typically associated with synchronous memory devices such as SDRAMs provide read data in response to the output clock signal during a period in while the latency signal is activated. Accordingly, after a read command is received, the latency circuit provides a latency signal before the predetermined number of clock cycles defined by the CAS latency has elapsed.
The latency signal may be generated as an internal read command signal generated by decoding a read command latched by the output clock signal (or clock signals derived from (i.e., delaying) the output clock signal). Conventionally, the pulse width of the internal read command signal corresponds to one (1) cycle of an external clock, and the output clock signal is generated in response to a delay locked loop (DLL) generated clock signal having the same frequency as the external clock.
When the frequency of the external clock increases, the timing margin between the internal read command signal and the output clock signal decreases. In other words, when the frequency of the external clock increases, the pulse width of the internal read command signal decreases, and the phase of the output clock signal precedes the pulse width of the internal read command signal. Also, the internal read command signal is related to (within the domain of) the external clock, and the output clock signal is related to (within the domain of) the DLL clock. Thus, a timing skew between these two domains may be affected by clock frequency variations, and variations in ambient environmental conditions such as pressure and temperature.
When the margin between the internal read command signal and the output clock signal decreases or the phase of the output clock signal precedes the pulse width of the internal read command signal, the internal read command signal cannot be normally latched, and thus a correct counting of clock cycles relative to the defined CAS latency is not possible. As a result, the internal read command signal is conventionally latched using a 2-divided output clock signal to thereby generate the latency signal. In this manner, the latency signal may be stably generated with respect to a high frequency external clock.
However, when the latency signal is thus generated by being regularly latched using the 2-divided output clock signals, and the semiconductor memory device is typically set to operate in a low frequency mode, such as CAS latency 5, and the latency signal is generated with a 1 lock cycle loss. In other words, in case like CAS latency 5, a 1-divided output clock signal is more suitable to the generation of the latency signal than the 2-divided output clock signal. Accordingly, a latency circuit capable of selectively using a 1-division or 2-division output clock signal according to CAS latency is required.

Latency circuit using division method related to CAS latency and semiconductor memory device


Embodiments of the present invention provide a motor vehicle having: a prime mover; first and second groups of one or more wheels; and a driveline to connect the prime mover to the first and second groups of one or more wheels such that the first group of one or more wheels and not the second group may be driven by the prime mover when the driveline is in a first mode of operation and both the first and second group of one or more wheels may be driven by the prime mover when the driveline is in a second mode of operation, the driveline including an auxiliary portion comprising a first releasable torque transmitting means, a prop shaft and a second releasable torque transmitting means, the first releasable torque transmitting means being operable to connect a first end of the prop shaft to the prime mover, the second releasable torque transmitting means being operable to connect a second end of the prop shaft to the second group of one or more wheels, the vehicle further comprising control means operable to control the first and second torque transmitting means to switch the driveline between the first and second modes of operation such that in the first mode the prop shaft is disconnected from both the prime mover and said second group of one or more wheels by means of the first and second releasable torque transmitting means, in the first mode the control means being operable automatically to connect the prop shaft to only one selected from amongst the prime mover and the second group of one or more wheels by means of the first or second releasable torque transmitting means responsive to a value of a temperature parameter determined by the control means, the temperature parameter corresponding to a temperature of a component of the vehicle.

It is known to provide a motor vehicle having a four wheel drive mode of operation in which motive power is supplied to each of two pairs of wheels of the vehicle. Motive power is supplied to the wheels by means of a driveline.
Some known vehicles are arranged such that motive power is permanently supplied to both pairs of wheels. Some other vehicles are arranged such that motive power is selectively supplied to either only one pair or to both pairs of wheels. A driver operable selector may be provided to allow the driver to select two wheel or four wheel operation. Some driveline systems require the vehicle to be stationary when transitioning between two and four wheel drive modes. Such systems may be referred to as static disconnect/reconnect systems.
GB2407804 discloses a dynamic driveline reconnect arrangement in which reconnection of two of the wheels to the driveline following disconnection of the wheels from the driveline may be undertaken when the vehicle is moving. Such a system may be referred to as a dynamic driveline reconnect system. The system disclosed in GB2407804 employs clutch arrangements to enable dynamic driveline reconnection.
The present inventors have recognised that a problem exists with vehicles equipped with static or dynamic reconnection systems. When a four wheel drive vehicle is operated in a two wheel drive mode, a portion of the driveline remains stationary due to the fact that is has been disconnected from the gearbox. Lubricant associated with that portion of the driveline can fall in temperature or otherwise remain at a temperature that can result in relatively poor lubrication of that portion of the driveline when four wheel drive operation is subsequently resumed.
It is an aim of embodiments of the present invention to at least partially mitigate the disadvantages of known driveline systems.

Vehicle and method of controlling a vehicle


A flight path maker (FPM) and a target attitude relative to air display are displayed on a primary flight display (PFD), which is an integrated indicator. The target attitude relative to air display is a mark indicating a target attitude relative to air representing a target angle-of-attack and a target sideslip angle of the aircraft to achieve a target flight path. The PFD displays the relative difference between the FPM and the target attitude relative to air display and shows that the aircraft is flying in the target traveling direction when the FPM matches (is superposed on) the target attitude relative to air display. Thus, controlling with higher trackability than controlling performed based on a target attitude relative to ground is enabled.

An airplane is conventionally provided with an ILS (instrument landing system) and a TIS (tunnel in the sky) for obtaining the deviation angle and the relative position of the target flight path from the airplane. The deviation angle and the relative position obtained with the ILS and the TIS are displayed on a PFD (primary flight display) or an ADI (attitude direction indicator), which is a display apparatus for displaying the flying situation of the aircraft, thereby assisting the pilot of the airplane to perform control for tracking the target flight path.
FIG. 7 shows an example conventional PFD 100. The PFD 100 shown in FIG. 7 shows ILS displays 102 and FD (flight director) command and bar displays 104, together with airplane reference symbols 101 that indicate the aircraft, which is an airplane.
The ILS displays 102 indicate the deviation angle (ILS display 102A) of the aircraft from a localizer and the deviation angle (ILS display 102B) of the aircraft from a glide slope. The example in FIG. 7 shows that the target flight path is located at the left side of the aircraft.
The FD-command and bar displays 104 indicate attitude (pitch angle and bank angle) commands for the aircraft for tracking the target flight path. Note that, in the example of FIG. 7, a bank-angle command display 104A gives an instruction to bank the aircraft left, and a pitch-angle command display 104B gives an instruction to lower the pitch of the aircraft.
Furthermore, PTL 1 discloses a flight-path display apparatus in which, when the display position of the flight path of the airplane is located outside the display range of an image combining panel included in a head-up display device, a target mark indicating the direction from the display range center of the image combining panel toward the flight path is displayed on the image combining panel. Note that the above-described flight path is composed of a plurality of path marks, and the path marks are inclined according to the attitude of the airframe estimated when the airframe is displayed on the path marks.

Display apparatus, control support system, and display method

THE SOCIETY OF JAPANESE AEROSPACE COMPANIES


Self-monitoring flow measuring arrangement includes a pipeline system flowed through by a medium, a control device installed in the pipeline system on the inlet-side, which varies a flow rate of the total medium flowing into the pipeline system according to a predetermined time-dependent periodic change profile; at least one flow measuring device installed in the pipeline system, which is located at a measuring location, which is located downstream of the control device in the flow direction, and through which the entire medium flowing through the pipeline system flows, and which measures the flow rate (Q5(t), Q5a(t) Q5b(t) , Q5c(t) Q5d(t), Q5e(t)) of the medium at the measuring location; and a monitoring unit, which, based on the predetermined time-dependent change profile and the flow rates measured at the measuring locations (Q5(t), Q5a(t), Q5b(t), Q5c(t), Q5d(t), Q5e(t)), monitors whether the measured flow rates (Q5(t) Q5a(t), Q5b(t) , Q5cQ5d(t), Q5e(t)) follow the predetermined time-dependent change profile, and outputs an error report, when at least one of the measured flow rates (Q5(t), Q5a(t), Q5b(t), Q5c(t), Q5d(t) , Q5e(t)) deviates from the predetermined, time-dependent change profile.

Flow measuring arrangements are in use in a large number of industrial plants, as well as in the water and waste water industries, and are applied there in pipeline systems, for example for measuring flow rates and/or measured variables derived therefrom, for process control or for detecting leaks.
In the context of process control, control devices, for example, pumps or valves, are applied for maintaining desired flow rates or for controlling desired flow quantities. These are set so as to be optimal for the particular plant based on flows measured with the flow measuring devices.
As regards safety, it is in such case of special importance, that the flow measuring devices work faultlessly and errors in given cases occurring can immediately be recognized and removed.
The operating of the control devices occurs based on control parameters, which are ascertained for the particular process. In EP 0 853 775 B1 and EP 0 845 118 B1, methods for determining such control parameters are described, in the case of which a process variable to be measured is actively varied by an exciter system according to a ramp function, and based on the measured values of the process variable measured during this, the control parameters are calculated.
Furthermore, flow measuring arrangements are used for detecting leaks in pipeline systems. In such case, flow measurements are performed at at least two different measuring locations within the pipeline system, through which the entire quantity of medium flows. Based on these flow measurements at each of the two measurement locations, total quantities of medium flowing through in a predetermined period of time, e.g. their total mass or their total volume, are determined, and based on a comparison of the two amounts of medium, it is detected whether between the two measuring locations, medium has been lost. Also here, a reliable leak detection can only be assured, when it is assured that the two flow measuring devices work without problem.
In order to assure a secure and reliable measuring of the flow especially in safety-relevant applications and/or in the case of very long periods of use of the flow measuring devices, it is generally desirable to subject the measuring arrangement sporadically, regularly or as needed to a function checking, For this, users prefer automatic function checking, in the case of which the measuring arrangement is automatically able to check its functional ability.
In such case, it is of importance to register errors occurring in the flow measuring arrangement as promptly as possible, and to indicate these to the user, in order to enable the user to be able react rapidly and reliably in a manner directed toward the safety of the plant and its employees. In such case, it is especially relevant to detect errors, which lead to a flow measuring device permanently displaying a constant measured value of flow deviating from the actually present flow, which changes under circumstances over time. This error, frequently referred to as a "frozen" measured value, can, especially in the case of flow measurements relevant for process control, lead to catastrophic consequences. This error is especially very difficult to recognize and in part can only be recognized fairly late—possibly even only based on potentially dangerous consequences—when the frozen measured value lies in a range allowable for the flow in normal operation of the plant, or even corresponds to a predetermined desired value.
The detection of this error is especially highly relevant in the case of applications, in which the flow measuring device is used to monitor the maintaining of a predetermined desired value of flow at the measuring location. Here, if the measured value would freeze—for example, due to a malfunction of the measuring device electronics—at a value corresponding to the desired value, the malfunction could possibly remain undiscovered for a lengthy amount of time.
In U.S. Pat. No. 7,255,012 B2, a flow measuring arrangement is described with an iris-type diaphragm installed in the measuring tube and having an adjustable diaphragm opening. The diaphragm serves as a valve, via which a desired flow through the measuring tube is set. In this regard, the differential pressure falling across the diaphragm is measured, and flow is determined therefrom. The measured flow is used in a feedback loop to adjust the diaphragm opening in such a manner that the desired flow is present.
Moreover, a diagnostic method for this flow measuring arrangement is described, in the case of which the degree of closing of the diaphragm is changed for an instant, and the change in the measured pressure difference connected therewith is measured.

Self-monitoring flow measuring arrangement and method for its operation


A bulletproof roller door (1) has a door leaf (2) includes bendably connected door leaf elements (21) and defines a door leaf plane in roller door closed state, the door leaf being moveable between an open position and a closed position via a drive (5). The door leaf elements have cavities (25) with an antiballistic insert (26) insertable therein. The inserts of adjacent door leaf elements overlap in the closed state of the roller door (1). At least one antiballistic defense strip (30, 31) is set at an angle in relation to the insert and covers a gap between the inserts of adjacent door leaf elements in the closed state and is arranged in the cavity of the door leaf element. It is thus achieved that the roller door (1) possess high-speed properties, has a lowest weight possible, and also offers protection against ballistic effects.

Roller doors are used to separate different areas in space. They frequently separate an interior from the environment and thereby protect the inner area from external effects, such as temperatures, sun exposure or weather conditions, such as wind or rain. External effects may, however, also arise from violent effects on the roller door, such as ballistic effects. To make it possible to offer protection in hazardous situations, it is, moreover, necessary to be able to move the door leaf rapidly between the opened and closed states.
However, materials and constructions that could offer sufficient protection against ballistic effects are, in general, in conflict with the high-speed property of a roller door, because they considerably increase the weight of the door leaf.
There are difficulties, in particular, concerning the configuration of the connection points between individual slats of the door leaf. The individual slats must be configured as being movable relative to one another at these points, because the door leaf can only be deflected or rolled up into the opened state due to an articulated connection of the slats. The connections between the slats have hitherto often been brought about by means of elastic rubber profiles. However, such rubber profiles cannot offer any protection in respect to ballistic effects on the roller door.
An example of a storm and safety door is disclosed by US 2007/0193701 A1. The roller door described there contains a plurality of slats connected to one another. To offer a corresponding resistance, the slats are made of steel and they overlap one another. Sufficient strength of the slats is guaranteed by holding elements being additionally provided on both sides of a slat.
To further increase the resistance of the roller door, US 2007/0193701 A1 discloses inserts, which can be inserted into the cavities of the slats. These inserts have a solid profile and are held in the slats by the holding elements.
The drawback of the roller door disclosed in US 2007/0193701 A1 is, however, the weight of the roller door. An insert, which fills the entire volume of the slat, is provided here in order to ensure bulletproof properties. The overall weight of the roller door increases considerably as a result, as a consequence of which a high-speed property of the roller door can only be achieved with a great effort. The high dynamic stress resulting from the heavy own weight has an adverse effect on the entire construction of the roller door even if the drive is dimensioned as a sufficiently large drive, so that the service life of the roller door decreases greatly. In addition, the problem arises precisely in case of wide door constructions of, e.g., 8 m or more that the door leaf will sag based on the considerable own weight in the open state of the roller door.
Further, DE 34 02 532 A1 discloses a hollow section roller shutter slat for security roller shutters. This hollow section roller shutter slat is provided at least partially with a filling consisting of a textile composite made of fibers having high tensile strength and is shaped such that the filling areas of adjacent roller shutter slats overlap in the roller shutter.
Similarly, DE 37 43 628 A1 discloses a door or a roller shutter comprising partially mutually overlapping hollow sections. This door or this roller shutter is provided with an insert comprising a plurality of layers of a fabric or a mesh consisting especially of aramid for protection against projectiles, explosions or the like. The longitudinal edges of the inserts of adjacent hollow sections of a roller shutter overlap one another and are stabilized against fraying.
Even though the aforementioned documents offer an approach to solving the problem of keeping the weight of roller shutters or the like low by the use of inserts that consist of fabric layers, these constructions do not offer sufficient protection against ballistic effects. In particular, the overlapping areas of the individual inserts are weak points, which can be overcome in case of a targeted attack and are thus unable to guarantee sufficient protection of the interior.

EFAFLEX IN{hacek over (Z)}ENIRING d.o.o. Ljubljana


An apparatus, according to an exemplary aspect of the present disclosure includes, among other things, a bracket having a first attachment feature configured for attachment to a quarter panel and a second attachment feature configured for attachment to a body inner structure. A BLIS module attaches to the body inner structure without covering the first attachment feature. A method according to an exemplary aspect of the present disclosure includes, among other things, attaching a quarter panel to a bracket via a first attachment feature, attaching the quarter panel with the bracket to a body inner structure, attaching the bracket to the body inner structure via a second attachment feature, and attaching a BLIS module to the body inner structure without covering the first attachment feature.

A quarter panel for a vehicle is installed on a body inner structure via a bracket and fasteners. A Blind Spot Monitoring System (BLIS) module is also installed at the quarter panel location and blocks access to the fasteners that attach the quarter panel to the body inner structure. To remove the quarter panel for replacement, the BLIS module must also be removed which is not desirable.


Methods, systems are provided for controlling an auxiliary power outlet in a vehicle. The method includes connecting the battery powered device to the accessory power outlet, synchronizing communications between the battery powered device to a computing device of the vehicle, and determining when the battery powered device is connected to an electric bus and is charging. When the battery powered device is either not connected to the electric bus or the battery powered device is not charging, then disconnecting power from the accessory power outlet. The system includes a battery, an electrical bus electrically connected to the battery, at least one auxiliary power outlet in electrical communication with the battery and configured to mate with a battery charging port of a battery operated device; and an electronic control unit (ECU). The ECU is configured to disconnect power from the accessory power outlet when the battery is charged.

The amount of the electrical load on a vehicle is growing and is ever more complex. When all systems are in operation concurrently, a vehicle may consume upwards of 300 amps. Not only is the amount of the electrical load growing, but the sophistication of the load is also growing with more and more processors and other electronic features and equipment being added.
As more features are added to a vehicle, power management with a goal to conserve the power in the vehicle battery is growing more important. Typically alternators generate up to 185 amps. However, transient current of about 350 amps may be experienced due the use of features such as power steering, heated seats and the use of hybrid systems. Steady state current in a vehicle is approximately 77 amps. Off power mode vehicle current may drop to as low as 20 mA.
One ubiquitous exemplary electronic device that commonly uses the vehicle battery via an auxiliary power outlet is the cell phone. Cell phones may draw approximately one Amp (e.g., 750 mA) during full charging mode. Left on for a long enough period of time, a cell phone can drain a vehicle battery. Other portable electronic devices can do likewise.
Accordingly, it is desirable to preserve a vehicle battery by reducing power consumption by rechargeable devices. Furthermore, other desirable features and characteristics of the present invention will become apparent from the subsequent detailed description and the appended claims, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and the foregoing technical field and background.

Systems and methods for auxiliary power outlet control


With the use of a lead-free cationic electrodeposition coating composition containing a sulfonium-modified epoxy resin, an amine-modified novolak-type epoxy resin, and a blocked isocyanate curing agent as a binder resin, wherein the content of volatile organic components is 1% by weight or less, the coating liquid conductivity is 1000 to 2500 μS/cm, and the minimum film-forming temperature of the coated layer electrodeposited on an object to be coated is 20 to 35° C., electrodeposition coating is carried out at or above the temperature which is lower by 2° C. than the minimum film-forming temperature and at or below the temperature which is higher by 6° C. than the minimum film-forming temperature.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method of electrodeposition coating that hardly generates poor appearance in coating an object to be coated, particularly a zinc steel plate. The method uses a lead-free cationic electrodeposition coating composition with high throwing power and enables electrodeposition coating in short time.
2. Description of the Background Art
Electrodeposition coating method can perform coating of an object to be coated into details and can perform the coating automatically and continuously even if the object to be coated has a complex shape. Therefore, the electrodeposition coating method is widely used as an undercoating method for an object to be coated that has a large and complex shape and needs high rust prevention, such as an automobile body. Further, as compared with other coating methods, the efficiency of using a coating composition is extremely high, so that the method is economical. Therefore, the electrodeposition coating method is widely spread as an industrial coating method. The cationic electrodeposition coating method is carried out by immersing an object to be coated into a cationic electrodeposition coating composition as a cathode, and applying a voltage thereto.
Hitherto, lead has been added to an electrodeposition coating composition in order to improve the corrosion resistance of the coated film. In recent years, there is a demand for reduction of lead that is used in an electrodeposition coating composition because lead gives adverse effects on the environment.
In the meantime, there is a desire for reduction of the amount of use of the coating composition itself in order to decrease the coating costs.
Deposition of coated layer in the process of cationic electrodeposition coating owes to electrochemical reaction, and the coated layer is deposited on a surface of the object to be coated by application of voltage. Since the deposited coated layer has a dielectric property, the electric resistance of the coated layer will increase according as the deposited layer increases in thickness by progression of the deposition of the coated layer during the coating process.
As a result of this, deposition of the coating composition onto said sites decreases and, instead of this, deposition of the coated layer onto noncoated sites starts. In this manner, the solid component of the coating composition is successively deposited to the sites to be coated, thereby completing the coating. In the specification of this application, the property by which the coated layer is successively formed onto non-coated sites of the object to be coated is referred to as "throwing power".
In the cationic electrodeposition coating method, a dielectric coated layer is successively formed onto the surface of the object to be coated as described above, so that the coating composition theoretically has an infinite throwing power that makes it possible to form the coated layer uniformly over the entire surface of the object to be coated.
However, at the non-coated sites of the object to be coated, the voltage applied in the bath becomes weak as compared with the coated sites, so that the solid component of the coating composition hardly attaches to the non-coated sites, therefore the throwing power of the electrodeposition coating composition is not necessarily sufficient, thereby generating uneven layer thickness.
Cationic electrodeposition coating is normally used for undercoating, and a major object thereof is rust prevention or the like, so that the thickness of the coated film on all sites must be above a predetermined value even if the object to be coated has a complex structure. For this reason, if the layer thickness is uneven, the thick parts are coated too much, results in excessive use of the coating composition. Therefore, in order to reduce the amount of use of the coating composition, one must improve the throwing power of the electrodeposition coating composition.
Steel plates that has been heretofore used in an automobile body occupy major parts of the object to be coated for cationic electrodeposition coating. Steel plates are stored by being coated with a rust-preventing oil. Usually, steel plates that has undergone removing this rust-preventing oil with alkali or the like and subjected to surface treatment, are used as an object to be coated.
However, in recent years, electrodeposition coating is often carried out on zinc steel plates in which the surface of steel plates have been plated with zinc. The zinc steel plates are excellent in rust-preventing property as compared with normal steel plates, so that the zinc steel plates can realize an enhanced rust-preventing property if they are used as an object to be coated. On the other hand, if zinc steel plates are used as an object to be coated, pinholes or craters are liable to be generated in the obtained electrodeposition coated layer, thereby a problem in that poor appearance is likely to be generated. The reason for that is considered to be due to facilitated generation of spark discharge in hydrogen gas, because the discharge voltage of hydrogen gas generated on the object to be coated side at the time of cationic electrodeposition coating is lower in the zinc steel plates than in the iron steel plates.
In addition, in recent years, there is a demand for short-time electrodeposition coating in order to improve the productivity. However, short electrodeposition time raises a problem of decrease in the throwing power.

Electrodeposition coating method using lead-free cationic electrodeposition coating composition


The present invention discloses a multi-purpose digital printer having a transfer roller making very thin or retractable printing material move while adhering to an adhesive on the transfer belt, to prevent twisting or wrinkling, and extension states of the printing material, so that it is possible to print not only on very thin or retractable printing material, but also on unfixed form, type or thick printing material.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a multi-purpose digital printer, and more particularly a printing machine with a transfer roller performing effectively textile-printing operations not only to the very thin and retractable printing materials, but also to the very thick and unfixed form or type of special materials.
2. Description of the Related Art
Generally, in the conventional printing machine utilizing a technique of subtractive mixture, a digital controller sends digitalized signals to a head of the printing machine, so that the head may inject proper amounts of ink of three primary colors comprising magenta, yellow, and cyan, and of a black color to a printing material to produce various color tones. Therefore, the latest printing machine makes it possible for a user to design more easily what she/he wants.
In the technique of subtractive mixture, the head of the printing machine equips several ink reservoirs, while each ink reservoir contains one color respectively. The head injects proper amounts of ink from each reservoir to produce a new color tone. The head often equips another ink reservoir containing special color to produce a new color tone, if necessary.
By referencing FIG. 1 and FIG. 2, the conventional printing machine will be described in the following statements.
The conventional printing machine equips a transfer belt 5 with a rail shape on the top of a base 3, while the base 3 is supported by both legs 1 contacting with the ground. A cartridge 9 is fixed with the transfer belt 5, so that a head 7 of the cartridge 9 can be moved through the transfer belt 5. Additionally, a transfer axis 50 is connected with a transfer motor (not shown) within a driving panel 18 included in the one side of the inner upper side of the base 3. Additionally, lots of transfer rollers 51 on the transfer axis 50 protrude from the top of the base 3 to make a printing material 17 move in the forward direction, while a press roller 40 placed correspondingly on the top of each transfer roller 51 presses down on the printing material 17.
Additionally, a feeding roller 11 included in the rear side of the digital printing machine supplies the printing material 17 to the top of the base 3. When the cartridge 9 moves reciprocally to the left or the right direction on the top of the printing material 17, the head 7 moving in combination with the cartridge 9 injects predetermined amounts of each color from the corresponding ink reservoir to perform printing operations. The printed material is then recoiled in a rewinding roller 12 located on the opposite side of the feeding roller 11.
An operation panel 16 covered by a cover 15 is equipped on the top of the base 3. Therefore, a user can input any desirable signal to be printed in the printing material 17.
However, the conventional printing machine described in the above statements has the following problems. After the printing material 17 is put between lots of transfer rollers 51 and press rollers 40, the transfer roller 51 rotates to make the printing material 17 move to the front side of the base 3. When the printing material 17 is extremely thin in the case of textile printing, the speed of the printing material 17 passing through between the transfer rollers 51 and the press rollers 40 is different from that of the printing material 17 before the transfer roller 51. Therefore, a portion of the printing material 17 is often wrinkled causing the printing colors to overlap, resulting in a higher percentage of defective printing operations, or is extended too much, causing the printing design to be distorted.