A method for managing application patterns. Service application programming interfaces required for use by an application on a runtime platform are provisioned. The application is based on an application pattern. Deployment information for deploying the application on the runtime platform is generated. The deployment information includes values for properties of the application pattern for configuring the application on the runtime platform. The deployment information is used to deploy the application on the runtime platform. In response, the runtime platform runs the application with the application using the service application programming interfaces previously provisioned for use by the application on the runtime platform.

1. Field of the Invention
The disclosure relates generally to an improved data processing system, and, in particular, to a data processing system for managing data processing systems. Still more particularly, the present disclosure relates to a method and apparatus for managing deployment of an application pattern based application on a runtime platform.
2. Description of the Related Art
Application patterns are used to construct applications. These application patterns, for example, may specify steps performed by the applications. The steps performed by the applications include steps that use application programming interfaces. The application programming interfaces specified for use by the applications may be provided as a service by any number of different providers.
Some application programming interfaces require authorized access before an application can use the application programming interfaces. For example, some services require an administrator perform steps to configure the application for using the services.
These applications may be deployed onto runtime platforms for running on the runtime platforms. Deployment of an application on a runtime platform may include installing and configuring the application for running the application on the runtime platform. The application programming interfaces used by the running application may be local or remote to the runtime platform where the application is running. One type of runtime platform is a cloud computing based runtime platform.
Cloud computing involves the delivery of computing resources of a data processing environment. Through the use of services hosted in the data processing environment, cloud computing provides applications access to the computing resources of the data processing environment. Computing resources of a cloud computing provider may include hardware resources, software, information, and other services. Computing resources of a cloud computing provider may be located in a single location or widely distributed. The data processing environments of a cloud computing provider are typically located at server computers in a location that is remote to the users. The computing resources in the data processing environments of a cloud computing provider may be provided by the user, by the cloud computing provider, and by third-party providers of computing resources. The users of a particular data processing environment of a cloud computing provider may be consumers and corporate users. In some situations the users of a data processing environment may also be corporate users from two or more corporations who are sharing use of resources.
Any changes associated with services in use by an application on a runtime platform, may require an administrator perform additional steps to re-configure the application. For example, a service may move location, become unavailable, or require new or different authorization.
Therefore, it would be desirable to have a method, apparatus, and computer program product that takes into account at least some of the issues discussed above.

Managing deployment of application pattern based applications on runtime platforms

International Business Machines Corporation


A signature circuit stores signature information indicative of one of a plurality of device functions of a non-volatile memory device which includes first memory cells which are respectively coupled to one of a plurality of word lines and to one of a plurality of bit lines. The signature circuit includes second memory cells which are respectively connected to the bit lines which are grouped into a plurality of blocks, at least one predetermined word line which is provided exclusively for the second memory cells and is connected to each of the memory cells, and a selecting circuit coupled to the bit lines for selecting one of the blocks. The second memory cells in each of the blocks store one kind of signature information, so that a number of blocks is equal to a number of kinds of signature information that can be stored in the signature circuit.

The present invention generally relates to signature circuits, and more particularly to a signature circuit which stores device functions of a non-volatile memory device.
In non-volatile memory devices such as a programmable read only memory (PROM), the device function, such as the write function, differs depending on the chip although the same basic chip (PROM) is used. Hence, in order to clearly indicate the device function of the chip to the user, the PROM is provided with a signature circuit which prestores signature information which describes the device function.
Conventionally, the following measures are taken in order to afford a plurality of different kinds of device functions with a single basic chip. For example, one bonding wire interconnection is made with respect to the basic chip for providing a first device function, and another bonding wire interconnection is made with respect to the same basic chip for providing a second, different device function. As a result, it becomes possible to produce chips having selectable, different device functions while using the same basic chip. The selectable device functions of each chip are stored in the signature circuit in the form of plural signature type information.
FIG. 1 generally shows a PROM which is provided with an example of a conventional signature circuit. In FIG. 1, the PROM includes a memory cell array 1, a row decoder 2, a column decoder 3 and a sense amplifier 4.
FIG. 2 shows the conventional signature circuit together with related parts of the PROM shown in FIG. 1. One of bit lines b0 through bn is selected by a corresponding one of bit line selection signals Y0 through Yn respectively applied to n-channel field effect transistors (FETs) Q0 through Qn in response to an address signal, and the thus-selected bit line thereby is connected to a sense amplifier 4. Likewise, one of word lines W0 through Wn+2 is selected by a corresponding one of the respective word line selection signals X0 through Xn+2 in response to the address signal. Only one word line is shown in FIG. 1 in association with the one row of memory cells MS0 through MSn, for purposes of clarity, and it will be understood to represent a plurality of word lines W0 through Wn which are respectively connected to the memory cells MS0 through MS, which store the actual information, for plural such rows of memory cells. A memory cell which is written with a value "1" permits a current flow therethrough when the word line connected thereto is selected, while a memory cell which is not written with information (or written with a value "0") does not permit a current flow therethrough when the word line connected thereto is selected.
A plurality of ROM cells for storing first type signature information are connected to the word line Wn+1, and a plurality of ROM cells for storing second type signature information are connected to the word line Wn+2. In this example, a short-circuit indicated by a mark "x" is formed between a drain of the ROM cell and the corresponding bit line to store the value "1", and an open circuit indicated by a mark "o" is formed between the drain of the ROM cell and the corresponding bit line to store the value "0". The values "0" and "1" are written selectively into the ROM cells which are connected to the word lines Wn+1 and Wn+2 to store the first and second signature information. The writing of information of the type written into the memory cells MS, which are connected to the word lines W0 through Wn is not carried out with respect to the ROM cells which are provided for storing the first and second signature information.
According to the conventional signature circuit, the first signature information is read out by setting the word line selection signals X0 through Xn and Xn+2 to low levels and the word line selection signal Xn+1 to a high level, and successively selecting the bit lines b0 through bn. Similarly, the second signature information is read out by setting the word line selection signals X0 through Xn and Xn+1 to low levels and the word line selection signal Xn+2 to a high level, and successively selecting the bit lines b0 through bn.
Therefore, the conventional signature circuit requires a number of word lines exclusively for the signature circuit, where this number is equal to the number of signature information types to be stored. In the example shown in FIG. 1, two word lines Xn+1 and Xn+2 are provided exclusively for the signature circuit because first and second signature information types are to be stored. Accordingly, the number of word lines provided exclusively for the signature circuit increases with the number of signature information types to be stored, and there is a problem in that a large area is occupied by the word lines and related interconnections.

Signature circuit for non-volatile memory device


A system and method for performing event stream processing is described. A plurality of event streams are received from a plurality of input adapters, at least a first input adapter of the plurality of input adapters being located on a separate and distinct virtual machine than a second input adapter of the plurality of input adapters. Event stream data from the first input adapter and event stream data from the second input adapter are transformed into data of a single data type. The transformed data is stored in an in-memory database. Then real-time analysis is performed on the transformed data by accessing windows of the transformed data from the in-memory database based on rules defined in the event stream processing engine.

Event stream processing (ESP) is a set of technologies designed to assist the construction of event-driven information systems. ESP technologies can include event visualization, event databases, event-driven middleware, and event processing languages, or complex event processing (CEP). ESP deals with the task of processing multiple streams of event data with the goal of identifying the meaningful events within those streams. ESP enables applications such as algorithmic trading in financial services, radio frequency identification (RFID) event processing applications, fraud detection, process monitoring, and location-based services in mobile devices. Within an ESP system a continuous data stream (comprising multiple, consecutive data items) is pushed through a query. Results of the query are subsequently pushed out of the system. While ESP systems generally work well for smaller-to-medium sized systems, scaling becomes a problem in larger systems. Specifically, function bundles deployed on multiple virtual machines are not able to transfer and process data in an efficient-enough manner to ensure reliability and speed in high-frequency event stream scenarios, such as high-frequency securities trading and real-time sales reporting.

Distributed system architecture using event stream processing


A rotary cutter having a plurality of flighting segments which have a tool holder receiving pocket extending radially inwardly from an outer surface of the flighting segments. Cutting tool holders are retained in the pocket by a wedge disposed adjacent the trailing edge of the tool holder and a bolt extending radially inwardly toward a longitudinal axis of the rotary cutter. The bolt extends through the wedge and an opening in the flighting segment and engages a nut disposed in a passageway extending transversely through the flighting segment.

Rotary cutters of the type used on roadway planers, also known as pavement profilers, road milling machines or cold planers, and on road reclaiming or scarifying machines, are well known in the art. An example of such rotary cutters is disclosed in British Patent Application No. 2,230,289A, published Oct. 17, 1990. The British publication discloses a rotary cutter having a plurality of cutting tools mounted in tool holders that are bolted to the flighting forming a spiral conveyor about the surface of a rotatable drum. The tool holders are secured to the flighting by screws that are threaded into threaded holes in the body of the tool holder. Other prior art arrangements secure the tool holders by screws, or bolts, threaded into holes provided in the drum surface or by welding the tool holder to the drum surface.
Tool holder mounting arrangements that require threaded holes in either the tool holder, drum surface or other fixture secured to the drum surface, are prone to thread damage. Overtightening of the screw member can strip the threads in the threaded hole. Impact forces acting on the cutting tool during operation of the rotary cutter can also damage the threaded connection. When such damage occurs, it is extremely difficult to remove the tool holder when replacement is required due to wear, breakage, or other damage. If threads disposed in the drum surface, or in a member permanently attached to the drum surface are damaged, the threads must be repaired by boring and cutting oversized threads or installing a threaded insert. Furthermore, the head end of the securing bolts or screws are often exposed to contact with the cut material, resulting in abrasive wear which further exacerbates the problem of removal and repair.
The present invention is directed to overcoming the problems set forth above. It is desirable to have a mounting arrangement for cutting tools on a rotary cutter wherein threaded holes are not required in either the tool holder or base member in which the tool holder is mounted. It is also desirable to have such as mounting arrangement in which the ends of the securing bolts are shielded from abrasive wear. Further, it is desirable to have a rotary cutter in which the tool holders are removably mounted in a recess provided in the radially outer surface of screw conveyor flighting comprising a plurality of replaceable segment members.

Rotary cutter and mounting arrangement for cutting tools


A system and method for providing multiple views recording is provided. In example embodiments, an indication to record serial events including a first event and a second event on a same channel is received. A recording stream is started at a beginning of the first event and ends at an end of the second event. View markings are inserted in the recording stream that differentiate a first view corresponding to the first event from a second view corresponding to the second event. Thus, the recording stream creates a single file that contains multiple views. The single file is stored for later playback.

Conventionally, when a user desires to record two events (e.g., television shows) back-to-back, two different files are created—one for the first event and one for the second event. Because it is desirable to add padding to a beginning and end of a scheduled event, the two different files contain overlapping portions. Additionally, two tuners may be needed in order to record two back-to-back events with appropriate padding since the padding at the end of the first event overlaps with the padding at the beginning of the second event.


Techniques for device independent session migration are presented. A secure mechanism is presented for a target device to receive a current authenticated communication session from an original device with minimal user interaction while automated security is enforced during session migration. In an embodiment, the target device is a mobile device and the original device is a desktop; the target device captures a data glyph that is visually presented on a display of the original device and the data glyph is then seamlessly communicated to a server manager for authentication and session migration.

As the industry increases the use of mobile devices, there is a problem when users work in a mixed environment of desktop machines and mobile devices. There are times that a user is working on his/her desktop machine and needs to continue a browser session on his/her mobile device. The information on the desktop is many times in the form of protected Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) page/document that is being viewed by the desktop browser. The page/document may be secured and protected by an authentication mechanism that was earlier achieved by the user, such as a name and password pair, Kerberos, or Windows® NT Local Area Network (LAN) Manager (NTLM). This means that simply copying the Uniform Resource Locator (URL) link for the document onto another device will not give the user access on that mobile device. In addition, under current approaches in the industry there is no mechanism to transfer (or migrate) the security and Access Control List (ACL) rights associated with the page/document securely and in a trusted manner to a mobile device.
Moreover, session transfer should be done transparently, so that it does not require the user to re-authenticate on the mobile device, which would be perceived as a huge hassle to the user. Both the location of the document and the rights to the document need to be transferred (or accessible) to the mobile device. In addition, there are times when authenticated users entire sessions may need to be transferred from their desktops to their mobile devices. In solving this problem, it is noted that any substantial changes to existing/legacy web services and/or mobile devices are likely not feasible and will likely prevent any significant adoption of device independent session migration techniques. In addition, security is of substantial import, such that unauthorized viewing or modifications to transferred sessions are eliminated. It is also critical that the session migration rights be controlled.
In summary, any technique addressing the portability and migration of a secure session needs to be able to transfer a complete authenticated session with access rights to mobile device in an optimal manner that is as transparent and seamless to the users but also in a manner that is secure and trusted.


An apparatus and method to provide uplink interference control in a WiMAX communication system includes a step 302 of receiving a downlink channel quality indication from an MS. A next step 304 selecting a modulation product ratio modification parameter in response to the channel quality indication. A next step 306 includes modifying a modulation product ratio by the modification parameter. A next step 308 includes mapping the modified modulation product ratio against a table of modulation coding schemes. A next step 312 includes applying the mapped modulation coding scheme.

WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a recently introduced broadband wireless access technology, standardized in IEEE 802.16e. One problem occurring in existing WiMAX systems is the level of interference being experienced, particularly in relation to uplink (UL) interference from mobile stations of adjacent cells. Specifically, WiMAX UL system performance is limited by adjacent interference power from these mobile stations.
In order to guarantee the system performance for users on a cell edge, it is important to limit the UL Interference over Thermal (IoT) criterion from adjacent cells, as is known in the art. For example, in Long Term Evolution (LTE) broadband wireless communication systems, it is known to pass an L2 message describing measured adjacent cell IoT between cells. This message can then be used in UL power control, such as fractional power control. The result of the UL power control is tightly controlled IoT level at a base station. However, in WiMAX systems this type of L2 messaging does not exist. As a result, each base station has no knowledge of interference being experienced on neighboring cells. Although the current WiMAX system includes a scheduler and resource allocation that can efficiently schedule users and allocate resources, the UL interference IoT is not tightly controlled.
In addition, there have been some reports that up to 85% of WiMAX mobile stations transmit at full power. Not only does this contribute to interference problems, this directly equates to reduced battery life in mobile stations, which is also of interest to WiMAX customers.
What is needed is a technique to control IoT by reducing the power that a mobile station requires to achieve reliable WiMAX communications, which also serves to extend battery life in the mobile station. It would also be of benefit to provide this IoT control without the knowledge of adjacent cell IoT information.
Skilled artisans will appreciate that common but well-understood elements that are useful or necessary in a commercially feasible embodiment are typically not depicted or described in order to facilitate a less obstructed view of these various embodiments of the present invention.

Uplink interference control in a wiMAX communication system


Texture sharing in a graphics memory is disclosed. A primary application establishes a virtual device for interaction with a graphics module. The virtual device includes a texture reference that refers to a render target texture in a graphics memory of the graphics module, and multiple render states, the render states having corresponding render state values. The plurality of render state values is saved in a memory in association with the corresponding render states. An external application module is invoked and provided a virtual device reference to the virtual device. Upon a return of the external application module, the plurality of render states are restored to the corresponding render state values. The graphics module is directed to generate a final scene in a final scene buffer in the memory in the graphics module using the render target texture.

In order to provide a realistic simulation it is desirable to generate and present imagery at the highest possible resolution and greatest possible framerate. A simulator device typically includes at least one primary processor and a primary memory in which portions of the simulator application execute, as well as one or more graphics modules which may be coupled to the primary processor via a high-speed bus. A graphics module is a relatively special purpose device designed to render scenes for visualization, or display, to a user. An example of a graphics module is a Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCI-E) graphics card. Interface libraries, such as Microsoft® DirectX® and OpenGL® have been developed to interface with graphics modules to eliminate the need for an application developer to write a separate version of an application for each different graphics module.
Each of multiple applications that execute on a primary processor may interact with the graphics module to facilitate the generation of imagery associated with the respective application. The interface libraries, therefore, typically impose constraints on the sharing of the graphics module by multiple applications, in part to reduce a likelihood of causing a system fault, or other unintended consequence, which may be brought about by arbitrary and uncoordinated use of a graphics module by multiple applications.
Designing and manufacturing a robust simulation system is complex, and not practical for the vast majority of users of simulation systems. It is common, therefore, for a first entity to acquire a simulation system from a second entity that specializes in the design and manufacture of simulation systems. The first entity may wish to incorporate unique or custom imagery associated with the first entity into the stock imagery which accompanies the 3rd party simulation system. By way of non-limiting example, a shipping company that utilizes a particular truck manufacturer may desire to incorporate imagery associated with the dashboard of such trucks into a truck simulator purchased or licensed from a second company. The truck simulator may be shipped with stock imagery of a truck dashboard that is different from the trucks used by the first company. Such imagery may need to be continually updated during the simulation, such as imagery of a speedometer during the operation of a truck. However, it is common for simulation systems to be sold or licensed in a manner which does not lend itself to modification or integration of customized imagery.
Unfortunately, the constraints imposed by interface libraries can make it difficult, impractical, or impossible to dynamically incorporate imagery into an existing simulation system without modifying the actual simulation system. Accordingly, there is a need for mechanisms for facilitating the run-time integration of external imagery into a simulation system.

Texture sharing between application modules


A collapsible bed frame (18) for supporting a mattress, the collapsible frame (18) having a number of frame members (32). A number of pivots (34) connect pairs of the frame members (32) at the midpoints of the frame members (32) to make a number of scissor pairs (35). Pivot assemblies (36) pivotally attach the upper ends of the frame members (32) to upper connector assemblies (40), and pivotally attach lower ends of the frame members (32) to feet (38), thus connecting the scissor pairs (35) to form an extended scissors-frame assembly (33). The upper connector assemblies (40) form a support surface for a mattress.

Temporary beds have been used for many years and come in many forms, from a simple futon or air mattress to more complex "hide-a-bed" style devices. Such temporary beds are most often used when guests, either expected or otherwise, stay overnight. In such cases, it is desirable that the temporary bed be quick and easy to assemble, comfortable, and collapse to a small configuration which can be easily and conveniently stored in a closet or storage cabinet. An air mattress has the advantage of deflating to a very compact size when the internal air pressure is released, and can be set up in a relatively short amount of time. The air pressure in the mattress gives good support to body members and the air can redistribute within the mattress slightly in response to greater weight loads in certain areas. It can thus conform to the user's body, is lightweight, and is generally easily portable, even when inflated.
However, air mattresses which are pitched on the floor of a dwelling, may be perceived as being less gracious than beds which are elevated from the floor. Elevated beds may have less intimate contact with floor dirt and grime, thus be more suitable for those with allergies or aversions to dirt. Furthermore, an elevated bed may be easier to get into and out of for those who may have trouble squatting on the floor, or for those with stiff joints or arthritis.
Additionally, those who go camping out of trailers, etc. may wish to sleep out-of-doors, but may wish to isolate themselves from insects, snakes and other forest denizens which may roam the forest floor. For such purposes, an elevated bed, which is easily collapsible and portable, may be very useful. It also may be useful in rocky terrain, or in areas of thorns or burrs, which would otherwise contact the air mattress and possibly puncture it.
Generally, the less effort involved in constructing the bed, the more desirable the typical user would consider the bed to be. People who are contemplating retiring to bed are often already in a state of fatigue or unsteadiness in which the construction of a bed from a collapsed configuration to an expanded configuration may seem a daunting prospect. Therefore, a bed structure which requires minimal involvement by the user in its construction, or, even better, is largely self-erecting, would be very desirable in a variety of situations.
Thus there is a need for a collapsible bed which is elevated from contact with the ground or floor, and which is both very portable and comfortable for the user. There is also a need for a bed which requires minimal involvement by the user in its construction, or, even better, is largely self-erecting.
There have been many variations adjustable beds which are designed so that the bed or a portion of it can incline. Such an inclining bed allows the user, who may be bed-ridden, or merely relaxing, to assume a sitting position for reading, watching television, etc. Inclining beds have been used in hospitals for many years, and are the subject of numerous U.S. patents, including U.S. Pat. No. 5,870,784, U.S. Pat. No. 5,105,486, U.S. Pat. No. 4,774,732, U.S. Pat. No. 4,025,972, U.S. Pat. No. 3,974,530, U.S. Pat. No. 6,405,393, U.S. Pat. No. 3,644,946, U.S. Pat. No. 3,655,528, U.S. Pat. No. 6,276,011 and others. These beds are generally bulky and often included motor-powered apparatus to achieve the inclination. There have a been a few attempts to use air pressure to change the inclination of the mattress, such as are found in U.S. Pat. No. 5,170,522, U.S. Pat. No. 4,873,731 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,421,044. These beds too are generally bulky and designed for stationary use.
Collapsible beds are increasingly popular with the public as a way of providing easy and elegant bedding for visitors or for those with limited floor-space who appreciate having a bed that can be removed from use when not needed. Air-mattress beds are a convenient variation on this, as the volume of the bed is easily reduced merely by venting the internal air. However, as discussed above, air mattresses which are pitched on the floor of a dwelling, may be perceived as being less gracious than beds which are elevated from the floor. Elevated beds may have less intimate contact with floor dirt and grime, thus be more suitable for those with allergies or aversions to dirt. Furthermore, an elevated bed may be easier to get into and out of for those who may have trouble squatting on the floor, or for those with stiff joints or arthritis.
For these reasons, it is desirable to have a frame which is collapsible under a mattress which is also preferably collapsible. However, applicant is unaware of any mechanism which allows the bed or frame of a collapsible frame to incline. Thus, a user of this style bed would need to position the bed adjacent to a wall and brace the feet from sliding in order to be able to sit up in bed.
Thus there is a need for a collapsible bed and bed frame which can incline to allow comfortable sitting by the user.


An apparatus for controlling the flow of a liquid precursor into a deposition chamber comprises a liquid injection system having a liquid injection outlet connected to a chamber inlet line upstream of the deposition chamber. The liquid injection system includes a liquid precursor supply, a purge gas supply, a carrier gas supply, a liquid flow meter, and a controller managing flows of the liquid precursor and carrier gas to the chamber. A purge line is connected between the purge gas supply and the liquid flow meter and is used to trap a known mass of liquid precursor. To calibrate the flow of the liquid precursor, the purge gas is used to push the trapped liquid precursor through the liquid flow meter at a steady rate. The elapsed time for evacuating the trapped liquid precursor from the purge line is measured. Calibration information is computed using the mass of the trapped liquid precursor and the measured elapsed time based on the direct liquid measurement approach. The calibration information is used to calibrate the controller to correct deviations in the liquid flow rate and achieve a target liquid precursor flow rate for improving wafer uniformity.

In a wafer fabrication process, a wafer is commonly subjected to process gases under pressure in the controlled environment of a process chamber. The deposition formation rate on the wafer and the etching removal rate from the wafer depend on the input gas flow rate of the process gases that enter the process chamber encapsulating the wafer.
A vapor deposition system for wafer fabrication generally includes a liquid delivery or injection system for vaporizing a liquid chemical and carrying the vaporized liquid into the deposition process or reaction chamber for wafer processing. A typical liquid delivery system for a chemical vapor deposition process manages the flow of a liquid precursor or reagent, a carrier gas, and one or more other process gases. The liquid precursor is delivered to a vaporization device at a steady flow rate. The carrier gas is delivered to the vaporization device for mixing with the vaporized liquid precursor. The other process gases are combined with the mixture of the vaporized liquid precursor and carrier gas for delivery to the process chamber.
A critical factor in the production of wafers with superior uniformity is the precise control of the flow rate of the delivery of the liquid precursor into the process chamber. Irregularities in the flow rate may cause nonuniformity and erroneous deposition film thickness that adversely affect wafer quality and acceptability. The liquid precursor flow rate is typically generated by a liquid mass flow controller that is governed electronically by a voltage signal, such as that produced in a liquid flow meter. The accuracy of the flow rate produced by the liquid mass flow controller depends on the calibration between the voltage signal and the actual flow rate delivered. Factory calibration of the liquid delivery system is generally approximate with a typical tolerance of up to 10%. Therefore, a flow rate adjustment technique is necessary to compensate for the imprecise factory calibration and to improve wafer uniformity and obtain proper deposition film thickness.
An estimation and verification methodology in U.S. Pat. No. 5,520,969 utilizes the steady state pressure differentials observed in the process chamber to compute a correction constant for controlling the mass flow rate of the liquid precursor. The steady state pressure differentials are obtained from a first pressure rise due to a flow of a carrier gas through the chamber and a second pressure rise resulting from a flow of the carrier gas injected with the vaporized liquid precursor (or vapor precursor) through the chamber.
Although the '969 patent offers a steady state methodology that is relatively simple and accurate compared to prior techniques that are based on measurements of transient parameters, the approach may produce inaccurate results and undesirable effects in the processing system. For instance, the process chamber may be contaminated by the gases (e.g., TEPO) used in the estimation and verification process, and the contamination may adversely affect the deposition process. Pressure sensors and flow control valves connected to the chamber for gas flow measurement and control may have defects or leaks that contribute to processing errors during deposition. In addition, the theoretical basis for the approach set forth in the '969 patent assumes that (1) the mixture of the precursor vapor and carrier gas behaves as an ideal gas; (2) complete vaporization of the precursor liquid; and (3) there is no condensation of the precursor vapor during its flow from the vaporizer to the chamber. The satisfaction of these assumptions ensures that the precursor vapor pressure is proportional to the precursor liquid flow rate. The departure from these assumption in actual experiments contributes to inaccuracies of the estimation and verification methodology.

Liquid flow rate estimation and verification by direct liquid measurement


A device for singulation of used beverage or food containers received in bulk into individual objects, including: a first receiving area arranged for simultaneously receiving and keeping a plurality of containers; a second receiving area positioned at a higher vertical level than the first receiving area, wherein the device further includes a transporting device comprising a container elevating member for transporting a container from the first receiving area to the second receiving area wherein the elevating member is attached to said transporting device, moves along and is locked to a circumferential path around a first axis upon activation of the transporting device, and the first axis is inclined at an angle of 1° to 45° relative the horizontal plane.

Devices for receiving, identifying and/or sorting objects, such as used beverage or food containers, may be used in reverse vending machines in e.g. super markets. Typically, these devices receive the containers one by one, and a user therefore has to feed the containers one by one to the device.
An example of a device adapted for receiving objects, such as used beverage or food containers in bulk, and forwarding them for individual processing is disclosed in WO 2014/122305 A1. The objects are received at a circular rotating surface which is substantially horizontal and descending towards the periphery of the surface. A conveyor belt is arranged in vicinity of the rotating surface such that objects leaving the surface will end up at the conveyor belt. The objects are thereby separated into individual objects and can be transported further for e.g. recording, counting, evaluating, sorting, storing or recycling.
Another example of a device for receiving objects, such as containers, in bulk and processing the objects individually is disclosed in EP 0305355 A1. This document discloses a device where the objects are received at a circular surface and elevated upwardly by means of inclined ramp segments of the surface to a rotating rim where they are separated.
These devices are however bulky and space consuming and therefore not adapted for use in reverse vending machines in e.g. a supermarket.
There is hence a need for a less bulky device which may be used in reverse vending machines and which is adapted for receiving more than one container at the time.

Device and method for singulation of used beverage or food containers


A mobile communication system capable of communication control on the basis of load information transmitted/received between base stations by using inter-base-station communication, comprises: a base station eNB1; a base station eNB2 adjacent to the base station eNB1; and at least one base station eNB3 adjacent to the base station eNB2, wherein after receiving load information 3 of the base station eNB3 from the base station eNB3, the base station eNB2 transmits, to the base station eNB1, load information 2 of the base station eNB2 weighted by using the load information 3 of the base station eNB3.

In LTE (Long Term Evolution) standardized in 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) which is a group aiming to standardize a mobile communication system, an SON (Self-Organizing Network) technology, in which a base station autonomously adjusts a parameter according to a base station without using any manpower, is applied (refer to Non Patent Literature 1).
As one of the SON technology, in order to balance loads between base stations, there has been proposed technique of adjusting a base station parameter (specifically, a handover parameter) for determining a coverage on the basis of load information transmitted/received between neighboring base stations. Such an optimization technology is called MLB (Mobility Load Balancing), and is able to improve service quality provided to a radio terminal. In addition, the coverage indicates the range of a logical or physical communication area of a base station.
Specifically, in LTE, the following four types of load information have been defined (refer to Non Patent Literature 2): (a) the number of used PRBs (Physical Resource Blocks) each of which is an assignment unit of a time and frequency resource, (b) a load of a backhaul between a base station and a core network, (c) a hardware load of a base station, and (d) a ratio of available communication capacity to a capacity class that is an index indicating relative communication capacity of a base station.
In the aforementioned MLB, for example, if a base station detects that a load of a neighboring base station is lower than that of the self base station on the basis of load information from the neighboring base station, the base station adjusts a parameter such that the coverage of the self base station is reduced with respect to the neighboring base station. In this way, it is possible to increase the load of the neighboring base station while reducing the load of the self base station, resulting in the balancing of the loads.
Furthermore, for example, if is the base station detects that the load of the neighboring base station is higher than that of the self base station on the basis of the load information from the neighboring base station, the base station adjusts a parameter such that the coverage of the self base station is expanded with respect to the neighboring base station. In this way, it is possible to reduce the load of the neighboring base station while increasing the load of the self base station, resulting in the balancing of the loads.

Mobile communication system, base station, and communication method


A method of treating angiogenesis-implicated disorders by selecting a subject predisposed to an angiogenesis-implicated disorder and then administering an effective amount of an endogenous aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligand or its analogs according to a formula as disclosed herein is disclosed.

The invention relates generally to a method of treating angiogenesis-implicated disorders, and more particularly to a method of treating angiogenesis-implicated disorders with an endogenous aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligand or one of its analogs.
Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-inducible transcription factor that mediates a broad spectrum of physiological processes upon binding to its ligand. AhR was proposed and evidenced in the 1970's (Poland et al., 1976); whereas, the coding sequence for the receptor was cloned in the 1990's, revealing that the receptor is a member of an emerging basic Helix-Loop-Helix/Per-Arnt-Sim (bHLH/PAS) transcription factor super family (Burbach et al., 1992).
Upon binding to its ligand, a liganded AhR translocates from a cell's cytoplasm to its nucleus. Inside the nucleus, the liganded AhR forms a heterodimer with Ah receptor nuclear translocator (Arnt). The heterodimer then binds to a regulatory element, Ah response element (AhRE), within target genes either to enhance or to attenuate transcription of these genes. Responses mediated by AhR include expression of P450 family genes, cell proliferation or differentiation, apoptosis, immune suppression, vitamin A depletion, inhibition of adipose differentiation, waste syndrome, vascular development and remodeling, tumorigenicity or anti-tumorigenicity, and estrogenicity or anti-estrogenicity (Schmidt & Bradfield, 1996; Alexander et al., 1998; Whitlock, 1999; Poellinger, 2000; Elizondo et al. 2000; Safe, 2001; Vorderstrasse et al., 2001; Nilsson & Hakansson, 2002; Safe & Wormke, 2003; Walisser et al., 2004; Puga et al., 2005). Additionally, AhR-deficient mice show potential physiological function of AhR in liver, heart, ovary and immune system development (Femandez-Salguero et al., 1995; Schmidt et al., 1996; Mimura et al., 1997; Benedict et al., 2000).
A Recently Identified Physiological Ligand for AhR. To date, the AhR system has been studied with artificial ligands such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons including 3-methylcolanthrene (3-MC), benzo[α]pyrene (BP) and halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons such as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). While studies with these artificial ligands advance our understanding of the Ah receptor system, complete revelation of physiological roles the AhR plays and potential therapeutic benefits this system may provide necessitate the identification of its physiological ligand.
2-(1′H-indole-3′-carbonyl)-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester (ITE) is a physiological ligand for the AhR that has been purified from procine lung and structurally identified (Song et al., 2002; U.S. Pat. No. 6,916,834). Not only has ITE been isolated from animals, but also it has been confirmed by chemical synthesis (Grzywacz et al., 2003).
Hypoxia-Inducible Factors and Arnt-Mediated Gene Expression. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and hypoxia-inducible factor-2α (HIF-2α) are also members of the bHLH/PAS transcription factor super family. Like AhR, HIF-1α and HIF-2α require Arnt to form a heterodimer to regulate transcription of their target genes. Under hypoxic conditions, both HIF-1α and HIF-2α are stabilized and their capability for transactivation are increased. Once activated, HIF-1α heterodimers and HIF-2α heterodimers affect transcription of over sixty genes involved in increasing oxygen delivery and activating alternative metabolic pathways (Tian et al., 1997; Giatromanolaki & Harris, 2001; Bracken et al., 2003; Quintero et al., 2004). One mechanism of increasing oxygen delivery through HIF-1α- and HIF-2α-mediated transcription is angiogenesis.
Angiogenesis. Angiogenesis is the generation of new blood vessels from existing ones and is a complex biological process involving a delicate balance of pro-angiogenic factors and anti-angiogenic factors. Pro-angiogenic factors include, but are not limited to, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), placental growth factor (PIGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), angiopoietins, angiogenin and angiotropin. Whereas, anti-angiogenic factors include, but are not limited to, pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEGF), angiostatin, endostatin and thrombospondin.
Under physiological conditions, such as in wound healing, in female reproduction and in cancer growth and metastasis, the pro-angiogenic factors dominate and lead to angiogenesis. The initial steps of angiogenesis include vasodilation and enhanced permeability and destabilization of a blood vessel wall. Endothelial cells, also present in blood vessels, then proliferate, migrate and form tubes. The tubes are stabilized by pericytes and vascular smooth muscle cells (Distler et al., 2003; Carmeliet, 2004).
AhR and Angiogenesis. Since AhR, HIF-1α and HIF-2α share a common dimerization partner, Arnt, and are members of the same transcription factor super family, an extensive cross-talk between them is expected. In relation to angiogenesis, AhR may compete for Amt binding with HIF-1α and HIF-2α to modulate angiogenesis (Gradin et al., 1996; Chan et al., 1999; Giatromanolaki & Harris, 2001). However, AhR interacts with other systems, such as transforming growth factor α and β (TGFα and TGFβ, respectively), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), growth hormone receptor (GHR) and estrogen receptor (ER) (Hudson et al., 1986; Choi et al., 1991; Lin et al., 1991; Bryant et al., 1997; Enan et al., 1998; Zaher et al., 1998; Carlson & Perdew, 2002; Davis et al., 2003; Safe & Wormke, 2003; Nukaya et al., 2004). Therefore, AhR may modulate angiogenesis through other unknown pathways.
AhR and Vascular Development and Remodeling. Studies with TCDD, an artificial ligand of AhR, showed reduced growth of common cardinal veins (CCV) in zebrafish during a period of forty-four to sixty-two hours post fertilization (Bello et al., 2004). TCDD also blocked the regression of CCV between eighty and ninety-six hours post fertilization (Ld.). Likewise, in chick embryos, TCDD inhibited VEGF-directed vasculogenesis using coronary endothelial tube formation and outgrowth as endpoints (Ivnitski-Steele & Walker, 2003). Furthermore, AhR-deficient mice have a patent ductus venosus in their livers (Lahvis et al., 2000). Even mice expressing low levels of AhR (hypomorphs) had phenotypes similar to AhR-deficient mice (Walisser et al., 2004).
Angiogenesis-Implicated Disorders. Under physiological conditions, regulated angiogenesis occurs in wound healing, female reproductive cycles and embryonic development. Conversely, in pathophysiological conditions, unregulated angiogenesis occurs in disorders such as purpura, angioma, pallor and bone loss. Additionally, unregulated angiogenesis occurs in disorders such as growth and metastasis of cancers, eye diseases including blinding retinopathies, and chronic diseases such as psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis.
Angiogenesis is also involved in many other disorders. For one, anti-angiogenic factors reduced adipose tissue in obese mice (Li et al., 2002; Rupnick et al., 2002). Additionally, bacterial and viral pathogens induced angiogenic genes to advance pathological processes (Meyer et al., 1999; Harada et al., 2000). Furthermore, angiogenesis occurs in atherosclerosis, restenosis, transplant arteriopathy, warts, allergic dermatitis, keloids, peritoneal adhesions, synovitis, osteomyelitis, asthma, nasal polyps, choriodal and intraocular disorders, acquired immune deficiency, endometriosis, uterine bleeding and ovarian cysts (Carmeliet, 2004).
Therapeutic Inhibition of Angiogenesis. Endothelial cells (EC) are an attractive target for anti-angiogenesis therapy in angiogenesis-implicated disorders. For one, EC are involved in the early stages of angiogenesis. Additionally, EC are in direct contact with the blood and are therefore easily accessible. Furthermore, EC are genetically stable and are a homogenous diploid cell. As such, EC are less likely to develop acquired drug resistance to anti-angiogenic therapy (Folkman, 1995; Boehm et al., 1997).
Many anti-angiogenic agents are known. These agents are generally proteins, peptides or small molecules. Examples of these agents include, but are not limited to, anti-VEGF antibodies, anti-VEGFR antibodies, inhibitors of receptor tyrosine kinases such as VEGFR1, VEGFR2, PDGFR, bFGFR and EGFR, angiostatin, endostatin, fumagilin or its derivatives, and integrin inhibitors (Eskens, 2004). Despite the existence of these anti-angiogenic agents, there is a continued demand for new anti-angiogenic agents that are safe and effective.

Use of aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligand as a therapeutic intervention in angiogenesis-implicated disorders


Methods and compositions are provided for treating a subterranean formation penetrated by a well. The method includes the steps of: (a) forming a treatment fluid, and (b) introducing the treatment fluid into the well and into contact with the formation. The treatment fluid includes: (1) water; (2) a water-soluble polysaccoharide capable of increasing the viscosity of the water or a water-soluble polysaccharide and a crosslinking agent for the water-soluble polysaccharide; (3) a breaker comprising at least one member selected from the group consisting of a source of chlorite ions and a source of hypochlorite ions; and (4) a breaker moderator comprising at least one member selected from the group consisting of a source of magnesium ions and a source of calcium ions.

Fracturing or other treatment processes are conventionally used to increase hydrocarbon conductivity through subterranean formations. Fracturing or other stimulation procedures are usually performed in production wells. However, injection wells used in secondary or tertiary recovery operations may also be fractured or otherwise treated to facilitate the injection of fluids into subterranean formations.
Hydraulic fracturing includes injecting a fracturing fluid into the well at a pressure sufficient to cause one or more cracks or "fractures" in the formation. Usually the fracturing fluid is a gel, an emulsion, or a foam for carrying a proppant, such as sand or other particulate material, into the fracture. The fracturing fluid is made to have a sufficiently high viscosity to retain the proppant in suspension or at least to reduce the tendency of the proppant to settle out of the fracturing fluid as the fracturing fluid flows through the well and into the newly-created fracture.
Once the fracturing fluid carrying the proppant has been pumped into the formation, the high-viscosity of the fluid is then "broken" to deposit the proppant in the fracture and allow the fluid to flow back from the formation. Breaking the gel entails the conversion of the gelled or emulsified high-viscosity fluid into a low-viscosity fluid.
After the treatment, the newly-created fractures, which are held open by the proppant, provide increased fluid conductivity through the formation. This can dramatically increase the hydrocarbon production from the formation, through the fracture, and into the well bore.
In an aqueous fracturing fluid, a gelation agent and/or an emulsifier are used to gel or emulsify the fracturing fluid and provide the required high viscosity to carry the proppant. A "breaker," or a viscosity-reducing agent, is added to the fracturing fluid prior to pumping the fracturing fluid into the subterranean formation.
The treatment fluid's effectiveness depends largely on the ability to control the timing of when the high viscosity of the fluid is broken. If the high-viscosity fluid breaks too soon, the proppant will settle out of the fracturing fluid in the well bore, before it is carried into the formation. If the high-viscosity fluid takes too long to break, valuable hydrocarbon production may be lost, or worse, the formation may be permanently damaged by the long "shut in" time.
Controlling the timing of the breaking of the high-viscosity treatment fluids has been difficult. Breaking of the fluid can be unreliable often resulting s in premature breaking, excessively delayed breaking, and incomplete breaking of the high-viscosity treatment fluid. The ability to control the fluid degradation rate is essential to a successful stimulation treatment. While most fracturing fluids will break, even in the presence of a gel stabilizer, if shut-in for a sufficient time, it is most desirable to return the well back to production as quickly as possible. The break time for gelled fluids is usually desired to be within 1 to 24 hours after introduction into the subterranean formation.
Temperature is a major factor in the chemistry of breaking fluids. The break rate tends to increase dramatically with increasing temperature. Further, the stability of the gelled fluids tends to decrease and the stability of the breaker also can become a problem. Thus, the ability to control the timing of breaking the fluid becomes increasingly difficult in formations having higher static temperatures.
For example, at static temperatures up to about 200° F., conventional oxidizing breakers such as alkali metal or ammonium persulfates, sodium perborate, and t-butyl hydroperoxide have been used as breakers for treatment fluids. Laboratory evaluations are routinely made before the treatment to find the breaker concentration necessary to cause a reasonable rate of viscosity decline. However, above 180° F., the conventional breakers have been difficult to control and often result in premature breaking of the treatment fluids.
At static temperatures near and above 200° F., alkali metal chlorite, lithium hypochlorite, or sodium hypochlorite activated with an amine and/or copper ion have been used as breakers for treatment fluids. These have been partially effective at such higher temperatures. However, alkali metal chlorite, lithium hypochlorite, or sodium hypochlorite breakers often exhibit inconsistent degradation rates.
Attempts to slow or control the break rate of guar-based fracturing fluids have been made by decreasing the breaker concentration that is added to the treatment fluid. In field practice, this technique works to a degree, but the minute concentrations required for a controlled break of some applications are not practical. Also, there are several drawbacks associated with this approach to control break rate. For example, at very low chlorite concentration, incomplete fluid breaking is often encountered. Further, low chlorite concentrations are often difficult to meter and susceptible to inhibition or degradation.
Thus, the break rate of chlorite and hypochlorite breakers has been difficult to control in the past, which has limited the application of these breakers in stimulation operations such as fracturing. Therefore, there is a need to provide a means by which the break rate of chlorite and hypochlorite breakers could better controlled in well treatment fluids.

Controlling chlorite or hypochlorite break rate of well treatment fluids using magnesium or calcium ions


A system and method for reducing baffle vibration includes balancing an inertial force generated by two or more moving diaphragms and balancing an acoustic pressure acting on a housing supporting the two or more moving diaphragms such that a net force acting on the baffle is substantially zero. The acoustic force acting on the housing may be balanced independently of the inertial force balance. In another configuration, the acoustic force acting on the housing may be balanced by a non-zero net inertial force.

This disclosure relates to loudspeaker audio systems having reduced vibration.
A moving diaphragm in an electro-acoustic transducer generates a reaction force on a basket supporting the diaphragm that is transmitted to an enclosure or baffle that partitions a volume into a listening volume and a back volume. The baffle is typically lightweight and stiff in the plane of the baffle but susceptible to vibrations perpendicular to the baffle plane. A reaction force having a component perpendicular to the baffle plane can generate a buzzing or an audible noise that detracts from the acoustic signal generated by the electro-acoustic transducer. A heavy enclosure may reduce the buzzing or audible noise generated by the reaction force but at the expense of the weight of the enclosure.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,985,593 issued Jan. 10, 2006, U.S. Publication No. US2005/0111673 published May 26, 2005, and co-pending U.S. application Ser. No. 11/591,285 filed Nov. 1, 2006 describe methods and systems for reducing baffle vibrations and are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. In the described methods and systems, two or more diaphragms are oriented relative to each other such that the net reaction force generated by the two or more diaphragms is preferably zero or less than the reaction force generated by a single diaphragm.

System and method for reduced baffle vibration


A package (1) in the form of a spray container in which slides a piston. There is a dispensing nozzle at one end of the container and a liquid to be dispensed between the piston and the nozzle. A compressed gas occupies the container on the other side of the piston. The seal between the piston and the internal side wall of the container is ensured by shallow annular grooves in the internal side wall, having an interval less than 1,000 .mu.m and a depth no greater than 100 .mu.m.

The present invention relates to packaging comprising a piston, and a process for production of this packaging. This packaging contains in particular a liquid to be sprayed by means of a propulsive gas. This package can be used in the fields of foodstuffs, chemistry, cosmetics, dermatology, insecticides or cleaning agents.
It is known to use packaging of cylindrical shape, generally called an aerosol can, comprising internally a piston capable of sliding along a greater portion of the length of the packaging, generally the longitudinal axis.
The pistons of this packaging are conventionally provided with joints matching the shape of the packaging/piston assembly, such as for example a toric joint or O-ring. These joints ensure sealing of the piston and hence of the packaging relative to the liquid and the gas present in the compartments separated by the piston. This sealing being insufficient as to the liquid (the gas can pass into the liquid), it is moreover necessary to reinforce the seal by the presence of a sealing lip mounted on the joint secured to the piston. Thus, when the piston slides along the major axis of the packaging, the combination of the sealing lip and of the joint on the piston permits, whilst scraping the internal wall of the packaging, ensuring correct sealing of the packaging as to the liquid that it contains.
Unfortunately, the combination of these two elements does not permit sufficient sealing between the gas and the liquid present in the packaging. Thus, the gas under pressure diffuses slowly and constantly toward the liquid despite the combined presence of the joint and of the sealing lip of the piston. This slow and constant diffusion of the gas is due to the presence of a multitude of score lines parallel to the longitudinal axis of the packaging; the presence of these score lines is a result of the process of drawing used during production of the packaging.
One way to overcome this sealing problem consists particularly in cladding the internal wall of the packaging with a varnish. But no matter what the physical-chemical properties of this varnish, it is impossible completely to fill in the score lines.

Spray package and process for producing the same


A diffraction grating and a prism with the appropriate characteristics are employed to provide a combined dispersive characteristic that is substantially linear over the visible spectrum. Radiation from the grating and prism is collimated by a lens towards a detector array. The grating or a telecentric stop between the grating and prism is placed at a focal point of the lens in a telecentric arrangement so that equal magnification is achieved at the detector array. If the detector array is replaced by a plurality of optical channels, a multiplexer/demultiplexer is obtained. A one or two dimensional detector array may be used for detecting the characteristics of a radiation beam. Alternatively, a one or two dimensional array of optical channels may be employed in a multiplexer or demultiplex arrangement with a single output/input optical channel.

This invention relates in general to spectrometers and, in particular, a refractive-diffractive spectrometer.
Spectrometers or spectrophotometers are widely used devices. They are used in digital printers and printing presses. Hand-held spectrometers are used by graphic designers and imaging departments at newspapers, magazines, and copy shops.
In order to analyze the spectro data from images or objects, light from the images or objects is passed through optical elements to a detector, such as a charged coupled device ("CCD") array. In order to accurately measure the CIE tristimulus values of light sources, images or objects, it would be desirable to accurately resolve all of the wavelength components in the radiation from the light source. Spectrometers resolve such wavelength components by dispersing them at different angles depending on the wavelength. Unfortunately, up to the present time, spectrometers and spectrophotometers do not disperse the different wavelengths linearly. This means that after being dispersed by the spectrometer into the different wavelength components reaching the CCD array, the dispersion of a particular wavelength component is not proportional to the wavelength of the component. For example, if a prism is used in the spectrometer for dispersing the wavelength components of radiation from a source, the angle of refraction of any wavelength component is not proportional to its wavelength.
Radiation from many light sources can have a large number of spectral lines or wavelength components. Therefore, unless the CCD array has the same number of detectors as the number of wavelength components, at least some of the spectral lines or wavelength components of the light source will be directed to positions along the CCD array that does not fall entirely on any particular detector, but may fall partly on one detector and partly on another detector. Since the dispersion of the wavelength components is nonlinear, it cannot be assumed that a linear interpolation of the outputs of the two detectors will yield an accurate measurement of the intensities of such wavelength components. This causes error in measurement. Therefore, to accurately measure the CIE tristimulus values of light sources of filters that have fine spectral detail, spectrometers of the conventional design require higher spectral resolution. However, high quality spectrometers are expensive.
It is therefore desirable to provide improved spectrometers and spectrophotometers in which the above-described disadvantages are avoided.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.


A common mode termination includes a shielded connector, a receive section and a transmit section, each section comprising an isolation transformer, a common mode transformer, a reference autotransformer, and an AC shield return. Each transmit section reference autotransformer and receive section reference autotransformer has a center tap for the application of a bias voltage and a bias voltage return. The bias voltage is fed through a common mode transformer, and the resultant common mode termination reduces the conduction of EMI from the serdes coupled to the common mode termination to cables connected to the connector. This common mode termination also provides a reference termination for the copper twisted pair cable and reduces resonances on the cable. Finally, this termination also provides filtering on the DC power source wires and improves noise immunity from transients coupled onto the twisted pair cable into the system.

The current invention is directed to the delivery of a bias voltage using a pair of differential signals while it minimizing the electromagnetic interference produced by these differential mode signals in an Ethernet data port or other serial data port where a common mode transformer is employed for high potential (hipot) isolation.
Isolation transformers and common mode transformers are commonly used in the serial interface ports in communications equipment. One such serial interface type is Ethernet, as described in IEEE standard 802.3. In this type of communications interface, it is desired to transmit differential mode voltages over long distances to a remote point, and a pair of differential transmit signals and a pair of differential receive signals are sent over twisted pair copper wire. The data rate carried over these differential pairs varies from a data rate of 10 Mbps (million bits per second) to a data rate in excess of 1 Gbps. It is often desired to reduce the high frequency common mode component of the transmitted signal, and a class of transformers known as common mode transformers is employed, whereby the opposing flux produced by common mode currents cancels the common mode voltage at the output of the transformer, while the additive flux produced by differential mode currents reinforces the output voltage. In addition, an isolation voltage requirement provides for the biasing 1500V of DC from any differential pair to ground, and an isolation transformer is commonly employed to provide this isolation. FIG. 1 shows one such prior art termination. A device known as a SERDES (serializer-deserializer) provides a serial stream of differential output data on lines 41 and 41xe2x80x2, which couples to transmitter isolation transformer 14 of transformer 12. Isolation transformer 12 serves to provide the required hipot (high potential) isolation of typically 1500V between the data equipment associated with the serdes 40, and the incoming data lines of connector 30. Transmit isolation transformer 14 is followed by common mode transmit transformer 20 of common mode transformer 18. A common mode transformer provides very little impedance to currents of opposite polarity, and a higher impedance to currents of the same polarity, thereby reducing the conduction of high frequency currents from the serdes 40 to the external conductors of the cables attached to connector 30. This reduction in common mode transfer from the serdes to the connector conductors reduces the emissions of EMI (Electro-Magnetic Interference) from the equipment. A balancing transformer 26 provides for symmetry in the output voltages, as well as an impedance reference for the common mode transformer 20. The output of transmit common mode transformer 20 is also furnished to an output connector 30, which for Ethernet is pins 1 and 2 of a shielded RJ-45 connector. Similarly, the receive path comprises a differential input arriving on connector 30 pins 3 and 6, thereafter being furnished to common mode receive transformer 22 of common mode transformer 18, and to receive isolation transformer 16 of isolation transformer 12, and to the receive inputs 43 and 43xe2x80x2 of the deserializer section of serdes 40. Receive balancing transformer 28 of balancing transformer 24 provides an impedance reference for common mode choke 22, as before. The reference resistors 42 and 44 provide an impedance reference for the unbalanced voltages present in the center tap of the balancing transformers 26 and 28. Capacitor 50 is a high voltage type that provides an AC return path for unbalanced common mode currents generated by either receive balancing tranformer 28 or transmit balancing tranformer 26. Resistors 46 and 48 provide a high frequency termination for unused pins 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the RJ-45 connector 30, for the case where an 8 wire cable using 2 pairs of twisted pair conductors is employed. As the cable connected to connector 30 may be very long, common mode voltages appearing on the twisted pairs for transmit and receive capacitively couple to the other twisted pairs, so all wires of the cable are provided a high frequency reference to ground, including the unused pins 4, 5, 7, and 8.
A first object of the invention is to provide a bias voltage using two differential pair electrical connections while preserving the hipot characteristics of the prior art termination. A second object of the invention is to provide an operating voltage over two differential pair electrical connections while preserving the common mode EMI attenuation of the prior art termination. A third object of the invention is to couple residual transient noise energy on the twisted pair cables to a shield conductor.
A differential mode termination includes a transmit isolation transformer coupled to a transmit common mode transformer, which is coupled to an output connector. The transmit common mode transformer has a reference autotransformer with a center tap for providing a shield reference, as well as the application of a bias voltage. The differential mode termination also includes a receive isolation transformer coupled to a receive common mode transformer, which is coupled to an output connector. The receive common mode transformer is coupled to a reference autotransformer with a center tap for providing a shield reference to the common mode transformer. By providing a bias voltage to the transmit reference autotransformer center tap and a bias voltage return to the center tap of the receive reference autotransformer, it is possible to power remote equipment while minimizing common mode coupling of EMI from the serdes and other noise sources internal to the equipment to the conductors of cables attached to the output connector.


A packet network node and method of operating a packet network node are disclosed. Conventional packet network nodes react to congestion in the packet network by dropping packets in a manner which is perceived by users to be indiscriminate. In embodiments of the present invention, communication sources precede communications with a start packet which contains a communication identifier also carried within subsequent packets of the communication. The packet network node makes an entry in a vulnerable communications table (6.4) on receipt of such a start packet. After an amount of time, and often before the cessation of a communication, such entries are removed from the vulnerable communications table. On the onset of congestion, the packet network node disclosed herein deletes packets in communications identified in the vulnerable communications table. This provides a congestion alleviation method which is less annoying to users since communications that have been in existence for longer are less susceptible to component packets being deleted.

In recent years, television viewers have been demanding greater choice in the video material they view. In addition, the demand for streaming video to a computer via the Internet has grown strongly. This has led to a need to supply increasing amounts of video material over local communication networks (whether the copper pairs used by telephone network operators or the coaxial cables used by cable television network operators).
In telephony networks this additional demand is being met by the introduction of Digital Subscriber Loop (DSL) technology. As its name suggests, this technology carries digital signals over the local copper loop between a user's home and a local telephone exchange. Data-rates of several megabits per second to the user's home are achievable. The digital signal is conveyed between modems placed at either end of the copper loop—the modem in the user's home usually being incorporated in a set-top box. The advantages of statistical multiplexing have led to the digital signals being organised into packets (whether they be Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) packets or Internet Protocol (IP) packets).
Many cable networks are being upgraded to carry digital signals to user's homes. At least where the signals have been carried over the Internet, those digital signals are again arranged into packets.
Video material requires a data rate which varies between 1.5 Mbps (for a quality comparable to that offered by a video cassette recording) to 20 Mbps (High-Definition Television). In DSL networks, this means that a mechanism is needed to manage contention for the capacity offered over the copper loop leading to the user's home. Although cable networks can carry around sixty video streams simultaneously, their capacity is normally shared by several hundred users, meaning that contention for the capacity on the cable will also need to be managed as cable network users demand more choice in the material they view.
In a conventional telephone network, the problem of contention for scarce telecommunication resources is dealt with by simply preventing a user from receiving (or sending) any traffic unless the necessary capacity to carry that traffic can be reserved beforehand. There are numerous connection admission control schemes of this sort for packet networks too—examples include the Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP). Although such schemes prevent congestion, connection admission control is notoriously complex for variable bit rate flows such as video flows. One proposal that alleviates this problem to some extent is disclosed in European patent application no. 0 932 282 A2. However, such schemes also suffer from the further disadvantage that data relating to each admitted flow (often referred to as 'state' in the art) must be kept for the entire duration of the admitted flow.
An alternative to the use of connection admission control in packet networks is to use reactive flow control. These schemes allow users access to communications resources but attempt to cause senders to decrease their sending rate on the onset of congestion. The scheme used for reliable transmission across the Internet (Transmission Control Protocol) is the most common example. This is unsuitable for video flows however, since real-time video servers cannot reduce their sending rate.
In most flow control schemes, all users are adversely affected by the onset of congestion. Some flow control schemes are more sophisticated, classifying traffic into different classes, with some classes being more likely to suffer packet delay or discard than others. In situations where such classification is not available or where most traffic is within one class, alternative solutions must be provided. One such alternative solution which concentrates the adverse effects of ATM cell discard on one IP packet at a time is described in 'Early Selective Packet Discard for Alternating Resource Access of TCP over ATM-UBR' by Kangsik Cheon and Shivendra S. Panwar, in the Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Local Computer Networks LCN 97, Minneapolis, Minn., Nov. 2-5, 1997.
However, none of the above proposals provides a method of managing contention in a packet network which avoids the complexity of connection admission control schemes without indiscriminately affecting users on the onset of congestion within the capacity allocated to a given class of traffic.

Packet communications network congestion alleviation method and apparatus

British Telecommunications public limited company


The display device comprises display means which highlight on a screen, preferably of PFD type, the information useful to the pilot relating to at least one flight parameter, especially while reducing the corresponding scale on said screen.

The present invention relates to a method and a device for displaying flight parameters on an aircraft, especially a transport airplane. This display device is capable of representing a dialog device allowing dialog between an operator of the aircraft, in particular a pilot, and a system for guidance of said aircraft.
It is known that aircraft furnished with a guidance system, namely either a flight director which calculates piloting setpoints as a function of guidance setpoints or an automatic piloting system which makes it possible to follow guidance setpoints in an automatic manner, are provided with an overview (or summary) of the behavior of this guidance system which allows the pilot of the aircraft to ascertain the aircraft guidance modes.
An overview of the behavior of the guidance system (flight director or automatic piloting system, possibly associated with automatic thrust control) is effected, in general, on the screens displaying the primary flight parameters, of PFD ("Primary Flight Display") type, at the level of a table of FMA ("Flight Mode Annunciator") type. This overview summarizes, generally, the guidance modes engaged (active) on each axis (speed, lateral, vertical), as well as the armed guidance modes, that is to say those which have been requested by the pilot and which will engage automatically when mode engagement conditions are fulfilled. By way of example, away from the trajectory of the flight plan, in the mode for holding heading converging toward the trajectory of the flight plan with the flight plan trajectory capture and holding mode armed, the latter mode engages automatically on approach to the flight plan.
By way of non-exhaustive example, the guidance modes taken into account in the table of FMA type can be the following:                mode of the auto-throttle:
"THRUST": mode commanding a fixed thrust;
"SPEED": mode commanding a variable thrust making it possible to uphold an air speed setpoint (CAS) or MACH setpoint, etc.;                vertical mode:
"OP CLB": mode of climbing toward a setpoint altitude with a fixed thrust while complying with an air speed (CAS);
"OP DES": mode of descending toward a setpoint altitude with a reduced fixed thrust while complying with an air speed (CAS);
"VS": mode of holding of a vertical (climb or descent) speed;
"FPA": mode of (climb or descent) slope holding;
"G/S": mode of tracking a vertical axis corresponding to an approach beam, etc.;                lateral mode:
"HDG": heading capture and holding mode (HEADING);
"TRK": course capture and holding mode (TRACK);
"NAV": flight plan tracking mode (route);
"LOC": mode of tracking a lateral axis corresponding to an approach beam, etc.;                category of approach (indicating, inter alia, whether or not an automatic landing is possible depending on the state of the onboard systems); and        state of the functions (indicating the state of engagement of the guidance systems such as the automatic piloting system, the flight director, the automatic thrust management).
Moreover, the engaged (active) modes and also the armed modes are indicated to the pilot by the table of FMA type.
By virtue of this textual summary of the present (engaged) and forthcoming (armed) guidance modes, the pilot has an overview of the objectives taken into account by the guidance system.
In order to supplement this picture, the pilot will thereafter look at the guidance setpoints associated with the guidance modes on the PFD screen, as well as the current flight parameters. These two values (current value and setpoint value) are displayed on one and the same scale making it possible to see their relative positions (inter alia), and their positions with respect to characteristic values (for example characteristic speeds on the speed scale).
In the mode of climbing toward an altitude, the value of the altitude setpoint taken into account by the system lies on the altitude scale of the PFD screen.
The set made up of the FMA table and of the PFD screen affords the pilot access to a complete picture of the behavior of the guidance system.
The FMA table provides a textual summary which requires a learning on the part of the pilots so as to associate the behavior of a mode with its textual label. For example, with this type of textual retrieval, the pilot must know (learn) that, for the label "OP CLB", the behavior of the mode is that of a climb with no altitude constraint to a flight level, with a fixed thrust for the engines (on the "Climb" level), while complying with an air speed (CAS). On the other hand, the "CLB" mode will indicate compliance with the altitude constraints on the climb if appropriate.

Method and device for displaying flight parameters on an aircraft


Antibodies, or antigen-binding portions thereof, to aspartyl (asparaginyl) β-hydroxylase are provided. The anti-aspartyl (asparaginyl) β-hydroxylase antibodies, or antigen-binding portions thereof, can modulate activity of aspartyl (asparaginyl) β-hydroxylase.

Aspartyl (asparaginyl) β-hydroxylase (AAH) catalyzes post-translational hydroxylation of β carbons of specific aspartate and asparagine residues in epidermal growth factor-like domains of numerous proteins, including extracellular matrix proteins, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor, Notch homologs, and Notch ligand homologs (Jia et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91(15):7227-7231, 1994; Jia et al., J. Biol. Chem. 267(20):14322-14327, 1992; Gronke et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86(10):3609-13, 1989). This transmembrane enzyme is a member of the α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase family of prolyl and lysyl hydroxylases. Overexpression of human AAH (HAAH) has been detected in a number of human cancers, including hepatocellular carcinomas, cholangiocarcinomas, and, neuroectodermal tumors (Lavaissiere et al., J. Clin. Investig. 98:1313-1323, 1996; Sepe et al., Lab. Investig. 82(7):81-891, 2002). The finding that AAH is overexpressed in numerous tumors, and that forced expression increases cell motility and survival indicates that AAH may contribute to malignant transformation in vivo (Sepe et al., Lab. Investig. 82(7):881-891, 2002).

Anti-hydroxylase antibodies and uses thereof


A two-photon absorbing polymerizable composition contains at least a two-photon absorbing compound, a polymerization initiator and a polymerizable compound, the composition being photopolymerizable upon non-resonant two-photon absorption, wherein the two-photon absorbing compound is a methine dye containing a compound represented by the formula (1):

In general, the non-linear optical effect means a non-linear optical response proportional to the square, cube or higher power of photoelectric field applied. Known examples of the secondary non-linear optical effect proportional to the square of photoelectric field applied include second harmonic generation (SHG), optical rectification, photorefractive effect, Pockels effect, parametric amplification, parametric oscillation, light sum frequency mixing and light difference frequency mixing. Examples of the ternary non-linear optical effect proportional to the cube of photoelectric filed applied include third harmonic generation (THG), optical Kerr effect, self-induced refractive index change and two-photon absorption.
As the non-linear optical material of exhibiting these non-linear optical effects, a large number of inorganic materials have been heretofore found. However, inorganic materials can be hardly used in practice because so-called molecular design so as to optimize desired non-linear optical characteristics or various properties necessary for the production of a device is difficult. On the other hand, organic compounds can realize not only optimization of desired non-linear optical characteristics by the molecular design but also control of other various properties and therefore, the probability of its practical use is high. Thus, organic compounds are attracting attention as a promising non-linear optical material.
In recent years, among non-linear optical characteristics of the organic compound, ternary non-linear optical effects, particularly, non-resonant two-photon absorption, are being taken notice of. The two-photon absorption is a phenomenon such that a compound is excited by simultaneously absorbing two photons. In the case where the two-photon absorption occurs in the energy region having no (linear) absorption band of the compound, this is called non-resonant two-photon absorption. In the following, even when not particularly specified, two-photon absorption indicates non-resonant two-photon absorption.
The non-resonant two-photon absorption efficiency is proportional to the square of photoelectric field applied (square-law characteristic of two-photon absorption). Therefore, when a laser is irradiated on a two-dimensional plane, two-photon absorption takes place only in the position having a high electric field strength at the center part of laser spot and utterly no two-photon absorption occurs in the portion having a weak electric field strength in the periphery. On the other hand, in a three-dimensional space, two-photon absorption occurs only in the region having a large electric field strength at the focus where the laser rays are converged through a lens, and two-photon absorption does not take place at all in the off-focus region because the electric field strength is weak. As compared with the linear absorption where excitation occurs in all positions proportionally to the strength of photoelectric field applied, in the non-resonant two-photon absorption, excitation occurs only at one point inside the space by virtue of the square-law characteristic and therefore, the space resolution is remarkably enhanced.
Usually, in the case of inducing non-resonant two-photon absorption, a short pulse laser in the near infrared region having a wavelength longer than the wavelength region where the (linear) absorption band of a compound is present, and not having the absorption of the compound is used in many cases. Since a near infrared ray in a so-called transparent region is used, the excitation light can reach the inside of a sample without being absorbed or scattered and one point inside the sample can be excited with very high space resolution due to the square-law characteristic of non-resonant two-photon absorption.
Therefore, if polymerization can be caused by using the excitation energy obtained upon non-resonant two-photon absorption, polymerization can be brought about at an arbitrary position in a three-dimensional space and this enables application to a three-dimensional optical recording medium, a fine three-dimensional stereo-lithography material and the like, which are considered as an ultimate high-density recording medium.
Examples of the technique of performing two-photon photopolymerization by using a non-resonant two-photon absorbing compound and applying it to stereolithography and the like are described in B. H. Cumpston et al., Nature, Vol. 398, page 51 (1999) [Non-Patent Document 1], K. D. Belfield et al., J. Phys. Org. Chem., Vol. 13, page 837 (2000) [Non-Patent Document 2], C. Li et al., Chem. Phys. Lett., Vol. 340, page 444 (2001) [Non-Patent Document 3], K. D. Belfield et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., Vol. 122, page 1217 (2000) [Non-Patent Document 4], S. Maruo et al., Oppt. Lett., Vol. 22, page 132 (1997) [Non-Patent Document 5].
However, these techniques have the following problems:
1) the two-photon absorbing cross-sectional area of the two-photon absorbing compound is small,
2) two photons are absorbed directly into a polymerization initiator having a very low two-photon absorbing cross-sectional area, without using a two-photon absorbing compound,
3) a polymerization initiator is not used,
4) the polymerization initiator, if used, has bad matching with the two-photon absorbing compound, and the like. In this way, a high-efficiency two-photon absorbing compound and an appropriate polymerization initiator are not used and this gives rise to problems in practice, that is, the polymerization efficiency is bad and for performing stereolithography or the like by polymerization, a strong laser must be irradiated for a long period of time.
[Non-Patent Document 1]
B. H. Cumpston et al., Nature, Vol. 398, page 51 (1999)
[Non-Patent Document 2]
K. D. Belfield et al., J. Phys. Org. Chem., Vol. 13, page 837 (2000)
[Non-Patent Document 3]
C. Li et al., Chem. Phys. Lett., Vol. 340, page 444 (2001)
[Non-Patent Document 4]
K. D. Belfield et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., Vol. 122, page 1217 (2000)
[Non-Patent Document 5]
S. Maruo et al., Oppt. Lett., Vol. 22, page 132 (1997)
As described above, if polymerization can be caused by using the excitation energy obtained upon non-resonant two-photon absorption, polymerization can be brought about at an arbitrary position in a three-dimensional space with very high space resolution and this enables application to a three-dimensional optical recording medium, a fine three-dimensional stereolithography material and the like, which are considered as an ultimate high-density recording medium. However, two-photon absorbing compounds usable at present are low in the two-photon absorbing ability and polymerization initiating ability and also have bad matching with a polymerization initiator and therefore, the polymerization efficiency is extremely low. As a result, a very high-output laser is necessary as a light source and the recording takes a long time.
In particular, for use in a three-dimensional optical recording medium, it is essential to establish a two-photon absorbing polymerizable composition capable of undergoing photopolymerization with high sensitivity and thereby attain a high transfer rate.

Two-photon absorbing polymerizable composition and polymerization process thereof

Abstract: wherein R1 to R5 each represents a hydrogen atom or a substituent and some of R1 to R4 may combine with each other to form a ring; n and m each independently represents an integer of 0 to 4, provided that n and m are not 0 at the same time; X1 and X2 each represents an aryl group, a heterocyclic group or a group represented by formula (2); R6 represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an aryl group or a heterocyclic group, and Z1 represents an atomic group for forming a 5- or 6-membered ring.


An azimuth alignment system for an underground azimuth alignable device, the azimuth alignment system including (a) an underground unit including two spaced linear light sensitive articles on an upper face thereof, each of the light sensitive articles including a row of miniature light sensitive elements, the underground unit being connectable in a known positional relation to the underground azimuth alignable device; and (b) an aboveground azimuth alignable telescope device having a longitudinal axis, the telescope device including an aboveground unit, the aboveground unit including at least one light source for generating at least one light beam being detectable by the miniature light sensitive elements of the light sensitive articles, each of the light sources being positioned in a known relation with respect to the longitudinal axis of the telescope device, such that by aligning the telescope device in a desired azimuth and illuminating the light sensitive articles of the underground unit, a deviation of the underground unit and therefore of the underground azimuth alignable device from the desired azimuth is calculable and therefore correctable.

The present invention relates to azimuth alignment and, more particularly, to an azimuth alignment system for azimuth alignment of other systems, e.g., an azimuth alignable laser system.
Laser systems are frequently used by constructors for vertical and horizontal alignments. In most applications the two locations to be aligned form a direct line-of-sight therebetween. However, this is not the case in underground digging applications, such as when underground tunnels for laying gravitational flow pipes are dug.
The DIALGRADE system is a laser system manufactured by Spectra Physics Laserplane Inc. This specific system includes a collimated red laser, 635 nm, a two dimensional laser beam deflector, and an auto-leveling module. The device provides a visible laser beam directable in a desired orientation. Elevation is set to a required grade in reference to the gravitation level, while the azimuth is aligned with a line-of-sight dictated by the operator. The beam is used as a guiding beam for laying gravitational flow pipes.
Generally, this laser system is set at a course direction pointing towards a remote reference point, then fine alignment (in the range of .+-.3.degree.) is effected electronically by the deflector module.
Usually the system is positioned below ground surface (up to 9 m) where no direct line-of-sight to the remote reference point is available.
For fine azimuth alignment a special procedure is used in order to provide a direct reference point to the operator. In general, fine alignment is achieved at ground level, thereafter the system is carefully lowered underground with the aim of keeping the surface alignment while lowering the system. Low accuracy is the disadvantage of this procedure.
There is thus a recognized need for, and it would be highly advantageous to have an azimuth alignment system for alignment of an azimuth alignable laser system, especially in cases where a direct line-of-sight between the azimuth alignable laser system and a reference point is not applicable.

International Technologies (Lasers) Ltd.