A mobile phone includes a main body, a cover member and an antenna assembly having a radiating metal strip and a matching circuit. The radiating metal strip has a feeding leg and a short-circuit leg coupled electrically to the matching circuit in such a manner that the latter provides impedance matching for the antenna assembly. A switching unit couples the cover member pivotally on the main body, and determines whether the mobile phone is in a first operating mode or a second operating mode. Either in the first or second operating mode, the antenna assembly in the mobile phone has similar characteristic by virtue of the impedance matching provided by the matching circuit.

Due to rapid innovation in the electronic communication technology, a mobile phone becomes an inevitable instrument in our daily life. Without it, he or she feels loss in touch with his friends and relatives. In order to achieve high reliability in the transmitting and receiving signals, the quality and functionality of the antenna assembly play a major role in the mobile phone. There are generally two types of antenna assembly used in the mobile phone, i.e. built-in antenna assembly (which is generally contained within the casing of the mobile phone) or an exposed type (i.e. the antenna assembly projects outwardly from the casing of the mobile phone). A mobile phone with a built-in antenna assembly is preferred to when compared to ones having an exposed antenna assembly, since the latter may accidentally collides with an object, thereby rendering the ruin of the mobile phone. In addition, the built-in antenna assembly provides more attractive appearance. For aesthetic and portability reasons, the mobile phone is generally constructed in compact size. It is therefore the prime object of the manufacture to improve the functionality of the quality of the antenna assembly in the mobile phone.
When a monopole antenna is used as the built-in antenna assembly in the foldable mobile phone, the antenna assembly provides fine transmitting ability. However, a clear area of the mobile phone may affect the transmitting ability by of the antenna assembly (i.e. The clear area is located under the antenna assembly of the mobile phone without any metal material). When the mobile is in the folded position, the clear area changes, thereby deviating the resonance frequency and causing degradation of the signal transmission bandwidth. Under this condition, the vertical direction of the transmission characteristic of the antenna assembly gets worse.
Referring to FIG. 1A, an unfolded position of a conventional mobile phone 10 is shown to include a lower printed circuit board 14, an upper printed circuit board 16 and an antenna unit 12. The antenna unit 12 is mounted on the lower printed circuit board 14, and includes an insulated plate 122 and a radiating metal strip 120 that is responsible for providing the resonance frequency of the antenna unit 12. A flexible printed cable 18 interconnects and transmits signals between the lower and upper printed circuit boards 14, 16.
FIG. 1B is a perspective view of the conventional mobile phone 10 in a folded position (shown in upside down configuration for illustration), wherein the lower printed circuit board 14 is disposed above the upper printed circuit board 16. Under this condition, the volume of the vacuum chamber is altered by virtue of shielding of the upper printed circuit board 16, thereby deviating the resonance frequency and causing remarkable degradation of the signal transmission bandwidth.

Antenna assembly for use in a foldable mobile phone


A computer design model processing system and methods are described that can create visual models of computer systems, store versions of design models in a centralized repository, automatically generate and deploy computer software systems in response to the stored computer design models, define dependencies between computer design models, and automate and assist the development of multiple, possibly dependent, computer design models by multiple developers.

Development of web-based computer software systems can be very complicated, and therefore difficult to accomplish. Developers of such systems often need to be familiar with a wide range of technologies for describing and implementing complex software systems, including modern object-oriented programming languages, XML and specific schemas, specific query's and transformations schemes, scripting languages, interface definition languages, process description languages, database definition and query languages, and more. For example, a typical web-based computer software system might include application logic written in an object-oriented programming language, XML for transmission of data between computer software sub-systems, SQL for storing and retrieving data in databases, and WSDL for describing the interfaces to web-based services. There are complexities, involved in getting such technologies to work effectively together, without even considering the business problem to be solved for the end user.
Translating from the requirements of a business problem to an implemented distributed solution using these technologies typically requires a good understanding of each of the various architectures and protocols that make up the solution. Furthermore, end-users expect the resulting software system to be fast, available, scalable, and secure even in the face of unpredictable demand and unreliable network connections.


An exemplary cochlear implant system includes a component that houses a circuit board comprising electronic circuitry that generates one or more signals, an induction coil that transmits the one or more signals by generating a telemetry magnetic field, and a telemetry flux guide positioned between and in direct contact with a top surface of the induction coil and a bottom surface of the circuit board.

The sense of hearing in human beings involves the use of hair cells in the cochlea that convert or transduce audio signals into auditory nerve impulses. Hearing loss, which may be due to many different causes, is generally of two types: conductive and sensorineural. Conductive hearing loss occurs when the normal mechanical pathways for sound to reach the hair cells in the cochlea are impeded. These sound pathways may be impeded, for example, by damage to the auditory ossicles. Conductive hearing loss may often be helped by the use of conventional hearing aids that amplify sound so that audio signals reach the cochlea and the hair cells. Some types of conductive hearing loss may also be treated by surgical procedures.
Sensorineural hearing loss, on the other hand, is due to the absence or the destruction of the hair cells in the cochlea which are needed to transduce audio signals into auditory nerve impulses. Thus, many people who suffer from severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss are unable to derive any benefit from conventional hearing aid systems. To overcome sensorineural hearing loss, numerous cochlear implant systems, or cochlear prosthesis, have been developed. Cochlear implant systems bypass the hair cells in the cochlea by presenting electrical stimulation directly to the auditory nerve fibers. Direct stimulation of the auditory nerve fibers leads to the perception of sound in the brain and at least partial restoration of hearing function.
Cochlear implant systems typically include a cochlear stimulator that is implanted beneath the scalp of a patient. An external control assembly located external to the patient's scalp may be used by the patient to control and adjust various operational parameters of the implanted cochlear stimulator. An inductive link is commonly used to transmit telemetry signals from the external control assembly to the implanted cochlear stimulator. To this end, the external control assembly often includes an inductive coil that produces a telemetry signal by generating an electro-magnetic field that is picked up by a receiver on the implanted cochlear stimulator. The inductive coil may be housed in an external headpiece that is positioned on a patient's head to transmit the telemetry signal through the patient's scalp to the implanted receiver. The external control often includes a retention magnet for securing the headpiece to the patient's head so that the induction coil is properly positioned adjacent to the implanted receiver.
In a conventional cochlear implant system, electronic circuitry included within the external control assembly is not placed in relative close proximity to the induction coil and the retention magnet due to losses and interference caused by magnetic flux associated with the induction coil and the retention magnet. Hence, the electronic circuitry is typically housed within a behind-the-ear unit, for example, while the induction coil and the retention magnet are housed separately within a headpiece. Such a configuration is undesirable for many cochlear implant patients.

Cochlear implant systems including magnetic flux redirection means


A heat resistant, high saturation magnetic flux density film, comprising, a plurality of crystal grains of ferromagnetic metal, and carbide or boride positioned around each of plurality of crystal grains.

The present invention relates to a magnetic pole material for use in magnetic disks, VTRs or the like, and, more particularly, to a heat resistant, high saturation magnetic flux density film having high saturation magnetic flux density, high permeability, and excellent heat and corrosion resistance, and to a magnetic head using the same.
Recently, magnetic recording technology has been highly developed, and the recording density has been raised significantly. In order to raise the recording density, it is necessary to use a recording medium having high coercive force. In order to magnetize a recording medium having high coercive force, a magnetic pole material having high saturation magnetic flux density must be employed. Therefore, a Ni--Fe alloy (permalloy) film or a Co amorphous alloy film has been employed as the magnetic pole material instead of conventional ferrite etc. Furthermore, it is necessary for the magnetic pole material to have excellent permeability for the purpose of improving the recording/reproducing efficiency as well as having the above-described high saturation magnetic flux density. Furthermore, it is necessary for the magnetic pole material to have excellent heat resistance so as to be capable of withstanding a heating process effected for forming the magnetic head, for the purpose of maintaining the excellent permeability.
In Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 62-210607 and "MR 88-55" published by Electronic Communication Information Society, on Mar. 22, 1989, materials prepared by simultaneously adding: one kind selected from the group consisting of Nb, Zr, Ti, Ta, Hf, Cr, W and Mo; and nitrogen to a metal selected from a group consisting of Fe, Co, Ni and Mn has been disclosed. The above-described material can be prepared by a sputtering method in which the sputtering of a metal target having a predetermined composition is effected in a mixture gas of argon and nitrogen. According to the above-described disclosure, a film having a saturation magnetic flux density of 1.5 T and coercive force of 1 Oe or less can be obtained by alternately laminating nitride layers and non-nitride layers while modulating the nitrogen density in the sputtering gas. The coercive force of the above-described film can be maintained to a low level in a temperature range up to 600.degree. C. Therefore, it has heat resistance of 600.degree. C.
The inventors of the present invention examined supplementarily the above-described disclosure by sputtering an Fe--Nb material in a mixed gas of argon and nitrogen. As disclosed above, it was confirmed that the above-described material had low coercive force of 1 Oe or less at 400.degree. to 600.degree. C. However, the inventors have found such a problem in the above-described experiment that a part of the body-centered cubic crystal structure of Fe is transformed into a face centered cubic crystal structure when the temperature exceeds 600.degree. C. with the result that the saturation magnetic flux density of the obtained film is lowered due to the transformation. Furthermore, in this examination, the nitrogen gas must be intermittently introduced during sputtering. However, the intermittent introduction of the nitrogen gas while maintaining constant sputtering gas pressure needed complicated gas control.

Heat resistant, high saturation magnetic flux density film


A rotating shaft is required to have an overhang for the mounting of a generator for an AC-exciter, the shaft length being increased correspondingly. The overhang may become the cause of generating shaft vibrations. A turbogenerator has a rotor over which a field winding is disposed, a coupling co-cut from a rotor shaft, an AC exciter for supplying a DC current to the field winding through a rectifier, and a generator for the AC-exciter, the generator including a permanent magnet as a field generator and supplying a DC current to a field winding of the AC exciter through the rectifier. The AC exciter and the generator are disposed over the rotor shaft. The rotor is rotated through engagement between a turbine and the coupling. The generator for the AC-exciter is mounted in a position on the side nearer to the turbine than a stator of the turbogenerator.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a turbogenerator including a brushless exciter.
2. Description of the Related Art
In a known structure of a turbogenerator including a brushless exciter, an alternating-current (AC) exciter and a sub-exciter are mounted in an end region on the side opposite to a turbine, as disclosed in Patent Document 1; JP,A 2003-515308.


A tank neck unit for a vehicle that includes a tank neck operatively connected to a pressure accumulator system of the vehicle and which is configured for a predetermined maximum pressure which is greater than a permissible operating pressure of the pressure accumulator system. A shut-off valve is arranged in a throughflow path between the tank neck and an outlet region of the tank neck unit, the shut-off valve being configured to prevent an increase in pressure of the pressure accumulator system beyond the permissible operating pressure.

Devices may be used, for example, in conjunction with tanks or pressure accumulator systems of vehicles in order to prevent overfilling of individual pressure accumulator vessels with fuel during a replenishing or filling operation. Various arrangements of pressure accumulator vessels and valves, and methods for the operation thereof, are known for this purpose.
Automotive pressure tank systems are currently checked prior to the refueling by a fuel-dispensing device of a filling station in respect of pressure level and tightness and are then correspondingly filled. Pressures of up to 10 bar in liquid gas systems, 200 to 300 bar in natural gas systems and 200 to 700 bar in hydrogen systems are customary as the filling pressure.
For hydrogen-operated vehicles, 350 and 700 bar are currently provided at filling stations. The different pressure levels of the pressure systems in vehicles are produced by tank necks of differing length. The length of the tank necks is designed in such a manner that a vehicle equipped for 350 bar cannot be replenished at a 700 bar filling station, but may be conversely. Tank systems of 700 bar are configured up to 875 bar in order not to be damaged due to thermally induced positive pressure or due to pressure surges (especially at the beginning of the replenishing operation). Several manufacturers arrange the tank and valves in such a manner that the filling line is connected directly into a valve block or is connected in parallel or in series into a plurality of valve blocks and the gas flows first through the valve blocks into the accumulator or the accumulators. Time and again in this case valves, valve seats and seals are damaged or the individual components in the valve block are caused to vibrate.
For motor vehicles operated with natural gas, there is currently a multiplicity of different refueling connections which are dependent on the type of motor vehicle (passenger vehicle, bus, lorry) and the country. (For example, ACME, bayonet or dish connection). A standard euro nozzle for Europe is planned.
Due to the relatively small ranges of vehicles operated purely by gas, an increase in the pressure level in Europe is being considered in the case of filling pressures for compressed natural gas (CNG) and mixed gas (for example, CNG and H2). This would mean that, in addition to the currently customary 200 bar tank systems, in the future, 248 or possibly 300 bar CNG systems and fuel-dispensing devices would be provided at filling stations. In the United States, the permissible operating pressure for CNG systems is 248 bar.
When refueling with natural gas, however, even in Europe, a pressure level of, for example, 260 bar in a 200 bar CNG tank system in a motor vehicle may be reached, since, at the beginning of refueling, there is a pressure surge for determining leaks and the current pressure level in the accumulator system. Moreover, the pressure accumulator vessel in the vehicle may therefore be filled up to a maximum pressure of the fuel-dispensing device (260 to 265 bar in the case of CNG) by refueling starts being repeated a number of times. This means a 30% exceeding of the permissible operating pressure of 200 bar. In order to avoid a safety risk, tank systems of motor vehicles already have to be configured now for 265 bar.
Filling stations have differently functioning or non-functioning monitoring systems for monitoring leakage and pressure and for switching off the fuelling operation. Fuel-dispensing devices at filling stations have customarily indicated the refueling quantity, but often not any pressure, for CNG.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,474,104 A discloses a tank cut-off valve construction which permits rapid, effective and reliable refueling of vehicles driven by CNG. The tank shut-off valve construction also permits expansion of the vehicle fuel system before maintenance and servicing of the vehicle. The tank cut-off valve construction has a receptacle which is suitable for fitting to a fuel-dispensing device of a filling station, and has a valve body with first and second gas flow passages. The corresponding first ends of the first and second gas flow passages are connected to the receptacle while the corresponding second ends of the first and second gas flow passages are connected to a gas accumulator vessel via a fuel supply line. The cut-off valve is positioned in the first gas flow passage of the valve body and is normally prestressed into a closed position in order to prevent gas flow through the first gas flow passage. The cut-off valve opens under pressure in response to a fuel flow by permitting gas flow to the fuel accumulator vessel.
A preferred embodiment of the tank cut-off valve construction disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,474,104A furthermore has a bypass valve in the second gas flow passage in the valve body. The bypass valve is normally located in a closed position in which it blocks gas flow through the second gas flow passage. If maintenance or replacement of one or more parts of the construction is required, the bypass valve may be opened in order to permit gas flow back from the gas accumulator vessel through the receptacle, so as to empty the fuel system of a vehicle prior to maintenance. The receptacle may also have a filter in order to remove particles from the fuel. Due to the positioning of the cut-off valve within the valve body, the receptacle is not under pressure and may easily be removed for maintenance or replacement of the filter. The tank shut-off valve construction, however, lacks any device whatsoever for limiting the pressure in the pressure accumulator system.
European Patent Publication No. EP 1 561 991 B1 discloses a receiving element of a rapid-action coupling and a rapid-action coupling for the releasable connection of two pressurized fluid lines, and a system for filling car vessels with pressurized gas, the system comprising such a receiving element. Within this context, European Patent Publication No. EP 1 561 991 B1 discloses a rapid-action coupling for the releasable connection of two lines through which a pressurized fluid flows, the coupling comprising a plug-in element and a receiving element which are suitable for plugging axially one into the other. The plug-in element is equipped with a seal which is arranged in a receptacle which is incorporated in the inner surface of the body of the element, while the receiving element is provided with a closure valve. The valve is opened by a reaction force exerted by the seal of the plug-in element, the force resulting from the valve being supported on the seal as a consequence of the plug-in element and the receiving element intermeshing. The receiving element is therefore open by the valve being displaced only on account of the interaction between the valve and the seal of a plug-in element.
The intermeshing of the plug-in element and the receiving element does not result in the valve being displaced in the opening direction in the absence of the seal in the receptacle of the plug-in element. In particular, a rapid-action-coupling receiving element which belongs to such a coupling, and a rapid-action-coupling receiving element which is provided with a closure valve are disclosed. The valve is opened by a reaction force exerted by a seal arranged in an inner receiving space of the body of a coupling plug-in element which is suitable for being plugged into the receiving element. The force results from support of an outer circumferential slope or a transition zone between the end surface and a radial outer surface of the valve as a result of the plug-in element and the receiving element intermeshing.
European Patent Publication No. EP 2 122 222 B1 discloses a receiving or plug-in element of a coupling which serves for the releasable connection of pressurized lines through which a fluid flows, each connecting piece having a constant cross section over the entire length thereof.
European Patent Publication No. EP 1 561 991 B1 and European Patent Publication No. EP 2 122 222 B1 are representative of a number of known devices and technical solutions for the problem of reliable mechanical coding device between a fuel-dispensing device (e.g., fuel nozzle) of the filling station and tank neck of the motor vehicle. Problems, such as a small dead volume of the coupling, and embodiments of the frequently integrated nonreturn valves are also disclosed.
The solutions known in the prior art, however, lack any reliable devices for limiting the pressure in a tank system.
In order to reduce the multiplicity of tank necks and connections to fuel-dispensing devices of filling stations and to increase the operating reliability, a tank neck unit which is usable not only for different geographical regions but also limits the filling pressure in accordance with the permissible operating pressure of a tank system is proposed.
In the publications hereinabove mentioned, it is desirable for a permissible operating pressure of a pressure accumulator vessel or of a tank system to be reliably maintained over the course of a filling operation and thus to ensure maximum operating reliability. The filling operation is intended to be able to be carried out as rapidly as possible and with only low energy losses. Wear to valve components is intended to be kept low and damage to pressure accumulator vessels and pressure lines is intended to be prevented.
It is currently prohibited from replenishing at filling stations, the refueling pressure (nozzle pressure) of which exceeds the maximum working pressure of the pressure accumulator vessels installed in a vehicle.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.


A streetlamp fault detection apparatus and a streetlamp fault detection method thereof are provided. The streetlamp fault detection apparatus is coupled to a streetlamp loop, and stores an impedance condition table defining a reference impedance range and a non-reference impedance range. The streetlamp fault detection apparatus measures a total impedance value of the streetlamp loop in a measurement period, determines that the streetlamp loop is in a normal operating state if the total impedance value stably falls within the reference impedance range in the measurement period, and determines that the streetlamp loop is in a fault state if the total impedance value falls into the non-reference impedance range in the measurement period.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a streetlamp fault detection apparatus and a streetlamp fault detection method thereof. In particular, the streetlamp fault detection apparatus and the streetlamp fault detection method thereof of the present invention detect a fault state of streetlamps in a streetlamp loop by measuring a total impedance value of the streetlamp loop and comparing the total impedance value to an impedance condition table.
2. Descriptions of the Related Art
With the rapid development of urban areas, the demands for night lighting increase correspondingly. Accordingly, lighting engineering has become increasingly important. Streetlamps are usually disposed at roadsides or in public places for lighting purposes to prevent traffic accidents and crimes. Streetlamps are usually controlled through a remote server which controls the distribution box that powers the streetlamps; the streetlamps are turned on at night and turned off at dawn.
However, due to the large number of streetlamps and the need for manual inspection of the streetlamps, subsequent maintenance of the streetlamps is very time and labor consuming, and thus, makes it difficult to find the fault state of any streetlamp in a timely manner. If a streetlamp fails but cannot be repaired in a timely manner, traffic problems are likely to arise and cause blind areas for public security. Furthermore, even though the installation of a sensor on each streetlamp to monitor the state of the streetlamp through real-time communication can uncover faulty streetlamps in a timely manner, the installation of the sensors is difficult and leads to increased costs.
Accordingly, it is important to provide a detection apparatus that can be installed simply, have a low cost and can detect a fault state of a streetlamp in real time.

Streetlamp fault detection apparatus and streetlamp fault detection method thereof


A method for treating an eye disease of an affected eye includes administering to the affected eye of a subject in need of such treatment a steroidal-androgen-free composition containing a therapeutically effective amount of beta-cyclodextrin derivative. The eye disease can be meibomian gland dysfunction, blepharitis, or dry eye disease. A steroidal-androgen-free composition includes a beta-cyclodextrin derivative as a sole active pharmaceutical ingredient. The steroidal-androgen-free composition is an ophthalmic composition.

Meibomian glands are a type of sebaceous gland located in the tarsal plate of the upper and lower eyelids. These glands are responsible for the supply of meibum, an oily substance that prevents evaporation of the eye's tear film, prevents tear evaporation, and makes the closed lids airtight. There are approximately 50 glands on the upper eyelids and 25 glands on the lower eyelids. Meibomian glands are distinguished by grape-like clusters of acini on the mucocutaneous lid junction and empty their lipid content (meibum) at this junction in order to coat the ocular surface via holocrine secretion. The glands are anchored by cells that produce both polar and nonpolar lipids, which are then stored in lysosomes that merge into larger storage granules. As these cells continue to enlarge with lipid, they eventually commit apoptosis and rupture to release the meibum into the meibomian gland opening and spill the meibum over the ocular surface. Meibum is fluid at the temperature of ocular surface, and distributed over the ocular surface in a thin, smooth film on top of the aqueous layer. This lipid layer prevents evaporation of the aqueous layer. Alterations in the meibum composition, property and level can have a profound effect on the health of the eyelid margins and ocular surface. Meibomian gland dysfunction in the general population is pretty high with some estimates as high as 39% with an increase in incidence in contact lens wearers.
Meibomian gland secretions form the lipid layer of tears and consist of polar and nonpolar lipids. The lipid composition of the meibum can affect tear parameters like initial formation of a composite monolayer with polar and nonpolar phases, adequate fluidity near body temperature, and the ability to undergo compression and expansion during blinking. These properties are very important for effective polar lipid structuring and fluidity (melted physical state) at normal body temperature. Any alterations in the saturation of the fatty acids can lead to instability of tears.
MGD patients usually have normal production of aqueous tears by their lacrimal glands, their meibomian glands can atrophy and this is frequently accompanied by metaplasia of the ductal epithelium of these glands. Anterior erosion of the mucocutaneous junction of the eyelid is often noted, as well as eyelid and conjunctival infection, eyelid margin irregularity, corneal epithelial changes, and corneal vascularization. In some cases, abnormal overproduction of meibum can also cause the same problems.
As meibomian glands lining the eyelids produce lipids that promote the stability of the tears and reduce evaporation of the tear film, dysfunction of the meibomian glands can lead to lipid insufficiency that destabilizes the tear film and causes decreases in tear film break-up time and evaporative dry eye.
MGD may also be characterized by increased melting point of the lipids, causing solidification of the lipids and obstruction of the meibomian gland secretion. This can result in cysts, infections and decreased lipid content in the tears. MGD is also characterized by excess, abnormally turbid secretion that gets inspissated and plugs the meibomian orifices. This is followed by metaplasia of the meibomian ducts (abnormal hyper-keratinization). Blockage and resistance to flow results in inflammation and vascularization (redness) of tissues around the orifice. Inflammatory mediators accumulate in the tear film leading to damage of ocular surface. Sequalae of all these events is inflammatory scarring of the duct leading to stenosis. Initially glands swell and eventually atrophy.
Common complaints of MGD patients include blurred or filmy vision, light sensitivity or photophobia, burning or foreign body sensations in the eye, excessive tearing, intolerance to contact lens and pain.
Light sensitivity is an intolerance of sunlight, fluorescent light or incandescent light. It is one of the symptoms of MGD and is associated with other conditions such as corneal abrasion, uveitis, meningitis, a detached retina, contact lens irritations, sunburn or refractive surgery.
Blurred vision is a lack of sharpness of vision, and may result from abnormalities such as nearsightedness, farsightedness, presbyopia, and astigmatism. It is also associated with MGD and other ocular surface conditions.
Currently, various lipid based artificial tears or lubricants are used to alleviate the symptoms of MGD. Physical treatments, such as maintaining good hygiene, heating, and massage, are often used as well. However, these treatments do not cure the disease. There is a need for an effective and safe treatment for MGD.
Among MGD patients, blepharitis and dry eye disease are frequent as a direct or indirect result of MGD. These conditions share many of the same symptoms discussed above and are considered as indications related to MGD. Both these conditions are very complicated with multifactorial causes. They are briefly described in the following sections.
Blepharitis is inflammation of the eyelids that usually affects both eyes along the edges of the eyelids. It is a condition that can develop at later stages of MGD or independent of MGD. MGD causes posterior blepharitis when meibomian glands are clogged and engorged. Commonly, this is associated with acne rosacea, and hormonal causes are suspected. Anterior blepharitis is caused by bacterial infections and can be treated with antibiotics. Both anterior and posterior blepharitis may be caused by a Demodex mite. The exact pathophysiology of blepharitis is multifactorial and is still not very clear. Patients with blepharitis often have symptoms observed in MGD and dry eye disease, including itching, burning, and crusting of the eyelids. They may also experience tearing, blurred vision and foreign body sensation.
Dry eye disease (DED) is a condition in which a person doesn't have enough quality tears to lubricate and nourish the eye. Tears are necessary for maintaining the health of the front surface of the eye and for providing clear vision. Dry eye is a common and often chronic problem. The prevalence worldwide is estimated from 5% to 34%. Inadequate amount or quality of tear is the cause of DED. Tear production diminishes with age, with various medical conditions or as a side effect of certain medicines. Environmental conditions, such as wind and dry climates, can also decrease tear volume due to increased tear evaporation. When the normal amount of tear production decreases or tears evaporate too quickly from the eyes due to abnormal meibum lipid, symptoms of dry eye disease can develop. The DED mainly caused by reduced tear production is defined as aqueous-deficient DED. The DED caused by increased tear evaporation is defined as evaporative DED. The latter is the majority, but many patients have mixed causes.
Most of the current DED treatment aim to attenuate the immune responses. This invention focuses on the improvement tear film stability to attack one of the early pathological events of the disease.

Compositions and methods for treating eye diseases