A differential compression technique is disclosed for compression individual speaker models, such as Gaussian mixture models, by computing a delta model from the difference between an individual speaker model and a baseline model. Further compression may be applied to the delta model to reduce the large storage requirements generally attributed to speaker models.

Speaker recognition is a tool that has been increasingly deployed in a variety of applications, particularly in telecommunications. For example, speaker recognition is currently utilized for voice mail access, telephone banking, and calling cards. Speaker recognition provides the ability to recognize a person automatically from his or her voice.
A person's voice may be characterized by acoustic features that vary depending on the state of physiological attributes of the speaker. For example, as illustrated in FIG. 1, as the speaker 10 changes the shape of his or her vocal tract to produce a certain sound, the acoustic features of the speaker's voice varies with the vocal state 15a, . . . , 15d. Feature vectors x1, . . . , xT represent acoustic features in D-dimensions that are extracted from a speech waveform and which vary with vocal state.
Acoustic features that are effective for automatic speaker recognition and easily extracted from a speech waveform are frequency spectra. FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating frequency spectra produced by different vocal states. As illustrated, vocal states 15b, 15c produce frequency spectra 17b, 17c, respectively, that differ in number, magnitude, and frequency of spectral frequency components (i.e., formant peaks). Different speakers generally produce different frequency spectra 17b, 19b for the same state 15b. Other features known to those skilled in the art may also be employed, such as volume, clarity, speed, and pitch.
FIG. 3A is a graph illustrating distributions of frequency spectra produced by different vocal states for a speaker. In this example, each plotted point corresponds to a formant peak in two dimensions, amplitude A and frequency F. As shown, repeated tests of each vocal state typically produces a cluster of frequency spectra 20a, 20b, 20c, and 20d. Clustering occurs because (i) speech production is not deterministic (i.e., a sound produced twice is generally not exactly the same) and (ii) spectra produced from a particular vocal-tract shape can vary widely due to coarticulation effects. Thus, automatic speaker recognition systems typically employ statistical speaker models to represent the acoustic features of a person's voice.
As illustrated in FIG. 3B, the distribution of frequency spectra produced from a particular vocal state may be modeled according to a multidimensional Gaussian probability density function (pdf). Thus, an individual speaker model may be implemented as a Gaussian mixture model (GMM). A GMM speaker model is a weighted summation of Gaussian pdf's 25a, . . . , 25d with state-dependent mean vectors μs(i), variance vectors ∂s(i), and mixture weights ωs(i) for states i=1, . . . , M. Each state in a GMM speaker model models the distribution of acoustic features associated with a particular vocal state.
FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating a background speaker model which is generated from a collective group of speakers. A background model 65 may be generated for a specific class of individuals 50, for example, a gender-based class. As with individual speaker models, background speaker models may be represented as a weighted summation of Gaussian probability density functions with a state dependent mean vectors μB(i), variance vectors ∂B(i), and mixture weights ωB(i) for states i=1, . . . , M. Each state in the background speaker model 65 models the distribution of acoustic features associated with a particular vocal state 55a, . . . , 55d produced by a class of speakers 50.
Background speaker models are generally used in speaker verification applications to determine whether the speaker is the person he or she claims to be. Particular speaker verification systems implement a likelihood ratio test in which an input utterance is applied to a speaker model representing the claimed speaker and to a background model representing a certain class of non-claimed speakers. Each model computes a probability indicating the "likelihood" of the input utterance being produced by the claimed speaker or not. The determination of whether the speaker is verified depends on the ratio of the probabilities meeting a certain threshold value.
For more details regarding the implementation of individual and background speaker models using Gaussian mixture models, refer to D. A. Reynolds, "Automatic Speaker Recognition Using Gaussian Mixture Speaker Models," The Lincoln Laboratory Journal, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 173-192, 1995, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

Method and apparatus for differential compression of speaker models


An electric toaster that enables power to be disconnected from the heating elements upon completion of a toasting cycle regardless of the position of the main product supporting the carriage in the toasting compartment. The toaster has an electromagnetic latch and an auxiliary member carried by the main carriage which is movable relative to the main carriage. The auxiliary member is urged by biasing member to move in a direction away from the electromagnetic latch but able to be held thereby when the latch is activated. The auxiliary member also is arranged to close main power supply contacts to supply power to the heating elements when the auxiliary member is held by the latch, but to open said main supply contacts when the auxiliary member moves away from the latching means under action of the biasing member. The toaster may also include a sensor to sense abnormal conditions in the toaster to disconnect power from the heating elements when such abnormal conditions occur.

The present invention relates to protection devices for preventing electric shocks by misuse of domestic appliances used in the home and more particularly to such devices used in electric toasters.
It is well recognized that if certain electric appliances are misused, electric shocks can result with the possibility of injuries. One typical situation of this type is where a person uses a metal (conductive) object such as a knife or fork to try to remove an object being toasted in a toaster that may have become jammed or wedged in the toaster while the toaster remains actively connected to a power source. While this danger is well recognized, unfortunately it still happens that injuries do occur by such misuse of toasters and other appliances.
Commonly in toasters the main carriage for supporting a bread slice (or the like) is capable of being moved downward to a toasting position against a main carriage spring force. The carriage is latched by some means in the toasting position for a desired toasting cycle whereupon, in normal cycle, the latching means releases the main carriage and the toasted product is carried upwardly under action of the main carriage spring. Normally, the movement towards the toasting position of the main carriage causes main electrical contacts (normally open) to be closed to supply power to the toasting elements. Release of the latching means and normal upward movement of the carriage as a result of the main carriage spring breaks these contacts to discontinue power to the toasting elements. The latching means might be some form of mechanical latching but such arrangements are not preferred in that they may remain latched if a general power failure occurs. Generally a more preferred form of latching is to use an electromagnet to retain the main carriage in the down or toasting position. In these arrangements, the carriage trips the main power contacts closed on its downward movement to supply power to the electromagnet and to the elements simultaneously with the power supply to the electromagnet and to the elements simultaneously with the power supply to the electromagnet being thereafter controlled by a suitable control means (e.g. a simple timer or a color control (browness device) to control the toasting cycle length. At the end of the cycle, power is removed from the electromagnet and the main carriage is released upwardly thereby also breaking the main power supply contacts. The foregoing of course describes "normal" operation of toasters. Unfortunately, occasions do arise where the main carriage might remain jammed or held (intentionally or otherwise) in its lowered position where the main power contacts remain closed resulting in the toasting elements staying in an electrically "live" condition even though a toasting cycle has been completed. Such jamming may occur as a result of a bread slice (or similar item) of irregular shape becoming wedged in a position inside the toasting compartment so that the main carriage will not move upward even though the electromagnetic force holding the carriage down has been removed. In other circumstances the carriage itself may become jammed in its lower position due to a mechanical fault or the like or a person might attempt to override the normal controls by simply physically holding the carriage down. Such circumstances can cause many different forms of accidents such as fires as a result of the toasting elements continuing to operate, or if an unthinking person attempts in the heat of the moment, to unblock a jam by inserting into the toasting compartment a conducting element such as a metal knife, fork or the like, that person immediately is at risk of injury. The same risk of course exists during normal operation of a toaster if a young child (or any other person without the requisite knowledge or mental capacity) inserts a conducting element into the toasting compartment while the toasting elements remain live.
The object therefore of the present invention is to provide a toaster control arrangement which will minimize the effect of electric shocks resulting from toaster misuse of the type discussed in the foregoing or will minimize the effect of other abnormal events with use of a toaster. A further preferred objective of the present invention is to provide a means for preventing continued power supply to the toasting elements upon completion of a toasting cycle regardless of the position of the main carriage.


A method for inspection of defects on a substrate includes positioning a probe of a scanning probe microscopy (SPM) over and spaced apart from a substrate, includes scanning the substrate by changing a relative position of the probe with respect to the substrate on a plane spaced apart from and parallel to the substrate, and includes measuring a value of an induced current generated via the probe in at least two different regions of the substrate. The value of the induced current is variable according to at least a shape and a material of the substrate. The method further includes determining whether a defect exists by comparing the values of the induced currents measured in the at least two different regions of the substrate.

1. Field
Embodiments relates to a substrate defect inspection method and a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device using the method, and more particularly, to a minute defect inspection method.
2. Description of the Related Art
Recently, due to developments in the semiconductor industry and increasing user needs, electronic devices are becoming smaller and lighter, thus semiconductor devices that are important elements of electronic devices are required to be more integrated. In regard to manufacturing integrated semiconductor devices, pattern miniaturization is essential.
Thus, detection and management of minute defects, which were not a serious problem before, are becoming essential. However, as electronic devices are becoming smaller, defects that should be detected and managed are becoming more difficult to be found, and thus difficulties may arise in detecting and managing minute defects.

Method for inspection of defects on a substrate


The transducer positioning apparatus is for positioning an ultrasonic transducer on an animal or carcass to be evaluated by ultrasonic detection equipment. The apparatus includes a support arm. A tail bone pin extends from the first end of the support arm and is for locating the transducer with respect to a tail region of the animal or carcass. A back position pin extends from the support arm and is for locating the transducer with respect to a backbone of the animal or carcass. A transducer support unit is included at the second end of the elongated support arm and is for positioning the transducer such that the transducer is parallel to the backbone. The method of positioning an ultrasonic transducer or an animal or carcass to be evaluated by ultrasonic detection equipment, is novel. The method comprises positioning the transducer over a last few ribs of the animal or carcass such that the transducer is parallel to a backbone of the animal or carcass and the transducer is not parallel to fat interfaces of the animal or carcass.

Evaluating and grading meat animals, both live and slaughtered, have been historically performed by humans. Because of this it is very difficult to achieve accuracy, efficiency and consistency. Both producers and packers demand an objective means of classifying their animals accurately according to their carcass real values. However, since an accurate, quick, and consistent grading system has not been put into place, producers are not being paid for the true value of their animals. Currently, producers are paid on an average basis. The price differential between a high-yield and a low-yield grade is less than it should be. Therefore, it is important to the meat industries that improved or new technologies must be developed in their evaluation systems in order to be able to accurately measure the animal or carcass characteristics that are of significant value.
Typically, ultrasonic images of the Longissimus dorsi (rib eye muscle in beef and loin eye muscle in hogs) have been used to evaluate livestock. This has been done by positioning a linear transducer (scan line is in the same direction as the linear transducer) in either a perpendicular or parallel direction with respect to the backbone of the livestock. EPO Patent application publication number 0 337 661 A1, entitled "Method and apparatus for grading of live animals and animal carcasses" teaches method and apparatus for longitudinal (parallel to the backbone) scanning and image recognition to determine automatically fat and muscle characteristics. Wilson was not the first to use longitudinal scanning to evaluate carcasses, as shown by the Phd thesis by Wayne A. Gillis entitled "An Evaluation of Indices of Carcass Yield, Physical Composition and Chemical Composition in Swine; and Ultrasonic Measurement of the Longissimus Dorsi Area and Fat Thickness in Beef and Swine", which shows longitudinal scanning. Another group currently using longitudinal scanning is CSB-SYSTEM of America Corporation.
Neither Wilson, Gillis or CSB teach some of the problems associated with performing longitudinal scans or method or apparatus for consistently locating the transducer on the animal or carcass. One problem with longitudinal scanning occurs when the transducer is parallel to the back fat layers. Artifacts or multiples of the fat layers and the muscle/fat interface show up down in the image of the muscle layer. These multiples occur as a result of the sound waves rebounding directly back off of these layers and interfere with image recognition apparatus methods for determining muscle and fat composition. As can be seen by the advertising literature, the CSB system has the problem of artifacts as shown in the ultrasound image displayed on the first page.
Previously, many types of positioning apparatus have been implemented in for consistently positioning a transducer in a transverse (perpendicular) position along the backbone of an animal or carcass. For example, see U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,785,817; 4,099,420; 3,603,303; and 3,496,764 each granted to James R. Stouffer, one of the coinventors of the present invention. As shown in the sales catalog for ITHACO's SCANOGRAM, a guide-cam set Type C was available for linear scans consisting of a series of individual scans in a linear direction.
However, none of these positioning devices provided an apparatus for consistently positioning a transducer over the middle of the LD at about the last few ribs in a direction parallel to the backbone of the animal or carcass.
The present invention includes the discovery of the problems described herein and their solutions.

Method and apparatus for positioning an ultrasonic transducer for longitudinal scanning of an animal or carcass


Provided are a computer program product, system, and method for determining an ordering to use to open and close programs that call other programs. A dependency file indicates for each calling program at least one called program called by the calling program, wherein a called program that calls another program also comprises a calling program. The dependency file is processed to determine an order in which the called programs are called by the calling programs. A determination is made from the order the called programs called by an invoked calling program. The determined called programs are invoked according to the order. The calling program is invoked in response to invoking the determined called programs. The order indicates the order in which the calling programs and the called programs are invoked so the called programs are invoked before invoking the calling programs that invoke the called programs.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a computer program product, system, and method for determining an ordering to use to open and close programs that call other programs.
2. Description of the Related Art
In current systems, a system file may indicate an order in which operating system components are loaded, such as the drivers, network components, network protocols, etc. After these operating system components are loaded, application programs may then run and use the installed operating system components. Other programs an application calls that are not part of the operating system components, may also have to be opened and made available to the application.
There is a need in the art for improved techniques for managing the order in which programs are started and closed.

Determining an ordering to use to open and close programs that call other programs

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION


A metal detection system for detecting metal within a body cavity of an individual. The metal detection system includes a first metal detector for detecting metal within an anal/vagina body cavity of an individual, and a second metal detector for detecting metal within an oral/facial body cavity of the individual. A chair supports a first detector sensor and a second detector sensor that connects to the first metal detector and the second metal detector, respectively. The system further includes a processor that interconnects with the first and second detectors. The processor connects to a control panel having indicators responsive to a first output signal and second output signal generated upon detection of metal by the first metal detector and the second metal detector, respectively.

Metal detectors have become a commonly utilized piece of security equipment in locations such as prisons and manufacturing facilities. A primary function of metal detectors is to accurately detect the presence of hidden illicit metal objects located on an individual. Until recently, metal detectors for detecting metal within a body cavity of the individual had limited use.
Traditional methods of searching a body cavity of an individual were both uncomfortable and a timely excursion for all parties concerned. Often, a body cavity search would be neglected because of the attendant difficulties thereby allowing transportation of illicit metal objects into a prison or theft of precious metals from manufacturing facilities.
Presently, metal detectors are available and may be utilized to detect metal within a body cavity of an individual. However, there is no known body cavity metal detection system designed to interact effectively and safely with an individual during a body cavity search for illicit metal objects.
Accordingly, there is a need for a metal detection system that effectively and safely detects metal within the body cavity of an individual. There is also a requirement to provide a metal detector system that has been ergonomically designed. These and other needs are satisfied by the body cavity metal detection system of the present invention.


A device for delivering a substance to an airway of a patient may include a laryngeal mask airway device, at least one substance delivery reservoir coupled with the laryngeal mask airway device for delivering the substance to the airway of the patient, and at least one conduit coupled with the laryngeal mask airway. The at least one conduit may have a proximal end configured to couple with a source of the substance residing outside the patient and a distal end in fluid communication with the at least one substance delivery reservoir.

Pain, agitation, gagging, and other unpleasant sensations accompany many types of medical procedures, interventions and conditions in the mouth, nose, upper airway and gastro-intestinal tract. Traditionally, there are few options to reduce unpleasant sensations of a foreign object, injury, or other medical condition of the upper airway, oral area, nasal area, or upper gastro-intestinal tract areas. Some traditional options to reduce this unpleasantness include injected nerve block with a needle, a onetime manual spray of local anesthetic, and the use of whole body intravenous sedation. These techniques are often inadequate or ineffective at reducing the sensations, cause side effects, only work very temporarily, or some combination thereof.
Therefore, it would be very desirable to have an improved system and method that could reduce or eliminate unpleasant sensations of a foreign object, injury, or other medical condition or procedure in the upper airway, oral area, nasal area, or upper gastro-intestinal tract. Ideally, such a system and method could be used over a prolonged period of time, with minimal side effects. It would also be ideal if such a system and method worked locally, so that general anesthesia or systemic medications were not necessary. At least some of these objectives will be met by the embodiments described herein.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Device to reduce discomfort in the upper airway


A series of adjustable padded support clamps attach to pontoon boat rectangular rails to support the structural frame members of a boat cover. Each two-part support clamp comprises a first padded square C-shaped channel bracket member having an aperture in a top arm thereof, and a second post and plate member. The post protrudes up through the aperture in the top arm of the C-shaped channel bracket to receive a coupling of a frame member of the boat cover. A bottom padded plate of the second member is adjustably secured against a top of the boat rail by turning one or more adjusting screws to draw the padded bottom arm up securely against a bottom of the boat rail.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to boat covers and particularly to an adjustable padded support clamp for attaching the structural frame members of a boat cover to a pontoon boat rectangular rail, the two-part clamp comprising a first interior padded square C-shaped channel bracket member having an aperture in a top arm thereof, and a second post and plate member with bottom padding, wherein the post protrudes up through the aperture in the top arm of the C-shaped channel bracket to receive a coupling connecting to a frame member with the bottom padded plate of the second member adjustably secured against a top of the boat rail by turning one or more adjusting screws to draw the bottom arm up securely against a bottom of the boat rail.
2. Description of Related Art Including Information Disclosed Under 37 CFR 1.97 and 1.98
Traditionally, a removable boat canopy includes a framework of a plurality of arched tubes forming the upper frame of the boat canopy. The arched tubes are mounted on the gunwale or railing of the boat. Most of the rails on boats are formed of cylindrical tubing, but pontoon boats have rectangular rails requiring a different clamp than that used on other boats. Furthermore, the seats of the pontoon boats butte up against the rails making it difficult to mount a clamp on the top of the rails. The prior art does not adequately address this problem.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,260,505, issued Jul. 17, 2001 to Polidan, describes a cover system for a pontoon boat having a rail. The cover system includes a framework for receiving a flexible material cover thereon. The framework has hollow end fittings engageable to brackets. Each bracket has a U-shaped configuration with inwardly projected protuberances along lateral ends to grasp the underside of the rail. The bracket has a center section between two lateral sections and the center section has a vertically extending portion thereon configured for being received into an end fitting.
U.S. Pat. No. 2,493,833, issued Jan. 10, 1950 to Reynolds, is for rib-like canopy support members that form a detachable boat cover frame which can be applied to and removed from the boat by one person. Each end of each rib-like support member is attached to a U-shaped clamp which secures the rib to the side of the boat. U.S. Pat. No. 3,354,892, issued Nov. 28, 1967 to Frieder, provides an arched boat canopy which, in an alternate embodiment, uses a clamping device to secure each arch arm to the gunwale of the boat.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,353,826, issued Oct. 11, 1994 to Davis, shows an easily removable tent topper designed to be installed on a truck bed when needed and be road worthy at highway speeds. The tent topper comprises a plurality of roll bar shaped assemblies and a tent. The tent has openings therein at pre-selected locations which permit the tent to engage a plurality of adjustable pins, the pins being part of the roll bar shaped assemblies. The adjustable pins permit stretching or making taut the tent. Furthermore, the tent topper can be easily removed, disassembled, and stored in the truck cab behind the seat, as many truck owners do not like to permanently affix camper-type shells on their truck beds.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,671,203, issued Jun. 9, 1987 to Sanburg, claims a boat supported duck blind adapted for mounting on the gunwales of a boat hull. The duck blind includes separate bow, stern and central frame sections adapted for use on various size boats. Each leg of each central frame member is removably mounted in a hull mounted channel bracket provided with a set screw.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,979,456, issued Dec. 25, 1990 to Steward, discloses a boat supported blind including first frame structure having a first frame member for being coupled to the first sidewall of the boat, a second frame member for being coupled to the second sidewall of the boat, and a third frame member for joining the upper ends of the first and second frame members; a second frame structure having a first frame member for being coupled to the first sidewall of the boat, a second frame member for being coupled to the second sidewall of the boat, and a third frame member for joining the upper ends of the first and second frame members; and cover structure for substantially covering the frame structures and the boat. The cover structure includes a first cover member for covering the first frame members of the first and second frame structures, and a second cover member for covering the second frame members and a portion of the third frame members of the first and second frame structures.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,520,139, issued May 28, 1996 to King, indicates a boat canopy which can be removably mounted onto the gunwales of a boat, and which can be adjusted forward and backward into various positions. The canopy comprises a canvas top and a plurality of bows which are assembled as one piece, a plurality of leg supports, a plurality of clamps which clamp onto the gunwales, and a plurality of quick-disconnect pins which allow for easy assembly and disassembly.
U.S. Pat. No. 2,829,660, issued Apr. 8, 1958 to Wester, puts forth a boat canopy which can be removably mounted onto the gunwales of a boat by means of clamps. Each clamp holds a plurality of frame end members.
U.S. Pat. No. 2,689,579 issued Sep. 21, 1954 to Sartori, also illustrates a boat canopy which can be removably mounted onto the gunwales of a boat by means of clamps. Each clamp holds a plurality of frame end members.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,032,046, issued May 1, 1962 to Coonradt, concerns a collapsible awning for use on small boats. The awning panel has edge flaps and wraps around a frame and secured by fasteners thereto. A separate clamp is used to attach the device to a gunnel of a small boat.
U.S. Pat. No. 2,618,285, issued Nov. 18, 1952 to Heisig, is for an adjustable awning for use on boats, beaches or elsewhere. The awning is supported by two lower support arms which are attached by channel clamps to a boat's gunwale.
What is needed is a frame support clamp for a pontoon boat rail that can be mounted from the outside of the rail and one which adjusts to rails of various sizes.

Cover frame support clamp for pontoon boat rails


A decoy has outwardly projecting wings rotated by a motor secured by modularized mounting system shrouded within a lifelike plastic shell. The mounting mechanism comprises a resilient internal plate comprising integral bosses for connection to the shell. One boss receives a motor mount and a battery clamp respectively securing the internal battery and the motor that dynamically drives the wings. Shoulders defined in the boss and the motor mount are engaged by downwardly projecting lips projecting from the battery clamp and the motor mount, and the motor is retained within a special rectangular orifice. Axle ends projecting from the motor quick-connect with the wings. A special coupling with angled slots quick connects or quick-disconnects the wings and allows folding. A spring on each axle yieldably maintains the wings in place. The wings rotate about their longitudinal axis. The wings stop moving with their bright white bottoms aimed downwardly.

I. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to moving or motorized decoys for bird hunters. More particularly, our invention relates to battery-powered, duck decoys with movable, foldable wings, of the type classified in United States Patent Class 43, Subclasses 2 and 3.
II. Description of the Prior Art
Skilled bird hunters, particularly duck hunters, have long recognized the desirability of employing decoys for attracting game birds. Duck hunters typically deploy a variety of floating decoys colored like mallards, wood ducks, or other game birds. These may be spaced apart in a relatively large area proximate the blind or boat. Typically, a plurality of separate, spaced-apart, and anchored decoys are arranged in a natural pattern resembling a flock of landed ducks. For the scheme to work, it is important that a natural appearance is established. Hopefully the flying ducks will land proximate the hunters, being attracted by the decoys to an advantageous shooting position. Most decoys are carefully painted to closely resemble the target species. Some prior art decoys are deployed on land and some are anchored within water. Such prior art xe2x80x9cstaticxe2x80x9d decoys lack moving appendages.
Relatively more recently, it has been recognized that moving decoys, or decoys with articulate appendages, offer a significant improvement over the common xe2x80x9cfixedxe2x80x9d or static decoys. By emulating motion, modern dynamic decoys are more likely to attract game birds than older static designs. Real game birds, particularly migratory waterfowl including common mallards, wood ducks and the like, are constantly moving their bodies, flapping their wings and paddling their feet. It has been found that by emulating such motions in modern decoys, ducks are more likely to be attracted towards the hunter.
The advance in battery technology and developments in miniature motor technology has enhanced the opportunity to provide decoys with moving parts and appendages. Some modern decoys comprise battery-powered drive or propulsion systems enabling the decoy to move about in the water, attracting the attention of desirable game birds from afar. Some decoys provide movable wings or movable feet. Sometimes the feet are used for propulsion. Moving appendages can splash the water, and make other game-attractive movements and noises. Normally the battery packs, drive motors, and interconnected linkages are housed neatly within a hollow plastic shell that is ornamentally painted like the target bird.
The overall ornamental appearance of suitable dynamic decoys, as visibly externally to targeted birds, must be as close as possible to the real thing, notwithstanding the presence of internal or external motors propulsion drive systems, wing appendages or linkages and the like. At all times a successful dynamic decoy must make lifelike-movements that attract, rather than repel, the desired game birds. If properly generated, decoy movements can readily attract desired game birds, despite the fact that movements often startle or scare away game. Since movement can be perceived by game animals from a relatively distant location, proper game-emulative movements made by a decoy can attract birds from a distance much further away than mere floating or static decoys.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,636,466 issued to Davis illustrates a goose decoy containing a radio controlled motor to produce motion.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,845,873 describes a duck decoy incorporating an electric motor coupled to wing appendages for producing a flapping motion thereof Various other patents have been granted in the past that incorporate either an electric motor or a string mechanism manipulated by the hunter to produce animation, such as wing and/or head movement.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,128,958 discloses a decoy having movable wings mounted on the side of the body that are manipulated from a remote location. The wings can be moved from a retracted position to an operative position in which the wings are made to move up and down in a flapping motion to simulate the actions of a live bird.
U.S. Pat. No. 2,909,859 discloses a decoy having movable wings which are attached through external linkage activation means within the hull. The decoy is remotely controlled by a squeeze bulb connected to a flexible line leading to the concealed hunter. The wings emulate the normal flapping motion of a live bird.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,896,448 and 5,960,577 show alternative wing designs that produce wing movement through diverse linkages.
Solomon in U.S. Pat. No. 5,809,683 discloses a duck decoy with wings projecting in a linear arrangement that is transverse to the longitudinal axis of the duck body. Instead of revolving the wings about an the axis of the strut supporting them, the wings are reciprocated towards and away from one side to the other by converting rotary motion to reciprocating motion.
In contrast to Solomon above, U.S. Pat. No. 2,545,801 issued Mar. 20, 1951 provides a pair of external, rotatable wings attached to a drive axle penetrating the body transversely through the unit""s longitudinal axis. The latter drive axle configuration is similar in conception to the decoy seen in U.S. Pat. No. 5,930,936, which drives a pair of submerged feet on opposite sides of the body by an axle oriented transversely with respect to the longitudinal axis of the decoy.
Similarly, U.S. Pat. No. 4,620,385 drives a pair of oppositely disposed rotors or drums that are supposed to emulate natural wings. A transverse axle perpendicular to the major length of the decoy penetrates the body sides and supports the rotors. The xe2x80x9cwingsxe2x80x9d are slidably mounted on the axle and project laterally outwardly away from the body.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,059,368 and 5,274,942 disclose decoys with movable heads
U.S. Pat. No. 2,752,715 discloses a decoy combining limited body movement with minor wing movements.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,612,722 discloses a decoy comprising a motor-driven propeller that enables locomotion. It is known to combine this type of decoy propulsion design with remote control radio equipment.
Although the prior art is literally replete with dynamic decoys with designs that are almost too numerous to mention, certain real world considerations pertaining to the effectiveness of modern dynamic decoys remain for consideration and resolution. A suitable decoy must be adequately powered with a suitable battery that provides enough power for several hours of continuous, substantially uninterrupted operation. The battery must be easily exposed for recharging and servicing. As this implies a rather heavyweight battery, a proper mounting means must be provided within the decoy body. The mounting construction must be properly designed to preserve the proper orientation of the bird. The weight distribution of internal parts must not interfere with the decoy""s ability to readily easily assume a lifelike orientation when deployed. Further, an adequate decoy must assume a lifelike position and appearance, even when the batteries are dead, or the hunter chooses not to actuate the wings.
Further, modern hunting decoys are usually packaged in a convenient, plastic carrying case. Bulk and weight needs to be minimized. The wings (or other moving appendages) must be capable of folding or detachment so that minimal container volume is achieved. Once the hunter arrives at the blind, the wings should be easily deployed. Once attached to the drive mechanism, they should remain operational during the hunt without necessitating tedious adjustments or drastic field modifications. Additionally, suitable decoys must be designed for quick packaging at the end of the hunt. Since the laws of most states prohibit the hunter from leaving decoys out overnight, the xe2x80x9cclean upxe2x80x9d procedure must be repeated each evening, often in conditions of near darkness, so simplicity is the goal. In the early morning hours of predawn darkness, when avid duck hunters are deploying their decoys, the cold, low-light and moist conditions do not favor complex, difficult-to-assemble modular designs with poorly fitting parts and inadequately designed hulls or bodies.
It is also to be emphasized that, in order to mass produce decoys with the highly desirable features discussed above, the critical parts must fit together in an orderly and precise fashion. The design must ease the burdens of the assembler. I have found that a truly modular design is desirable, but at the same time, the component parts must be properly balanced and orientated so as to preserve the life-like personae of the decoy. Against that background, typical decoys are inevitably subjected to misuse and diverse stresses in the field, notwithstanding the preferred use of protective plastic carrying cases. Such units must be readily susceptible to field repairs and maintenance.
Our new decoy invention provides an internal modularized, constructions for an orderly arrangement of the critical parts. These are disposed within the interior of the decoy, and access is easily permitted by the folding body of the decoy that can be quickly pivoted to expose the inner workings. The drive motor operates a pair of outwardly projecting, revolving wings to simulate a natural duck. An attractive, lifelike plastic housing emulates the desired duck.
Each wing is shaped and colored to resemble the target animal. In the best mode, the wings are colored like those of a mallard duck. Means are provided to maintain the lifelike white bottom of the wings in a natural, orientation pointing downwardly when the drive motor is turned off. When the motor runs, the wings are rotated about their longitudinal axis.
We have provided a new xe2x80x9cquick-connectxe2x80x9d or xe2x80x9cquick disconnectxe2x80x9d design for the critical wing couplings. Preferably, each wing comprises a uniquely designed terminal fitting that enables it to be quick fitted or quick-disconnected from the motor drive axles, while permitting folding action relative thereto. In other words, the wings may be removed by simply uncoupling them from the drive axles when needed. Alternatively, the wings can remain coupled to the drive axles, and at the same time be gently folded to an approximately ninety degree angle relative to the longitudinal axis of the decoy. This option afforded the hunter facilitates shipping and handling of the decoys, and greatly eases the hunters burdens when deploying one or more decoys near his boat or blind prior to daylight in actual field conditions.
Thus a basic object is to provide a portable, dynamic decoy for bird hunters with movable wings that can be easily deployed in the field
A similar important object is to provide a decoy whose wings can be readily and conveniently folded for storage and/or transportation without being completely mechanically disconnected.
Another basic object is to provide a decoy for bird hunting that reliably attracts game birds from a long distance.
A related object is to provide an improved, motor-activated decoy that moves its wings to rapidly attract game birds.
A related object is to provide a decoy that can be simply and easily deployed, and that can be quickly and conveniently transported back to camp after a hunt.
Another basic object is to provide a dynamic decoy of the character described that is readily capable of economically feasible manufacture.
Another object of the present invention to provide rotatable and detachable wings for birds decoys, which neatly fold to an out-of-the way position.
Yet another broad object is to provide a reliable, and dynamic duck hunting decoy.
Still another basic object is to provide a dynamic decoy of the character described that attracts game birds from long distances.
Another object is to provide a decoy of the character described that attracts game birds from long distances.
Another object is to provide quick-connecting wings which are easily folded or deployed, or which can be readily removed by the hunter in the field for repair or replacement.
These and other objects and advantages of the present invention, along with features of novelty appurtenant thereto, will appear or become apparent in the course of the following descriptive sections.

Duck decoy with quick release, foldable wings


Improved pin header assemblies, printed circuit board assemblies and methods of forming the same are disclosed. In an aspect, a method of forming a pin header assembly for use with a printed circuit board is provided. The method includes the step of providing a base formed of an electric insulator. The method further includes the step of forming a plurality of openings through the base. The method further includes the step of inserting a plurality of conductive pins through the openings, wherein a press fit is formed between the conductive pins and the base, and the conductive pins extend from opposite sides of the base.

Pin headers are commonly used for connecting electrical components to a printed circuit board. Pin headers typically include a plurality of pins extending from a base, the pins are configured for engagement with an electrical component, such as through a ribbon cable connector or otherwise, and for engagement with a printed circuit board. More specifically, individual pins of the pin header are inserted through openings formed in the printed circuit board. The pin headers are affixed to the printed circuit board through reflow soldering process, using soldering paste, to ensure electrical connection.
While the material forming the conductive pins may vary, the material forming the base should be particularly suited for use with printed circuit boards. For example, the base material should be heat resistant so as to withstand elevated temperatures commonly encountered during activation of solder paste used for mounting components to a printed circuit board. Commonly, this reflow soldering process sometimes subjects the electrical components to temperatures in the range of about 260° C. or more. Also, the base material should be electrically insulating and suitably strong for supporting pins. These features have lead to the use of specialized thermoplastics. Unfortunately, the materials particularly suited for these types of applications, and temperatures, can be relatively expensive, comparatively, for low volume productions.
Some pin headers are being formed utilizing over-molding processes, whereby a base is formed about a plurality of pins. The utilization of over-molding processes requires the creation and purchasing of unique tools, such as injection moldings. Moreover, other pin forming techniques require the use of specialized pin pushing and stamping tools. Furthermore, the shipment cost of tools and completed components can be appreciable. While such methods may be cost effective for large volume production applications, they are not cost effective, and relatively expensive, for low production applications wherein only several, dozens or even a few hundred pin headers are needed. This can be the case in research and development projects, low volume production applications or otherwise.

Pin header assembly and method of forming the same


An apparatus and method for pigging, flooding, and pressure testing pipelines utilizing a sliding sleeve valve connected at the end of a pig receiver which automatically opens upon fluid pressure in the pipeline reaching a predetermined limit allowing fluid trapped in the pipeline to escape, and is then automatically closed when the pig enters the pig receiver to allow pressure testing of the pipeline. The present apparatus and method eliminates the need and expense of a crew and/or a separate support vessel with divers or an ROV system at the downstream end of a pipeline during pigging, flooding, and pressure testing of the pipeline.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to pipeline pressure testing methods and apparatus, and more particularly to an apparatus and method for pigging, flooding, and pressure testing pipelines utilizing a sliding sleeve valve at the end of a pig receiver which automatically opens upon fluid pressure in a pipeline reaching a predetermined limit allowing fluid trapped in the pipeline to escape, and is then automatically closed when a pig enters the pig receiver to allow pressure testing of the pipeline.
2. Brief Description of the Prior Art
All hazardous liquid, natural gas, and other gas pipelines are required by government regulations to be pressure tested after construction and prior to being placed into service. Most prior art methods of pressure testing require human intervention to manually open and close a valve at the downstream end of the pipeline during the testing operation. The testing operation is considerably expensive, particularly with subsea pipelines, due to the equipment, and manpower required.
Typically, the subsea pipeline is installed on the sea floor to extend from a production facility to a downstream facility, such as an existing pipeline system or a well manifold. Conventional prior art methods of pressure testing the pipeline require a test crew on a production facility at the upstream end of the pipeline and a separate support vessel and a separate crew of divers or a remote operated vehicle (ROV) to be positioned at the submerged downstream end of the pipeline to manually operate a valve at the submerged downstream end.
In the conventional pigging, flooding, and pressure testing operation, a pig launcher is connected to the upstream end of the pipeline and a pig receiver and conventional ball valve or gate valve is connected to the downstream end. During the testing operation the support vessel or ROV system is positioned above the submerged downstream end of the pipeline. A pipeline pig is forced through the pipeline by hydraulic pressure from fluid being pumped into the upstream end behind the pig. As the pig is being forced down the pipeline, the fluid (air and/or liquid) trapped in the pipeline between the pig and the receiver becomes pressurized. One or more divers, or a ROV is sent down to open the valve to allow the trapped air or fluid to escape while fluid continues to be pumped into the pipeline until the pig enters the receiver. The valve is then manually closed and the pressure in the pipeline is increased to the required test pressure. The pressure test is then performed and monitored by the test crew on the production facility.
The present apparatus and method eliminates the need and expense of a crew, and/or a separate support vessel with divers or an ROV at the downstream end of the pipeline. This is accomplished by utilizing a sliding sleeve valve which automatically opens upon fluid pressure in the pipeline reaching a predetermined limit allowing the fluid trapped in the pipeline to escape, and is then automatically closed when the pig enters the pig receiver to allow pigging, flooding, and pressure testing of the pipeline without human intervention at the downstream end.

Apparatus and method for pigging, flooding, and pressure testing pipelines


A posing system for three-dimensional characters and other models uses a stroke-based gestural language to position elements of the characters in a three-dimensional environment. A user draws a stroke in a two-dimensional interface in connection with a portion of model. The drawn stroke corresponds to an element of the model, such as a particular body part. A software program interprets the stroke and applies it to the placement or posing of the corresponding element. Additional elements are posed as necessary to further define the way in which the model as a whole should be posed. With a number of appropriate strokes for each of the elements, an animator can position the model in the scene.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to computer animation of three-dimensional scenes, and in particular to systems and methods for posing three-dimensional animated characters and/or other three-dimensional animated models that can be posed.
2. Background of the Invention
During the computer animation process, an animator often must pose one or more characters in a three-dimensional environment to create a scene. The current state of the art in posing three-dimensional characters usually involves a WIMP (windows, icons, menus, and pointers) interface combined with direct manipulation techniques. Direct manipulation techniques include a virtual trackball, described in Chen et al., "A Study in Interactive 3-D Rotation Using 2-D Control Devices," SIGGRAPH 1988 Proceedings, p. 121-29; inverse kinematics, described in Girard et al., "Computational Modeling for the Computer Animation of Legged Figures," SIGGRAPH '85 Proceedings, p. 263-70; and three-dimensional widgets, described in Snibbe et al., "Using Deformations to Explore 3D Widget Design," SIGGRAPH 1992 Proceedings. The challenge for each of these techniques is to pose three-dimensional objects using a two-dimensional interface.
Existing methods may be satisfactory for artists highly familiar with computers and three-dimensional animation tools, but they can be quite daunting to two-dimensional artists unfamiliar with the three-dimensional medium. In the two-dimensional medium, artists typically sketch their drawings on paper. Regardless of their medium of choice, many animators use gesture drawings or small "thumbnail sketches" to work out their poses before embarking on the more laborious task of drawing the entire character in detail. A gesture drawing is a quick sketch—usually made in a few seconds—that conveys the attitude or essence of a pose without necessarily depicting the subject precisely. Beneficially, a gesture drawing reduces a complex subject to simple shapes that are easy to draw.
As the animation industry expands from traditional hand-drawn methods into digital production and three-dimensional animation, there is a need to retrain talented two-dimensional animators to work in this new medium. Currently, to make this transition, artists must first master an unfamiliar three-dimensional interface paradigm. It would be better if instead artists were given an interface that builds on the drawing skills they already have. Even for artists already familiar with three-dimensional animation, such an interface might prove a natural and comfortable alternative or supplement to existing methods.

Stroke-based posing of three-dimensional models


A probe head for nuclear magnetic resonance measurements is disclosed in which at least a first kind of nuclei with a first, higher resonance frequency and a second kind of nuclei with a second, lower resonance frequency are excited within a magnetic field. The probe head comprises a first input/output terminal for the higher resonance frequency and a second input/output terminal for the lower resonance frequency. A measuring coil cooperates with a sample. The measuring coil has a first terminal end and a second terminal end. The first terminal end is coupled to the first input/output terminal and the second terminal end is coupled to the second input/output terminal. A stop circuit tuned to signals of the higher resonance frequency is arranged between the second terminal end and the second input/output terminal. The stop circuit, further, comprises a line having a length equalling a quarter wave length of the higher resonance frequency. The first line is arranged in series with the measuring coil.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,229,724 in FIG. 1A discloses a probe head for NMR measurements in which at least a first kind of nuclei, namely protons (1H) with a first, higher resonance frequency and a second kind of nuclei, for example 15N or 31P (X) with a second, lower resonance frequency are excited within a magnetic field. The probe head comprises a first input/output (I/O) terminal for feeding a signal of the 1H resonance frequency so as to excite 1H nuclei and to receive, resp., a resonance signal emitted by the 1H nuclei. A second I/O terminal is also provided for feeding a signal of the X resonance frequency so as to excite X nuclei and to receive, resp., a resonance signal emitted by the X nuclei. A measuring coil within the probe head cooperates with a sample. It may surround the sample or be applied to a surface thereof. The measuring coil has a first terminal end and a second terminal end. The first terminal end is coupled to the 1H I/O terminal and the second terminal end is coupled to the X I/O terminal. A stop circuit is tuned to signals of the 1H resonance frequency and is arranged between the second terminal end and the X I/O terminal. The stop circuit comprises a coaxial line having a length equalling a quarter wave length λH/4 of the 1H resonance frequency.
This prior art, hence, utilizes a λH/4 line on the X side of the measuring coil to act as a 1H stop, with one end of the λH/4 line connected to the X side of the measuring coil and the other end being open. The X side also connects to the X I/O terminal. The λH/4 line is, therefore, arranged transversely thereto.
This prior art probe head, therefore, has a first disadvantage that the measuring coil is operated non-symmetrically. The X end of the measuring coil to which the λH/4 line is connected, is namely "cold" for the 1H frequency because the λH/4 line acts as a short. In contrast, the other end of the measuring coil that is connected to the 1H I/O terminal is "hot" for the 1H frequency. This non-symmetry results in inhomogeneities of the high frequency magnetic field within the measuring coil.
A second disadvantage of this prior art probe head consists in that a capacitor is provided directly at the "cold" end of the measuring coil. This capacitor is, hence, directly exposed to the temperature of the measuring coil which may vary within broad ranges when the sample is brought to varying measuring temperatures by means of an appropriate variable temperature control unit. At high temperatures, however, the breakdown voltage or, speaking in more general terms, the rating, in particular the power rating of capacitors goes down. On the other hand, in the field of NMR it is always desired to make measurements at radio frequency power levels being as high as possible. For example, when measurements are made in the area of 0.5 kW, this power level corresponds to a peak voltage of 5 kV at a measuring frequency of 800 MHz or, via the gyromagnetic ratio of the particular kind of nuclei involved, to a magnetic field amplitude of between 100 and 200 kHz.
A third disadvantage of this prior art probe head consists in that the λH/4 line in its orientation transverse to the X signal line results in a construction with a considerable radial dimension. For so-called "wide bore" applications this may be acceptable because there is enough space available within the bore of the cryostat of a superconducting magnet. However, for other applications with a narrow bore, large radial dimensions of a probe head are prohibitive.
In a scientific article of Martin, R. et al. entitled "Design of a triple resonance magic angle spinning probe for high field solid state nuclear magnetic resonance" in Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 74, page 3045 (2003) a probe head is disclosed (see FIG. 1(a)) in which a coaxial line, arranged within the X signal line, is directly connected to the lower frequency X side of the measuring coil. However, the 1H stop in this prior art probe head is also configured as a further coaxial line being likewise directly connected to the X side of the measuring coil and transversely to the X signal line. This further coaxial line likewise transforms its open free end as a 1H short or node, resp., having impedance zero ("cold") to the X side of the measuring coil. In contrast, on the opposite 1H side of the coil, the impedance for 1H is infinite ("hot"). The measuring coil is, therefore also operated asymmetrically.
A similar arrangement is described in a scientific article of Cross, V. R. et al. in J. Am. Chem. Soc., Vol. 98, page 1031 (1976).
It is, therefore, an object, underlying the invention to improve a probe head of the type specified at the outset such that the afore-mentioned disadvantages are overcome. It is a further object underlying the invention to provide a probe head in which the measuring coil can be operated symmetrically. According to another object, the probe head shall be insensitive to high variations in temperature, in particular when variable temperature control units are utilized. Still one more object consists in that the probe head shall have small radial dimensions.

Probe head for nuclear magnetic resonance measurements


An information classification device (1) is provided with an union of sets determination unit (10) which performs correct/incorrect determination regarding a content to be classified using a union of sets rule, and an individual determination unit (11) which applies a plurality of individual determination rules to the content to be classified which has been determined as correct, determines whether the content matches the condition, and performs correct/incorrect determination again regarding the content to be classified which has been determined as correct on the basis of the determination result of each individual determination rule. The union of sets determination rule is created using a result of correct/incorrect determination previously performed by two or more people with respect to a plurality of contents which are different from the contents to be classified, and also using feature amounts of respective different contents. Each individual determination rule is created for respective person using the aforementioned result of correct/incorrect determination and the feature amount.

Effective use of large amounts of information has been called for in recent years. Classification and management of information is extremely important to effectively use large amounts of information. For example, classifying newspaper articles by topic such as politics and the economy or classifying technical documents by technical field helps narrow down the target for investigation when investigating a specific subject. Therefore, classification of information is useful in using information effectively.
There are not one but many classification methods for classifying any given information, and since each classification method has its advantages and disadvantages, selecting the optimal classification method can prove difficult. Methods for selecting an optimal classification method in the case where a single classification criterion is provided have thus heretofore been proposed (e.g., see Patent Literature 1).
Specifically, with the information classification method disclosed in Patent Literature 1, processing such as the following is executed. First, feature elements are extracted from classification sample data for each classification category. Next, the classification method having the highest classification precision is determined from among a plurality of classification methods, based on the classification sample data. Subsequently, in accordance with the determined classification method, classification learning information representing features for each of the classification categories is generated based on the extracted feature elements. Thereafter, a new text group serving as a classification target is classified for each of the classification categories, in accordance with the determined classification method and the classification learning information.
Incidentally, even if an optimal information classification method is determined, the fact that the classification criterion differs depending on the person in the case where people's sentiment affects the classification criterion makes it difficult to find an intrinsically correct solution to problems regarding classification (classification problems). Suppose, for example, that there are classification problems such as whether an opinion is being given in a certain sentence or whether a feature of a certain product is a factor in that product selling well. Since such classification problems are dependent on people's sentiment, the classification criterion will differ. In order to correct such differences in the classification criterion, a technique has been proposed for executing information classification after determining the classification criterion by a poll involving a plurality of people.
As for conventional polling-type information classification techniques, the following two classification methods are known, for example. Note that in the following description, it is assumed that category classification is performed in advance on a number of pieces of information by each of a plurality of people (n people), and that information obtained by the category classification of each person is assigned as sample data. Also, in the following methods, category classification is executed such that information that is viewed as belonging to a certain category by m (≦n) people or more is classified into that category. Note that, hereinafter, the case where target information is classified into the category of interest will be designated as a "positive example", and the case where target information is not classified into the category of interest will be designated as a "negative example".
With the first classification method, sample data obtained as a result of the category classification performed by n people is acquired first. Next, an information classifier having a specific information classification rule is constructed based on the sample data (e.g., see Non-Patent Literature 1). Note that a specific information classification rule includes, for example, a rule according to which information judged to belong to the category of interest by m people or more is taken as a positive example of the category, and all other information is taken as a negative example of the category.
With the second classification method, sample data obtained by the category classification performed by n people is also acquired first. Next, with the second classification method, the sample data is analyzed per person and n information classifiers corresponding to each person are constructed. Classification into positive examples and negative examples is executed, with information judged by m information classifiers or more to belong to the category of interest being taken as a positive example of the category, and all other information being taken as a negative example of the category. The second classification method differs from the first classification method in that separate information classifiers are constructed with the criterion of each person.

Information classification device, information classification method, and computer readable recording medium


A recording apparatus includes a recording section configured and arranged to apply a liquid (UV ink) onto a recording medium (roll of paper) and record an image, a pre-treatment section (corona treatment section) configured and arranged to perform a pre-treatment on the roll of paper prior to when the UV ink is applied, and a first conveyance route along which the roll of paper is conveyed from the corona treatment section to the recording section. The first conveyance route has a first bend section configured and arranged to change the direction in which the roll of paper is conveyed.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to a recording apparatus.
2. Related Art
One conventionally known form of a recording apparatus is an inkjet-type printer provided with: a recording head for discharging ink onto an ink application surface of a recording medium; and a wettability improvement treatment apparatus for carrying out a wettability improvement treatment, such as a corona treatment, for improving the wettability to ink on the ink application surface of the recording medium, in advance of the application of the ink by the recording head (for example, see Japanese laid-open patent publication No. 2008-207528).
Also known is an inkjet-type printer which uses an ink containing an active energy ray-curing compound that can be cured by being irradiated with active energy rays, and which is provided with an active energy ray irradiating means for curing the applied ink after the ink has been applied to the ink application surface, a mechanism for adjusting the humidity of a region irradiated with the active energy rays, and the like (for example, see Japanese laid-open patent publication No. 2004-82531).
In the inkjet-type printers disclosed in Japanese laid-open patent publication No. 2008-207528 and Japanese laid-open patent publication No. 2004-82531, however, there has been a problem in that the inkjet-type printers end up becoming very long, because of the need to arrange the wettability improvement treatment apparatus before a recording section provided with the recording head for discharging the ink, i.e., on the upstream side of a path along which the recording medium is supplied, and to arrange the active energy ray irradiating means, humidity regulation mechanism, and the like after the recording section, i.e., on the downstream side of a path along which the recording medium is discharged (see, for example, Japanese laid-open patent publication No. 2004-82531 (FIG. 1)). As a result, there has been a problem in that locations for installing the inkjet-type printers end up being limited.


A receiver-dryer for use in an air conditioning system utilizes desiccant bags that can be mounted within the receiver-dryer body without using mounting plates or baffles. The receiver-dryer includes an output tube having a retaining shoulder located thereon. In one embodiment, a desiccant bag includes a rigid eyelet that cooperates with the retaining shoulder to support the desiccant bag. In an alternate embodiment, the desiccant bag is supported by the retaining shoulder via a support washer.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to air conditioning systems. More particularly, the present invention relates to receiver-dryers and desiccant bags utilized in air conditioning systems.
2. The Prior Art
Receiver-dryers are employed by air conditioning systems to remove water and to filter impurities from the refrigerants that circulate through the air conditioning systems. Porous bags filled with desiccant matter (desiccant bags) are frequently used to perform contaminant filtration and water absorption in receiver-dryers. Alternatively, at least one known receiver-dryer includes loose particles of desiccant sandwiched between upper and lower filtration plates. Unfortunately, it can be difficult and time consuming to assemble a receiver-dryer that utilizes such prior art desiccant elements.
A conventional receiver-dryer typically includes a hollow body that receives an inward flow of refrigerant and an output tube that carries the treated refrigerant out of the body. In a cylindrical receiver-dryer body, the output tube is centrally positioned such that it extends downward from an output duct located at the top of the body. A donut-shaped desiccant bag resides on the output tube and is located within the body such that the refrigerant passes through the desiccant bag en route to the output tube.
Conventional desiccant bags are formed from porous, flexible fabric and, consequently, they lack an appreciable amount of structural rigidity near their mounting holes and near their peripheral edges. One known receiver-dryer utilizes upper and lower baffles to maintain the desiccant bag (or bags) in a predetermined location along the output tube. In addition, the baffles themselves are secured within the body via snap rings, clips, or other fastening elements. Consequently, such receiver-dryers can be difficult to assemble and the associated manufacturing costs can be undesirably high.

Receiver-dryer assembly and desiccant bag therefor


A memory controller can perform prefetching, in a way which increases the efficiency with which data can be read from an external memory. More specifically, the memory controller operates such that it performs prefetching only under certain conditions, which are chosen such that there is a high probability that the data requested in the prefetching operation will be the data which is next required. The memory controller may be implemented in a programmable logic device (PLD), and be optimized for retrieving data from an external flash or SRAM memory device, which is used for storing configuration data for the PLD. By examining a read request, it is possible to determine whether a prefetching operation can be performed, with a high probability that it will be the required data which is prefetched.

Memory devices are provided in different types, and are usually classified according to the technology which they use in order to store data. For example, there exist Dynamic RAM (Random Access Memory), or DRAM, devices, including SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM) devices. Another increasingly common category of memory device is SRAM (Static RAM) devices, and yet another category is made up of flash memory devices.
The operation of these devices is such that, when data is to be read out of the device, a command is sent from the requesting device, or, more specifically, from a memory controller within the requesting device.
The requested data is typically broken up into blocks of a particular length, and a separate access request is sent for each of the blocks to be requested.
In addition to the time required to read data out of the external memory device, there is also a certain amount of processing time, required to deal with each read access request.
Thus, the total time required in order to complete the read operation is longer than the time which is actually taken to read the data out of the memory device.
One attempt to mitigate this inefficiency, which has been used in the case of SDRAM devices at least, is to use a technique known as 'prefetching'. That is, even before a memory controller receives a read access request from a bus master device, it begins the operation of reading data from the external memory device.
This has the result that, provided that the memory controller then receives a request for the data which it has begun to read, it will be able to process that request more quickly than it would otherwise be able to do. However, it has the disadvantage that, if the next read access request, which is received by the memory controller, requests data which is not the data which the memory controller has already begun to read in the prefetching operation, the result may be that the requested data is actually retrieved more slowly than would have been the case without prefetching.

Prefetching data based on predetermined criteria


A method of communicating encrypted configuration data between a programmable logic device (PLD) and a storage device is included in one part of the invention. The method includes the following steps. Transmit encrypted configuration data stored in a storage device to the PLD. Decrypt the encrypted configuration data to generate a copy of the configuration data in the PLD. Configure the PLD using the copy of the configuration data. In one embodiment, the PLD transmits a key to the storage device. In another embodiment the key is separately entered into the storage device and the PLD and never transmitted between the PLD and the storage device. In another embodiment, the key is entered only into the PLD. The key is used to encrypt the configuration data.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to the field of circuit design. In particular, the invention relates to a method and apparatus for securing data used to configure a programmable logic device.
2. Background Information
Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs) are a class of devices that allow a user to program a device to perform the function of a particular circuit. Examples of PLDs are FPGAs (Field Programmable Gate Arrays) and EPLDs (Erasable Programmable Logic Devices).
To use a PLD, a user captures a circuit design using any of several design capture tools. The user then uses software tools to convert the captured design into a device specific bitwise representation. The bitwise representation is stored in a storage device, such as an EPROM. Upon startup, the storage device supplies the bitwise representation to the PLD, thereby enabling the PLD to perform the function of the circuit design. The PLD, having read in the bitwise representation, then performs the function of the circuit design.
By the time the bitwise representation is created, significant amounts of time and effort have been expended. To encourage individuals and companies to continue to invest in the research and development of new circuit designs, it is desirable to provide some method of protecting the circuit designs from illegal copying and use.
To make an illegal copy of the circuit design, as implemented in the programmable logic device, one need only make a copy of the bitwise representation stored in the storage device. The copied bitwise representation can then be illegally used with other programmable logic devices. Therefore, it is desirable to make it more difficult to copy the bitwise representation of the circuit design.
Additionally, some types of PLDs support multiple configuration modes. For example, the XC4000.TM. series FPGAs, available from Xilinx, Inc. of San Jose, Calif., supports multiple configuration modes. The 1994 Xilinx Data Book, page 2-25 through page 2-46, describes the unsecured configuration modes for the XC4000.TM. FPGA product family. Therefore, it is desirable to have secure configuration of PLDs that have multiple configuration modes. Of course no system can be absolutely secure from all potential unauthorized access, therefore, the term "secure" is used to mean more secure than systems without any security.
Some PLDs can be chained together for the purpose of configuration. After one PLD is configured, the configuration data is passed to the next PLD in the chain. Therefore, it is desirable to support the secured configuration of multiple chained PLDs.


An axial impeller (1), with enhanced flow, rotating in a plane (XY) about an axis (2) comprises a central hub (3), whose diameter is smaller than the diameter of the drive motor (3a), a plurality of blades (4) having a base (5) and a tip (6), the blades (4) being delimited by a convex leading edge (7) and by a convex trailing edge (8), whose projections onto the plane of rotation of the impeller are each defined by circular arc segments; the blades (4) are composed of sections having aerodynamic profiles (18) each having a decreasing length and an increasingly curved shape starting at the edge towards the hub; towards the hub each blade (4) has a box-shaped portion (20) that forms a wide scat (21) providing housing for an drive motor (3a) having a diameter that corresponds substantially to the seat (21).

The impeller according to the present invention may be used for various applications, for example, for moving air through a heat exchanger or radiator of an engine cooling system for a vehicle or similar apparatus; or for moving air through a heat exchanger for heating equipment and/or through air conditioning evaporators used in vehicle cabins.
Furthermore, the impeller according to the present invention may be used to move air in fixed air conditioning or heating equipment in homes.
Impellers of this type must meet various requirements, including: low noise, high efficiency, compact size, ability to achieve good head (or pressure) values and flow.
In order obtain a good flow of air by using impellers whose dimensions are small, it may be necessary to extend the blades towards the centre of the impeller itself, thereby increasing the flow in the central portion.
An impeller of this type is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,126,395; its compact impeller features an extension of the blades towards the centre of the impeller, the blades are connected and overlap a hub.
The latter presents a curved area containing the stator of the actuator motor, while each blade contains a permanent magnet that works with the stator in order to create the torque necessary for rotation.
Due to the structure of the hub surrounding the stator it is difficult to change the type and size of the motor that rotationally drives the impeller.
Depending on the type of application and in order to obtain the best performance, it may be necessary to fit impellers of a certain size with electric motors of different sizes and power ratings.
In particular, to meet standardization requirements, it may be necessary to use motors with diameters that are relatively wide on impellers that are compact in size.


The present disclosure relates to systems and methods for operation retry. The system may determine whether a retry is allowed for a target operation based on a retry strategy included in a retry proxy component. In response to determining that the retry is allowed for the target operation, the system may execute the target operation. The system may detect whether there is an exception associated with the execution of the target operation. In response to determining that there is the exception associated with the execution of the target operation, the system may determine whether a retry is needed for the target operation based on the retry strategy. In response to determining that the retry is unneeded for the target operation, the system may stop the target operation.

In business codes, there may be a scenario where multiple retries are executed for a specific operation. For example, when a request for accessing a remote server to obtain user information (e.g., requester information, provider information) is initiated, the request may fail due to network reasons, thus it is needed to initiate multiple network requests until the user information is obtained successfully. In order to solve this problem, a loop statement (e.g., a "for" loop statement) may be used. However, using the loop statement may result in a high server pressure or confused codes. Therefore, it is desirable to provide systems and methods for efficient and brief operation retry.

BEIJING DIDI INFINITY TECHNOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT CO., LTD.


A memory system connectable to a host, includes a non-volatile memory including a plurality of memory cell transistors and a controller configured to execute read operations on the non-volatile memory. The controller executes one or more first read operations on the non-volatile memory to obtain read data using read voltages that are determined from one of a plurality of entries stored in a shift table, and performs error correction on the read data, until the error correction is successful, and when the error correction on the read data is successful, records an index corresponding to the entry stored in the shift table that was used in obtaining the successfully error-corrected read data. The controller executes a second read operation on the non-volatile memory to obtain read data using read voltages that are determined from the entry stored in the shift table corresponding to the recorded index.

In the related art, a memory system having a memory cell transistor is widely known. In a read operation in such a memory system, data stored in a memory cell transistor is determined based on comparison between a threshold voltage of the memory cell transistor and a read voltage.
However, a threshold voltage of the memory cell transistor changes depending on various factors. Therefore, the memory system is configured so that a value of the read voltage can be changed, and when erroneous reading of data occurs in the read operation, the value of the read voltage is changed, and the read operation is retried. On the other hand, the occurrence of erroneous reading of data and the retry of the read operation contribute to deterioration in read latency.


A modular and scalable high-power fiber laser system is configurable to generate 1 kW or more of laser output, and includes one or more separable pump modules separately disposed from each other, each pump module including a plurality of fiber-coupled component pump sources optically combined by one or more fiber-based pump module pump combiners, each pump module providing one or more pump module fiber outputs, and a gain module separately disposed from the one or more separable pump modules and including one or more gain module pump fiber inputs optically coupled to corresponding ones of the pump module fiber outputs, and including a gain fiber optically coupled to the one or more gain module pump fiber inputs, the gain fiber configured to generate a gain module fiber output power scalable in relation to the number and power of said pump module fiber outputs coupled to the gain fiber.

Conventional multi-kilowatt industrial fiber laser systems typically employ a non-scalable architecture consisting of multiple component fiber lasers whose outputs are combined with a fused-fiber signal combiner. The total fiber laser system output power is typically in the range of 2 to 6 kW, and the individual component fiber lasers typically have a power in the range of 0.4 to 1.0 kW. Thus, in order to reach total powers in excess of 1 kW, the outputs from multiple fiber lasers (typically two to ten) must be combined.
Such conventional approaches for achieving a high power fiber laser output have several drawbacks made apparent in light of the present disclosure. For example, by combining the multiple individual fiber laser systems significant redundancy is required in optical, electrical, and mechanical components, thereby increasing the system cost, size, and complexity. In addition, fiber laser component systems generally have limited field serviceability, often requiring replacement of the entire fiber laser component system if an optical component thereof fails. Such entire replacement occurs even when the optical component failure is localized to only a portion of the fiber component system, such as a broken fiber. Requiring the replacement of entire fiber laser component systems increases cost for repair of the complete multi-kilowatt system. Field replacement of a fiber laser component system typically requires highly specialized equipment and clean-room conditions, which are not readily available in factory environments, making service costly and disruptive.
The fused-fiber signal combiner causes optical loss and diminishes the beam quality of the individual fiber laser outputs received. This loss negatively impacts efficiency, which determines power consumption and waste-heat generation, and beam quality degradation can reduce the speed in metal-cutting applications. Furthermore, the signal combiner is expensive, requiring costly equipment and considerable process development and control for fabrication, and it can experience unpredictable variation impacting reproducibility and reliability. Fused-fiber signal combiners are also subject to operational damage, including from optical feedback from the work piece, thereby decreasing system reliability.
Utilizing a signal combiner to achieve up to a few kilowatts of power also limits the ability for laser power of the fiber laser system to be upgraded in the field. For example, a fused signal combiner may include empty ports for receiving additional component fiber lasers. However, the beam quality of output beam is degraded whether or not the extra ports are populated with additional component fiber laser system outputs. Also, if the signal combiner has fully populated input ports, upgrading system output power requires the replacement of one or more of the component fiber lasers with a component fiber laser of higher power. Replacing component fiber lasers is expensive, particularly since there is attendant with it limited or no re-use of the replaced component fiber laser, subsystems, or components.
Conventional system designs are also limited with respect to how technological advances can be accommodated or incorporated since many key components are integrated into each component fiber laser. For example, pump diode technology is advancing rapidly, providing increased power, brightness, and efficiency and reduced cost. Active fibers have also experienced significant technological gains in recent years. Incorporating these advances into an existing fiber laser can be difficult or impossible if the pump diodes, fibers, and electronics are all integrated into a single laser module. For example, the interconnections among components within a single laser module would likely be inaccessible or not easily changeable, and changes to critical components would entail significant design ripple, requiring corresponding changes in the other components. Similarly, the mechanical or thermal designs could be impacted by changing a critical component. Thus, conventional high power fiber laser architectures often must either forgo upgrades based on technological advances or commit to costly and time consuming redesign.
A need therefore exists for a multi-kilowatt fiber laser architecture that minimizes cost by eliminating component redundancy, minimizes or eliminates the drawbacks of signal combiners, is easily and cost-effectively serviceable in the field, enables field upgradability, and is sufficiently flexible to accommodate technological advances without significant cost or design ripple.


A conical filter device inserts into a duct having flow passing from upstream to downstream. The filter device includes fluted filter media having flutes formed therein and a housing. The filter forms a seal between the outer edge of the filter at the downstream side and the housing. The upstream face of the filter is conical shaped in a first embodiment and frusto-conical in a second embodiment with the housing roughly corresponding to the shape of the filter. The filter elements are formed by winding layers of filter media to form a circular cross-section. The elements are moved axially as they are wound or placed on a shaping form while the sealant is still pliable to shape the element.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a conical filter and in particular to a conical filter of fluted filter media for placement inline in a fluid stream, and a method for making the filter.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Fluid filters are used for a wide variety of applications. Fluid filters typically use a filter element inside of a housing having an inlet and an outlet so that the fluid passes through the filter media, thereby trapping particulate material. Aerodynamic conical filters are generally used for high velocity fluid flow applications, such as automobile air intake filters. In the past there has been little usage of conical filters mainly due to problems with size and effectiveness. Generally, these filters have used pleated filter media. With the pleated filters, straight through flow is not possible. This causes high pressure differentials across the filter and flow distribution problems. To combat these problems, designers have generally increased the spacing between the pleats, thereby reducing the density of the filter media. This has reduced the effective life of the filters and has not solved the flow distribution problem. These filters have also had the added problem in that the filter media is not self supporting. Generally, rigid housings are required for use of these filters.
Another shortcoming with typical prior filter designs is unequal flow distribution. Flow is often directed to a center portion of filters, thereby loading the filter unevenly. Portions of the filter may load over a much shorter interval, thereby requiring replacement of the filter element. However, if flow were directed more evenly over the entire filter, loading would be more uniform and more gradual, so that the filter life is extended.
An example of a conical filter is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 5,106,397, issued to Ford Motor Company, Apr. 21, 1992. In this patent, a pleated filter is used to filter air to an engine. To force air through the media, the top of each pleat is sealed together so that air cannot escape through gaps in the media. This allows an opening between each pleat for air to enter and flow down the pleat, through the media and out the inside center of the filter. In order to avoid restricting the incoming air, the pleats must be spaced, thus limiting the amount of filtering media available for filtering. An increase in filtering media results in an increase in pressure differential across the filter. Furthermore, for the air to enter the filtering media, it must make a sharp directional turn so as to pass through the filter media, thereby increasing the pressure drop across the filter.
It can be seen then, that an improved conical filter is needed which provides for increased filtering area without an accompanying high pressure differential across the filter. Such a filter should also provide for improved flow distribution and even loading over the entire filter. The present invention addresses these as well as other problems associated with conical filters.


An instrument and inserter kit for providing a load to insert or retract an implant 2000 is provided. The instrument includes a cover having an engagement end opposite a distal end. The engagement end is configured to mount to an engagement feature of a handle of an inserter. The cover is an elongated member having a C-shaped profile having a dimension configured to receive a sliding member. The sliding member is seated over the cover and is weighted. The sliding member is configured to slide between a first radial lip and a second radial lip so as to provide an impacting force or retracting force on the instrument.

Inserters are currently known and used for introducing an implant between adjacent vertebrae. The inserter includes an end configured to grip the implant. In some instances, the muscular load between the adjacent vertebrae makes the insertion of the implant difficult. Accordingly, it is known to use an instrument commonly referred to as a slap hammer to provide an impacting force or in the alternative to provide a retracting force as is needed in a spinal procedure. For instance, the slap hammer may be used to provide an impacting force onto a proximal end of the handle of an inserter so as to drive the implant between the adjacent vertebrae. In some instances where the implant has been driven too far, the slap hammer is provide a retracting force in an opposite direction so as to retract the implant from its inserted position to a predetermined position.
With reference now to FIGS. 1A and 1B, an illustrative embodiment of a slap hammer 100 currently known and used in the art is provided. The slap hammer 100 is mounted to a distal end of an inserter 500. In particular, the slap hammer 100 is mounted to a handle 502 of the inserter 500. The slap hammer 100 includes a bar 102 having a first radial lip 104 and an engagement feature 106 on a proximal end. The engagement feature 106 is configured to engage a distal end of the handle 502 of the inserter 500. The first radial lip 104 is integrally formed to the engagement feature 106 and provides a surface for which a sliding block 108 may abut against so as to generate an impacting force. A second radial lip 110 is formed on the proximal end of the bar 102 so as to provide a surface for the sliding block to abut against so as to generate a retracting force.
The sliding block 108 is slidably attached to the bar 102 so as to slide between the second radial lip 110 and the first radial lip 104. It should be appreciated that the sliding block 108 may be slid from the second radial lip 110 towards and against the first radial lip 104 to drive the implant (not shown) into the space between adjacent vertebrae whereas when the sliding block 108 is driven towards the second radial lip 110 from the first radial lip 104, a retracting force is generated so as to help pull the implant back. Such an operation may be desired in instances where the implant has been driven too far.
It should be also appreciated that the current slap hammer adds considerable length to the inserter 500 when mounted to the distal end. Accordingly, it may be cumbersome and difficult to use in instances where a surgeon is relatively short. Accordingly, it remains desirable to have a slap hammer configured to minimize the length of the inserter and slap hammer assembly so as to accommodate the use by surgeons of an height.

Instrument configured to generate an impact and retracting load on an inserter