A first plate and a second plate have brazing paste on the surface thereof. When the first plate is combined with the second plate while an inner fin is disposed therein, a protrusion forms a clearance there between. Heat is added to evaporate the organic substances in the brazing paste. The organic substances vapor is discharged into outside of the tube through the clearance. After that, heat is added furthermore to melt the brazing paste. The first plate and the second plate are brazed together to form the tube and the inner fin is brazed to the inside of the tube.

JP-2003-28586 A shows manufacturing method of a heat exchanger, which has a tube in which an inner fin is provided.
In this conventional method, a first plate and a second plate, which have a substantially U-shaped cross section, are combined with each other while holding an inner fin therein. After that, the inner fin and the first and second plate are bonded by brazing paste so that the tube having the inner fin therein is formed.
The brazing paste is applied on surfaces of the first plate and the second plate. Thereby, the inner fin is easily disposed inside of the tube.
However, in the above conventional manufacturing method of the heat exchanger, it is likely that a defective brazing may occur at the brazing portion of the inner fin. The inventor of the present invention realizes that such a defective brazing occurs for following reasons.
The brazing paste, generally, contains organic substances to make the brazing material in the form of a paste. When the first plate, the second plate, and the inner fin are heated to bond them together, the organic substances in the brazing paste on the first plate and the second plate evaporate before the brazing material melts.
The evaporating organic substances tend to remain the inside of the tube and hardly flow out from the tube since the first plate and the second plate are bonded. A part of the evaporating organic substances may form a layer on the inner surfaces of the first and second plate and the outer surface of the inner fin. This kind of layer deteriorates the wettability of the brazing material so that the defective brazing may be occurred at the brazing portion.

Manufacturing method of heat exchanger and structure thereof


The invention provides a method for preparing a silicon thin film at a high deposition rate or a silicon compound thin film having a high dielectric strength and high hardness, without causing damage to other structure films or forming flakes during film deposition. The method for preparing a silicon or silicon compound thin film involves evaporating a material by means of a high density plasma gun, and depositing a thin film of silicon or silicon compound on a substrate.

1. Technical Field
This invention relates to a method for preparing functional thin films and the thin films, and more particularly, to a method for preparing silicon or silicon compound thin films for use in TFT, solar batteries, magnetic heads and thermal heads, and the silicon or silicon compound thin films obtained thereby.
2. Background Art
In the recent years, semiconductor products using silicon are more diversified. A variety of products were developed and have been used in practice. Among others, applied products of silicon or silicon compound thin films draw engineers' attention as being applicable to thin film transistors (TFT), charge transfer devices (CCD), solar batteries, organic EL devices, magnetic heads and thermal heads.
Of the applied products of silicon or silicon compound thin films, thin film transistors (TFT) utilizing .alpha.-Si enjoy a rapidly increasing demand in these years as a display for portable personal computers. Also, CCD is widely applied to video cameras, electronic cameras, and various optical equipment, and the demand therefor is rapidly increasing. Solar batteries using .alpha.-Si thin film as a substrate draw attention as a clean energy source because energy and resource saving problems are of great interest. On the other hand, magnetic heads and thermal heads for which the application of silicon compound thin films, especially as protective films, is expected are used especially in computer storages and output devices, and the demand therefor is also increasing. Further, research works are made on organic EL devices which are expected to find widespread applications as a self light-emitting display device, and some have been used in practice. The application of silicon compound thin films to the protective film or sealing film of organic EL devices has been investigated.
Widely used among the methods of depositing silicon or silicon compound thin films is an evaporation method using a CVD process. However, when TFT or similar products are formed using the CVD process, a film deposition rate in excess of 5 to 20 nm/min gives rise to problems including the abnormal growth of film with accompanying flakes or the damage to other films in the structure. Thus the film deposition rate is, in fact, restricted to the above-mentioned value. Since the restriction of the film deposition rate reduces mass productivity, there is a desire to have a film deposition technique capable of accommodating the recent rapidly increasing demand.

Method for the preparation of silicon compound thin film


An exhaust manifold has a structure such that an end portion of a collecting section where pipes connected to respective cylinders of an engine are collected is connected to an exhaust pipe via a joint tube member. The joint tube member is constituted by an upper joint portion and a lower joint portion, and cut-out grooves are formed on both joining portions of the upper joint portion or the lower joint portion. With the cut-out grooves, a partition plate is engaged to be positioned, and in this state, the partition plate is fixed to the upper joint portion or the lower joint portion.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an exhaust system for an engine that includes an exhaust manifold having a structure such that an end portion of a collecting section where pipes connected to respective cylinders of an engine are collected is inserted and fixed in an upstream side end portion of a joint tube member by which the exhaust manifold and an exhaust pipe are connected with each other.
2. Description of the Related Art
A conventional exhaust system for an engine is disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 2001-055920. As shown in FIG. 8, this conventional exhaust system has an exhaust manifold that has a structure such that a pipe end of a collecting section 105 where pipes 101 to 104 connected to respective cylinders, not shown, of an engine are collected is inserted and fixed in an upstream side end portion of a joint tube member 106 having a cylindrical shape to receive the pipe end of a collecting section 105 and an exhaust pipe, not shown.
Further, FIG. 9A shows an enlarged perspective view describing a connection state of the joint tube member 106 and the collecting section 105 before assembling, and FIG. 9B shows a perspective view describing a connection state of the conventional joint tube member 106 and the collecting section 105 after assembling. As shown in FIG. 9A and FIG. 9B, the joint tube member 106 is formed in a state that a partition plate 109 is sandwiched between an upper joint part 107 and a lower joint part 108 to form two exhaust passages therein so as to prevent exhaust gas interference outputted from the pipes 101 to 104.
Furthermore, FIG. 10 shows a cross-sectional view taken along the line S10-S10 in FIG. 8. As shown in FIG. 10, between an upstream side end portion of the partition plate 109 and an end portion of the collecting section 105, a clearance W with a predetermined distance is generally provided for allowing a relative displacement of the collecting section 105 and the joint tube member 106 due to their thermal expansion.
However, in the conventional exhaust system, the position of the partition plate 109 is occasionally displaced from an intended position when the upper joint part 107, the lower joint part 108, and the partition plate 109 are fixed by welding in a state that the partition plate 109 is sandwiched between the upper joint part 107 and the lower joint part 108, and thus the partition plate 109 cannot be fixed precisely with respect to the joint tube member 106. Consequently, there has been a problem that the clearance W varies in products.
Incidentally, the clearance W cannot be adjusted or inspected from outside after both of them are assembled, because the end portion of the collecting section 105 is inserted and fixed in the upstream side end portion of the joint tube member 106.
Further, when upstream side end portions of both joining parts 107 and 108 of the upper joint part 107 and the lower joint part 108 are joined in the radial direction, a gap WA is generated as shown in FIG. 9B when the end portion of the collecting section 105 is inserted and fixed in the upstream side end portion. Accordingly, a large welding tip should be used to fill this gap WA, so that a welding work thereof requires much labor and time, and moreover welding sputter may enter inside the joint tube member 106.
The present invention has been made to solve the above-described problems, and an object thereof is to provide an exhaust system that includes an exhaust manifold in which a clearance can be formed appropriately between a partition plate and an end portion of a collecting section by positioning and fixing the partition plate precisely with respect to a joint tube member.


A method of repairing defects in automotive coatings is disclosed. More particularly, the invention relates to a method of repairing defects in color-clear composite coatings.

Commercial automotive coatings, that is, coatings for automobiles and trucks (motor vehicles), are typically so-called color-clear composite coatings comprising an opaque pigmented colored basecoat that is applied either to a cured electrodeposited primer layer or to a cured primer surfacer layer that has been previously applied over the electrodeposited primer layer. A transparent coating called a clearcoat is then applied to the basecoat. Such a composite coating has outstanding gloss and distinctness of image, that is, the ability to reflect an image in a sharp, well-defined manner.
For various reasons, the composite coating may have a defect that needs to be repaired before the motor vehicle leaves the factory. Typically, the repair is done on the assembly line shortly after the motor vehicle exits the assembly line.
Most of the basecoats that are used in automotive assembly contain an aminoplast curing agent and are deposited from an aqueous coating composition. These basecoats are typically used for the repair coating. The defect is removed from the damaged area, the basecoat applied, and a 2K clearcoat comprising a polymeric polyol, such as a (meth)acrylic polyol, and a polyisocyanate curing agent is applied to the uncured basecoat via a wet-on-wet process and the composite coating cured at about 140° C. 2K clearcoats are typically used in the repair coating even though they are not used as the original clearcoat in the painting process. This is because they are easy to apply, cure quickly and provide outstanding clearcoat properties in the damaged area. Although the 2K clearcoat composition can be cured at a temperature as low as 60° C., higher temperatures are used because the aminoplast curing agent in the basecoat does not cure well below 140° C.
For the basecoat that is used in the repair coating process, it would be desirable to have a coating composition that is aqueous and cures well at temperatures as low as 60° C., such that the 2K clearcoat can be applied wet-on-wet to the basecoat and the composite coating cured at temperatures as low as 60° C.

Methods for repairing defects in automotive coatings


A thin film including multi components and a method of forming the thin film are provided, wherein a method according to an embodiment of the present invention, a substrate is loaded into a reaction chamber. A unit material layer is formed on the substrate. The unit material layer may be formed of a mosaic atomic layer composed of two kinds of precursors containing components constituting the thin film. The inside of the reaction chamber is purged, and the MAL is chemically changed. The method of forming the thin film of the present invention requires fewer steps than a conventional method while retaining the advantages of the conventional method, thereby allowing a superior thin film yield in the present invention than previously obtainable.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a thin film and a method of forming the same. More particularly, the present invention relates to a thin film, including multi components, composed of unit material layers which include mosaic atomic layers (MALs) composed of components constituting the thin film, and a method of forming the same.
2. Description of the Related Art
Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is a thin film deposition method which is very different from more conventional physical deposition methods such as electron beam deposition, thermal deposition, or sputter deposition. ALD is similar to chemical vapor deposition (CVD) in that chemical reactions of reaction gases are used. However, in general CVD, reaction gases are supplied at the same time and react chemically on the surface of a thin film or in the air. In ALD, different kinds of reaction gases are supplied separately by a time-sharing method, and react with the surface of a thin film. In ALD, if a different kind of reaction gas is supplied when an organic metal compound containing a metallic element (hereinafter referred to as "precursors") is adsorbed on the surface of a substrate, the reaction gas reacts with the precursors on the surface of the substrate. As a result, a thin film is formed. Thus, precursors for ALD do not decompose by themselves at a reaction temperature, and precursors adsorbed on the surface of the substrate must be very rapidly reacted with a supplied reaction gas on the surface of the substrate. ALD can obtain the best uniformity of thickness and step coverage of the thin film from the surface reaction.
In ALD, the same kinds of precursors are adsorbed on all sites of a wafer surface on which chemisorption is possible. Even if excessive precursors are supplied, physisorption of the remaining precursors is performed on the chemisorbed precursors. Here, physisorption has less cohesion force than chemisorption. The physisorbed precursors are then removed using a purge gas. Next, different kinds of precursors are supplied and chemisorbed on the chemisorbed precursors. This process is repeated to grow a thin film on the wafer surface at a predetermined speed.
For example, in ALD using precursors A and a reaction gas B, a cycle of supplying precursors A, N2 (or Ar) purging, and supplying a reaction gas B is repeated to grow a thin film. The growth speed of the thin film represents the thickness of the thin film deposited in one cycle. As a result, the probability that molecules of precursors are adsorbed on any exposed surface is similar, regardless of the roughness of the exposed surface. Thus, if the supply of precursors is sufficient, a thin film having a uniform thickness is deposited at a constant speed regardless of the aspect ratio of the surface structure of the substrate. Also, depositing one layer at a time allows precise control of the thickness and composition of the thin film.
However, ALD also has the following problems. First, if a thin film containing three components or more is formed, the deposition rate in ALD is slower than the deposition rate in existing CVD. For example, if an SrTiO3 layer is formed by ALD, one cycle is composed of eight steps as shown in FIG. 1. Precursors containing Sr are supplied in step 10. A purge gas is supplied to purge a reaction chamber for the first time in step 20. In step 30, a reaction gas containing oxygen is supplied to oxidize the Sr atomic layer formed in step 10. A purge gas is supplied to purge the reaction chamber for the second time in step 40. Precursors containing Ti are supplied in step 50. A purge gas is supplied to purge the reaction chamber for the third time in step 60. In step 70, a reaction gas containing oxygen is supplied to oxidize the Ti atomic layer which is formed in step 50. A purge gas is supplied to purge the reaction chamber for the fourth time in step 80. Thus, the deposition rate in ALD is much slower than the deposition rate in the existing CVD, in which components contained in precursors constituting a thin film are all supplied at the same time.
Second, it is difficult to obtain satisfactory crystal phases of unit material layers constituting a thin film, and thus a subsequent thermal treatment is required. In detail, in FIG. 2, the horizontal axis represents Kelvin temperature (K) and the vertical axis represents activity. Reference numerals G1 through G11 represent activities of TiO2, BaTiO2, SrTiO3, Sr4Ti3O14, TiO2S, SrCO3, BaCO3, H2, CO2, H2O, and Sr2TiO4, respectively.
Referring to FIG. 2, each phase of SrO and TiO2 exists stably up to more than 600K if SrO and TiO2 are alternately stacked by existing ALD to deposit an SrTiO3 layer. As a result, a desired SrTiO3 layer can be formed. In other words, the SrTiO3 layer is only a combined state of SrO and TiO2. Thus, an additional thermal treatment is required to change SrO and TiO2 to a desired crystalline SrTiO3. This result is commonly applied to above a ternary thin film. Therefore, the thermal treatment is required to grow an oxide layer of a separate metallic element as a compound layer when the oxide layer is stabilized.
As described above, if a thin film containing three components or more is formed by ALD, an additional thermal treatment is required to form a thin film having a desired crystal structure. Thus, the yield of the thin film process is considerably reduced.

Thin film including multi components and method of forming the same


A rotary steerable tool has an inner mandrel having a longitudinal axis and an outer housing positioned along the inner mandrel. The outer housing rotates independently of the inner mandrel. The outer housing has an engagement member that moves axially relative to the outer housing and the inner mandrel between an extended position and a retracted position, and a transition surface having a slope relative to an outer surface of the outer housing. The engagement member moves along the transition surface between the extended position and the retracted position. In the engaged position, the engagement member extends outward from the outer housing to engage an inner surface of a well being drilled. An actuator selectively moves the engagement member along the transition surface from the retracted position to the extended position.

In directional drilling, it is necessary to steer the drill bit in order to obtain the horizontal portion of the well, or to correct the drilling angle. When the drill bit is driven by a rotating body, this involves steering the tool in a constant direction despite the rotating tool.


A resealable push-pull pour spout closure having an annular secondary closure with a central opening through which a plug is adapted to engage to close a container. The central opening is defined by an annular wall having at least one internally extending annular flange. The diameter of the central opening is substantially the same as that of the plug. The plug takes the form of a circular closure disk having an integrally molded depending annular skirt projecting from the periphery of the disk that attaches to angularly extending legs that connect the plug to the spout thereby defining a hollow cavity for the plug interior and increasing the structural flexibility of the plug. The annular seal flange projects radially into opening for form fitting engagement with the plug to substantially eliminate any leakage when the plug is positioned in the central opening.

Prior art closures having a pour spout or the like are disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 08/332,140 (filed Oct. 31, 1994), 08/633,225 and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,104,008 and 5,465,876.
Some of these prior spout closures provide tamper evidency and have tamper evident pour spouts but which are not always leak proof at spout closure interface. Generally, prior art push-pull spouts that are reusable do not provide effective sealing at the juncture between the spout opening and the plug positioned in the opening when the spout is closed. Because of the very small diameter of the opening and the concern for safety, it is not possible to add non-integrated sealing means. The present invention solves this problem by utilizing a closure plug which combines a circular closure disk with an integral annular skirt depending from the periphery of the disk thereby defining a hollow cavity for the plug interior and increasing the structural flexibility of the plug. The increased structural flexibility provided by the hollow cavity causes inward deformation of the plug skirt upon engagement with annular flanges integrated into the periphery of the spout closure central opening to create a form-fitting leak tight seal.
Additionally, the present invention provides an improved means of locking the closure to a bottle neck. Projections extending radially inward from the inner surface of the tamper evident band form an upwardly angled "hook" shape for engaging the sealing flange on the bottle neck. This "hooking" engagement prevents removal of the closure while the tamper evident band remains intact.
Finally, a plurality of circumferentially spaced dimples optionally extend from the exterior wall of the pour spout. These dimples engage vertically spaced inturned annular flanges on the interior surface of the spout closure to faciliate breaking the frangible elements connecting the tamper evident band to the spout closure.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide an effective seal for a push-pull spout for reusable containers.
It is a further object of the invention to provide a substantially leak proof tamper-evident closure having a reusable, push-pull spout.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a reusable, push-pull pour spout closure that utilizes a closure plug having increased structural flexibility to provide a more effective leak tight seal.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a reusable, push-pull pour spout closure that utilizes an upwardly angled locking means to prevent removal of the closure from a bottle neck with the tamper evident band intact.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a means for faciliating the breakage of frangible elements connecting the tamper evident band to the spout closure.

Tamper evident push-pull closure with pour spout

International Plastics and Equipment Corporation


A battery operated concrete saw system (10) includes an electric saw (12) and a lithium based battery pack (58) including a plurality of batteries (60) connected in series to power the saw with at least 80 volts.

Saws for cutting concrete, asphalt and the like, etc. are conventionally electrically powered or powered by an internal combustion engine that utilizes gasoline or diesel fuel, the latter of which cannot be used indoors due to the exhaust generated. When concrete saws are powered by electricity, an electric motor of at least 5 horsepower is needed and an internal combustion engine generator is conventionally used to provide the necessary power because the necessary power is usually not conveniently located to the cutting location. However, when indoor cutting is required, the generator due to its exhaust must be operated outside and the time required to run an electrical line, which often is hundreds of feet and/or up a number of stories, can be prohibitedly expensive and also results in resistance power loss in the electrical line.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,000,605 Due discloses a concrete engraver apparatus and method that is normally operated through a power cord that appears in the drawings to be house type 110 volt, but is also disclosed as using a battery pack. This engraver is manually moved much like a carpet vacuum cleaner and does not appear to be sufficiently heavy duty to permit use in heavy duty concrete cutting jobs.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,998,775 Hollifield discloses an apparatus for precision cutting of concrete surfaces that utilizes a battery for powering a self-powered vehicle supported by a pair of spaced tracks. The necessity for spaced tracks for such a concrete cutter would result in any cutting job also being prohibitedly expensive.
Other prior art noted during an investigation conducted for the present invention include U.S. Pat. No. 2,468,336 Lewis; U.S. Pat. No. 4,175,788 Jacobson et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 4,767,162 Reed, III; U.S. Pat. No. 4,824,516 Ishihara et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,104,195 Zaccho; U.S. Pat. No. 5,810,448 Kingsley et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 6,102,022 Schave; and U.S. Pat. No. 6,484,711 Acker et al; and also include United States Published Patent Applications: 2002/0117160 Acker et al; 2003/0168054 Governo et al; and 2007/0164598 Johnson et al.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.


A collapsible container having a generally cylindrical configuration including at least an upper thicker section and a lower thicker section, and at least one thinner section positioned between the upper and lower thicker sections. When the container is collapsed, the upper and lower thicker sections are telescoped within one another and the thinner section is folded therebetween. The container is made of a monolayer of a thermoplastic polymer having a flex modulus of from 60,000 to 160,000 psi and a heat distortion temperature at 66 psi of greater than 170 degrees F. A process for making the collapsible container using extrusion blow molding is also disclosed.

Many reusable thermoplastic containers of various sizes and shapes are known in the art which are used for packaging and storing a variety of foods or non-food items. Such containers are useful when storing foods which are to be used up over a period of time because the food is easily resealed in the container with the use of a removable lid or cover.
Reusable, collapsible, adjustable containers are also known which are capable of being collapsed in order to save storage space. For example, a collapsible plastic container is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,930,644 to Robbins, III where a portion of the container side wall has a reduced wall thickness to permit collapse of the side wall upon the exertion of a compressive force. U.S. Pat. No. 5,226,551 to Robbins, III also relates to reusable, collapsible containers having a peripheral side wall which may be repeatedly moved between collapsed and extended positions.
Such collapsible containers are advantageous because they are reusable and may be partially collapsed as foodstuffs are consumed to save space. In addition, such containers may be compactly stored in a collapsed position, thus maximizing storage space. However, while such collapsible containers provide a convenient storage method, the containers are not necessarily suitable for heating foods in a microwave oven as the containers are usually constructed from a polymer which is not sufficiently heat resistant to maintain the structural integrity of the containers under microwave reheating or cooking conditions. In general, containers made from thermoplastic polymers or copolymers with a softening temperature below 100.degree. C. are not sufficiently resistant to hot foods when heated in a microwave oven, and are subject to softening, which can lead to deformation and leaking.
On the other hand, if the polymer is too rigid, the polymer is not suitable for use in a collapsible container due to the high force required to open the container. Pin holes may also occur in the thinner sections of the container if the polymer is too rigid. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,219,628 discloses a multi-layer container suitable for use in microwave cooking comprising a substrate layer of a thermoplastic polymer and an inner protective layer comprising a blend of polymers which contacts the food. However, the polymers comprising the container structure are relatively rigid and are not suitable for use in a collapsible container.
Further, when heated, such as in a microwave oven, many thermoplastic containers are subject to staining by foods, which is undesirable for a reusable container. Another disadvantage of such containers is that they have low optical clarity, making it difficult for a consumer to see the food or liquid stored inside the container.
Accordingly, the need still exists in this art for a thermoplastic container which is flexible enough to be collapsed for compact storage of food or non-food items, rigid enough to withstand microwave heating, and which maintains optical clarity.

Collapsible, monolayer microwaveable container


A screening device for the wet screening of a paper fiber suspension comprising at least one screen plate having a plurality of screen openings, a support structure being detachably attachable to the screen plate, a rotor movable adjacent the screen plate and an outlet opening for a portion of the paper fiber suspension passing the screen openings The support structure of the device is characterized by an outer support ring and an inner support ring and at least one middle support element arranged radially between the inner and outer support rings to support the at least one screen plate. Elastic pre-stressing against the screen plate is generated, and as a result of the elastic pre-stressing, the screen plate exerts compressive forces on at least one radially intermediate support element and respectively exerts tensile forces both on the inner support ring and on the outer support ring.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a screening device for the wet screening of paper fiber suspensions. The device includes at least one screen plate provided with a plurality of screen openings, a support structure to which the screen plate is to be attached in a detachable manner with its back and a rotor that can be moved closely along the screen plate. An outlet opening is provided for the part of the paper fiber suspension passing through the screen openings.
2. Discussion of Background Information
Screening devices are used in paper stock preparation, e.g., in sorters and pulpers of the pulp and paper industry, in order to treat the fiber suspension during a wet screening. In most cases, non-fibrous impurities and not yet disintegrated paper are thereby to be retained at a screen as a result of their size and then to be discharged. The passing of fiber suspension through the screen openings involves a considerable loss of pressure. This leads to strong forces pressing against the screen, which are absorbed as compressive forces by the support structure. The screens of such devices are usually made of metal, e.g., alloyed high-grade steel.
In order to prevent a clogging of the screen openings, typically scrapers attached to a rotor are used, which move closely along the openings, thereby creating hydraulic pressure impulses and hydraulic suction impulses. These impulses can cause the screen plate to vibrate, which stresses both the support structure and the screen plate. Other hydraulic impulses (thrusts) that can endanger said components originate in the periphery of a screening device, e.g., actuated sliders and pumps in the connecting lines. Even welded components are endangered by the vibrations.
The mentioned stress conditions during wet screening necessitate a complex and sturdy attachment of the screen plates, which implements in most cases a reduction of free screen area.
It is known that the effect of the scrapers can be improved by protruding strips, as these cause turbulences that prevent solid materials from depositing. Mounted strips of this type are disclosed, e.g., in DE 195 06 084A1.

Screening device for wet screening of paper fiber suspensions


An imaging control method includes acquiring a device identifier of an imaging device; acquiring voice information; performing information comparison on content data included in the voice information based on the device identifier; analyzing the voice information to identify control information in response to the content data including matching information that matches the device identifier; generating a control command based on the control information; and transmitting the control command to the imaging device to control the imaging device to capture an image.

With the advancement in technology, electronic technology and imaging technology have continued to improve, and cameras of various performances have emerged one after another, such that images of higher quality may be captured. At the same time, a variety of devices for assisting the imaging process have also been developed around the camera. For example, a gimbal may be used to drive the camera to rotate and capture images in multiple directions may carry the movements of the camera to perform tasks such as aerial photography, monitoring, etc. of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). A popular research topic is related to a method to facilitate the automatic control of an imaging device, such as a camera, that may be used to assist a user to capture desired images.

Imaging control method and apparatus, control device, and imaging device


A computer implemented method, apparatus, and computer usable program code for managing a flight plan for an aircraft. A set of projected flight plan parameters are displayed associated with a waypoint presented on a display of an aircraft data processing system. User input is received to form a set of actual flight plan parameters. A set of variances between the set of projected flight plan parameters and the set of actual flight plan parameters is displayed on a map in association with the waypoint.

1. Field
The present disclosure relates generally to an improved data processing system and in particular to a method and apparatus for editing electronic flight plans.
2. Background
A flight plan is a document typically filed by pilots or flight dispatcher prior to departure for a flight. This document may be both physical and electronic in form. A flight plan typically includes information such as, for example, departure points, en route points, arrival points, projected time en route, projected winds, alternate airports in case of bad weather, type of flight, pilots name, and other suitable information.
The different flight parameters, such as time to reach waypoints and fuel burn, may be recorded as comparison to the projected parameters in the flight plan. These actual parameters are compared with the projected flight plan parameters to identify abnormal flight progress. Abnormal flight progress may be used to identify flight safety issues.
Further, if an aircraft takes longer than expected to reach a particular waypoint resulting in increased fuel burn, changes in flight plan parameters may be needed, depending on the amount of fuel that is predicted to be needed to reach the destination. The changes may be, for example, changes in speed and/or route of the aircraft.
A pilot or other crew member typically records the actual value for the flight plan parameters as different waypoints are reached. These actual values are compared to the projected flight plan parameters. Currently, flight plan parameters for flight plans are written down on paper, either on a paper copy of the flight plan or on any piece of paper available. This type of process is cumbersome and requires a pilot or other crew member to focus on this task. As a result, a pilot or aircraft crew may be unable to perform other tasks unrelated to flying the aircraft during flight, which may require more time after the flight has been completed. This situation may result in longer times between flights with the additional time needed to perform the different duties involved in a flight that has been completed and in preparing for a new flight.
Therefore, it would be advantageous to have a computer implemented method, apparatus, and computer usable program code that overcomes the problems described above.

Method and apparatus for editing electronic flight plans


A stator structure for an electric motor comprising stator windings formed with conductors coated with an insulation, such as polyetheretherketone (PEEK). At least one portion of such windings has an adhesion-resistant agent, such as a thin coat of mineral oil, applied thereto prior to the application thereto of an immobilization agent, such as a varnish. The adhesion-resistant agent prevents subsequent bending of the windings from damaging the underlying insulation thereon during the manufacture and operation of the electric motor. The prevention of such insulation damage reduces the likelihood of resulting premature motor failure.

1. Field in the Invention
The present invention relates to stator windings for use in electric motors and more particularly, to reducing the risk of motor failure caused by damage to the insulation of the stator windings.
2. Relevant Art
During the manufacture of electric motors, lengths of wire, called "conductors", are wound around the stator structure. This winding process usually causes the windings and internal motor leads to be bent into relatively narrow radius curves, which can often times cause the insulation on the conductors to be damaged. This damage is in the form of cracks when the conductors are coated with a hard coating, such as varnish, to immobilize the conductors. When an electric motor is used in a high temperature and/or in a corrosive environment, these cracks in the insulation can cause premature failure of the motor. For example, when an electric motor is used in an electric submergible pump (ESP) that is installed in a wellbore to recover fluids, premature failure of the motor requires the operator to retrieve or pull the failed motor. Such retrievable operations are relatively expensive and time consuming, and the operator suffers lost revenue while the production of the fluids from the well is halted. There is a need for improved stator structure and a method of making same which will reduce the likelihood of such damage to the insulation of the conductors, and thus eliminate or minimize the risk of resulting motor failure.
A commonly used insulation system for ESP electric motors includes insulating sleeves and insulating laminations at opposite ends of the stator, insulating slot liner tubing for the stator windings, multiple layers of insulation on the magnet wire of the windings, insulating tape on the end turns of the windings, insulating sleeves on the connections to the end turns, and an insulating immobilization agent such as varnish or epoxy, that impregnates the stator structure. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,275,319, which is commonly assigned hereto, discloses an improved hydrolytically stable varnish for use in an ESP's electric motor to extend the life of such motor. The varnish serves as a moisture barrier to protect the magnet wire insulation from hydrolytic attack. The varnish also serves as a secondary electrical insulation for the electrical conductors of the stator, supports the weight of the stators windings, and encapsulates the end turns of the stator windings so that they are substantially immobilized. In certain instances, a varnish-less motor can be utilized with an ESP when the winding are covered with a particular type of insulation material, usually polyetheretherketone (PEEK) or polyetherketone (PEK), as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,833,354, which is commonly assigned hereto.
The problem of damage to the conductors' insulation of an ESP motor occurs during the manufacture when the windings are bent into relatively short radius curves, and the motor leads (that extend from each stage of the motor) are bent to make the electrical interconnection means. Once the stator structure has been covered with varnish or epoxy, any further bending of the winding's end turns and the motor leads most likely cause cracks in the varnish. It has been found by the inventor hereof that the typical immobilization agent, such as the varnish or epoxy, adheres or bonds relatively tightly to the exterior surface of the insulation and especially to PEEK or PEK. If stress (ie. bending) and/or tensile forces are applied to the conductors, of sufficient magnitude to cause a crack in the varnish or epoxy, this crack propagates into the insulation because the underlying insulation is subjected to tensile forces from the varnish that tears the insulation to expose the bare magnet wire. These cracks and tears have led to premature electrical failure of electric motors which have necessitated costly retrieval, replacement and repair operations. As described earlier, there is a need for an improved stator winding and a method of making same which will reduce the likelihood of such damage to the conductors' insulation and resulting motor failure.


A programmable logic device (PLD) is provided that includes at least one dedicated output routing channel configured to facilitate the processing of output signals generated by multiple function-specific blocks (FSBs). The output routing channel includes a plurality of functional units that may be programmably selectively chained, wherein each functional unit contains an operational block and output selection logic that are configured to programmably selectively implement any of a variety of operations (e.g., bitwise, logical, arithmetic, etc.) that may be performed on the outputs of single FSBs and/or several FSBs. In addition to the output routing channel, the PLD includes at least one input routing channel that is configured to facilitate the routing, registering, and/or selection of FSB input signals. The FSB input routing channel also includes circuitry for performing elementary processing operations.

This invention relates to programmable logic devices (PLDs), and, more particularly, to techniques for facilitating the use of function-specific blocks which may be included in such devices.
As applications for which PLDs are used increase in complexity, it has become more common to design PLDs to include "function-specific blocks" (FSBs) in addition to blocks of generic programmable logic resources. Typically, an FSB is a concentration of circuitry on a PLD that has been partly- or fully-hardwired to perform one or more specific tasks, such as a logical or a mathematical operation. An FSB may also contain one or more specialized structures, such as an array of configurable memory elements. Examples of structures that are commonly implemented as FSBs include: multipliers, arithmetic logic units (ALUs), barrel-shifters, various memory elements (such as FIFO/LIFO/SIPO/RAM/ROM/CAM blocks and register files), AND/NAND/OR/NOR arrays, etc., or combinations thereof.
While the availability of FSBs on a PLD may lessen the need for programmably implementing such structures in soft logic (e.g., by piecing together and configuring several blocks of generic programmable logic resources), the nature of the functions implemented in FSBs are often those which require inputs and/or outputs that are several bits wide (i.e., multi-bit signals). As a result, significant interconnection resources may be required simply for routing input and output signals to and from FSBs. The need for interconnection resources may be further compounded when FSB output signals undergo additional processing, such as bitwise/logical/mathematical operations, signal conditioning/manipulation, combination with output signals from other FSBs, and the like.
As a consequence, performance and usability bottlenecks may result from the inefficient allocation of interconnection resources for the purpose of routing signals to and from FSBs. Such performance bottlenecks may become acute in those PLD designs wherein the routing needs of the FSBs are accommodated primarily by diverting existing routing resources from the structures that surround the FSBs (e.g., blocks of generic programmable logic resources), such that the inefficient usage of those routing resources may sacrifice the usability of the neighboring structures.
Commonly-assigned U.S. Pat. No. 6,781,408, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, describes a PLD wherein dedicated input and output routing channels are provided to facilitate the processing, including but not limited to the routing, registering, and/or selection, of input signals supplied to one or more of the FSBs, and of output signals generated by one or more FSBs, while allowing general-purpose interconnection resources to be conserved.
According to that patent, dedicated input and output routing channels may be constructed that include a plurality of selectively-chainable functional units that are programmably configurable to implement, in a relatively localized area, a variety of processing operations (e.g., arithmetic/bitwise/logical/mathematical functions, combinations, signal conditioning operations, etc.) that may be performed on the input signals supplied to one or more FSBs, or on the output signals generated by one or more FSBs.

Programmable logic device with routing channels


A method for inspection of a sample includes irradiating the sample with a beam of X-rays, measuring a distribution of the X-rays that are emitted from the sample responsively to the beam, thereby generating an X-ray spectrum, and applying a multi-step analysis to the spectrum so as to determine one or more physical properties of a simulated model of the sample. The multi-step analysis includes spectrally analyzing the spectrum so as to determine one or more characteristic frequencies and fitting the simulated model to the spectrum by an iterative optimization process beginning from an initial condition determined by the one or more characteristic frequencies.

X-ray reflectometry (XRR) is a well-known technique for measuring the thickness, density and surface quality of thin film layers deposited on a substrate. X-ray reflectometers typically operate by irradiating a sample with a beam of X-rays at grazing incidence, i.e., at a small angle relative to the surface of the sample, near the total external reflection angle of the sample material. Measurement of X-ray intensity reflected from the sample as a function of angle gives a profile of interference fringes, which is analyzed to determine the properties of the film layers responsible for creating the fringe profile. Several X-ray reflectometers have been described in the patent literature, such as U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,512,814, 5,619,548 and 5,923,720, whose disclosures are incorporated herein by reference.
Various methods have been developed for analyzing measured interference profiles and fitting them to simulated models, as will be explained in detail hereinbelow. Some model fitting methods use Fourier transform analysis, particularly for measuring sample thickness. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,754,305, whose disclosure is incorporated herein by reference, describes a method for finding the layer thicknesses of a wafer using a Fourier transform analysis. U.S. Pat. No. 5,740,226, whose disclosure is incorporated herein by reference, describes a film thickness measuring method comprising the steps of measuring reflectance of X-rays on a film, extracting interference oscillations from the measured X-ray reflectance, and Fourier transforming the interference oscillations to compute a film thickness of the film.
Some of the proposed methods for fitting the model to the measured data involve Genetic Algorithms (GA) or Evolutionary Algorithms (EA). A genetic algorithm is an optimization algorithm based on the mechanisms of evolution which uses random mutation, crossover and natural selection procedures to "breed" better models or solutions from an initial condition. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,192,103, whose disclosure is incorporated herein by reference, describes the use of evolutionary algorithms to find a global solution to the fitting of experimental X-ray scattering data to simulated models.
Dane et al. describe the use of known genetic algorithms for the characterization of materials in a paper entitled "Application of Genetic Algorithms for Characterization of Thin Layered Materials by Glancing Incidence X-Ray Reflectometry," Physica B, volume 253 (1998), pages 254–268, which is incorporated herein by reference. The genetic algorithm is used during the process of comparing two x-ray profiles and modifying of a calculated profile. The authors state that the proposed genetic algorithm is able to find good fits within a single run, reducing the amount of human effort and expertise required for analysis.
Other model fitting methods known in the art employ exhaustive searching. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,192,103, cited above, describes an approach known in the art, in which the parameter space is divided into small, but finite, regions. An error function is calculated for each region, and the region that produces the smallest error value is chosen as the best-fit parameter vector. In a related approach, mentioned in the same patent, known as the Monte Carlo method, the parameter space is again divided into small regions. The regions are selected at random, and the error function is evaluated for each. After a certain number of regions have been chosen, or when the error value is smaller than a specified value, the search is stopped. The region with the smallest error value is chosen as the best fit.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,823,043, whose disclosure is incorporated herein by reference, describes a method for determining parameters of a material by fitting a model to an experimental X-ray scattering profile. Fitting is performed on a selected sub-range of the scattering profile and gradually extended to cover the entire profile. Several fitting methods are proposed, including a genetic algorithm.
Other model fitting methods known in the art are based on gradient methods, such as the Levenberg-Marquardt method. For example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,754,305 and 6,512,814, cited above, describe the use of the Levenberg-Marquardt method for XRR model fitting.

Material analysis using multiple X-ray reflectometry models


A new and distinct grapevine variety is characterized in that it produces a medium sized, broad, green ellipsoid berry with a large bunch size. The berries of ‘Sugrafortythree’ are firm and very juicy. The new variety ‘Sugrafortythree’ is characterized by a late ripening period and ripens most similarly to ‘Autumn King’ (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 16,284). In the Bakersfield, Calif. area the new variety ‘Sugrafortythree’ has a harvest start date of October 1 compared to September 15th for ‘Autumn King’.

This invention relates to the discovery and asexual propagation of a new and distinct variety of grapevine, 'Sugrafortythree', as herein described and illustrated. The new variety was first hybridized in October 2010 by Terry A. Bacon in Wasco, Kern County, Calif. The variety was originated by controlled hybridization.
The new variety 'Sugrafortythree' is characterized by a late ripening period, the production of a medium sized, green and broad ellipsoid berry with a large bunch size. The berries of 'Sugrafortythree' are firm and very juicy.
The seed parent is the varietal selection '00061-153-466' (unpatented) and the pollen parent is the varietal selection 'Sugrathirtyone' (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 19,065). The parent varieties were first crossed in May 2006 by Michael J. Striem. The date of first sowing was March 2007, and the date of first flowering was May 2010.
The new variety 'Sugrafortythree' was first asexually propagated in December 2009 in Wasco, Kern County, Calif., by Terry A. Bacon using hardwood cuttings.
The new variety 'Sugrafortythree' differs from its seed parent '00061-153-466' (unpatented) in that the new variety ripens later, starting harvest about October 1st compared to August 28th for the seed parent.
The new variety 'Sugrafortythree' differs from its pollen parent 'Sugrathirtyone' (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 19,065) in that the new variety ripens later, starting harvest about October 1st compared to August 23rd for the pollen parent.
The new variety 'Sugrafortythree' ripens most closely to 'Autumn King' (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 16,284). In the Bakersfield, Calif. area 'Autumn King' has a harvest start date of September 15th compared to October 1st for the new variety. Additionally, the new variety 'Sugrafortythree' differs from 'Autumn King' (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 16,284) in that the berry weight of the new variety is less: 8.5 g compared to 11 g for 'Autumn King' (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 16,284).
The new 'Sugrafortythree' variety has been shown to maintain its distinguishing characteristics through successive asexual propagations by, for example, cuttings.
Variations of the usual magnitude from the characteristics described herein may occur with changes in any of a variety of factors such as growing conditions, irrigation, fertilization, pruning, management and climatic variation.


The present invention provides a froth flotation process for the separation of paper and wood fibers from printed and copying inks and other contaminants during the recycling of paper. A liquid solution containing a frothing agent is applied from the top of a froth flotation device, preferably in the form of a spray, to the upper surface or portion of an aqueous pulp slurry present in the device, or of a froth phase produced in the device, prior to or during the froth flotation process.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to a froth flotation deinking process for use in paper recycling. More particularly, the present invention pertains to a process for the froth flotation separation of paper and wood fibers from ash, fillers, printed inks and other contaminants during wastepaper recycling. A liquid solution containing a frothing agent is mechanically added prior to, or during, the separation process to the upper surface or portion of a wastepaper pulp slurry which has been introduced into a froth flotation deinking device (or to the upper surface or portion of a froth layer produced in the device), rather than being added to, or mixed with, the wastepaper pulp slurry before the slurry is introduced into the froth flotation deinking device.
2. Background and Description of Related Art
The recycling of wastepaper is of growing importance in the protection of the environment by reducing the amount of solid wastepaper and sludge which is placed into landfills. Wastepaper is the largest contributor of the solid waste landfilled each year. In 1988, wastepaper made up about 40% of the municipal solid waste in the United States. About 52 million tons of wastepaper are currently landfilled and, thus, pollute the environment. Further, currently-employed wastepaper recycling processes produce about 0.1 ton of waste dry sludge per 1 ton of dry paper fibers recovered from the recycling process. The untreated sludge contains other environmental pollutants, such as various chemicals, mineral fillers and wood fibers.
Although the paper recycling rate has increased in recent years, the quality of various grades of paper made from recycled wastepaper fibers is much poorer than the quality of similar grades of paper made with virgin (not recycled) paper fibers. Further, the cost of making paper from recycled paper fibers is significantly greater than the cost of making paper from virgin paper fibers.
The objective of paper recycling is to recover paper fibers from wastepaper, such as paper photocopied on a Xerox.RTM. or other brand photocopier, which may contain ash, various chemicals, printed or copied inks (offset ink, copying toner particles, etc.) and/or other contaminants.
Froth flotation is an important technique used in the recycling of wastepaper for removing ink and other contaminants from the wastepaper. This technique has been used to effect the separation of various materials from one another, such as a mineral from its ore, for many years.
Froth flotation employs the principles of colloid chemistry, crystallography and physics to separate floatable (hydrophobic) and non-floatable (hydrophilic) particles from each other in an aqueous slurry containing such materials based upon differences in the hydrophobicity of the materials.
Generally, a slurry made from the materials to be separated and water, which has already been thoroughly mixed with flotation reagents (cationic or anionic collectors), conditioning reagents and/or frothing agents (surfactants, frothers or dispersants), is introduced into a froth flotation device, and a pressurized nonreactive gas, such as air, is introduced into the bottom of the device by a generator, and is forced upwards into the slurry in the form of bubbles ranging generally in size from about 50 microns to about 2 or 3 mm in diameter. The air bubbles tend to attach to the floatable particles present in the slurry, and cause those particles to rise upwards to the surface of the slurry as a froth layer. The bubble carrying capacity is largely a function of the surface area of the bubbles per unit volume of the froth. Ideally, only the hydrophobic particles should "float" (adhere to the air bubbles) and rise upwards to the surface of the slurry. However, due to a mechanism known as "entrainment," a considerable amount of hydrophilic particles, such as fibers, and process water (water used to make the pulp slurry), also rise to this surface and become entrained into the froth phase along with the bubbles. To eliminate this entrainment problem and, thereby, improve the separation process, wash water may be introduced into the top of the froth flotation device and distributed onto, or in, the froth layer to scrub entrained non-floatable particles from the froth layer. The wash water descending through the froth flotation device induces entrained non-floatable particles to separate from the froth layer and drop by gravity (sink) through the device. The washed froth layer overflows from the top of the froth flotation device, leaving behind the non-floatable particles. The fraction containing the non-floatable particles is withdrawn from the bottom of the device by gravity or by a pump. However, the foam may be destroyed by the washing water.
In the past, flotation, conditioning and frothing reagents have been added to, and directly mixed with, the pulp slurry prior to the introduction of the slurry into the froth flotation device in order to distribute these reagents on the surface of the particles targeted to be removed by flotation. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,592,834, 4,804,460, 4,981,582, 4,997,549, 5,073,253, 5,116,487, 5,167,798 and 5,397,001, which relate to the froth flotation separation of a mineral from its ore.
Froth flotation deinking (ink removal) processes involve interactions among air bubbles, ink particles and wastepaper and/or wood fibers, and typically have three subprocesses: (a) detachment of the ink particles from the wastepaper or wood fibers; (b) adhesion of the ink particles onto air bubble surfaces; and (c) removal of froth and ink particles from flotation cells. The ink particles, many of which, such as offset ink and copying toner particles, are hydrophobic, attach to the surface of the air bubbles and float upwards with the bubbles towards the upper portion of a froth flotation device during flotation. Under ideal conditions, the hydrophilic paper fibers will not attach to a hydrophobic air bubble surface and, thus, will not float during the flotation process. Thus, fiber loss should not occur. However, fiber loss (and water loss) is a significant problem in many paper recycling mills. A detailed description of the chemistry involved in the froth flotation deinking of wastepaper is provided in L. D. Ferguson, "Deinking Chemistry: part 1," Tappi J, 75(7), Page 75 (1992) and L. D. Ferguson, "Deinking Chemistry: Part 2," Tappi J, 75(8), Page 49 (1992).
The true flotation (adhesion flotation) and entrapment of wastepaper and wood fibers in froth flotation deinking processes may be determined by measuring fiber removal and water removal by standard methods at different froth heights. The intercept obtained by plotting the fiber removal against water loss obtained at different froth heights represents the true flotation, and the slope of the same curve represents the fiber entrapment by froth network.
Deinking quality and efficiency is often measured by the brightness (or brightness gain) and whiteness, and dirt counts, of handsheets made from the paper fibers deinked during the froth flotation process.
In froth flotation deinking, a chemical surfactant may act as: (a) a dispersant to separate ink particles from the surface of wastepaper or wood fibers and to prevent the redeposition of separated ink particles on the fibers; (b) a collector to agglomerate small particles to large ones, and to change the surface of ink particles which are hydrophilic to hydrophobic; and (c) a frother to generate a layer of foam at the upper portion of the froth flotation device for removal of ink particles and other contaminants. A collector can also cause a surface energy change between solid-liquid, solid-gas, and gas-liquid interfaces. However, a collector is generally not considered to be a surfactant. While it is generally not necessary to use a dispersant or collector for the froth flotation deinking of wastepapers, a frothing agent generally must be used.
Many problems occur during conventional froth flotation processes for the deinking of wastepaper. The addition of a frothing agent directly to the pulp slurry to be introduced into a froth flotation device for separating ink and other contaminants from wastepaper and wood fibers causes several adverse effects.
The paper fibers become contaminated by the adsorption of the frothing agent onto the fibers and, as a result, have a diminished fiber-fiber bonding during papermaking, with the quality of paper being made from these contaminated paper fibers being poor. Moreover, the frothing agent disadvantageously causes foaming to occur on paper-making machines.
Further, the hydrophobicity of the surfaces of the ink particles and, thus, the adhesion of the ink particles to the air bubbles, become reduced if frothing agents are adsorbed onto ink and air bubble surfaces. This results in a decrease in the ink removal efficiency of the process.
Additionally, a high level of paper fiber loss occurs during the froth flotation separation of the ink and other contaminants from the wastepaper and wood fibers. Such loss is caused by the physical entrapment of the fibers in the air bubble network which rises towards the top of the froth flotation device to the froth layer, and by the adhesion of hydrophobic portions of the surfaces of the fibers on the surfaces of the air bubbles present within the device. Fiber losses of from 4 to 24 weight percent have been reported, depending upon the conditions and equipment employed in the froth flotation deinking process. Such fiber loss significantly decreases paper recycling productivity, and significantly increases the costs of paper recycling. It is estimated that a 5% increase in the recovery of paper fibers during a froth flotation deinking process may significantly increase paper recycling productivity, may significantly reduce the costs of paper recycling, and may reduce the dry sludge production in a typical paper recycling mill having a capacity to recycle 250 tons of wastepaper per day by about 2 tons per day (by about 700 tons per year). A 10% increase in the paper recycling rate results in a reduction of 8.8 million tons of wastepaper in landfills each year. The mechanisms of pulp loss during froth flotation deinking are described in Ajersch et al., "Mechanisms of Pulp Loss in Flotation Deinking," J. Pulp and Paper Sci. 22, 9:J338-345 (1996).
Water loss also occurs during conventional froth flotation deinking processes as a result of process water (water used to make the pulp slurry) rising upwards to the top surface of the slurry and becoming entrained in the froth layer. Water loss caused by froth entrainment in froth flotation deinking is generally approximately 15 to 30 tons per ton of dry paper. Such water loss also significantly reduces paper recycling productivity, and significantly increases the costs of paper recycling.
It would be advantageous to provide a method for the froth flotation separation of ink and other contaminants from wastepaper and wood fibers which reduces fiber loss, reduces water loss, reduces the amount of frothing agent required to be used during the process (and thereby reduces or completely eliminates the contamination of the paper fibers by frothing agent), and increases the efficiency of the deinking process.
The froth flotation separation processes of the present invention achieve all of the advantages of conventional froth flotation deinking processes. These processes also achieve the additional advantages described in the preceding paragraph, by mechanically applying a liquid solution containing a frothing agent to the upper surface or portion of the pulp slurry introduced into a froth flotation deinking column (or to the upper surface or upper portion of the froth layer produced therein), either prior to, or during, the froth flotation process, preferably by spraying the solution from the top of the froth flotation device onto the upper surface of the pulp suspension (or froth phase) during the froth flotation deinking process, rather than by directly mixing the frothing agent with the pulp slurry prior to introducing the pulp slurry into the froth flotation device.

Froth flotation deinking process for paper recycling

Institute of Paper Science and Technology, Inc.


A system for use with a video of a golf game containing images of the ground, wherein the system comprises a source, a processor, data storage with computer instructions in communication with the processor and a digital display to assist in predicting an outcome for each golf shot.

Golfing competitions tend to become boring for viewers and difficult for a casino to use as a revenue stream.
A need exists for a method for wagering on golf games that makes the golf games more fun, and requires some skill and understanding by a viewer of the ground slope as compared to the earth level for each shot of a golf game.
The present embodiments meet these needs.
The present embodiments are detailed below with reference to the listed Figures.

Digital graphic ground slope display for golf games


A coating method which reduces the nonuniformity of a sprayed coating film at an end portion of a moving workpiece. A spray gun moves along a locus in a direction transverse to a conveying direction of the workpiece. The dimensions of the workpiece and passage of an end portion of the workpiece past the spray gun are detected. A reduced amount of coating material is sprayed at an end portion of the workpiece in response to the determination of passage of the end portion past the spray gun in order to prevent an increase in thickness of the coating film at the end portion. In the case of electrostatic spraying, an increase in film thickness at the end portion can be prevented by reducing or nullifying the electrostatic voltage applied to the end portion of the workpiece.

The present invention relates to a method of coating a workpiece by spraying a coating material on the workpiece from a spray gun mounted on a coating device such as a robot or a reciprocator while moving the spray gun along a predetermined locus.
In a coating system as shown in FIG. 4 by way of example, a coating device (not shown) provided with a spray gun is located in opposition to a lateral side of a conveyor 20 for conveying a plurality of workpieces 21 and 22 in a direction depicted by an arrow shown in FIG. 4. The spray gun is reciprocatively moved substantially perpendicular to the moving direction of the conveyor 20, and is controlled to become on and off with a suitable timing, thereby carrying out electrostatic coating of the workpieces 21 and 22. A locus of relative movement of the spray gun with respect to the workpieces 21 and 22 is shown by a broken line in FIG. 4.
In the coating system as mentioned above, when the spray gun is merely on/off controlled in accordance with a shape of each of the workpieces 21 and 22, a coating film becomes thick at an end portion of each of the workpieces 21 and 22 by the influence of static electricity, or a coating film becomes thin at an upper end portion and thick at a lower end portion of each of the workpieces 21 and 22 by the action of air flowing from an upper area to a lower area in a spray booth.
To solve this problem, an on-region of the spray gun with respect to each of the workpieces 21 and 22 is that surrounded by a two-dot chain line shown in FIG. 4.
However, in the conventional coating system as mentioned above, the on-region of the spray gun with respect to the lateral edge of each workpiece slightly shifts due to the; relative movement of the spray gun with respect to the workpiece as shown in FIGS. 5A and 5B, so that the spray gun becomes on or off according to a pass thereof.
Accordingly, when the spray gun becomes off, a coating film becomes thin at a side end portion of the workpiece, while when the spray gun becomes on, the coating film becomes thick at the side end portion of the workpiece.
As a result, the coating film becomes nonuniform in thickness to reduce a coating quality.

Method for decreasing spray coating nonuniformity at an end portion of a moving workpiece


An apochromatic lens system which includes, in this order from the object, a positive first lens group and a positive second lens group; wherein the following conditions are satisfied: EQU .nu..sub.I+ <80 (1) EQU .nu..sub.II+ >70 (2) EQU 1.1<f.sub.I /f<2.0 (3). wherein. .nu..sub.I+ designates the largest Abbe number of a positive lens element in the first lens group; PA1 .nu..sub.II+ designates the largest Abbe number of a positive lens element in the second lens group; PA1 f.sub.I designates the focal length of the first lens group; and PA1 f designates the focal length of the entire lens system.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an apochromatic lens system for use as an objective lens system in, for example, an astronomical telescope.
2. Description of the Related Art
It has been known that an objective lens system of an astronomical telescope has a combination of a single positive lens element and a single negative lens element, which are made from lens materials having different dispersion powers. Since the objective lens system of an astronomical telescope has a long focal length, correction of axial chromatic aberration is especially important; in recent years there have been many examples of fluorite or special low-dispersion glass being used to reduce the secondary spectrum of the axial chromatic aberrations.
As examples of objective lens systems with a large diameter, the astronomical telescopes disclosed in Japanese Laid Open Patent Publication No.57-93309 and in Japanese Laid Open Patent Publication No.59-220711 have been known. In these examples, a first lens group is composed of a combination of positive and negative lens elements made from lens materials having different dispersion power, and a second lens group distant from the first lens group toward the image is provided; correction of axial aberrations such as chromatic aberration and spherical aberration are carried out through the first lens group, and correction of field curvatures is carried out through the second lens group. Due to the above explained lens arrangement, the lens system having both a large diameter and a wide angle-of-view is materialized.
However, in both of the above-referenced astronomical telescope objective lens systems, an expensive material, such as fluorite or special low-dispersion glass, has had to be employed to make the large-diameter positive lens element in the first lens group in order to reduce the secondary spectrum of axial chromatic aberrations. These factors have resulted in an increase of the overall production costs.


A vehicular vision system is disclosed comprising a high dynamic range. The systems and methods are advantages for rear vision, collision avoidance, obstacle detection, adaptive cruise control, rain sensing, exterior light control, and lane departure warning, as well as other applications where a given scene may comprise objects having widely varying brightness values.

Several vehicle vision applications that utilize an image sensor to either control a vehicle function or provide an image to a driver have been proposed. Example applications include exterior light control, rain sensing, obstacle detection, collision avoidance, adaptive cruise control, lane departure warning, and night vision systems. Many image sensor technologies can provide for a wide interscene dynamic range by adjusting exposure between frames. High intrascene dynamic range, the range of brightness of objects which can be detected within a single frame, is more technically challenging to achieve. Examples of CMOS image sensors having high interscene and intrascene dynamic range are given in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,175,383; 6,115,065; 6,008,486 and published U.S. patent application 20020057845. Additionally, high dynamic range image sensors are available from Pixim, Inc. of Mountain View, Calif. and Fill Factory, Inc. of Belgium. Charge coupled device (CCD) based high dynamic range image sensors are also available from numerous suppliers.
Most image sensing technologies providing high dynamic range involve construction of a relatively more complex pixel than traditional image sensors of lower dynamic range. As a result, such sensors are typically more expensive.
Vehicular night vision systems are currently being manufactured and proposed to improve night time driving safety by providing a supplemental view of the forward scene as imaged by a near infrared (NIR) or far infrared (FIR) image sensor assembly. Such systems have the advantage of being more sensitive than human vision and sensitive to radiation not visible to the human eye. An overview of currently available night vision technologies is contained in University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute publication UMTRI 2002-12, by Kåre Ruman, entitled Night Vision Enhancement Systems: What should they do and what more do we need to know, the content of this publication is incorporated in its entirety herein by reference.
The most significant problem with known vehicular vision systems is the washout and blooming that occurs from oncoming vehicle headlamps or other lamps within the scene. For conventional image sensors, this results from the fact that the image sensor pixels do not possess the dynamic range to sense both bright headlamps and the faint objects in the scene. If the sensitivity of the imager is set sufficiently high for adequate imaging of the scene when illuminated by a NIR light source, oncoming headlamps will substantially saturate the area of the imaged oncoming vehicle and severely limit the ability to see faint objects close in proximity to the oncoming vehicle. If the imager's sensitivity is set such that oncoming headlamps do not saturate the image, faint objects in the scene are not visible, thus negating most benefits of the night vision system. Since a goal of night vision systems is to provide nighttime forward vision substantially superior to the human visual system, even in the presence of oncoming traffic, this problem must be solved.
The high dynamic range image sensors described in the previously incorporated references solve the primary problem of limited pixel dynamic range. Another problem, electronic blooming, is also substantially solved with the use of known high dynamic range CMOS image sensors. Electronic blooming occurs in some image sensors when electrons generated in one pixel spill over into neighboring pixels, resulting in bright objects being imaged as a much larger object than they actually are and thus inhibiting the ability to resolve other objects in close proximity to the bright object. The pixel structure of these imagers inherently greatly reduces electronic blooming thus alleviating this problem. Anti-bloom drains are also added to pixels to further inhibit blooming. While the term blooming is commonly used to describe this phenomena, the more specific term electronic blooming will be used herein to distinguish from optical blooming or other types of scattering which have a similar effect on the resultant image. The more generic term blooming will be used herein to refer to the effect of a bright object being imaged larger than the actual object, regardless of whether the cause of the blooming is electronic, optical, or otherwise.
Due to the large variance in scene illumination and intensity of imaged light sources in vehicular applications, vision systems having a high dynamic range are desirable. What is needed is a vehicular vision system, comprising a high dynamic range, capable of detecting objects within a scene that have substantially varying brightness levels.

Vehicle vision system with high dynamic range


A single-stage clock booster produces a boosted clock voltage on an output node that is a multiple of a supply voltage. The single-stage clock booster includes a pump capacitor having a first terminal being driven by a first control phase signal. A first switch is controlled by the boosted clock voltage for connecting a second terminal of the pump capacitor to the supply voltage during a charge phase. A second switch connects the second terminal of the pump capacitor to the output node during a boosted clock voltage output phase. A switching circuit alternately connects a control node of the second switch to the supply voltage and to the first terminal of the pump capacitor. The switching circuit is driven by a second control phase signal. A third switch is controlled by a third control phase signal for connecting the output node to a reference voltage during the charge phase.

Voltage boosters are integrated in memory devices and other type devices to provide higher voltages than the supply voltage. Higher voltages are necessary, for example, in non-volatile memory devices for erasing and writing data, for enhancing the driving conditions (overdriving) of output power devices and other purposes.
Voltage boosters are also used for generating a boosted clock signal for driving the switches of a charge pump. A boosted clock is necessary for allowing the switches that connect in parallel a pump capacitor with a tank capacitor of a charge pump to remain on as long as both capacitors are at the same voltage.
Voltage boosters use a relatively large capacitance CTot for generating a large voltage. For a multi-stage voltage booster having N stages, the output voltage VOut is given by the following equation:
      V    Out    =                    (                  N          +          1                )            ·              V        dd              -                  N        2            ·                        I          L                          f          ·                      C            Tot                              where Vdd is the supply voltage of the voltage booster, IL is the current to be delivered, and f is the switching frequency of the voltage booster.
To reduce the silicon area occupied by a voltage booster for the same output voltage VOut, it is necessary to reduce its capacitance CTot and to increase the switching frequency of its switches. Voltage boosters used for generating a boosted clock signal for a charge pump are usually called clock-boosters, and this expression will be used below.
A common clock-booster is depicted in FIG. 1. It is substantially composed of two identical sub-circuits each generating a respective boosted phase VOUT1A and VOUT1B. Each sub-circuit has an NMOS transistor controlled by the boosted phase output by the other sub-circuit, and a PMOS transistor controlled by a respective input control phase VIN, {overscore (VIN)}. The voltage drops on the PMOS transistor may surpass the supply voltage Vdd and thus, these transistors should be high-voltage transistors. That is, each high-voltage transistor has a gate oxide of increased thickness and with an increased channel length.
The clock-booster should not be used for frequencies higher than 10 MHz. At higher frequencies, the relatively large parasitic capacitances that affect the high-voltage transistors HV strongly limit performance.
Published U.S. patent application no. 2003/0174010, which is assigned to the assignee of the invention and is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, discloses an improved clock-booster, as illustrated in FIG. 2. The clock-booster has a reduced silicon area requirement. One of the high-voltage transistors of FIG. 1 is substituted with a low-voltage transistor. The output node is pre-charged with the voltage Vdd, and the output voltage is held before the output node is discharged.
This configuration saves silicon area and reduces current consumption up to a frequency of about 10 MHz. At higher frequencies, it is necessary to have a larger high-voltage MOS transistor P2 for increasing its conductance. In doing so its parasitic capacitance is also inevitably increased, and the advantages compared to the clock-booster of FIG. 1 are jeopardized. Indeed, in the clock-booster of FIG. 1 for 50 MHz the pass-transistor that connects the capacitance C to the output node should have a channel of 400 μm/0.8 μm, while in the clock-booster of FIG. 2 it should have a channel of 1500 μm/0.8 μm.
Low-voltage transistors have a relatively small capacitance, and therefore, are perfectly suited for functioning at a frequency of 50 MHz or above. Therefore, a clock-booster made exclusively with low-voltage transistors would show good performances even at relatively high frequencies. Unfortunately, as discussed above, known clock-boosters rely on the use of a certain number of high-voltage transistors.

Single-stage and modular multi-stage clock-booster


Methods and apparatus for assessing cardiac risks based on heart activity data obtained during a recovery stage of an exercise test of a specific patient. An embodiment of a method comprises determining a prognostic period of the heart activity data after a time t0 after a peak heart rate of the exercise test, and ascertaining a risk indicator. The risk indicator is based on (a) the heart rate activity data during the recovery stage only after time t0 and (b) a post-exercise heart rate reserve based on a post-exercise resting heart rate. This embodiment of the method further includes providing an assessment of cardiac risk of a specific patient based on the ascertained risk indicator.

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) accounts for 300,000-400,000 deaths per year in the United States. Although the individual risk of SCD in the adult U.S. population is only about 0.1-0.2% per year, when applied to the large population base of the U.S., SCD is often the first and only manifestation of cardiovascular disease in a majority of cardiovascular related deaths. Deaths from patients recovering from large myocardial infarctions actually represent the minority of the total deaths per year. As a result, a low cost screening tool that would provide early detection of patients at risk for SCD would be tremendously valuable for early treatment and intervention.
However, it can be difficult to accurately predict or assess the risk of SCD because many underlying pathologies support or trigger the events leading to SCD instead of any single condition. Of these various conditions, most data suggests that autonomic regulation of the heart through the branches of the sympathetic and vagal systems is extremely important in maintaining stable rhythms. In particular, it appears that vagal stimulation mitigates the development of ventricular arrhythmias in a variety of experimental studies. A strong vagal response appears to lower heart rate and lower the risk of arrhythmia, which effectively counteracts reflex sympathetic hyperactivity and provides a key determinant for survival.
The dual branches of the autonomic system regulate heart rate over the course of an exercise test. Increasing exertion during exercise increases perfusion demands and results in a higher heart rate. The higher heart rate is caused by increased activity of the sympathetic system and decreased parasympathetic regulation. During an initial stage of recovery after terminating exercise, sympathetic stimulation is withdrawn. After the initial stage of recovery, vagal mediation necessary to return the heart rate to a resting value is reasserted to further reduce the heart rate. Heart rate recovery parameters, measured as the difference between the peak heart rate and the heart rate at subsequent times during recovery (e.g., 1 or 2 minutes into recovery), provide a gross quantification of the combined effects on heart rate from the activities of both sympathetic and vagal branches of the autonomic system. Numerous studies have examined the prognostic value of heart rate recovery parameters for assessing patient risk based on the vagal contribution to the recovery and the relationship between poor vagal tone and cardiovascular-related mortality. Even when key co-morbidities were quantified, such as perfusion defects and coronary artery disease (CAD), the heart rate recovery has been found to be a significant and independent predictor of all-cause death.
Reassertion of vagal tone (i.e., vagal mediation) following exercise is an important component in the heart rate recovery process. It has been found that patients with poor vagal tone are at increased risk of cardiovascular mortality, and many heart rate recovery studies have attempted to accurately quantify the vagal tone during recovery. However, it is not clear that traditional measures of evaluating the heart rate recovery accurately quantify the vagal tone. More specifically, traditional measures of evaluating the heart rate recovery of a specific patient may be adversely influenced by the sympathetic withdrawl. Heart rate recovery is also strongly correlated with, and becomes identical to, the heart rate reserve as recovery time increases. The heart rate reserve in such traditional studies is the peak heart rate less a measured pre-exercise supine resting heart rate. Additionally, normalizing a heart rate recovery value of traditional techniques by the heart rate reserve and assessing the result as a percentage of total recovery renders the index non-prognostic. This raises further concerns that traditional techniques for evaluating the heart rate recovery of a patient may have questionable value in characterizing vagal tone.
Although the traditional methods for measuring heart rate recovery are well known to practitioners of the art, and important observations have been made in many previous studies, the works of Cardiac Science, Inc. and others suggest that such traditional methods for evaluating heart rate recovery result in a disguised metric for peak heart rate or heart rate reserve. As a result, traditional methods for evaluating heart rate recovery fail to accurately quantify the vagal tone of a specific patient. Therefore, it would be beneficial to extract vagal tone information in a way that is both prognostic and independent of peak heart rate and traditional heart rate reserve parameters to provide a new and accurate parameter for patient risk stratification.

Methods and apparatus for quantifying the risk of cardiac death using exercise induced heart rate recovery metrics


The invention provides a device having a substrate, a buffer region positioned upon the substrate, wherein the buffer region has an upper buffer region and a lower buffer region, a heterojunction region positioned upon the buffer region, and a superlattice positioned between the lower buffer region and the upper buffer region, wherein the device is configured to function as a heterojunction field effect transistor.

Gallium nitride and aluminum gallium nitride are wide bandgap semiconductors used in the production of such electrical and opto-electronic devices as blue light emitting diodes, lasers, ultraviolet photodetectors, and power transistors. There are currently no cost effective, lattice matched substrates on which these crystalline materials can be grown. Common exemplary substrates for the growth of these materials are sapphire, silicon, gallium arsenide, and silicon carbide. Each of these materials has significant lattice size differences with respect to the gallium nitride (GaN) or aluminum gallium nitride (AlGaN) crystal structure. For example, the lattice size differences for gallium nitride on sapphire is 16%, gallium nitride on silicon carbide is 3.1%, and gallium nitride on silicon is 17%.
The lattice mismatch between the substrate and the epitaxial overgrown layer is accommodated by a defect in the periodic crystal structure of the epitaxial layers. This defect is called a dislocation. Dislocation densities above 104 cm−2 degrade performance of both optical and electronic devices by carrier scattering, catalyzing impurity movement, roughening interfaces, and serving as a parasitic defect/recombination site. In order to preserve smooth interfaces and reduce dislocation densities, a variety of mitigation and density reduction approaches have been proposed in the past.
One of the more well-known approaches uses lateral epitaxial overgrowth. Essentially, the underlying substrate is patterned using a photomask and material is grown in windows opened to the substrate. As the crystal grows, the window tends to overgrow the masked area. In this overgrown area, the threading dislocation density is significantly lower than in the window area (up to 4 orders of magnitude lower). One example of a process such as this can be seen in US Patent Application Publication No. 20010008791 (Gherke, et al.).
The disadvantage of this technique is that the substrate must be patterned and, in turn, area is sacrificed. As a result, there is a need for methods of fabrication and resulting devices that have reduced lattice mismatch between layers.

Super lattice modification of overlying transistor


A system for manufacturing graphene nanoribbon by continuous microwave is disclosed. The system comprises a microwave heating tank for heating carbon nanotube through microwave, a reaction tank for adding an oxidizing or reducing agent and a pipeline for connecting all devices of the system. A feed rate is controlled by a pump to enter raw material into the system via the pipeline, the nanotube is made to be a graphene nanoribbon by heating, adding the oxidizing agent, reheating, adding the reducing agent and reheating. Therefore, the graphene nanoribbon could be mass produced automatically in a short time.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a system for manufacturing graphene nanoribbon, in particular to the system for manufacturing graphene nanoribbon by continuous microwave, wherein pumps and delivery pipelines are connected and controlled to achieve the effect of mass production.
2. Description of the Related Art
As science and technology advance, components becomes increasingly smaller, so that various different novel materials and structures are developed continuously, and these materials include Fullerene, carbon nanotube (CNT), graphene and recently studied graphene nanoribbon whose special properties such as crystallinity and conductivity catch much attention.
Among the aforementioned materials, graphene nanoribbon is the thinnest and hardest nanomaterial in the world, and its unique structure is composed of carbon atoms with a sp2 hybrid orbital and packed in a honeycomb crystal lattice, and the graphene nanoribbon is a two-dimensional material with the thickness of a carbon atom. In addition, its unique properties further include almost completely transparency, high coefficient of thermal conductivity higher than those of carbon nanotubes and diamond, electron mobility exceeding the electron mobility of copper and silver at room temperature, as well as the world's smallest resistivity so far. Scientists expect that this material can be used for developing new-generation electronic components or transistors with a faster conducting speed, or used for manufacturing components such as transparent touch screens, and thus causing extensive researches.
At present, the methods of manufacturing graphene nanoribbon include silicon carbide (SiC) surface epitaxial growth method, metal surface growth method, graphite sheet oxidation thinning method, hydrazine reduction method, ethoxycarbonyl sodium lysis method and carbon nanotube cutting method. In the carbon nanotube cutting method, carbon nanotubes are dipped into sulfuric acid, and then potassium permanganate is added and heated to 65° C., wherein the oxidative capacity of potassium permanganate can open the ring of the carbon nanotube to obtain graphene nanoribbon. However, the process of manufacturing graphene nanoribbon by this method requires the step of dipping the carbon nanotubes in an acid for approximately an hour, and then adding potassium permanganate. To achieve an appropriate temperature for the ring-opening reaction of the carbon nanotube after the potassium permanganate is added, the heating process is maintained at 65° C. for more than two hours, and thus not only taking a long reaction time and consuming much energy, but also resulting in a poor yield of the graphene nanoribbon.
R.O.C. Pat. Publication No. TW 201012749 discloses a method of manufacturing graphene nanoribbon from carbon nanotube, and a composite, a thin film and a device thereof, wherein the carbon nanotubes are reacted with at least one oxidizing agent to form oxidized graphene nanoribbon, and the reaction takes place in at least one acid, and the graphene nanoribbon is heated and processed. However, this method adopts the aforementioned carbon nanotube cutting method to manufacture graphene nanoribbon and has the time-consuming, energy-consuming and low-quality issues in practical operations.
Taking the potential of developing graphene nanoribbon into consideration and recognizing the difficulty of the manufacture and mass production, it is necessary to develop or invent a novel production system. With the improved manufacturing flow and facilities, the mass production of graphene nanoribbons can be physically implemented. The graphene nanoribbon can be used more extensively with a low cost and a high efficiency. The aforementioned issues are main issues to be overcome by the present invention.

System for manufacturing graphene nanoribbon by continuous microwave


A bingo game pattern indicator and game display preferably includes a display surface and a plurality of magnetic pieces. The display surface is fabricated from a magnetic material or magnetic material is applied to the display surface. A pattern indicator is applied to one end of the display surface. The pattern indicator includes a plurality of spaces. A game display is applied to the other end of the display surface. The game display includes several rows of sequential numbers. A number at the beginning of each new row continues sequentially from a number ending the previous row. Magnetic pattern pieces are placed over the spaces in the pattern indicator to form some pattern for a game of bingo. A magnetic numeric piece is placed over each number that has been called during a game of bingo. The display surface is preferably attached to a wall with at least two fasteners.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to the play of bingo and more particularly, to a bingo game pattern indicator and game display, which is less expensive to manufacture than that of the prior art.
2. Description of the Prior Art
An automated bingo game unit includes a pattern indicator represented by a plurality of rows and columns defining a plurality of spaces on one end, and a game display with several rows of sequential numbers on the other end thereof. The automated bingo game unit is attached to a wall for all players to see. The spaces in the pattern indicator and the sequential numbers in the game display include individual light emitting devices for illumination of each space or number. The pattern indicator represents a bingo card. A pattern is illustrated by illuminating some of the spaces.
When a particular number is called during the bingo game, the particular number is illuminated on the game display. Random numbers are called, until someone playing the game has a bingo card with the called numbers that replicate the pattern on the pattern indicator. The automated bingo game unit costs at least five thousand dollars. However, the five thousand dollars is too much for most small bingo operations to afford.
Accordingly, there is an established need for a bingo game pattern indicator and game display, which includes a non-illuminated pattern indicator, a non-illuminated game display, a plurality of magnetic pieces and is less expensive to manufacture than that of the prior art.

Bingo game pattern indicator and game display