A process for reading optical codes includes reading an optical code by irradiating a scan ing beam onto an optical code and detecting a reflected beam of the scanning beam from the optical code. A determination is made if the optical code and an optical code reader are moving relative to each other, and data of the optical code are invalidated if it is determined that the optical code and the optical code reader are moving relative to each other, and data of the optical code are validated if it is determined the optical code and the optical code reader are not moving relative to each other.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally r lates to an optical code reader and a process for reading optical codes, and particularly, to a portable optical code reader using a laser beam and a process for reading optical codes using the optical code reader.
2. Description of the Related Art
Recently, a control of commodities using an optical mark such as a bar code has been widespread among retail stores of many kinds. Accordingly, a demand for a system such as a point-of-sale (POS) system which is necessary for such control of commodities has increased.
In the POS system, an apparatus for reading optical marks such as a bar code reader for reading bar codes have been widely used, and as kinds of commodities dealt with has increased, demands for a bar code reader which may handle such a variety of commodities have also increased.
A so-called "bar code menu" is a list of bar codes, each of which corresponds to a commodity or good onto which a bar code cannot be attached for reasons such as appearance problem or heaviness, and is usually printed onto a sheet of plastic-type paper. For such a bar code menu, a pen-type bar code reader or a touch-scanner which is portable are currently used and are brought directly above a bar code to read. However, one of the problems associated with such portable apparatus is that the length of a scanning beam generated from the apparatus is relatively short.
On the other hand, a bar code reader using a laser beam, which is commonly used by a cashier in a supermarket, etc., is characterized by its long length of the scanning beam and therefore the bar code reader is capable of reading a bar code attached to a commodity even if the commodity is some distance away from a reading site of the apparatus.
A development which has been achieved recently is that the above-mentioned two functions are combined in a bar code reader. That is, the bar code reader is fixed by using, for example, a holder when reading a bar code attached to ordinary goods, and it is released from the holder and used as a portable bar code reader when reading a "bar code menu" or a bar code attached to goods which cannot be moved.
However, since the scanning beam generated from such a bar code reader can reach a relatively long distance, the bar code reader often reads bar codes which are located in the vicinity of an objective bar code in a "bar code menu" as well. Also, since the bar code reader keeps generating a scanning beam even when used as a portable bar code reader, it reads every bar codes, including the ones that are not required to be read, over which it passes during a transfer from one to the other.
If the length of the scanning beam is shortened in order to avoid the above-mentioned problems, the possibility of such accidents cannot be eliminated completely but also the bar code reader may not be used as a fixed apparatus.

Optical code reader and process for reading optical codes


A system and a method provide compression and decompression of weights of a layer of a neural network. For compression, the values of the weights are pruned and the weights of a layer are configured as a tensor having a tensor size of H×W×C in which H represents a height of the tensor, W represents a width of the tensor, and C represents a number of channels of the tensor. The tensor is formatted into at least one block of values. Each block is encoded independently from other blocks of the tensor using at least one lossless compression mode. For decoding, each block is decoded independently from other blocks using at least one decompression mode corresponding to the at least one compression mode used to compress the block; and deformatted into a tensor having the size of H×W×C.

Deep neural networks have recently been dominating a wide range of applications ranging from computer vision (image classification, image segmentation), natural language processing (word-level prediction, speech recognition, and machine translation) to medical imaging, and so on. Dedicated hardware has been designed to run the deep neural networks as efficiently as possible. On the software side, however, some research has focused on minimizing memory and computational requirements of these networks during runtime.
When attempting to train neural networks on embedded devices having limited memory, it is important to minimize the memory requirements of the algorithm as much as possible. During training a majority of the memory is actually occupied by the activation maps. For example, activation maps of current deep neural network systems consume between approximately 60% and 85% of the total memory required for the system. The weights of a convolutional neural network, which typically belong to either a convolutional layer or to a fully connected layer, similarly occupy a significant part of the memory. Consequently, reducing the memory footprint associated with activation maps and with the weights becomes a significant part of reducing the entire memory footprint of a training algorithm.

Lossless compression of neural network weights


An 11T single signal and a 3T single signal are recorded on a DVD−RW at the optimum recording power P1 and a recording power P2 of an intensity of 85% with relative to the optimum recording power P1, and then these signals are reproduced to calculate asymmetry values A1 and A2. If a difference (A1-A2) between both asymmetry values is equal to or greater than a reference value of 0.05, it is judged that a method using the asymmetry value is available for the OPC, and if the difference is less than a reference value of 0.05, it is judged that the method is not available. Then, the judgment result is recorded on the DVD−RW as a flag. A DVD drive judges whether or not the asymmetry value is used for the OPC on the basis of the flag.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an optical information recording medium such as DVD−RW (Digital Versatile Disc ReWritable), a method of generating a flag to be recorded onto the information recording medium, a method of producing the information recoding medium, a method of adjusting recording conditions of the information recording medium, a method of recording for the information recording medium, and an information recording device and particularly relates to an information recording medium capable of selecting a recording speed, the method of producing the same, a flag generating method, a method of adjusting recording conditions of the information recording medium, a method of recoding for the information recording medium, and the information recording device.
2. Description of the Related Art
Recently, recordable type optical discs such as a DVD-R, a DVD−RW, and a DVD+RW have been developed. Some optical discs among them are sold in a market together with information recording devices (drives) which record and reproduce information on the optical disc. When the information recording devices record information onto the optical disc, the devices confirm whether or not a power of a laser light for carrying out recording (hereinafter, referred to as a recording power) has a proper value. This confirmation operation is generally called OPC (Optimum Power Control), which is very important operation for the recordable type disc.
The optical information recording device has an optical head. The optical head emits a laser light, which is irradiated onto a recording surface of the optical disc. At the time, a recording power of the laser light to be irradiated onto the optical disc is changed corresponding to various factors. Therefore, the optical information recording device may allow the optical head to emit a laser light having a predetermined power, but in fact, the practical power of the laser light to be irradiated onto the optical disc is often shifted off from a proper range of the power. Then, a function of the OPC is that the recording power is calibrated based on an information obtained from a practical recorded signal.
For example, as described in the DVD−RW standard statement "DVD Specifications for Re-recordable Disc (DVD−RW) Part 1 PHYSICAL SPECIFICATIONS Version 1.1" and the DVD-R standard statement "DVD Specifications for Recordable Disc for General (DVD-R for General) Part 1 PHYSICAL SPECIFICATIONS Version 2.0", as a method of OPC, a β method of using a β value having correlation with respect to an asymmetry value and a γ method of using a γ value having correlation with respect to a signal amplification (modulation) of a reproduced signal.
First, the β method will be explained as follows. FIG. 1 is a graph in which X-axis is defined by time and Y-axis is defined by output of signal, and by which the definition of the asymmetry value is explained. FIG. 2 is a graph in which X-axis is defined by time and Y-axis is defined by output of signal from which DC (direct current) component is removed, and by which the definition of the β value is explained. FIG. 3 is a graph in which X-axis is defined by a recording power and Y-axis is defined by an asymmetry value and a jitter value, and by which correlation among the recording power, the asymmetry value, and the jitter are shown.
After a relatively long period signal such as 11T single signal is recorded onto an optical disc, in which a longer mark (amorphous area) having a length which is eleventh times (11T) longer than a channel clock period T and a longer space (crystallized area) having a length of 11T are alternatively repeated, a relatively short period signal such as 3T single signal is recorded, which includes a shorter mark having 3T length and a shorter space having a 3T length, and these signals are reproduced. As a result, the output waveform is measured as shown in FIG. 1. A value of the output signal corresponding to the above-mentioned longer space is defined by V1, a value of the output signal corresponding to the above-mentioned longer mark is defined by V2, a value of the output signal corresponding to the above-mentioned shorter space is defined by V3, a value of the output signal corresponding to the above-mentioned shorter mark is defined by V4. Then, the value of V1 becomes greater than the value of V3, and the value of V2 becomes less than the value of V4. That is why the longer space becomes lighter than the shorter space and the longer mark becomes darker than the shorter mark, when a reproducing laser light is irradiated thereon. And, an asymmetry value A is defined by following equation 1. As shown by the equation 1, the asymmetrical value A is a value obtained by normalizing difference between the center of amplitude of the long period signal (11T single signal) and the center of amplitude of the short period signal (3T single signal).A={(V1+V2)−(V3+V4)}/{2×(V1−V2)}  [Equation 1]
Further, the β value is an asymmetry value to be easily calculated based on a signal obtained by removing the DC (direct current) component from the above-mentioned output signal. Its content is as same as that of the asymmetrical value to be defined by the equation 1. The β value can be obtained according to following procedures. Namely, in the optical information recording device (drive), a DC component is removed from the output signal shown in FIG. 1 to generate an AC signal. The output waveform is shown in FIG. 2. Then, if a value of the output signal corresponding to a longer space at the AC signal is defined by V5, a value of the output signal corresponding to a longer mark is defined by V6, the β value is defined by following equation 2.β=(V5+V6)/{2×(V5−V6)}  [Equation 2]
Here, an average value of the output signals shown in FIG. 1 is adopted as 0 level of the AC signal shown in FIG. 2. A practical output signal includes many short-period-components, so that the 0 level of the AC signal becomes substantially equal to the center of the amplitude of the short period signal. Accordingly, as represented by the equation 2, only output signal values V5 and V6 of signals, each whose period is long, are used in order to calculate the β value. However, information of the short period signal is included in the value of 0 level, so that the β value can be used as an asymmetry value. And, in a practical optical information recording device, a signal from which a DC component is removed, is often handled in order to ease amplification of signal using an amplifier. It takes more time to complete the calculation of the equation 1 than the calculation of the equation 2. Therefore, in the optical information recording device, the β value is often used as the asymmetry value.
And, as shown in FIG. 3, the asymmetry value (the β value) is dependent on a recording power. The higher the recording power is, the greater the asymmetry value becomes. Hereinafter, this reason will be explained. The greater the recording power is, the bigger a mark (amorphous portion) to be formed on the optical disc becomes. This mark becomes dark, so that corresponding output signal is lowered. The lowering of the output signal becomes more outstanding, as the mark becomes shorter. Accordingly, the output signal having a shorter mark is largely lowered in accompanying with the increase of the recording power. On the other hand, the output signal of the longer mark is not lowered so much. Thus, the more the recording power increases, the bigger difference between the output signal of the relatively shorter mark and the output signal of the relatively longer mark becomes, so that the asymmetry value will be increased.
In this way, the β method is a method of adjusting the recording power, using the characteristic that the asymmetry value has a recording power dependency. Namely, as shown in FIG. 3, the jitter value is dependent on the recording power, and there exists a recording power whose jitter value becomes minimum, i.e. an optimum laser power P1. However, the jitter value is a static amount, so that it is difficult to measure the value for a short time. Therefore, an asymmetry value A1 at a recording power P1 whose jitter value becomes minimum is beforehand measured, and the value A1 is set as an asymmetry value of a target. And, on the occasion of recording, by searching the recording power so as to obtain an asymmetry value A1 of the target, the recording power is adjusted. In this way, in order to perform OPC using the asymmetry value (the β value) by the β method, in view of its principle, it is necessary that the asymmetry value has a recording power dependency to some extent.
Next, the γ method will be briefly explained. The γ method is a method in which a signal amplitude of a reproduced signal is differentiated by a recording power, the γ value is obtained which is normalized by the magnitude of the signal amplitude, and the recording power that the γ value which becomes 1.5 is thereafter multiplied by 1.22, so that an optimum power is obtained.
Generally, the β method in which relation between the longer mark and the shorter mark is monitored, is more reliable than the γ method in which only signal amplitude is monitored. Further, in the γ method, the above-mentioned coefficients 1.5 and 1.22 are mere recommended values. Depending on an optical head and a medium, any other values may be desirable. Therefore, generally, the γ method is hard to use, i.e. this method is not used so actively.
However, in the above conventional arts, there is a following problem. Recently, a DVD−RW and a DVD+RW in which a phase change recording layer is used, have been able to be applied to high-speed recording. A medium whose range of applicable recording speed (cover range) is widely adopted, i.e. a medium which can record information not only at a specific speed but also at a speed which is higher than the specific speed is realized. Specifically, a medium is realized in which both recording at such a specific speed (1×-speed Write Strategy) and recording at a speed being twice as rapid as the specific speed (2×-speed Write Strategy) can be carried out.
However, the present inventors have found out that if recording is carried out at a relatively low speed with respect to the medium corresponding to high-speed recording in case of the phase change recording layer, an asymmetry value will not be dependent on the recording power. This reason is assumed as follows. It is necessary that a recorded information can be erased by irradiation of laser light for a shorter time than on the occasion of low-speed recording in order to enable high-speed recording by a phase change type medium. Therefore, the phase change recording layer needs to be easy to be crystallized. However, as a result, if recording is carried out by irradiating a laser light onto the phase change recording layer with a relatively greater recording power for a relatively long time on the occasion of low-speed recording, the mark which has been at once amorphous will be re-crystallized by remaining heat from the periphery of the heat, so that the mark will become less. Therefore, even if the recording power is increased, the mark will not become so large, so that the recording power dependency of a signal level corresponding to the mark becomes small. As a result, the recording power dependency of the asymmetrical value will become small.
Thus, the recording power dependency of the asymmetry value becomes small on the occasion of the low-speed recording, whereby the β method can be used on the occasion of high-speed recording, but the β method is not available on the occasion of low-speed recording using the same medium. For example, this causes following problems. If a recording power adjusting device employing the β method as OPC is mounted to a drive only corresponding to 1×-speed recording and thereafter this drive is on sale, there is no problem when a medium only corresponding to 1×-speed recording is used by the drive. However, thereafter, for example, in a case where a medium corresponding to both 1×-speed recording and 2×-speed recording appears, if such a novel medium is used by the above-mentioned drive only corresponding to 1×-speed recording, the drive can perform recording at only 1×-speed, so that the β method which cannot be used at 1×-speed recording is available for OPC to perform 1×-speed recording. This means that the drive erroneously learns the optimum recording power, resulting in that a normal recording will not be possible. Needless to say, such a situation should be avoided absolutely.

Information recording medium, method of generating flag, method of producing information recording medium, method of adjusting recording conditions of information recording medium, method of recording for information recording medium and information recording device


Device for machining work pieces rotating around a work piece axis (Z) with a tool that rotates around a tool axis, where a clamping device (9) is transferred into a first position, a work piece to be machined is clamped on said clamping device, the clamping device (9) with the work piece clamped thereon is transferred from the first position into a spatially separated second position where it can be driven to rotate around the work piece axis (Z) by a work piece spindle (1) connected to the clamping device (9) and after the work piece has been machined, the clamping device (9) is transferred from the second into the first position, wherein the clamping device (9) is separated from the work piece spindle (1) in the transfer from the second into the first position, and connected to the work piece spindle (1) in the transfer from the first into the second position (FIG. 1).

In a known method of the type described above, where the work pieces are gear wheels and the tool is a grinding worm to cut the teeth of the gear wheels (DE 198 57 592 A1), the clamping device is an inseparable component of the work piece spindle. Consequently, the work piece spindle, its power steering, and a carriage that guides it along a machining axis must be moved back and forth between the first and the second position. This requires a relatively high structural effort with the device used for performing the method. The structural effort is further increased because a second work piece spindle with power steering and guide carriage is required, since the loading of work pieces in the first position and the machining of work pieces from the second position is performed in a time overlap to shorten the machining times.
The object of the invention is to create a method and a device of the type described above which require less structural efforts.
The object of the invention is attained with a method where the clamping device is separated from the work piece spindle when it is transferred from the second position into the first position, and is connected with the work piece spindle when it is transferred from the first into the second position.

Method and device for machining work pieces that rotate around a work piece axis


A hidden line processing method includes the steps of obtaining the maximum value PZmax of the Z-axis direction component of each vertex in a viewpoint coordinate system for each of the plurality of polygons; sorting the plurality of polygons in a descending order based on the obtained maximum values PZmax; obtaining a value LZmin that is the smaller of the Z-axis direction components in the viewpoint coordinate system of two end points of an arbitrary line obtained from the plurality of polygons; and comparing the maximum value PZmax of the Z-axis direction component of the plurality of polygons with the value LZmin that is the smaller of the above obtained Z-axis direction components of the arbitrary line, in the sorted order, wherein at the time when LZmin≧PZmax, determination of whether or not the lines are hidden lines is avoided for polygons subsequent to the plurality of polygons sorted.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to a hidden line processing method in converting three-dimensional image data into two-dimensional data. More particularly, the present invention relates to a processing method and an information processing apparatus for processing hidden lines, capable of processing at a high speed, in converting three-dimensional image data consisting of polygons into two-dimensional data, as well as to a program for controlling the processing method.
2. Description of the Related Art
In these years, three-dimensional CADs and mechanism simulators have become widely used, in development of industrial products. Along with this, the cases have been more frequently seen where shape recognition of products are handled as models having virtual three-dimensional space coordinate data.
On the other hand, at production sites, it is the current state that displayed screens on displays or instruction manuals for assembling are often used when models are observed and grabbed. Therefore, it is desired that a line image is displayed or created as an image in an instruction manual for assembling is created through projecting a model represented by three-dimensional coordinate data onto the two-dimensional plane of the display from a direction.
Here, in the case where a model projected onto a two-dimensional plane or a model created for an instruction manual for assembling is assembled from a plurality of parts and each of the parts consists of a plurality of polygons, the above model has data for polygons and lines constituting the parts that do not appear on the surface of its visible area.
Therefore, in the case where the three-dimensional data of the polygons contained in the model are simply converted into two-dimensional data and are displayed on a display screen or are converted into an image for an instruction manual for assembling, the lines and faces hidden by the surface of the model are also displayed. In this case, the mode image displayed or the model image drawn on the instruction manual for assembling is hard to understand.
Thus, the function of processing the hidden lines and hidden faces for not displaying the lines and faces not necessary for displaying is an essential technique for making the shapes in the image more recognizable. As such a technique for processing hidden lines and hidden faces, Z-buffer method and scan-line method are known. The Z-buffer method is a method for displaying with priority the polygons having coordinates close to the viewpoint side by having a buffer memory corresponding to a three-dimensional space and sorting the three-dimensional coordinates that a plurality of polygons constituting the model have. Therefore, the polygons having the coordinates farther that those of the polygons displayed with priority are not displayed. That is, the hidden lines are processed such that they are erased.
In addition, the scan-line method is a method for hidden-face-erasing processing by slicing the model in the vertical direction and scanning from the viewpoint the sectional views.
However, in these conventional techniques, the following drawbacks are present. In the Z-buffer method described first, though it is possible to create an image in a short time by executing the hidden-line/hidden-face processing to the raster data using the known techniques such as the Z buffer it is impossible to execute operations such as enlarging/reducing/color-changing of specific lines when creating drawings and instruction manuals for assembling. Because of such points, the method has problems in operability and display quality in the process for converting into the two-dimensional data.
In the case of the scan-line method described secondly, it is a preferable method because the above problems in the Z-buffer method are avoided and the operability is excellent when vector data are used for creating drawings and instruction manuals for assembling. However, the method has problems that it is necessary to execute hidden-line/hidden-face processing analytically and a large amount of memory consumption and processing time are necessary and, therefore, it is difficult to apply the method to a large-scale three-dimensional coordinate model.
Considering such points, a method for facilitating speedup of processing by reducing the number of polygons to be processed by selecting only the faces facing the front side against the viewpoint as the faces to be hidden-line processed has been proposed previously by the inventor (see Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Pub. No. 1993-67219).
In addition, as other techniques relating to hidden-face processing, an invention which has a circuit for, taking the image processing of a rotating object as a target, obtaining the inner product of the normal vector of a polygon face and a rotation-processed line-of-sight vector and determining whether the polygon is visible or invisible from the value of the obtained inner product (see Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Pub. No. 1995-37120) and an invention for, providing a Z-buffer, executing hidden-face processing using the Z-buffer method when overlapping of representative values of coordinates in all the three directions of X, Y and Z is detected and executing hidden-face processing by overwriting when any overlapping is detected (see Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Pub. No. 2000-268191) have been presented.
Furthermore, as techniques proposed previously by the inventor, an invention in which, when three-dimensional shape information of a solid is converted into two-dimensional shape information, only the hidden lines present on the side in a specific direction against an arbitrary boundary plane crossing the solid are outputted is listed (see Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Pub. No. 2003-1817263).

Hidden line processing method for erasing hidden lines in projecting a three-dimensional model consisting of a plurality of polygons onto a two-dimensional plane


An exercise apparatus includes a reciprocating body reciprocatably mounted between spaced and parallel first and second guide plates having respective first and second slots, with the first and second slots arranged to slidably receive first and second U-shaped locks arranged to lock and secure the reciprocating body relative to a central lock plate, that in turn is reciprocatably mounted within a second tube received within a first tube within the reciprocating body, such that the first and second tubes include respective first and second springs positioned on opposed sides of the central lock plate.

1. Field of the Invention
The field of invention relates to exercise apparatus, and more particularly pertains to a new and improved exercise apparatus arranged to permit torso exercise of an individual.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Exercise apparatus of various types have been indicated in the prior art and exemplified by the U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,231,568; 5,129,873; 3,893,667; 4,750,74O; and 5,072,932.
The instant invention attempts to overcome deficiencies of the prior art by providing for an exercise apparatus arranged for ease of use as well effectiveness in construction and in this respect, the present invention substantially fulfills this need to permit ease of exercising of an individual's torso.


A direct memory access apparatus includes a CPU, and data of one byte or more to be transferred is stored in a working RAM of the CPU or an external storage unit. The external storage unit includes a memory cartridge or a CD-ROM, and stores parameter data including the number of data to be transferred, and a first address and second address for direct memory access. Prior to a start of the direct memory access, the parameter data is read and, when a horizontal blanking signal is generated from a counter included in a video processor, the data is read from the working RAM or the external storage unit in accordance with the first address value and the data is transferred to an internal memory of the video processor in accordance with the second address value.

1. Field of the invention
The present invention relates to a direct memory access apparatus in an image processing system and an external storage device used therein. More specifically, the present invention relates to a direct memory access apparatus used in an image processing system which displays a image on a raster scan type monitor such as a CRT display or the like.
2. Description of the prior art
One prior art image processing device that displays an image on a raster scan monitor is disclosed in Japanese Patent Publication No. 2-7478 published on Feb. 19, 1990 (corresponding U.S. Pat. No. 4,824,106). When changing display data on a given horizontal line in such a type of image processing device, generally, a CPU verify that the monitor has entered a horizontal blanking period and then the CPU changes either the display data or display parameters.
One disadvantage of the above-noted prior art is that the CPU is overburdened in executing its tasks. Another disadvantage is that because the horizontal blanking period is short, only a limited amount of data can be changed during that period. In TV game machines that do not afford expensive high-speed CPU's, the program involved can be quite complex. This makes it practically impossible to change display data on a horizontal line by horizontal line basis.

Direct memory access apparatus in image processing system and external storage device used therein


Method and apparatus for producing an accurately positioned white layer to serve as an undercoat for inkjet process colors imaging on a substrate, by accurately ink jetting a colorless loosely-bonded frame onto the substrate, thereby defining an area to be imaged, ink jetting or spraying a white layer, the white layer at least partially overlapping the frame and covering the area defined by the frame.

In ink jet systems, each drop is accurately placed on the printed substrate. The accuracy is achieved by a number of different techniques like continuous spray Inkjet and drop on demand Inkjet.
The method of Inkjet printing places certain restraints on the type and composition of inks that may be used. For instance, it is very difficult to use inks that have abrasive pigments such as metallics or titanium dioxide. Also, inks must have relatively low viscosities (generally less than approximately 30 centipoises) at the point of jetting. Thirdly, the presence of binding polymer is limited as it may cause tailing. In addition, inks containing cross-linking agents could cause blocking of the jet orifices.
Such inks, that are not useable for inkjet, are still useable in other printing technologies such as offset and flexography and in painting technologies such as airbrush, which yield less accurate results than the printing technologies.
When attempting to operate an ink jet printer to print transparent process colors on a non-white surface, a major problem is getting the right printed tint, since any substrate coloration over the non-white surface will cause color distortion owing to the transparent nature of process colors.
Current Inkjet printing systems are therefore limited to printing process colors on opaque white backgrounds, or to printing opaque spot colors only, where the large color span of the process colors is not needed.
It is possible for some applications to preprint a white background by using a different printing technology, such as Flexographic printing, but this means that a separate flexographic or other printing plate would have to be prepared and the substrate run through the printing press as a different process. In addition, objects printed by Inkjet printing may be of a variety of shapes, taking advantage of the fact that Inkjet is a non-contact printing technology, capable of printing on e.g. printing fragile surfaces. Inkjet also has the ability to print variable information and would not be suitable for all types of contact print surfaces. If the shape of the area printed by inkjet is pre-set, some of the variable information advantages of the inkjet are lost. Also, if the white tint layer is printed in a different machine than the Inkjet printer, severe color registration problems may be faced, as in applications where the white tint is only placed at the same location where the images are later located, the exact location of the white image needs to be identified by the Inkjet machine. In addition, contact printing of the white under-layer can only be done if the surface is of a regular shape.
There is need for an apparatus and method for printing an opaque white undercoat by spray or inkjet onto any flat or curved surface, wherein the shape of the white undercoat matches accurately the shape of the color image to be printed thereon.

Using continuous spray inkjet system for accurately printing titanium oxide based inks


The present invention is based on the discovery that viscosification agents selected from sulfonated and neutralized sulfonated ionomers can be readily incorporated into oil-based drilling muds in the form of an oil soluble concentrate containing the polymer. Thus, one embodiment of the present invention provides an additive concentrate for oil-based drilling muds comprising a drilling oil, especially a low toxicity oil, and from about 5 gm to about 20 gm of sulfonated or neutralized sulfonated polymer per 100 gm of oil. Indeed, oil solutions obtained from the sulfonated and neutralized sulfonated polymers used as viscosification agents are readily incorporated into drilling mud formulations.

In drilling for oil and gas, drilling muds play an important role. Drilling muds are the fluids which are used to maintain pressure, cool drill bits, and lift cuttings from the drill holes. Although drilling muds vary in composition over a wide spectrum, generally, they fall into two classes; either aqueous formulations or oil formulations.
The choice of formulation used is dictated in part by the nature of the formation in which drilling is to take place. For example, in various types of shale formations, the use of conventional water-based muds can result in a deterioration and collapse of the formation. The use of an oil-based formulation circumvents this problem.
A conventional oil-based drilling mud formulation is comprised basically of the following ingredients: oil (generally a diesel oil), emulsifying agents (alkaline soaps of fatty acids), wetting agents (dodecylbenzene sulfonate), water (generally a NaCl or CaCl.sub.2 brine), barite, barium sulfate, or other weighting agents, and normally amine treated clays (employed as a viscosification agent).
More recently, neutralized sulfonated ionomers have been found to be particularly useful as viscosification agents in oil-based drilling muds. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,442,011 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,447,338.
These neutralized sulfonated ionomers are prepared by sulfonating an unsaturated polymer such as butyl rubber, EPDM terpolymer, partially hydrogenated polyisoprenes and polybutadienes. The sulfonated polymer is then neutralized with a base and thereafter steam stripped to remove the free carboxylic acid formed and to provide a neutralized sulfonated polymer crumb.
To incorporate the polymer crumb in an oil-based drilling mud, the crumb must be milled, typically with a small amount of clay as a grinding aid, to get it in a form that is combinable with the oil and to keep it as a noncaking friable powder. Often, the milled crumb is blended with lime to reduce the possibility of gelling when used in the oil. Subsequently, the ionomer containing powder is dissolved in the oil used in the drilling mud composition. Unfortunately, the crumb, either alone or with lime, is difficult to dissolve, which is an especially serious disadvantage in the field.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide sulfonated polymers, including neutralized sulfonated polymers, in a form readily combinable with other drilling mud components.
Another object of the invention is to provide an improved method for preparing oil-based drilling mud compositions.
These and other objects w ill be readily appreciated upon a reading of the description which follows.

Drilling mud additives and in adding viscosification additives to oil-based drilling muds


A device for coupling a radio frequency transceiver of an MRI system utilizes a tunable hybrid network. The network is formed of fixed value capacitors connected to transmission lines that provide inductive reactance to the network. The connection of the components is such that an input signal applied to one node produces a pair of signals in quadrature at two other nodes. In order to insure that the pair of signals have the proper phase and amplitude relationship a fixed capacitor is connected across specific pairs of the transmission lines. The point of connection of that capacitor to the transmission lines is chosen to properly tune the network.

The present invention relates to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) systems; and more particularly to devices which couple a radio frequency antenna to transmitter and/or receiver circuits in the system.
Magnetic resonance has been developed as an imaging method useful in diagnostic medicine. In magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), a body being imaged, such as a medical patient, is held within a uniform magnetic field oriented along a Z axis of a Cartesian coordinate system. Magnetic gradient fields G.sub.x, G.sub.y and G.sub.z are applied along the X, Y and Z axes to impress position information onto the MRI signals through phase and frequency encoding.
The net magnetizations of the nuclei in the body then are excited to precession by a radio frequency (RF) pulse that is applied through a switch and a coupler to an antenna located adjacent the object being imaged. The coupler splits the RF pulse into two signals I and Q in quadrature which are coupled to the antenna. In some instances the RF pulse is used to excite nuclei throughout most of the body, in which case the antenna is relatively large and can consume 2.5 KW of power, for example. In other instances a smaller antenna is used to excite nuclei in only a portion of the body, the head of a patient for example. In this latter case the small antenna is placed locally about that portion and requires less power.
The decaying precession of the spinning nuclei produces the MRI signal, which has an amplitude that is dependent, among other factors, on the number of precession nuclei per volume within the image body, termed the "spin density." The MRI signal induces two quadrature signals in the antenna. In the receiving mode, the signals from the antenna are switched from the coupler to a receiver.
The excitation and signal reception modes are repeated to acquire a number of "views", a view being defined as one or more MRI signal acquisitions made under the same X and Y gradient fields. The views then are processed to reconstruct an image of the object.
Conventional couplers for the RF antenna were quadrature hybrid devices comprising four one-quarter wavelength transmission lines connected as sides of a square network. In the excitation mode, the RF signal was applied to one corner of the square network and the outputs for the I and Q signals were at the next two adjacent corners, respectively. Each input and output of the network had the same impedance (e.g. 50 ohms). An equivalent "dummy load" impedance was connected to the fourth corner of the network. Two MRI systems employ an RF excitation signal having center frequencies of 21.3 MHz. or 63.86 MHz., depending upon the strength of the magnetic field. For a 21.3 MHz. excitation signal, each transmission line had to be approximately ninety inches (228 cm) long, whereas a thirty inch (76 cm) transmission line is required at 63.86 MHz. For these transmission line lengths, the enclosure for the coupler becomes extremely large. In the reception mode, the receiver was coupled to the fourth corner of the network in place of the dummy load and another dummy load was connected to the one corner instead of the excitation signal.
A quadrature hybrid network using lumped elements can be substituted for the transmission line network described above. One form of such a hybrid network comprises a set of capacitors connected in a square with each corner being connected to ground potential by an inductor formed by a relatively short transmission line. The signals are applied to and fed from the corners of the network. However, in this type of network the values of the inductive reactance and capacitance must be very precise or variable to properly balance the network. An imbalanced network will not produce excitation output signals that are exactly ninety degrees out of phase or of unequal amplitude. Unequal or out of quadrature signals adversely affect the nuclei excitation and the subsequent acquisition of MRI signals. An imbalanced network conversely affects the reception of signals from the antenna. Although variable capacitors theoretically could be used, thus making the coupling network tunable, the power levels dictate very large and bulky capacitors and such devices are prone to arcing.

Tunable signal coupler for a magnetic resonance imaging system


A current generator circuit included in a triangle-wave generator circuit in a control circuit includes plural stages of current mirrors connected in parallel with each other. The plural stages of current mirrors are placed so that the sum of output currents output therefrom becomes an output current of the current generator circuit. A switching element that controls the on/off state of a current in accordance with the amount of load current of a DCDC converter is connected to each of the current mirrors.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a control circuit. Further, the present invention relates to a DCDC converter controlled by the control circuit and a driving method thereof.
2. Description of the Related Art
PWM control is known as one of methods for controlling a DCDC converter that changes output power in accordance with the load of a circuit and outputs stable voltage.
Pulse width modulation (PWM) is a modulation method of changing the duty cycle of an output pulse. For example, in the case of applying PWM to a DCDC converter, an output voltage can be close to a desired value in the following manner: the difference between an intended voltage and an output voltage that varies depending on the size of a load of a circuit connected to the output side of the DCDC converter is fed back, and the duty cycle of an output pulse is changed in accordance with the difference.
As an example of a conventional DCDC converter, FIG. 6 illustrates an example of a step-up DCDC converter to which a control circuit is connected. A DCDC converter 10 includes a control circuit 20, a switching transistor 11, an inductor 13, a diode 15, a capacitor 17, a resistor 19a, and a resistor 19b. Moreover, the DCDC converter 10 has an input terminal (POWER) to which a DC power source is connected, and an output terminal (OUTPUT) connected to a load circuit.
An output terminal of the control circuit 20 is connected to a gate of the switching transistor 11. The on/off state of the switching transistor 11 is controlled with a pulse output from the control circuit 20.
When the switching transistor 11 is on, a current flows through the inductor 13 in accordance with the difference between an input voltage and a ground voltage. Since electromotive force is generated by self induction in the direction opposite to that of the current flowing through the inductor 13, the current is gradually increased.
Next, when the switching transistor 11 is turned off, the path of the current that has passed through the inductor 13 until then is interrupted. In the inductor 13, electromotive force is generated in the direction that interferes with the change of this current, that is, in the direction opposite to that at the time when the switching transistor 11 is on. Thus, a current corresponding to this electromotive force flows through the inductor 13. At this time, the potential of a node between the inductor 13 and the diode 15 is higher than the potential of the input terminal, so that a voltage higher than an input voltage (a power supply voltage of the DC power source) is output to the output terminal of the DCDC converter 10. The converter with this configuration is therefore called a step-up converter.
The potential of the node between the inductor 13 and the diode 15 at the time when the switching transistor 11 is off is increased in proportion to the current that has flowed through the inductor 13 just before the switching transistor 11 is turned off. In other words, the longer the time during which the switching transistor 11 is on is, the higher the potential of the node is. Thus, when the duty cycle of an output pulse signal of the control circuit 20 is high, the voltage can be stepped up so that the difference between the output voltage and the input voltage is large, whereas when the duty cycle is small, the voltage can be stepped up so that the difference of these voltages is small. By adjusting the duty cycle, the output voltage of the DCDC converter 10 can be closed to a desired voltage.
Here, the control circuit 20 includes a triangle-wave generator circuit 21, an error amplifier 23, and a PWM buffer 25. The error amplifier 23 outputs a voltage signal whose level corresponds to the difference between the output voltage of the DCDC converter 10 and a desired voltage. The PWM buffer 25 outputs a pulse having a waveform with a duty cycle corresponding to the above voltage difference to the gate of the switching transistor 11, by using an output voltage from the error amplifier 23 and a triangle-wave voltage output from the triangle-wave generator circuit 21.
FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of two input signals input from the triangle-wave generator circuit 21 and the error amplifier 23 to the PWM buffer 25, and an output signal of the PWM buffer 25 generated with the input signals. Here, a solid line 51 indicates the input signal input from the triangle-wave generator circuit 21 to the PWM buffer 25. A solid line 53 indicates the input signal input from the error amplifier 23. A solid line 55 indicates the output signal of the PWM buffer 25. The PWM buffer 25 in this configuration compares a voltage of the input signal from the error amplifier 23 and a voltage of the input signal from the triangle-wave generator circuit 21, and outputs a high-level voltage when the voltage of the input signal from the triangle-wave generator circuit 21 is the higher and outputs a low-level voltage when the voltage of the input signal from the triangle-wave generator circuit 21 is the lower. As illustrated in FIG. 7, the duty cycle of the output pulse from the PWM buffer 25 is changed in accordance with the level of the voltage of the input signal from the error amplifier 23, that is, in accordance with the difference between the output voltage of the DCDC converter 10 and a desired voltage.
In general, when considering the power efficiency of a DCDC converter, power loss due to components other than a control circuit (e.g., parasitic resistance of an inductor and a capacitor, voltage across a diode, and on-resistance of a switching transistor) is a dominant factor on the high output power side with a large load current. On the other hand, on the low output power side with a small load current, power loss due to the control circuit is a dominant factor in degradation of power efficiency.
When considering factors in power loss due to the control circuit, power loss due to a PWM buffer is the largest among three circuit elements of a triangle-wave generator circuit, an error amplifier, and the PWM buffer. Specifically, power loss due to the influence of charging and discharging of gate capacitance of a switching transistor connected to the PWM buffer is given. The power loss at the time of switching is proportional to the value of the gate capacitance of the switching transistor and proportional to switching cycles per unit time, that is, the sampling frequency. Here, the sampling frequency is a frequency equal to the oscillation frequency of a triangle wave output from the triangle-wave generator circuit.
Therefore, the sampling frequency needs to be lowered in order to increase the power efficiency on the low output power side of a DCDC converter. In light of the above, a method of changing the oscillation frequency of a triangle-wave generator circuit has been proposed (Patent Document 1).

Control circuit, DCDC converter, and driving method

Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd.


The present technology relates to an acoustic signal processing apparatus, an acoustic signal processing method, a program, and a recording medium for improving a localization of sound of a sound image at a position deviated from the front center plane of a listener to the left side of the right side. A binauralization processing unit generates a first binaural signal by superimposing an HRTF on an opposite side of a sound source on an acoustic signal and a second binaural signal by attenuating components of a band in which a first notch and a second notch of the HRTF on the opposite side of the sound source appear among components of a signal obtained by superimposing an HRTF on a side of the sound source on the acoustic signal. A crosstalk compensation processing unit performs, with respect to the first binaural signal and the second binaural signal, a crosstalk compensation for canceling out an acoustic transfer characteristic and a crosstalk. The present technology can be applied to, for example, an AV amplifier.

In recent years, in the area of stereophonics, there is a tendency to express an acoustic field in an up-down direction by adding a speaker on the upper side as well as on a lateral side and a rear side.
On the other hand, not many families install as many speakers as the number of channels in a home theater, and hence a product of virtual surround system (front surround system) that artificially creates a surround acoustic field only with a front speaker is getting mass popularity.
Therefore, it is assumed that few families install a speaker on the upper side as the lateral side and the rear side, and hence a method of artificially creating the speaker on the upper side only with the front speaker is needed in the same manner as the conventional front surround system.
It has been known that peaks and dips appearing on a high frequency side in amplitude-frequency characteristic of a head-related transfer function (HRTF) is a telling clue for a localization of sound of a sound image in the up-down direction and the front-back direction (see, for example, Patent Document 1). It is assumed that these peaks and dips are formed mainly by reflection, diffraction, and resonance due to a shape of an ear.
Further, as shown in FIG. 1, it is indicated that a positive peak P1 appearing near 4 kHz and two notches N1 and N2 appearing first in a frequency band equal to or higher than the frequency band where the peak P1 appears among these peaks and dips have particularly high contribution to the localization of sound in the up-down and front-back directions (see, for example, Non-Patent Document 1).
In this specification, the dip indicates a portion that is recessed in the downward direction compared to a surrounding portion on a waveform diagram such as the amplitude-frequency characteristic of the HRTF. The notch indicates, among the dips, a dip particularly having a narrow width (for example, a bandwidth in the amplitude-frequency characteristic of the HRTF) and a depth equal to or deeper than a predetermined depth, i.e., a sharp negative peak appearing on the waveform diagram.
It is not recognized that the peak P1 depends on a direction of a sound source, and hence the peak P1 appears in the virtually same band regardless of the direction of the sound source. In Non-Patent Document 1, it is considered that the peak P1 is a reference signal used for a human sensory system to search for the notches N1 and N2, and a physical parameter that substantially contributes to the localization of sound in the up-down and front-back directions includes the notches N1 and N2.
Hereinafter, the notches N1 and N2 of the HRTF are referred to as a first notch and a second notch, respectively.

Acoustic signal processing apparatus, acoustic signal processing method, program, and recording medium


The invention provides a novel broadband power limiter having improved frequency characteristics and power capacity, suitable for use with GaAs low-noise amplifier circuits. The power limiter includes a shunt diode circuit and two impedance transformers. The first transformer is a step-down impedance transformer connected between the shunt diode circuit and the input to the limiter, and the second transformer is a step-up impedance transformer connected between the shunt diode circuit and the output of the limiter. The invention further provides a method for limiting the power of an input signal, comprising the steps of: transforming the input signal from the input impedance to an intermediate impedance; shunting a portion of the input signal to ground; and transforming a remaining portion of the input signal from the intermediate impedance to an output impedance. The invention further provides a novel impedance transformer suitable for use in the broadband power limiter and a method for providing such an impedance transformer.

Monolithic microwave integrated circuits ("MMICs") are widely used in commercial and military microwave systems. Due to the fine geometry used in MMIC transistors, these circuits are susceptible to damage from high-power spurious electromagnetic radiation, e.g., from microwave transmitters or nuclear electromagnetic pulses. In particular, low-noise amplifiers ("LNAs") in the front-end of such microwave systems need high-power protection because these amplifiers can typically sustain only input power levels in the range of 10 to 20 dBm for a continuous-wave ("CW") input signal, or from 1 to 3 μJ for a pulsed input signal. For this reason, many radar, electronic warfare ("EW"), navigation and communication systems require ultra broadband high power limiters with low insertion loss, fast recovery time and low leakage output power. At present, however, no broadband 10-W CW limiter product is available that is capable of working over a 2-20 GHz frequency band.
Existing broadband limiter products are typically capable of handling only about one to three watts of CW power, and have a high insertion loss of about 2 dB, a long recovery time of about 1000 ns (or about 1 μs) and a high leakage output power of about 20 dBm. To protect highly sensitive MMIC circuits, however, a high power limiter with less than 0.3 dB insertion loss is needed. Moreover, it is desirable for the power limiter technology to be compatible with existing LNA technology (typically GaAs), so that the limiter circuit may be integrated onto the same GaAs chip as the LNA circuit. Finally, good broadband performance of the limiter is also a requirement in order to cover the frequency range of operation.

Ultra broadband 10-W CW integrated limiter


The activating mechanism comprises a manually-operated control lever rotatably constrained at a first end thereof to a pivot arranged in proximity of a front portion of a handle grip of a spray gun and an activating lever acting on a pusher element of an intercept valve. The activating lever has a first end portion which is rotatably constrained on a hinging pivot arranged in proximity of a back portion of the handle grip and a second end portion which is operatively constrained to the control lever.

In the field of spray guns for water cleaner apparatus, the activating mechanism of intercept valves associated to the guns generally comprises a control lever hinged to the handle grip of the gun and destined to open the intercept valve. If the intercept valve is located in proximity of the front portion of the handle grip, the lever is generally rotatably hinged at a pivot, which is also situated close to the front portion of the handle grip.
The front lever hinge is advantageous from an ergonomic point of view since it is easier for the human hand to squeeze a lever diverging from a grip at a front part of the hand, i.e. starting from the position of the index finger, rather like when using a brake lever on a bicycle.
As it has been seen to be advantageous to locate the intercept valve, in particular a valve having a ball obturator, close to a posterior portion of the spray gun, the prior art has placed the control lever, in these cases, in the same posterior part of the handle grip.
The above technical solution, it is stressed, is the best possible position for the intercept valve which, among other things, not only enables a posterior location of the fluid supply tube, but also enables use of non-stainless steel internal conduits, since the rust forming in the conduits, being downstream of the valve, could not come into contact with the valve itself.
However, the above technical solution has the drawback of being poorly ergonomic as it is uncomfortable to squeeze a lever which diverges from the back end of the handle grip.
For the above reason the technical solution of using a control lever hinged to the back part of the grip has up to now seldom been proposed.
The main aim of the present invention is to provide an activating mechanism for an intercept valve which overcomes the mentioned drawbacks.
An important aim of the present invention is to provide an activating mechanism for an intercept valve which preserves the high performance and good ergonomic characteristics of mechanisms having the control lever hinged to the front part of the grip of a spray gun, even where the intercept valve is located in a best position therefor, i.e. in the posterior portion of the handle grip.
A further important aim of the invention is to provide an activating mechanism having a simple structure and being reasonably economical to produce.
A further aim is to provide a highly-reliable activating mechanism having good resistance characteristics with regard to the stress it is placed under. The technical aims are achieved by an activating which is characterised in that it comprises one or more of the technical solutions described in the accompanying claims.

Activating mechanism for an intercept valve for a spray gun used in water cleaner apparatus


A method includes forming a first semiconductor fin, and oxidizing surface portions of the first semiconductor fin to form a first oxide layer. The first oxide layer includes a top portion overlapping the first semiconductor fin and sidewall portions on sidewalls of the first semiconductor fin. The top portion of the first oxide layer is then removed, wherein the sidewall portions of the first oxide layer remains after the removing. The top portion of the first semiconductor fin is removed to form a recess between the sidewall portions of the first oxide layer. An epitaxy is performed to grow a semiconductor region in the recess.

The speed of metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) transistors is closely related to the drive currents of the MOS transistors, which drive currents are further closely related to the mobility of charges. For example, NMOS transistors have high drive currents when the electron mobility in their channel regions is high, while PMOS transistors have high drive currents when the hole mobility in their channel regions is high.
Germanium is a commonly known semiconductor material. The electron mobility and hole mobility of germanium are greater than that of silicon, which is the most commonly used semiconductor material in the formation of integrated circuits. Hence, germanium is an excellent material for forming integrated circuits. In the past, however, silicon gained more popularity since its oxide (silicon oxide) is readily usable in the gate dielectrics of MOS transistors. The gate dielectrics of the MOS transistors can be conveniently formed by thermally oxidizing silicon substrates. The oxide of germanium, on the other hand, is soluble in water, and hence is not suitable for the formation of gate dielectrics.
With the use of high-k dielectric materials in the gate dielectrics of the MOS transistors, however, the convenience provided by the silicon oxide is no longer a big advantage, and hence germanium is reexamined for use in the formation of MOS transistors.
In addition to germanium, compound semiconductor materials of group III and group V elements (referred to as III-V compound semiconductors hereinafter) are also good candidates for forming NMOS devices for their high electron mobility.
A challenge faced by the semiconductor industry is that it is difficult to form germanium films with high germanium concentrations, pure germanium films, and III-V compound semiconductor films. Particularly, it is difficult to form high-concentration germanium or III-V films with low defect densities and great thicknesses. Previous research has revealed that when a silicon germanium film is epitaxially grown from a blank silicon wafer, the critical thickness of the silicon germanium film reduces with the increase in the percentage of germanium in the silicon germanium film, wherein the critical thickness is the maximum thickness the silicon germanium film can reach without being relaxed. When relaxation occurs, the lattice structure will be broken, and defects will be generated. For example, when formed on blank silicon wafers, the critical thickness of a silicon germanium film with a 20 percent germanium percentage may be only about 10 nm to about 20 nm. To make things worse, when the germanium percentage increases to 40, 60, and 80 percent, the critical thicknesses are further reduced to about 6-8 nm, 4-5 nm, and 2-3 nm, respectively. When the thickness of germanium films exceeds the critical thickness, the number of defects increases significantly. Accordingly, it is not feasible to form germanium or III-V compound semiconductor films on blank silicon wafers for the purpose of forming MOS transistors, particularly fin field-effect transistors (FinFETs).

Non-planar transistors with replacement fins and methods of forming the same

Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company, Ltd.


A process for the production of ethylene glycol including the steps of:                (i) providing, to a first reactor, a carbohydrate source, a solvent, hydrogen, a first heterogeneous catalyst, which first heterogeneous catalyst contains one or more transition metals from groups 8, 9 and 10 of the Periodic Table of the Elements, and a homogeneous catalyst, which homogeneous catalyst contains tungsten;        (ii) reacting, in the first reactor, at a temperature in the range from equal to or more than 170° C. to equal to or less than 270° C., at least a portion of the carbohydrate source in the presence of the hydrogen, the solvent, the first heterogeneous catalyst and the homogeneous catalyst;        (iii) removing, from the first reactor, a first reactor product stream and separating from such first reactor product stream at least:                    one ethylene glycol rich fraction; and            one sorbitol-rich fraction containing concentrated homogeneous catalyst;                        (iv) providing, to a second reactor, hydrogen and at least part of the sorbitol-rich fraction, containing concentrated homogeneous catalyst;        (v) reacting, in the second reactor, at a temperature in the range from equal to or more than 200° C. to equal to or less than 300° C., at least a part of the sorbitol-rich fraction, containing concentrated homogeneous catalyst, in the presence of the hydrogen, a second heterogeneous catalyst, which second heterogeneous catalyst contains one or more transition metals from groups 8, 9 and 10 of the Periodic Table of the Elements;        (vi) removing, from the second reactor, a second reactor product stream.

Alkylene glycols, such as ethylene glycol, are bulk chemicals that can be used in a wide variety of applications. They can be used as monomer in the preparation of polyesters, such as poly(ethylene terephthalate), poly(ethylene naphthenate) or poly(ethylene furandicarboxylate), but ethylene glycol can also be used for example in heat transfer media and anti-freeze compositions.
Recently, increased efforts are being made to produce alkylene glycols from sustainable resources, such as carbohydrates. By enabling the preparation of alkylene glycols, such as ethylene glycol, from sustainable resources, the dependence of fossil fuel resources is advantageously reduced.
CN102643165 describes a method for producing ethylene glycol and 1,2-propylene glycol through continuous hydrocracking of sugars. The method is carried out in a reactor using a catalytically active tungsten species. The liquid reactor effluent is separated into two parts. One part of the liquid reactor effluent is fed to a distillation system and another part of the liquid reactor effluent is returned directly to the reactor for diluting the reaction liquid. In the distillation system, polyol heavies and unreacted saccharide are obtained that are returned to the reactor for further hydrocracking. In this manner, dissolved tungsten components in the heavies are recovered and recycled to the reaction.
Also WO2016/114658 describes a process for preparing ethylene glycol from a carbohydrate source. The carbohydrate source is reacted with hydrogen in the presence of a diluent and a catalyst system comprising a tungsten compound and at least one hydrogenolysis metal selected from the groups 8, 9 or 10 of the Periodic Table of the Elements. WO2016/114658 indicates that higher polyols, such as glycerol, erythritol, or sorbitol, tend to be produced as by-products in a process for preparing ethylene glycol from carbohydrates. Possibly a polyol, e.g. glycerol, xylytol, sorbitol or erythritol, can be added to the diluent. They can also be used as an entraining agent for butylene glycol and subsequently recycled to the process. The process can be operated in a continuous operation mode: wherein the feedstock comprises at least a diluent (comprising an alkylene glycol) and a carbohydrate source; and wherein such feedstock is passed through a plug flow reactor in the presence of hydrogen and also in the presence of a catalyst system.
Although higher polyols, such as sorbitol, can be recycled as described in WO2016/114658, a substantial recycle of such higher polyols is not desirable. At the reactor conditions for converting a carbohydrate source, higher polyols such as sorbitol cannot be completely converted. As a result the concentration of such higher polyols would slowly build up, making the process less suitable for continuous operation.
WO 2015028398 describes a process for the preparation of ethylene glycol and 1,2-propylene glycol from starting material comprising one or more saccharides, wherein the process comprises the steps of i) providing the starting material and hydrogen to a first reactor, which first reactor operates with mixing; ii) reacting said starting material and hydrogen in the first reactor in the presence of solvent and a catalyst system; iii) continuously removing a first reactor product stream from the first reactor; iv) supplying at least a portion of the first reactor product stream to a second reactor, which reactor operates essentially in a plug flow manner; and v) further reacting the first reactor product stream with hydrogen in the presence of a solvent and optionally a catalyst system in the second reactor. The catalyst system can comprise one or more materials selected from transition metals from groups 8, 9 or 10 or compounds thereof and one or more materials selected from tungsten, molybdenum and compounds and complexes thereof. In one embodiment, a homogeneous catalyst system is used in the first reactor, that may remain in the first reactor product stream and is supplied to the second reactor within that stream.
WO 2015028398 wishes to obtain full conversion of the starting material and/or any intermediates and wishes to reduce the formation of by-products. The reduction of formation of by-products is, however, not illustrated by the examples. On the contrary, as illustrated by the examples of WO 2015028398, whilst in examples 2 and 3 the formation of desired product mono-ethylene glycol increases with tens of percent, the formation of 1,2 butanediol by-product increases with hundreds of percent. The formation of higher polyol by-products such as glycerol, erythritol, or sorbitol was not determined, but can be expected to have also increased under these circumstances.
It would be an advancement in the art to provide an improved process for the preparation of ethylene glycol, that allows one to avoid build-up of higher polyols (also referred to as heavy polyols), such as sorbitol in the process. It would further be an advancement in the art if the build-up of such heavy polyols could be prevented in an economically attractive manner.

Process for the production of ethylene glycol


The present invention provides a method for preventing a microorganism from growing on surfaces such as the skin, walls, floors, countertops, and food preparation surfaces as well as in absorbent materials such as diapers, clothing, bedding, bedpads surgical apparel, surgical masks and the like. This method includes incorporating an effective amount of zeolite onto the surface or into the absorbent material to inhibit such a microorganism from growing.

Bacteria growth can lead to disease, particularly when the species of bacteria is pathogenic. Even when a bacterial species is not normally pathogenic, a person or animal which is immunologically compromised may become infected with that bacterial species. While antibiotics are often used to combat such bacterial infections, bacteria can become resistent to those antibiotics and excessive use of antibiotics is frequently blamed for the occurrence of antibiotic-resistent bacteria. Moreover, many people are allergic to certain types of antibiotics and antibiotic usage can cause gastrointestinal upset or other side effects. For example, more than 75% of infants prescribed Amoxycillin.TM. or Augmentin.TM. develop diarrhea, which causes a four-fold increase in the probability of developing a diaper-area dermatology disease. Similarly, agricultural animals are healthier and more productive when bacterial exposure is reduced but antibiotic usage, with its attendant side effects and tendencies to give rise to antibiotic-resistent strains of bacteria, has been the only effective procedure for accomplishing these results. Hence, new methods are needed for preventing exposure of mammals to bacteria and for inhibiting bacterial growth once such exposure has occurred.
For example, methods for reducing bacterial growth in and on materials which are used near or by hospital patients, infants, the elderly and other persons whose immune systems are weakened, would greatly reduce the need for antibiotic usage. Similarly, methods for inhibiting bacterial growth in materials which contact the skin of such persons can prevent dermatological problems. Methods for inhibiting bacterial growth on surfaces used for food preparation would reduce the incidence of food poisoning. Methods of reducing bacterial growth in the litter, bedding and even the soil where domesticated animals are maintained would reduce animal mortality and increase yields of eggs, meat and milk.
Some materials are known to support bacterial growth, for example, the urine and feces captured by a diaper, but no method currently exists for inhibiting such growth. Even though it is initially sterile, bacteria and other microbes frequently begin to grow in urine and, when the skin is exposed to urine for any length of time, dermatological problems can result. Similarly, fecal material is rife with microorganisms that can cause dermatological problems, e.g. by producing proteolytic enzymes and lipases. These dermatological problems can also be created or exacerbated by ammonia formed by the breakdown of urea. The skin and tissues are irritated by ammonia at concentrations of 10,000 ppm; higher exposures produce burns and blistering. Adult tissues and moist membranes are irritated by ammonia gas at concentrations as low as 35 ppm for 15 minutes. See Proctor et al., Chemical Hazards of the Workplace (2d ed. 1988); 2B Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 3045 (1981); Clayton and Clayton, Safety Standards for Industrial Chemicals (1981); NIOSH, Criteria for Recommended Standard Exposure to Ammonia (1981); American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (1987). Moreover, ammonia gas can be life-threatening to healthy adults at levels of about 1500 parts per million (ppm) over about two hours. The safe industrial limit of exposure to ammonia by adults is 35 to 50 ppm for 15 minutes. Breathing 5000 ppm can be immediately fatal. Bacterial growth exponentially increases the rate of ammonia formation.
Infants and the elderly can be even more sensitive to dermatological problems and to the effects of ammonia. For example, low birth weight infants often have underdeveloped respiratory systems which may be especially vulnerable to the toxic effects of ammonia. Infants and the elderly with any form of pulmonary disfunction such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia, chronic respiratory failure and pulmonary hypertension may succumb to ammonia poisoning more easily than healthy individuals.
For example, a baby urinates about 0.75 ml to 1.0 ml of urine per hour per kilogram of bodyweight. Urine is about 96% water, 2% urea and 2% other materials. The excreted urine passes through a membrane-sleeve of conventional disposable diapers, which are highly effective at absorbing water but not very effective at absorbing ammonia or ammonium ions. Moreover, while water is held tightly, a conventional diaper does not prevent microbial growth. In the presence of such microbes, urea present from excreted urine and feces begins to break down in minutes into ammonia and ammonium, by the following formulae: EQU CO(NH.sub.2).sub.2 +H.sub.2 O.fwdarw.CO.sub.2 +2NH.sub.3 EQU CO(NH.sub.2).sub.2 +2H.sub.2 O.fwdarw.HCO.sub.3.sup.- +NH.sub.4.sup.+ +NH.sub.3
The rate of in vitro ammoniation increases hourly by 5.8%, 6.3%, 8.0% and 9.7% through hours 2 to 5 after voiding. This steeply increasing rate of ammoniation is caused by growing colonies of bacteria and the consequent accumulation of urease which deaminates urea.
The pH of urine at the time of voiding is about 6.0, but, as NH.sub.4 OH and NH.sub.3 continually form over time the pH rises. At about three hours the pH is about 9.0 and NH.sub.3 gas flows continuously. While some microbial growth is retarded by pH 6.0 urine, an increased pH stimulates bacterial growth. Each urination provides fresh urea to start a new cycle of deamination. Ammonia is also formed by breakdown of microbial amino acids. This rising pH provides an increasingly hospitable environment for bacterial and other microbial colonies.
Moreover, even though the growth of microbes is momentarily slowed by a fresh voiding of pH 6.0 urine, such microbes quickly recover, continue growing and decompose more urea and amino acids.
Once ammonia gas is formed, it begins escaping back across a disposable diaper's membrane-sleeve where it contacts the skin and feces, if present. Ammonia elevates the pH of whatever medium it contacts. For example, the alkaline ammonia gas elevates the fecal pH which activates proteolytic enzymes that vigorously metabolize skin, causing irritations, rashes or lesions. Such damage makes the skin more vulnerable, not only to ammonia, but to opportunistic microbes, including fungi such as Candida, and bacteria that normally do not inhabit the skin.
When disposable diapers become saturated with urine, pressure of 0.5 psi will force urine back through the membrane-sleeve where it contacts skin and feces, a phenomenon known as "re-wetting." Frequently, disposable diapers become saturated and the membrane-sleeve bursts open, permitting urine to contact skin and feces. In either case, this urine is aged or ripe and contains deaminating urea, ammonium, ammonium hydroxide, dissolved ammonia, ammonia gas and carbon dioxide, as well as a potentially enormous inoculum of urea-cleaving bacteria. Large numbers of bacteria can be toxic, especially if they enter body cavities or if subdermal areas of the epidermis have been breached. The carbon dioxide is known to be toxic when breathed, and is believed to cause fatal hypercarbia to infants in certain conditions. See Thach, J. PEDIATRICS (June, 1993); Kemp & Thach, PEDIATRIC RES. (July 1994); Kinney et al. SCIENCE (September 1995). A combination of ammonia gas and carbon dioxide is believed to be more toxic than either gas alone.
According to the present invention, zeolites prevent microbial growth thereby inhibiting urea from converting to ammonia and carbon dioxide. Therefore, zeolites have two beneficial effects: inhibition of bacterial growth and inhibition of ammonia and carbon dioxide production.
Zeolites can be chemically synthesized and also occur naturally in volcanic rocks, altered basalts, ores and clay deposits. Zeolites include crystalline, hydrated alkali-aluminum silicates of the general formula: EQU M.sub.2/n O.(Al.sub.2 O.sub.3).y(SiO.sub.2)!.wH.sub.2 O
wherein M is a cation of valence n, w is the number of water molecules, and y is 2 or more. The cation is mobile and can undergo ion exchange. See U.S. Pat. No. 2,882,243 to Milton.
Zeolites have been used as catalysts, adsorbents and ion exchange media in chemical and hydrocarbon processing procedures. Some forms of crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites are regenerated after use in such procedures, often by acid treatment or thermal treatment at very high temperatures. Resistance to such treatment is related to the presence of a higher proportion of SiO.sub.2 relative to Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 in the aluminosilicate. See U.S. Pat. No. 3,691,099 to Young.
Crystalline, hydrated aluminous tectosilicates of Group I and II elements such as potassium, magnesium and calcium are also formed in nature or may be synthesized in the laboratory. Higher polyvalent ions, such as the rare earths, are readily introduced by cation exchange. Structurally, these tectosilicates form an aluminous silicate "framework" extending as an infinite three-dimensional network of AlO.sub.4 and SiO.sub.4 tetrahedra linked together by shared oxygen atoms. These aluminous tectosilicates are represented by the empirical unit cell formula: EQU M.sub.x/n (AlO.sub.2).sub.x (SiO.sub.2).sub.y !wH.sub.2 O
wherein M is a cation of valence n, w is the number of water molecules, x is the number of AlO.sub.2 units and y is the number of SiO.sub.2 units. The ratio of y/x is usually about 1 to about 10. The sum of x and y is the total number of tetrahedra in the unit cell.
Channels and pores uniformly penetrate the entire volume of the solid zeolite. When water is removed from these zeolites, large internal surface areas become available to absorb liquids or gases. Thus, the external surface area of a zeolite represents only a small portion of its total available surface area. Moreover, the dehydrated zeolite selectively absorb or reject different molecules on the basis of their effective molecular sizes and shapes.
Point electric charges on the surfaces of aluminous zeolite pores absorb highly polar molecules such as water, alcohols and the like. Such hydrophilicity has been exploited to remove water from polar substances which are less readily absorbed by the aluminous zeolite, for example, hydrocarbons processed by the petroleum industry. Gas streams may also be dried with a dehydrated zeolite due to its extremely strong attraction for water. Both naturally-occurring and synthetically-prepared zeolites have been used to remove nitrogenous components from liquid human and animal wastes by ion exchange. See U.S. Pat. No. 3,935,363 to Burholder. Metal catalysts have been introduced into zeolites for converting carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide or for catalyzing the hydrogenation and cracking of petroleum feedstocks. See British Patent No. 2,013,476A. Hydrophobic tectosilicates, developed to resist water absorption, will absorb less polar substances from mixtures containing water. See U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,744,374 and 4,683,318. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,682,996 to Kerr disclosed silylation of free hydroxy sites in zeolites by trimethylsilane (H--Si(CH.sub.3).sub.3) and that such silylated zeolites absorbed about 40% less cyclohexane, n-hexane and water than the parent "hydrogen" zeolites of type II. However, Kerr did not report any change in selectivity preference. Similarly, R. M. Barrer and J. -C. Trombe, J. C. S. Faraday I, 74, 1871 (1978), reported some nest silylation to form a tectosilicate of structure V (R=SiH.sub.3, x<4) but were largely unsuccessful in replacing lattice aluminum with silicon, reporting that nest hydroxyl groups appeared to be less reactive to silylation than are the hydroxyl groups of the present structure II.
However, there has been no recognition of the present beneficial properties of either hydrophilic or hydrophobic zeolites for preventing microbial growth and for preventing the conversion of urea and amino acids to ammonia. Instead, skin rashes and irritations are frequently treated with salves and ointments. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,556,560 to Buckingham provides a lipase-inhibiting agent which is preferably applied with a barrier-like vehicle for treatment of diaper rash and diaper dermatitis. Medicated greases such as Balmex.RTM. and A&D Ointment.RTM. are also widely available. However, while these products may provide some protection from ammonia burns, they also block oxidation of the injured skin and create an ideal environment for growth of anaerobic bacteria. Therefore, a long-standing need exists for a new solution to dermatological problems such as diaper rash and dermatitis.


A broadcasting receiving apparatus and method in a broadcasting system are provided. In a broadcasting receiver, a demodulator demodulates a received broadcasting signal, clips a soft metric value for the demodulated signal to a number of bits, and outputs the clipped soft metric value. A mapper maps the clipped soft metric value to an index value with a resolution inversely proportional to the quantization level of the soft metric value. A deinterleaver deinterleaves the index value and a demapper demaps the deinterleaved index value to a representative value being a soft metric value from a range of soft metric values mapped to the index value. A channel decoder decodes the representative value.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to an apparatus and method for receiving a broadcasting service in a broadcasting system. More particularly, the present invention relates to a broadcasting service receiving apparatus and method for reducing the number of bits of received broadcasting data in a mobile communication system that provides broadcasting service.
2. Description of the Related Art
Mobile communication systems were developed to provide voice service, ensuring mobility for users. With the rapid development of technology and users' demands, mobile communication systems now provide a variety of services. These services include Short Message Service (SMS), e-mail, Internet service, and broadcasting service. The broadcasting service provides digital broadcasting to users by using high data rates which are now available due to drastic technological development. The digital broadcasting takes various forms of services depending on the media. Digital broadcasting services include Digital Multimedia Broadcasting (DMB), Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)-based BroadCast/MultiCast System (BCMCS), and Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (MBMS) based on Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS).
A description will be made below of a broadcasting service receiving method in a broadcasting receiver illustrated in FIG. 1. FIG. 1 is a partial block diagram of a typical broadcasting receiver 100.
Referring to FIG. 1, in the broadcasting receiver, a demodulator 101 demodulates a modulated signal received from a broadcasting station and generates soft metric data for the demodulated signal. A deinterleaver (or buffer) 103 deinterleaves the soft metric data. A channel decoder 105 decodes the deinterleaved data in a predetermined method.
In the process, n bits output from the demodulator 101 are provided to the deinterleaver 103 without any processing. The size of the deinterleaver 103 is depth×n. The data depth is defined as a data length stored in the deinterleaver.
Since the broadcasting receiver receives multimedia data compressed by source coding in the broadcasting system, it requires a large-capacity memory buffer. To be more specific, the broadcasting receiver uses a deinterleaver of a mega-bit size for deinterleaving a received signal and a mega-bit×n memory for storing soft metrics. As a result, receiver complexity increases which in turn increases power consumption.
The increasing interest in digital broadcasting is a driving force behind development of many digital broadcasting receivers. To receive better-quality images, algorithms for increasing the performance of a digital broadcasting receiver are under development. Portability is also a requirement for the digital broadcasting receiver because mobility is critical to broadcasting service in a mobile environment. Therefore, decreasing the complexity and power consumption of a digital broadcasting receiver is a challenging issue.
Accordingly, there is a need for an improved apparatus and method for receiving a broadcasting service in a broadcasting system.

Apparatus and method for receiving broadcasting service in a broadcasting system


A non-contact power reception apparatus is provided, in which a power reception coil for a charging system and a loop antenna for an electronic settlement system are mounted on a battery pack and a cover case of a portable terminal such that the power reception coil is arranged in the center thereof and the loop antenna is disposed outside the power reception coil, so that a mode of receiving a wireless power signal and a mode of transmitting and receiving data are selectively performed, thereby preventing interference from harmonic components and enabling non-contact charging and electronic settlement using a single portable terminal. A jig for fabricating a core to be mounted to the non-contact power reception apparatus is provided.

Generally, a battery pack is a kind of power supply that is charged with power (electric energy) received from an external charger and supplies the power so that portable electronic devices, such as cellular phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs) and the like can be operated, and consists of a battery cell which is charged with electric energy and circuits for charging and discharging the battery cell (supplying electric energy to portable terminals).
The electrical connection between the battery pack, which is used in the portable terminals, and the charger for charging electric energy to the battery pack may be achieved using a connector supply system, which receives the power from a regular power source and converts the voltage and current thereof to correspond to those of the battery pack, and supplies the electric power to the battery pack via a connector of the corresponding battery pack.
However, when the charger and the batteries are connected or disconnected to replenish the electric power of the batteries using such a connector supply system, there may be drawbacks, such as instant discharge owing to the difference in potential between the charger connector and the battery connector, the risk of fire and concomitant damage due to fire caused by the presence of foreign substances gathered on both connectors, and the like.
Further, accumulated humidity will cause the discharge of the battery through the battery connector and other problems will occur, such as the reduction in the life and performance of the battery pack, and the like.
To solve the above-mentioned problems, a non-contact charging system using a wireless power transmission and reception system was recently proposed.
Meanwhile, portable terminals that have recently proliferated include an electronic settlement system using a Local Area Network (LAN), so that settlement is carried out by bringing the portable terminals into proximity with electronic settlement devices and conducting a settlement process.
Such an electronic settlement system essentially includes a loop antenna, an absorber, an impedance matching circuit and the like in the portable terminal.
In order to mount, in a single portable terminal, both the non-contact charging system using the wireless power transmission and reception technology and the settlement system using the LAN, a power reception coil of the charging system and the loop antenna of the electronic settlement system should be mounted in the portable terminal and operated.
However, due to interference from harmonic components (n times a fundamental wave), which is produced in the frequency band (e.g. 13.56 MHz) of the electronic settlement system and the frequency band (e.g. hundreds kHz) of the charging system, problems such as the unstable transmission of signals occur, therefore failing to perform desired functions.
The information disclosed in this Background section is only for the enhancement of understanding of the background and should not be taken as an acknowledgment or any form of suggestion that this information forms the prior art that would already be known to a person skilled in the art.

Non-contact power reception apparatus for non-contact charging and electronic settlement performed in a single portable terminal


A rack securing system includes a rack having a plurality of posts that are oriented to house a plurality of device chassis. Each of the plurality of posts includes a plurality of post apertures that are operable to receive a fastener to couple an edge of a device chassis to the rack. A first securing member includes that includes a plurality of first securing member apertures is operable to be oriented adjacent a first post such that the plurality of first securing member apertures align with respective post apertures on the first post and the first securing member extends over at least one fastener that is coupling an edge of a device chassis to the rack. At least two locking devices are operable to extend through respective aligned first securing member apertures and post apertures to secure the first securing member to the first post.

The present disclosure relates generally to information handling systems, and more particularly to system for allowing access to an information handling system while securing that information handling system in a rack.
As the value and use of information continues to increase, individuals and businesses seek additional ways to process and store information. One option is an information handling system (IHS). An IHS generally processes, compiles, stores, and/or communicates information or data for business, personal, or other purposes. Because technology and information handling needs and requirements may vary between different applications, IHSs may also vary regarding what information is handled, how the information is handled, how much information is processed, stored, or communicated, and how quickly and efficiently the information may be processed, stored, or communicated. The variations in IHSs allow for IHSs to be general or configured for a specific user or specific use such as financial transaction processing, airline reservations, enterprise data storage, or global communications. In addition, IHSs may include a variety of hardware and software components that may be configured to process, store, and communicate information and may include one or more computer systems, data storage systems, and networking systems.
In some IHS environments such as, for example, computing centers, IHSs are stored in racks that are operable to house a plurality of the IHSs. For example, server IHSs, storage IHSs, switch IHSs, and/or a variety of other IHSs known in the art may be stacked vertically relative to each other in a 2-post or 4-post rack by fastening the IHSs to the posts on the rack using industry standard screws and nuts. Those industry standard screws are removable using a standard Phillips screwdriver, which provides for easy coupling and decoupling of the IHSs from the rack, but also raises issues with regard to theft. Conventional racks have been provided to secure the IHSs in the rack by including a lockable door on the rack that closes over all of the IHSs coupled to the rack such that when the door is locked, none the IHSs may be removed from the rack. However, some IHSs in the rack may need to be accessed often, and the need to unlock the rack door each time that access is needed typically results in users either not locking the door to the rack, or removing that door altogether. Conventional rack-mounted server and storage IHSs have also been provided with lockable bezels that cover the entire face of the IHS such that the storage devices (which are accessible on the face of the server or storage IHS) may not be removed. However, there are often features on the face of the IHSs that need to be accessed regularly, and this need for regular access can result in users neglecting to lock the lockable bezel or removing that lockable bezel altogether.
Accordingly, it would be desirable to provide an improved rack securing system.


A system for adjusting a vehicle door relative to a vehicle body including an adjusting device, a control device for controlling the adjusting device. The control device is configured to receive an operating command and control the adjusting device based on receiving the operating command, and a sensor device for detecting an object. The control device is configured to evaluate for the purpose of collision protection monitoring whether an operating command is received in a near area relative to the vehicle door via an operating device. For collision protection monitoring, the control device is configured to use a first recognition area in a first operating mode upon receiving an operating command via an operating device in the near area, and in a second operating mode to use a second recognition area different from the first recognition area when an operating command is not received in the near area.

Vehicles may include a vehicle door, for example, a tailgate or a vehicle side door on a vehicle or another flap device pivotally arranged on the vehicle body such as an engine hood or a cover for a loading area.
A system for adjusting a vehicle door may include an electromotive adjusting device, a control device for controlling the adjusting device, and a sensor device for detecting an object. The control device is configured to receive an operating command and to control the adjusting device in dependence on the receipt of an operating command for adjusting the vehicle door.

System and method for adjusting a vehicle door relative to a vehicle body

Brose Fahrzeugteile SE & Co. Kommanditgesellschaft