A system and method for adjusting an engine throttle opening amount includes a slope-determining unit that determines an angle of inclination of a vehicle, a throttle request determining unit that determines a throttle request, and an engine control unit. The slope-determining unit may include a longitudinal g acceleration sensor. The engine control unit calculates a slope gain factor from the angle of inclination and compares the slope gain factor to a predetermined threshold. If the slope gain factor is greater than the predetermined threshold, the engine control unit generates a throttle command to increase the current throttle opening amount based on the throttle request and the slope gain factor. Alternatively, if the slope gain factor is less than or equal to the predetermined threshold, the engine control unit controls the throttle opening amount based on the throttle request and independently of the slope gain factor.

1. Field
The present invention relates to devices, systems, and processes that adjust throttle characteristics in response to varying operating states of a vehicle.
2. Description of the Related Art
In conventional vehicle systems, a degree of engine throttle opening is typically calculated as a function of a throttle request from a driver. As is known in the art, a throttle is a mechanism by which the flow of a fluid may be obstructed. In a conventional internal combustion engine, the throttle is a valve that regulates the amount of air entering the engine, thereby controlling the amount of fuel burned on each engine cycle as a result of the vehicle's fuel-injector or carburetor maintaining a substantially constant air to fuel ratio. In conventional vehicle systems, the throttle is typically a butterfly valve. In a fuel-injected engine, the throttle valve is housed in the throttle body, whereas in a carbureted engine, the throttle valve is housed in the carburetor.
In a conventional vehicle system, the control used by a driver to regulate engine power may be a throttle pedal (also referred to as an accelerator pedal). A driver can control the degree of opening of the throttle valve by adjusting the degree of depression of the accelerator pedal. When the throttle is completely open, the intake manifold is usually at ambient pressure. On the other hand, when the throttle valve is partially closed, a partial vacuum develops inside the intake manifold as the intake air drops below ambient pressure. The throttle valve may be controlled mechanically through mechanical linkage of the throttle valve and the accelerator pedal. Alternatively, in vehicles with electronic throttle control, opening characteristics of the throttle valve are controlled electronically by the vehicle's electronic control unit (ECU).
As noted above, in conventional vehicle systems, the accelerator pedal may be mechanically linked to the throttle valve to provide mechanical control of the throttle valve opening. Alternatively, in so-called "drive-by-wire" vehicles equipped with electronic throttle control, the accelerator pedal is not mechanically linked to the throttle. Instead, an electronic control unit (ECU) determines the required throttle opening degree based on a mapping to data measured from various sensors including an accelerator pedal position sensor, an engine speed sensor, a vehicle speed sensor, and so forth. In addition, ECUs may use signals generated by a throttle position sensor in a feedback loop to control throttle position. A throttle position sensor is a sensor used to monitor the position of the throttle valve in an engine. The sensor is typically located on the butterfly spindle of the throttle valve and is typically a potentiometer that provides a variable resistance that depends on the position of the throttle valve.
As discussed above, in conventional vehicle systems, throttle opening degree is typically a function of the throttle request of a driver (i.e. the displacement of the accelerator pedal). For a given engine speed, the throttle opening degree will increase as the throttle request increases. As engine speed increases, the throttle opening degree will generally increase for a given throttle request amount.
Some conventional vehicle systems also include sensor(s) for determining a longitudinal or transverse angle of inclination of a vehicle. For example, two or more sensors may be disposed in the fuel tank of a vehicle to determine the inclination of a vehicle based on differences in fill height that are detected by the sensors at the same point in time. The arrangement of the sensors may be modified so as to provide a measure of one or both of the longitudinal and transverse inclinations of the vehicle.
In addition, an acceleration sensor may be used to determine the longitudinal inclination of a vehicle. The acceleration sensor may operate by detecting actual vehicle acceleration in terms of absolute amounts of acceleration. In particular, the longitudinal inclination of a vehicle may be determined based on a time profile of acceleration values in combination with another operational quantity such as wheel rpm of the vehicle. An acceleration sensor can detect acceleration even when a vehicle is in a stationary state on an uphill or downhill slope as a result of the component of the gravitational force on the vehicle in the incline direction.
Adjusting torque transmission characteristics based, at least in part, on a signal generated by an acceleration sensor(s) is known in the art. For example, lowering the clutch disengagement threshold to slightly above the idling rpm rate when it is detected that the vehicle is traveling on a downhill slope in order to increase the time period during which the engine rpm and the transmission rpm run synchronously and to prevent repeated engagement and disengagement of the clutch is known in the art.
Also known in the art, is an apparatus and method that compensates for road gradient for more accurate control of an autonomous traveling vehicle. The method involves first detecting a position and speed of a vehicle based on detection signals received from magnetic sensors disposed on the vehicle that communicate with magnetic nails disposed at regular intervals on the road surface. A longitudinal acceleration of the vehicle is then acquired from a longitudinal sensor and is corrected on the basis of data indicative of the slope of the road received from a communication means. A predicted position and speed of the vehicle after T seconds are then calculated based on the information regarding the current position, speed, and acceleration of the vehicle.
Then, a target position and speed after T seconds based on a control plan of the vehicle are determined and the predicted position and speed after T seconds are subtracted from the target position and speed, respectively, to determine a positional error and a speed error. The positional error and the speed error are then multiplied by acceleration control gains to arrive at a target acceleration for the vehicle. However, the acceleration control gains are set assuming that the vehicle is traveling on a flat road. Therefore, the method corrects the target acceleration on the basis of the data indicative of the slope of the road such that the inclination of the road is compensated for and the speed of the vehicle agrees with the vehicle control command.
Also known in the art is an apparatus and method for controlling longitudinal dynamics of a vehicle. The method involves generating a drive train actuating signal that is generated as a function of input data comprising the current driving state of the vehicle and the desired longitudinal speed or acceleration. The apparatus includes a series of controllers that receive various inputs. In particular, a first controller receives a predefined longitudinal desired value that may be representative of either a longitudinal speed or a longitudinal acceleration. The first controller then generates a controller-internal desired driving speed and longitudinal acceleration based on the predefined longitudinal desired value and various information received from a sensor system. These values are supplied to a second controller. The second controller then generates a drive train actuating signal based on the values received from the first controller and the information received from the sensor system. This system is supplied to a drive train actuating element. The information supplied to both controllers from the sensor system may include variables representing current longitudinal acceleration and highway slope.
Various other apparatuses and methods are known in the art for compensating for changes in road gradient that produce changes in engine load and acceleration conditions. For example, various speed control mechanisms (also known as "cruise control" mechanisms) have been proposed that select the greater of a first desired vehicle acceleration based on a driver command and a second desired vehicle acceleration based on a speed control strategy and control the powertrain so that an actual vehicle acceleration approaches the desired vehicle acceleration. Such a speed control mechanism automatically reduces engine torque or the transmission of engine torque to the wheels when the vehicle is traveling downhill in order to maintain a constant speed, or automatically increases engine torque or transmission of engine torque to the wheels when the vehicle is traveling uphill or the driver demands greater acceleration.
In addition, a microprocessor-based control for maintaining vehicle speed as the vehicle encounters changes in road gradient is known in the art. The control first evaluates whether certain conditions are satisfied (e.g. whether the vehicle has experienced a deceleration exceeding a certain threshold, whether the vehicle speed is within a certain predefined range, and whether the vehicle's brakes are being applied by the driver). If these various conditions are satisfied, it is determined that the vehicle is being subjected to an increased load caused, for example, by an increase in road gradient, and the engine operation moves to a higher horsepower v. speed curve, thereby increasing the engine torque output. This allows the vehicle to maintain its speed as the road gradient increases.
Also known in the art is a system and method for adjusting an ordinary target driving force to compensate for increases in running resistance of a vehicle from the standard running resistance.
Although various types of sensors are known in the art for determining the inclination angle of a vehicle, employing a determination of the longitudinal angle of a vehicle to improve acceleration of the vehicle on increasingly inclined road surfaces, whether or not the vehicle is operating in a speed control (cruise control) state has not been addressed.

Longitudinal G adjusted throttle response


A system for stopping the operation of a data processing system executing control words stored in a read/write control word storage device. A special control word is stored at the control storage address where it is desired to stop operation of the processor and the regular control word at that address is stored in a service processor memory. When the control storage address containing the special control word is reached, the special control word causes the system clock to be inhibited, thereby stopping the execution of control words, an indication that the processor has been stopped is generated, and the regular control word is restored to the control word storage device from the service processor memory for resumption of system operation.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,933,847 application Ser. No. 07/121,443, filed Nov. 17, 1987, "Microcode Branch Based of Operand Length and Alignment" is incorporated in this patent by reference.
One commonly employed technique for debugging software is the use of "breakpoints" which are set by changing the operation code byte of an instruction to a special breakpoint instruction, or simply to an invalid instruction. When this point in the program is reached, a trap is performed to a software routine which notifies the operator that the breakpoint has been reached and may additionally function to save the contents of some specified registers. This technique suffers from the disadvantages that the processor does not stop, and therefore it is not possible to perform a comprehensive analysis of the state of the system at the time of the stop.
Another technique is implemented with special purpose hardware which compares a desired stop address with the current control store address. When the hardware detects identity between the current control store address and the desired stop address, the system is brought to a halt. This overcomes some of the limitations of the system previously described, but nevertheless suffers from the inability to specify a plurality of stop addresses. Additionally, if the control store address specified is one from which an overlaid control word is executed, many false stops will result.
While it is desirable to have a service processor handle such control store stops, the service processor is not commonly attached directly to the system processor (CPU), and therefore does not have the ability to determine the current control store address nor can it inhibit the processor clock to stop the system.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,813,531 described a system in which switches connected to the instruction register may be set to a bit pattern corresponding to the instruction type to be tested. When this instruction type is present in the command or operation code register, the comparison circuit causes the system to come to a halt. This system lacks the capability of specifying the control storage address at which the system is to be stopped.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,095,268 relates to a microprogrammed system in which start and stop signals from a control console are used to start and stop operation of the system. When the system is stopped, it is possible to write selected data into specified addresses for analysis. This system does not accommodate the stopping of the system at a particular microinstruction address.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,422,144 describes a microprogrammed data processing system in which microinstructions stored in a writable control storage element may be substituted for defective microinstructions found in the read only storage element. A provision is made for the substitution of the valid microinstruction for the invalid microinstruction based on the existence of a data bit in a halt array. This array is accessed with the same address as the microinstruction and the detection of a binary one, previously stored by service personnel, causes the alternate microinstruction from the writable control storage to be executed. This system does not bring the system to a halt and contains no provision for the storage of the microinstruction originally at the control storage address where it is desired to halt.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,275,441 describes a microprogrammed processing system in which the processor can be operated a single step at a time. There is no ability to stop at a particular microinstruction address.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,392,208 describes a data processing system in which an address register may be set to an address at which it is desired to stop the system. When an address comparison circuit detects equivalence between the address used for control storage access and the desired address, the system is brought to a halt. This system does not provide for the substitution of a clock stop instruction for the normal microinstruction at the selected address in control storage.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,545,030 relates to a power conservation system for a microprocessor based system. The system is placed in the "on" state in response to various control signals such as I/O generated interrupts and placed in the "off" state in response to corresponding completion signals. There is no provision for stopping the system in response to access of particular addresses in control storage.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,530,050 describes a data processing system having a processor which is capable of executing variable length instructions. The error detection system described in the patent does not provide means for bringing the system to a halt in response to the accessing of a particular address in control storage.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,571,677 describes a tracing system for detecting the equivalence of a predetermined memory address with the current address in the memory address register of the CPU. The system does not describe means for substituting a stop clock instruction for a microinstruction at a predetermined address.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,570,218 describes a system for the transfer of data between a peripheral device and a microprocessor memory utilizing direct memory access and programmable stop codes written into data memory. There is no teaching of a system in which microinstructions are removed from control storage and replaced with clock stop instructions.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,589,065 describes a Primitive Instruction Set Machine having a trap instruction which provides a one cycle method for checking a condition and continuing execution of the instruction stream in parallel. The patent does not describe a system in which a microinstruction at a desired address is replaced with a clock stop instruction.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,598,364 describes a tracing system in which the trace instructions are permanently lodged in the program and may be selectively enabled by displacement bits. There is no description of a system which allows a microinstruction at a desired control storage address to be replaced with a stop clock instruction and subsequently restored to control storage.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,638,452 describes a data processing system in which debugging is accomplished with the aid of breakpoints which may be selectively acted upon in accordance with the nature of signals received from a peripheral device. There is no description of a system in which a microinstruction in control storage is replaced with a stop clock instruction.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,638,452 relates to a real time interrupt system microprocessor. The interrupt interval is based on the passage of real time and is not dependent on the control storage address.
IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin, "Data Processor Fault Analysis Assist", Vol. 20, No. 6, November, 1977, p. 2193, describes a microprogrammed system which can be stopped at the end of a preselected microinstruction by means of an address matching mechanism. The system provides the ability to achieve the stop at any one of the plurality of clock pulse intervals. There is no description of a stop instruction which replaces the instruction at the preselected stop point.
IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin, "Microcode Transparent Virtual Control Store Addressing", Vol. 29, No. 12, May, 1987, pp. 5334-5337, describes a system for determination of whether a normally non-resident module is resident in control storage, transparent to the microcode. The system described is used in the implementation of the invention described and claimed herein. The description in the TDB publication will be helpful in understanding the application of this invention to a system with virtual addressing of microcode.

International Business Machines Corporation


The use of physiologically acceptable enzyme mixtures having lipolytic, proteolytica and amylolytic activity, of microbial or animal origin, preferably digestive enzyme mixtures such as pancreatin or digestive enzyme mixtures containing pancreatin, for the treatment of diabetes. The invention also relates to the production of pharmaceutical compositions suitable for such treatment. A preferred variant of the invention relates to use of this enzyme mixture having lipolytic, proteolytic and amylolytic activity, especially digestive enzyme mixtures such as pancreatin or digestive enzyme mixtures containing pancreatin, for the adjuvant treatment of type I or type II diabetes mellitus.

The present invention relates to the use of physiologically acceptable enzyme mixtures with lipolytic, proteolytic and amylolytic activity, but especially of mixtures of digestive enzymes such as pancreatin, for the treatment of diabetes and for the manufacture of medicinal products suitable for this treatment. The invention relates especially to the use of these enzyme mixtures with lipolytic, proteolytic and amylolytic activity, but especially of pancreatin or mixtures of digestive enzymes containing pancreatin, for the adjuvant therapy of both type I and type II primary diabetes.
As used herein the term "diabetes" is understood to mean diabetes mellitus, the so-called "sugar sickness". In addition to other, e. g. secondary forms of diabetes that can occur as sequelae of other primary diseases, two main groups of disorders of carbohydrate metabolism are distinguished, i. e. type I diabetes due to insulin deficiency and type II diabetes due to reduced insulin effectiveness, the course of the disease depending on the type concerned, among other factors. Diabetes is furthermore a chronic disease with a variety of pathological manifestations and is accompanied, for example, by disorders of lipid metabolism, circulation and glucose metabolism. The typical symptoms of this disease include elevated blood sugar (hyperglycemia), excretion of sugar in the urine (glycosuria), tendency to infections and pruritus. Diabetes tends to be a progressive disorder and in many cases is also accompanied by various complications. Known complications include, for example, neurologic and vascular diseases. It is therefore necessary to adjust the therapy to meet each patient's individual requirements in every phase of the illness and to select the suitable medicinal product for each individual case. It may also be desirable for this therapy to supplement the selected primary medications with other medicinal products in the form of an adjuvant treatment which can exert a supporting effect on the therapy and beneficially influence the further course of the illness.


Ortho-amides of the formula ##STR1## can be prepared by reacting salts of the formula ##STR2## with alcoholates of the formula EQU M.sup.1 OR.sup.1 (III). where the radicals R.sup.1 to R.sup.4, M.sup.1 and X.sup..crclbar. have the meaning given in the description. The alcoholates are employed in highly active form with an effective content of 98-100% M.sup.1 OR.sup.1.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to the preparation of ortho-amides (alkoxy-aminomethanes), which include the two groups of the dialkoxy-dialkylaminomethanes (DMF acetals) and alkoxy-bis(dialkylamino)-methanes (aminal esters); to prepare them, highly active alcoholate suspensions are employed. DMF acetals and aminal esters are reactive C.sub.1 units for the aminomethylenation of C-H-acidic compounds. These aminomethylenated substances represent valuable intermediates for the synthesis of heterocycles such as indoles, pyrimidines, pyridines and quinolonecarboxylic acids.
2. Description of the Related Art
To prepare ortho-amides, alkoxy groups can be replaced in a stepwise manner with amino groups on an acid catalyst by reaction of ortho-esters with secondary amines. However, the equilibrium is slanted towards the ortho-esters, a targeted exchange of one or two alkoxy groups is difficult, so that this method is mostly used for synthesising trisaminomethanes (DE-OS (German Published Specification) 2,214,497).
The use of chloroform instead of the ortho-esters (Rec. Trav. Chem. Pays-Bas 88 (1969), 289; DE-AS (German Published Specification) 1,161,285) has not proved to be very appropriate.
A selective preparation of DMF acetals and aminal esters is furthermore possible by reacting alkoxyiminomethylene salts or formamidiniumsalts with alcoholares (Chem. Bet. 101 (1968), 41). The yields in the case of five different aminal esters are between 62 and 72%, and in the case of one aminal ester 79%; in the case of 14 different amide acetals they are between 42 and 63%, while DMF dimethyl acetal is said to be obtainable in 75-87% of the theoretical yield. However, DMF dimethyl acetal is reported, in DD 94,359, to be obtainable in not more than 50-55% by this process because of decomposition. According to the description in Helv. Chim. Acta 48 (1965), 1746, this method gives the DMF dimethyl acetal in a yield of only 37% of the theoretical yield.
DE-AS (German Published Specification) 1,205,548 describes the preparation of a range of aminal esters. Yields of 62-77% are obtained using a 10% excess of expensive, alcohol-free alcoholate. It was impossible to confirm the statement that, starting from raw formamidinium salt which contains one equivalent of methanol for production reasons, the methyl aminal ester is obtained in 68% of the theoretical yield. When the synthesis was reproduced, the result was a 1.8:1 amide acetal/aminal ester mixture in 65% of the theoretical yield.
Following U.S. Pat. No. 3,239,534 and without using a solvent, 19.1% of the theoretical yield of DMF acetal was obtained from dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulphate and alcoholate, and 25.6% of aminal ester with the additional use of dimethylamine.
The reaction of bis (dialkylamino)-acetonitriles with alcoholares (Chem. Bet. 105 (1972 ), 1340 ) is described as an elegant, homogeneously proceeding reaction. The yields of aminal esters are around 76-84%, however, the preparation of the acetonitriles used is only possible in 53% of the theoretical yield starting from the formamidinium salts (Chem. Ber. 104 (1971 ), 924 ).
Synthesis of DMF acetal is also possible by reacting two equivalents of alcoholate with amide chlorides (Angew. Chem. 72 (1969), 836; BE 598,238). However, when they are prepared from dialkylformamides using chlorinating agents such as POCl.sub.3, SOCl.sub.2 and others, the carcinogenic carbamide chlorides are always formed as by-products.
Besides the varying yields of 40-75%, which are relatively low for industrial syntheses, working-up as is known from the literature is not suitable for an industrial process. If, after the reaction to give the orthoamide, first the solvent and then the desired product is removed from the salt residue by distillation, the result is, according to DD 94,359, decomposition reactions and yield losses. This is why this Patent Specification attempts to increase the yield to 85% by entraining the product using methanol. However, this process entails large amounts of solvent to be distilled twice. Furthermore, separation of methanol and DMF dimethyl acetal by distillation is difficult. Moreover, when the synthesis was reproduced, the high yield indicated could not be obtained.
The previous removal of the salts is also problematic. On the one hand, methylsulphates are partially soluble in polar media such as, for example, alcohols, on the other hand, they are obtained in gel-like, lumpy or very finely crystalline form, depending on solvent and how the reaction is carried out, which makes filtration very difficult.
Aqueous working-up is impossible because of the sensitivity of the ortho-amides to hydrolysis.

Process for the preparation of ortho-amides


The invention relates to a method and a device for monitoring and controlling the configuration of terminals and/or network components within an electronic network. A configuration unit is provided in the network, the configuration unit monitors the configuration and can automatically configure the terminals connected to the network, and/or the network components.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a process and a device for configuration of electronic networks, especially networks including multiple, replaceable network terminals, and more particularly to a process and a device to exchange data between terminals.
2. Description of the Related Technology
It is generally known that a network of terminals (networkable devices such as PCs, input or output means or the like) exchange data via network components (for example, a fieldbus). When connected to these networks and for start-up, the communications and operating parameters must be configured at the terminals and also at the network components themselves before data exchange via the network and regular operation is possible. The type of parameter configuration is dependent on the type of network and can be simple or complex, can be carried out manually or partially automatically and accordingly imposes different requirements on the qualifications of the operator.
One important requirement for operation of control and automation hardware is rapid replacement of failed devices or network components in order to minimize costly down times of systems to be controlled. The replaced devices or components must be configured before their start up in the same manner as the failed devices in order to be able to perform their functions after replacement. Thus configuration of communications parameters for fieldbus capable devices is limited simply to setting a few switches; this can be done even by minimally qualified personnel.
Recently network standards which have actually been developed for office communications (such as for example Ethernet, local bridges as per IEE802.1 and the TCP/IP protocol family) are being used increasingly for other control and automation tasks. The configuration of communications and operating parameters of devices and network components is more complex and extensive than in fieldbusses for this network environment. This is perhaps acceptable within office communications since qualified personnel are available and downtimes are less critical. But extensive configuration set ups in the area of control and automation technology cannot be accepted since here on the one hand downtimes are more costly and generally qualified personnel are not available.


Various embodiments include systems and methods of determining whether media access control (MAC) address spoofing is present in a network by a wireless communication device. A processor of the wireless communication device may determine an anticipated coherence interval based on a beacon frame received from an access point. The processor may schedule an active scan request and may determine whether a response frame corresponding to the scheduled active request is received within the anticipated coherence interval. The processor may calculate a first correlation coefficient in response to the response frame being received within the anticipated coherence interval and may determine that MAC address spoofing is not present in the network when the first correlation coefficient is greater than a first predetermined threshold.

A media access control (MAC) address is an identifier originally assigned by a device manufacturer. After being hard-coded and stored, the MAC address is used for device identification and communication within a communication network.
In some forms of cyber-attacks, an unauthorized device may mask an originally assigned MAC address in order to impersonate another device within the communication network. For example, a "rogue access point" may impersonate a benign or authorized access point in a wireless communication network by spoofing the MAC address of the authorized access point. The rogue access point may use the spoofed MAC address to launch various types of attacks within the network.
Reducing or preventing attacks within a wireless communication network by a rogue access point poses a variety of challenges. For example, devices within the wireless communication network use the MAC address broadcast by an access point to establish or maintain communication between a wireless communication device and the access point. Since network devices cannot differentiate between an authorized access point and a rogue access point based on the MAC address alone, any identification of a rogue access point relies on additional system resources and/or introduces undesirable delays or interruptions of service.
For example, profiles of known benign access points (i.e., an access point whitelist) may be updated and stored at various network nodes including the wireless communication devices, benign access points, and/or servers within the network. When a wireless communication device or a benign access point receives communications from an access point, the MAC address is extracted from the communication and compared to the profiles of the known benign access points. If the MAC address matches a known benign access point, the conventional operations based on the MAC address are allowed to proceed. However, if the MAC address of a known benign access point has been spoofed by a rogue access point after the profiles have been established, the spoofing attack cannot be detected before the wireless communication device attempts to establish communication with the rogue access point or a benign access point initiates de-authentication or-disassociation procedures with the wireless communication device based on communications transmitted using the forged MAC address. Thus, attacks initiated by a device using the forged MAC address may only be thwarted after a first attack is successful and the stored profiles of benign access points is updated to reflect that the previously benign MAC address has been impersonated.

Detecting media access control (MAC) address spoofing in a wi-fi network using channel correlation


A fuel supplying apparatus of an internal combustion engine includes a first fuel supply system, a second fuel supply system, and a pulsation propagation suppressing unit. The first fuel supply system pressurizes a fuel by a low-pressure pump, and supplies the fuel pressurized by the low-pressure pump to a first fuel injection mechanism. The second fuel supply system is branched from the first fuel supply system, further pressurizes the fuel, pressurized by the low-pressure pump, by a high-pressure pump that is driven according to an operating state of the internal combustion engine, and supplies the fuel pressurized by the high-pressure pump to a second fuel injection mechanism. The pulsation propagation suppressing unit is provided in at least one of the first fuel supply system and the second fuel supply system, and suppresses propagation of a pulsation generated in the high-pressure pump to the first fuel injection mechanism.

1) Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a fuel supplying apparatus and a fuel injecting apparatus of an internal combustion engine.
2) Description of the Related Art
As methods for supplying a fuel to an internal combustion engine such as a gasoline engine or a diesel engine mounted in a vehicle such as a passenger vehicle or a truck, there are known an inter-cylinder injection method for directly injecting a fuel into cylinders of an internal combustion engine, an inter-intake path injection method for injecting a fuel into an intake path through which an air is supplied to the cylinder of the internal combustion engine, and an inter-cylinder/inter-intake path injection method that is a combination of the two methods, i.e., method for switching over between inter-cylinder injection and inter-intake path injection according to an operating state of the internal combustion engine.
As an internal combustion engine fuel injecting system that performs the inter-cylinder/inter-intake path injection according to the operating state of the internal combustion engine, there is known a system disclosed in, for example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-open Publication No. H7-103048. This internal combustion engine fuel injecting apparatus includes a fuel supplying system, a first fuel injection mechanism including an inter-intake path injector (an injection valve for injecting a fuel into an intake path of internal combustion engine) for the inter-intake path injection, and a second fuel injection mechanism including an inter-cylinder injector (a fuel injection valve for injecting a fuel into cylinders) for the inter-cylinder injection. The fuel supplying apparatus includes a first fuel supply system that pressurizes the fuel in a fuel tank by a low-pressure pump and that supplies the pressurized fuel to the first fuel injection mechanism, and a second fuel supply system that further pressurize the fuel pressurized by the low-pressure pump using the high-pressure pump and that supplies the pressurized fuel to the second fuel injection mechanism. The internal combustion engine fuel injecting apparatus controls injection of the first fuel injection mechanism and that of the second fuel injection mechanism according to a map that is generated based on a fuel supply amount (fuel injection amount), an accelerator opening (accelerator pedal depression amount), and the like. Specifically, ranges on the map is divided into three ranges, namely, an injection range for fuel injection only by the first fuel injection mechanism, an injection range for fuel injection by both the first and the second fuel injection mechanisms, and an injection range for fuel injection only by the second fuel injection mechanism. Based on the map, a control unit controls injection of the first fuel injection mechanism and/or the second fuel injection mechanism according to the operating state of the internal combustion engine.
Meanwhile, a conventional internal combustion engine fuel injecting apparatus includes a high-pressure pump for supplying the high-pressure fuel to the second fuel injection mechanism. This high-pressure pump is constituted so that a cam is driven by rotation of a crankshaft of the internal combustion engine to reciprocate a plunger of the high-pressure pump, and to thereby further pressurize the fuel pressurized by the low-pressure pump. This high-pressure pump continues to be driven by the rotation of the crankshaft of the internal combustion engine even when the control unit controls the inter-cylinder injectors not to inject a fuel, that is, the second fuel injection mechanism is not actuated. Therefore, pulsation occurs when the high-pressure pump absorbs the fuel from the second fuel supply system or returns an excessive fuel to a fuel tank and the like. This pulsation fluctuates a pressure of the fuel in paths of the second fuel supply system and the first fuel supply system, i.e., fluctuates a fuel pressure. This pulsation fluctuates of the fuel pressure is propagated to the first fuel injection mechanism. The control unit controls an injection timing and an injection amount of the fuel injected from the first fuel injection mechanism into an intake path of the internal combustion engine according to the operating state of the internal combustion engine. However, the propagation of the pulsation to the first fuel injection mechanism may possibly make it difficult or impossible to inject the fuel of an injection supply amount determined based on the operating state of the internal combustion engine, from the first fuel injection mechanism. In other words, the fuel in a fuel supply amount by which the fuel is to be supplied to the internal combustion engine may not properly be supplied from the fuel injecting apparatus.

Fuel supplying apparatus and fuel injecting apparatus of internal combustion engine


An apparatus for receiving signals in a radio frequency system includes a low noise amplifier that amplifies and filters a signal received from an antenna; a first frequency mixer that mixes the signal output from the low noise amplifier and an oscillation signal supplied from a local oscillator to create a signal of an intermediate frequency; a second frequency mixer that mixes the signal of an intermediate frequency and one or more oscillation signals that have an offset added to have different frequency channels, which have a predetermined bandwidth, to create one or more signals of a baseband frequency; a channel selection filter that divides one or more signals generated in the second frequency mixer into one or more different frequency channels having a predetermined bandwidth using the offset; and an amplifier that amplifies the signals that have been filtered in the channel selection filter.

1. Field of the Invention
The present embodiments relate to an apparatus for transmitting and receiving signals in a radio frequency system.
2. Description of the Prior Art
This description is intended to provide a technical background about the present embodiment, but it does not constitute the prior art.
The general method of transmitting and receiving signals using a radio frequency system is as follows. A signal received by an antenna is filtered through a band-pass filter, and then the band signal is amplified by a low noise amplifier. The signal amplified by the low noise amplifier is transformed into a fixed intermediate frequency by a frequency-down mixer. The fixed intermediate frequency output from the mixer is transformed into a baseband frequency by the frequency-down mixer to be thereby received, or the baseband frequency is transformed into the intermediate frequency and then into a frequency of a band signal by a frequency-up mixer to be thereby transmitted.
Such a transmitting/receiving apparatus can be normally operated in a typical mobile communication system, for example, the fourth generation (4G) communication system, because the typical mobile communication system utilizes signals of a bandwidth that can be processed by an apparatus, such as access points (AP) or terminals, which is connected with a receiver. However, the next generation mobile communication system, i.e., the fifth generation (5G) mobile communication system, uses signals of a super-high bandwidth that cannot be processed by the apparatus connected with the receiver, so complete transmission/reception of signals cannot be guaranteed in the next mobile communication environment. In addition, apparatuses such as access points (AP) or terminals for transmitting signals through a transmitter use the bandwidth that is used in the typical mobile communication system, such as the 4G communication system, as well. Therefore, the typical transmitting/receiving apparatus cannot make good use of the next generation (5G) mobile communication system that has a super-high bandwidth.

Apparatus for transmitting and receiving signals in radio frequency system


The method of processing a first digital image by combining the first digital image with a second digital image includes the first digital image being received from a pixel array, and when receiving the first digital image it is converted into a first continuous sequential data stream. The second digital image may be provided in the form of a second continuous sequential data stream, and the first and second digital images may be combined by continuously combining the data in the first and second data stream.

Image processing may include processing a first digital image by combining the first digital image with a second digital image. Such a combination of the data of the first and second digital images may be used with the overlaying of one of the images to the other image. One of those images then functions as background, a border or as a mask, and the other image is combined and/or merged with the overlay, background, mask etc. These schemes are preferably used with respect to overlaying a logo or caption on video data.
The video data comprises data representing a succession of digital images (frames), wherein those digital images, i.e. individual frames, are referred to hereinafter as the first digital image. The logo, caption, background, mask etc., referred to as the "overlay", is represented by digital image data also. The digital image data of the overlay is hereinafter referred to as the second digital image.
According to the state of the art, applying logo and/or caption data to digital image data is accomplished via commercially available overlay generators which are normally standalone devices and which must be purchased at considerable costs. Additionally, there are software approaches available, which enable the addition of logo and/or caption data to digital image data, but those approaches add a considerable computing overhead and as an additional disadvantage, may be disabled.

Method and apparatus for processing image data


[Problem] To provide a process for producing an aromatic dihydroxy compound, in which a hydroquinone compound is highly selectively produced while suppressing formation of by-products derived from a solvent and maintaining a high yield based on hydrogen peroxide when a phenol compound is allowed to react with hydrogen peroxide.

Aromatic dihydroxy compounds are important as various organic synthesis intermediates or raw materials, and are utilized in fields of reducing agents, rubber chemicals, dyes, medicines, agricultural chemicals, polymerization inhibitors, antioxidants, etc. On that account, improvements are always being required for processes for producing aromatic dihydroxy compounds. Examples of the aromatic dihydroxy compounds obtained by allowing a phenol compound to react with hydrogen peroxide include hydroquinone and catechol, and depending upon the production process, the product ratio between hydroquinone and catechol varies. In recent years, a process particularly for highly selectively producing hydroquinone has been eagerly desired from the viewpoint of a demand and supply balance between hydroquinone and catechol.
As processes for producing aromatic dihydroxy compounds by allowing a phenol compound to react with hydrogen peroxide, a process using an inorganic acid as a catalyst [patent literature 1], a process using a titanosilicate as a catalyst [patent literature 2], etc. are known. In these processes, however, the hydroquinone/catechol product ratio (by mol) is not more than 1.5, and a process for more highly selectively producing hydroquinone is being desired.
As methods for improving selectivity for hydroquinones, a method using a titanosilicate as a catalyst and using a cyclic ether such as dioxane as a solvent [patent literature 3], a method using an aliphatic polyether compound such as ethylene glycol dimethyl ether [patent literature 4] and a method using a polyalkylene glycol monoether compound such as polyethylene glycol mono-4-octyl phenyl ether [patent literature 5] have been developed. In these methods, however, there are problems that by-products derived from a solvent used are formed because the solvent is liable to react with hydrogen peroxide and that the yield based on hydrogen peroxide is lowered because of formation of these by-products.

Process for producing aromatic dihydroxy compound

Abstract: [Solution] A process for producing an aromatic dihydroxy compound, including allowing a phenol compound to react with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of a titanosilicate, a C4-C5 alcohol containing a tertiary or quaternary carbon, and water and/or methanol, the amount of the water and/or methanol being 5 to 90 mass % based on the total mass of the reaction liquid.


A display device includes a touch screen panel folded based on a folding axis, and at least one touch electrode on the folding axis. Each of the touch electrodes on the folding axis may include a graphene layer, a metal mesh layer, and an adhesion metal mesh layer. The grapheme layer may be along the folding axis on a transparent substrate. The first metal mesh layer may be on the transparent substrate to adhere to a lateral surface of the first graphene layer. The first adhesion metal mesh layer may be on a boundary portion between the first graphene layer and the first metal mesh layer.

1. Field
Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a display device and a method of manufacturing the same, and more particularly, to a foldable display device and a method of manufacturing the same.
2. Description of the Related Art
A foldable display device may have bending and folding characteristics. The foldable display device has merits in that the foldable display device is easy to carry and a large-scaled screen can be implemented. The foldable display device may be applied to mobile equipment such as a mobile phone, a portable multimedia player (PMP), a navigation device, an ultra-mobile PC (UMPC), an electronic book, and an electronic newspaper, as well as use in various contexts such as a television and a monitor.

Display device and method of manufacturing the same


An amplitude mask used in a long period grating filter manufacturing apparatus includes a metal substrate having a periodic transmission area having a period for selectively transmitting light and a non-transmission area through which light does not pass; and a piezo-electric transducer located on the non-transmission area of the metal substrate for changing the period of the periodic transmission area. The periodic transmission area is located in the middle of the metal substrate and the piezo-electric transducer is located on opposite sides of the periodic transmission area. Piezo-electric transducers may be located on the non-transmission area to vary the period of the periodic transmission area.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an optical passive device, and more particularly, to an amplitude mask and an apparatus for manufacturing a long period grating filter using the same.
2. Description of the Related Art
Recently, with the development of optical communications, the long period grating filter is arousing much interest as an optical passive device. The long period grating filter is a device for coupling light propagating in the core of an optical fiber to a cladding mode. The long period grating filter is manufactured by periodically changing the refractive index of the core of an optical fiber sensitive to ultraviolet rays. Namely, the refractive index increases in the part exposed to light and does not change in the part not exposed to light. Accordingly, the refractive index periodically changes. The following Equation 1 must be satisfied in order to couple light in a core mode to the cladding mode. ##EQU1##
wherein, .beta..sub.co, .beta..sub.cl.sup.n, and respectively denote a light propagation constant of the core mode, a light propagation constant of an n degree cladding mode, and a grating period.
In Equation 1, when 2.pi.n/.lambda. (n is a refractive index, and .lambda. is a wavelength) is substituted for .beta., n.sub.co -n.sub.cl =N is obtained. Here, n.sub.co is a refractive index of the core, and n.sub.cl is a refractive index of the cladding in an optical fiber. Therefore, in order to change light having a particular wavelength into a cladding mode, the period and the refractive index difference n.sub.co -n.sub.cl are to be defined. The refractive index difference can be obtained by appropriately exposing the ultraviolet sensitive optical fiber to ultraviolet laser light.
The apparatus for manufacturing the long period grating filter by irradiating with an ultraviolet laser light will be described.
FIG. 1 schematically shows a conventional apparatus for manufacturing a long period grating filter.
In detail, the conventional apparatus for manufacturing the long period grating filter includes a high-output excimer laser light source 1 for emitting UV laser light, a mirror 3 for changing the path 2 of the laser light emitted from the excimer laser light source 1, a lens 5 for controlling the focus of the laser light changed in direction by the mirror 3, a silica mask 7 for selectively transmitting the laser light which has passed through the lens, and an optical fiber 9 for forming the long period grating in the core by irradiation with the laser light which has passed through the silica mask 7.
In a process of manufacturing the long period grating filter using the manufacturing apparatus shown in FIG. 1, the laser light irradiates the optical fiber 9 which contacts the silica mask 7 through the lens 5. At this time, the laser light irradiates the optical fiber 9, thus forming a long period grating having a different refractive index. It is possible to obtain a desired long period grating filter by transmitting light through the optical fiber 9 using the light source 11 and detecting light with a detector 13.
In the above-mentioned apparatus for manufacturing the long period grating filter, the silica mask 7 is formed using a chrome pattern obtained by coating a silica substrate with chrome and patterning the chrome. Therefore, the laser light is selectively transmitted by the chrome pattern. However, since the damage threshold of the chrome pattern is low, i.e., 100 mJ/cm.sup.2, it is not possible to effectively use the high-output excimer laser light. Further, since the silica mask is manufactured by forming the chrome pattern on the silica substrate, the silica mask has only one period.

Amplitude mask and apparatus for manufacturing long period grating filter using the same


A hydraulically-operated press-driven tool actuation system includes a press-driven hydraulic power device and/or a hydraulically-powered tool actuator. In the tool actuator, at least two pistons are carried by a housing, and at least one return device is carried by the housing laterally inboard of the pistons. In the power device, a pump includes a piston disposed in a pump cylinder for pressurizing hydraulic fluid therein. An accumulator is in fluid communication with the pump cylinder, and includes a piston disposed in an accumulator cylinder that houses hydraulic fluid on one side of the piston. A body supports the pump and accumulator thereon and is in fluid communication between the pump and accumulator cylinders. The body includes a pressure relief valve downstream of the pump cylinder and upstream of the accumulator cylinder, and a check valve downstream of the accumulator cylinder and upstream of the pump cylinder.

In manufacturing parts from sheet metal, a metal forming press forms a flat sheet of metal positioned between upper and lower platens. The upper platen carries an upper die and is closed toward a lower die carried by the lower platen wherein certain portions of the sheet are cut, bent, drawn, or pierced by different features of the dies. Sometimes, separate press-mounted devices form other portions of the sheet along a direction different from the closing direction of the press. Accordingly, press-driven tool actuators convert press closing motion into transverse tool motion, and typically include mechanically or hydraulically actuated "cams."
Mechanically actuated cams include an adapter body mounted to the upper platen or a die, a slider mounted on the adapter body to drive a tool affixed thereto, and a driver mounted on the lower platen or die. When the slider engages the driver, the press closing motion creates a camming action to drive the slider in a direction transverse to the press closing motion. But such devices are bulky, and require highly precise component alignment.
Hydraulically actuated "cams" include a tool actuator mounted on the lower platen for carrying and actuating a tool, and a pump mounted on the lower platen for converting mechanical power from the closing upper platen into fluid power for delivery to the tool actuator. The tool actuator includes a housing fastened to the lower platen, and a hydraulic cylinder and piston carried centrally by the housing for advancing an actuator plate. Separate guide rods are slidably carried through the housing outboard of the hydraulic piston and are attached at one end to the actuator plate and at another end to a return plate. Likewise, gas springs are carried by the housing outboard of the hydraulic piston and impose a force on the return plate for retracting the actuator plate via the guide rods. Although such devices are simpler and more flexible than the mechanical cams, they can be too bulky for certain small space applications.


There is provided a method and system for archival and retrieval of communications and related documents that uses hardware and software to selectively monitor, capture, catalog and retrieve electronic communications and documents relating to the business of employees or individuals of the organization to effectively comply with applicable regulations, such as governmental regulations. Archived electronic communications and information are stored in a third party archiving system and accessible by authorized individuals using a secure network connection, such as an intranet web-service or web interface, or an online browser connection to search and retrieve selected archived data and information. The system and method for archiving and retrieving communications is advantageously implemented in an organization having a large volume of electronic communications and storage requirements.

Archiving and retrieval of selected communications and/or documents, such as e-mail messages, to be in compliance with applicable regulations is known. For example, the securities and exchange commission (SEC), a governmental body involved in the regulation of securities, issues a variety of such archiving and retrieval regulations and requirements that organizations involved in the securities business must meet. Existing techniques often involve time consuming and labor intensive solutions that include the physical copying of communications or documents. Some archiving and retrieval methods and systems are entirely paper based where paper copies of all relevant communications and documents are physically copied and physically stored at a secure site. Subsequently, stored information is manually searched and accessed to satisfy authorized request for retrieval of stored information.
Existing archiving and retrieval techniques involve manual and semi-automated copying and storage of electronic communications in an organization. For example, in an electronic-mail (e-mail) system in a securities organization, one existing and known archiving and retrieval technique involves both manual copying and storage of physical copies of communications to be archived. First, there is created a monthly archive storage tape back-up of all communications in e-mail servers in an organization location. The tapes containing the archived e-mails are then sent to a physical location for secure storage. Subsequently, an e-mail retrieval request is submitted for processing through a designated office or department of the organization, for example the law department. Upon approval of the request, the appropriate storage tapes are requested from the storage location and loaded to an available server. Selected e-mail messages stored on the loaded tape can then be retrieved and reviewed by a responsible or designated office, department or individual.
Existing communications archiving and retrieval systems and processes typically require extensive manual and physical copying of the information to be archived. The reliance on physical duplication and physical transport of information to be archived to and from a secure location makes existing archiving and retrieval systems time consuming, inefficient and expensive. The archiving and retrieval of the information is cumbersome since individuals must physically duplicate information for archiving and search for and physically retrieved stored information after an authorized request.
Further, existing archiving and retrieval systems and techniques that employ computers are typically limited to computerized networks with a small number of e-mail users and limited data storage requirements. Also, existing archiving and retrieval systems and techniques often experience drawbacks in large scale systems with a large number of communications and e-mail boxes and high data storage requirements. The drawbacks include slower and unreliable archiving and retrieval of the electronic communications, insufficient data storage space and the loss of data integrity.
There is thus a need for a system and method for archiving and retrieving communications in a large organization or an organization with a large volume of communications to be archived which enables the organization to effectively comply with applicable regulations relating to the business conducted by the organization.

Method and system for electronic archival and retrieval of electronic communications


A compact transmission comprises a first input shaft 1, a second input shaft 2 and a counter shaft 3, which are disposed parallel with one anther. This transmission further comprises at least a set of first speed ratio gear train 25a, 25b, 24a, 24b, 26a, 26b and 26c, which are disposed between the first input shaft 1 and the counter shaft 3, at least one first clutching means 15 and 14 which connects and disconnects a first speed ratio drive gear rotationally to and from the first input shaft, respectively, at least a set of second speed ratio gear train 22a, 22b, 21a, 21b, 23a and 23b, which are disposed between the second input shaft 2 and the counter shaft 3, at least one second clutching means 12, 11 and 13 which connects and disconnects a second speed ratio drive gear to and from the second input shaft, respectively, and a connection gear train 30 which is used for power transmission from the first input shaft to the second input shaft through gears 32 and 33 on an idle shaft that is disposed parallel with the first input shaft.

The present invention relates to a parallel shaft transmission, in which a plurality of gear trains are provided to connect a plurality of shafts that are disposed parallel with one another, and a plurality of clutching means are provided each to be engaged selectively with a corresponding one of the gear trains to establish a power transmission path.
Such parallel shaft transmissions are widely used in automobiles. For example, an automatic transmission with five speed ratios has been disclosed in Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publications No. 4(1992)-331852 (A), No. 5 (1993)-272601 (A) and No. 7 (1995)-19295 (A).
In this transmission, a plurality of gear trains are arranged over a plurality of shafts which are disposed in parallel with one anther, and these gear trains are disposed axially parallel with one anther. In addition, a plurality of clutches are provided each close to a respective gear train for the purpose of selecting that specific gear train for mechanical power transmission. Because of this arrangement, generally, the axial dimension of the transmission is relatively large. This tendency of the transmission having a large axial dimension becomes more prominent as the number of available speed ratios is increased in the design of the transmission. Especially, automatic transmissions are prone to acquiring a large size because they typically include hydraulic clutches, whose dimensions in radial direction as well as in axial direction are relatively large.
Nowadays, transmissions which are used in automobiles are equipped with a large number of speed ratios to improve drive performance, and the number of speed ratios has increased from three to four. Now, a transmission with five speed ratios is coming to be practical, so the size of the transmission is becoming a serious problem because the transmission, which has such a large number of speed ratios, acquires a correspondingly large size. In the automatic transmission with five speed ratios which has been disclosed in the above mentioned publications, various ideas are applied in the arrangement of the gears and the clutches to minimize the size of the transmission.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a parallel shaft transmission which incorporates a large number of speed ratios in a construction designed as compact as possible by contriving an arrangement for integrating gears and clutches.
In order to achieve this objective, the present invention provides a parallel shaft transmission comprising a first input shaft, a second input shaft, and a counter shaft, which are disposed parallel with one another. This transmission further comprises at least one set of first speed ratio gear train (for example, the fifth speed gear train 25a and 25b, the fourth speed gear train 24a and 24b and the reverse gear train 26a, 26b and 26c of the following embodiment shown in FIG. 3), at least one first clutching means (for example, the fifth speed clutch 15 and the fourth speed clutch 14 of the embodiment shown in FIG. 3), at least one set of second speed ratio gear train (for example, the second speed gear train 22a and 22b, the LOW gear train 21a and 21b and the third speed gear train 23a and 23b of the embodiment shown in FIG. 3), at least one second clutching means (for example, the second speed clutch 12, the LOW clutch 11 and the third speed clutch 13 of the embodiment shown in FIG. 3), and a connection gear train. Each set of first speed ratio gear train includes a first speed ratio drive gear (for example, the fifth speed drive gear 25a, the fourth speed drive gear 24a and the reverse drive gear 26a of the embodiment shown in FIG. 3) which is disposed on the first input shaft and a first speed ratio driven gear (for example, the fifth speed driven gear 25b, the fourth speed driven gear 24b and the reverse driven gear 26c of the embodiment shown in FIG. 3) which is disposed on the counter shaft, with the first speed ratio drive gear and the first speed ratio driven gear meshing with each other. The first clutching means is disposed on the first input shaft, and it connects and disconnects the first speed ratio drive gear rotationally to and from the first input shaft, respectively. Each set of second speed ratio gear train includes a second speed ratio drive gear (for example, the second speed drive gear 22a, LOW drive gear 21a and third speed drive gear 23a of the embodiment shown in FIG. 3) which is disposed on the second input shaft and a second speed ratio driven gear (for example, the second speed driven gear 22b, the LOW driven gear 21b and the third speed driven gear 23b of the embodiment shown in FIG. 3) which is disposed on the counter shaft, with the; second speed ratio drive gear and the second speed ratio driven gear meshing with each other. The second clutching means is disposed on the second input shaft, and it connects and disconnects the second speed ratio drive gear rotationally to and from the second input shaft, respectively. The connection gear train is used for power transmission from the first input shaft to the second input shaft through a gear (for example, the second and third connection gears 32 and 33 of the embodiment shown in FIG. 3) on an idle shaft which is disposed parallel with the first input shaft.
In this parallel shaft transmission, the drive power which is input from the engine to the first input shaft can be transmitted through the connection gear train directly to the second input shaft. As the speed ratio gear trains are disposed between the first input shaft and the counter shaft as well as between the second input shaft and the counter shaft, the axial length of the transmission is relatively short, so the transmission is made compact. Also, because the connection gear train includes a gear which is disposed on an idle shaft, the distance between the first input shaft and the second input shaft is adjustable as desired. Therefore, the clutching means which comprise hydraulic clutches, whose dimensions in radial direction are relatively large, do not interfere with each other even though the first clutching means, which is disposed on the first input shaft, and the second clutching means, which is disposed on the second input shaft, are positioned substantially on a common plane which is perpendicular to the shafts. There is a high degree of freedom in the arrangement of the clutching means. As a result, the first and second speed ratio gear trains and the first and second clutching means are arranged appropriately to construct the transmission in a relatively small size.
It is preferable that the connection gear train comprise a first connection gear which is mounted on the first input shaft, a second connection gear and a third connection gear which are disposed on the idle shaft and a fourth connection gear which is mounted on the second input shaft. In this case, the first connection gear meshes with the second connection gear; the second connection gear and the third connection gear rotate together as a unified body; and the third connection gear meshes with the fourth connection gear. In this construction, only the second and third connection gears, which rotate together as a unified body, are provided on the idle shaft. Thus, bearings can be disposed adjacent to these gears to support the idle shaft so as to restrict deformation of the idle shaft, which deformation may otherwise occur during the power transmission under a heavy load. Therefore, the meshing of the connection gears which are supported by the idle shaft is not affected from changes in the load of the transmission. As a result, the noise of the meshing is controlled to a relatively low level. Furthermore, because the design is such that the first connection gear meshes with the second connection gear while the third connection gear meshes with the fourth connection gear, the tooth surfaces which are located on one side in each connection gear are used for the acceleration while those located on the other side are used for the deceleration. Therefore, the tooth surfaces can be modified independently for the acceleration and for the deceleration to reduce the meshing gear noise.
Preferably, one of the second clutching means (for example, the second speed clutch 12 of the embodiment shown in FIG. 3) and an output gear (for example, the last reduction drive gear 6a of the embodiment shown in FIG. 3) which is mounted on the counter shaft are positioned substantially on a plane which is perpendicular to the shafts. The output gear train is used as the last reduction gear train, so it has a comparatively large reduction ratio. Thus, the output gear (last reduction drive gear) has a small diameter. Generally, the space surrounding the output gear tends to become a dead space in transmission design. However, in this transmission, this space, which may be a dead space otherwise, is utilized for incorporating the second clutching means. Therefore, the second clutching means is disposed substantially in the same plane as the output gear, to make the transmission compact.
This transmission can be constructed as a five speed ratio transmission. In this case, preferably, the first speed ratio gear train comprises a fourth speed gear train and a fifth speed gear train; the first clutching means comprises a fourth speed clutch and a fifth speed clutch; the second speed ratio gear train comprises a LOW gear train, a second speed gear train and a third speed gear train; and the second clutching means comprises a LOW clutch, a second speed clutch and a third speed clutch. Furthermore, it is preferable to provide a reverse gear train including a reverse drive gear, which is disposed on the first input shaft, and a reverse driven gear, which is disposed on the counter shaft. In this case, the reverse drive gear is rotationally connected with the reverse driven gear through a reverse idler gear, which rotates around a shaft that is provided parallel with the first input shaft. In addition, the reverse drive gear and the fourth speed drive gear, which is a component of the fourth speed gear train, are couple with each other as one body and are disposed rotatably on the first input shaft, such that the reverse drive gear and the fourth speed drive gear are connected and disconnected rotationally to and from the first input shaft by the fourth speed clutch, respectively. On the other hand, the fourth speed driven gear, which is the other component of the fourth speed ratio gear train, and the reverse driven gear are each disposed rotatably on the counter shaft, and a dog clutch is provided on the counter shaft, such that the fourth speed driven gear and the reverse driven gear are selectively connected and disconnected to and from the counter shaft, respectively.
In this way, a compact five speed transmission capable of establishing five forward speed ratios and one reverse speed ratio is realized according to the present invention. Especially in the above mentioned arrangement, at first, either the fourth speed driven gear or the reverse driven gear is connected rotationally to the counter shaft by the dog clutch to establish the forward drive range (D range) or the reverse drive range (R range), respectively, and then the fourth speed clutch is engaged to establish the fourth speed ratio or the reverse speed ratio, correspondingly. Here, the fourth speed clutch is used both for establishing the four speed ratio and for establishing the reverse speed ratio. There is another advantage in this arrangement. If the fifth speed gear train is removed to construct a four speed transmission, then the fourth speed clutch, as it is, is still usable for establishing the four speed ratio and the reverse speed ratio.
A second embodiment of parallel shaft transmission according to the present invention comprises a first input shaft, a second input shaft, a first counter shaft and a second counter shaft, which are disposed parallel with one another. This transmission further comprises at least one set of first speed ratio gear train (for example, the fourth speed gear train 74a and 74b, the fifth speed gear train 75a and 75b and the reverse gear train 76a and 76c of the embodiment shown in FIG. 11), at least one first clutching means (for example, the fourth speed clutch 64 and the fifth speed clutch 65 of the embodiment shown in FIG. 11), at least one set of second speed ratio gear train (for example, the third speed gear train 73a and 73b, the LOW gear train 71a and 71b and the second speed gear train 72a and 72b of the embodiment shown in FIG. 11), at least one second clutching means (for example, the third speed clutch 63, the LOW clutch 61 and the second speed clutch 62 of the embodiment shown in FIG. 1) and a connection gear train (for example, the connection gear train 80 of the embodiment shown in FIG. 11). In this case, each set of first speed ratio gear train includes a first speed ratio drive gear (for example, the fourth speed drive gear 74a, the fifth speed drive gear 75a and the reverse drive gear 76a of the embodiment shown in FIG. 11) which is disposed on the first input shaft and a first speed ratio driven gear (for example, the fourth speed driven gear 74b, the fifth speed driven gear 75b and the reverse driven gear 76c of the embodiment shown in FIG. 11) which is disposed on the first counter shaft, with the first speed ratio drive gear and the first speed ratio driven gear meshing with each other. The first clutching means is disposed on the first input shaft, such that it connects and disconnects the first speed ratio drive gear rotationally to and from the first input shaft, respectively. Each set of second speed ratio gear train includes a second speed ratio drive gear (for example, the third speed drive gear 73a, the LOW drive gear 71a and the second drive gear 72a of the embodiment shown in FIG. 11) which is disposed on the second input shaft and a second speed ratio driven gear (for example, the third speed driven gear 73b, the LOW driven gear 71b and the second speed driven gear 72b of the embodiment shown in FIG. 11) which is disposed on the second counter shaft, with the second speed ratio drive gear and the second speed ratio driven gear meshing with each other. The second clutching means is disposed on the second input shaft, such that it connects and disconnects the second speed ratio drive gear rotationally to and from the second input shaft, respectively. The connection gear train is used for power transmission from the first input shaft to the second input shaft through a connection idle gear (for example, the second connection gear 82 of the embodiment shown in FIG. 11), which is provided rotatably on the first counter shaft. In this construction, transmission output is taken out from first and second output gears (for example, the first and second last reduction drive gears 56a and 56b of the embodiment shown in FIG. 11), which are mounted on the first and second counter shafts, respectively.
In this parallel shaft transmission, the drive power which is input from the engine to the first input shaft can be transmitted through the connection gear train directly to the second input shaft. As the speed ratio gear trains are disposed between the first input shaft and the first counter shaft as well as the second input shaft and the second counter shaft, the axial length of the transmission is relatively short, so the transmission is made relatively compact. Also, because the distance between the first input shaft and the second input shaft can be determined as desired, the clutching means do not interfere with each other even though the first clutching means, which is disposed on the first input shaft, and second clutching means, which is disposed on the second input shaft, are positioned substantially on a common plane which is perpendicular to the shafts. As a result, the first and second speed ratio gear trains and the first and second clutching means are arranged appropriately to construct the transmission in a relatively small size.
As mentioned previously, the first and second output gears (last reduction drive gears) have small diameters. Generally, the space surrounding these output gears tends to become a dead space in transmission design. However, according to the present invention, this space of the transmission, which may be a dead space otherwise, is utilized for incorporating the second clutching means. In other words, one of the second clutching means and the first and second output gears are positioned substantially on a common plane which is perpendicular to the shafts to make the transmission compact.
Further scope of applicability of the present invention will become apparent from the detailed description given hereinafter. However, it should be understood that the detailed description and specific examples, while indicating preferred embodiments of the invention, are given by way of illustration only, since various changes and modifications within the spirit and scope of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from this detailed description.


A cassette reel in use for a video tape cassette including a hub and an upper flange made of a transparent plate which is provided with an annular groove on one side surface of the upper flange and a foil deposited on the surface of the upper flange which is surrounded by the annular groove, so that the foil can be cut clearly and then deposited on the face of the upper flange which is surrounded by the annular groove by hot stamp with a clear outer profile, whereby decorative effects can be obtained by the foil covering the internal construction of the hub and when the cassette reel is used for a video tape cassette, the commercial value of the video tape cassette can be elevated.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a cassette reel, and is directed a cassette reel suitable for use as a video tape cassette.
2. Description of the Prior Art
There has previously proposed a cassette reel in use for a video tape cassette as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 which respectively illustrate a perspective view and a cross-sectional view of a central portion thereof.
In FIGS. 1 and 2, reference numeral 1 designates a hub which has a lower flange 2 formed integrally therewith. In the present example, an upper flange 3 made of a transparent plastic plate is fixed on an upper end face 6 of the hub 1. More specifically, the upper flange 3 is fixed to the hub 1 by welding protrusions 5 formed on the lower face of its step portion 4 to the upper end face 6 of the hub 1 by ultrasonic heating. The upper flange 3 has a circular concave portion 7 having a diameter slightly smaller than the outer diameter of the hub 1 formed on the upper surface thereof and an opening 8 bored through the central portion thereof. A center pin 9, which will contact with a cassette reel holding spring provided on the inner surface of a video tape cassette housing, is loosely sandwiched in the opening 8 by the lower face of the central portion of the upper flange 3 and the upper end face of the central portion of the hub 1. A hub driving shaft inserting hole 10 is provided on the lower side of the hub 1 with which a hub driving shaft disposed in a video tape recorder will be engaged. Further, the hub 1 is provided on its outer peripheral surface with a clamp piece (not shown) and a clamp piece inserting portion 11 so as to grip and fix the end of a video tape (not shown). The lower flange 2 is provided along its outer periphery with reel brake engaging teeth 12.
FIG. 3 shows a video tape cassette equipped with two cassette reels 13 constructed as described above. A cassette housing 14 is provided on its upper surface with a window 15 made of a transparent plastic plate through which parts of the cassette reels 13 are visible so that the amounts of a video tape 16 wound on the respective reels 13, that is, the amount of a tape portion already used for recording and the amount of an unused tape portion can be confirmed. Incidentally, reference numerals 17 designate springs for holding the cassette reels 13, respectively.
When the cassette reels 13 are arranged in the cassette tape housing 14 having the window 15 made of a transparent plastic plate on the upper surface thereof as shown in FIG. 3, the amount of used and unused portions of the video tape 16 can be seen so that it is convenient for practical use. However, the transparent window 15 makes the internal construction of the hub 1 visible through the bottom surface 7A of the concave portion 7, which detracts from the appearance of the video tape cassette.
To attend to this problem, it may be proposed to deposit a metallic foil such as a gold foil on the bottom surface 7A of the concave portion 7 of the transparent upper flange 3 so as to make the internal construction of the hub 1 invisible and also produce a decorative effect. To be specific, as shown in FIG. 4, a transferable foil film 19 having a transferable metallic foil 18 deposited thereon is placed on the bottom surface 7A of the concave portion 7 of the upper flange 3 and then pressed by a heated hard rubber stamper 20 to transfer the metallic foil 18 to the bottom surface 7A of the concave portion 7. In other words, a hot stamp is carried out by the use of a metallic foil layer 21, as shown in FIG. 5.
However, with the conventional cassette reels 13, the periphery portion of the transferable metallic foil layer 19 cannot be cut satisfactorily so that it is occasionally impossible to transfer the metallic foil 18 to the bottom surface 7A in compliance with the profile of the hard rubber stamper 20 and hence to form a metallic foil layer 21 with its peripheral profile conforming to that of the bottom surface 7A of the concave portion 7.

Method of applying a decorative foil to a tape cassette reel


A heat transfer device includes a tube with a first fluid inlet and outlet and is arranged to form a plurality of parallel elongated segments. An enclosure defines a second fluid flow path over an exterior surface of the tube from a second fluid inlet to a second fluid outlet. A wall in the enclosure defines a first section of the second fluid flow path, which first section leads from the second fluid inlet and extends across a first portion of a length of all of the elongated segments of the tube. The wall further defines a second section of the second fluid flow path in the enclosure, which second section extends across a second portion of the length of all of the elongated segments of the tube and leads to the second fluid outlet. The interior wall is shaped and arranged such that a cross sectional area of the second fluid flow path in the enclosure changes along its length from the second fluid inlet to the second fluid outlet.

Heat exchangers or heat transfer devices are known, particularly those used in refrigeration appliances.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,157,941 discloses an evaporator which has a trapezoid shaped fin structure to result in a trapezoid shaped tube coil structure which causes air flow through the evaporator to accelerate as the cross sectional area of the air flow path decreases from the air inlet to the air outlet. A trapezoidal shaped tube and fin evaporator is also disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,826,442.
Other types of heat exchangers include plate type refrigerant evaporators such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,172,759, 5,099,913 and 5,137,082 in which a wall is provided in the interior of the refrigerant plate to allow refrigerant flowing through the plate to expand or compress between an inlet and an outlet.
It would be an improvement in the art if there were provided a fluid heat transfer device that provided for the acceleration of one of the fluids through the heat transfer device, yet would not require a specially shaped arrangement of the tubes of the heat transfer device and which could be incorporated into presently existing heat exchangers.


There is provided a method and an arrangement for flexible coexistence of several radio communication systems on a common radio frequency band. The radio frequency band has a larger bandwidth than the communication frequency band of the several radio communication systems. Prior to the start of a radio communication, the radio frequency band is scanned by a radio transceiver unit of a system for the detection of the presence of interference. The transceiver units are arranged to establish communication over any idle part of the radio frequency band comprising or covering the communication frequency band, thereby avoiding the need for frequency or channel planning. The invention can be used in Personal Communication Systems (PCS) or Cordless Terminal Mobility (CTM) services and Radio in the Local Loop (RLL) applications.

1. Field of the Invention.
The present invention relates generally to telecommunication systems and, more specifically, to radio transmission systems for communication between two or more telecommunication units, at least one of which can be mobile.
2. Description of the Related Art Including Information Disclosed Under 37 CFR 1.97 and 1.98.
In recent years various techniques and concepts of private radio communication systems for mobile telephony and data transmission have been developed. In general two types of mobile communication systems can be distinguished.
The first is cellular communication, providing coverage over a relatively wide area, i.e. relatively large cells. Analogue cellular systems, such as designated AMPS, ETACS, NMT-450 and NMT-900 have been deployed throughout the world. Digital cellular systems are designated IS-54B in North America and the pan-European GSM system.
The second is cordless communication, ranging from simple residential cordless telephones to business cordless systems capable of serving hundreds or even thousands of cordless communication units across (large) offices, production halls etc. Analogue cordless telephones are designated CT0, CT1 and CT1+. Amongst the digital cordless systems, designated CT2, CT2-CAI, CT3 and DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications), both CT3 and DECT use TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) as their transmission technique, whereas CT2 operates under FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access). Besides these access techniques, in particular in North America, spread spectrum access is used for cordless communication. CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) is another digital access technique which can be used for cordless communication.
At present, for each of the above technologies, specific radio frequency bands have been allocated. These radio frequency bands are sub-divided into various fixed radio channels. In CT3 and DECT systems, for example, is each radio channel further sub-divided in time into a number of communication channels. The radio channels of the various cordless technologies have a different frequency bandwidth, mainly due to a different number of communication channels in one radio channel and the modulation technique used. The bandwidth of each radio channel equals at least the total communication bandwidth, i.e. the number of communication channels in a particular radio channel times the frequency bandwidth of a single communication channel.
Some of the cordless technologies can also be used to provide a type of Personal Communication Services (PCS) or also called Cordless Terminal Mobility (CTM). This is basically a mobile telephone like service that covers a whole town or city. Customers of this service are able to carry their mobile communication units (telephone handsets) with them and can make calls in the coverage area of the service.
As deregulation gathers pace in telecommunication multiple operators will enter the market, using different radio technologies to provide some kind of PCS service in a given area. In such a case, one of the problems which has to be solved relates to the mutual isolation between the various communication systems and/or technologies used by the different operators, in order to avoid disturbances.
Mutual isolation could be provided by assigning special frequency bands or radio channels to specific operators, prohibiting the use thereof by others, for example. However, this is a very inefficient manner of using the available scarce radio frequency bandwidth. This, because it is difficult to estimate beforehand the required bandwidth for each operator. Further, it is not likely that the several operators will use their available transmission capacity to the same extents such that a lot of bandwidth is not efficiently used. It is even likely that the different operators will only set up a service in one or a few geographical areas, which involves a complex planning of bandwidth and radio channel allocation. To allow for new technologies and an increase of the service, an amount of frequency bandwidth has to hold in reserve, with the risk that it will not be used after all.
Instead of dedicated frequency bands or radio channels for each of the operators, another option would be the allocation of special PCS frequency bands or radio channels for each of the different cordless technologies, for example. However, in case several operators would like to cover a certain area with the same technology, such as DECT, it is necessary to operate the various systems in a synchronised manner.
Accordingly, for providing a PCS service, or in general any other (public) mobile radio telecommunication service, it would be very attractive to allow for multiple independent operated radio communication systems of the same or different technology to coexist in one or a few common radio frequency bands.
To provide for such a service, in which the various communication systems are allowed to operate essentially over a common radio frequency band, amongst others, access rules at the start of the transmissions have to be defined. Such that new transmissions, which would cause harmful disturbances to transmissions in progress, are prohibited to access part or parts of the radio frequency band temporarily occupied.

Method and arrangement for spectrum sharing in a radio communication environment


The present disclosure relates to systems, methods, and non-transitory computer-readable media for generating pairs of natural language queries and corresponding query-language representations. For example, the disclosed systems can generate a contextual representation of a prior-generated dialogue sequence to compare with logical-form rules. In some implementations, the logical-form rules comprise trigger conditions and corresponding logical-form actions for constructing a logical-form representation of a subsequent dialogue sequence. Based on the comparison to logical-form rules indicating satisfaction of one or more trigger conditions, the disclosed systems can perform logical-form actions to generate a logical-form representation of a subsequent dialogue sequence. In turn, the disclosed systems can apply a natural-language-to-query-language (NL2QL) template to the logical-form representation to generate a natural language query and a corresponding query-language representation for the subsequent dialogue sequence.

Many users communicate with chatbots and AI assistants for help on using software applications. Thus, recent years have seen significant improvements in hardware and software platforms that facilitate responses to natural language questions received from users. To do so, query-response systems utilize a variety of different models and methodologies to respond to natural language questions. Often, these query-response systems employ a training process to learn a conversion between query language and natural language, thereby enabling automated responses. Unfortunately, a number of problems exist with conventional data collection methods including conventional (semi)automatic data-generation systems that generate datasets for use in training such query-response systems. As demonstrated below, some example problems of conventional data collection methods comprise decreased applicability to new domains, reduced accuracy of training data, and diminished model flexibility of training data generation architecture.
In some conventional (semi)automatic data-generation systems, the output comprises datasets that are highly tailored for training a specific machine-learning model based on a particular knowledge base or software domain. This approach undermines cross-application of query-response systems. That is, query-response systems are largely domain-dependent and lack transferability to different knowledge bases or software domains. Thus, due to an inability of conventional data collection methods to generate applicable training datasets in a scalable and transferrable fashion, conventional data systems are severely limited in their application.
In addition, some conventional data collection methods suffer from decreased data accuracy. For example, generating a dataset typically entails large amounts of user input processing (e.g., for labelling, annotation, query modification, query formulation, etc.). This approach can lead to training data that is error-prone, subjective, and inconsistent.
Further, some conventional (semi)automatic data-generation systems include a rigid model architecture. For example, some conventional data generation systems can only analyze and/or generate first-turn utterances (e.g., single, standalone dialogue sequences). Additionally or alternatively, some conventional data generation systems accept only predetermined dialogue sequences (or scripted dialogue) while others may require multiple user feedback loops and/or multiple re-training steps to train a query-response system. These and/or other example problems limit the performance and capability of conventional data collection methods.

Utilizing logical-form dialogue generation for multi-turn construction of paired natural language queries and query-language representations