According to a fabrication method for an element isolation structure section, that is, STI, of the present invention, by differing the etching rate of material to be embedded in a narrow-width, that is, a small area trench section (first trench section) formed in a small isolation area, from the etching rate of a material to be embedded in a wide-width (plane shape of larger area) trench section (second trench section) formed in a large isolation area, in the etching step, dishing (recessing) that inevitably occurs in a CMP step can be reduced. Therefore, a STI having a higher level of flatness can be formed. As a result, by simple steps, deterioration of the electrical characteristics of elements that are element-isolated by STI can be reduced. That is to say, not only STI having excellent electrical characteristics, but also a semiconductor device provided with such STI, can be provided at a good level of production yield.

As semiconductor micro-processing technology advances, with the conventional element isolation method according to the LOCOS method, it is becoming difficult to fabricate in a narrower width, that is, in a minute area and at a high level of precision, a plurality of element formation areas (hereinafter, also referred to simply as active areas) to be provided in a unit chip area in which elements are to be formed. In order to solve such a problem, element isolation is conventionally carried out by STI, in which shallow trenches are formed in the semiconductor substrate, and a silicon oxide film is embedded therein.
For example, a semiconductor memory device formed in a single chip is usually provided with a memory cell array area, in which a plurality of memory cells are provided in a matrix, and a logic circuit area, in which a logic circuit for controlling operation of the memory cells is arranged. In the case where these constructions are element-isolated by STI, in general, one, two, or more arbitrarily suitable areas having one, two, or more types of width (area) such as a large isolation area provided in a large area that electrically isolates the memory cell array area from the logic circuit area and that separates them in distance, and a small isolation area that isolates minute elements formed in the memory cell array area from one another, are set.
In a step of planarizing the film structure in the fabrication method of STI, in general, a chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) step is often carried out, and this CMP step often causes an undesirable recess, called dishing, to occur in an oxide film that is embedded in the trench section, especially in the large isolation area.
When dishing occurs in STI, for example, a film material of polysilicon film formed in a gate electrode formation step remains in this dishing. Consequently, there is a risk of deterioration of the electrical characteristics of an element formed in the active area.
Moreover, to attempt removal of the film material remaining in the dishing, so-called over etching needs to be carried out. However, there is, for example, a risk of damaging the gate oxide film formed in the active area due to such over etching, causing deterioration of the electrical characteristics of the element.
In order to solve such problems relating to STI dishing, various kinds of STI fabrication methods have been proposed.
For example, a method for STI formation is known (refer to Unexamined Japanese Patent Publication No. Hei 8-181108) in which, with an object of preventing occurrence of a corrupted portion in the end section of an STI element isolation part due to dishing occurrence, and to avoid problems such as the occurrence of a parasitic transistor due to electric field concentration, and a decrease in dielectric breakdown withstand voltage, a film of a substance having a high etching rate for wet etching is formed on a semiconductor substrate, the substance, which has a high etching rate, in the area corresponding to the element isolation area and the semiconductor substrate are selectively etched by anisotropic etching, and an insulating film is formed on side walls and on a bottom section of the trench formed as a result of this etching, and, having formed a planarization film, wet etching is carried out.
Moreover, there is also a known method for STI formation (refer to Unexamined Japanese Patent Publication No. Hei 9-045687) in which, with an object of preventing dishing from occurring, an insulating film is formed only on the substrate surface excluding inside the trench section formed in the silicon substrate, and silicon oxide films, the film-thickness of which are different inside the trench section and on the insulating film, are formed making a use of substrate dependency, and furthermore, the silicon oxide film that fills in the trench section is planarized making use of a difference in etching rates in an etching step.
According to the STI formation methods disclosed in these Patent Documents, there are problems that the formation steps are complex and the formation work-hours are many.
Therefore, there is a demand for a technique for providing, in a simple process, an element isolation structure that can prevent dishing from occurring and secure excellent in-plane uniformity without detracting from the electrical characteristics of the element formed in the active area, and that can cope with the advancement in micro processing technology.
Additional objects, advantages and novel features of the present invention will be set forth in part in the description that follows, and in part will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon examination of the following or may be learned by practice of the invention. The objects and advantages of the invention may be realized and attained by means of the instrumentalities and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims.

Method for fabricating semiconductor device

Abstract: Moreover, according to the fabrication method for STI of the present invention, since excellent in-plane uniformity can be achieved, further miniaturization of the semiconductor device fabrication process can be supported.


A data classification method which classifies a plurality of data into a plurality of classification items based on a feature quantity included in the data, the method includes calculating, by a processor, an appearance probabilities in which training data including the feature quantity appears in the classification items in a distribution of the data, generating, by the processor, a rule having the feature quantity and a weighting of the feature quantity based on a plurality of the training data having the feature quantity based on the appearance probabilities; and classifying, by the processor, the plurality of data according to the rule.

A technique, which classifies data by a machine learning based on training data, is proposed (for example, patent document 1). The machine learning based on the training data is used for the classifications of the data such as image or document widely. When the plurality of data is classified in one of the plurality of items, a learning device generates a rule (model) indicating feature quantity and its weighting for classification based on the training data. And a classifier calculates score based on the weighting of the feature quantity included in the data as input by the plurality of data and classifies the data in the plurality of items based on the score.

Data classification method, storage medium, and classification device


A cleaning device and method is provided for a glue-spreading element, which spreads glue in a working position onto a material web, in particular a paper web, and which can be moved to a cleaning position inside the cleaning device. At least one scraper element is provided for cleaning the glue-spreading element.

The invention relates to a cleaning device for a glue-spreading element that spreads glue onto a material web, in particular a paper web, while in a working position, and that can be moved into a cleaning position inside the cleaning device. The invention furthermore relates to an arrangement comprising a glue-spreading element and a cleaning device, and to a machine used in the tobacco processing industry, in particular for producing cigarettes or the like, as well as a method for cleaning a glue-spreading element that is moved from a working position for applying glue onto a material web, in particular a paper web, into a cleaning position inside a cleaning device.
German unexamined published application 32 06 665 Al discloses a glue-spreading nozzle which is plunged into a liquid bath for cleaning the nozzle and preserving the glue inside the nozzle. During a break in operations, the nozzle is sealed from air outside of the cleaning device, so that the liquid glue inside the nozzle does not dry or harden. Since the glue nozzle is submerged repeatedly into the same cleaning bath, the liquid becomes increasingly polluted after each dip of the nozzle into the liquid bath.
European Patent Application EP 1 000 863 A1 discloses a glue-spreading element for spreading glue onto packages. The element is cleaned with a rotating roller that functions as a cleaning element and a sealing element for the glue nozzle. The roller is submerged into a water bath for cleaning the nozzle. The water bath and the roller used for this operation also become increasingly polluted.
A glue nozzle head, provided with several nozzles to apply a specific glue pattern onto a continuously moving paper ribbon is also known from German unexamined published application 100 19 930 A1. The paper ribbon provided with the glue pattern is cut into sections to be wrapped around the filter segment of a cigarette.

Cleaning device for a glue-spreading element


A method for use with a computing device. The method may include receiving a data set including a plurality of univariate data points and determining a target kernel bandwidth for a kernel density estimator (KDE). Determining the target kernel bandwidth may include computing a plurality of sample KDEs and selecting the target kernel bandwidth based on the sample KDEs. The method may further include computing the KDE for the data set using the target kernel bandwidth. For one or more tail regions of the data set, the method may further include computing one or more respective tail extensions. The method may further include computing and outputting a renormalized piecewise density estimator that, in each tail region, equals a renormalization of the respective tail extension for that tail region, and, outside the one or more tail regions, equals a renormalization of the KDE.

Kernel density estimation (KDE) is a technique for approximating an unknown distribution f(x) from a set of N samples {x(1), . . . , x(N)}. The estimators are given by the equation
          f    ˆ      (       x    ;    h      )    =         1    N                  ∑           i      =      1          N                   K      h          (           x      ,             x               (        i        )                       )          where Kh(⋅,⋅) is a kernel function selected to provide a smooth alternative to a histogram-based estimator. h is a kernel bandwidth which may be selected to determine an amount of smoothing that is performed on the samples. In some examples, the kernel function may be a Gaussian kernel function given by the following equation:
          K    σ      (       x    ,    y      )    =         1         2          π          σ                 e               -             1               2                         σ         2                                                 (               x        -        y              )            2               Other kernel functions may alternatively be used.
When KDE is used, there may be a tradeoff between variance and bias of the estimator {circumflex over (f)}(x; h). In addition, as N increases, the smoothness of the estimator may also increase. Thus, when N is increased, a lower value of h may be used to obtain an estimator with the same level of smoothness. KDE is a nonparametric technique that does not require setting any parameters of the estimator based on assumptions made about the properties of the distribution. Thus, KDE may be used for a wide variety of types of distribution.


An electronic memory or controller may use a first type of read command, addressed to a first page of memory of an electronic memory that includes information to indicate that a second page of memory of the electronic memory has not been programmed and a second type of read command, addressed to the first page of memory, that includes information to indicate that the second page of memory has been programmed. The first page of memory may include a lower page of a multi-level cell (MLC), and the second page of memory may include an upper page of the same MLC. The second page of memory is enabled during a period of time that the first type of read command is used.

The present subject matter relates to semiconductor memories, and more specifically, to multi-level cell (MLC) flash memory.
Many types of semiconductor memory are known in the art. Some memory is volatile and will lose its contents if power is removed. Some memory is non-volatile and will hold the information stored in the memory even after power has been removed. One type of non-volatile memory is flash memory which stores charge in a charge storage region of a memory cell. In a floating gate flash cell, a conductive floating gate, positioned between the control gate and the channel of a metal-oxide silicon field effect transistor (MOSFET), is used to store a charge. In a charge trap flash (CTF) cell, a layer of non-conductive material, such as a nitride film, is used to store charge between the control gate and the channel of a MOSFET. The threshold voltage of the MOSFET-based flash cell can be changed by changing the amount of charge stored in the charge storage region of the cell, and the threshold voltage can be used to indicate a value that is stored in the flash cell.
Some flash devices may store a single binary bit of data per cell. Such flash cells may be referred to as single-level cells (SLC). Other flash devices may allow for more than one binary bit of data to be stored in a single flash cell by using multi-level cells (MLC). In an MLC, the threshold voltage of the flash cell may be set to one of 2n different target levels to represent 'n' bits of storage. So for example, an MLC capable of storing 3 bits of information may have 8 different targeted voltage levels for its threshold voltage.
One architecture in common use for flash memories is a NAND flash architecture. In a NAND flash architecture, two or more flash cells are coupled together, source to drain, into a string, with the individual cell control gates coupled to control lines, such as word lines. Select gates, which may be standard MOSFETs, may be coupled to the NAND string at either end, to couple the NAND string to a source line at one end of the NAND string, and to a bit line at the other end of the NAND string. Some NAND flash memories may use MLCs to increase storage density.

Lower page read for multi-level cell memory


A composition for inhibiting a liver tumor in an organism is disclosed. The composition includes an activator being 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-Beta-D-glucopyranoside (PGG), wherein PGG is extracted from at least one of Paeonia lactiflora Pall. and Galla Chinesis.

Globally, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a very common cancer currently ranking third in mortality. More than five million new cases are diagnosed globally every year. The morbidity rate is almost equal to the mortality rate due to unclear diagnosis, imperfect treatment and a high recurrence rate for HCC.
Glycine N-methyl transferase (GNMT) has a plurality of bioactivite functions, one of which is as a tumor suppressor gene for hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC).
GNMT prevents aflatoxin-induced and polyaromatic hydrocarbons-induced carcinogenicity and inhibits liver cancer cell proliferation by reducing DNA adduct formation and cytotoxicity.
Some studies have shown that GNMT is involved in the onset of hepatic detoxification pathways. It was also found that the expression of GNMT decreases in more than 80% of HCC patients, in which the risk to become cirrhosis patients increases. In addition, high rates of both genders of GNMT knockout mice developed HCC spontaneously.
However, transgenic mice with human GNMT overexpression in their livers resisted aflatoxin B1-induced liver tumorigenesis. Moreover, recent studies have shown that overexpression of GNMT inhibits cancer cell proliferation.
To date, only sorafenib (trade name Nexavar) has been approved for the treatment of HCC in America. However, it has side effects, and patients quickly develop resistance to it. Therefore, there is an unmet need for more effective drugs for HCC.
In the meanwhile, natural products have been regarded as an unlimited resource for novel drug discovery. It has been estimated that up to 1990, nearly 80% of drugs were either natural products or their analogs.
Among natural products, traditional Chinese medicine has a unique position, since it represents a wide diversity of plants that has been used by human beings for a long period of time.
In order to overcome the drawbacks in the prior art, a composition for anti-cancer and use thereof are disclosed. The particular design in the present invention not only solves the problems described above, but also is easy to implement. Thus, the present invention has utility for the industry.


Coextrusion apparatus for forming tubular elastomeric ply made up of first, second and third concentric streams of elastomeric material and a pair of coaxial helical patterns of individual reinforcing elements wound in opposite direction with respect to each other contained within the first and third streams of elastomeric material and separated by the second stream of elastomeric material. A pair of reinforcing element guides are rotatably mounted within the apparatus between stationary flow channels for the three streams of elastomeric material, and are rotated in opposite directions with respect to each other. The two helical patterns of reinforcing elements and three streams of elastomeric material merge together substantially simultaneously in concentric circles which lie in a plane generally perpendicular to a central axis of the coextrusion apparatus to form the tubular ply. A method for producing such a reinforced tubular elastomeric ply also is presented.

Technical Field
The field of art to which this invention pertains is that of a coextrusion apparatus and method, particularly for use in manufacturing annular seamless components of elastomeric material, such as used in the production of plies for pneumatic tires, air springs, reinforced hose or other reinforced tubular ply members. More particularly, the invention relates to such an apparatus and method for producing reinforced tubular plies wherein a high density of reinforcing elements are utilized with extreme accuracy in the spacing thereof, and wherein the reinforcing elements have a pair of helical arrangements covered by and separated by elastomeric layers.

Coextrusion apparatus and method with rotating cord guidance


A traveling-wave electro-optic modulator using reflected signals to achieve a one-time rephasing. For a given crystal length, the interaction length is effectively doubled and a 3-dB gain is automatically achieved compared to a conventional traveling-wave modulator.

Light modulation can be programmably controlled by electrical signals and has been widely used in data processing devices and communication systems (e.g., cable TV). One implementation of programmable light modulation is electro-optic ("EO") light modulation by using an electro-optic material (e.g., crystals) whose index of refraction changes in response to an externally applied electrical field.
Traveling-wave EO modulators are suitable for light modulation at high frequencies such as in a range above .about.10.sup.8 Hz. Light modulation using traveling-wave modulators is known to the art. See, for example, "Optical Waves in Crystals: propagation and Control of Laser Radiation", by Yariv and Yeh, John Wiley and Sons (1980). In a traveling-wave EO modulator, the direction of the electrical field of a modulating field is usually perpendicular to the propagation direction of the optical wave. In particular, the modulating wave travels along with the optical wave in substantially the same propagation direction. Much effort in research and development has been made in designing traveling-wave modulators due to their applications in data processing and communication devices and systems. Compact integrated EO modulators are of particular interest in this field for optical fiber networks and other applications.
FIG. 1 shows a conventional traveling-wave light modulator 100. An EO material 102 of length L with optical input and output facets 104 and 106 is placed between two parallel electrodes 110 and 112. In an integrated modulator configuration, the EO material 102 forms a substrate on which an optical waveguide and the electrodes are formed. A modulation signal source 114 is connected to the electrodes 110 and 112 at their ends near the input facet 104 to launch a traveling modulation wave at a modulation frequency .omega..sub.mod. A signal terminator 116 with a load can be used to terminate the modulating waves at the other ends of the electrodes 110 and 112 close to the output facet 106 of the EO material 102. If the phase velocities of the optical and modulating waves are equal to each other, a portion of an optical wavefront of the optical wave experiences the same instantaneous modulating electrical field. This corresponds to the field which that portion of the optical wavefront encounters at the input facet 104. Such a match in the phase velocities is desirable since the efficiency of modulation is maximum as described hereinafter.
However, material dispersion often adversely affects or prevents this desired phase match condition. Phase velocities of electrical and optical waves are different in most cases. The electrical modulation wave travels at a phase velocity .upsilon..sub.mod usually lower than the phase velocity .upsilon..sub.opt of the optical wave. In an integrated modulator, this mismatch in phase velocities is primarily caused by the dispersion of the electro-optic material of the substrate. The modulation wave and the optical wave then experience different indices of refraction due to their different frequencies. This can limit the EO modulator to operate at higher modulation frequencies and significantly reduce the modulation depth.
The phase modulation depth .delta. of the traveling-wave modulator 100 can be approximately expressed as ##EQU1## where .beta. is a factor linearly proportional to the magnitude of the electrical field of the modulation wave and the electro-optic coefficient of the crystal and .DELTA. is a phase mismatch parameter: ##EQU2## The phase modulation depth .delta. increases proportionally with the interaction length L. In addition, the phase modulation depth .delta. is dependent on a phase mismatch parameter .DELTA. and reaches at or near a maximum value when .DELTA.=0, i.e., the phase velocities .upsilon..sub.mod and .upsilon..sub.opt are equal to each other. Otherwise, the phase modulation is reduced by a factor due to the phase mismatch between the optical wave and the electrical modulation wave. An ideal phase match requires .upsilon..sub.mod =.upsilon..sub.opt. This is usually difficult to achieve in practical devices. In practice, the phase match condition may be considered satisfactory if EQU .omega..sub.mod .DELTA.L<<.PI.. (3)
Another parameter which sets the performance of the EO modulators is the sensitivity of modulation. It is desirable to achieve a maximal phase modulation depth .delta. with a smallest possible drive signal power for a given electro-optic material. This can be accomplished, for example, by increasing the interaction length L of the electro-optic material while maintaining the phase match condition in Equation (3). In addition, choosing an electro-optic material with a large electro-optic coefficient can reduce the drive power required for the modulator.
The phase match condition of the optical wave and the electrical modulation wave can be achieved by implementing a traveling-wave configuration in an EO modulator. In general, this can be done by either reducing the phase velocity of the optical wave or speeding up the electrical wave. One way to accomplish the former is disposing bends with a higher refractive index in the waveguide. However, loss by light scattering in the bends is often unacceptably high, thus making this technique impractical in many applications.
There have been two different approaches in increasing the effective phase velocity of the electrical wave to match that of the optical wave.
One approach utilizes a buffering layer of a low index insulator, such as a SiO.sub.2 layer, between the electro-optic crystal and an electrode wherein the electrical wave propagates. See, Gopalakrisna et al., "40 GHZ Low Half Wave Voltage Ti:LiNbO3 Intensity Modulators", Electronic Letters, Vol. 28, pp. 2056-2068 (1995). This buffering layer lifts the fields out of the crystal and effectively reduces the index of refraction experienced by the electrical wave. As a result, the phase velocity of the electrical wave is increased. This velocity matching technique can be effective. However, field penetration to the crystal is reduced and consequently the modulation sensitivity is compromised. Another limitation of this approach is that a large and uniform buffering layer is usually difficult to grow and can be expensive.
A second alternative approach is to increase the speed of the electrical wave on the average rather than uniformly in the electrical path. Therefore, the phase velocity of an electrical wave may not have been equal to the optical phase velocity. However, on the average, the phase mismatch between the electrical wave and the optical wave is minimized. One implementation of this approach uses a plurality of small and separate electrodes to form an electrode array along each side of the optical path (e.g., the optical waveguide in an integrated system) instead of having a single-piece electrode on each side of the optical path in the electro-optic material. The modulator splits the electrical modulation wave accordingly into a plurality of portions with each being fed to one of the small electrodes. Multiple electrical paths from the modulation signal source to each small electrode are formed in a way such that the initial phase of each portion of the input electrical modulation wave at a corresponding small electrode matches the phase of the optical wave. A small phase mismatch develops as each portion of the electrical wave propagates along each small electrode. However, the average phase mismatch for the entire electrode array is substantially eliminated. This is because, at least in part, the length of each small electrode is small compared to the interaction length.
U. S. Pat. No. 5,076,655 to Bridges describes such a system which uses an antenna array to implement the electrode array. An electrical modulation wave is used to illuminate the antenna array at a selected angle with respect to the array so that a modulation electrical wave arriving at each antenna has a different phase delay and matches the phase of the optical wave at that antenna. U.S. Pat. No. 5,291,565 to Schaffner et al. discloses another system to implement the above technique.
This second approach for speeding up the electrical wave may also be limited in several respects. For example, splitting the electrical modulation wave into multiple waves (e.g., N waves) reduces the voltage on each electrode in the array by a factor of N.sup.1/2, thereby decreasing the modulation sensitivity. In addition, the structure of the RF electrode array is complex and accordingly the construction of the entire modulator becomes complicated.

Traveling-wave reflective electro-optic modulator


An automatic choke system includes: a wax-type temperature sensing section; and an output section which opens a choke valve of a carburetor in response to heat receiving operation of the temperature sensing section. Temperature sensing section includes: a bottomed cylindrical housing attached to an engine with its bottom portion directed to a high-temperature portion of the engine; a bottomed movable cylinder; a stationary piston slidably supported by the movable cylinder and having one end protruding out of the movable cylinder; and a wax contained in the movable cylinder in a sealed manner, and causing the movable cylinder and the stationary piston to move relative to each other in an axial direction. The movable cylinder is slidably housed in the housing in a state in which an outer end of the stationary piston abuts against an inner surface of the bottom portion of the housing. The output section is connected to the movable cylinder. Thus, the rate of opening of the choke valve can be increased immediately after the start of engine warming-up operation, and reduced as approaching the completion of engine warming-up operation.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an improvement in an automatic choke system for a carburetor, comprising: a wax-type temperature sensing section attached to an engine; and an output section providing a connection between the temperature sensing section and a choke valve of the carburetor, and operated to open the choke valve in response to heat receiving operation of the temperature sensing section.
2. Description of the Related Art
Such an automatic choke system for a carburetor is known, for example, as disclosed in Japanese Utility Model Laid-Open No. 57-182241.
In the conventional automatic choke system for a carburetor, a wax-type temperature sensing section has a cylinder, a piston slidably supported in the cylinder and having one end projecting out of the cylinder, wax contained in the movable cylinder and causing the movable cylinder and the stationary piston to move relative to each other in the axial direction when it is thermally expanded, and a return spring urging the movable cylinder and the stationary piston in the direction to compress the wax. The cylinder is mounted on the engine with the wax facing a high-temperature portion of the engine, and the piston is connected to the output section. In this automatic choke system, the wax is always exposed to the high-temperature portion of the engine, so that the rate at which heat is received from the engine is constant, and thus the rate of opening the choke valve is also constant with the progress of engine warming-up operation.
However, in order to appropriately perform the engine warming-up operation, it is required to increase the rate of opening the choke valve immediately after a start of engine warming-up operation and to decrease it as approaching the completion of warming-up operation.


The invention relates to the reliable and rapid registration of articles, which are provided with a barcode and/or an RFID tag, at a self-service checkout. This is made possible by installing a barcode reader and an RFID reader in the region of the product registration area. In order to avoid double registration in the case of articles having both a barcode identifier and an RFID tag (transponder), the barcode reader and the RFID tag are connected to a data processing device, with the result that, if an article is registered twice, only the single price is calculated.

The invention relates to a self-service checkout for acquiring data from merchandise.
Products in the commercial environment are usually marked with barcodes which are normally applied to the packaging or the product itself by the manufacturer. In order to read a barcode, use is made of barcode readers, which are available in different forms for the various areas of use. The most common readers contain a laser and various mirrors in order to scan the barcode pattern. There are barcode readers which are permanently installed and portable barcode readers.
However, in addition to barcode technology, RFID ("radio frequency identification") systems are also increasingly being used as identification marks and are utilized to identify products.
An RFID system essentially comprises two components: the mobile data storage media, which are also referred to as an encoder, transponder, RFID tag, ID transmitter or ID card and are carried by a user or are fitted to an object to be identified such as a commercial product, and the reader, which is also referred to as a base station or transceiver and reads the data from the transponders or writes new data to the latter. In addition, the reader can also provide power for the transponder. An antenna which, in simple cases, is in the form of an air-core coil is needed at both ends to transmit the data. Depending on their design, the transponders store information which ranges from a simple identification number to complex user or measured data. In the case of transponders, a distinction is made between active and passive identification. Passive identification is distinguished by the fact that the transponder can be continuously checked by the reader without the assistance of the user or the product. They obtain their power from the reader's magnetic field. As a result, they are very robust and require no maintenance. If the encoder is within a certain range of the transmission and reception unit, identification is effected automatically. The range is generally restricted by the radio field attenuation. By contrast, in the case of an active identification system, communication is actively initiated by the user from the transponder. In this case, a user must operate the transponder manually. Active transponders have their own power source, usually in the form of a primary source. The limited life is disadvantageous here.
Various radio-based transmission technologies are possible or customary: LF systems in the frequency range of 100-300 kHz, RF systems at 433 MHz or 867 MHz and radio-frequency microwave systems, which usually operate at the frequencies of 2.4 GHz, 5.8 GHz, 9.5 GHz or 24 GHz. Transponders in the kHz frequency range have ranges of a few centimeters. They are referred to as proximity tags, since they operate in direct proximity. Transponders which operate in the MHz frequency range are called vicinity tags, since, with ranges of up to approximately 2 m, they are used in the vicinity of the registration devices. Active transponders having a range of up to several meters essentially operate at the frequency of 2.4 GHz.
These RFID systems are also increasingly being used in supermarkets, with the proximity transponders, in particular, being used in this case. In the commercial environment, in addition to identifying the commercial product, RFID tags of this type have the advantage of a considerable improvement in product tracking, thus making the logistical processes easier for the manufacturer to comprehend than is the case with a barcode. In particular, the transponders are resistant to environmental influences, for example high and low temperatures, moisture, vibration, impact, dust, oil and dirt. Depending on the design of the finished product, the transponder may be fitted discreetly or invisibly, for example in the packaging.
In the commercial environment, particularly in supermarkets, self-service checkouts are increasingly being used to lower the personnel costs. Various self-service checkouts are known, in the case of which the products selected by the customer are registered and an automatic bill is produced. The customer takes the products, which have normally been deposited in a shopping cart, to the self-service checkout and subjects them to a scanning operation in which the barcode on the products is normally scanned by a barcode reader. The products are then placed in a packing area which may also be a further shopping cart or a shopping bag and which is coupled to scales. When the products are being identified by scanning the barcode, the product price, the type of product and the weight are determined. When the customer then places the products in the packing area, they are weighed again and the weighing result is compared with the weight intended for this type of product or with the weight which was determined when recording the weight of products which had to be weighed individually. If the comparison variables match, incorrect evaluation or an attempt to deceive can be ruled out.
EP 338 376 A2 describes a method for optically scanning markings, such as barcodes, on articles at a self-service checkout.
If, however, products are now offered which in some cases are provided with a barcode identification mark and in other cases are provided with an RFID identification mark, the cashier (in the case of an attended cash register) identifies whether the product is provided with an RFID tag or with a barcode and can then use a barcode reader or an RFID reader according to the marking which has been applied. By contrast, in the self-service environment, it has hitherto not been possible to use the customary self-service checkouts to register these products which are identified using an RFID transponder.


A crop processing device includes a rotor with crop engaging means, a sheet partly surrounding the rotor, whereas the sheet is circumferentially moveable with respect to the rotor, and a control providing resistance to circumferential movement of the sheet.

Prior patents DE 195 46 263 and DE 198 41 598 disclose cutting devices with a rotor and a bottom sheet, whereas the position of the bottom sheet is changeable as a function of the load created by the crop. The bottom sheet moves away from the rotor in an overload case and opens the throat thereby. It has been found, that instead of avoiding plugging such movement allows even more crop to enter, which increases the tendency to put the whole system on halt.
The problem this invention is based on is seen in finding a crop processing device, which in an overload situation avoids plugging.

Crop processing device with relief system


A child safety seat has a seat shell with a seat back portion, a seat bottom portion, and a seating surface. A track is provided on the child safety seat. A slot has a slot length along the track and a slot width defined between two parts of the track. An anchor strap has a belt, two anchoring connectors coupled to and spaced apart along the belt, and a central section between the two anchoring connectors. The central section has a thickness less than the slot width and captured in the slot between the two parts of the track. The two anchoring connectors are sized larger than the slot width thereby preventing removal of the anchor strap from the child safety seat. The anchor strap can slide along the slot length between at least a forward facing anchor position and a rear facing anchor position on the seat shell.

1. Field of the Disclosure
The present disclosure is generally directed to child restraint systems, and more particularly to an anchor latch assembly or arrangement configured to accommodate forward facing and rear facing seat installation orientations.
2. Description of Related Art
Many known child restraint systems (CRS), i.e., child vehicle safety seats or car seats, for infants and small children are designed to be installed in a vehicle in both a rear facing and a forward facing orientation. Vehicles are also now provided with dedicated or fixed seat anchors associated with the rear seat of the vehicle. In 2002, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) implemented rules regarding anchoring a child car seat in a vehicle. The rules are known as LATCH, which stands for lower anchors and tethers for children. Use of the LATCH system is a common restraint method of connecting a CRS to the vehicle seat. A CRS that can be installed in both a rear facing and a forward facing direction need to be capable of having the ability to use or arrange the LATCH components for both installation directions.
The typical LATCH system employs fixed anchors or anchor points mounted in a vehicle adjacent the vehicle's dedicated rear seat, either at the seat bight, at the top of the seat back, or both. The typical LATCH system also employs a strap or anchor belt connected to the CRS that connects to the anchors or anchor points. On seats that are capable of both forward and rear facing installations, the LATCH system often has two completely separate straps or anchor belts, one for each orientation. This is because the straps or anchor belts are now required by NHTSA rules to remain permanently connected to the CRS and the strap position on the seat required for the rear facing orientation is virtually always different than the strap position on the seat for the forward facing orientation. This solution requires duplicate LATCH assembly parts, which adds cost and complexity to the CRS.
Some manufacturers have attempted to address the issue of providing two different anchor belts or straps. For example, both Dorel and Evenflo use a "leash" type design. A leash strap is attached to the CRS seat. A single LATCH assembly or strap is coupled to the leash and thus to the CRS seat. The user is required to route the strap of the LATCH assembly through and/or along one of at least two optional belt paths designated for either a rear facing or forward facing installation, respectively. The leash only keeps the LATCH strap coupled to the CRS during use and storage. It is completely up to the user to find the proper belt path and to route the LATCH strap properly. Also, the user typically has to remove soft goods on the seat in order to find and utilize the desired belt path.
In another example, a Britax seat is known that uses two LATCH assemblies or straps, one on each side of the seat. The left hand side LATCH strap is slidably looped onto a rigid bar on the left side of the seat or CRS shell. The right hand side LATCH strap is slidably looped onto another rigid bar on the right side of the seat or CRS shell. The left hand and right hand LATCH straps each slide along their respective rigid bar to switch between the rear facing and forward facing belt path positions. This LATCH assembly requires two bars, one on each side of the CRS seat, and two straps, one for left hand side and one for right hand side usage. This solution also requires duplicate parts and adds cost, complexity and weight to the CRS.

Anchor latch assembly for child restraint system


A system and method for single step x-ray phase contrast imaging. In one embodiment, a method for single step x-ray phase contrast imaging includes illuminating an object to be imaged with x-rays. The x-rays passing through the object are detected by a spectral detector. Image data derived from the detected x-rays is provided to an x-ray image processor. A phase image is generated based on the image data.

The penetrative ability of x-rays makes them valuable for structural imaging applications ranging from medical imaging and materials research to quality control and security. Transmission imaging with x-rays is typically used to produce an attenuation contrast image of the material of interest. However, attenuation contrast images suffer from poor contrast sensitivity that poses severe limitations in many applications. The contrast sensitivity of transmission imaging is also an issue in medical imaging. Detection of early stage cancer (as represented by tumors smaller than 1 cm) is of vital importance. Transmission imaging is a workhorse imaging modality, yet is not sensitive enough to reliably detect such tumors.


An interferometer which can vary a direction of an incident beam and which enables more accurate measurement while avoiding eclipse includes an optical system adapted to form an interference beam from a beam from a surface to be measured, and a detected position varying member for varying a position to be detected of the interference beam in accordance with information on inclination of the surface to be measured.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an interferometer and to a shape measuring device using an interferometer. The present invention provides a device for measuring the surface shape of a relatively-large diameter lens, mirror, die, etc. used in a camera, a video, a semiconductor manufacturing apparatus or the like. The device is particularly suitable for the measurement of an aspheric shape which is hard to measure with an ordinary interferometer.
2. Description of the Related Art
As conventional examples of the art, two measuring devices disclosed in K. Yoshizumi et al., Precise Measuring System for Aspheric Surfaces, Optics, vol. 12, No. 6, pp 450-454 (December, 1983) will be described.
FIG. 1 shows the construction of the first conventional example.
In the drawing, numeral 901 indicates a Zeeman laser constituting the light source; numeral 902 indicates a beam splitter; numerals 903 and 904 indicate polarizing beam splitters; numerals 905a and 905b indicate .lambda./4 plates; numeral 906 indicates an objective lens; numeral 907 indicates a reference surface; numeral 908 indicates a workpiece; numeral 909 indicates a workpiece stage; numeral 910 indicates a focus detector; numerals 911a and 911b indicate beat signal detectors.
Assume two beams which are emitted from the light source Zeeman laser 901, which are polarized in directions perpendicular to each other and which have slightly different frequencies f1 and f2. These two beams are spatially separated from each other by the first polarizing beam splitter 903. The beam f1 travels straight and is transmitted through the second polarizing beam splitter 904 to be converted to circularly polarized light by the .lambda./4 plate 905a before it is applied to the surface of the object of measurement (workpiece) 908 on the workpiece stage 909 so as to focus thereon by the objective lens 906. Then, it returns to the objective lens 906 due to the so-called Cat's Eye reflection. It is transmitted through the the .lambda./4 plate 905a again to be converted to linear polarized light before it impinges upon the second polarizing beam splitter 904 in a condition in which it has been rotated by 90.degree. from the linear polarized light before the reflection. This polarizing beam splitter 904, with a special coating, divides the returned beam into two portions, one of which is led to the first polarizing beam splitter 903 and the other of which is reflected and led to the focus detector 910.
In this device, the objective lens 906 is servo-controlled in the optical-axis direction by using a signal of the focus detector 910 so that focusing may always be effected on the workpiece surface even when the workpiece moves in a direction perpendicular to the optical axis.
On the other hand, the light beam reflected by the polarizing beam splitter 903 is converted to circularly polarized light by the .lambda./4 plate 905b, and reflected by the reference surface 907 arranged on the workpiece stage 909 before returning to the polarizing beam splitter 903. Since it passes through the .lambda./4 plate 905b again, the beam is in the form of a linear polarized light with the direction of polarization rotated by 90.degree.. The beam is transmitted through the polarizing beam splitter 903 and directed to the beat signal detector 911b.
The beam which has been reflected by the workpiece and returned to the polarizing beam splitter 903 is also directed to the beat signal detector 911b, so that interference occurs with the light reflected by the reference surface, and a measurement beat signal is detected by the beat signal detector 911b.
This measurement beat signal is caused to interfere with the light immediately after emission from the light source to measure the difference in phase between the signal and a reference beat signal obtained by the beat signal detector 911a, and the difference in phase when scanning is performed on the workpiece in a direction perpendicular to the optical axis is integrated, whereby the shape of the workpiece is measured.
In the second conventional example shown in FIG. 2, a light beam whose diameter is smaller than the effective diameter of the objective lens 906 is used. The axis of the objective lens is also movable in a direction perpendicular to the optical axis, and the focus detector 910 is endowed with a surface inclination detecting function, a system being added by means of which servo-control is effected such that the light beam always impinges at right angles in correspondence with the surface inclination of the workpiece.
The first conventional example, described above, has a problem in that, when the surface to be measured is inclined, the reflected light is eclipsed, so that the quantity of light returned to the detector varies to an extreme degree, thereby making the measurement difficult. In particular, in the case of the measurement of an aspheric surface or the like, a more accurate measurement cannot be expected.
In the second conventional example, the problem of the first conventional example, i.e., the variation in quantity of light when the surface to be measured is inclined, can be avoided. However, due to the addition of the two axes (the X and Y-directions) to the servo system, the device is further complicated.

Interferometer which varies a position to be detected based on inclination of surface to be measured


The present application provides a refrigerated display case. The refrigerated display case may include a tub assembly and a drain system in communication with the tub assembly. The drain system may include an integrated tee joint-drain trap.

A modern supermarket may have any number of refrigerated display cases to store and display different types of frozen and refrigerated products. Many different types of refrigerated display cases may be used, including multi-deck coolers, reach-in coolers, and the like. Refrigerated display cases generally are modular in nature such that any number of individual units may be combined to create a display case of any suitable size or length.
Current designs for refrigerated display cases generally seek to maximize the usable refrigerated display space so as to contain as many products therein as possible. As a result, the remaining space for the refrigeration components and the like tends to be as small as possible. One result is that certain refrigerated display cases can no longer be drained out of the bottom and instead must use a drain line along the front of the case. Such an orientation, however, may create issues such as an intrusion into the customer area given the limited space.
There is thus a desire for an improved refrigerated display case. Such a refrigerated display case may minimize the space required for appropriate drainage without reducing the overall flow capacity. The refrigerated display case may provide such a reduced footprint with a reduction in the number of components for ease of installation. Moreover, the refrigerated display case may provide ease of access for cleaning and maintenance.

Integrated drain system from a refrigerated display case


A method for treating hypertriglyceridemia with a composition containing wedelolactone, luteolin, and apigenin. Also provided is a method for reducing the risk of developing hypertriglyceridemia by administering the composition to a subject at risk thereof. The composition can be an extract of Wedelia chinensis.

1. Field
This application relates to the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia and reducing the risk of developing this condition.
2. Background Information
A triglyceride is an ester derived from glycerol and three fatty acids. Triglycerides are the main lipid component of dietary fat and fat depots of animals. Triglycerides are transferred via the blood between tissues, e.g., between adipose tissue and liver tissue, by lipoprotein particles. The highest triglyceride concentrations are found in chylomicrons and very low density lipoprotein particles.
The American Heart Association classifies individuals by their fasting serum triglyceride levels as follows: <150 mg/dL, normal; 150 to 199 mg/dL, borderline high; 200 to 499 mg/dL, high; and ≧500 mg/dL, very high. Elevated triglyceride levels, known as hypertriglyceridemia, contribute to the development of atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, and acute pancreatitis.
Most often, hypertriglyceridemia is caused by obesity, lipodystrophic disorders, diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, and chronic kidney disease. In some instances, it can be caused by familial genetic disorders.
Typically, life-style modifications are recommended for individuals having borderline high triglyceride levels (150 to 199 mg/dL). Lifestyle modifications encompass changes in diet, exercise, weight reduction, smoking cessation, and limiting alcohol intake. Optimization of nutrition can result in a marked reduction in serum triglycerides by as much as 20% to 50%.
Patients with levels of triglycerides greater than 200 mg/dL are prescribed lipid-lowering drugs. The major pharmacological treatment options for hypertriglyceridemia are HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (e.g., atorvastatin, fluvastatin, pitavastatin, pravastatin, lovastatin, simvastatin, and rosuvastatin), fibric acid derivatives (e.g., gemfibrozil and fenofibrate), nicotinic acid (niacin), cholesterol absorption inhibitors, bile acid sequestrates (resins), and ω-3-acid ethyl esters.
Current pharmacological treatments for hypertriglyceridemia do not effectively control high triglyceride levels without unfavorable adverse effects. The need exists for efficient treatments for hypertriglyceridemia that have fewer side effects.

Method for treating hypertriglyceridemia with a


A cable clamping assembly includes a cable clamp and a supporting base. The cable clamp includes a protruding base and two bendable arms. The protruding base has an opening disposed on the center of a top surface. The two bendable arms respectively include a plurality of first latching components and a plurality of second latching components. The supporting base includes a concave portion. A guiding slope and a positioning portion are disposed within the concave portion. When the cable clamp clamps a cable, the two bendable arms respectively slide downwardly along two ends of the guiding slope to surround the cable, until one of the two bendable arms is stopped by the positioning portion. The protruding base is deformed in response to a pressing force, so that the bendable arms tie the cable closely, and the plurality of first latching components lock with the plurality of second latching components.

With the rapid development of technology, there are various electronic products developed day by day, these electronic products occupy most of people's daily life. However, in these electronic products, they have a variety of components. For transmitting signals or currents between the various components, cables must be used. In order to miniaturize the electronic products, the cable routing management is a key point. If the cable routing in the electronic product is messy, it will occupy too much space, which will compress the installation space of the components, and is not conducive to the miniaturization of the electronics products.
Generally, in order to properly manage the internal cable routing of the electronic products, clips are usually used to manage the internal cables. In the prior art, a closed metal collar is usually used as the clips to manage cable. The cable managing process is first to sleeve the metal collar on the cables to be managed, and then the ends of the cables are coupled or welded to the corresponding electronic component. While, the assembly process needs to sleeve the metal collar on the cables by manual assembly. Moreover, in order to clamp the cable firmly, it is necessary to clamp the closed metal collar by using some tool, and it is also done by manual assembly, so that the cable can be firmly clamp and properly managed. Therefore, it is time-consuming and inconvenient assembly. In the meantime, due to the metal collar is a closed structure, when it assembled to the cables, one end of the cables needs to be a free end, thereby the metal collar can sleeve on the cables through the free end, so as to clamp the cables. After the sleeve process is finished, the free end of the cables can be coupled or welded with the desired electronic component. Under this circumstance, the assembling process of the internal electronic component of the electronic product would be limited to the sleeve and clamping procedures, and cannot be assembled quickly and efficiently. In fact, the prior are lacks the flexibility of the assembly process, and the applicability is limited accordingly.
Therefore, there is a need of providing a cable clamp and a cable clamping assembly and a cable clamping method thereof to obviate the drawbacks encountered from the prior arts.

Cable clamp and cable clamping assembly and cable clamping method thereof


A composition and methods of use for the decontamination of chemical agents, including chemical warfare agents. The decontamination composition is nontoxic, nonflammable and non-corrosive and includes an effective amount of a perfluorinated alkyl bromide or reactive perfluorinated alkyl bromide. The decontamination composition may include an oxidizer and a solvent.

Exposure to toxic agents, and especially chemical warfare agents and related toxins, is a potential hazard to the armed forces and to civilian populations. Chemical warfare agents are stockpiled by several nations, and other nations and terrorist groups actively seek to acquire these materials. Some commonly known chemical warfare agents are bis-(2-chloroethyl)sulfide, also known as HD or mustard gas, pinacolyl methylphosphonofluoridate, which is also known as Soman or GD, and O-ethyl S-(2-diisopropylamino)ethyl methylphosphonothiolate, known as VX. Both HD and GD are also known to be available in both neat and thickened forms. As will be appreciated, it is essential to have agents which can rapidly decontaminate surfaces which have come into contact with these chemical warfare agents, not only in battlefield situations, but also in today's climate of terrorist threats of WMD chemical attacks.
Methods for decontamination of chemical agents, which include a variety of organophosphorous and organosulfur compounds, are known in the art. However, these known methods use compositions that have many drawbacks and undesirable properties, such as corrosiveness, flammability and toxicity. For example, hypochlorite formulations are very corrosive and toxic. These solutions are not optimal for use in treating civilians or like populations that do not have protective clothing or training in decontaminating themselves and equipment with such solutions. Additionally, many decontamination agents degrade upon exposure to water and carbon dioxide, requiring that these solutions be prepared and used the same day they are needed. Such solutions are not particularly suited for surprise situations such as terrorist attacks. Local fire departments cannot stockpile these types of solutions for use in a future unknown and unsuspected terrorist attack. Additional drawbacks with prior art decontamination agents include things such as the need for substantial scrubbing for removal and destruction of a chemical warfare agents when using decontaminates such as hypochlorite solutions. The provision of personnel and training to aid civilians in proper scrubbing when using these decontaminants is currently not feasible.
The foregoing underscores some of the problems associated with convention decontamination agents and their role in the fight against terrorism. Furthermore, the foregoing highlights the need for a stable composition which can effectively decontaminate chemical agents without the undesirable properties or excessive scrubbing described above.

Chemical agent decontamination composition comprising a perfluorinated alkyl bromide

The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Army


Systems and methods for information and action management including managing and communicating critical and non-critical information relating to certain emergency services events or incidents as well as other applications. More specifically, systems and methods for information and action management including a plurality of mobile interface units that include one or more of a language translation sub-system, an action receipt sub-system, a voice-to-text conversion sub-system, a media management sub-system, a revision management sub-system that restricts the abilities of some users, and a report generation sub-system that creates reports operatively coupled to the language translation sub-system, the action receipt sub-system, the voice-to-text conversion sub-system, the media management sub-system, and the revision management sub-system to auto-populate report fields.

Embodiments of the present invention generally relate to systems and methods for event and incident reporting and management including managing and communicating critical and non-critical information relating to certain emergency services events or incidents, although this invention may also have applicability beyond emergency services. More specifically, the present invention relates to systems and methods for event and incident reporting and management including a plurality of mobile interface units that include one or more of a language translation sub-system, an action receipt sub-system, a voice-to-text conversion sub-system, a media management sub-system, a revision management sub-system that restricts the abilities of some users, and a report generation sub-system that creates reports operatively coupled to the language translation sub-system, the action receipt sub-system, the voice-to-text conversion sub-system, the media management sub-system, and the revision management sub-system to auto-populate report fields. Additional features include Live talk enabling users in different locations to share video feeds, e-ticketing enabling users to issue summons remotely, fingerprint feature which enables users to scan fingerprints of themselves (login ID) and others, heads up display enabling automobile manufacturers to incorporate functionality of this system into their current heads up display for emergency services vehicles, a remote app which enables smart phone users to communicate prospective threats they witness through GPS technology to the nearest emergency services dispatch location, suspect mapping feature which enables users to understand more about the connections persons of interest have, and a feature which enables an agency to communicate interactively with the public in order to update them on the status of various incidents. Each of the above-referenced sub-systems is implemented as discussed herein, for example, via execution of software by a client application interacting with a remote server and database.
Various systems and methods for information and action management exist in the art. Many such systems include an event recording component for recording events as they occur. The user interface portion of such components often present the user with appropriate data fields relevant to the incident being managed. For example, an interface customized for an Emergency Medical Technician may include data fields relating to the medical condition of an individual having a medical crisis. Additionally, such systems may include the ability to further expand and enrich the data entered by the user at the scene of the incident at a later time and/or in another location.
Information and action management systems may also include components to facilitate use of the system and entry of data by users and/or to enhance communication between a system user and individuals of the public. Systems may be controlled by speech of the user via a voice command recognition component. In addition, data entry facilitation components may include a voice-to-text sub-system that records the data that the user provides orally and translates that data into written text. In such a system, a user may present a request for a particular component to the system and/or provide the relevant data captured by the system orally. In addition to voice-to-text components, some systems include the ability to translate text to other languages to facilitate communication between system users and members of the public.
Information and action management systems are also present in the art that include personnel management components that allow management level users to instantly communicate direction and next steps to individual system users or a particular group of system users. For instance, some Computer Aided Dispatch ("CAD") systems include a central dispatch system and a mobile data terminal for each user that is in wireless communication with the central dispatch system. For instance personnel using the central dispatch system may communicate service assignments, maps showing the location of a particular assignment, and critical notes and information regarding particular situations to the mobile data terminal used by each user of the information and action management system. Additionally, mobile data terminal systems may include components for entry of information by the users thereof that is relayed back to the central dispatch system. Mobile data terminal systems are known in which the users may compare relevant data to existing remote databases. For instance, police officers may look up drivers licensing and/or vehicle registration information via a mobile data terminal system.
As can be seen, there is a need for improved systems and methods for event and incident reporting and management.

Systems and methods for event and incident reporting and management


A hollow probe enabling insertion and accommodation of endoscopic and other instruments advancing within a lumen includes a central valve unit featuring a central bore and at least one valve for controlling the introduction and withdrawal of fluid into the central bore. A sliding tubular sheath is movably disposed inside the central valve unit. An impermeable flexible sleeve is sealingly anchored to the central valve unit and folds over to cover both the inside and outside of the sheath to sealingly envelop the sheath and contain the fluid, together with the valve unit, while allowing sliding of the sleeve-covered-sheath. An endoscope adapter is mountable to the proximal end of the sleeve-covered-sheath, for allowing insertion of the endoscope through the adapter into the sleeve-covered-sheath, includes at least one gasket for sealing at least one gap between the endoscope and the sleeve-covered-sheath for withholding fluids from escaping.

The use of an endoscope for examining a body cavity is well known in the art. The diagnostic and therapeutic advantages conferred by direct examination of the gastrointestinal tract with a flexible endoscope have made this method a standard procedure of modern medicine. One of the most common endoscopic procedures is a colonoscopy, which is performed for a wide variety of purposes, including: diagnosis of cancer, determination of the source of gastrointestinal bleeding, viewing a site affected by inflammatory bowel disease, removing polyps, and reducing volvulus and intussusception.
While colonoscopies are useful and effective procedures, they are difficult for a physician to perform. Colonoscopies can be painful and include risks to the patient's long-term health. These problems stem from the need to push and steer a long, flexible colonoscope through the patient's intestine by pushing the colonoscope into the patient from the colonoscope's proximal side, located outside the patient's body.
It would therefore be desirable to provide a mechanism to facilitate insertion and extraction of an endoscope that lowers the risk of injury to the patient.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,615,331 to Kramman, entitled "Medical instruments with aid to introduction" disclose an elongated medical instrument for the examination or treatment of body cavities, in particular endoscopes, with a device to assist introduction by the principle of the tubular structure which becomes everted. The instrument includes a pipe 2 which is open at both ends and has pressure connectors 3 on the sides, and a flexible, eversible tubular structure 4 running through the pipe 2. The two ends 5, 6 of the tubular structure, each is connected to one end 7, 8 of the pipe 2, the medical instrument 9 runs through the pipe 2 inside the tubular structure 4,and the tubular structure 4 is folded in several double-layers in the region 10 of the distal end 11 of the medical instrument 9.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,702,735 to Kelly, entitled "Device for Movement Along a Passage" discloses a device for moving a tool along a passage, particularly for use in medical procedures, e.g. a colonoscope, which is surrounded by a sheath. The sheath has an inflatable region for engaging the passage wall, e.g. a colon. An annular extension region of the sheath is provided which becomes part of the inflated inflatable region, thereby increasing its length as the fluid pressure acts against a head of a tool to draw the tool along the passage. The annular extension region has sheath parts which face one another by their relative orientation caused by crumpling of the extension region, or the sheath parts are provided by folded portions. The extension region moves together with the tool as the sheath parts sequentially move into the inflated inflatable region. After inflation of the inflatable region of the sheath, inflation pressure acts against an inflatable head carried at the distal end region of the tool to draw the tool along the passage.
US Patent Application Publication No. 2008/0221390 to Konstantin, entitled "Medico-Technical Device Comprising a Self-Lubricating Element" discloses a technical medical device which can be engaged with a human or animal body while comprising a self-lubricating element, such as an everting tube, that is subjected to internal friction in the device, wherein at least one surface of the self-lubricating element is plasma-treated.


A pharmaceutical composition comprises a solid amorphous dispersion of a cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitor and a concentration-enhancing polymer.

This invention relates to cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) inhibitors, pharmaceutical compositions containing such inhibitors and the use of such inhibitors to elevate certain plasma lipid levels, including high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol and to lower certain other plasma lipid levels, such as low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol and triglycerides and accordingly to treat diseases which are affected by low levels of HDL cholesterol and/or high levels of LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides, such as atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases in certain mammals (i.e., those which have CETP in their plasma), including humans.
CETP inhibitors, particularly those that have high binding activity, are generally hydrophobic, have extremely low aqueous solubility and have low oral bioavailability when dosed conventionally. Such compounds have generally proven to be difficult to formulate for oral administration such that high bioavailabilities are achieved.
Atherosclerosis and its associated coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of death in the industrialized world. Despite attempts to modify secondary risk factors (smoking, obesity, lack of exercise) and treatment of dyslipidemia with dietary modification and drug therapy, coronary heart disease (CHD) remains the most common cause of death in the U.S., where cardiovascular disease accounts for 44% of all deaths, with 53% of these associated with atherosclerotic coronary heart disease.
Risk for development of this condition has been shown to be strongly correlated with certain plasma lipid levels. While elevated LDL-cholesterol may be the most recognized form of dyslipidemia, it is by no means the only significant lipid associated contributor to CHD. Low HDL-cholesterol is also a known risk factor for CHD (Gordon, D. J., et al.,: "High-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Cardiovascular Disease," Circulation, (1989), 79: 8–15).
High LDL-cholesterol and triglyceride levels are positively correlated, while high levels of HDL-cholesterol are negatively correlated with the risk for developing cardiovascular diseases. Thus, dyslipidemia is not a unitary risk profile for CHD but may be comprised of one or more lipid aberrations.
Among the many factors controlling plasma levels of these disease dependent principles, cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) activity affects all three. The role of this 70,000 dalton plasma glycoprotein found in a number of animal species, including humans, is to transfer cholesteryl ester and triglyceride between lipoprotein particles, including high density lipoproteins (HDL), low density lipoproteins (LDL), very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), and chylomicrons. The net result of CETP activity is a lowering of HDL cholesterol and an increase in LDL cholesterol. This effect on lipoprotein profile is believed to be pro-atherogenic, especially in subjects whose lipid profile constitutes an increased risk for CHD.
No wholly satisfactory HDL-elevating therapies exist. Niacin can significantly increase HDL, but has serious toleration issues which reduce compliance. Fibrates and the HMG CoA reductase inhibitors raise HDL-cholesterol only modestly (±10–12%). As a result, there is a significant unmet medical need for a well-tolerated agent which can significantly elevate plasma HDL levels, thereby reversing or slowing the progression of atherosclerosis.
CETP inhibitors have been developed which inhibit CETP activity, and thus, if present in the blood, should result in higher HDL cholesterol levels and lower LDL cholesterol levels. To be effective, such CETP inhibitors must be absorbed into the blood. Oral dosing of CETP inhibitors is preferred because to be effective such CETP inhibitors must be taken on a regular basis, such as daily. Therefore, it is preferred that patients be able to take CETP inhibitors by oral dosing rather than by injection.
However, it has proven to be difficult to formulate CETP inhibitors for oral administration such that therapeutic blood levels are achieved. CETP inhibitors in general possess a number of characteristics which render them poorly bioavailable when dosed orally in a conventional manner. CETP inhibitors tend to be quite hydrophobic and extremely water insoluble, with solubility in aqueous solution of usually less than about 10 μg/ml and typically less than 1 μg/ml. Often, the aqueous solubility of CETP inhibitors is less than 0.1 μg/ml. Indeed, the solubility of some CETP inhibitors is so low that it is in fact difficult to measure. Accordingly, when CETP inhibitors are dosed orally, concentrations of CETP inhibitor in the aqueous environment of the gastrointestinal tract tend to be extremely low, resulting in poor absorption from the GI tract to blood. The hydrophobicity of CETP inhibitors not only leads to low equilibrium aqueous solubility but also tends to make the drugs poorly wetting and slow to dissolve, further reducing their tendency to dissolve and be absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. This combination of characteristics has resulted in the bioavailability for orally dosed conventional crystalline or amorphous forms of CETP inhibitors generally to be quite low, often having absolute bioavailabilities of less than 1%.
Various attempts have been made to improve the aqueous concentration of CETP inhibitors, but generally have met with limited success. At the outset, most methods aimed at enhancing aqueous concentration and bioavailability of low-solubility drugs only offer moderate improvements. Such improvements generally lead to enhancements in aqueous concentration on the order of from one to seven fold. In addition, the enhancement may be short-lived, with the drug concentration returning to the equilibrium concentration within 10 to 40 minutes. Such small, short-lived concentration enhancements have led to even lower levels of bioavailability enhancement when tested in vivo via oral administration. Thus, when conventional dosage forms of low-solubility drugs are tested in vivo via oral administration, bioavailability enhancements are typically on the order of 2-fold to 4-fold or less. For CETP inhibitors having low absolute bioavailabilities, such small improvements are insufficient to allow convenient oral dosing of CETP inihibitors; that is, dosage forms having a convenient size and frequency of dosing.
Moreover, some standard methods for improving the concentration of pharmaceuticals in aqueous solution have proven inadequate when applied to CETP inhibitors. For example, even pre-dissolving the CETP inhibitor in a water miscible solvent such as polyethylene glycol followed by delivery as a solution to an aqueous environment of use has failed to raise the aqueous concentration of CETP inhibitor to an acceptable level.
Sikorski, et al., WO 99/14204, and Lee, et al., WO 99/41237, both disclose CETP inhibitors formulated for oral administration using hydroxy propyl methyl celluose in a controlled release dosage form which is characterized as a "dispersion." Both Sikorski and Lee appear to be using the term "dispersion" to mean a controlled release matrix in which drug particles are distributed within a polymer matrix that slowly erodes rather than a solid amorphous dispersion of the type of the present invention. Such controlled release matrix compositions would slow rather than enhance the dissolution and absorption of CETP inhibitor. In any event, both Sikorski and Lee state that CETP inhibitors may be orally dosed by simply dissolving the CETP inhibitor in water without any discussion of the difficulty of dissolving the CETP inhibitors in water. There is no recognition in either Sikorski or Lee of the need to improve the aqueous concentration or bioavailability of CETP inhibitors.
Curatolo et al., EP 0 901 786 A2 disclose solid pharmaceutical dispersions with enhanced bioavailability using spray dried dispersions of a sparingly soluble drug and hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose acetate succinate. However, Curatolo et al. do not disclose the use of CETP inhibitors, or discuss the problems associated with the formulation of CETP inhibitors for oral administration.
Nakamichi et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,456,923 disclose an extrusion process for producing solid dispersions of sparingly soluble drugs and a variety of polymeric materials, such as hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose acetate succinate. However, Nakamichi et al. does not disclose dispersions containing CETP inhibitors, much less discuss the problems associated with formulating hydrophobic drugs.
Accordingly, there is still a need for developing compositions of CETP inhibitors that may be orally dosed, that improve the aqueous concentration of such drugs, that improve the bioavailablity of such drugs relative to compositions of the drugs alone, and that does not adversely affect the ability of the drugs to act therapeutically.

Pharmaceutical compositions of cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitors


A document management system manages a large number of XML documents on an efficient and cost-effective basis. Storage requirements are reduced, because compressed versions of the XML documents, which are much smaller in size than the XML documents themselves, are used when processing queries. Processing requirements are reduced, because parsing is not a required step when processing queries. Instead of parsing, the query is processed by unpacking the compressed version of the document identified in the query, node by node until enough information has been decoded to satisfy the query. Processing speed is improved in two ways. First, unpacking as carried out according to the invention is a much faster process than parsing. Second, the entire document need not be unpacked.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to document management, and more particularly, to a method and system for optimally storing and retrieving documents having a hierarchical structure such as XML documents.
2. Description of the Related Art
Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a universally accepted format for representing structured data in textual form. The XML format embeds content within tags that express its structure. XML makes it possible for different tools, applications and repositories on a variety of platforms and middleware to meaningfully share data and to easily search for data that is embedded in the XML documents.
XML documents are typically managed using a database. When specific information from an XML document is desired, a query is issued. In response to the query, the XML document identified in the query is retrieved from the database and parsed, and the desired information is extracted from the parsed XML document. The parsed XML document is commonly known as an XML DOM (Document Object Model). When the number and size of the XML documents stored in the database is very large, the processing of the queries carried out as described above requires expensive storage and becomes computationally expensive.

Optimal storage and retrieval of XML data


A dual-frequency patch antenna includes a ground plane, an inside radiator, and an outside radiator. The inside radiator is configured as a region with a periphery, along which is a series of first protrusions separated by first grooves. The outside radiator is configured as a ring with an outer periphery and an inner periphery, along which is a series of second protrusions separated by second grooves. A set of conducting elements electrically connect the series of second protrusions with the ground plane. The inside radiator and the outside radiator can be fabricated on a dielectric substrate separated from the ground plane by a dielectric solid or air. The inside radiator and the outside radiator can be disposed on the same surface or on different surfaces of the dielectric substrate, with specific geometries of the first protrusions and first grooves relative to the second protrusions and second grooves.

The present invention relates to antennas, and in particular, to dual-frequency patch antennas.
Patch antennas are well suited for navigation receivers in global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs). These antennas have the desirable features of compact size, light weight, and wide bandwidth. Wide bandwidth is of particular importance for navigation receivers that receive and process signals from more than one frequency band. Within a single GNSS, such as the U.S. Global Positioning System (GPS), processing signals from more than one frequency band allows certain errors to be reduced and the accuracy of coordinates to be increased. For GPS, the two primary frequency bands are the L1 band and the L2 band. For the L1 band, the mid-band frequency is approximately 1575 MHz, corresponding to a free-space (vacuum) wavelength of approximately 19 cm. For the L2 band, the mid-band frequency is approximately 1227 MHz, corresponding to a free-space wavelength of approximately 24.4 cm. In addition to GPS, the Russian GLONASS GNSS is available. Other GNSSs such as the European GALILEO system are planned. Multi-system navigation receivers (navigation receivers that can process signals from more than one GNSS) can provide higher reliability due to system redundancy and better coverage due to a line-of sight to more satellites. Multi-system navigation receivers process signals from more than one frequency band.
For GNSS applications, a dual-frequency patch antenna with compact size, light weight, and wide operational bandwidth is desirable. Other desirable properties of patch antennas for GNSS applications include a broad directional pattern in the forward hemisphere to increase the number of satellites in view, and a weak directional pattern in the backward hemisphere to reduce multipath reception.


A display system includes an image forming device and a mobile communication terminal. In the display system, the mobile communication terminal accepts a flick manipulation to move the screen, and transmits flick information on the accepted flick manipulation to the image forming device. The image forming device decides an area, which is a part of the screen of the mobile communication terminal and in which display is changed when the screen is moving, and sequentially transmits to the mobile communication terminal positional information on the decided area and screen data of the screen before the movement is completed since the movement is started, which is decided based on the flick information in the decided area. The mobile communication terminal displays the screen in the area of the transmitted positional information based on the transmitted screen data.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a display system provided with a first display device and a second display device, more particularly to display system provided with a first display device in which screen data is stored and a second display device that displays a screen based on the screen data stored in the first display device.
2. Description of the Related Art
Nowadays, a mobile information terminal becomes sophisticated in functionality, and a person owns the mobile information terminal instead of a PC (Personal Computer). In the mobile information terminal, a digitized document can be freely browsed and edited anywhere. The mobile information terminal is used in various scenes of business and life.
In the display system including an image forming device provided with a main body panel (a manipulation panel) and a mobile information terminal provided with a remote panel, there is a demand for a cooperation between the image forming device and the mobile information terminal as the mobile information terminal becomes further sophisticated in functionality. Specifically, for example, there is the demand to display the same screen as the screen, which is displayed on the main body panel, on the remote panel.
In the case where the same screen as the screen displayed on the main body panel is displayed on the remote panel, conventionally the mobile information terminal acquires image data, which is displayed on the main body panel and stored in a RAM (Random Access Memory) of the image forming device, and displays the same image on the remote panel based on the acquired image data. In the case where a manipulation to change a still screen displayed on the remote panel is accepted from a user, the mobile information terminal acquires post-change screen data from the image forming device in each time.
For example, Document 1 below discloses a technology of displaying a screen of a display source on another terminal. Document 1 discloses a communication device including a storage in which a performance of a device of a transmission source is stored and a moving image generator that generates a moving image by morphing. In the communication device, the number of images generated by the morphing and a data amount of each image are defined according to the performance of a device of a transmission destination. In the communication device, the number of images and the data amount are defined according to a receiving rate of the device of the transmission destination.    [Document 1] Japanese Patent Publication Laying-Open No. 2005-135047
Some mobile information terminals can accept manipulations by gestures such as a flick manipulation. According to this kind of mobile information terminal, the manipulation can be performed more directly and more intuitively. However, in the case where the conventional mobile information terminal accepts the flick manipulation, the image forming device cannot deal with the flick manipulation, and the mobile information terminal cannot display the screen desired by the user. As a result, unfortunately convenience of the user is degraded.
When the screen data of the moving screen associated with the flick manipulation performed at the mobile communication terminal is transmitted from the image forming device to the mobile communication terminal, a communication amount of the data transmitted from the image forming device to the mobile communication terminal increases because of the large size of the screen data, and the moving screen associated with the flick manipulation cannot smoothly be moved on the remote panel of the mobile communication terminal.
As to a method for smoothly moving the moving screen associated with the flick manipulation on the remote panel of the mobile communication terminal, it is conceivable that the communication amount of the data transmitted from the image forming device to the mobile communication terminal is reduced to improve a responsive property by degrading resolution of the screen transmitted from the image forming device. However, in the method, the convenience of the user is degraded because information necessary for the user is also displayed on the remote panel with low resolution.
The problem is generated not only between the image forming device and the mobile information terminal, but also in the display system including the first display device in which the screen data is stored and the second display device that displays the screen based on the screen data stored in the first display device.

Display system provided with first display device and second display device

KONICA MINOLTA BUSINESS TECHNOLOGIES, INC.


The claimed subject matter includes techniques for controlling lines. An example method includes receiving power at a motor to rotate a control surface and a line brace. The method also includes receiving programmed movements at a control circuit. The method further includes receiving a controlled force based on the programmed movements to arrange a skate in a predetermined position along a skate track in a skate surface. The method also includes rotating the control surface to cause a peg ramp on the control surface to move a peg in the skate towards a wedge fixed to a line. The method further includes causing the line to move to a new position along the direction of the skate track via a force of the peg against the wedge.

A signal-driven device, such as a robotic device, generally relies on a plurality of actuators to move parts of the device. A signal may be received at each actuator, causing the actuator to convert electricity into movement of a particular part. The device can then be controlled via a series of signals to the actuators.

Drive for electromechanical control of lines


A tool used to install pickets on the railing of a deck. The railing of a deck comprises two horizontal support members and a plurality of pickets. The device has a rearward surface that is adapted to engage a picket or support post. There are two indicating locations on the tool that correspond to the correct location of a second picket to be installed. Indicating marks are made on a horizontal support member and the second picket is placed in between the indicating marks and attached thereto.

The present invention relates to a method and apparatus to assist in building decks, and more particularly to the installation of vertical members that must be evenly spaced and substantially parallel to each other. The present invention is particularly advantageous for the installation of pickets that are a component of a railing for a deck.
Wooden decks are often provided for homes and they are generally level and somewhat elevated from the ground. Surrounding the deck is a railing to prevent a person from accidentally falling off a deck. The railing generally comprises an upper rail support, a lower rail support and pickets. The pickets are positioned vertically between the upper rail and the lower rail. There must be a minimal horizontal distance between adjacent vertical surfaces of the pickets in order to comply with local building codes; however, the pickets should not any closer to each other than necessary.
The proper positioning of these pickets is a somewhat time consuming task that must be accomplished reliably. For example if one of the pickets is out of alignment then the pickets that are placed in a position parallel to the misaligned picket repeat the mistake along the length of the railing.
The present invention provides a tool that is simple in design, inexpensive to manufacture and easy to use for assisting in building decks. The tool is used to create indicating marks on a horizontal beam. These marks are then used to position vertical members between the header and footer horizontal beams.
The tool comprises a frame member and a flange. In a preferred embodiment, the frame member is trapezoidal in shape and has a front end and a rear end. The flange is positioned at the rear end of the frame member and in a plane substantially perpendicular to the frame member. The frame member further comprises a lower portion and an upper portion. A base edge is located at the lower portion of the frame member. The base edge is perpendicular to the plane which the flange is located in. A first and second indicator locations are located on the base edge that are each positioned at a predetermined location from the rearward surface of the flange. The perpendicular distance from the first location to the rearward surface of the flange is denoted as xe2x80x98axe2x80x99. The perpendicular distance from the second indicator location to the rearward surface of the flange is denoted as xe2x80x98bxe2x80x99.
In a preferred embodiment, the tool further comprises and open portion located in the central area of the frame. The central area defines a third indicator that is positioned at a perpendicular distance xe2x80x98axe2x80x99 from the base edge. The upper portion of the frame defines an upper edge that is parallel to the base edge. The perpendicular distance from the upper edge to the base edge is xe2x80x98bxe2x80x99. Further in the open portion a level can be located. This level can indicate whether the base edge is vertical or the flange is horizontal.
The environment the tool is designed to operate is in deck construction. A deck railing is used to help prevent people and movable objects from falling off the deck. Pickets must be placed in the deck railing at a specific distance to comply with building codes and to maintain a safe deck. When constructing a railing there is an upper rail support and a lower rail support. The upper rail support comprises two upper support beams and a horizontal cap. The lower rail support comprises two lower support members. The pickets are horizontally spaced between the two upper support beams and the two lower support beams.
During construction of the railing, the pickets are positioned perpendicular to one of the upper support beams and one of the lower support beams and then are nailed to each beam. To horizontally space the next picket, the tool is positioned so the rearward surface of the flange is in contact with a fixed picket and the base edge is in contact with one of the beams. The worker then creates two marks on the beam so the location of these marks correspond to the location of the two indicators on the base edge. These two marks are used to position the next picket.
An alternative method of marking the next picket is to hang the tool by the forward surface of the flange so the tool""s base edge is in contact with the previously positioned picket. Then the worker can make a mark on the upper beam at the third indicator position and another mark along the upper edge. Then a new picket can be positioned in-between these two marks.
The leveling device can be used to ensure the pickets are vertical or the railing is horizontal. Also, the width of the frame member can be used to separate the deck planks.
The usual method of positioning pickets has been to use a tape measure determine the horizontal spacing between the pickets. A search of the prior art Patent literature has disclosed a number of patents directed toward the positioning of various members in wood structures or the like, and these are the following:
In U.S. Pat. No. 4,237,614 is an adjustable locator for furring strips. The present invention has no such similar construction and has a different functionality. The adjustable locator has a flange with an inturned portion and a channel shaped member to engage furring strips. This embodiment is not designed to create indicating marks on a horizontal beam but rather its design is for grasping actual firing strips. Further the invention in the ""614 patent requires calibration and an assembly of several pieces.
In U.S. Pat. No. 3,201,874 is a self-spacing stud guide that has two jaws to engage studs. This invention is also designed to hold studs and not simply mark the locations where they are to be located. The embodiment in the ""874 requires two instruments to function; each holding two studs in position.
In U.S. Pat. No. 4,958,814 is an interval locator similar to the ""873 patent. This invention also operates on a somewhat different principal where the interval locator holds the building components in place and then they are fixed in place. Further this device lacks functional elements of the present invention.
In U.S. Pat. No. 5,031,886 shows a framing aid that comprises a template where studs are positioned in a template and nailed to top and bottom plates. The template is single piece member that that is molded to hold studs and a top or bottom plate. This patent utilizes a completely different technique of assembling vertical members.
Finally the U.S. Pat. No. 5,490,334 show a tool that is used to position a stud to a footer or header. The tool utilizes a cradle that snugly fits a loose stud. The tool then positions the stud a set distance from a fixed stud and the loose stud is then nailed to the header or footer. This invention is used to install a loose stud to a fixed stud and is not designed to make measurement marks on the header or footer.