A visual training device 1 including: a screen arranged facing a subject H having visual impairment; a line of vision detection unit that detects a line of vision of the subject H and outputs line of vision signals indicating the line of vision; a visual field data storage unit that stores visual field data indicating the visible area AR2 and the area of visual impairment AR1 of the subject H; and a screen control unit 53 that, on the aforementioned screen, moves the visible area AR2 specified based on the aforementioned visual field data in correspondence to the movement of the line of vision of the subject H specified by the aforementioned line of vision signals. The display format of the visible area AR2 or a region including the vicinity thereof, is displayed different from the display format of the other region. By doing this, an attitudinal barrier of the person with visual impairment, the subject, can be removed, and the visual training device can allow easy training to be provided.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention is related to a training device to improve the visual performance of visually impaired persons, specifically, visually impaired persons who have a partial impairment of their visual field.
2. Description of Related Art
Visual impairment may occur for a variety of reasons with approximately 10% of known cases caused by accidents, and approximately 60% caused by disease. In the past, many different therapies such as surgeries and drugs have been conducted in order to improve this form of visual impairment, as indicated in Japanese Unexamined Patent Application No. H10-324636.
Visual impairment can have a variety of symptoms, in addition to those cases where the entire visual field is completely occluded by, for example, a functional impairment of the eye or brain, there may also be cases of visual impairment of only one part of the visual field while vision is physically possible in the other regions.
Among the people thought to be completely blind due to visual impairment, there are in fact a large percentage of people who have a partially physically occluded field of vision (notably in the line of vision), and who are consciously convinced that they cannot see or have difficulty seeing beyond their actual ability to see.
This kind of person can be convinced that he or she "cannot see" or has "difficulty seeing." Attempts are being made to greatly improve visual capacity by reforming that attitude, for example, by training to look to the side of the visual point.

Visual training device and visual training method

National Institute of Information and Communications Technology


A hydraulic force control system is disclosed for controlling the clamping force applied to a load by the clamp arms of a clamping attachment of a load-lifting vehicle to prevent the arms from over- or under-clamping the load. The system includes a force control circuit interposed between the vehicle's conventional hydraulic circuit and clamp cylinders of the attachment that operate the arms. When a manual control valve in the conventional circuit is moved to operate the clamp arms, a load sense cylinder in the control circuit lifts a load carriage of the attachment, causing the pressure side of the sense cylinder to sense the weight on the load carriage. Carriage movement actuates a sequence valve in the control circuit to hydraulically connect the pressure sides of said sense and clamp cylinders so that clamping force applied to a load by the clamp arms is proportionate to the weight of the load.

Damage to the product or packaging material being handled is often a problem when clamp-handling cartons or appliances. The trend is to reduce the cost of packaging material by reducing its thickness, stiffness or abrasion resistance. Consequently, current product packaging is often not as rugged as it has been in the past.
Also, lift truck drivers will often over-clamp a load, causing product or packaging damage. In existing systems, typically multiple-position relief valves are used by the lift truck driver to select different clamping forces for various loads. These valves are controlled by the lift truck driver and can be used incorrectly, either by over-clamping the load, or under-clamping the load.
Also, if the truck control valve is operated several times consecutively while revving the truck engine, the clamping force realized is higher than the intended clamping force, which may also damage the load or its packaging.
An additional source of problems with current hydraulic clamping systems is the slight internal hydraulic leakage that can occur within such systems. While transporting a load, slight internal hydraulic leakage in the system can reduce clamping pressure. This may result in an unintended dropping of the load, or, in response to load slippage, the driver may over-clamp to stop such slippage. In either case, damage to the load may occur.
Many current hydraulic force control systems for lift truck load clamping attachments use computers, proportional valves, pressure transducers, related devices, and a feedback loop to adjust the clamping force. These systems are typically very complex and expensive, and also may not react fast enough to adjust the clamping force to a desired level under variable conditions.

Hydraulic force control system for clamping assembly


A motion recognition device capable of recognizing the motion of an object without contact with the object is provided. Further, a motion recognition device that has a simple structure and can recognize the motion of an object regardless of the state of the object is provided. By using a 3D TOF range image sensor in the motion recognition device, information on changes in position and shape is detected easily. Further, information on changes in position and shape of a fast-moving object is detected easily. Motion recognition is performed on the basis of pattern matching. Imaging data used for pattern matching is acquired from a 3D range measuring sensor. Object data is selected from imaging data on an object that changes over time, and motion data is estimated from a time change in selected object data. The motion recognition device performs operation defined by output data generated from the motion data.

In recent years, images and displays have become three-dimensional and 3D information acquisition techniques have been actively developed. There are many expected applications of a 3D range image sensor capable of acquiring 3D spatial information in real time. For example, the 3D range image sensor is applied to a gesture recognition system, a computer vision system, or the like. Non-Patent Document 1 discloses a 3D TOF range image sensor that acquires range image information by irradiation of an object with light from a light source. The use of the sensor enables a small low-cost system as compared to the use of a 3D stereo range image sensor, a 3D laser scan range image sensor, or the like.
In addition, a motion recognition technique by which position change information, shape change information, and the like of an object are detected and motion information is recorded digitally has been widely used in areas such as sports medicine, movies, and computer animation. Patent Document 1 discloses an information processor including a user interface for detecting user's complicated motion easily.
Patent Document 2 discloses a system that calculates 3D range image information from a plurality of two-dimensional (2D) images acquired by imaging with a plurality of cameras and recognizes the motion of an object. Further, Patent Document 3 discloses a human body motion recognition sensor that recognizes the motion of a human body by detecting an infrared ray emitted from the human body.

SEMICONDUCTOR ENERGY LABORATORY CO., LTD.


A hand operated air pump apparatus comprising an internal bellows in communication with an outer bellows wherein variable force on air pump forces compressed air through a discharge valve into a annulus between a bottle and a flexible bladder wherein said pump is attached upon a container or bottle like vessel wherein pumping action forces from bottle highly viscous substances, that may contain solid or abrasive particles, through a discharge spout without internal substance being contaminated by air or other environmental factors thus allowing for an improved method of removing all contents within a container with greater ease.

1.) Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to jars, bottles, and tubes of highly viscous and or thixotropic liquids, such as hand lotions, toothpaste, greases, and expensive cosmetic lotions to be dispensed and more specifically details an improved novel method of pumping these liquids that may contain solids or abrasive particles from their containers.
One problem with existing dispensers is that most hand lotion bottles come with vertical reciprocating hand pumps that will pump the viscous liquid while the bottle is full. As the level of the lotion, or viscous liquid, drops in the bottle the hydrostatic head pressure on the suction side of the pump decreases and the pump quits pumping efficiently, leaving expensive liquid in the bottle which is wasteful to the consumer.
A second problem is that vertical reciprocation hand pumps only allow the viscous liquid to be pumped while the container bottle is in a vertical position.
A third problem is that vertical reciprocation hand pumps allow atmospheric air to be exposed to the viscous liquid in the lotion bottle drying it out.
A fourth problem is that vertical reciprocation hand pumps allow atmospheric air to be exposed to the viscous liquid in a bottle contaminating the sterilized viscous liquid.
A fifth problem is that many expensive cosmetic lotions, or viscous liquids, require chemical extenders, thinning agents, and or plasticizers, in various expensive combinations, to reduce the viscosity of the liquid so that it may be pumped. This adds to the cost of the viscous liquid and requires a larger bottle that must be purchased, filled, handled, labeled, stored, & transported which is wasteful.
A sixth problem is that viscous liquids produced in squeeze bottles or tubes are effected by atmospheric pressure and temperature changes which may cause the viscous liquid to be inadvertently expelled from the tube or bottle which is wasteful.
A seventh problem is that highly viscous and or thixotropic liquids offered in open topped jars with snap on or screwable lids are open to the atmosphere while being dispensed contaminating the sterilized viscous liquid.
A eight problem is that weak, arthritic, elderly, or physically challenged people sometimes have a very difficult time generating sufficient hand forces to squeezing tubes of highly viscous materials or generating a sufficient twisting motions to remove and replace screwable lids containing needed material.
Therefore, the primary objective of this novel invention is to eliminate all of the above problems by using compressed air generated by a small air pump on the container bottles to squeeze a bladder forcing the highly viscous and or thixotropic liquids non contaminated liquid from the bottle in any attitude, vertical horizontal, or rotated at any angle.
A second object of this invention is to allow an individual to operate the lotion pump with one finger or hand.
A third object of this invention is to release the hand-pumped up compressed air, by stopping the pumping action and removing the hand or finger from the lotion pump, which will stop the dispensing of the vicious liquid.
2.) Description of the Related Art
U.S. Pat. No. 7,137,531 B2 Relates to a flexible bag commonly called a "bag-in-a-Box", in the art, that is used to displace fluids such as wine and liquid soaps. The bag is not compressed by external pressure to discharge the liquids and does not relate to this invention.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,460,739 B2 relates to a dispenser for viscous or viscous products, liquids, which has a closure, which closure automatically closes the dispenser exit and relates to closures which this invention does not specifically relate to.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,073,804 relates to a device for packaging and dispensing a fluid that includes a shrinkable bag suitable for shrinking as the quantity of viscous fluid contained inside it diminishes, and an extraction means opening out to the inside of the bag. The bag is shrunk or squeezed by a propellant gas that as we know is hazardous to fill, transport and store and sometimes harmful to the environment. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,793,522; 4,872,596; and 4,890,733 all relate to pumping viscous products that use a floating piston that is driven into the displaced product by atmospheric pressure. The product being displaced by a positive displacement pump relies on the seal of the floating piston to keep the suction side of the pump primed. We all know that sliding seals of any kind eventually leak which renders these types of dispensers for viscous liquids ineffective.


A method for tensioning a shadow mask includes positioning a first side of a shadow mask into contact with the lower half of a tensioning frame, positioning an upper half of the tensioning frame into contact with a second side of the shadow mask, and clamping the upper half of the tensioning frame to the lower half of the tensioning frame to form a tensioning frame, and rigidly clamping the shadow mask between the two tensioning frame halves. The method also includes elevating the temperature of the tensioning frame to tension the shadow mask.

Physical vapor deposition (PVD) is a useful technique for producing thin films, enabling the fabrication of devices such as organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) and photovoltaic devices ("solar cells"). Shadow masks are used to pattern the thin films during the deposition process. In general, there is a need for precision alignment between the various layers deposited in the fabrication of complex, layered structures such as OLEDs. Providing uniform tension in the shadow mask is an essential contributor to enabling precision alignment, especially in designs that use multiple shadow masks.
Existing methods for tensioning a shadow mask rely primarily on mechanisms in which clamp bars are affixed to the edges of the shadow mask and forces are applied to these clamp bars via pneumatic, hydraulic, or mechanical actuators. These existing methods for tensioning are difficult to control in a manner that results in uniform tension within the tensioned shadow mask. The portion of the mask which is in direct contact with the clamp bars cannot stretch, and therefore introduce non-uniformities in the mask tension. This is inherent in the use of clamping bars to tension the mask. Non-uniform tension leads to deformations within the mask, which contains a larger number of openings, often with very tight tolerances. The existing methods rely on mechanisms with moving parts, sometimes with complex controls, and are subject to a wide variety of failure mechanisms.
Thin film devices, such as OLED displays or photovoltaic cells, compete in the market with devices made using other technologies. In order to compete with other technologies, patterned thin film devices require more uniform and lower cost methods for tensioning shadow masks.


It is an object to provide a display device with the high contrast ratio by an easy method. In addition, it is an object to provide such a high performance display device at low cost. In a display device including a display element between a pair of light transmitting substrates, a layer including stacked polarizers is each provided on an outer side of the substrates. At that time, the stacked polarizers on a viewing side are arranged to deviate from a parallel nicol state. In addition, a retardation film may be provided between the stacked polarizers and the substrate.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a structure of a display device using a polarizer.
2. Description of the Related Art
A display device that is made to be extremely thin and lightweight as compared with the conventional cathode-ray tube, what is so-called, a flat panel display, has been developed. In the flat panel display, a liquid crystal display device including a liquid crystal element as a display element, a light emitting device including a self light emitting element, an FED (field emission display) utilizing an electron beam, and the like compete with each other. Therefore, as for the flat panel display, a low power consumption and a high contrast ratio are desired in order to enhance an added value and be differentiated from other products.
In a liquid crystal display device, each substrate is generally provided with one polarizing plate to keep the contrast ratio. The contrast ratio can be enhanced by further darkening black display much greater; accordingly, the liquid crystal display device can provide high display quality in a case where an image is seen in a dark room like a home theater.
In order to improve unevenness of display that is caused due to shortage of polarization degree and distribution of polarization degree of a polarizing plate and the contrast ratio, for example, a first polarizing plate is provided on an outer side of a substrate that is placed on a viewing side of a liquid crystal cell, and a second polarizing plate is provided on an outer side of a substrate that is placed on a side opposite to the viewing side. Then, light from an auxiliary light source that is provided on the substrate side opposite to the viewing side passes through the liquid crystal cell after being polarized through the second polarizing plate. In such a case, it is suggested that a third polarizing plate be provided in order to enhance polarization degree (refer to Patent Document 1: PCT International Publication No. 00/34821).

Display device having stacked polarizers arranged with transmission axes that deviate from parallel nicol state and wherein extinction coefficients of absorption axes are the same

Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd.


A digital signal reproducing apparatus for reproducing a digital signal from a recording medium on which a digital signal, including coded address data to identify a data block, is recorded includes a reproducing circuit for reproducing the recorded signal, a memory for storing the reproduced signal, an address extracting circuit for taking out the address data from the reproduced signal, a circuit for forming a reference address from the extracted address data, a comparator for comparing the extracted data and the reference address, and a writing circuit for selectively writing the reproduced signal into the memory in response to the output from the comparator.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a digital signal reproducing apparatus and, more particularly, to a digital signal reproducing apparatus, such as a rotary-head digital audio tape recorder (R-DAT).
2. Description of the Background
In a previously proposed digital signal reproducing apparatus, for example, a rotary-head digital audio tape recorder (R-DAT), a pair of tracks formed by a pair of magnetic heads are called an interleave pair, and a kind of interleaving is performed in which two tracks constitute one frame. Frame addresses recorded on the tracks of the interleave pair have identical values, so that the interleave pair can be easily identified from their frame addresses upon playback.
It is to be noted that in the typical R-DAT apparatus a memory functioning as a buffer is provided for time-base expansion and also for performing the deinterleave operation.
Because a frame-completion type interleave is applied in the R-DAT apparatus as mentioned above, in which two tracks complete one frame, unless data having the same frame address is read into the same block of the memory, an interleave error occurs causing the error correction circuit to perform erroneous correction resulting in the reproduced sound not being smooth and continuous. To overcome these drawbacks the following techniques have been proposed:
As described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 21,226 filed Mar. 3, 1987 proposed by the present applicant and now U.S. Pat. No. 4,799,221, all the reproduced data is read into a memory, and if it is detected that the data does not have the same frame address during the reproduction processing, erasure correction in an error correction circuit is prohibited or an interpolation operation is enforced.
As described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 87,093 filed Aug. 19, 1987 proposed by the present applicant and now U.S. Pat. No. 4,875,111, when the reproduced data is read into the memory, a frame address derived from the reproduced signal is used as a write address for the memory so that no interleave error occurs in the memory.
Nevertheless, the following problems exist in the above-mentioned techniques, respectively. When it is detected that the data does not have the same frame address, the correction capability of the error correction circuit must be lowered or a forced interpolation must be done. In the case of the forced interpolation, this results in interpolation being carried out even when the data is correct. This is inefficient. When using a reproduced frame address as the write address for the memory, a large-capacity memory is needed, and this is disadvantageous in terms of hardware size and cost.

Apparatus for reproducing digital signal


Embodiments of apparatus, systems, and methods are described for creating and managing an abstract, API-based infrastructure base model. The API-based model can abstract infrastructure assets, such as infrastructure components or connections between components, into a metadata model using standardized syntax and interfaces, for defining and building an infrastructure. Using a modeling document, connections and components of an infrastructure can be abstracted into an API-based model having semantics that covers them all. Connections and infrastructure components can be made available for selection, arrangement, and grouping to build complex infrastructure models without requiring complex API coding by the user. Other infrastructure models having different API definitions can be by abstracted to standardize the assets for building new APIs. The APIs can be further modified and exported to another or the same implementation project.

The technical field relates to the design, development, and build of, and modification to, an infrastructure base model to provide a foundation for an information technology (IT) system or subsystem, such as a private cloud, a security group, or a specific service, for example, using expanded Infrastructure as Code (IaC) technology. IaC is the process of managing and provisioning computer data centers (CDCs) for an IT system using machine-readable definition files, rather than using physical hardware configuration or interactive configuration tools.
Many and various options exist in the art to define infrastructure as code (IaC) solutions. Each IaC solution may use different and unique coding syntax and interface features, for example. These options use plugin-based infrastructure base models that require an infrastructure's assets (services, etc.) to expose their own application programming interfaces (APIs), with the unique syntax and interfaces of the plugin-based models. Using one of such plugin-based models to develop an infrastructure base model for a CDC, a developer would need to first learn the new syntax, then translate the original code, and finally validate the code before running it on a machine of the CDC. A developer may then find that some features are only supported in the original IaC solution and may then have to make custom code changes for compatibility. This process can be inefficient, inconsistent, and error-prone for a developer, potentially costing unnecessary time and money to build and implement an infrastructure project.
IaC abstraction can further infrastructure modernization to improve the efficiency of managing and provisioning CDCs. An improved IaC solution is needed for developing an infrastructure base model using abstract definitions of infrastructure assets and individual IaC instances. Further, methods of interfacing to the abstractions of the infrastructure base model are needed to aid in the efficiency for a developer in applying the abstractions to individual CDC projects.
The features and advantages of the present embodiments will become more apparent from the Detailed Description set forth below when taken in conjunction with the drawings, in which like reference characters identify corresponding elements throughout. In the drawings, like reference numbers generally indicate identical, functionally similar, and/or structurally similar elements. The drawing in which an element first appears is indicated by the leftmost digit(s) in the corresponding reference number.


Disclosed is an interference coordination method, a base station, and a high altitude platform station. The high altitude platform station receives information that includes a location of a base station and a radius of a central area of a coverage area of the base station, and calculates an interference start time and an interference end time according to the received information and a flight parameter of the high altitude platform station. The high altitude platform station sends interference coordination information to the base station, where the interference coordination information includes the interference start time, the interference end time, and a frequency band of a carrier used in both an edge area of a coverage area of the high altitude platform station and the central area of the coverage area of the base station. The base station adjusts the coverage area of the carrier according to the interference coordination information.

A high altitude platform station (HAPS) is a communications device (for example, a base station) that is carried by a flight carrier (for example, a balloon, an airship, or a drone). Usually, a HAPS hovers in a stratosphere that is 17-22 km above the ground, so as to provide network coverage for an area on the ground. FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a location relationship of a HAPS relative to a ground base station (in FIG. 1, r represents a coverage radius of the ground base station and R represents a coverage radius of the HAPS).
It may be learned from FIG. 1 that a coverage area of the HAPS includes a coverage area of the ground base station. Therefore, the HAPS interferes with the ground base station. Currently, an inter-cell interference coordination (ICIC) technology is commonly used to reduce interference between adjacent cells. The ICIC technology means that orthogonal frequency resources, referred to as a primary carrier of a cell, are allocated to edge areas of adjacent cells, and a secondary carrier allocated to each cell is used in a central area of the cell (a primary carrier may also be used in the central area). For example, as shown in FIG. 2, a cell 1 uses F1 as a primary carrier, a cell 2 uses F2 as a primary carrier, a cell 3 uses F3 as a primary carrier, and F1, F2, and F3 are orthogonal to one another. The cell 1 uses F2 and F3 as secondary carriers, the cell 2 uses F1 and F3 as secondary carriers, and the cell 3 uses F1 and F2 as secondary carriers. In each cell, only secondary carriers are used in a central area, and a primary carrier is used in an edge area (a power threshold of the primary carrier is greater than those of the secondary carriers). Therefore, interference between adjacent cells can be reduced.
However, based on characteristics that the HAPS hovers at a high altitude and may cover a central area of an adjacent cell, interference caused by the HAPS to the ground base station or another HAPS cannot be avoided by using the ICIC technology shown in FIG. 1.

Interference coordination method, high altitude platform station, and base station


The present disclosure relates to an organic light emitting diode panel and a method for manufacturing the same, and a display device. The organic light emitting diode panel includes a light emitting function layer disposed on a substrate, wherein the light emitting function layer includes a first light emitting unit, a second light emitting unit, and a third light emitting unit, the first light emitting unit, the second light emitting unit, and the third light emitting unit emit light of three colors, a light exit side of at least one of the light emitting units is provided with a color filter layer that filters out blue light from light emitted by the at least one of the light emitting units.

In the display technical field, liquid crystal display (LCD) devices and organic light emitting diode (OLED) display devices have gradually replaced CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) display devices. Consumers have increasingly high requirements for audio and video products. For flat panel display manufacturers, producing display devices of high-resolution and high-quality is the main development direction. OLED display devices are widely regarded as the most promising new generation display technology because of the advantages such as self-illumination, high brightness, wide viewing angle, fast response, color saturation, thinness, flexibility and low cost. At present, audio panels and mobile phones have used small and medium-sized OLED panels as display panels. In the future, the application range of OLED panels can be extended to large-scale display markets such as mobile products, notebook computers, monitors, wall-mounted TVs and the like, and the full-color technology is an indispensable key technology for OLED display devices.
At present, common full-color technologies for OLED display devices include Side-By-Side (SBS), Color OLED+Color Filter (WCF) and Color Conversion Method (CCM).). Among them, the SBS method is currently the most mature OLED full-color display technology, with high luminous efficiency and high color saturation. The small and medium-sized OLED display devices that have been successfully commercialized are based on this technology.
However, OLED panels employing the SBS technology typically suffer from Red Shift problems. Therefore, how to solve the red shift problem of the existing OLED panels is a technical problem to be solved in the field.

Organic light emitting diode panel including light emitting units and color filter layer, method for manufacturing the same, and display device

ORDOS YUANSHENG OPTOELECTRONICS CO., LTD.


A test technique that may be implemented in an automated test system for testing semiconductor devices. The test technique may enable the fast detection of a signal transition, such as an edge, within a waveform and the timing of that event. Circuitry within a digital instrument that can be quickly and flexibly programmed may, at least in part, implement the test technique. That circuitry may be simply programmed with testing parameters, such that application of the technique may lead to faster test development and faster times. In operation, that circuitry receives parameters specifying parameters of a window over a waveform in which samples of the waveform will be taken to detect the signal transition. The circuitry may convert these parameters into control signals for other components in the test system, such as an edge generator or pin electronics, to take a programmed number of samples at desired times.

Automatic test equipment (ATE) (referred to generally as a "tester") is used to test semi-conductor devices during their manufacture. Functional testing is typically performed by configuring a tester to apply electrical signals to numerous points on the device under test (DUT) while measuring the output response of the DUT at certain points.
In some scenarios, testers are used to test DUTs to identify defects at least once during the process of manufacturing the DUTs. The results of testing can be used to determine whether a DUT behaves as designed. If the device behaves as designed, the device may be packaged and shipped to a customer. If tests indicate that the device does not behave as designed, the device is often diverted to further manufacturing steps, such as repair or disposal.
To generate and measure test signals required to test a semiconductor device, a tester includes circuitry, sometimes called pin electronics, that can be controlled to generate and/or measure a test signal. Testers can be programmed to generate and measure test signals at each of multiple test points on a device under test in each of multiple cycles of tester operation by specifying an operation of the pin electronics. For each cycle of tester operation, the test program may specify an action for each pin electronics circuit coupled to a test point. The programming may define what that action is, such as driving a HI or LO signal or measuring whether the DUT is outputting a HI or LO signal. The programming may also specify the timing of that action relative to the start of the tester cycle. In this way, a test program may be built up to apply a wide range of stimulus signals to a DUT and to measure whether the DUT produces an expected response. However, specifying operations and timing for the many test points required to fully test a DUT can be time consuming.
Current semiconductor devices are quickly superseded by the next generation of semiconductor devices. To justify the large expense of designing a complex semiconductor device and establishing a manufacturing facility, semiconductor manufacturers seek to manufacture and sell as many devices as possible before the design becomes obsolete. That goal translates into a desire to put a device into production as soon as possible and to manufacture each device in as little time as possible.

Automated test system with event detection capability


Semiconductor packages are provided. In some embodiments, the semiconductor package includes a substrate, a first ground line including a first internal ground line disposed along edges of the substrate and a plurality of first extended ground lines between the first internal ground line and sidewalls of the substrate, a chip on the substrate, a molding member disposed on the substrate to cover the chip, and an electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding layer covering the molding member, the EMI shielding layer extending along the sidewalls of the substrate and contacting the end portions of the plurality of first extended ground lines. The plurality of first extended ground lines include end portions that are exposed at the sidewalls of the substrate.

1. Technical Field
Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to semiconductor packages and, more particularly, to semiconductor packages having EMI shielding layers, methods of fabricating the same, electronic systems including the same, and memory cards including the same.
2. Related Art
Electromagnetic interference (EMI) occurs when high frequency noise generated from electronic circuits or electronic systems affect the performance of other circuits or other systems. EMI may also adversely affect humans. Typically, attempts to suppress EMI include designing electronic circuits (or electronic systems) to prevent the generation of high frequency noise, shielding the electronic circuits (or the electronic systems) to prevent the propagation of high frequency noise, and so on.

Semiconductor packages having emi shielding layers, methods of fabricating the same, electronic systems including the same, and memory cards including the same


A system and method is provided for predictive modeling of technical and non-technical components in a business infrastructure that implementing one or more business solutions. According to a first aspect of the invention, performance metrics generated from a predictive model of a business infrastructure are translated into enterprise decision or indicators that correspond to the service, performance and financial states of a business enterprise. As a result, non-technical executives can utilize the enterprise decision metrics or indicators to evaluate, support, and monitor the effect of business decisions, for example, with respect to profitability, productivity, growth, and risk of the business. According to a second aspect of the invention, the accuracy of the predictive modeling is improved by mathematically expressing the dynamic characteristics and behavior of each infrastructure component as a result of direct and indirect effects of the infrastructure components impacting one another. Perturbation theory can be used to express direct and indirect effects.

Business infrastructures are designed to support business enterprises and the solutions they provide. A business infrastructure includes technological as well as non-technological components. Technological components include hardware and software components that implement an underlying information technology (IT) infrastructure for one or more business processes. Non-technological components include the organizational structure and operation of the business enterprise and manual business processes. The architectures of business infrastructures are generally required to handle varying degrees of workload and priorities under imposed business constraints.
The design of business infrastructures having such requirements and constraints represents a real challenge. Most existing methodologies, tools and techniques concentrate on static, partial descriptions of business infrastructures. Dynamic system behavior is generally unknown until the system is in construction or in operation, thus, limiting the possibilities for improvement. Unacceptable performance issues may become exacerbated as the system evolves with the addition of new business solutions that must be supported by the architecture.
Furthermore, when the origin of a problem resides in questionable decisions made early in the development process, the cost of improvement could become prohibitive when a redesign of the business infrastructure is required at some level. A tremendous amount of investment may be lost due to the design of unacceptable infrastructures.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

System and method of predictive modeling for managing decisions for business enterprises


The preferred embodiment of the invention contemplates a device configured to prepare and deploy a resilient sleeve on to a portion of body tissue. The device expands the resilient sleeve, uses a vacuum system to draw the body tissue in to the resilient sleeve, and releases the resilient sleeve from the expanded state so that it captures and constricts the body tissue.

COPD has become a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States over the last three decades. COPD is characterized by the presence of airflow obstruction due to chronic bronchitis or emphysema. The airflow obstruction in COPD is due largely to structural abnormalities in the smaller airways. Important causes are inflammation, fibrosis, goblet cell metaplasia, and smooth muscle hypertrophy in terminal bronchioles.
The incidence, prevalence, and health-related costs of COPD are on the rise. Mortality due to COPD is also on the rise. In 1991, COPD was the fourth leading cause of death in the United States and had increased 33% since 1979. COPD is a progressive disease and currently has no cure. Current treatments for COPD include the prevention of further respiratory damage, pharmacotherapy, and surgery. Each is discussed below.
The prevention of further respiratory damage entails the adoption of a healthy lifestyle. Smoking cessation is believed to be the single most important therapeutic intervention. However, regular exercise and weight control are also important. Patients whose symptoms restrict their daily activities or who otherwise have an impaired quality of life may require a pulmonary rehabilitation program including ventilatory muscle training and breathing retraining. Long-term oxygen therapy may also become necessary.
Initially, hundreds of patients underwent a procedure called lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS), in which the most affected parts of the lungs are surgically removed. This procedure restores the tethering force that tends to keep intrathoracic airways open, which was lost in emphysema. However, the procedure has fallen out of favor due to the fact that Medicare stopped remitting for LVRS. Unfortunately, data is relatively scarce and many factors conspire to make what data exists difficult to interpret. The procedure is currently under review in a controlled clinical trial. However, what data does exist tends to indicate that patients benefited from the procedure in terms of an increase in forced expiratory volume, a decrease in total lung capacity, and a significant improvement in lung function, dyspnea, and quality of life.
Improvements in pulmonary function after LVRS have been attributed to at least four possible mechanisms. These include enhanced elastic recoil, correction of ventilation/perfusion mismatch, improved efficiency of respiratory musculature, and improved right ventricular filling.
Lung resection has a drawback in that it is difficult to seal against leaks once tissue has been resected. Lung tissue includes thin, fragile, and slippery blood vessels and air passageways that are difficult to suture against leaks. After the diseased tissue is removed, the remaining or resectioned lung portion is often restructured with suture staples. In about thirty percent of these cases, sutured lung tissue leaks air because the vessels were not adequately sealed. In other cases, sutured lung tissue leaks blood from the resection site for the same reason. Treatment for such leaks depends upon their severity, and often requires further open-chest surgery.
Previous efforts have been disclosed to treat COPD and other related pulmonary diseases by applying a constriction device to selected target tissue for purposes of resection in a manner that substantially minimizes the risk of leak, but also reduces the trauma resected with traditional lung volume reduction surgery. Such efforts are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,328,689, 6,485,407, 6,491,706, 6,632,239, 6,589,161, 6,790,172 and 6,843,767, and U.S. application Ser. No. 09/901,764, all of which are incorporated herein by reference. In that regard, a constriction device having one of varying configurations can be selectively applied to a portion of target lung tissue by a delivery system, described somewhat schematically in one or more of the above patents. Such a delivery system has been disclosed in the prior art with more specific features that include an introducer and a loader in which the desired constriction is applied to a delivery system via a loader and then introduced onto the lung for release and ultimate resection. These prior art systems, while very beneficial in the delivery of such constriction devices, were more complicated to operate and required a multiple step operation that may be perceived adversely by the clinician. Thus, improvements have been made to a device capable of delivering a constriction device to a target lung portion, as described herein.

Device to deploy a resilient sleeve to constrict on body tissue


Chemical reactor with high speed rotary mixing, system thereof, and method thereof, for catalytic thermal conversion of organic (hydrocarbon-containing) materials (coal, plastics, rubber, plant matter, wood shavings, biomass, organic wastes) into diesel and other liquid fuels (automobile or/and jet engine fuels). Relevant to non-conventional commercial scale production of liquid fuels, and to commercial scale processing and disposing of organic waste materials. Chemical reactor includes: integrated combination of a reactor stationary assembly (RSA), having only stationary components remaining stationary during chemical reactor operation, and a reactor rotary mixing assembly (RRMA), having only rotatable components rotating during chemical reactor operation. May include anti-abrasion shield for shielding inner surface of reactor central housing from abrasion during chemical reactor operation. Rotor may include a reinforcement disc. Rotor blades or/and reinforcement disc may include rotor-based performance and process control structural features (openings, or/and protrusions, or/and depressions), for additionally controlling performance of the rotor.

Catalytic thermal conversion (i.e., catalytically expedited thermal processes of cracking, degradation, decomposition, depolymerization) of heavy to light organic (i.e., hydrocarbon-containing) materials is a well-established and widely used technique for producing a wide variety of numerous chemical products. Such technique, particularly performed at thermal conversion temperatures ordinarily no higher than about 400° C. inside the chemical reactor (i.e., inside a chemical reaction chamber thereof, wherein take place the various chemical reactions), for producing diesel and other liquid fuels, is also known as the KDV (Katalytische Drucklose Verölung) Technique, and as the NTK (Nieder Temperatur Konvertierung) Technique. In such techniques, the necessary thermal conversion temperatures inside the chemical reactor (chemical reaction chamber) are achieved by using designated heating equipment (heaters located outside of the chemical reactor) that externally heat the chemical reactor (chemical reaction chamber) and its contents.
Performance of such techniques by including and exploiting high speed rotary mixing of reactor contents inside the chemical reactor, for generating and providing the necessary thermal conversion temperatures inside the chemical reactor, was initially developed and taught about by Koch (for example, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,473,348, and in U.S. Pat. Appl. Pub. Nos. 2007/0131585 A1, 2008/0116116 A1, and 2011/0297582 A1). Such newer techniques involve designing, constructing, and operating the chemical reactor with high speed rotary mixing equipment, particularly, pumps, rotor shafts, and rotors (impellers) having blades (vanes).
Although such newer catalytic thermal conversion techniques have the two important advantages of generating heat energy and mechanical mixing inside the chemical reactor (chemical reaction chamber), they also have several significant disadvantages and limitations which have yet to be fully, or at least effectively, overcome. Main, but, not the only, disadvantages and limitations are based on low energy efficiency (due to high energy consumption) of the overall process encompassing initial input conversion of the organic materials and output production of diesel and other liquid fuels, and on low durability (short life expectancy of the overall process due to extensive physical and chemical 'wear and tear') of the high speed rotary mixing equipment. At least these two main disadvantages and limitations preclude economically feasible commercial (industrial) scale operation of even the newer catalytic thermal conversion techniques.
Several 'substantial' attempts have been made in order to address and overcome such main disadvantages and limitations, for example, as disclosed in UK Patent No. GB 2473500 B, and in PCT Pat. Appl. Int'l. Pub. Nos.: WO 2014/087238, WO 2018/138194 A1, and WO 2018/228619 A1 (U.S. Pat. Appl. Pub. No. US 2020/0095505 A1).
Despite such attempts, and in view of at least the above stated main disadvantages and limitations, there is an on-going need for developing and implementing new and improved chemical reactors that include high speed rotary mixing therein, systems thereof, and methods thereof, for catalytic thermal conversion of organic materials into diesel and other liquid fuels, which are applicable to economically feasible commercial (industrial) scale operation. Such need is particularly relevant to fields of technology that involve non-conventional commercial scale production of liquid fuel products, and that involve environmentally acceptable commercial scale processing and disposing of organic waste materials.

Chemical reactor with high speed rotary mixing, for catalytic thermal conversion of organic materials into diesel and other liquid fuels, and applications thereof


A device and method are provided for a device that authenticates a server over a network. The device and method are operable to contact the server to initiate a handshaking operation. The device receives certificate information and handshaking information from the server. The device completes the handshaking operations to establish the connection with the server. The device downloads the content from the server through the connection before authenticating the server to establish a secure connection. In some aspects, the device may display a portion of the downloaded content before the server is authenticated.

This application relates to on-line communications. In particular, it relates to a device, system and method for improving a user's experience during on-line communications
Secure on-line communications rely upon the exchange and validation of security certificates. Checking the status of a security certificate, particularly in a mobile or other bandwidth-limited environment, can be sufficiently time consuming as to disrupt a user's experience while obtaining on-line content. In some instances, delays in validating certificates can cause a connection with an on-line content server to timeout, requiring a user to re-initiate the connection.
In general, in order to conduct on-line communications in a secure manner, an agreed set of protocols must be established for the sender and receiver to follow to maintain a secure connection across a network. Currently a common mechanism used on-line is the Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol. This protocol is well understood to skilled persons, and is continually updated as a generally available standard. The TLS Protocol is generally described in the "Internet Official Protocol Standards" and updated from time to time (see RFC 5246—standard for TLS version 1.2). Prior to the adoption of TLS, the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) protocol was widely used.
This application is described with reference to the current protocol generally in use, TLS, though it will be understood that the methods may be applicable for other protocols for exchanging security certificates to authenticate an on-line content provider, and the specific sequence of steps to carry out the handshaking may vary in other protocols.
The TLS protocol provides a mechanism for a client to contact a server across a network in a secure manner. By following the protocol the client and server may establish endpoint authentication of the client and server and an encrypted communication channel between the client and the server. In a typical HTTP application the client contacts the server and requests the server to authenticate itself, while the client may remain anonymous. TLS does more generally support authentication of both parties, which requires each party to have its own security certificate. Most often such bi-lateral authentication is reserved for enterprise applications.
In the example of a TLS protocol, a "handshake" protocol is specified. The handshaking between the client and the server when first starting to communicate establishes: i) an agreed protocol version; ii) selection of a common cryptographic algorithm; iii) optionally authentication of one or both parties; and, iv) exchange of public key encryption information to generate shared secrets (private keys). Typically, most secure communication protocols would generally include these four items.
The TLS Handshake Protocol involves the following steps for bi-lateral authentication (referenced from RFC 5246):                Exchange hello messages between client and server to: agree on algorithms; exchange random values; and, check for session resumption.        Exchange the necessary cryptographic parameters to allow the client and server to agree on a premaster secret.        Exchange certificates and cryptographic information to allow the client and server to authenticate themselves.        Generate a master secret from the premaster secret and exchanged random values.        Provide security parameters to the record layer.        Allow the client and server to verify that their peer has calculated the same security parameters and that the handshake occurred without tampering by an attacker.
Once the Handshake Protocol has been completed, the client and server can securely exchange information using the calculated security parameters.
In a typical on-line web environment, however, a client device will conduct a unilateral authentication of an on-line resource. That is, the handshake will authenticate the server by its certificate, but the device is not authenticated by a certificate.
For example, a user attempting to access a secure on-line resource will carry out the TLS handshake protocol, except that the server does not authenticate the client. The client authenticates the server and exchanges the information required to calculate the security parameters to establish a secure connection to the server. This may include, for instance, the following steps:                Client sends the server a "ClientHello" message including TLS, compression and encryption information        Server responds to the client with a "ServerHello" message including TLS, compression and encryption information        Server sends its Certificate message to the Client        Server sends a "ServerHelloDone" message to the Client        Client authenticates Certificate        Client sends the server a "ClientKeyExchange" message        Client and Server use the exchanged information to establish the security parameters        Client sends the Server a "ChangeCipherSpec" to establish connection has been authenticated and future communications will be secured by encryption        Client sends the Server an encrypted "Finished" message        Server decrypts "Finished" message to confirm the handshake and the secure connection from the client's end        Server sends the Client a "ChangeCipherSpec" and a "Finished" message        Client decrypts the "Finished" message to confirm the handshake from the server's end        Handshake complete, secure connection established
Once connected, the client device will download content from the server, such as html code, java script, etc. . . . , for execution by the client device to present an authentication portal to a user of the client device. The user may then interact with one or more user interfaces resident on the client device to enter authentication information which is sent by the client device to the server over the secure connection. The server may then authenticate the user by authenticating the user-supplied authentication information with server-resident authentication information.
The authentication may comprise a comparison of the received values to server-resident values, or may comprise processing or converting the received values, for instance by using a hash function, before comparing the processed received values with the server-resident values. Other known methods of authentication may also be employed.
One problem faced with on-line authentication, especially in a bandwidth constrained or mobile application, is the latency inherent in authenticating certificates. For mobile client devices, for instance, establishing a TLS connection may be challenged as the time required to carry out the steps necessary to verify the certificate(s) may be too long causing the TLS handshake with the server to time out.
It would be advantageous for a device, system or method to alleviate some of the current problems relating to on-line communications.

Apparatus, system and method for verifying server certificates


Systems and methods for connecting and configuring a communication network are described. A network includes a first router; a tie-line having a plurality of full duplex dedicated router interconnects connected to said first router; a second router connected to said plurality of full duplex dedicated router interconnects; a first user connected to said first router with a first full duplex loop; and a second user connected to said second router with a second full duplex loop. The systems and methods provide advantages in that bursty control information can be multiplexed with time sensitive laminar data.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to the field of routing switcher networks. More particularly, the present invention relates to metropolitan area networks. Specifically, a preferred embodiment of the present invention relates to a network where at least two routing switchers are connected together with a tie-line composed of a plurality of full duplex dedicated router interconnects. This configuration results in a contention free environment as long as the number of users along a given tie-line at a given moment does not exceed the number of dedicated routing switcher interconnects that compose that tie-line. The present invention thus relates to a metropolitan area network of the type that can be termed almost contention free (i.e., nearly latency free).
2. Discussion of the Related Art
Within this application two publications are referenced by superscripts composed of arabic numerals within brackets. Full citations for both of these publications may be found at the end of the specification immediately preceding the claims. The disclosures of both of these publications in their entireties are hereby expressly incorporated by reference into the present application for the purposes of indicating the background of the present invention and illustrating the state of the art.
Historically, it was known in the prior art to connect routing switchers together in networks.[1] Such networks are referred to as local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), or wide area networks (WANs), depending on their geographic extent. WANs generally extend over distances greater than approximately 150 Km. MANs generally extend over distances of from approximately 2 Km to approximately 150 Km. LANs generally extend over distances less than approximately 2 Km.
As is known to those skilled in the art, routing switchers can be connected together with tie-lines in order to assemble a network. Prior art routing switchers sometimes called routers, are well-known to those skilled in the art. A conventional routing switcher is typically a cross bar switch which can be represented as a matrix having a size of from (2)×(2) to (128)×(128), or even larger. For example, a (4)×(4) cross bar switch permits an incoming signal on one of four different incoming interconnects to be routed to any one of, any two of, any three of, or all of the four different outgoing interconnects. The cross bar feature permits the signal to be routed to any combination of the outgoing interconnects, without any mutual exclusivity. The interconnects themselves can be ordinary twisted pair, optical fiber, or even a free-space radio connection such as, for example, a microwave link.
As is also known to those of skill in the art, time sensitive data must be transferred with laminarity to avoid distortion. For example, if a real-time video signal is transferred intermittently, the received image will appear jittery. Similarly, real-time audio must be transferred with laminarity to avoid distortion. Thus, there is a need for real-time multi-media data to be transferred with laminarity. Such real-time data can be termed continuous data.
As is also known to those of skill in the art, the operation of networks that transfer continuous data has in the past been inefficient. This is because the control information that is used to configure and reconfigure the routing switchers is intermittent (i.e., bursty). In more detail, such control data only needs to be transferred when a configuration, or reconfiguration, of the network is required. Typically, such a requirement is instigated by one or more users who desire to establish a new connection through the network, for example, when a new user desires to join a multi-media conference that is already in progress.
Thus, a problem has been that the control information cannot be transmitted between routing switchers on interconnects that are being used by the network to transfer time sensitive user data such as, for example, the real-time video and/or real-time audio that composes a multi-media conference. Where such time sensitive data must be transferred, asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) is of no use because the packetization that is inherent to the ATM technique disrupts the laminarity of the time sensitive data.
One unsatisfactory approach, in an attempt to solve the problems referred to above, involves providing a parallel control network between the routing switchers in a network. However, a major disadvantage of using such a parallel control network is all the attendant costs of the parallel control network (e.g., control tie-lines, control routers and control terminals) that must be incurred. Another disadvantage of using such a parallel control network is the users themselves cannot directly reconfigure the routing switchers unless every user site is provided with a parallel control terminal. Instead, the users must typically request that a reconfiguration be carried out by the parallel control network. Some parallel control networks even require a human operator to be telephoned and requested to manually input the reconfiguration information. This type of situation can lead to lengthy delays when an operator is not available, or is otherwise busy, at the time a user wants to affect a configuration or reconfiguration.
Another unsatisfactory approach involves dedicating some of the interconnects to control data duty. However, a disadvantage of dedicating some of the interconnects to control data duty is that a fraction of the interconnects are consequently unavailable for user data transfer. This can be a significant drawback when the number of users desiring to use a particular tie-line exceeds the number of interconnects available for user data transfer through that particular tie-line (i.e., contention). Another disadvantage of dedicating some of the interconnects to control data duty is that the control interconnects themselves are often idle. Control information is often not needed for long periods, particularly when the number of users is relatively constant. So dedicating interconnects to control data duty, particularly where a large fraction of the interconnects must be so dedicated, is a tremendous waste of bandwidth.

Metropolitan area network switching system and method of operation thereof


An apparatus for controlling a throttle valve electronically in an internal combustion engine comprises a throttle valve with a rotation axis disposed in an intake air passage of an internal combustion engine, and an actuator with two ends and a central body disposed in parallel with the rotation axis of the throttle valve and extending back part way along the length of the throttle valve, and a casing formed around the throttle valve and the actuator, but not covering the central body of the actuator to thereby allow a mold for the casing to be slidably removed in a direction at approximately a right angle to the rotation axis.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to improvements to an apparatus for controlling a throttle valve electronically by an actuator such as an electronic motor in an internal combustion engine.
2. Description of the Background Art
Recently control functions for a multifunction throttle valve of an internal combustion engine include 1) an interlocking with an accelerator pedal depressed by an operator; 2) traction control so as to reduce an opening angle of the throttle valve in order to reduce slip of vehicular tire wheels during a vehicular acceleration; and 3) automatic cruise control so that a constant vehicular speed is maintained with the accelerator pedal open or not depressed. Simultaneously, a fail safe structure is included to suppress an overrun of the engine revolutions with the opening angle of the throttle valve held at a minimum position during a failure of the engine.
A Japanese Patent Application First Publication No. Showa 62-284932, published on Dec. 10, 1987, exemplifies a previously proposed throttle valve opening angle controlling apparatus in which the traction control is carried out.
In the disclosed Japanese Patent Application First Publication, a restricting plate is located between the throttle valve shaft bearing on the motor sice and a gear mechanism transmits the rotation of the motor to the throttle valve shaft. However, in the previously proposed throttle valve opening angle controlling apparatus, since the motor is not covered by a case, it is easier to induce the deterioration of each mechanical part, to permit the entry of foreign matter, and corrosion, and to reduce reliability.
It has also been necessary to have the throttle valve opening angle conttrolling apparatus disposed coaxial with the motor and the throttle valve, causing the overall length of the structure to increase, which may cause an increase in vibration.

Apparatus for controlling a throttle valve electronically in an internal combustion engine


A lamp duplexing protection apparatus comprises a first lamp module and a second lamp module. The first lamp module outputs a first decision signal according to whether the first lamp operates normally. The second lamp module outputs a second decision signal according to an operating status of the second lamp. The first lamp module determines whether to supply power to the first lamp according to the second decision signal. The second lamp module determines whether to supply power to the second lamp according to the first decision signal.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a lamp protection apparatus and an operation method thereof, and more particularly to a series lamp duplexing protection apparatus and an operation method thereof.
2. Description of Related Art
Fluorescent Lamp (FL) has been applied to the backlight system of LCD because of its advantages of better emission efficiency and longer life time compared to traditional lamp. With advancement of the LCD technology, it is possible to manufacture LCD with larger screen size than before. By this trend, a multiple-lamp system applied to LCD has also become more sophisticated.
In the multiple-lamp system, usually multiple controllers of cold cathode fluorescent lamps are used. Due to the structure of the multiple controllers, the communication between these controllers is more complicated than that of a single controller. The improvement of communication between the controllers becomes important, especially when the improvement is essentially related to safety concern. Traditional protection approach usually adopts a parallel protection system. Each of lamps coupled to the common control line in order to obtain protection therefrom. The whole backlight system of LCD is, therefore, protected by such design.
FIG. 5 is a circuit block diagram of a conventional two-lamp protection apparatus. Referring to FIG. 5, the two-lamp protection apparatus comprises a first converter 502, a second converter 522, a first fluorescent lamp 504, a second fluorescent lamp 524, a first lamp current detecting circuit 506, a second lamp current detecting circuit 526, a first lamp current decision circuit 508, a second lamp current decision circuit 528, a first lamp current control circuit 514, a second lamp current control circuit 534 and an AND gate 540. The first lamp current control circuit 510 comprises a first feedback compensation circuit 512 and a first pulse width modulator (PWM) 514. The second lamp current control circuit 530 comprises a second feedback compensation circuit 532 and a second pulse width modulator (PWM) 534. The circuits constitute the current modification circuit for stabilizing the operational current and output brightness of the first fluorescent lamp 504 and the second fluorescent lamp 524.
For protection design of the prior art technology, the detection of the operational currents of the first fluorescent lamp 504 and the second fluorescent lamp 524 are used to determine whether the fluorescent lamp fails. The first lamp current decision circuit 508 and the second lamp current decision circuit 528 output a first lamp turn-off signal and a second lamp turn-off signal, respectively, to the AND gate 540. According to these turn-off signals, the AND gate 540 outputs signals to the first lamp current control circuit 510 and the second lamp current control circuit 540. When either fluorescent lamp fails, the system controls the first lamp current decision circuit 508 or the second lamp current decision circuit 528 to remove the power supplied to the first fluorescent lamp 504 or the second fluorescent lamp 524.
FIG. 6 is a circuit block diagram of a conventional three-lamp protection apparatus. In addition to these circuits described in FIG. 5, the three-lamp protection apparatus in FIG. 6 also comprises a third converter 642, a third fluorescent lamp 644, a third lamp current detecting circuit 646, a third lamp current decision circuit, a third lamp current control circuit 650 and AND gates 662 and 664. The third lamp current control circuit 650 comprises a third feedback compensation circuit 652 and a third PWM 654. The operations of the three-lamp protection apparatus in FIG. 6 are similar to those of the two-lamp protection apparatus in FIG. 5. Detailed descriptions are not repeated.
According to the above description with reference to FIGS. 5 and 6, an additional lamp circuit must include an AND gate. Each decision circuit must be separately coupled to the AND gate and the output terminal of one of the AND gates must be coupled to the control circuits. As a result, the number of devices in the circuit is increased and the circuit is complicated. When more and more lamps are used, manufacturing costs and the complexity of the circuit are unfavorably increased due to the increase of devices.

Duplexing protection apparatus and operation method thereof


An electromagnetic isolation apparatus for an electronic device such as a portable telephone is provided which includes first and second shield cases and elastic members such as rubber cushions. The first and second shield cases are disposed within a casing of the electronic device to surround at least part of both surfaces of a printed circuit board mounted within the electronic device. The elastic members are interposed between an inner wall of the casing of the electronic device and an outer surface of the first shield case and between the inner wall of the casing and an outer surface of the second shield case to produce elastic pressures urging the first and second shield cases into conductive engagement with the printed circuit board.

1. Technical Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to an electromagnetic isolation apparatus for electronic equipment such as a portable telephone, a cordless telephone, or a selective calling receiver which is designed to prevent undesired electromagnetic waves or noise from entering or leaking out of the electronic equipment.
2. Background Art
FIG. 5 shows a radio terminal unit having a conventional isolation structure which includes a shield case 1, a control circuit substrate 2, a radio circuit substrate 4 having mounted thereon radio communication circuit components 3 such as a transmitter and a receiver, a printed grounding conductor 5, and grounding terminals 6.
The control circuit substrate 2 has mounted thereon control circuit components and is attached to an upper wall of the shielding case 1. The shield case 1 is made of a molded resin case coated or plated with metal. The radio circuit substrate 4 is attached to the bottom of the shield case 1. This type of isolation structure is disclosed, for example, in Japanese Patent First Publication No. 4-215500.
The printed grounding conductor 5 is formed on the radio circuit substrate 4 and is connected to the shield case 1 through the grounding terminals 6. Each of the grounding terminals 6 has an elastically deformable conductive strip 7 engaging an inner wall of the shield case 1. Such a structure is disclosed, for example, in Japanese Utility Model First Publication
The above isolation structure, however, has the following drawback. The substrates 2 and 4 are both thin, and the shield case 1 is made from resin material so that they are subject to setting or deformation. The attachment of the deformed substrate 2 or 4 to the shield case 1 will develop clearances therebetween through which undesired electromagnetic waves enter or leak out. In order to avoid this drawback, the prior art thus made it necessary to manufacture the substrates 2 and 4 and the shield case 1 with high accuracy, but such an approach results in an increase in manufacturing cost.
The elastically deformable conductive strips 7 of the grounding terminals 6 disposed between the radio circuit substrate 4 and the shield case 1 urge the substrate 4 to move away from the shield case 1, thereby increasing the clearance between the substrate 4 and the shield case 1. This causes more undesired electromagnetic waves to enter or leak out through the clearance, leading to malfunctions of, for example, the electronic components 3 or external circuits placed near the radio terminal unit.
The above isolation structure also uses two printed circuit boards, i.e., the control circuit substrate 2 and the radio circuit substrate 4, for improving the isolation performance. This type of printed circuit board is usually passed through a reflowing heater to mount thereon a plurality of electronic components. Different shapes of printed circuit boards encounter difficulty in passing through the same heater, however, thus requiring use of printed circuit boards of the same size or of different reflowing heaters, one for each printed circuit board. This results in an increase in design limitation or investment in plats and equipment.
It is therefore a principal object of the present invention to avoid the disadvantages of the prior art.
It is another object of the present invention to provide an improved isolation structure for an electronic device which is designed to isolate electronic components in the electronic device electromagnetically from the outside for preventing undesired electromagnetic waves from entering and leaking out of the electronic device.
According to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided an electromagnetic isolation apparatus for an electronic device having a casing within which a printed circuit board is mounted comprising: (a) a first shield case disposed within the casing of the electronic device to cover at least a portion of a first surface of the printed circuit board; (b) a second shield case disposed within the casing of the electronic device to cover at least a portion of a second surface of the printed circuit board opposite to the first surface; and (c) an elastic member interposed between an inner wall of the casing of the electronic device and a surface of one of the first and second shield cases so as to produce an elastic pressure urging the one of the first and second shield cases into engagement with a corresponding one of the first and second surfaces of the printed circuit board.
In the preferred mode of the invention, at least one of the first and second shield cases defines an enclosed chamber along with a corresponding one of the first and second surfaces of the printed circuit board within which an electronic component mounted on the printed circuit board is isolated electromagnetically.
The first and second shield cases are attached to each other to define an enclosed chamber surrounding at least a portion of each of the first and second surfaces of the printed circuit board.
Each of the first and second shield cases has a wall and side walls surrounding the wall to define a box-like conductive casing. Edge portions of the side walls of the first shield case engage edge portions of the side walls of the second shield case to define a chamber which surrounds the periphery of at least a portion of the printed circuit board.
A second elastic member is further provided which is interposed between a second inner wall of the casing of the electronic device opposite to the inner wall of the casing on which the elastic member is provided and a surface of the other of the first and second shield cases so as to produce an elastic pressure urging the other of the first and second shield cases into engagement with the other of the first and second surfaces of the printed circuit board.
The elastic member urges the one of the first and second shield cases into engagement with the corresponding one of the first and second surface of the printed circuit board to establish conductive communication between a portion of the one of the first and second shield cases and a grounding conductor printed on the printed circuit board.
One of the first and second shield cases has a wall and ribs extending from the wall to define at least one enclosed chamber along with a corresponding one of the first and second surface of the printed circuit board for electromagnetically isolating an electronic component disposed within the enclosed chamber.
A conductive spring member is further provided which is interposed between one of the first and second shield cases and a corresponding one of the first and second surfaces of the printed circuit board to establish conductive engagement therebetween.
The conductive spring member produces an elastic pressure urging the one of the first and second shield cases away from the printed circuit board against the elastic pressure provided by the elastic member. The elastic pressure provided by the conductive spring member is smaller than that provided by the elastic member so as to bring a portion of the one of the first and second shield cases and a portion of the corresponding one of the first and second surfaces of the printed circuit board into constant engagement with each other.
The one of the first and second shield cases has a wall and side walls surrounding the wall. Inside the side walls, ribs are formed on the wall, the ribs defining an enclosed chamber along with the corresponding one of the first and second surfaces of the printed circuit board. The conductive spring member is interposed between at least one of the ribs and the corresponding one of the first and second surfaces of the printed circuit board.

Isolation apparatus for electronic equipment

Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.


A stand comprising a bar adjustably connected to two opposite placed existing carrying plats being adjustably connected to respective bolts a adjustable handle engaging the bar and two existing handles engaging to respective carrying plats to holding engine and gearbox from three directions; two L-shaped bars adjustably engaged with two pairs of bolts, two pairs of long bolts, two pairs of frames and two supports forming support for engine while engine is on the stand released of the handles enabling a rear engine plate and fly wheel to be removed and returned without removing engine from stand; further enabling secure holding of engine regardless of type, size and weight thereof, and centring engine without adapters.

A type of prior art having an arm and provided with at least one hole and a plate holding engine or gearbox to their rear side, disable or substantially hinder access to rear side thereof such that certain parts must be removed form engine and gearbox (e.g. clutch, flywheel, oil seal, clutch release spring, realise arm, bearing guide sleeve) before they attached.
A type of prior art having two supports and carriers securing engine to two engine sides or ends substantially hinder or disable access to bolted sides of engine and position of carriers or supports may prevent full rotation of mounted engine if it has extended or coupled part(s) on its block.
Beside that some kind of engine stands (e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 1,812,585) requires considerable consumption of material and relatively expensive and complex mechanism must be provided especially for carriers.
Even a combine of the features of above types of prior arts could not satisfy a demand to enable access to all sides of engine and gearbox.
Invention U.S. Pat. No. 7,237,758 discloses the universal stand capable of holding various types of engines and gearboxes allowing clear access to every side thereof during repair and renovation.
Nevertheless, in said invention it is found that a rear engine plate, that some engines have and which positioned between engine block and fly wheel, cannot be removed from engine while engine is bolted on the stand.
Beside that, some engine have upper holes, which holes are used for bolting engine on the stand, positioned close to each other. In that case upper handles coupled on respective carrying plat have to be longer than lower handles also coupled on respective carrying plat and because of that may happened that upper handles may prevent the fly wheel being removed from or returned to engine while engine is on the stand.
Also some large engine have upper holes mentioned in previous paragraph positioned so close to lower holes that upper handles close to lower handles, i.e. the angle between each upper handle and corresponding lower handle is too small in what case engine may not be completely secure on the stand.
Also above mentioned invention requires usage of adapters to centre engines which is inconvenient.
The present invention is intended to provide and improved device to solve these problems.

Universal vehicle engine, gearbox and like stand


A rolling-ball switch includes a casing having two racks. A chamber is defined after a round stage and a sealing groove are fit in the casing. The chamber includes a first contact plate, a second contact plate and a third contact plate on two ends faces thereof and forming a switch with a conductive ball. The third contact plate is connected integrally with a common terminal and an open groove is defined between the first contact plate and the second contact plate. The first contact plate and the second contact plate are connected to a first terminal and a second terminal outside a casing. The switch is rotated to turn off power when an electrical device is rotated more than a predetermined angle. The predetermined angle can be adjusted by setting an angle between the open groove and a vertical line.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a switch, especially to a tilt switch for electrical device triggered by weak current.
2. Description of Prior Art
As the progress of technology, the performance and security request of electrical device are demanding. For example, the electrical device such as electrical fan and iron are demanded with fireproof. Taiwan patent No. M256575 discloses a tilt switch for electrical device. The tilt switch is arranged in the electronic device and is electrically connected to power source of the electrical device. The tilt switch cuts off power to the electrical device when the electrical device is tilted. However, the conventional tilt switch for the electrical device generally has bulky sizes and high cost. Moreover, the sensitive is poor and wrong operation is liable to happen.
Moreover, Taiwan patent No. 496312 discloses a power-off tilt switch for motor cycle. However, the power-off tilt switch has bulky size and cannot be arranged within electrical device with limited size. This power-off tilt switch is used for motorcycle and cuts off power from the motorcycle when the motorcycle is tilted.


A non-resorbable wound dressing can include a plug made from polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). The plug can have a three-dimensional shape. The plug can be substantially cylindrical. The PTFE can have a high density and be expanded. The PTFE can be non-porous or have a porosity of less than about 0.4 microns. The PTFE can also be unsintered and unexpanded. A method of regenerating alveolar bone includes placing a PTFE plug in a cavity formed in an alveolar bone. Placing the plug in the cavity can include contacting at least a portion of a peripheral surface of the plug with the gingival tissue surrounding the cavity. The method can also include inserting a bone graft material in the cavity before placing the plug in the cavity.

1. Field
Embodiments of the invention relate generally to non-resorbable wound dressings for treating cavities in an alveolar bone and, particularly, to three-dimensional, non-resorbable plugs.
2. Background
An alveolar bone, for example, the maxilla or the mandible, can have undesirable cavities. These cavities can occur for a variety of reasons. For example, cavities can be created by extracting a tooth or removing a cyst. Cavities can also be formed from bone loss caused by dental implants, or from a variety of other reasons. To promote bone regeneration (including ridge preservation), a bone graft material can be inserted in the cavity.
To keep the bone graft material in the cavity and, thus, maximize bone regeneration, the cavity can be substantially sealed using a barrier. For example, the cavity can be sealed with a resorbable barrier made from, for example, collagen. Resorbable barriers, however, can resorb before bone regeneration is complete. The cavity can also be sealed with a thin non-resorbable barrier such as a membranes, tape, or film. Currently, placing a thin non-resorbable planar barrier requires that buccal and lingual flaps be cut in gingivial tissue and that the edges of the barrier be placed underneath the flaps, which separates the gingival tissue from the alveolar bone. This separation may retard bone regeneration. Accordingly, there is a need for a wound dressing that does not resorb before bone regeneration is substantially completed and that can reduce the separation between the gingival tissue and the bone.


A topical composition which enhances sexual responsiveness of a mammal is disclosed. An effective dosage of a peripheral vasodilator, an absorption enhancer and, optionally, a vasoconstrictor and an alpha receptor blocker are combined with a pharmaceutically-acceptable topical vehicle to produce the composition. The compositions are applied topically to the penis or labia majora and minora pudenda to enhance erection or vasocongestion.

The male sexual response includes the filling of vascular channels that are empty in the flaccid penis, with blood at pressures approaching systemic levels. Erection occurs when the arteriolar and sinusoidal smooth muscles of the vessels within the corpora relax, thus lowering resistance in these channels and allowing arterial blood to surge into the penis. Exit of the arterial blood is simultaneously impeded by an increase in venous resistance. Further distention of the sinusoids is restrained by the minimally distensible tunica albuginea that raises the pressure further and also restricts venous outflow. Thus, the corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum can be filled with blood and the penis can be erect with little demand on cardiac output. These vascular changes that occur during erection are thought to be controlled by vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, perhaps aided by alpha-adrenergic blockade, acetylcholine and nitric oxide.
The female sexual response cycle is typically divided into four phases including desire, excitement, which includes physiological changes such as vasocongestion in the pelvis, vaginal lubrication, and expansion and swelling of the external genitalia, orgasm, and resolution. Disorders of female sexual desire or response are estimated to affect from 30 to 50 percent of the adult female population. These disorders may have a variety of causes including psychogenic etiologies, anatomical disorders, drug-induced disorders, diabetes mellitus, post-surgical disorders, atherosclerosis, post-traumatic disorders, as well as endocrine etiologies. Depending upon the etiology of the disorder, effective treatment may be had by overcoming any boundaries to the physiological changes that take place during excitement including vasocongestion. Thus, in certain cases, it may be possible to enhance the female sexual response by stimulating vasocongestion.
There are a wide variety of pharmacological agents used for the enhancement of erection and treatment of sexual dysfunction and as pro-libido agents. Some examples include: serotonin receptor agonists and antagonists (see, e.g., EP 385,658; WO 94/15,920; GB 2,248,449; and GB 2,276,165), dopamine receptor agonists (see, e.g., WO 93/23,035; WO 94/21,608; Pomerantz S. M., Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 39:123–128, 1991; and Ferrari F. et al. Psychopharmacology 113:172–176, 1993); adrenergic receptor agonists (see, e.g., WO 95/13,072; EP 611,248; U.S. Pat. No. 5,229,387; and WO 92/11,851); inhibitors of phoshodiesterase (see, e.g., DE 4,338,948; and WO 94/28,902); histamine receptor agonists (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,013,659; 4,126,670; 4,767,778; WO 91/17,146; U.S. Pat. No. 5,047,418; and EP 0,458,661); neuropeptide Y antagonists (see, e.g., WO 95/00,161); angiotensin II receptor antagonists (see, e.g., EP 577,025); cholinesterase inhibitors (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,177,070; and 4,633,318); combinations of agents with the different types of biological activity (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,145,852; and WO 95/05,188); derivatives of vasoactive intestinal peptide (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,147,855; EP 540,969; and EP 463,450); prostaglandins (see, e.g., WO 93/00,894; and EP 459,3770); antidepressants and antipsychotics (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,931,445; GB 2,448,449; and Naganuma et al. Clin. Exp. Pharm. Physiol. 20:177–183, 1993); nitric oxide donors (see, e.g., WO 92/21,346; DE 4,305,881; DE 4,212,582; and WO 94/16,729); calcitonin gene related peptide (see, e.g., Steif, C.G. et al., Urology, 41:397–400, 1993); and androgens (see, e.g., JP 06,211,675; HU 62,473; and WO 94/16,709). Unfortunately, many or all of these pharmacological agents are associated with adverse effects including aggravation or induction of schizophrenia, serotonin syndrome, central nervous system and endocrine system dysfunction, pain, echytomosis and priapism.
Accordingly there is a need in the art to identify new pharmacological agents or compositions which are useful for enhancement of the sexual response in mammals.

Topical compositions for enhancing sexual responsiveness


The backside navigation method of the present invention includes milling a fiducial opening through the substrate of an integrated circuit. The milling process is stopped when the fiducial opening reaches the bottom of a trench isolation structure. The trench isolation structure delineated by the fiducial opening may be imaged and registered to a computer aided design layout image to achieve sub-micron navigation resolution.

Integrated circuit technology continually advances resulting in decreases in device dimensions, increased circuit speed, and the like. Accordingly, diagnostic and editing techniques also need to continue to improve. Integrated circuit diagnostic and editing techniques have undergone dramatic changes, due in part to two factors. The stacking of increasingly large numbers of metal layers has limited the access to lower metal layers from the wafer front side. In addition, the widespread user of flipchip mounting, wherein the integrated circuit is mounted face down on a packaging substrate, leaving only the backside of the die exposed, precludes front side access to the chip. As a result, backside diagnostics and editing of integrated circuits has become increasingly important.
A challenge in backside diagnostics and editing is locating the exact position of one or more regions (e.g., drain, source, gate, trace and/or the like). To effectively and accurately navigate, the diagnostic or editing tool needs to be accurately positioned and registered to the as fabricated integrated circuit. This is accomplished using the as designed circuit (e.g., computer aided design (CAD) layout). Current methods are unable to accurately register the as fabricated integrated circuit and the as designed circuit to within a few tens of nanometers.

Method and system for integrated circuit backside navigation


Two support members which are supported swingably to the vehicle body through the medium of the support axis extending in up and down direction are provided at the vehicle body end portions of two left and right suspension arm members connecting left and right rear wheels to the vehicle body. Lever parts are extended from the support members toward the opposing direction to each other and are interconnected by a link member. One of the two support members is driven by one actuator for rotation around an support axis, whereby left and right two suspension arm members move in vehicle widthwise direction, opposite to each other, and in synchronism with each other and thus left and right rear wheels are steered symmetrically in toe-in direction or toe-out direction. Since the motive power mechanism part is of simple construction using link members, and engaging parts of gears can be lessened, the device according to the present invention can contribute to compactness and cost reduction and also can restrict "shaking" in rear wheel steering due to backlash of gears.

This invention relates to a rear wheel steering device for vehicles, particularly, to an improvement on a steering device which steers left and right rear wheels symmetrically in toe-in direction or toe-out direction.
A rear wheel steering device of this kind has been known, for example, Japanese Patent Application Laying Open Gazette No. 62-18309 discloses a device provided with a driving motor, a drive shaft connected to said motor to be driven through the medium of a gear mechanism and a pair (left and right) of screw feeding mechanism which transmits a rotary motion of the drive shaft as movement in axial direction (vehicle widthwise direction) of suspension arm members of left and right rear wheels, whereby left and right rear wheels are steered symmetrically in toe-in direction or toe-out direction according to vehicle velocity. Also, Japanese Patent Application Laying Open Gazette No. 59-23716 discloses a device which steers left and right rear wheels by two (left and right) hydraulic cylinders which are substituted for the driving motor mentioned above.
Of the conventional rear wheel steering devices mentioned above, in the case of the former two gear engaging parts (a screw feeding mechanism and a gear mechanism) are provided intermediately of a transmitting route between the motor and the rear wheel and backlash at each of such gear engaging parts can cause "shaking" in rear wheel steering. On the other hand, in the case of the latter because two (left and right) cylinders are controlled individually, it is difficult to synchronize suspension arm members of left and right rear wheels and the composition of hydraulic system which controls each hydraulic cylinder becomes complicated. Thus, the device itself becomes large in size and high in manufacturing cost.

Rear wheel steering device for a vehicle


A safety construction helmet is provided with an attachment which extends over the top of the helmet and provides sun protection.

The wearing of a safety helmet is becoming mandatory in many construction industries. For instance, it is now mandatory to wear a safety helmet anywhere on site during construction of a high-rise building. Safety helmets are widely used throughout the industry and not just the construction industry. For instance, safety helmets are mandatory in many areas of the mining industry.
While there are various types of safety helmets, the helmets are typically manufactured from a hard plastic material. The inside portion of the helmet is provided with webbing straps which extend over the head of the user. At the rear of the helmet is an adjustment strap to allow the helmet to be properly fitted to the user.
With reference to the construction industry, the person wearing the safety helmet is often outside. During the hot summer months, the person can experience quite severe sunburn especially around the neck and face area. During rain, the current construction of the safety helmet does not particularly shield the person's face from rain.
It is well-known to provide some form of neck cloth or neck protecting member to protect against the sun. Sometimes, these cloths are attached to the helmet and this can be achieved using tape, elastic and the like. While this provides some relief from sunburn on the person's neck, the cloths are not suitable to protect the person's face.
It is also not advantageous (and may even be illegal) to modify the standard safety helmet by riveting or otherwise attaching lateral members to provide some relief from the sun. Also, it may be necessary to ensure that any such attachment has some form of release mechanism should the attachment become caught in machinery etc.
Therefore, there would be an advantage if it were possible to purchase an attachment for a safety helmet that does not require modification of the helmet itself which can be quite easily removed if not required or if caught by machinery, and which can provide sun protection.
It will be clearly understood that, if a prior art publication is referred to herein, this reference does not constitute an admission that the publication forms part of the common general knowledge in the art in Australia or in any other country.

Protection attachment for a safety helmet