An improved thermoluminescence dosimeter (TLD) system, which includes a TLD reader configured to produce data indicative of a radiation exposure, one or more dosimeters comprising a dosimeter substrate coated with a thin layer of a light-absorbing material, a light stimulation source configured to heat the dosimeter using light incident on the dosimeter coating, a light detection system to detect TL emission and an appropriately programmed computer configured to analyze data from the reader and to output data indicative of an extent of radiation exposure.

Radiation dosimetry involves the quantitative measurement of the physical changes that occur in matter upon exposure to ionizing radiation such as beta and alpha particles, neutral particles such as neutrons, and electromagnetic radiation such as X-rays and gamma rays. It is an important aspect of numerous civilian and military applications, including individual and environmental monitoring, retrospective and accident dosimetry, radiation therapy dosimetry, diagnostic radiology and nuclear medicine dosimetry, and neutron, particle and space dosimetry.
Thermoluminescence dosimetry is one of the most widely used and cost-effective techniques for radiation dosimetry, and has been extensively studied, both experimentally and theoretically.
The radiation-sensitive element of a thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) is a small quantity, typically less than 100 mg, of an inorganic crystal doped with metal impurities known in the art as "activators." The activators provide the crystal with the energy storage capacity as well as the luminescent properties that are required for the crystal to function as a thermoluminescent phosphor upon exposure to ionizing radiation. As generally understood, the activators provide point defects, known as traps and luminescence centers, in the crystal lattice of the thermoluminescent phosphor. When the phosphor is exposed to ionizing radiation, electrons and holes are captured in metastable states near the trap centers defined by local potential energy minima until the electrons and holes are sufficiently thermally stimulated to enable them to overcome the potential energy barriers. The thermally stimulated electrons and holes can then recombine at the luminescence centers, emitting photons, referred to as thermoluminescent (TL) emission, as they do so. See B. Justus, M. Miller, and A. Huston, "Dosimetry Measurement," The Measurement, Instrumentation and Sensors Handbook (1999), the entirety of which is hereby incorporated by reference into the present disclosure.
Peter Braunlich and others first showed that TL glow curves could be measured by heating thin layers of phosphor powder mixed with a polymer binder and spread on a glass slide. Infrared pulses at 10.6 microns from a carbon dioxide laser were focused onto the powder film and the light was absorbed by both the glass and the polymer binder, heating the phosphor and resulting in TL emission. The TL was characterized by assuming that the thin phosphor layer made no contribution to the thermal properties of the sample (sample=phosphor+binder+glass substrate). See P. Braunlich, J. Gasiot, J. P. Fillard and M. Castagne, "Laser heating of thermoluminescent dielectric layers," Appl. Phys. Lett. 39(9), 769-771 (1981); and J. Gasiot, P. Braunlich, and J. P. Fillard, "Laser heating in thermoluminescence dosimetry," J. Appl. Phys. 53(7), 5200-5209 (1982).
Later, Braunlich demonstrated that a number of different phosphor configurations could be effectively heated by a continuous wave (cw) CO2 laser with a Gaussian beam profile. For example, Harshaw TLD-100 chips were directly heated by the CO2 laser due to the small absorption of lithium fluoride at 10.6 microns (abs. coef.=40 cm−1). See A. Abtahi, P. Braunlich, R. Kelly, and J. Gasiot, "Laser stimulated thermoluminescence," J. Appl. Phys. 58(4), 1626-1639 (1985). Since the 1/e attenuation length in the LiF was 250 microns, the light penetrated a significant depth into the 900 micron thick chips.
In one experiment by Braunlich, free-standing polyimide films containing TLD-100 powder were heated with the laser, while in another, thin films of TLD-100 powder in a silicone binder were coated onto glass slides. These films could be heated effectively when the laser light was incident from either the front (powder in binder) side or the back side (glass slide). However, the TL response curves varied significantly depending on the laser power and the details of the sample preparation and Braunlich was unable to accurately model the TL response of any of these samples that were stimulated with a Gaussian beam profile. See A. Abtahi, P. Braunlich, T. Haugan, and P. Kelly, "Investigation of Thermoluminescence Efficiencies at High Laser Heating Rates," Radiation Protection Dosimetry 17, 313-316 (1986).
Braunlich next developed a general solution for the TL response of a two-layer TLD system when the dosimeter was stimulated by a uniform circular laser beam, and later showed that laser heating of the dosimeter yields TL glow curves that are similar to those obtained using conventional heating methods. See Abtahi et al. (1986), supra; see also P. Kelly, A. Abtahi, and P. Braunlich, "Laser-stimulated thermoluminescence. II," J. Appl. Phys. 61(2), 738-747 (1987). The general solution for the temperature increase in a two-layer system was simplified by assuming that one of the two dosimeter layers was much thinner than the other. When the thermal diffusivity of both layers was assumed to be approximately the same, lateral heat diffusion in the thin layer was ignored and the thermal diffusion in the sample was assumed to be governed only by the properties of the thick layer. Only one limiting case was discussed, i.e., a thick absorbing layer with heat transport across the interface into a thin layer of phosphor. It was assumed that lateral thermal diffusion only occurred in the thick absorbing layer, while no lateral thermal diffusion occurred in the thin phosphor layer. Experiments were performed using 35-40 micron thick layers of phosphor on 150 micron thick glass slides (the absorber). However, Kelly reported that signal reproducibility was a problem due to difficulties encountered in preparing uniform thin films of the phosphor/binder mixture on the glass substrates. See Kelly et al. (1987), supra.
The laser-heated TLD (LHTLD) systems developed by Braunlich and his colleagues required the development of unique TLD badges. The design of the laser-heated TLD dosimeter elements developed by Braunlich was guided by practical consideration of two conflicting requirements: minimum layer thickness and high sensitivity. See P. Braunlich, "Present State and Future of TLD Laser Heating," Radiation Protection Dosimetry 34, 345-351 (1990). The LHTLD system developed by Braunlich et al. functioned most effectively when the laser-heated phosphor layer was as thin as possible. However, for adequate sensitivity of the dosimeter to small radiation doses to be maintained, the mass of the phosphor could not be reduced below a minimum (the minimum specific mass in mg/mGy). In other words, the dosimeter elements in the system could not be manufactured as thin as desired because it was necessary to ensure that the sensitivity did not fall below a critical value. In order to satisfy these conflicting requirements, Braunlich developed a unique LHTLD dosimeter consisting of a fine-grain TLD powder and a silicone binder, printed onto metallized polyimide foils. Braunlich also developed dosimeters using all-inorganic elements, because the dosimeters containing polymer and other organic material exhibited spurious TL emissions and light sensitivity problems. See P. Braunlich, "Present State and Future of TLD Laser Heating," Radiation Protection Dosimetry 34, 345-351 (1990). Page 347, column 1, paragraph 4.
Others have further examined the use of laser-heated phosphors for radiation detection.
John Lawless and D. Lo studied the laser-heated TL emission properties of phosphors as a function of the temporal profile of the laser heating, and predicted that for a wide range of laser heating profiles (linear, quadratic, or square root with respect to time) the intensity of the peak of the glow curve should follow a general scaling law (peak intensity is inversely proportional to the time at which the peak occurs). See J. Lawless and D. Lo, "Thermoluminescence for nonlinear heating profiles with application to laser heated emissions," J. Appl. Phys. 89(11), 6145-6152 (2001). However, he found that the experimental results of Gasiot et al. (1982), supra, do not follow the general scaling law.
Ofer Gayer and Abraham Katzir described a remote laser heating technique in which a silver halide fiber was used to deliver CO2 laser light to a small point on a sample. See 0. Gayer and A. Katzir, "Laser-fiberoptic non-contact controlled heating of samples for thermoluminescence measurements," Journ. of Lumin. 113, 151-155 (2005). The TL emitted by the sample was transmitted to a PMT by a standard silica fiber. The temperature of the heated spot was monitored using infrared radiometry. The infrared light was transmitted to an infrared radiometer using a second silver halide fiber. Katzir subsequently reported that the reproducibility observed for the TL measurements could be improved by eliminating the silver halide optical fiber. See R. Ditcovski, O. Gayer and A. Katzir, "Laser assisted thermoluminescence dosimetry using temperature controlled linear heating," Journ. of Lumin. 130, 141-144 (2010). Measurements performed on small spots on the samples were problematic due to inhomogeneities in the samples. Katzir found that expansion of the CO2 laser beam, using a ZnSe lens and a mirror, allowed illumination of the entire sample and improved the performance of the LHTLD system. See R. Ditcovski, O. Gayer, and A. Katzir, "Laser assisted thermoluminescence dosimetry using temperature controlled linear heating," Journ. of Lumin. 130, 141-144 (2010).

The United States of America, as represented by the Secretary of the Navy


An apparatus and a method for correcting image data detected by an image sensor with less used memory space and fewer arithmetic operation executions is provided for. A data correcting apparatus of the present invention comprises an operation memory for storing expansion coefficient array data and basis function array data, which includes data of expansion coefficients and function values of a basis function for orthogonally expanding a high order polynomial for correcting input image data; and an operation part for correcting the input image data using the expansion coefficient array data and the basis function array data. With the use of the apparatus, the processing time of the operation part can also be minimized.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an apparatus and a method for correcting image data detected by an image sensor such as a charge coupled device (CCD) and more particularly to an apparatus and a method for correcting image data detected by an image sensor with less used memory space and fewer arithmetic operation executions.
2. Description of the Related Art
Charge coupled devices are currently known in the art and used of image sensing in digital cameras, and the like. Correcting such image data is often causes problems in conventional systems. More particularly, these problems are often due to the large amount of memory required for storage of the image data and the variables utilized in the arithmetic operations needed to implement the correction of image data sensed by charge coupled devices.
Therefore, it can be seen that a need exists for an apparatus and method that can manipulate the image data sensed by a charge coupled device to correct any errors to such image data more efficiently by reducing the use of computing resources such as memory and increasing throughput of any needed data manipulation operations.

Method and apparatus for image data correction

International Business Machines Corporation


The present invention relates to a composition for producing a coating having antifouling properties on a component of a turbomachine. The composition comprises a binder comprising at least one silicon-organic constituent, ceramic particles and a solvent, the ceramic particles comprising at least silicon dioxide and the silicon-organic constituent comprising at least alkoxysilane. In addition, the present invention relates to a process for producing a coating using such a composition and also a correspondingly produced coating and a component provided therewith.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a composition and a process for producing a coating for components of a turbomachine having antifouling properties and also to a corresponding coating and a component of a turbomachine coated therewith.
2. Discussion of Background Information
In turbomachines such as stationary gas turbines or aircraft engines ambient air is sucked in and burnt together with the fuel in the combustion chamber in order to be ejected as combustion gases. When the ambient air is sucked in, impurities present in the air, for example sand, soot particles, salt and the like, also get into the turbomachine, where they can lead to deposits on engine components, which can lead to damage to the engine components and/or to impairment of the efficiency of the turbomachine by alteration of the surface quality of the components of the turbomachine by means of the deposits. Particularly in the case of aircraft engines which are operated in different environments, the deposition of impurities sucked in with the ambient air represents a serious problem.
To counter this problem of formation of deposits, which is also referred to as "fouling", attempts have been made in the past to provide the surfaces of components with coatings which have antifouling properties, as are described, for example, in DE 196 06 011 A1, EP 0 885 938 A2, U.S. Pat. No. 6,159,547 A, WO 2008/132196 A1 or GB 2 428 604 A, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein.
However, the known antifouling layers either display unsatisfactory antifouling properties, especially when used in aircraft engines, or are unsuitable for the expected or desired environmental conditions in turbomachines. In addition, there is the problem that antifouling layers frequently contain Cr(VI) compounds which owing to their health-endangering properties and the processing difficulties resulting from the high safety requirements are not practicable to use.
In view of the foregoing, it would be advantages to have available a coating which provides antifouling properties for components of turbomachines. The corresponding coating should be reliable to use under the ambient conditions of a turbomachine and make safe and uncomplicated production, processing and use possible.


A folder type mobile telephone and control method therefor are provided which utilize an auxiliary display unit viewable whether the folder is opened or closed. The folder type mobile telephone includes an auxiliary display unit and a main body having a main display unit. The folder type mobile telephone includes an opening at a position corresponding to the auxiliary display unit. The folder type mobile telephone may include a wheel button formed at one side of the main body to input user commands to the auxiliary display unit. A transparent window may be formed at the opening to protect the auxiliary display unit. Regardless of whether the folder is opened or closed, a user can view, and control the auxiliary display unit via wheel button inputs. Since the auxiliary display unit is formed on the main body, the relative thickness of the folder can be reduced to make the folder type mobile telephone compact.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates generally to a telephone, and more particularly, to a mobile telephone and a control method therefor.
2. Background of the Related Art
A mobile telephone may be classified into either a bar type mobile telephone where the keypad is exposed, a flip type mobile telephone where a cover is formed to protect the keypad, or a folder type mobile telephone where the main body and a cover body can be folded together. The folder type mobile telephone is especially popular. Because of its folding design, the folder type mobile telephone is compact and lightweight making it convenient to carry. However, in the conventional folder type mobile telephone, the display is located on the main body of the mobile telephone, or on the inner surface of the cover body or folder. Thus, once the folder type mobile telephone is folded or closed, the display is covered and hidden from view. Therefore, when the folder type mobile telephone is closed, the display is difficult to check, making it inconvenient to check, for example, the battery charge state, time of day or whether a message has been received.
In order to solve the problem of the hidden display of the folder type mobile telephone, a second or auxiliary display unit is placed on the outer surface of the cover body or folder such that it is visible when the mobile telephone is closed. With such an auxiliary display unit, displayed information can be viewed even when the folder type mobile telephone is closed.
As shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B, a conventional folder type mobile telephone includes a main body 10 and a folder 20 hinged at the main body 10. The folder 20 is rotatably mounted on a shaft in the hinge. The mobile telephone also includes an auxiliary display unit 21 located on an outer surface of the folder 20 and a main display unit 22 located on an inner surface of the folder 20. Also included in the mobile telephone is a keypad 11 consisting of number, power and function keys, and a microphone 12, all of which are formed on the inner surface of the a body 10 of the mobile telephone. During use, information entered through the keypad 11 may be displayed on the main display unit 22. A speaker 23 is also included in the mobile telephone and is located on the inner surface of the folder 20.
In operation of the conventional mobile telephone, when the folder 20 is opened and the mobile telephone is turned on, information such as remaining battery capacity and signal reception strength may be displayed on the main display 22. The time of any received calls, and whether a message has been left or received may also be displayed on the main display unit 22. Any characters or numbers entered through the keypad 11 are also displayed. In addition, information such as a date or time may be displayed. Thus, when the folder 20 is closed, power to the mobile telephone is turned off and no information is displayed on the main display unit 22, and when the folder 20 is opened, power is turned on and information is displayed on the main display unit 22. The mobile telephone can also be placed in standby mode where the folder is closed, but the mobile telephone is not turned off and can still receive calls.
To augment the inaccessible main display unit 22 when the folder type mobile telephone is in standby mode, information such as reception strength, messages received, remaining battery capacity, or time can be viewed on the auxiliary display unit 21 located on the outer surface of the folder 20. Since the auxiliary display unit 21 is on the outer surface of the folder 20, the conventional folder mobile telephone is more convenient to use because information otherwise only displayed on the main display unit 22 can be viewed even when the folder 20 is closed.
Due to the location of the main display unit 22 and the auxiliary display unit 21 of the conventional mobile telephone, only the main display unit 22 can be viewed when the holder 20 is open such as when transmitting a short message or accessing a wireless information network. Thus, in the conventional folder type mobile telephone, since the main display unit 22 and the auxiliary display unit 21 are fixed on opposite surfaces of the folder, the auxiliary display unit 21 and the display unit 22 can not be used simultaneously. Such an arrangement of the displays causes an inefficient utilisation of the mobile telephone components. Another problem with the conventional arrangement of the two displays in the conventional folder type mobile telephone is due to the main display unit 22 and the auxiliary display unit 21 being respectively attached to the inner surface and the outer surface of the folder 20. Accordingly, the folder 20 must be relatively thick making the mobile telephone less compact.

Folder type mobile telephone and operating method thereof


A disk tray for a disk player comprising a first disk receiving portion for receiving a first disk and a second disk receiving portion formed on the bottom of the first disk receiving portion for receiving a second disk having a diameter smaller than that of the first disk, so that a center of the second disk receiving portion is eccentric from a center of the first disk receiving portion by a predetermined distance.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a disk tray which is inserted into or ejected from a body of a disk player, for loading a disk into the disk player body. In particular, the present invention is directed to a disk tray with an improved structure for aligning a disk after it has been reproduced.
2. Description of the Related Art
In general, as shown in FIG. 1, a disk player includes a disk player body 1 and a disk tray 10 installed movably along an ejection or inserting direction A1 or A2 relative to the disk player body 1. The disk tray 10 includes a first disk receiving portion 11 for receiving a first disk having a 12 cm diameter and a smaller, second disk receiving portion 12 for receiving a second disk having an 8 cm diameter. The second disk receiving portion 12 which has a center coinciding with a center C1 of the first disk receiving portion 11, is formed to be recessed from a bottom 11a of the first disk receiving portion 11. When the disk tray 10 is inserted to the disk player body 1, the first or second disk on the first or second disk receiving portion 11 or 12 is loaded into the disk player body 1.
For example, when the disk tray 10 having the second disk D2 arranged on the disk receiving portion 12 is inserted into the disk player body 1, a deck 2 in the disk player body 1 pivots upward with respect to a hinge 1a, from the position represented with a dashed line to the position represented with a solid line, in order to reproduce/play the second disk D2. Also, when the deck 2 pivots upward, a turntable 4 fixed to a rotation shaft of a spindle motor 3 connected to a free end of the deck rises, to thereby lift the second disk D2 on the disk tray 10, as represented with a solid line. At this time, a center of the turntable 4 coincides with the center C1 of the first and second disk receiving portions 11 and 12. As described above, after the second disk D2 is lifted by the turntable 4, information of the second disk D2 is reproduced/played.
To unload the second disk D2, the reproduction of the second disk D2 is stopped, and the deck 2 pivots downward, thus causing the turntable 4 to move downward. The second disk 10 is received on the second disk receiving portion 12 of the disk tray 10 according to the downward movement of the turntable 4, and then the disk tray 10 is ejected from the disk player body 1.
As the turntable 4 descends to place the second disk D2 on the second disk receiving portion 12 of the disk tray 10, the turntable 4 moves along a circular orbit centering around the hinge 1a by the deck 2 which pivots around the hinge 1a. Accordingly, the second disk D2 which is supported by the turntable 4 also descends along the circular orbit "R" around the hinge 1a as shown in FIG. 3. However, the turntable 4 and the second disk D2 are located above the hinge 1a so that during the downward movement the second disk slides slightly toward the ejection direction A1 of FIG. 1.
Thus, after the second disk D2 has been brought back to the second disk receiving portion, it is not aligned with its original placement as represented with the solid line and dashed line of FIG. 3. An edge "K" of the second disk (at the ejection direction A1) is caught by an edge "Z" of the second disk receiving portion 12 of the disk tray 10. At this time, the second disk D2 is not completely received on the second disk receiving portion 12. Thus, the second disk D2 deviates from the second disk receiving portion 12 when the disk tray 10 is ejected, to thereby cause noise or damage to the second disk D2.
With respect to the first disk, the first disk receiving portion 11 has a slope 11b formed along an edge (see FIG. 2). Thus, even though the first disk lifted by the turntable 4 descends along the circular orbit in the same manner as the second disk, it is caught by the slope 11b, so that the first disk is guided along the slope 11b to be completely received on the first disk receiving portion 11.
However, a similar structure is not easily provided for the second disk receiving portion 12. Specifically, it is difficult to increase the slope of the second disk receiving portion 12 due to design restrictions; if the second disk receiving portion 12 has a slope along its outer edge, the second disk D2 easily deviates from the second disk receiving portion 12 along the slope due to inertia caused by the insertion or ejection of the disk tray 10.

Disk tray for disk player having eccentric disk receiving portions


A device and method for evaluating or improving perceptual-cognitive abilities of a subject, comprising displaying virtual objects moving in a given three-dimensional environment during successive tests. The subject is in visual contact with the virtual objects moving in the three-dimensional environment, and the speed of movement of the virtual objects in the three-dimensional environment during the successive tests is changed.

In everyday life individuals are inexorably exposed to complex visual context in which they concurrently track and integrate multiple moving objects in their visual field. For example, a driver will attend and spatially integrate moving targets such as cars and/or pedestrians. In such environments, perceptual integration of dynamic visual targets is fundamental in order to produce good decision-making processes and appropriate motor responses. Experiments on multiple-object tracking (MOT) ability have demonstrated that attention could be allocated to more than a single focus position contrary to what was generally postulated.
Complete understanding of the mechanisms inherent to MOT is not yet achieved. Different models propose interesting views for a theoretical understanding of the mechanisms involved in this cognitive process.
For example, a first model, the so called FINSTs model, refers to pre-attentive indexes that stick to the moving targets and facilitate attention to assess these indexed objects.
Another example is a grouping model which proposes that during a visual tracking task, the targets are grouped into a single object. The virtual linkage between targets forms the vertices of a deformable polygon which is perceptually integrated while targets move across the visual field.
Finally, a multi-focal model describes the possibility to deploy independent focus of attention on each tracked target.
At an integrative level, a limit concerning the number of tracked moving targets has been previously shown. It appears that young adults are capable to track up to a maximum of five targets. However, it has been shown that this performance decrease during normal aging. It has been shown that elderly people are limited to three items in a MOT task.
At a spatial level and independently of the model considered, a recent study provides new information concerning the early stages of MOT. The results of this study suggest a limited capacity split between the right and left hemifields during the target selection stage. It has been suggested that this hemifield independence is restricted to the very early stage of MOT (selection stage). It has also been suggested that this hemifield specificity could be integrated in a retinotopic frame of reference.
However, at a space representation level and because of their two-dimensional visual space restrictions, classical studies do not take into consideration the stereoscopic power of the visual system that allows better discrimination between the relative positions of multiple objects in space. Also, these approaches do not consider the reality of a 3D (three-dimensional) world where multiple objects move among the three dimensions of space and at different depth positions. Indeed, stereoscopic vision is a higher-level function of our visual system that permits us to have perception of depth and to evaluate if one object is situated before or behind another one in space. At a behavioural level, an individual constantly makes this kind of visual-perceptual judgment whatever the task he/she is involved in. Moreover, the benefits of stereoscopic vision in providing optimal visual cues to control action have already been shown. These studies suggest that the main impact of stereoscopic vision is disambiguating the depth information present in our 3D world in order to produce optimal behaviours. Based on these perception-action interactions, it appears that the evaluation of some specific visual mechanisms is made in environments that simulate in an ecological way the visual-spatial characteristic of our 3D world. Intuitively, this seems to apply to multiple-object tracking which corresponds to a visual-attentional mechanism that could influence many behaviours related to everyday life. However the MOT literature showed that most of the studies evaluate this visual-attentional capacity in experimental protocols restrained in 2D visual space which is drastically different from real-life conditions where tracking people and/or moving objects in crowds or during sports, such as hockey or soccer, is performed in 3D space. Based on these space representation considerations it could be irrelevant to extrapolate the results obtained to real-life tasks.
Moreover, and beyond the space representation consideration, evaluating MOT by estimating the discrete number of elements that can be tracked may not adequately represent subtle individual differences in performance on this cognitive task. Can it be concluded that the integrative capacity of two individuals is equal when both can successfully track four targets? Based on the number of targets tracked, can it be really assumed that two experimental conditions did not differ from each other?
Beyond the limit of the number of objects tracked, there is a need to develop a new approach characterizing sub-parameters that better reflect the efficiency of the attention processes involved in multiple-object tracking.

Method and device for assessing, training and improving perceptual-cognitive abilities of individuals


In the case of a pipe connection for connecting a first pipe end (1) to a second pipe end (6), with a sealing ring (13) sealing the intermediate space between the pipe ends (1, 6), and a tensible pipe clamp (14) which fits over the pipe ends (1, 6) and in which a toothed anchoring ring (9) is mounted, said anchoring ring pressing the toothed inside (10) of the anchoring ring (9) against the surface of an associated pipe end (6) when the pipe clamp (14) is tightened, simplified handling and a high compressive strength are achieved in that the first pipe end (1) is widened in a sleeve-shaped manner such that the second pipe end (6) can be pushed into the widened portion (2), in that the pipe clamp (14) has an internal contour which fits over the sleeve-shaped widened portion (2) of the first pipe end (1) in a form-fitting manner counter to a pull-out direction (A1) for releasing the pipe ends (1, 6) from each other, and in that the anchoring ring (9) is positioned to bear only against the second pipe end (6).

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a pipe connection for connecting a first pipe end to a second pipe end, with a sealing ring sealing the intermediate space between the pipe ends, and a tensible pipe clamp which fits over the pipe ends and in which a toothed anchoring ring is mounted, said anchoring ring pressing the toothed inside of the anchoring ring against the surface of an associated pipe end when the pipe clamp is tightened.
2. Description of Related Art
Pipe connections of this type are used in particular whenever a pressure significantly deviating from the ambient pressure is produced in the interior of the pipe line. In the event of a positive pressure in the pipe line which comprises a plurality of pipe sections connected to one another via a pipe connection, there is the tendency for the pipes which are connected to one another by the pipe connection to be forced apart by the pressure of the fluid and for the connection between the pipe sections thus to be released.
A pipe connection of the type mentioned at the beginning is known by EP 0 211 158 B1. The pipe coupling described therein has a pipe clamp within which two pipe ends having the same diameter butt flush against each other, with the joint which is formed as a result being kept sealed by a seal which extends axially on both sides of the joint and has the pipe clamp pressing against it. For a frictional connection between the pipe clamp and the two pipe ends, an anchoring ring is located at both axial ends of the pipe clamp, said anchoring ring being positioned obliquely in relation to the pipe end and being pressed with an inner edge, which is provided with teeth, by the pipe clamp against the surface of the tube section such that the teeth are embedded somewhat into the surface of the pipe section in question.
A similar pipe connection, but with specially configured teeth of the anchoring ring, is known from EP 1 440 270 B1.
Pipe connections of this type have proved worthwhile as a connection which is pressure-resistant to a certain extent. However, the compressive strengths which can achieved are limited. Furthermore, the installation and handling of the pipe clamp with the two anchoring rings for the two pipe ends is not unproblematic, since careful tightening of the pipe clamp is required in order to ensure identical securing forces by means of the two anchoring rings.


A broad head blade and airflow equalizer apparatus and method includes an extended blade attached to an object and an aerodynamic casing with a first side and a second side. A connection is provided on the first side for connecting the aerodynamic casing to the extended blade such that the aerodynamic casing at least partially covers the extended blade.

Mankind has struggled to understand and control the effects of air flow on an object introduced into the air stream since the beginning of the development of useful tools. Thrown spears, shot arrows, flying planes and golf balls all are affected by the force of the air, as is any object, as it moves through the air.
For example only, and not by way of limitation, a difficulty solved by the Applicant's invention relates to achieving accurate and repeatable arrow flight of wide cutting width fixed blade broad head tipped arrows ("broad heads"). The current standard hunting broad heads are designed with the intention of killing via penetration of the chest cavity. This is a very efficient and humane manner of killing most any animal on the face of the earth. Nonetheless, exceptions exist such as with large game birds. For example only and not by way of limitation, the wild turkey is a difficult game bird. A turkey has disadvantages associated with aiming for the chest area and vital internal organs in this region of the bird's body. To begin with a turkey's vital target area is very small. Further, they do not have a significant volume of blood. Additionally, feathers prevent blood sign from reaching the ground and further aid in coagulation of the blood in the wound channel. Additionally, turkeys can run very fast and/or fly after even a mortally placed shot. In fact, common practice after a broad head strikes the turkey is for the archer to immediately jump up and run after the mortally hit game bird in an attempt to physically prevent its escape. This effort brings a hunter in close contact with razor sharp blades as the bird thrashes about. Additionally, chest shots generate significant waste of edible portions of the bird.
While broad heads are useful hunting tools, they would be even more useful if they could be accurately delivered to an area of the animal, such as to the head/neck region, which would cause instant death. This eliminates all the negative aspects as described when hunting turkeys or other game bird with broad heads meant to hit the chest cavity/body of the bird. Unfortunately, the evolution of the broad head has provided no significant changes in design or shape other than those advantages and efficiencies derived from newer materials and better machining techniques for fixed blade broad heads. With the advent and availability of improved materials, the bow for delivering the arrow has also improved considerably. Compound bows are much more efficient than traditional equipment and result in the capability to launch arrows at considerably higher velocities. Unfortunately, these higher velocities introduce significant aerodynamic problems in maintaining accurate arrow flight with a broad head attached. This unwanted resultant inaccurate arrow flight has been termed "steering effect". Prior art attempts to minimize this steering effect have taken two directions.
Currently, one solution is to stay with the traditional two, three, four or more blades rigidly affixed to the ferrule. Here, attempts to minimize the steering effect on larger diameter cutting width broad heads have focused on reducing the surface area of fixed blades in two manners. First, the blades overall cutting width has been reduced to maintain as narrow an aerodynamic profile as possible. In this case the blades are swept back from the tip like wings on a fighter aircraft. Additionally, cut outs within the blade were implemented. Currently, minimum cutting widths of no less than seven-eights of an inch are permitted. Generally acceptable flight is achieved at these widths. However, the steering effect is exacerbated with increasing arrow velocities achieved with today's modern bows. Even a narrow width, swept back, blade can cause trouble in achieving repeatable accurate arrow flights due to pressure exerted by the air, up drafts, down drafts or wind as the arrow flies to its intended target.
A second prior art "solution" to eliminate the steering effect problem has been to create a broad head that has its blades closed during flight. Upon contacting the intended target, these broad heads include some form of mechanism that causes the blades to pop open on impact thus exposing lethal cutting surfaces. With no flat surfaced blades exposed during flight, the steering effect is minimized since there are no pressure differences generated on exposed blade surfaces. Several disadvantages of these so-called "mechanical" broad heads exist such as, for example only, reduced penetration of the broad head, structural weakness of the various broad head elements, and inoperability at the critical moment of contact with the game animal. Additionally, much more kinetic energy is required to achieve equal penetration compared to fixed broad head blades.
In short, maintaining strength upon impact, having large cutting widths, achieving good penetration and maintaining accurate arrow flight are the desired characteristics of a hunting arrow tipped with a broad head blade. Modern manufacturing and materials allow simple production of strong broad heads with razor sharp blades to kill with maximum efficiency upon contact with the hunted animal. Flight, however, is the operative word and repeatable accurate flight is the desired goal. The undesirable steering effect on the current broad head blades, however, results in a loss of control in the flight of an arrow that results in poor accuracy.
Aerodynamics is the study of gases in motion. The principal application of aerodynamics is in the design of aircraft and air is the gas with which the science is most concerned. Understanding arrow flight, or the flight of any other object, requires an understanding of how a wing works to lift an airplane. An arrow with a broad head attached is influenced by the same principles as described by Newton's laws as those that describe the function of an airplane wing and the generation of lift.
The shape of the air foil (wing) is a very important part of lift. Most airfoils today have camber, meaning they have curved upper surfaces and flatter lower surfaces. These airfoils generate lift even when the air flow is horizontal (flat). Symmetric airfoils are airfoils wherein the upper and lower surfaces are the same length. The particles of the air stream above and below symmetric airfoils move at the exact same velocity. As a result, no lift is generated by a symmetric airfoil in horizontal flow (flat wings moving straight ahead cannot fly).
In order to generate lift with a symmetric airfoil, the airfoil must be turned (tilted) with respect to the flow of the air, so that the upper surface is "lengthened" and lower surface is "shortened". This tilting against the air flow is called "angle of attack". It has been shown that if the angle of attack is doubled, the lift doubles. In keeping with the above example concerning broad head tipped arrows, this is exactly why broad head tipped arrows are prone to inaccurate flight. The problem is exacerbated with larger cutting surfaces and greater distances from point of release. The most elegant aerodynamic scheme is to obtain a zero lift condition in which a zero angle of attack corresponds to zero coefficient of lift. In the case of an aircraft, lift is desirable. In the case of a broad head tipped arrow, no lift is desired.
Airplanes have a variety of control surfaces utilized during flight to control flight direction. An arrow is simply launched and travels with no additional human intervention to correct its intended flight path in the event of it moving off the desired flight path. Arrows do contain fletching (feathers or plastic vanes) on the rear portion of the arrow in attempts to impart some semblance of in flight control. This is accomplished via primarily drag forces imparted via helical or offset placement of the fletching designed to keep the arrow aligned and on track so as to accurately hit its intended target. It is intended that the fletching overcome any appreciable amount of torgue or lift applied to the exposed surfaces of the arrow. Spin is also imparted in combination with the rear drag to overcome any negative influencing aerodynamic factors between the point of release and striking of the target. Yet it is just this spin that also contributes a difference of pressure (generation of lift) to the exposed surfaces of the broad head blades (wing span) immediately upon acceleration of the arrow from the bow. This contributes immediately to inaccurate arrow flight as compared to a target tipped arrow (ie no broad head blades or any blades or "wings" at all). With no movable controls to correct the in-flight steering effect, accuracy of broad head tipped arrows is lost. By applying too much drag to control the broad head tipped arrow from experiencing the steering effect, not enough energy is retained to provide a killing shot at the hunted animal. Further, hunting distance is severely limited, making for an exceptionally more difficult successful hunting experience.
Further, the role of the air resistance must also be considered when examining the path of an object through the air. Air resistance acts to retard the forward travel of an arrow in flight, for example. Just as too much drag at the rear of the arrow adversely affects the arrow's path, too much pressure up front results in the same negative effect. A narrow width bladed broad head has less cross-sectional surface area to compress air as it travels through space. A wide width blade has increased sectional surface area to compress air as it travels through the same given space. Just as pressure differences can cause undesirable lift and unwanted steering effects, this pressure also contributes to rob the arrow of kinetic energy as it uses up more energy crossing the same given distance. Loss of velocity translates to a less flat trajectory given the arrow travels the same distance as a narrow width broad head. A flat trajectory is important in a hunting situation where an estimation of distance to the target animal adds error to the dynamics of an accurately placed lethal shot. A flatter trajectory allows for a larger margin of human error in achieving an accurately placed shot.
Considering the effect of lift, torque and pressure, it is easy to understand why it is possible to achieve repeatable and accurate flight of a target tipped arrow (no wings) versus the less accurate flight due to steering effects with a broad head tipped arrow (wings) shot from the same bow given all other factors being equal. In both cases, at the moment of transfer of the kinetic energy stored in the limbs of the bow to the movement of the arrow from rest to some given velocity, the shaft flexes in response to this absorption and transfer of energy. With the streamlined shape of the standard target tipped arrow, with no planner surfaces to leverage against, coupled with the minimal frontal arrow surface area to compress and deflect air of any appreciable magnitude in a concerted direction, minimal lift is created thus providing minimal deflection of the target tipped arrow from its intended path. As a result, accurate arrow flight is achieved quite easily due to the minimal impact of lift, torque and pressure on the intended flight path of a target tipped arrow.
On the other hand, in the case of the broad head tipped arrow, it is easy to understand why it experiences unwanted steering effect. Again, at the moment of transfer of the kinetic energy stored in the limbs of the bow to the movement of the arrow from rest to some given velocity, the shaft flexes in response to this absorption. In this case however, this deflection immediately changes the angle of attack of the broad head blade surfaces from the desired zero angle of attack to some greater value. The combination of the forward velocity of the arrow passing through the medium of the air, its changing angles of attack due to each oscillation of the arrow shaft as it travels away from the bow, rotation of the broad head blades creating pressure differences on each side of the blades, and lift created in differing amounts, all cause the adverse steering effects on the broad head tipped arrow. When other contributing factors such as updrafts, downdrafts, and cross winds are coupled with this steering effect on broad head tipped arrows, the magnitude of deflection from the intended target is further amplified and even more chaotic resulting in a greater degree of inaccuracy and less likelihood of repeatedly striking a target in the same place.

Broad head blade and air flow equalizer apparatus and method


One embodiment is directed a powered device that comprises a connector to connect a multi-conductor cable to the powered device and device circuits partitioned into a first partition and a second partition. The powered device is configured to receive power from a first cable circuit and a second cable circuit provided over the multi-conductor cable. The powered device is configured to separately power the first partition using power received from the first cable circuit and power the second partition using power received from the second cable circuit and to power isolate the first cable circuit from the second cable circuit. The powered device further comprises at least one isolation device coupled to the first partition and the second partition and configured to enable information to be communicated between the first partition and the second partition. Other embodiments are disclosed.

The present disclosure relates to the use of multiple limited-power circuits for Power over Ethernet powered devices, and more particularly, the use of one or more isolation devices to communicate information between multiple paths in powered devices.
Power over Ethernet ("POE") allows network cables to carry electrical power. Use of POE systems may eliminate the need to run separate power to devices by a single network cable (e.g., an Ethernet cable) to carry both power and data to the devices. POE is intended to comply with certain requirements and safety rules for lower power and voltage circuits to allow for installation of POE systems by a non-electrician. Specifically, POE may have requirements similar to those for limited power source ("LPS") and safety extra low voltage ("SELV") circuits (e.g., LPS and SELV circuits may be limited to less than 60 VDC and less than 100 W).
In some instances, a powered device may require power above the limits set for LPS systems (e.g., more than 100 W). In many POE systems, two pairs within a four-pair Category 5 or higher cable may form an LPS circuit to provide power to a powered device. A four-pair Category 5 or higher cable is also referred to here as a "CAT cable." One pair may function as the voltage source, V+, and the other pair may function as the voltage return, V−. The LPS circuit formed by the two-pair POE circuit may be capable of providing up to 100 W of power. The other two pairs in the four-pair CAT cable may remain unused. If the two unused pair were to be utilized, another 100 W may be provided to the powered device. It may be permitted to have more than one LPS circuit in a multi-conductor cable. But, the power from more than one LPS may not be combined in the powered devices pursuant to certain requirements and safety rules. Each LPS circuit in the multi-conductor cable should remain separate and isolated.

Isolation in power-over-ethernet powered devices


A disposable absorbent undergarment includes a liquid-permeable topsheet, a liquid-impermeable backsheet and a absorbent core disposed therebetween. The backsheet consists of a breathable plastic film and a breathable fibrous sheet integrally laminated with an outer surface of the breathable plastic film. The breathable fibrous sheet consists of at least a first component layer and a second component layer being in contact with the first component layer. The first component layer has a wettability with body fluids higher than that of the second component layer.

This invention relates generally to a disposable absorbent undergarment and more particularly to such an undergarment such as a disposable diaper, an incontinence pad or pants, or a sanitary napkin or the like.
Many of the conventional disposable diapers each comprising a liquid-permeable topsheet, a liquid-impermeable backsheet and a liquid-absorbent core have usually employed a breathable plastic film as material for the liquid-impermeable backsheet. The disposable diaper has also been proposed which employs the breathable plastic film laminated on an outer surface thereof with a nonwoven fabric as material for the liquid-impermeable backsheet.
The liquid-impermeable backsheet made of the breathable plastic film is preferable since its breathable enables stuffiness possibly generated within the diaper put on the wearer's body to be eliminated or alleviated. However, moisture permeates the backsheet and clings to an outer surface of the backsheet in the form of fine particles of water. These fine particles of water make the outer surface dampish and give a mother with a baby wearing the diaper in her hands an uncomfortable feeling. In addition, the fine particles of water transfer to bedclothes such as a baby dress or a bed sheet and give a baby an uncomfortable wet feeling as if a small amount of urine leaked on the bedclothes.
In the case of the laminate comprising the breathable plastic film and nonwoven fabric used as material for the liquid-impermeable backsheet, the above-mentioned problem of the liquid-impermeable backsheet comprising the breathable plastic film alone is improved to some degree. However, the problem is left unsolved because the nonwoven fabric has not been constructed so as to prevent the moisture from transferring to the outer surface of the backsheet.


A synchronizing apparatus for a differential OFDM receiver that simultaneously adjust the radio frequency and sample clock frequency using a voltage controlled crystal oscillator to generate a common reference frequency. Timing errors are found by constellation rotation. Subcarrier signals are weighted by using complex multiplication to find the phase differentials and then the timing errors. The reference oscillator is adjusted using the timing errors. Slow frequency drift may be compensated using an integral of the timing error. Frequency offset is found using the time required for the timing offset to drift from one value to another.

OFDM works by sending many frequency multiplexed, narrow band signals (subcarriers) together to form a wide band, high speed radio link. Frequency synchronization is required so that the closely spaced narrowband signals are not frequency shifted into a position where they interfere with each other. Timing recovery is needed to position the signal in the optimum sampling window and to make sure the phases of the subcarriers are properly aligned.

OFDM timing and frequency recovery system


The invention discloses a D-biotin preparation method. In the prior art, with a synthesis method utilizing malonic acid diester as raw materials, impurities are also produced along with the obtained D-biotin. The D-biotin preparation method is characterized in that with the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide and inorganic base as catalysts, methane tricarboxylic acid trialkyl ester and (3aR, 8aS, 8bS)-1,3-dibenzyl-2-oxo-10H-iminazole [3,4-d] thiophene [1,2-a] sulfuryl halide are subjected to condensation reaction in methylbenzene solvent to obtain intermediate (3 aS,4S,6aR)-1,3-dibenzyl-4-(ω,ω,ω-3-methoxycarbonylbutyl)-4H-1H-thiophene[3,4-d]iminazol e-2,4(1H)-ketone, and the D-biotin is obtained after the intermediate is treated by the aftertreatment method. By the D-biotin preparation method, production of the impurities is avoided, quality of the biotin is greatly improved on the existing basis, and side reaction is avoided too.

The D-Biotin, also known as Vitamin H, is mainly applied to the fields of medicine and sanitation, nutrition enhancer, feed additive, cosmetics and drinks, etc. The molecular structural formula of the D-Biotin is shown as follows:

Since the debut of industrially-synthetized D-biotin of a Swiss company Roche in 1949, the synthesis methods have been still undergone many researches abroad. To date, many about total synthesis routes have been reported. Yet, the Sternbach route with thiolactone as a key intermediate still remains the recognition of the most industrial significance.
The Sternbach route includes that thiolactone 2 with optical activity is used as a starting material, the key intermediate (3aR,8aS,8bS)-1,3-dibenzyl-2-oxo-10H-iminazole [3,4-d] thiophene [1,2-a] sulfuryl halide 3 is obtained by several steps of reaction, and with the presence of base, bromide 3 and diethyl malonate are reacted to obtain an intermediate 4, the intermediate 4 is kept treated by hydrobromic acid (including several steps of esterolysis, decarboxylation and debenzylation), and finally the biotin 1 is obtained by cyclization. The Sternbach systhesis route is drawn as follow.

In the condensation process of the bromide 3 and malonic diester, since the malonic diester comprises two reactive hydrogens, when the intermediate 4 is obtained after the malonic diester is reacted with the bromide 3, impurities 5 are also produced in the train of further reaction between the intermediate 4 and the bromide 3 under the action of the base. The impurities 5 are hydrolyzed, decarboxylated, debenzylated and cyclized together with the common intermediate 4, thus, the finally obtained biotin 1 should be doped with impurities 6. Though researchers have successfully attempts to reduce the impurities 6 by increasing proportion of the malonic diester and reduce content of the impurities in the product by a recrystallizing method, yet the impurities are unlikely to be completely removed from the finished biotin. So production of the impurities is a kind of technical defect in this route. Besides, the production mechanism and the chemical formula of the impurities are shown as follow.

ZHEJIANG MEDICINE CO., LTD., XINCHANG PHARMACEUTICAL FACTORY


A geomagnetic sensor for computing an azimuth and a method thereof. The geomagnetic sensor includes a geomagnetic sensor module, including X, Y and Z axis fluxgates orthogonal to one another, for performing normalization for mapping output values of the X, Y and Z axis fluxgates onto a previously set normalization range using previously set normalization factors, an operation module for performing operation of new normalization factors based on a plurality of normalization values output from the geomagnetic sensor module when the geomagnetic sensor is swung within a previously set range, a tilt sensor module for computing a pitch angle and a roll angle, and a control module for providing the new normalization factors to the geomagnetic sensor module to allow the geomagnetic sensor module to perform renormalization and computing an azimuth using the output values renormalized by the geomagnetic sensor module and the pitch and roll angles computed during the renormalization. Therefore, it is possible to easily compute the normalization factors used for azimuth compensation.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a geomagnetic sensor for computing an azimuth and a method thereof, and more particularly, to a geomagnetic sensor for compensating an azimuth and a method thereof, in which normalization factors are simply computed for compensation of the azimuth
2. Description of the Related Art
A geomagnetic sensor serves to sense the intensity of geomagnetism and its direction, which cannot be sensed by a human being. Particularly, a sensor that senses the geomagnetism using a fluxgate is called a fluxgate type geomagnetic sensor.
The fluxgate type geomagnetic sensor uses a material having high magnetic permeability, such as permalloy, as a magnetic core. The fluxgate type geomagnetic sensor generates an excited magnetic field through a driving coil that winds the magnetic core, and senses the size and the direction of an external magnetic field by sensing secondary high frequency components in proportion to the external magnetic field generated by magnetic saturation of the magnetic core and nonlinear magnetic characteristics.
Recently, with the increasing development of the micro electro mechanical system (MEMS) technology, it has come that a micromini fluxgate sensor of low power consumption can be fabricated using the MEMS technology and is used in cellular phones, PDAs, notebook computers, and various portable electronic devices.
Meanwhile, the geomagnetic sensor generally uses a two-axis or three-axis fluxgate. If the geomagnetic sensor is tilted when an azimuth is sensed using the geomagnetic sensor, the azimuth may be computed in error. To avoid such an error, an algorithm is generally performed, which compensates an azimuth using a tilt angle, i.e., a pitch angle or a roll angle. In a conventional geomagnetic sensor, operation of the pitch angle or the roll angle is performed using a two-axis acceleration sensor to compensate the azimuth.
The azimuth compensation work means that the azimuth is prevented from being distorted by the pitch angle or the roll angle. To perform the azimuth compensation work in a geomagnetic sensor provided with X, Y, and Z axis fluxgates, preparatory works are required. In other words, a maximum value and a minimum value from output values of the X and Z axis fluxgates are obtained as the output values of the X and Z axis fluxgates are monitored while the geomagnetic sensor is being swung at least one or more times around the Y axis. Then, operation of normalization factors is performed using the maximum value and the minimum value. The normalization factors mean those used for normalization that maps the output values of the X, Y and Z fluxgates onto values within a previously set range. Specifically, scale and offset values are used as the normalization factors.
If operation of the scale and offset values of the X and Z axes is performed, the operated values are stored in a memory of the geomagnetic sensor. Afterwards, a maximum value and a minimum value from output values of Y and Z axis fluxgates are obtained as the output values of the Y and Z axis fluxgates are monitored while the geomagnetic sensor is being swung at least one or more times around the X axis. Then, operation of normalization factors is performed using the maximum value and the minimum value.
The aforementioned conventional geomagnetic sensor has a problem in that the geomagnetic sensor is swung in various directions several times to perform the azimuth compensation work. For this reason, it is difficult to facilitate the azimuth compensation work.

Geomagnetic sensor for computing azimuth and method thereof


A sphincterotome including a cutting wire may be configured such that, when activated, the cutting wire assumes a desired cutting position at or near the “12 o'clock” position or any other desired angular configuration. A sphincterotome may have controlled bending characteristics. A distally located micromachined hypotube may, in some instances, provide desired bending characteristics to a sphincterotome.

In procedures such as endoscopic sphincterotomy, a sphincterotome may be used in conjunction with an endoscope to provide surgical cutting inside of a patient. Exemplary sphincterotomes are disclosed in commonly assigned U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,547,469 and 5,868,698 to Rowland et al., the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. The sphincterotome may, for example, be used to partially cut open the sphincter muscle for treatment such as removal of common bile duct stones forming an obstruction. A sphincterotome may include a cutting wire that can be activated by bending the sphincterotome, thereby permitting the cutting wire to extend from the sphincterotome.
However, when activating the cutting wire, it may be difficult to control the exact positioning of the cutting wire. In some instances, it may be desirable to position the activated cutting wire in an angular configuration commonly referred to in the art as the "12 o'clock" position, or in any other desirable angular configuration.
There remains a need, therefore, for an improved sphincterotome that is configured such that, when activated, the cutting wire assumes a desired cutting position at or near the "12 o'clock" position, or any other desired angular configuration. A need remains for an improved sphincterotome with controlled bending characteristics.

Sphincterotome with improved orientation


Aspects and features include a system and method for wellbore perforation analysis and design. The system takes into account geomechanical considerations. In some examples the system determines wellbore parameters associated with a wellbore in a formation, calculates a current effective stress value associated with a hole in the formation, and determines a maximum effective stress value and a minimum wellbore pressure value. The system can then produce perforating job parameters to maximize a perforation while maintaining at least the minimum wellbore pressure value. In some examples, the system makes use of a parts database to determine job parameters that can implemented based on available parts.

Hydrocarbons can be produced from wellbores drilled from the surface through a variety of producing and non-producing formations. A wellbore may be substantially vertical or may be offset. A variety of servicing operations can be performed on a wellbore after it has been drilled. For example, a lateral junction can be set in the wellbore at the intersection of two lateral wellbores or at the intersection of a lateral wellbore with the main wellbore. A casing string can be set and cemented in the wellbore. A liner can be hung in the casing string. The casing string can be perforated by using a perforation tool, for example, by firing a perforation gun.
Perforation tools can include explosive charges for perforating a casing and creating perforations or tunnels into the subterranean formation that is proximate to the wellbore. Creating a large perforation without introducing significant sand production or causing instability issues is desirable.

Wellbore perforation analysis and design system


A seed fulfillment system is an automated system for sorting and delivering different types of seeds from different seed containers to a shipping-container loading system which loads shipping containers with the seeds. The seed fulfillment system includes an intermediary-container handling system which conveys intermediary containers of seeds from a filling system to a shipping-container loading system.

In agricultural research, selected varieties of seeds (e.g., different lines or hybrids) are planted in experimental plots under selected parameters (i.e., variables), including soil type, climatic zones, different management practices such as tillage or fertilizer rates, etc. Numerous varieties of harvested seeds may come into a fulfillment center (e.g., a warehouse) from many geographical locations at different times. Thus, assembling varieties of seed from different origins, comingling those materials, and packaging for distribution to a large number of experimental plot locations is difficult to achieve in an efficient and effective manner.


The present invention relates to a method for the synthesis of double-stranded nucleic acids from a wide variety of samples and comprises the use of these nucleic acids for deep sequence analysis. Also, the present invention relates to specific reagents used in the method of the present invention. Further, the invention relates to kits comprising reagents for the method of the invention and use of said kits.

Massive parallel sequencing (MPS) of nucleic acids requires the preparation of amplified libraries where the region of the DNA to be sequenced is located between known 5′- and 3′-terminal sequences. Current methods for MPS libraries construction utilize either RNA or DNA adaptor ligation to the 5′- and 3′-ends of the RNA or DNA samples. Ligation of adaptors is not only time consuming but also a process of low efficiency that requires microgram inputs of nucleic acid samples. In addition, the resulting cDNA libraries are contaminated with adaptors cross- and self-ligation by-products and require additional purification steps both before and after pre-amplification. More than a decade ago, Clontech Laboratories described a method that harnesses the template switching activity of the Moloney murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase (MMLV-RT) to attach adaptors of choice to the 5′-end of cDNA generated from of poly(A) tailed mRNA molecules. At the same time, a 3′-adaptor sequence was incorporated into poly(dT) reverse transcription primer. This principle, named SMART, is currently used in an Illumina Ultra Low RNA sequencing kit (Clontech) to generate full length cDNA copies of mRNA molecules from a single cell. However, the method still requires subsequent to the template synthesis (1) fragmentation of amplified cDNA, (2) ligation of platform-specific 5′/3′-end adaptors and (3) pre-amplification of adaptors-ligated DNA fragments. Although the SMART method is capable of preparing cDNA for sequencing from single-cell amounts of RNA, it is time consuming, expensive and restricted to mRNA sequencing. So far, the approach of using template switching activity of MMLV-RT has not been yet applied to sequence (1) RNA molecules other than long RNAs and (2) any DNA molecules. The present invention describes a method to generate ready-to-sequence double or single stranded DNA, preferably DNA libraries from picogram (pg) amounts of either RNA or DNA molecules in a time frame of only a few hours. Small (<150 bp) RNAs or DNAs (e.g. miRNA (microRNAs), piRNAs (piwiRNAs), degraded or bisulfite-converted DNA) can be used as an input directly. However, long RNA or DNA has to be first fragmented by a corresponding approach (e.g. sonication for DNA or Mg2+ incubation for RNA). The method of the invention provides several advantages, which include a dramatic reduction in time required to provide ready to sequence DNA, which may be based on DNA or RNA, the method is drastically cheaper than any of the prior art methods. Current commercial kits for cDNA library preparation for next generation sequencing of RNA and DNA are priced between $200 and $500 per samples depending on the application, type of the kit and brand of the supplier. The rough estimates of the costs required for a single DNA library preparation using the method of the invention is at least 20-fold lower, and the method of the invention will permit sequencing of nucleic acids from sources from which sequencing was impossible before due to the minimal amounts of DNA and/or RNA that could be obtained from the sample. Examples of those include: DNA and RNA from small (diagnostic) amounts of liquid and solid biopsies, targeted compartments of the cells (e.g. micronuclei, endoplasmic reticulum), fossils, remnants of the extinct organisms, and forensics samples containing minute and highly fragmented DNA molecules. The present invention is based in part on the discovery that DNA can also serve as a substrate for a reverse transcriptase.

Synthesis of double-stranded nucleic acids


Two magnetic circuits are separated by an air gap and are made up respectively of a series of permanent magnets which are attached and rigidly held together by flux return yokes. One side of the magnetic circuits is turned towards the air gap. The directions of magnetization of the opposing magnets and of the attached magnets are antiparallel and the length of each magnet is approximately two times larger than the width of the air gap.

This invention relates generally to magnet structures for a displacement sensor and, more particularly, to such structures which generate in an air gap a magnetic field which varies linearly over a measurement axis.
Magnetic displacement sensors are known which consist of one or more magnets producing an induction field B and of an element for measurement of the induction (Hall probe or magnetoresistance, for example) which are set in relative motion. The resolution of such a sensor is proportional to the sensitivity of the element for measuring the induction and to the gradient of this induction in the displacement range. This gradient depends on the nature of the magnets, on the form of the magnetic circuit and on its position with respect to the measurement element.
The most common devices of this type consist of a magnet attached to the device whose position must be measured. In this case, the weight of the magnet must be relatively low so as not to disturb the movement of the device.
When the probe is placed opposite the magnet, the variation of the magnetic field as a function of the displacement is large and not linear. The signal of the probe must then be processed after it is compared to reference signals. This type of device, for example, permits measurements of displacement on the order of 100 mm with a precision of 0.1 mm for a Samarium-cobalt magnet volume of 400 mm.
When the probe is placed in a zone where the field varies linearly, and if J designates the polarization axis of the magnet, the probe may be placed parallel to the axis J and the magnet moved along this axis, or the probe may be placed so it is perpendicular to axis J. The signal of the probe is then proportional to the displacement, and the induction gradient depends on the form and the nature of the magnet, as well as on the distance from the magnet to the probe. The signal is on the order of 0.1 T/mm to 1 T/mm over a distance of 0.1 to several millimeters.
The displacement measurement devices which apply these arrangements of probes and magnets are sensitive to a ferromagnetic environment. One proposed structure is a sensor of microdisplacements with magnetic circuits which provide in an air gap a large variation of induction over a measurement range from 100 to 500 .mu.m, approximately.
Another proposed structure consists of a permanent magnet and a yoke in the form of a U, both associated, to form a closed magnetic circuit. The position of the sensor along the yoke is determined as a function of the intensity of the leakage field detected by the sensor, and the shape of the yoke can be adjusted to obtain a linear variation of the field.
The foregoing illustrates limitations known to exist in present devices and methods. Thus, it is apparent that it would be advantageous to provide an alternative directed to overcoming one or more of the limitations set forth above. Accordingly, a suitable alternative is provided including features more fully disclosed hereinafter.

Magnet structure for a displacement sensor


A powder is de-aerated in a collector and then transferred to a chamber via a valve. The chamber may then be injected with a low-pressure air stream carrying an additive for mixing with the de-aerated powder. The mixing of the powder with the air and additive stream may occur in the valve and/or chamber. After mixing of the powder with the air and additive stream, the mixed powder and additive may be further mixed in the chamber and/or second valve prior to transferring the mixed powder and additive to a holding container or other processing device.

Methods and devices are provided for mixing two or more powders together. In one exemplary embodiment, an additive, for example, silica particles, is added to toner so as to improve the flowability of the toner. The methods and devices, however, are applicable to various types of powders, for example, powders which are combined in preparing food items and in preparing pharmaceuticals.
Dry particles that form a powder, such as dry toner particles, typically are mixed with another material, such as an additive. This is accomplished for various reasons, such as to enhance flow, i.e., a powder made up of both toner and an appropriate additive such as silica may exhibit enhanced flow characteristics.
Toner can be mixed with an additive via many processes. For example, in an emulsion/aggregation chemical toner process, toner provided in a wet-cake form is dried. The drying process can be accomplished by using a torroidal air dryer, for example. The dried toner can then be stored in a collection area. The dried toner, however, tends to become compacted in the collection area because the toner particles have strong cohesive forces. Thus, it is desirable to mix an additive, such as silica, with the toner particles so that the dried toner is easier to handle in subsequent processes.
For example, the additive can be mixed into the dried toner in the collection area. This requires a mixing device to perform the mixing in the collection area, which increases the cost and complicates the process. Another technique would be to add the additive to the toner when it is in its wet-cake form. The additive theoretically would mix with the toner particles during the drying process.


An engine torque control module comprises a derivative module and a cylinder torque module. The derivative module determines a derivative term for a first cylinder of an internal combustion engine based on rotation of a crankshaft and determines an average derivative term for the first cylinder based upon the derivative term. The cylinder torque module determines an operating condition of the first cylinder based on the average derivative term, adjusts a torque output of the first cylinder based on the operating condition, and adjusts a torque output of a second cylinder based on the operating condition.

The background description provided herein is for the purpose of generally presenting the context of the disclosure. Work of the presently named inventors, to the extent it is described in this background section, as well as aspects of the description that may not otherwise qualify as prior art at the time of filing, are neither expressly nor impliedly admitted as prior art against the present disclosure.
Internal combustion engines create drive torque that is transferred to a drivetrain via a crankshaft. More specifically, air is drawn into an
Internal combustion engines create drive torque that is transferred to a drivetrain via a crankshaft. More specifically, air is drawn into an engine and is mixed with fuel therein. The air and fuel mixture is combusted within cylinders to drive pistons. The pistons drive the crankshaft, generating drive torque.
In some instances, the individual cylinders do not produce an equivalent amount of drive torque. That is to say, some cylinders can be weaker than others, resulting in a torque imbalance across the cylinders. Such torque imbalances can generate noticeable vibrations throughout the drivetrain and can even result in engine stall if severe enough. Although traditional torque balance systems identify and increase the torque output to a chronically weak cylinder, such system fail to account for the torque increase and fail to balance the torque output across all cylinders.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Cylinder torque balancing for internal combustion engines


The invention is to provide a pressurized gas mist bathing system, ensuring hygiene and reduction in costs, by making only one part of the system disposable. This system comprises a gas supply means 10; a gas mist generating means 30 which has a portion connecting the gas supply means 10, a liquid storage of storing a liquid, a nozzle, a liquid suction pipe of sending the liquid to the tip of the nozzle, a collision member of colliding the liquid blown up by a gas stream from the nozzle therewith, a cylindrical gas inlet supplied with the gas and leading the gas till the upper portion of the nozzle, and a donut-shaped gas mist outlet collecting and discharging the gas mist around the periphery of the gas inlet; and a pressurized living organism bathing cover 50 for covering the skin and the mucous membrane of a living organism and formed with a space for sealing inside the gas mist from the gas mist generating means; and in the gas mist generating means 30, at least the liquid storage is displaceable and replaced by another, so that liquid storage is made disposable.

Conventionally, it has been known that carbon dioxide (carbonic acid anhydride: CO2) has two properties of being not only soluble in water (water-soluble) but also soluble in fat (fat-soluble) and, owing to having both properties, when only contacting to the skin and the mucous membrane of the living organism which are like as mixed with water and fat, carbon dioxide penetrates under a subcutaneous tissue and expands blood vessels around the penetrated parts, and it works to improve the blood circulation. By this action of accelerating the blood circulation, it displays various physiological effects such as dropping of blood pressure, improving of metabolism or accelerating to remove pain substance or waste product. Further, it has also anti-inflammation and anti-bacterial function. Therefore, carbon dioxide has recently been given attentions also from viewpoints of improving health or beauty other than the purpose of medical cares.
In the tissue of the living organism, carbon dioxide works to release oxygen having been carried in combination with hemoglobin existing in a red blood cell. Around parts at the high concentration of carbon dioxide, the red blood cell releases more oxygen. Thus, supply of oxygen to cells by the red blood cell is mainly controlled by carbon dioxide. In short, being without carbon dioxide, hemoglobin remains as having been combined with oxygen and the cell becomes unable to receive oxygen. Carbon dioxide seems to be waste products resulted from action of the cell, however, as is seen, it plays in fact very important roles in the living organism.
Further, recently, oxygen of the high concentration has also widely been known as effective over activity of metabolism, acceleration of blood circulation, fatigue recovery, or stability of blood pressure. Other than them, oxygen has effects of disinfection or sterilization by oxidation.
Thereupon, an inventor of this invention has developed a pressurized gas mist bathing device and system, in which a medicine is dissolved efficiently in oxygen or carbon dioxide, and in addition to these gases, a physiological action of the medicine is given effectively to the living organism.


A method for assembling a component of a liquid crystal display device is introduced. An adhesion step is performed to adhere a flexible film to a substrate to form an assembled component by using an adhesion material covered over the overlapping area between the flexible film and the substrate. A plurality of air bubbles are trapped between the substrate and the flexible film by the adhesion material. To expel the air bubbles out of the assembled component, the assembled component is placed in an airtight chamber and a heating-pressurizing step is performed in the airtight chamber for properly raising the temperature of the assembled component and the air pressure within the airtight chamber.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method for assembling a component of a liquid crystal display device, and more specifically, to a method for assembling a component of a liquid crystal display device capable of effectively expelling bubbles from the component.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Since the advantages of a liquid crystal display (LCD) device over a conventional CRT monitor include better portability, lower power consumption, and lower radiation, the LCD is widely used in various portable products, such as notebooks, personal data assistants (PDAs), etc. Furthermore, there is a tendency for the LCD to replace the conventional CRT monitor.
Generally, a liquid crystal display device comprises a liquid crystal display panel, an upper polarizer film positioned on an upper surface of the liquid crystal display panel, a lower polarizer film positioned on a lower surface of the liquid crystal display panel, and a backlight disposed below the lower polarizer film for generating light beams to irradiate the liquid crystal display panel. Additionally, the liquid crystal display panel includes an upper substrate, a lower substrate, and a liquid crystal molecular layer sealed between the upper substrate and the lower substrate. As the light beams pass the liquid crystal molecular layer, the polarization and the refraction of the light beams vary according to the orientation of the liquid crystal molecules. Accordingly, the light transmittance of the liquid crystal display panel can be controlled through altering the orientation of the liquid crystal molecules, and therefore, the liquid crystal display device can display plenty of images.
Additionally, since the liquid crystal display device is composed of a lot of components, the fabrication for fabricating the liquid crystal display device comprises a great many steps for assembling the components. For example, an adhesion step that utilizes an adhesion material for adhering and fixing one part to another part is a popular method used for assembling the components. Usually, the adhesion step can be applied to adhere the upper polarizer film to the upper substrate or to fix the upper substrate to the lower substrate. However, it is quite complicated to rework the adhesion step, so that the reliability for performing the adhesion step is a noticeable and important parameter.
Please refer to FIG. 1 and FIG. 2. FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 are schematic diagrams for connecting a polarizer film to a glass substrate of a liquid crystal display device. As shown in FIG. 1, a glass substrate 10 having an adhesion material 14 thereon, and a polarizer film 12 are firstly provided. Then, an assembling process is performed to apply suitable and even forces on both of the glass substrate 10 and the polarizer film 12 for adhering the polarizer film 12 to the glass substrate 10 through the adhesion material 14, as shown in FIG. 2.
Nevertheless, due to process errors or other factors, bubbles 16 always remain between the polarizer film 12 and the adhesion material 14 or between the adhesion material 14 and the glass substrate 10, as shown in FIG. 2. Unfortunately, the connective regions between the polarizer film 12 and the adhesion material 14 or between the adhesion material 14 and the glass substrate 10 are decreased owing to those bubbles 16, which leads to reducing the adhesive forces between the polarizer film 12, the adhesion material 14, and the glass substrate 10. Moreover, since the bubbles 16 are full of air, the bubbles 16 will expand when a temperature of an ambient environment is raised and shrink when the temperature of the ambient environment is dropped, which leads to largely decreasing the reliability of products. Furthermore, as the bubbles 16 appear within a displaying region of the liquid crystal display device, a displayed image will be deteriorated seriously and customers will complain. For resolving the above-mentioned problem, the prior art method utilizes manpower or machines to repeatedly press the component composed of the polarizer film 12, the adhesion material 14, and the glass substrate 10 for expelling the bubbles 16 from the component. However, the prior art method consumes a lot of manpower and time and cannot effectively expel the bubbles 16 from the component, thus reducing production efficiency.

Method for assembling a component of a liquid crystal display device


An apparatus for offset impact testing of vehicle components at a sub-system level includes a mobile unit and a vehicle sub-system. In an exemplary application, the vehicle sub-system includes a toe-board and a torque box. A mounting flange is secured to the vehicle sub-system and provides for releasable attachment of the vehicle sub-system to the mobile unit. By advancing the mobile unit into a rigid barrier at a predetermined speed, full-scale toe-board intrusion and torque box crush can be accurately predicted at a significantly reduced cost and time.

1. Technical Field
The present invention generally relates to testing of motor vehicles for structural integrity and occupant protection and, more particularly, relates to a method and apparatus for offset impact testing of vehicle components at a sub-system level.
2. Discussion
Prior to production, motor vehicles are subjected to full-scale crash testing to ensure structural integrity and occupant protection. Due to the amount of domestic and foreign impact standards and other requirements a manufacturer may self-impose, full-scale testing involves significant monetary and time commitments. Typically, prototype vehicles are specifically developed for testing and are scrapped after a single impact test. It is desirable to limit the use of full-scale testing to verification of vehicle design for crashworthiness to the extent possible.
It is known to employ computer modeling to simulate impact testing. Such tools have proven to be extremely valuable in initial design of vehicles and vehicle components. However, due to the dynamic interaction between the numerous components of a vehicle, it is impossible to precisely evaluate the crashworthiness of a vehicle through computer modeling. Therefore, it is desirable to conduct impact testing at a sub-system level in order to more accurately predict the crashworthiness of a vehicle prior to full-scale impact testing.

Method and apparatus for offset impact testing of vehicle components at a sub-system level


An engineering support system that supports engineering of a process control system, the engineering support system includes: a server device that creates a work list including work order information that specifies a work order of work included in the process control system; and at least one client device that gives work authority to each worker based on the work list issued by the server device and that enables work on devices included in the process control system within a scope of given work authority to be implemented in the work order.

A process control system constructed in a plant and the like is generally constituted by field devices (measurement devices and operation devices) called a field device, and a controller for controlling these devices, and an operation monitoring terminal (Human Machine Interface (HMI)) which operates or monitors the field devices and the controller being connected via a communicator. In this process control system, the controller collects process values obtained by the field device (for example, measurement values of a pressure, a temperature, and a flow rate) and performs an operation to operate (control) the field device in accordance with the collected process values. Such operations are repeated under the monitoring of an operation monitoring terminal, and thereby advanced automatic operation of a plant and the like is realized.
The design, construction, and maintenance (engineering) of a process control system are generally performed by many workers. For example, the operation scheme of a process control system is designed by a plant engineer, and the specification of a process control system that realizes the designed operation scheme is created by a system engineer. The construction and maintenance of a process control system are performed by cooperation between an on-site engineer in charge of each of constituent elements constituting a process control system (a field device, a controller, an operation monitoring terminal, a network, various types of programs used in a process control system, and the like) and a system engineer.
Japanese Patent Publication No. 5652444 (hereinafter, referred to as "Patent Document 1") discloses an example of a technology which supports the maintenance of a process control system. Specifically, Patent Document 1 discloses a technology which supports the maintenance of a process control system by including a storage means for storing specification information indicating the specification of a process control system and an extraction means for extracting actual state information indicating the actual state of a process control system, comparing specification information stored in the storage means with actual state information extracted by the extraction means, and presenting a difference between the actual state and the specification of a process control system.
As described above, the engineering of a process control system is performed by many workers being involved. As the size of a process control system increases, the number of workers involved in the engineering of the process control system also increases. If the number of workers increases, various types of work are often performed in parallel. For example, when a process control system is constructed, setting work of an I/O module for connecting a plurality of field devices to a controller, setting work of a program used in the controller, and setting work of a program used in an operation monitoring terminal are performed in parallel. In this manner, various types of work are performed in parallel, and thereby it is possible to shorten the time required for the construction or maintenance of a process control system.
However, when various types of work are performed in parallel, there is a possibility that differences may occur in engineering quality due to skill differences between workers, or a possibility that waste due to duplicate work or erroneous setting due to work errors may occur. For example, it can be assumed that an item whose setting has been finished by the setting work of one worker may be subjected to setting work again by another worker. In this case, when the same value as a previously set value is set, unnecessary duplicate work has been performed, and, when a different value from a previously set value has been set, erroneous setting due to a work error has been performed.
In recent years, process control systems have come to have closer coordination between constituent elements due to digitization, intelligence rendering, and the like. If even a part of a process control system is a part with low engineering quality or a part subjected to erroneous setting due to a work error, there is a possibility that the entire process control system may be adversely affected. For this reason, when the construction or maintenance of a process control system is performed, it is extremely important to ensure engineering quality and to reduce work errors.

Engineering support system, engineering support method, client device, and storage medium


The present disclosure discloses system and method for facilitating avoiding of human errors in human error detection environment. At first, a plurality of configurations corresponding to a plurality of machines may be received. Further, a plurality of scripts may be configured corresponding to the plurality of machines based on the plurality of configurations. Further, a script, of the plurality of scripts, may be executed on a machine, of the plurality of machines. Based on the executing of the script, a message and a graphical user interface (GUI) may be displayed on the machines. Further, the message and the GUI may be customized based on the configuration of the machine. Further, the customized message and the GUI guide the user interacting with the machine to avoid the human errors.

In a service industry, human errors have become a common issue. Occurrence of the human errors is a natural thing. Human errors may occur because of inappropriate or undesirable human decision, action or behavior that reduces, or has the potential for reducing effectiveness, safety, or system performance. Examples of human errors include forgetting to do something assigned and allocated, being careless about one's actions; or performing an act beyond an approved change window, among others.
The occurrence of such human errors affects a client's trust and also impacts business as well. Further, cost involved in recovering from these human errors is very high. Lot of resources is required to be engaged during the recovery process. Different measures have been taken for handling these human errors, but most of them were implemented post occurrence of the human errors. Very few solutions are present which deals with pre-occurrence of the human errors. However, lots of loop holes exist with these solutions too. One of such loop holes is that, an error message displayed is generalized and provides no specific instructions to avoid the human errors.

System and method for facilitating avoiding human errors


A new process for the preparation of 3,5-bis(haloalkyl)-pyrazole derivatives of the general formula (I)

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention concerns the decarboxylation of 3,5-bis(haloalkyl)-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid derivatives for the synthesis of 3,5-bis(haloalkyl)-pyrazole derivatives.
2. Description of Related Art
3,5-bis(haloalkyl)-pyrazole derivatives are important building blocks for the preparation of crop protection chemicals, as those described in WO 2007/014290, WO 2008/013925, WO 2008/013622, WO 2008/091594, WO 2008/091580, WO 2009/055514, WO 2009/094407, WO 2009/094445, WO 2009/132785, WO 2010/037479, WO 2010/065579, WO 2010/066353, WO 2010/123791, WO 2010/149275, WO 2011/051243, WO 2011/085170, WO 2011/076699.
Decarboxylation reactions of 4-carboxylic acid pyrazoles bearing one haloalkyl substituent are poorly developed: only two references can be found in the literature. Indeed, the resulting products are generally very volatile, thus very difficult to isolate.
5-Methyl-1-phenyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid is transformed into 5-methyl-1-phenyl-3-trifluoromethyl pyrazole by reaction with copper powder in quinoline (K. Tanaka et al., Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 1986, 2631-2632), but the yield merely reaches 32%.
Maggio et al. describe the decarboxylation of 5-amino-1-phenyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid (Eur. J. Med. Chem., 2008, 2386-2394) by heating it neat at its melting point for one hour with a low yield of 30%.
No method is described for the decarboxylation of a 4-carboxylic acid pyrazole bearing more than one haloalkyl substituent.
Guillou et al. describe a copper-catalyzed protodecarboxylation on pyrazoles (Tetrahedron 2010, 66, 2654-2663) using Cu2O in the presence of 1,10-phenanthroline and cesium carbonate. The reaction is carried out in DMF and under harsh conditions (microwave irradiation for 2 h at 200° C.). Metal-catalyzed protodecarboxylation reactions are described by Goossen et al. (Synthesis, 2012, 184-193) using copper and silver catalysts. These reactions are performed on aromatic and heteroaromatic carboxylic acids, however this reaction is not shown for the substrates having bis(haloalkyl)-substituents. Bis(haloalkyl)-substituents on heteroaromatic carboxylic acids are known to effect decarboxylation reactions in a negative way (e.g. very low yield or no yield).

Procedure for the decarboxylation of 3,5-bis(haloalkyl)-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid derivatives

Abstract: is described, resulting from the reaction of 3,5-bis(haloalkyl)-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid derivatives of the general formula (IIa)

Abstract: with a copper compound and a base at elevated temperature    wherein            R1 is selected from H, C1-12-alkyl, C3-8-cycloalkyl, C6-18-aryl, C7-19-arylalkyl or C7-19-alkylaryl, CH2CN, CH2CX3, CH2COOH, CH2COO(C1-12)-alkyl, and        X is independently of each other F, Cl, Br, I;        R2 and R3 are selected independently of each other from C1-C6-haloalkyl.

CENTRE NATIONAL DE LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE (CNRS)