Techniques and apparatuses are described that implement a smart-device-based radar system capable of detecting user gestures in the presence of saturation. In particular, a radar system 104 employs machine learning to compensate for distortions resulting from saturation. This enables gesture recognition to be performed while the radar system 104's receiver 304 is saturated. As such, the radar system 104 can forgo integrating an automatic gain control circuit to prevent the receiver 304 from becoming saturated. Furthermore, the radar system 104 can operate with higher gains to increasing sensitivity without adding additional antennas. By using machine learning, the radar system 104's dynamic range increases, which enables the radar system 104 to detect a variety of different types of gestures having small or large radar cross sections, and performed at various distances from the radar system 104.

Radar-based gesture recognition can enable a user to interact with a small-screen smart device, such as a smartphone or a smart watch, without using virtual keyboards or screen-based gestures. In many cases, a radar sensor may replace a bulky and expensive sensor, such as a camera, and provide improved gesture-recognition performance in the presence of different environmental conditions, such as low lighting and fog, or with moving or overlapping targets. While it may be advantageous to use the radar sensor, there are many challenges associated with integrating the radar sensor in commercial devices and using the radar sensor for gesture recognition.
One such problem involves restrictions that a small consumer device may place on a radar sensor's design. To satisfy size or layout constraints, for example, hardware circuitry within the radar sensor may be downsized by reducing a quantity of antenna elements or foregoing certain hardware components, such as an automatic gain control circuit. Consequently, a dynamic range of the radar sensor can be reduced, which limits the radar sensor's ability to perform gesture recognition. With fewer antenna elements, for example, the radar may be unable to recognize gestures at farther distances. Also, without an automatic gain control circuit, close range gestures can saturate the radar sensor's receiver and result in signal clipping. While the receiver is saturated, a noise floor of the receiver can increase, thereby decreasing measurement accuracies, increasing a false alarm rate, and decreasing sensitivity performance of the radar sensor.

Smart-device-based radar system detecting user gestures in the presence of saturation


A drain pipe obstruction clearing tool comprising an exterior cylinder having a plunger like head, a closed upper end with an aperture therein sliding and sealing engagement with a reciprocating handle shaft. The plunger face has a central aperture therein. Slidable through the central aperture of the plunger is a flexible hose-like piece that is normally retained within the outer cylinder in the stored condition. In the operative condition it extends its full length outwardly through the aperture in the plunger and is adapted to snake its way through the drain passage to the stoppage.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention is concerned with a tool for quickly and neatly removing stoppages in waste line drains in the areas of the traps and, in particular, for clearing blockages in toilet fixtures. The clearance of obstructions in drain lines of various fixtures, in particularly household toilets, is a common need in most households and often a very distasteful chore accomplished using either plumber snakes, make shift snakes, plungers or repeated flushing with lots of hope that the blockage is cleared without an overflow of the appliance. In the case of using a snake the length of the snake is exposed to the products in the line and it is distasteful and difficult to handle and to operate for the average homeowner. The plunger approach is less onerous and easier to clean but is often not too effective in clearing the blockage and can cause the splashing of waste waters and the consequent necessity of cleaning up the toilet and its surrounding areas. There is a need for a household tool that is easy to use, inexpensive, simple in construction, and is completely effective in clearing blocked household plumbing fixture drains.
2. Prior Art
Applicant is not aware of any previous development which accomplishes the objectives of the present invention in the same manner using such a simple, clean, convenient tool.
The Heidelberg U.S. Pat. No. 1,495,303 Trap Flushing Device shows spring like feet extending from a plunger to steady it in the pipe to be cleared. Hose extensions comprise flushing nozzles and the object is to get the flushing fluid near the blockages.
Allender U.S. Pat. No. 1,574,274 is simply a rudimentary hand pump within the upper portion of the plunger cylinder handle. Other variations of the common plunger pump are A. G. Norton U.S. Pat. No. 1,706,315. and Colemen U.S. Pat. No. 2,498,359.
A typical snake device incorporated into a plunger head is shown in Dunn U.S. Pat. No. 4,174,548 in an opening passing through a plunger head. It includes an elongated hollow grip member formed with an opening extending from one end to the other and an elongated operating element such as a flexible snake or retriever tool or the like disposed within the opening to be moved therein. The grip member serves to steady the operating element as the operating element is manipulated. Upon removal of the operating element a force cup carried at one end of the grip member serves to form a plunger.
A very elaborate clean out and snaking device is shown in U.S. Pat.No. 5,056,177 Nast. A flexible hollow conduit or curved tube is placed in the toilet and the snake extends therethrough.
Another version of the hand pump plunger combination is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 5,199,114 Christopher.
Meyer U.S. Pat. No. 2,697,842 shows a combination of hand and air force pressure pump and plunger. The plunger can be reversed on the base stem of the pump and a flexible hose extends therefrom. It is not indicated to be of use in physically clearing the blockage and there is no relation to the manner in which the apparatus of this application is constructed or operates.


The present invention relates to an apparatus and a method for predicting the dispersion of hazardous and noxious substances and, more specifically, provides an apparatus and a method for predicting the dispersion of hazardous and noxious substances, the method: checking the components of the hazardous and noxious substances having leaked into the ocean, so as to classify the hazardous and noxious substances into a corresponding classification set among twelve classification sets by means of at least one of vapor pressure, the degradation in water, or density; dividing the classification sets, in which the hazardous and noxious substances are classified, into one dispersion model among an air dispersion model, a seawater dispersion model, and an air/seawater dispersion model according to the dispersion characteristics thereof; acquiring, from a weather center server, the state information of a sea area, which is set to be different according to the divided dispersion models; and predicting a danger radius for the dispersion of the hazardous and noxious substances by using the acquired state information of the sea area, and outputting the same.

Recently, international transportation of HNS, which mostly relies on maritime transportation, is increasing rapidly. Also, due to recent emphasis on the economies of scale and the development of technology, the maritime transportation environment is changing. For example, the maritime transport market is currently witnessing a trend for preference for larger and faster ships. As a result, hazardous and noxious substances (HNS), such as crude oil, refined petroleum products, and chemical substances, can be transported in bulk to maximize efficiency, but the spillage risk is also increasing due to the increase in the total volume of transport.
Therefore, interest in safety management especially for hazardous and noxious substances (HNS) is increasing due to the increase of the hazardous and noxious substance traffic volume and the recognition of the risk of domestic and international pollution accidents.
In particular, the hazardous and noxious substances transported by sea are very diverse, with more than 6,000 species, and the type and nature of the accidents that may occur due to their release are complex, so that development of technologies for predicting and monitoring a dispersion state of HNS is required.
However, existing countermeasures against marine spill accidents have been limited to technologies for dealing with oil pollution. Therefore, additional countermeasures against various kinds of hazardous and noxious substances are required to cope with marine spill accidents of those substances. In particular, in case of marine spills of hazardous and noxious substances, a technology for rapidly and accurately predicting a danger radius for dispersion is required.

Apparatus and method for predicting dispersion of hazardous and noxious substances

Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology


The present invention, in particular embodiments, is directed to methods, apparatuses and systems directed to rate adaptive video transmission. In a particular implementation, the present invention provides a video server that delivers video frames received from a video source in response to video frame requests transmitted by one or more video clients. In such a configuration, video clients essentially pull video frames of a video stream at a rate adapted to various attributes of the client and/or the client application consuming the video stream, such as bandwidth available to the client the video client application requirements, and the like. Additional embodiments also provide for novel video data compression techniques that use client pull mechanisms to achieve an adaptive video streaming mechanism. In one implementation, only lower levels of a multi-resolution or wavelet video stream are requested to optimally utilize system bandwidth. In combination with client frame pull, a temporally and spatially scalable multi-resolution image codec, that utilizes wavelet compression, is realized. In yet another implementation, a differencing codec is utilized for compression wherein successive predictive frames are dependent on a reference frame. In combination with client frame pull, the differencing codec is also temporally and spatially scalable. Furthermore, the present invention provides an efficient way to transmit video over wired and wireless networks, particularly mixed networks that contain both wired and wireless networks.

In recent years, video surveillance of public areas, for purposes of enhanced security, has increased considerably. In a typical public venue such as an airport or a shopping mall, feeds from various video sources, such as a security camera, are directed to a central system which in turns streams the video to video client devices. The video client devices and the networks to which they connect can vary considerably. For example, the video clients may range from a client PC connected to the Internet via a fast broadband connection or a Ethernet LAN to a mobile device connected to a relatively bandwidth-constrained wireless carrier network. Among this heterogeneous group of clients, there is typically no single data rate that will satisfy all client demands or requirements. This disparity in data rate requirements can cause overall system performance to suffer as system resources are not intelligently being utilized. For example, transmitting a video stream at one rate has the problem that, in some instances, the video server is transmitting packets at a data rate that a client device or network cannot support. This often leads to packets being dropped and results in wasted bandwidth, which could otherwise have been used to support additional video clients or increase the Quality of Service (QoS) for other video clients.

Rate adaptive video transmission and synchronization system


Systems and methods for scheduling of agents for a network, which in one embodiment among many, can be broadly summarized by a representative method of forecasting network data for a future time interval from past network data, determining a group of agents, forecasting group statistics using at least the forecasted network data, and assigning a second group of agents to work the future time interval. Another embodiment can be described as an agent scheduler system that has logic configured to forecast network data for a future time interval using past network data, logic configured to determine a first group of agents, logic configured to forecast group statistics using the forecasted network data and the agent profiles of the agents in the first group, and logic configured to assign a second group of agents to work the given time interval.

A modern telephony system includes a switch that routes incoming calls to individuals, agents, usually located in a remote office, or a call center, and a control center that receives information from the switch. The control center includes a call-supervisor who is trained to review the information from the switch and trained to monitor the call traffic patterns to maintain a balance between call demand and the workforce. The call-supervisor is responsible for making certain that the workforce has a sufficient number of agents working at any given time to serve customer demand.
In a modern telephony system, the agents are frequently distributed in remote locations to handle subscriber services. Typically, the agents are assigned to specific workforces, where a given workforce handles specific types of calls such as directory assistance, or billing assistance, etc. Normally, the work schedules for the agents in a workforce are planned approximately one to several weeks in advance. What is sought is a method and a system for automatically providing workforce recommendations to the call-supervisor such that the workforce has a desired number of agents that best match customer demand.

Agent scheduler incorporating agent profiles

AT&T Delaware Intellectual Property, Inc.


An information processing apparatus is capable of translating semantic contents of a received message and entering a schedule specified by such a message into a scheduler. A user terminal on the sending side makes a list of words or phrases in a data table and accepts the selection of such words or phrases. The user terminal sends a set of identifiers corresponding to selected words or phrases to a user terminal on the receiving side. The user terminal on the receiving side extracts a set of words or phrases corresponding to the received set of the identifiers from a data table. A display device on the receiving side displays a menu screen for accepting the entry of a schedule including the extracted words or phrases. If the user terminal on the receiving side accepts the entry of the schedule, the message displayed on the screen is entered in the scheduler.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an information processing apparatus, a method for message communications to be used in such a processing system, and a recording medium and a computer program. Especially the present invention relates to an information processing apparatus and a method for message communications for adding a schedule on a scheduler in accordance with a receiving message, and a recording medium and a computer program to be used in the system and the method.
2. Description of the Related Art
Heretofore, software programs for organizing personal schedules (hereinafter, simply referred to as "schedulers") have been well known in the art with these programs each user manually enters his or her schedule into the scheduler in his or her personal computer (or other information processing apparatus). For example, if the user makes an appointment with his or her friend, appointment information such as the date and the place of the meeting could be sent from the user's computer to the friend's computer by means of e-mail or the like. Then, his or her friend enters such designated time and place into a scheduler running on the computer. In this case, however, such an entering operation may be complicated for the user of each computer. For this reason, technologies for automatically entering any schedule into a scheduler using received e-mails have been developed in the art.
Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 11-259568 (1999) discloses the procedure in which a computer analyzes the contents of an e-mail and then such contents of the e-mail is written to a scheduler when the computer determines that the contents should be written to the scheduler. However, the conventional procedure for entering data into the scheduler has the problem that the load on the computer is increased as the contents of e-mail must be analyzed by the computer.
In addition, there is another problem that such an analysis takes much time because of the need for analyzing the semantic contents of words and phrases used in the e-mail.

Information processing system, method for message communications, recording medium, and computer program


A wafer chuck is provided with a plurality of pins which protrude and retreat in a plurality of through holes formed in a vertical direction on a mounting table, and an ascending/descending mechanism for ascending and descending the pins. The wafer chuck receives a wafer by protruding the pins from the mounting plane of the mounting table. On each upper end surface of the pin, a receiving surface part is provided for substantially not making a gap between the pin and each of the corresponding through holes and a mechanism for aligning the receiving surface part with the mounting surface is provided.

Most of the semiconductor manufacturing apparatuses are provided with a wafer chuck for holding thereon a wafer. Further, various processes are performed while the wafer is being held on the wafer chuck.
As shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B, a wafer chuck includes a mounting table 1 for mounting thereon a wafer W and capable of rotating in forward and backward directions; a plurality of (e.g., three) pins which protrude and retreat with respect to a mounting surface 1A of the mounting table 1; a substantially ring-shaped joint 3 for connecting the pins 2; cam followers 4A protruded radially outwards from a plurality of locations of the joint 3; cams 4B positioned under the cam followers 4A to be engaged therewith; and first biasing mechanisms 5 for constantly biasing the pins 2 downward. Each of the first biasing mechanisms 5 has a coil spring 5A and an axis 5B elongated downwards from a bottom surface of the mounting table to pass through the coil spring 5A.
As the mounting table 1 rotates in forward and backward directions, the cam followers 4A rotate along the cams 4B. Accordingly, the pins 2, in cooperation with the first biasing mechanisms 5, move (up and down) in an axial direction via through holes 1B formed in the mounting table 1, enabling the wafer W to be delivered and received above the mounting table 1.
Such wafer chuck can be used under the vacuum environment or the atmospheric pressure environment.
Among wafer chucks, there is the one delivering and receiving a diced wafer W by using a dicing frame DF, as shown in FIG. 3.
The dicing frame DF is used for dicing the wafer W into multiple chips T. As partially enlarged in FIG. 4B, the diced wafer W is completely separated as the chips T and supported by the dicing frame DF via a film F having thereon notched grooves.
In the wafer chuck of FIG. 3 for use in, e.g., a probe apparatus, for testing the wafer W, a plurality of rods 6A of cylinder mechanisms 6 are raised to a position indicated by a dashed dotted line and, then, the diced wafer W accommodated on the dicing frame DF is received from a transfer mechanism of the probe apparatus by a plurality of receiving parts 6B provided at leading ends of the rods 6A. Further, while the receiving parts 6B are returning to fixed blocks 6C provided below the mounting table 1A, the dicing frame DF and the wafer W are mounted on the mounting table 1A, as indicated by a dashed dotted line of FIG. 3. After the receiving parts 6B reach supports 6D protruded from the fixed blocks 6C, frame parts of the dicing frame DF which tend to fall by gravity are adsorptively held by the supports 6D. In such a state, an electrical characteristic test is performed on each of the chips T of the wafer W mounted on the mounting table 1A.
However, when the diced wafer is mounted by using a dicing frame DF on the mounting table 1 of the wafer chuck of FIGS. 2A and 2B used for an undiced wafer, the pins 2 are lowered from a position indicated by a dashed dotted line of FIG. 4A to a position indicated by a solid line of FIG. 4A and then retreated into the through holes 1B of the mounting table 1, as illustrated in FIGS. 4A and 4B. At this time, gaps are formed between leading ends of the pins 2 and the film F supporting the wafer W, thereby generating recess portions on the mounting table 1. Due to the presence of the recess portions, the chips T positioned on the through holes 1B may be damaged when a stylus pressure of a probe for the electrical characteristic test is applied to the corresponding chips T. Moreover, in case each of the chips T is scaled-down along with a trend toward a high integration of a wiring structure or the like, an area of a chip T may be smaller than that of a through hole 1B, as illustrated in FIG. 4B. In that case, it is not possible to apply the stylus pressure of the probe required for the test on the chips T disposed on the through holes 1B, so that the electrical characteristic test may not be carried out.


An information processing apparatus includes one or more processors configured to analyze content of a plurality of input images, extract one or more unit images from the plurality of input images based on the analysis and set a position of each of the one or more unit images adopted in a summary image based on an input music.

Recently, types of cameras such as wearable cameras and action cameras have been widely used in fields such as sports. With such cameras, continuous image-capturing is performed for a long time in many cases and composition easily becomes monotonous and thus there is a case in which images (pictures, videos, or the like) that have been captured are difficult to enjoy in their original states. Accordingly, a technology is desired for generating a summary image obtained by abbreviating interesting points of images that have been captured.
Regarding such a technology, for example, technologies for selecting sections to be used in a summary image from among original images have been developed, as disclosed in the Patent Literatures 1, 2, 3 and 4 below. Specifically, Patent Literature 1 below discloses a technology for detecting noteworthy sections from original images.

Setting of input images based on input music


High frequency electrical heating apparatus in which metal parts are heated as they are advanced,either for annealing or forge welding purposes,and in which the electrical heating current is supplied by solid state D.C. to A.C. inverter through a load matching and frequency control circuit which maintains the desired load current and current frequency with changes in the load impedance caused by the metal parts as they are advanced.

The forge welding together of metal parts, such as plates, fins to tubes, etc., or edge portions of the same part folded so that the edge portions meet at a weld point as such latter part is advanced longitudinally of the part, e.g. when a metal sheet or strip is folded into a tube and the strip is advanced in the direction of the axis of the tube, using high frequency, electrical currents to heat the portions to be welded together, is well known in the art. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,774,857; 3,037,105 and 4,197,441.
In general, the metal parts, or portions of a metal part, to be welded together are heated at the portions to be joined by the high frequency electrical current to forge welding temperature, which normally is at least 1300.degree. F. and can be 2500.degree. F.-2700.degree. F. for steel but which is below the melting temperature of the metal and when the portions to be joined reach the forge welding temperature, they are pressed together to produce a weld between such portions.
The heating current is caused to flow in opposite directions on the opposing faces of the metal portions to be joined or welded together to take advantage of the "proximity effect" which causes the oppositely flowing currents to be increased at the faces as compared to current flowing more remotely from the faces. High frequency currents are used to take advantage of the well-known "skin effect".
In forge welding, the heating current is caused to flow in the portions to be heated to welding temperature either by contacts engaging the parts or by an induction coil which induces the current in the parts. In annealing, the heating current usually is induced in the parts by an induction coil and the temperature for annealing normally is at least 1300.degree. F. and can be in the range from 1400.degree. F.-1500.degree. F. for steel but is below the melting temperature and forge welding temperature of the metal. In the past, the high frequency current sources used have included vacuum tube oscillators. Due to the magnitude of heating currents involved, i.e. thousands of amperes, the vacuum tubes are large and expensive.
Relatively high power solid state, electron devices have been developed relatively recently which can be used in high frequency, electrical power sources to generate the necessary heating currents without the use of vacuum tubes. Such solid state, high frequency generators have certain advantages over vacuum tube oscillators, such as size, lower operating voltage and better theoretical electrical efficiency. For example, the solid state devices are smaller than the required vacuum tubes so that the overall size of the housing of the source can be smaller. To produce the large currents required, the vacuum tubes must be supplied with high voltage power, e.g. thousands of volts, whereas the solid state devices need electrical power at only hundreds of volts.
In addition, the theoretical maximum electrical efficiency, i.e. ratio of the high frequency power output to the low frequency or direct current power required to produce the high frequency power, is about 65% for a vacuum tube oscillator and about 80% for a solid state, high frequency power generator. Electrical efficiency is important in many cases, e.g. when the electrical power supplied to a plant by a utility company is expensive or when it is desired to increase the welding current magnitude used in an existing welding apparatus for various reasons but the utility lines, transformers, etc. must be modified or replaced to supply the additional current required. Accordingly, by replacing a vacuum tube oscillator, which is only part of the welding apparatus investment, by a solid state, high frequency generator, it is possible not only to improve the electrical efficiency and hence, the cost of welding but also to increase the welding currents without increasing the demand on the utility company equipment.
Accordingly, it is apparent that if a solid state, high frequency generator can be used in place of a high frequency generator using vacuum tubes, several advantages result.
One type of solid state high frequency generator is a direct current to alternating current inverter. See, for example, the article entitled "A Comparison of Load Commutated Inverter System for Induction Heating and Melting Applications" appearing in IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 6, No. 3, July 1991 which discloses a current source, parallel tuned inverter and a voltage source, series tuned inverter system, both of which use thyristors, for an induction melting furnace for the melting of metals. As with all generators, the maximum transfer of power from the generator to a load is obtained when the impedance of the load matches the impedance of the generator.
Additionally, because the load commutates the inverter, or causes the inverter to switch, the load must be a resonant circuit tuned at the frequency of the alternating output current. A solid state, high frequency generator has a low impedance compared to the impedance of a generator using vacuum tubes. Because of the load and vacuum tube generator impedances and the voltages involved, a special step-down transformer usually is required with vacuum tube generators to couple the generator to the load. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 2,825,033. A generator "load" is, of course, all electrical equipment connected to the output terminals of the generator. In welding and annealing apparatus of the type described, the load impedance is affected by many factors including the nature, size and shape of the parts being welded or annealed, whether an induction coil or contacts are used, connecting lead lengths and impedance, movement of the parts, etc. As a result, the load impedance is difficult, if not impossible, to predict, and historically, when the generator employs vacuum tubes, variable mutual inductance high frequency transformers or high frequency transformers with multiple primary taps between the load and the oscillator to scale the load impedance to the proper value have been used. Other methods employed have been the addition or removal of tank capacitors or the use of tapped inductors with manually adjustable shorting bars. All approaches but the variable mutual inductance transformer suffer from the fact that the load match can only be adjusted at low or no power output, so that an "on-line" or continually optimizing load match system was not possible with these approaches.
A solid state, high frequency generator of the D.C. to A.C. type is relatively sensitive in frequency generated with load impedance changes as compared to the frequency sensitivity of prior art vacuum tube, high frequency generators. In said article, the high frequency energy producing components are isolated from the load by a fixed ratio step-down transformer and the metal to be heated is substantially stationary. With a solid state, high frequency generator, if the load resonant frequency varies, the frequency of the generator output power varies. The load impedance, which is dependent on frequency, also varies and can change the load impedance and generator impedance relationship. Thus, a change in load impedance can cause mismatches in frequency and impedance, both of which are undesirable. While the same type of tapped or variable mutual inductance transformers used in vacuum tube welders may be used with some, most notably voltage fed, inverters, other inverter types, most notably current fed inverters, do not perform well when connected to a transformer. Tapped transformers suffer from their inability to adjust the load impedance at significant power levels while the generator is operating.
While said article describes some of the problems encountered with a melting furnace, it fails to recognize the problems the heating of a moving part or parts such as with forge welding apparatus or annealing apparatus connected to an inverter and operating frequencies of 3 KHz and higher which are needed for annealing and for forge welding. The article proposes the use of a fixed ratio matching transformer which is unsatisfactory for forge welding and annealing apparatus in which the parts move and does not disclose apparatus for automatically compensating for load variations as the heating of the moving parts is continuously produced.
Therefore, it is not a matter of merely substituting a solid state, high frequency generator for a vacuum tube high frequency generator. Instead, special provisions must be made for the control of the load impedance and frequency.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,856,499 and 3,145,285 disclose variable reactors for varying the current in a welding load. At the time of the applications for the patents (Feb. 28, 1957 and Jun. 19, 1963), high frequency generators of a sufficient power output for forge welding purposes and using solid state devices were not available, but vacuum tube high frequency generators were, and the inventors were referring at that time to generators other than solid state, high frequency generators as the high frequency source. Such other generators are not affected by load impedance changes in the same manner as solid state, high frequency generators, and the variable reactors were used merely to provide heating current changes and not to provide impedance matching and to overcome frequency shift problems encountered with solid state, high frequency generators.
As pointed out hereinbefore, the heating currents are of a large magnitude, i.e. thousands of amperes, and any series reactor must be able to conduct such currents without overheating. For these reasons, it is necessary that the series reactor have unique features when the heating currents are large.

Matching apparatus for connecting high frequency solid state electrical power generator to a load


An optical film, a display screen assembly and a display device are disclosed. The optical film includes a light transmitting film and a light blocking film; the light transmitting film is a double-sided adhesive film, and the light blocking film is a flexible film and is connected with a periphery of the light transmitting film.

Organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display device is an electroluminescence device widely used in the fields of display technology and the like for its advantages of self-luminous property, high luminous efficiency, low working voltage, small weight and size, flexibility, and simple manufacturing process, etc.
Display screen assembly is one of key components in an OLED display device. FIG. 1 is a structural diagram of a display screen assembly in an OLED display device according to related art. As illustrated in FIG. 1, the display screen assembly includes a cover plate 01 and a display panel 02 which are arranged in lamination. A side surface of the cover plate 01 close to the display panel 02 is attached with a decorative film 03, and an edge portion of the decorative film 03 is a light blocking area which prevents light emitted by an edge area of the display panel 02 from exiting through an edge area of the cover plate 01.
However, in an actual assembling process of the display screen assembly, due to poor level of bonding process, a bonding misplacement may be easily occurred between the cover plate 01 and the decorative film 03. As illustrated in FIG. 1, the bonding misplacement results in that the light blocking area of the decorative film 03 cannot shield the edge area of the cover plate 01, which in turn results in that light emitted from a side area of the display panel 02 exits through the edge area of the cover plate 01 (also known as DECO light leakage). This significantly degrades a display effect of the display device.

Optical film, display screen assembly and display device

CHENGDU BOE OPTOELECTRONICS TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD.

BEIJING BOE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT CO., LTD.


An on-board vehicle reservoir containing an ammonia/organic solvent solution may be associated with a phase separator configured to isolate ammonia from the solution. The ammonia may be introduced into an exhaust gas stream of an internal combustion engine to function as a catalytic reductant. Ammonia may be employed to generate hydrogen via catalytic decomposition of ammonia, and the hydrogen may be introduced into an exhaust gas stream to aid catalytic reactions such as catalytic oxidation of carbon monoxide (CO) and/or hydrocarbon (HC) and/or reduction of nitrogen oxides (NO); for instance during a cold-start period.

Environmental regulations for emissions of internal combustion engines are becoming increasingly stringent throughout the world.
Operating of a lean-burn engine, for example a diesel engine, provides the user with excellent fuel economy due to their operation at high air/fuel ratios under fuel lean conditions. However, diesel engines also emit exhaust gas emissions containing particulate matter (PM), unburned hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen oxides (NOx), wherein NOx describes various chemical species of nitrogen oxides, including nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide, among others. The two major components of exhaust particulate matter are the soluble organic fraction (SOF) and the soot fraction. The SOF condenses on the soot in layers and is generally derived from unburned diesel fuel and lubricating oils. The SOF can exist in diesel exhaust either as a vapor or as an aerosol (i.e., fine droplets of liquid condensate), depending on the temperature of the exhaust gas. Soot is predominately composed of particles of carbon.
Oxidation catalysts comprising a precious metal, such as platinum group metals (PGM), dispersed on a refractory metal oxide support, such as alumina, are known for use in treating the exhaust of diesel engines in order to convert both hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide gaseous pollutants by catalyzing the oxidation of these pollutants to carbon dioxide and water. Such catalysts have been generally contained in units called diesel oxidation catalysts (DOC), which are placed in the exhaust flow path from diesel power systems to treat tire exhaust before it vents to the atmosphere. Typically, the diesel oxidation catalysts are formed on ceramic or metallic substrates upon which one or more catalyst coating compositions are deposited. In addition to the conversion of gaseous HC and CO emissions and particulate matter (SOF portion), oxidation catalysts that contain PGM promote the oxidation of NO to NO2. Catalysts are typically defined by their light-off temperature or the temperature at which 50% conversion is attained, also called T50.
Catalysts used to treat the exhaust of internal combustion engines are less effective during periods of relatively low temperature operation, such as the initial cold-start period of engine operation, because the engine exhaust is not at a temperature sufficiently high for efficient catalytic conversion of noxious components in the exhaust. To this end, it is known in the art to include a sorbent material, which may be a zeolite, as part of a catalytic treatment system in order to adsorb and/or absorb gaseous pollutants, usually hydrocarbons, and retain them during the initial cold-start period. As the exhaust gas temperature increases, the stored hydrocarbons are driven from the sorbent and subjected to catalytic treatment at the higher temperature.
NOx is contained m exhaust gases, such as from internal combustion engines (e.g., in automobiles and trucks), from combustion installations (e.g., power stations heated by natural gas, oil, or coal), and from nitric acid production plants. Various treatment methods have been used for the treatment of NOx-containing gas mixtures to decrease atmospheric pollution.
One effective method to reduce NOx from the exhaust of lean-burn engines, such as gasoline direct injection and partial lean-burn engines, as well as from diesel engines, requires trapping and storing of NOx under lean burn engine operating conditions and reducing the trapped NOx under stoichiometric or rich engine operating conditions or under lean engine operation with external fuel injected in the exhaust to induce rich conditions. The lean operating cycle is typically between 1 minute and 20 minutes and the rich operating cycle is typically short (1 to 10 seconds) to preserve as much fuel as possible. To enhance NOx conversion efficiency, the short and frequent regeneration is favored over long but less frequent regeneration. Thus, a lean NOx trap catalyst generally must provide a NOx trapping function and a three-way conversion function. Three-way conversion (TWC) generally refers to convening HC+CO to CO2+H2O and NOx to N2 reduction.
Some lean NOx trap (LNT) systems contain alkaline earth elements. For example NOx sorbent components include alkaline earth metal oxides, such as oxides of Mg, Ca, Sr or Ba. Other LNT systems con contain rare earth metal oxide such as oxides of Ce, La, Pr or Nd. The NOx sorbents can be used in combination with platinum group metal catalysts such as platinum dispersed on an alumina support for catalytic NOx oxidation and reduction. The LNT catalyst operates under cyclic lean (trapping mode) and rich (regeneration mode) exhaust conditions during which the engine out NO is converted to N2.
Another effective method to reduce NOx from the exhaust of lean-burn engines requires reaction of NOx under lean burn engine operating conditions with a suitable reductant such as ammonia or hydrocarbon in the presence of a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst. The SCR process uses catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides with a reductant (e.g., ammonia) in the presence of atmospheric oxygen, resulting in the formation predominantly of nitrogen and steam:4NO+4NH2+O2→4N2+6H2O (standard SCR reaction)2NO2+4NH2→3N2+6H2O (slow SCR reaction)NO+NO2+NH3→2N2+3H2O (fast SCR reaction)
Current catalysts employed in the SCR process include molecular sieves, such as zeolites, ion-exchanged with a catalytic metal such as iron or copper. A useful SCR catalyst composition is able to effectively catalyze the reduction of the NOx exhaust component at temperatures below 600° C., so that reduced NOx levels can be achieved even under conditions of low load which typically are associated with lower exhaust temperatures.
Conventional SCR catalyst emission control systems used for diesel engines provide ammonia necessary for the above-noted SCR reactions by injecting diesel exhaust fluid, a mixture of urea and water, into the exhaust stream upstream of the SCR catalyst. The urea decomposes in the exhaust stream to produce ammonia and carbon dioxide. However, urea decomposition requires temperatures of about 180° C. or higher, and diesel exhaust fluid systems also typically require a relatively long channel for optimal mixing and/or a high turbulence mixing area prior to entry into the SCR catalyst unit. Still further, urea deposits can occur in such systems, particularly during low temperature operation. Accordingly, use of diesel exhaust fluid as the ammonia source presents challenges and increases system complexity, particularly in cold environments where heating of the diesel exhaust fluid is required.
Increasingly stringent emissions regulations have driven the need for developing emission gas treatment systems with improved CO, HC and NO oxidation capacity to manage CO, HC and NO emissions at low engine exhaust temperatures. In addition, development of emission gas treatment systems for the reduction of NO, (NO and NO2) emissions to nitrogen has become increasingly important. There remains a need in the art for improved systems for delivering the necessary reductant for SCR catalyst function in emission control systems.

On-board vehicle ammonia and hydrogen generation


Disclosed is a method for fabricating a contact in a semiconductor device, including: obtaining a pattern layout including bit lines arranged across a cell matrix region of a semiconductor substrate, cell storage node contacts arranged to pass through a portion of a first interlayer insulation layer between the bit lines, and dummy storage node contacts additionally arranged in an end of the arrangement of the cell storage node contacts; and forming the cell storage node contacts and the dummy storage node contacts using the pattern layout.

The present invention relates to a semiconductor device, and more particularly, to a method for fabricating contacts for improving a process margin.
As an integration degree of a semiconductor device is increased, it becomes difficult to form patterns precisely on a wafer or a semiconductor substrate. In a cell matrix region of a memory device such as a Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM), regularly repeated cell patterns are patterned, while in an outer cell matrix region, i.e. a peripheral region, the patterns are disposed somewhat irregularly. Accordingly, regularity of the pattern or linearity in a disposition is varied in an edge region or a boundary between the cell matrix region and the peripheral region, and a pattern defect such as a bridge is thus caused in the cell matrix edge and a loss in a process margin is generated as the result.
In a case of a landing plug contact, which is one of multiple contacts and is introduced under a bit line contact and a storage node contact, regularity in disposition is varied as it goes from a cell array to the cell matrix edge. Also, it becomes difficult to ensure a process margin in a storage node contact connected to a capacitor when a critical dimension of a contact hole for the storage node contact is formed the same as that of a storage node contact disposed in the cell array. It can be considered to form the critical dimension of the contact hole for the storage node contact adjacent to the cell matrix edge to relatively large, but in this case a self aligned contact margin with a bit line under the storage node contact can be reduced. Accordingly, a self aligned contact failure such as a short between the bit line and the storage node contact can occur. Also, when considering that a hard mask of a gate or a capping layer thereunder is lost by chemical mechanical polishing upon formation of the landing plug contact in a self aligned contact process, relative enlargement of the size of the storage node contact can cause a self aligned contact failure such as a short between the storage node contact and the gate.

Method for fabricating contacts in semiconductor device


A synthetic aperture radar system is mounted in a moving platform. The synthetic aperture radar system includes a multi-beam antenna having a plurality of reception beams different in direction from one another, the multi-beam antenna being adapted to receive radar echoes from objects. The width of each of the reception beams is selected such that the band width of a Doppler shift contained in the radar echo of a moving object is broader than that of a Doppler shift contained in the radar echo of a stationary object. The radar echo is pulse compressed to improve the range resolution before the frequency thereof is shifted such that the center frequency of the Doppler shift due to the velocity of the moving platform becomes zero. After the frequency shifting, the radar echo is filtered to separate the radar echoes of the moving and stationary objects from each other. The radar echoes of the moving and stationary objects are respectively subjected to Fourier transform with respect to the distance between the moving platform and the objects. The spectrum of the radar echo from the moving object is further shifted such that the center frequency of the Doppler shift due to the velocity of the object becomes zero. These reception, pulse compression, frequency shift and Fourier transform are executed for each reception beam. The spectrums in the radar echoes of the moving and stationary objects are respectively synthesized for all the reception beams. After the synthesization, the spectrums are respectively multiplied by a reference spectrum in the complex manner. The results of the multiplication are respectively inverse transformed from the spectrums.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a synthetic aperture radar system utilizing the Doppler effect caused by the movement of a radar platform to improve the cross-range resolution. The present invention particularly concerns improvements in the capacity of such a synthetic aperture radar system for detecting a moving object.
2. Description of the Related Art
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a synthetic aperture radar system disclosed in Donald R. Wehner, "High Resolution radar", Artech House, Section 6. More particularly, this synthetic aperture radar system is constructed by modifying such a structure as described in the above publication on page 260 and shown in FIG. 6.41, according to the description of the same publication.
The synthetic aperture radar system is adapted to detect an object by the use of a single antenna beam and includes means for transmitting radio waves. The transmitting means comprises a transmitter 1, a circulator 2 and an antenna 3. The transmitter 1 generates radio waves modulated by pulse signals. The circulator 2 functions as a transmission/reception changeover circuit for supplying the output of the transmitter 1 to the antenna 3 and for supplying the output of the antenna 3 to a receiver 4. When the antenna 3 receives the radio waves from the transmitter 1 through the circulator 2, the antenna 3 radiates the radio waves. Since the radio waves have been modulated by the pulse signals, the synthetic aperture radar system will radiate the radio waves with a repetition interval determined by the pulse signals.
The radio waves radiated from the antenna 3 are reflected by the objects, earth, sea and so on. The reflected radio waves, that is, echoes are inputted in the receiver 4 through the circulator 2. The receiver 4 amplifies the received radio waves before they are subjected to phase detection.
On the results from the phase detection, the receiver 4 generates a two-dimensional digital output signal which is represented by a range bin number m and a pulse hit number n. The range bin numbers are applied to the respective transmission timings while the pulse hit numbers represent the positions of the objects and others relating to the creation of the echoes in the reflection. In other words, each of the range bin numbers can specify a transmission timing or azimuth while each of the pulse hit numbers determines a range between the synthetic aperture radar system and an object or the like.
The post-stage of the receiver 4 is connected to a pulse compression unit 5 which performs a pulse compression to the two-dimensional digital signals from the receiver 4 on their correlation along the direction of range bin. Such a process improves the range resolution in the synthetic aperture radar system.
The post-stage of the pulse compression unit 5 includes a circuit for improving the cross-range resolution of the synthetic aperture radar system. This circuit comprises Fourier transform units 6A and 6B, a reference signal generator 7, a complex multiplication unit 8 and an inverse Fourier transform unit 9.
One of the Fourier transform units 6A Fourier-transforms the output of the pulse compression unit 5 for the pulse hit numbers n. The other Fourier transform unit 6B Fourier-transforms the output of the reference signal generator 7. The complex multiplication unit 8 multiplies the output of the Fourier transform unit 6A by the output of the Fourier-transform unit 6B to form complex data. The complex data is then inversely Fourier-transformed by the inverse Fourier transform unit 9. Thus, the cross-range resolution can be improved.
After the signals have been improved in range resolution and cross-range resolution, they are then provided to a square-law detection unit 10. The signals are subjected to square-law detection in the square-law detection unit 10. The square-law detection determines an electric power corresponding to each pixel in the screen of a display unit 11. The square-law detection unit 10 outputs the results to the display unit 11. As a result, the screen of the display unit 11 displays radar images representing the positions, distances, azimuths and the like of the object and others around the radar system.
In such an arrangement, the range resolution is determined by the band width of transmitted pulse signals. The cross-range resolution is determined as follows:
It is now assumed that the radar system is mounted in a moving platform such as aircraft or the like. It is further assumed that this moving platform moves straight at a velocity V as shown in FIG. 5 and that radio waves are radiated in a direction substantially perpendicular to the direction of movement of the platform. It is still further assumed that the transmitted radio waves are reflected by a stationary object such as the ground.
In such a case, the distance R(t) between the moving platform and the object can be represented by the following equation (1): EQU R(t)=R.sub.0 -Vt cos .theta..sub.0 +V.sup.2 sin.sup.2 .theta..sub.0 t.sup.2 / (2R.sub.0) (1)
where R.sub.0 is equal to R(0) and .theta..sub.0 is an expected angle of the object at time t=0, which angle is a reference in the direction of advance.
When the moving platform moves relative to the stationary object, Doppler effect is created. An instantaneous value in the Doppler frequency, that is, instantaneous Doppler frequency f.sub.d (t) is represented by the use of a transmission wavelength .lambda. from an equation (2). If the synthetic aperture time is T, the band width B of the Doppler frequency and the cross-range resolution .DELTA.r are represented by equations (3) and (4), respectively. EQU f.sub.d (t)=2/.lambda.(V cos .theta..sub.0 -V.sup.2 sin.sup.2 .theta..sub.0 t/R.sub.0) (2) EQU B=f.sub.d (-T/2)-f.sub.d (T/2) (3) EQU .DELTA.r=V sin .theta..sub.0 /B=.lambda.R.sub.0 /2VT sin .theta..sub.0( 4)
A synthetic aperture radar for observing a continuous field of view has the maximum resolution when the value .theta..sub.0 is equal to 90 [deg]. In the normal operation, such a setting is selected. Since the synthetic aperture time T is given by an antenna beam width .theta..sub.B from an equation (5), the band width B of the Doppler frequency and the cross-range resolution .DELTA.r are given by equations (6) and (7): EQU T=R.sub.0 .theta..sub.B /V (5) EQU B=2V.theta..sub.B /.lambda.=V/.DELTA.r (6) EQU .DELTA.r=.lambda./2.theta..sub.B =B/B (7)
When such a synthetic aperture radar is to be used to detect and image an object moving on the ground or sea, the band width of the Doppler frequency in the radar echo from the moving object is consistent with the reflected waves from the stationary object, but different in center frequency from that of the reflected waves. If the spectrums of the radar echo from the stationary and moving objects can be separated from each other in the frequency domain as shown in FIG. 6, the moving object can easily be detected and imaged. On the contrary, if the two spectrums are over-lapped on each other as shown in FIG. 7, it is difficult to detect and image the moving object. The overlap of the two spectrums is created when the velocity of the moving object is too low. In order to separate the spectrums from each other, it is therefore required to reduce the band width B of the Doppler frequency. Alternatively, it is required to increase the velocity of the moving object to be detected and to abandon the detection of an object moving at lower velocities. If the band width B of the Doppler frequency is decreased, it is noted that the cross-range resolution .DELTA.r is degraded as will be apparent from the equation (7).


A semiconductor package includes a semiconductor die with an active surface and an inactive surface, the active surface including metal pillars providing electrical connections to functional circuitry of the semiconductor die, and a backside metal layer on the inactive surface. The backside metal layer is attached to the inactive surface. The semiconductor package further includes a plurality of leads with each of the leads including an internal leadfinger portion and an exposed portion that includes a bonding portion. Distal ends of the metal pillars are in contact with and electrically coupled to the internal leadfinger portions. The backside metal layer is exposed on an outer surface of the semiconductor package. The bonding portions and the backside metal layer approximately planar to each other.

Electronic package technology continues trends towards miniaturization, integration, and speed. For a semiconductor package that includes at least one semiconductor die therein, particularly for integrated circuits (ICs), heat dissipation is an important issue.
Semiconductor packages provide support for an integrated circuit chip or semiconductor die and associated bond wires or other interconnects, provide protection from the environment, and enable surface mounting of the die to and interconnection with a printed circuit board (PCB). Leadframe semiconductor packages are well known and widely used in the electronics industry to house, mount, and interconnect a variety of ICs.
A conventional leadframe is typically die-stamped from a sheet of flat-stock metal, and includes a plurality of metal leads temporarily held together in a planar arrangement about a central region during package manufacture by a rectangular frame. A mounting pad for a semiconductor die is supported in the central region by "tie-bars" that attach to the frame. The leads extend from a first end integral with the frame to an opposite second end adjacent to, but spaced apart from, the die pad.
One conventional package configuration includes a leadframe having a die pad and wire bond pads. Wire bonds electrically connect die bond pads with the wire bond pads of the leadframe.
An alternative to wire bonds is flip-chip on leadframe packages. In a placement step, a die having solder bumps on its input/output (TO) or bond pads is flipped onto a lead frame including a die pad and/or a plurality of leads including internal leadfingers sometimes called bondfingers. A solder bump reflow process follows resulting in the die being bonded to the die pad and the bumps on the bond pads being electrically coupled to the leadfingers. For flip-chip Small Outline Transistor (SOT) packages, the flip-chip die is mounted directly on the leadfingers with no die pad followed by a solder bump reflow.

Semiconductor package including undermounted die with exposed backside metal


An information processing apparatus is provided that executes a process sequence stored in a sequence table, based on a sequence code created for each process in the process sequence. The sequence code includes a process type that specifies a sequence table, a control target that specifies a control target, and a process number that specifies one particular process in the specified process sequence.

Generally, in an information processing system having a server, the server is equipped with a system control facility (SCF) for controlling and supervising the entire system, and carries out prescribed processes in response to user requests for power on or power off. In the prior art, a sequence for such processes has been created as a control program to be executed by the SCF. Accordingly, when a portion of the process sequence is altered, the control program has to be created once again. However, altering a control program involves a laborious task, and there has been the problem that, when altered, the control program tends to become complicated.
Further, in the prior art control, the state of the process sequence has been judged from the system status. Accordingly, it has been difficult to manage resume processing that is necessary when an SCF is rebooted or concurrent processing that allows a plurality of process sequences to run at the same time. Further, in a system employing a dual-SCF configuration, a similar problem occurs when resuming the process sequence after switching from one SCF to the other, and it has been difficult to determine which process is to be executed when resuming.

Information processing apparatus and process execution method


A method for electrically coupling a bond pad of an integrated circuit such as a field programmable device, an application-specific integrated circuit, or a rapid chip with an input/output device is disclosed. The bond pad is provided with a plurality of metal layers configurable for making a connection with the input/output device. The bond pad is then coupled to the input/output device with an interconnect structure. The method for electrically coupling the bond pad to the input/output device allows the customer to configure the power and ground pad counts after the slice is created.

Typically, integrated circuits such as rapid chips, structured ASICs, or field programmable devices allow chip designers to configure input/output (IO) devices during metallization or programming steps. For wirebond packages, this flexibility is assisted by a system of bond pads and signal fingers that electrically couple IO devices to the package. Each signal finger is hardwired via pad wire to a bond pad of the package. Some of the bond pads are configured for power/ground connections while others are configured for signal IO. Flipchip based designs work in a similar manner except the signal fingers and pad wire are replaced by flipchip bumps.
Power and ground connections for configurable IO devices and the core area have defined ratios and/or counts. The slice designer chooses these counts during the base layer creation of the design. The power/ground pad counts are derived by examining typical applications to make an engineering choice on a fixed number. The counts cannot be configured by the customer. This means that a high speed IO application with low signal count, which demands more IO and power/ground pad counts than is available on the slice, may not be compatible with the package. Conversely, a lower speed IO application, which requires a large signal count but not all power/ground pad counts available on the slice, may not be compatible with the package. Therefore, performance is limited. A similar scenario applies to core power and ground supplies. A small core content may not justify all core power and ground supplies. Conversely, a large core content or speed may demand more power and ground pads which would not be available, thus limiting the chip core performance.
Accordingly, it is desirable to provide a method for configuring the power and ground counts after slice creation to comply with customer requirements.

Power configuration method for structured ASICs


A belt for use in a papermaking process, such as in a long nip press having a cylindrical press roller and an arcuate pressure shoe which define a nip. The belt has a nip load zone which passes through the nip during an operation. The belt comprises a substrate having a coating on at least one surface thereof. The substrate is in the form of an endless loop and has a longitudinal direction. The coating has a plurality of grooves running in a center portion of the nip load zone, in which the number of grooves have at least one of a depth, width, cross-sectional shape, or spacing which is different from that of the others so as to vary the void volume in a desired manner.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a fibrous web being processed into a paper product on a papermaking machine. More specifically, the present invention relates to a method and device for pressing operations associated with the production of paper.
2. Description of the Related Art
During the papermaking process, a fibrous web of cellulosic fibers is formed on a forming wire by depositing a fibrous slurry thereon in the forming section of a paper machine. A large amount of water is drained from the slurry in the forming section, after which the newly formed web is conducted to a press section. The press section includes a series of press nips, in which the fibrous web is subjected to compressive forces applied to remove water therefrom. The web finally is conducted to a drying section which includes heated dryer drums around which the web is directed. The heated dryer drums reduce the water content of the web to a desirable level through evaporation to yield a paper product.
Rising energy costs have made it increasingly desirable to remove as much water as possible from the web prior to its entering the dryer section. As the dryer drums are often heated from within by steam, costs associated with steam production can be substantial, especially when a large amount of water needs to be removed from the web.
Traditionally, press sections have included a series of nips formed by pairs of adjacent cylindrical press rolls. In recent years, the use of long press nips of the shoe type has been found to be more advantageous than the use of nips formed by pairs of adjacent press rolls. This is because the web takes longer to pass through a long press nip than through one formed by press rolls. The longer the time a web can be subjected to pressure in the nip, the more water can be removed there, and, consequently, the less water will remain behind in the web for removal through evaporation in the dryer section.
The present invention relates to long nip presses of the shoe type. In this variety of long nip press, the nip is formed between a cylindrical press roll and an arcuate pressure shoe. The latter has a cylindrically concave surface having a radius of curvature close to that of the cylindrical press roll. When the roll and shoe are brought into close physical proximity to one another, a nip which can be five to ten times longer in the machine direction than one formed between two press rolls is formed. Since the long nip is five to ten times longer than that in a conventional two-roll press, the so-called dwell time of the fibrous web in the long nip is correspondingly longer under the same level of pressure per square inch in pressing force used in a two-roll press. The result of this long nip technology has been a dramatic increase in dewatering of the fibrous web in the long nip when compared to conventional nips on paper machines.
A long nip press of the shoe type requires a special belt, such as that shown in U.S. Pat. No. 5,238,537. This belt is designed to protect the press fabric supporting, carrying and dewatering the fibrous web from the accelerated wear that would result from direct, sliding contact over the stationary pressure shoe. Such a belt must be provided with a smooth, impervious surface that rides, or slides, over the stationary shoe on a lubricating film of oil. The belt moves through the nip at roughly the same speed as the press fabric, thereby subjecting the press fabric to minimal amounts of rubbing against the surface of the belt.
Belts of the variety shown in U.S. Pat. No. 5,238,537 are made by impregnating a woven base fabric, which takes the form of an endless loop, with a synthetic polymeric resin. Preferably, the resin forms a coating of some predetermined thickness on at least the inner surface of the belt, so that the yarns from which the base fabric is woven may be protected from direct contact with the arcuate pressure shoe component of the long nip press. It is specifically this coating which must have a smooth, impervious surface to slide readily over the lubricated shoe and to prevent any of the lubricating oil from penetrating the structure of the belt to contaminate the press fabric, or fabrics, and fibrous web.
The base fabric of the belt shown in U.S. Pat. No. 5,238,537 may be woven from monofilament yarns in a single- or multi-layer weave, and woven so as to be sufficiently open to allow the impregnating material to totally impregnate the weave. This eliminates the possibility of any voids forming in the final belt. Such voids may allow the lubrication used between the belt and shoe to pass through the belt and contaminate the press fabric or fabrics and fibrous web. The base fabric may be flat-woven, and subsequently seamed into endless form, or woven endless in tubular form.
When the impregnating material is cured to a solid condition, it is primarily bound to the base fabric by a mechanical interlock, wherein the cured impregnating material surrounds the yarns of the base fabric. In addition, there may be some chemical bonding or adhesion between the cured impregnating material and the material of the yarns of the base fabric.
Long nip press belts, such as that shown in U.S. Pat. No. 5,238,537, depending on the size requirements of the long nip presses on which they are installed, have lengths from roughly 13 to 35 feet (approximately 4 to 11 meters), measured longitudinally around their endless-loop forms, and widths from roughly 100 to 450 inches (approximately 250 to 1125 centimeters), measured transversely across those forms. It will be appreciated that the manufacture of such belts is complicated by the requirement that the base fabric be endless prior to its impregnation with a synthetic polymeric resin.
It is often desirable to provide the belt with a resin coating of some predetermined thickness on its outer surface as well as on its inner surface. By coating both sides of the belt, its woven base fabric will be closer to, if not coincident with, the neutral axis of bending of the belt. In such a circumstance, the internal stresses which arise when the belt is flexed on passing around a roll or the like on a paper machine will be less likely to cause the coating to delaminate from either side of the belt.
Moreover, when the outer surface of the belt has a resin coating of some predetermined thickness, it permits grooves, blind-drilled holes or other cavities or voids to be formed on that surface without exposing any part of the woven base fabric. These features provide for the temporary storage of water pressed from the web in the press nip. In fact, for some long nip press configurations the presence of some void volume, provided by grooves, blind-drilled holes or the like, on the outer surface of the belt is a necessity.
Although consistency and drainage properties of the web are attempted to be kept as constant as possible throughout the papermaking process, variability inevitably occurs. Characteristics of the web such as moisture content may change over time. The moisture content of the web may affect the final product's strength and quality. For example, an excessively variable moisture content in the cross direction (CD) profile may lead to variable sheet characteristics, such as curl, and a decrease in product quality. Thus, there is a need to control the CD moisture profile during the papermaking process.
In contrast to the belts of the prior art, the present invention may provide an improved belt with variable void volume to correct (flatten) the CD sheet moisture profile. Specifically, the belt of the present invention may, for example, provide grooves of varying depth in the area of the belt that is subject to compressive forces in the nip. The grooves of varying depth improve the CD moisture profile of the belt, thus enhancing product quality. Alternatively, the present invention may provide grooves having varying or different shapes, dimensions and/or sizes, widths and lengths, in the area of the belt that is subject to compressive forces in the nip. Still further, the present invention may vary the orientation and/or the number of grooves in this area in combination with any of the foregoing variables.


Generally, and in one form of the invention a method is disclosed for forming a subcollector for bipolar transistors comprising the steps of epitaxially depositing a subcollector layer 22 on a substrate 20, the subcollector containing a co-deposited dopant; etching the subcollector layer to define an active device region; depositing a collector layer 24 above the subcollector layer; depositing a base layer 25 above the collector layer 24; and depositing an emitter layer 27 above the base layer 25, whereby the subcollector layer does not extend beyond the active device region and is of low resistance.

Without limiting the scope of the invention, its background is described in connection with semiconductor devices, as an example.
Heretofore, in this field, bipolar transistors have employed a heavily doped subcollector layer to reduce series collector resistance. However, the heavily-doped layer can cause increased parasitic capacitance if it extends outside of the active device region. This problem is particularly acute for pnp Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors (HBTs) in AlGaAs/GaAs. Since hole mobility is much lower than electron mobility in GaAs, the pnp subcollector layer must be much more heavily doped to achieve the same sheet resistance as compared to npn HBTs. Solutions that have been used in the past to overcome this problem include: mesa isolation, in which the epitaxial layers of an HBT structure are etched away; ion bombardment to increase the resistivity of portions of the subcollector; and patterned ion implantation of the subcollector, in which the subcollector is formed by ion implantation only in the device active area.

Method for forming an isolated, low resistance epitaxial subcollector for bipolar transistors


A system, apparatus, and method are provided for entitlement security and control. According to one embodiment, an entitlement request is received from a user seeking entitlement permission, the entitlement request is matched against entitlement rules and roles that are retrieved from a metadata repository, and the entitlement permission is granted if the entitlement request satisfies the entitlement rules and roles.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to security and control and in particular, to entitlement security and control, using metadata.
2. Description of the Related Art
Many attempts have been made to secure user access to, for example, an application and to more closely monitor and manage such access. However, methods and apparatus available today fail to separate entitlement from access, and primarily rely on the "access" part of a security system rather than focusing on the "entitlement" part. By focusing primarily on the access part of the security system, the methods and apparatus available today do not provide the level or type of security and protection needed against hackers, terminated employees or other such individuals, groups, or organizations. For example, a hacker typically obtains access to a system (by hacking), but may never obtain entitlement. Similarly, for example, a terminated employee may continue to access the company's email despite having been terminated, i.e., not having entitlement permission.
Furthermore, methods and apparatus available today do not have rules, regulations, or roles at the entitlement level to filter users, customers, or applicants before they are granted access. Such methods and apparatus do not classify data in terms of security, importance, urgency, confidentiality, government, community and organization rules and regulations, and other such matters, and are manual and rely on the expectation that someone or some group within the company is security-aware and can flawlessly filter people when grating access permissions. Additionally, methods and apparatus available today do not use metadata.
Typically, as illustrated in FIG. 1, a user 102 places an access permission request 104 with a company to gain access to a protected application 118. An administrator 106 reviews the request 104, and if the request is granted, the administrator may update an access control list (ACL) 108 with user information. However, many rules, regulations, laws, policies, security classifications, and names are likely to be not updated and consequently, ACL 108 is not likely to be content-aware, security-aware, classified, or fully updated, and, is likely to be unable to perform a real-time, fast, informed, and accurate check of access requests 104. Such process is slow, manual, tedious, labor-intensive, and inaccurate, if various changes are not quickly adopted or known, and is based on out-of-date information. Upon reviewing, the user 102 is either rejected 112 or accepted 114. If approved, the user's 102 name and/or other designations are placed in the ACL 108 and the user 102 may access a protected application 118.
Examples of access-based security and control systems include Access360 by International Business Machines (IBM), RAFC, which is a mainframe access control system, Windows Active Directory, by Microsoft Corporation, is an access control or management system which is known to coordinate Windows access control lists. Other examples included Discretionary Access Control (DAC) account permissions, Mandatory Access Control (MAC) system, Role-Based Access Control (RBAC), which is no more than a pre-packed form of MAC, and a Lattice-Based Access Control (LBAC), which is a combination of RBAC and DAC.
None of the methods or apparatus available today is entitlement-based, metadata driven, security-aware, dynamically updated, or fully automated. Methods and apparatus available today do not provide real-time review of user requests or tracking events or keeping of an audit trail. Furthermore, methods and apparatus available today fail to provide an entitlement-based, metadata driven, security-aware, dynamically updated, or fully automated way of removing access, since there may not be a way of remembering or knowing why the entitlement and access were granted in the first place.


A handover control is executed when a location area of the mobile station is changed. The communication channel applied is the optimum route suited for the roaming destination of the mobile station. A service controller 6 is provided in the mobile communication network, switching node information transmitters 7 are provided in switching nodes 151, 131 and 132 so as to transmit, to the service controller 6, switching node informations representing the nodes themselves. Furthermore, in the service controller 6, a memory 8 for storing the switching node informations, and a handover execution unit 9 for executing handover control are provided. When a fixed terminal 5 in an external network and the mobile station 1 are in communication, and the location area of the mobile station 1 is to changed due to roaming, the handover execution unit 9 specifies, on the basis of contents of the switching node information memory 8, the gateway conducting & switching node 151 to be the node utilized for the communication channel. Then, the unit 9 issues an instruction to assign a channel from the gateway conducting & switching node 151 to the subscriber switching node 132 in the location area which is the roaming destination.

It is generally known that, in a mobile communication system, each mobile station communicates with others via a subscriber switching node of a current location area. When the mobile station roams from the current location area to another area, the communication channel passing through the subscriber switching node in the current location area should be changed over to another communication channel passing through a subscriber switching node in the location area which is the roaming destination. The change of communication channels is executed by so-called handover control. The handover control adopted for conventional mobile communication systems will be described below.
FIG. 9 shows an example configuration of a mobile communication network in which a fixed terminal 5 and a mobile station 1 communicate with each other. In FIG. 9, all the nodes in the fixed network side are omitted with exception of the fixed terminal. The fixed network and the mobile communication network are connected via a POI(i.e., point of interconnection) in the way of the interface point. A gateway conducting & switching node 51, being connected with other networks via the POI 4, is further connected with subordinate conducting & switching nodes 41 and 42. The conducting & switching node 41 is further connected with a subscriber switching node 31 controlling a location area 21. The conducting & switching node 42 is further connected with a subscriber switching node 32 controlling another location area 22.
The nodes 31, 32, 41, 42 and 51 and the POI 4 are previously appended with identifications so called routing numbers RN. The routing numbers are assumed to be RN1 to RN6. Furthermore, the nodes and the POI 4 are connected via channels 61 to 66. The nodes 31, 32, 41, 42 and 51 and the POI 4 stores routing tables, respectively, as shown in following Table-1.
TABLE 1 ______________________________________ Routing tables node 31 node 32 node 41 node 42 node 51 POI 4 ______________________________________ RN1: -- RN1: 62 RN1: 61 RN1: 64 RN1: 63 RN1: 66 RN2: 61 RN2: -- RN2: 64 RN2: 62 RN2: 65 RN2: 66 RN3: 61 RN3: 62 RN3: -- RN3: 64 RN3: 63 RN3: 66 RN4: 61 RN4: 62 RN4: 64 RN4: -- RN4: 65 RN4: 66 RN5: 61 RN5: 62 RN5: 63 RN5: 65 RN5: -- RN5: 66 RN6: 61 RN6: 62 RN6: 63 RN6: 66 RN6: 66 RN6: -- ______________________________________
The routing tables in Table-1 show the correspondence between nodes in the routing destinations and the channels to be selected. The uses of the tables will be described more specifically. First, if a call connection request for the fixed terminal 5 is originated from the mobile station 1, the call connection request is judged, in the subscriber switching node 31, to be forwarded to the POI 4. Consequently, in the subscriber switching node 31, the line "RN6" in the corresponding routing table is referred. The numeral "61" is stored there, so that the call connection request is further forwarded to the conducting & switching node 41 via the channel 61.
Then, in the conducting & switching node 41, the line "RN6" in the routing table stored in the node 41 is referred. The numeral "63" is stored there, so that the call connection request is further forwarded to the gateway conducting & switching node 51 via the channel 63. Similarly, the line "RN6" is referred in the gateway conducting & switching node 51. The numeral "66" is stored there, so that the call connection request is forwarded via the channel 66. As such, the call connection request originated from mobile station 1 is forwarded to the POI 4 via the channels 61, 63 and 66. Then, if the fixed terminal 5 is in communicatable condition, call set up and communication are executed between the mobile station 1 and the fixed terminal 5.
FIG. 10 shows an example of channel connection, executed by the handover control, between switching nodes in the mobile communication network. In FIG. 10, it is assumed that the mobile station 1 roams from the location area 21 to the adjacent location area 22, so that a handover control is required in order to change the subscriber switching node for controlling the mobile station. In this case, the subscriber switching node 31 controlling the location area 21 specifies, by means of conventional processes, a subscriber switching node (e.g. the subscriber switching node 32 in FIG. 10) which controls the location area 22 which is the handover destination.
Then, the subscriber switching node 31 keeps the connection of channel from the gateway conducting & switching node 51 to subscriber switching node 31, namely, the channel 63 between the gateway conducting & switching node 51 and conducting & switching node 41 and the channel 61 between the conducting & switching node 41 and the subscriber switching node 31, while setting up a channel from the subscriber switching node 31 to the subscriber switching node 32 which is the handover destination. Then, when the channel assignment is completed, the channels toward the subscriber switching node 32, namely, the channel 61 between the subscriber switching node 31 and the conducting & switching node 41, the channel 64 between the conducting & switching node 41 and the conducting & switching node 42, and the channel 62 between the conducting & switching node 42 and the subscriber switching node 32 are connected. The handover control described above enables the mobile station 1 to communicate via the subscriber switching node 32 of the location area 22 which is the roaming destination.
As described above, in the conventional mobile communication system, when the handover control due to the roaming of mobile station 1 is executed, the channel from the gateway conducting & switching node to the subscriber switching node (the channel between the switching nodes 51 & 41 and the channel between the switching nodes 41 & 31 in the example of FIG. 10) is left connected, while a routing is executed from the subscriber switching node in which the handover originated to the subscriber switching node in the location area which is the roaming destination. Therefore, in view of the entire mobile communication network, application of the conventional technique is problematical, to the mobile station 1, an inefficient channel passing through the subscriber switching node 31, even though the channel being the optimum route, the route consists of the channel between the switching nodes 51 & 42 and the channel between the switching node 42 & 32, is existing. Furthermore, in addition to the circumstance described above, the handover control may be executed if mobile stations communicate with each other in a common mobile communication network and if the location area of either one is changed due to roaming. In this case, a problem quite similar to above will occur by the handover control.


Duty cycles of pulse width modulation (“PWM”) pulses are determined by measurements taken with respect to an internally generated clock signal. One of these measurements calculates, in a continuous dynamic manner, a ratio of the number of cycles of the internally generated clock signal to one or more cycles of a PWM clock signal utilized as a time base for generation of the PWM pulses. This clock ratio measurement designates how many cycles of the internally generated clock signal will be used to designate a first portion of a duty cycle for each PWM pulse. Another measurement is utilized to determine a fractional portion of a cycle of the internally generated clock signal that will be used to designate a second portion of the duty cycle for each PWM pulse.

Wireless power is becoming more and more popular today, through which a number of electronic items like mobiles, laptops, media players, can be charged without cords or wires. A central issue to be solved for wireless charging is the generation of the signal used for inductive charging, which must follow some of the related standards. As such this signal must not only transfer the wireless power, but also communicate with the device being charged.
Contemporary wireless-charging technology uses near-field charging ("NFC") in which a transmitting coil produces a magnetic field that transfers inductive energy to a nearby receiving coil. A fraction of the magnetic flux generated by the primary transmitter coil penetrates the secondary receiver coil and thus transfers power, i.e., the two coils essentially form a transformer. For example, in a typical wireless charging system, a wireless charging mat wirelessly transmits power to a portable electronic device that is placed on the mat. The portable electronic device has a coil and rectifier circuitry. The coil in the portable electronic device receives alternating-current wireless power signals from a coil in the wireless charging mat that is overlapped by the coil in the portable electronic device. The rectifier circuitry converts the received signals into direct-current power. The wireless power transmitting device has wireless power transmitting circuitry that includes a resonant circuit, an inverter for driving the resonant circuit, and pulse width modulation ("PWM") signal generator that outputs a periodic control signal (a series of PWM pulses) to the inverter at a selected varying duty cycle.
Two of the competing NFC standards are the Qi ("Chee") standard controlled by the Wireless Power Consortium ("WPC"), which has an operating frequency of 100 to 200 kHz, while the AirFuel Alliance, formerly known as the Power Matters Alliance ("PMA"), supports AirFuel Inductive, operating at 100 to 350 kHz. Another standard by Apple, Inc. may operate at even higher frequencies in the future.
Thus, it is desirable that the hardware used for creating this signal (to adhere to existing or coming standards) incorporate the achievable accuracy of the signal being used, but also be implemented in a cost-effective manner.
Traditional implementations of PWM generation capabilities either utilize a very fast clock that can be used to generate the PWM pulses, or a set of delay elements that can be used to specify (a subset) of the required PWM pulse width. However, both implementations have severe limitations. Despite the lower clock speeds of the fundamental frequencies being used by the known standards, this will still require a very fast clock speed (e.g., in the >2 GHz frequency range) for the generation of sufficiently accurate PWM pulse widths. The usage of delay elements has different issues in that typical analog implementations must use a specific delay that will need to be trimmed to compensate for process variations, and may further exhibit a varying temperature and/or voltage dependency during operation. For example, assuming at least a 10-bit accuracy is required for sufficiently accurate PWM pulses in the 2 MHz frequency range, this would require delay elements having at least a 500 picosecond resolution, which will need to be maintained or must be adjusted over variations in temperature and/or voltage during operation.
Another further complexity is the need to be able to produce the PWM pulses in relation to a changing fundamental frequency of the AC signal that is used by the communication aspect of wireless charging. This is especially an issue when using delay elements that cannot scale with changes in the fundamental frequency, when this would be required.

High frequency pulse width modulation shaping


A rotary compressor, such as a sliding vane compressor, comprises a housing having a bore, a rotor assembly operatively arranged to rotate within the bore, vanes operatively arranged at the rotor assembly to move linearly relative to the rotor assembly and to form, together with the housing and rotor assembly, variable chambers, and a valve assembly arranged in the housing. The bore has a configuration divided into a expansion region of elliptical shape, a circular transition region, a polynomial-shaped compression region and a circular sealing region. The lubricant seal is composed of an oil injection port and oil grooves for trapping and transporting the oil. The valve assembly is provided in a recess portion of the housing and is configured as a thin blade covering each discharge port which has been relieved to minimize undesirably large difference of the pressure forces between the two sides of the blade. Oil grooves are provided in the rotor assembly and in end cap assemblies. In addition, the area seal and lubricant seal can be utilized in other types of compressors such as a rolling piston-type rotary compressor.

The present invention relates to a rotary compressor and, more particularly, to a reliable, extremely high pressure ratio, high efficiency, and lightweight sliding-vane rotary-compressor which has application in heat pump, air conditioning, and refrigeration (vapor-compression) applications as well as for the compression of other fluids such as air, nitrogen, and argon. The compressor can be configured as a lubrication-free device utilizing self-lubricating materials or as an oil lubricated device with very high compression ratio capability.
Conventional vane compressors have a relatively low pressure capability, i.e. somewhere in the range of 65 psi. Moreover, these compressors have insufficient volumetric and overall thermal efficiency for use in today's environment where high efficiency components are necessary for heat pumps, refrigeration equipment and air-conditioning units. Also, the conventional compressors are not completely compatible with the newer, environmentally safe refrigerants such as R-134a.
In applications such as aircraft or electronics cooling systems where low weight, small size, reliability, and efficiency are important criteria, as well as in refrigerant recovery apparatus where stringent thermal requirements exist, both the conventional sliding-vane compressors and other types of compressors such as reciprocating compressors are unacceptable. The conventional vane compressors do not provide adequate pressure ratio, and the other types of compressors are too heavy and are also difficult to obtain a high pressure through one stage. Moreover, the reciprocating compressors have considerable intake losses (pressure drop) and large reciprocating acceleration forces that result in rough operation of the compressor. This kind of compressor also require a relatively large starting torque and hence a large motor.
It is, therefore, an object of the present invention to develop a lightweight, high compression ratio rotary compressor to overcome or eliminate the problems and disadvantages associated with both conventional vane compressors and the other types of compressors, particularly those compressors designed for use in compact cooling and refrigerant recovery application where extreme high pressure ratio exists.
It is another object of the present invention to provide compressors, particularly sliding-vane rotary compressors, configured adequately to solve the problems of frictional heat, internal leakage, and low pressure capacity encountered in conventional rotary compressors.
It is a further object of the present invention to configure a sliding-vane rotary compressor which maximizes compression ratio, flow rate, and thermodynamic and volumetric efficiency.
Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a structurally simple sliding-vane rotary compressor, especially useful in micro-climate cooling systems and refrigerant recovery systems, which is lightweight, reliable, adaptable to unusual thermal requirements, smooth running, and operable with small initial starting torque.
Still a further object of the present invention is to configure a sliding-vane rotary compressor that is particularly suitable for high compression ratio of more than 100:1 in one stage.
The foregoing objects and advantages of the present invention have been achieved with a sliding-vane rotary compressor having an improved bore geometry, vane slot arrangement, valve assembly, and injected lubrication sealing effects which permit, by way of example, gas or vapor to be drawn at low pressure (say, 2.5 psia) and discharged at high pressure (say, 365 psia) in one stage.
The bore geometry of the rotary compressor of the present invention is such that the curvature used is neither a single circle nor a single ellipse, as in conventional rotary compressors. In the present invention, the outline of the bore has been configured, through a computer program, to have the best mechanical and thermodynamic performance, i.e., to maximize the inlet flow in the inlet area and maximize the compression ratio in the compression area, to minimize the dead volume and keep low exhaust resistance, to minimize the internal leakage and maximize the volume efficiency, to minimize the frictional heating, and, to increase thermodynamic efficiency.
A sliding-vane rotary compressor incorporating the features of the present invention has the following advantages:
1. Much higher pressure capability, up to about 450 psi or more as compared with conventional vane compressors with pressure capability of only 65 psia;
2. Extremely high compression ratio;
3. Improved volumetric and overall thermal efficiency;
4. Improved internal sealing because of the sealing effect of injected lubricant resulting in high volumetric flow rates as well as the aforementioned high pressure capability and high pressure ratios;
5. Low friction resulting in reduced wear, increased life, less frictional heat, and high efficiency;
6. Compact size; and
7. Compatibility with all refrigerants including the more environmentally safe refrigerants.

Rotary compressor with improved bore configuration and lubrication system