A terminal inserting guide assembly includes a pair of guide hooks for guiding a terminal into a connector housing. A first upper guiding surface is formed at an upper end of a cut-out portion inside a first one of the pair of guide hooks. A terminal side guiding projection is formed in a second one of the pair of guide hooks. A second upper guiding surface is formed in the tapered extending portion. The terminal side guiding projection and the tapered extending portion are received in the cut-out portion of the first one of guide hooks, when the pair of guide hooks are closed, in their lateral direction, without a terminal.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a terminal inserting guide assembly for reliably guiding a terminal into a connector housing, even a large-width-type terminal having a curved surface, while keeping the terminal in a stable horizontal position.
2. Description of the Prior Art
FIGS. 6 to 9 show a terminal inserting guide assembly 21 that the same assignee as that of the present application disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 7-114969.
The terminal inserting guide assembly 21 is composed of a pair of openable and closable guide hooks 22, 23. In FIG. 6 (a rear view), the guide hook 22 on the right side of the figure has a vertical frame bar 24 having a substantially equilateral triangle shape in cross-section. Inside an intermediate portion of the frame bar 24, there is a terminal holding space 40 for inserting a terminal 8. Below the holding space 40, the guide hook 22 has a substantially wedge-shaped leading end 25. Further, the guide hook 22 has a substantially triangle-shaped, tapered upper guiding surface 26 positioned at an upper end of the holding space 40. The upper guiding surface 26 guides a top portion of a terminal 8 into a terminal accommodating chamber 28 of a connector housing 27 (FIG. 8). Each side portion 29 or 30 (FIG. 9) of the terminal 8 is guided along a side surface 31 or 32 of the pair of guide hooks 22, 23.
The other guide hook 23 has a frame bar 33 having a substantially right-angled-triangle shape in cross-section. The frame bar 33 includes a terminal guiding side projection 34 (FIG. 8) received in the holding space 40. The terminal side guiding projection 34 has an inside surface serving as a lateral guiding surface. The frame bar 33 has a fore end portion reduced in its longitudinal cross-sectional area. A fore end face 33a of the fore end portion abuts against a rear surface 24a of a frame bar 24 of the guide hook 22. At the same time, as shown in FIG. 8, a fore end 34a of the terminal side guiding projection 34 is in line with a fore end of the guide hook 22. Further, a leading end 35 of the other guide hook 23 abuts against and is aligned over an upper portion of the leading end 25. Thus, the guide hooks 22, 23 engage each other so as to be closed. In FIG. 8, a foot frame 36 is for preventing an electric wire 37 from passing too close to the guiding hooks 22, 23. In FIG. 6, a rear, tapered guiding surface 38 is for guiding the terminal 8.
First, the closed guide hooks 22, 23 are advanced from above, just in front of the connector housing 27. Next, the guide hooks 22, 23 are opened so that the terminal 8, as shown in FIG. 8, can be inserted therein after getting the electric wires 37, which have been inserted in the connector housing 27, out of the way. Getting upper or side electric wire 37 out of the way allows a terminal 8 to enter into a lower terminal accommodating chamber 28. This also enables the terminal 8 to freely enter into a given terminal accommodating chamber. A leading end of the terminal 8 is preliminarily inserted into the chamber 28 by fore and aft, feeding, holding hooks 38, 39, respectively. Then, the whole terminal 8 is finally inserted by the aft hook 39.
However, in the previously known terminal inserting guide assembly 21, as shown in FIG. 9, a large-width, curved-surface type terminal 8 is inserted into a terminal accommodating chamber. The terminal 8 is about 8 mm in its lateral width and has a pair of semicircular-shaped, curved surfaces 17, 18. In such cases, as illustrated by an imaginary line in FIG. 6, the terminal 8 may be inclined laterally, because only the curved surface 18 is contacting the upper guiding surface 26 of the guide hook 22. In the worst case scenario, the terminal 8 cannot enter into the connector housing 27. This has been the drawback in the previously known terminal inserting guide assembly 21.


Disclosed herein is an implantable accommodative IOL system for insertion into an eye of a patient, the system comprising: an optical element and a housing including an opaque frame. The optical element comprises an optical lens having variable optical power, and the opaque frame is circumferentially disposed around a periphery of the optical element.

The human eye provides vision by transmitting light through a clear outer portion called the cornea, and focusing the image by way of a crystalline lens onto a retina. The quality of the focused image depends on many factors including the size and shape of the eye, and the transparency of the cornea and the lens. When age or disease causes the lens to become less transparent, vision deteriorates because of the diminished light that can be transmitted to the retina. This deficiency in the lens of the eye is medically known as a cataract. Presently, cataracts are treated by surgical removal of the affected lens and replacement with an artificial intraocular lens ("IOL"). Cataract extractions are among the most commonly performed operations in the world.
In the natural lens, distance and near vision is provided by a mechanism known as accommodation. The natural lens is contained within the capsular bag and is soft early in life. The bag is suspended from the ciliary muscle by the zonules. Relaxation of the ciliary muscle tightens the zonules, and stretches the capsular bag. As a result, the natural lens tends to flatten. Tightening of the ciliary muscle relaxes the tension on the zonules, allowing the capsular bag and the natural lens to assume a more rounded shape. In this way, the natural lens can focus alternatively on near and far objects.
As the lens ages, it becomes harder and is less able to change its shape in reaction to the tightening of the ciliary muscle. Furthermore, the ciliary muscle loses flexibility and range of motion. This makes it harder for the lens to focus on near objects, a medical condition known as presbyopia. Presbyopia affects nearly all adults upon reaching the age of 45 to 50.
One approach to providing presbyopia correction is the use of an ophthalmic lens, such as an IOL. Single focal length or monocular IOLs have a single focal length or single power; thus, single focal length IOLs cannot accommodate, resulting in objects at a certain point from the eye being in focus, while objects nearer or further away remain out of focus. Single focal length IOLs generally do not require power to function properly. An improvement over the single focal length IOL is an accommodating IOL, which can actually change focus by movement (physically deforming and/or translating within the orbit of the eye) as the muscular ciliary body reacts to an accommodative stimulus from the brain, similar to the way the natural crystalline lens focuses. Such accommodating IOLs are generally made from a deformable material that can be compressed or distorted to adjust the optical power of the IOL over a certain range using the natural movements of eye's natural zonules and the ciliary body. In some instances, the accommodative IOL includes an electro-active element that has an adjustable optical power based on electrical signals controlling the element, so that the power of the lens can be adjusted based on the patient's physiologic accommodation demand.
The various components of an electro-active or electrically actuated IOL, however, often create an undesirably large implant that is difficult to implant in the eye through a small incision. A large incision can result in surgical complications such as vision loss secondary to scarring or trauma to ocular tissues. Moreover, an electro-active IOL requires power to function correctly, rendering patients vulnerable to poor visual quality in the case of a non-operational IOL experiencing a power or system failure.
The devices, systems, and methods disclosed herein overcome one or more of the deficiencies of the prior art.

Accommodating intraocular lens devices, systems, and methods using an opaque frame


Applying materials, e.g. electrolytes and other materials, in the form of a spray during battery manufacture, particularly using a vibratory nebulizer to produce a small droplet, low velocity spray.

Most batteries are constructed using a container, known as a can, that holds reactive chemicals that drive the battery by electrochemical reactions. The chemicals are usually divided by a separator. An electrolyte fluid facilitates ionic flow between the chemicals and across the separator to develop an electric potential.
Generally, alkaline batteries include a cathode, an anode, a separator, and an electrolytic solution. The cathode is typically formed of an active material (e.g., manganese dioxide), carbon particles, and a binder. The anode can be a gel including an active material (e.g., zinc particles). The separator is usually disposed between the cathode and the anode. The electrolytic solution, which is dispersed throughout the battery, can be a hydroxide solution. Alkaline batteries include the conventional AA, AAA, AAAA, C, and D batteries commonly sold in stores. These conventional alkaline batteries include a cylindrical container containing a central, cylindrical zinc gel anode surrounded by a thin separator, which is in turn surrounded by a ring-shaped cathode.
In the manufacture of alkaline batteries it is common to start with a cylindrical can to which is first added a pelletized cathode material that is in the shape of an annulus. A separator is then placed against the surface of the cathode inside the annulus. The separator may be a preformed cylindrical sheet of, e.g., cellulose material, or the separator may be material that is applied as a liquid and then forms a stable film. A small precharge of electrolyte is then added to wet the separator. The precharge is poured into the annular opening defined by the separator and forms a small pool at the bottom of the can from which it wicks into the separator after a period of time. After the pool has been substantially depleted by the wicking action, the anode material, typically a slurry containing, for example, zinc particles, is added to the opening. Allowing time for sufficient wicking is important so that addition of the anode slurry does not displace the pool and cause spillage of electrolyte over the top of the can.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Method for applying electrolyte in the manufacture of a battery


The application of a dental material to a site in the oral cavity includes the application of vibrational energy and heat to the dental material in order to substantially impart a preselected or desired viscosity to the dental material.

Dental professionals use a wide variety of materials in maintaining, improving or otherwise treating dental health. These include for example, dental restorative composites and amalgams, adhesives, cements, veneers, impression and registration materials, endodontic obturation materials, and the like. It is often the case that a successful dental procedure requires precise and complete application of such materials to fill spaces and voids, to flow properly, to maintain a suitable viscosity and to otherwise maintain a proper consistency for adequate handling and application by the practitioner.
The present invention provides for improvements in such techniques and the handling of such dental materials.

Application dental materials to the oral cavity


An optical transmitter including an optical modulator comprising a first modulator and a second modulator connected in parallel to each other in the form of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer, and a phase shifter connected to the second modulator in series, a high-speed generator configured to generate a single carrier signal or multi-carrier signals and apply the generated single carrier signal or multi-carrier signals to the optical modulator, and an output stabilizer configured to stabilize a final output optical signal of the optical modulator by controlling a bias of each of the first modulator, the second modulator and the phase shifter.

1. Field
The following description relates to an optical transmitter for high-speed optical signal transmission, and more particularly, to an optical transmitter having a phase shift keying scheme, and a method thereof.
2. Description of the Related Art
Due to constantly increasing data traffic such as video and smart phone data, the communication speed used in an optical network is getting faster. In particular, a signal having a speed equal to or larger than 40 Gbps per wavelength appears to meet a bandwidth demand at points where data traffic is concentrated, such as high-performance computing, a server, a data center, an enterprise network, an Internet exchange center, and the like.
Methods of transmitting data that is modulated at a high speed using light include a non-return-to-zero (NRZ) or a return-to-zero (RZ) scheme, in which the amplitude of an optical signal is turned on/off according to an input electrical data, and a phase shift key (PSK) modulation scheme and a differential quaternary phase shift key (QPSK) modulation scheme, in which the phase of an optical signal is modulated.
Methods of transmitting a digital signal that is modulated as described above are divided into a single carrier scheme in which the signal is transmitted over a single carrier, and a multicarrier scheme in which the signal is transmitted over multiple carriers at a significantly lowered speed per carrier.
As for the single carrier transmission scheme, phase shift key modulation in which the phase of an optical signal is modulated to transmit a high-speed signal over a single carrier, and quadrature phase shift key (QPK) modulation and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) modulation in which two or more bits are transmitted during a single symbol, may be used. In these schemes, electrical data is directly applied to an optical modulator to modulate the phase of the optical signal.
According to the multicarrier transmission scheme, which is known as orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), high-speed data is converted into low-speed data and modulated through QPSK or QAM, and then transmitted in light over multiple carriers by use of fast fourier transform (FFT).
In both of the single carrier scheme and the multicarrier scheme, an optical Inphase-Quadrature (IQ) modulator is used to modulate an optical signal using an electrical signal. By controlling the optical IQ modulator properly, the quality of the modulated optical signal is maintained. Accordingly, an optical transmitter provided with an optical IQ modulator needs to maintain an optimum operating point regardless of surrounding temperature while supporting the single carrier scheme and the multicarrier scheme.

ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS RESEARCH INSTITUTE


Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a method and apparatus for recommending a test question, and an intelligent device. The method includes: acquiring a plurality of skill entities of a post; calculating, according to the data of the post, a weight value of each of the plurality of skill entities; and acquiring, according to the weight value of each skill entity, a recommended test question of the post from a question bank.

Recruitment of talents is an important part of the development of enterprises. In many talent recruitment processes, interviewees are assessed by test questions, for example, by written test, or interviewers ask questions based on test questions on site. At present, many enterprises let their interviewers provide test questions, but the actual question setting efficiency of the interviewers is often low. Thus, the efficiency of providing test questions is relatively low.

Method and apparatus for recommending test question, and intelligent device

Baidu Online Network Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd.


A stroke operation calibration control device for a hydraulic cylinder includes: movable portions; hydraulic cylinders; a stroke sensor measuring a stroke length of the hydraulic cylinder; a reset sensor measuring a reset reference point at which a measurement value of the stroke length obtained by the stroke sensor is reset; a stroke end detection process unit detecting a stroke end position of the hydraulic cylinder; a calibration process unit calibrating the measurement value of the stroke length upon the detection of the reset reference point and/or the stroke end position; a malfunction detection unit outputting an error when the stroke length is in the predetermined measurement range; and a control unit prohibiting the reset until the stroke length has passed the reset reference point at power input time.

An excavator as one working machine includes a running body, an upper swinging body that can swing on the running body, and an one machine on the upper swinging body. The operation machine includes a boom with one end pivotally supported on a base unit, an arm with one end pivotally supported by the other end of the boom, and an attachment pivotally supported by the other end of the arm. The boom, the arm, and the attachment are driven by hydraulic cylinders. For detecting the position and the posture of this operation machine, the stroke of the hydraulic cylinder is measured.
For example, Patent Literature 1 discloses an excavator having a position sensor that detects the position of the piston stroke of the hydraulic cylinder which drives the operation machine with the use of the rotation of a roller rolling on a cylinder rod. Since microscopic slide occurs between this roller and the cylinder rod, a measurement error is generated between the position of the actual stroke and the position of the stroke obtained from the detection result of the position sensor. In view of this, a magnetic sensor as a reset sensor is provided at a reference position on an outer surface of a cylinder tube of the hydraulic cylinder for calibrating the stroke position obtained from the detection result of the position sensor with the reference position. Every time the piston passes the reference position during the operation, the stroke position detected by the position sensor is calibrated, thereby enabling the correct position measurement.

Stroke operation calibration control device for hydraulic cylinder and stroke operation calibration control method for hydraulic cylinder


A method and a user equipment for transmitting uplink control information in a wireless communication system supporting carrier aggregation and operating in time division duplex (TDD) are discussed, the user equipment being configured with a first component carrier (CC) and a second CC having different uplink-downlink configurations, the user equipment being configured to transmit a hybrid automatic repeat request-acknowledgement (HARQ-ACK) response based on channel selection. The method according to an embodiment includes determining and transmitting HARQ-ACK bits. When a value W is 1 or 2, one or more HARQ-ACK bits for the first CC are determined based on min (M1, W) and one or more HARQ-ACK bits for the second CC are determined based on min (M2, W). Min (A, B) represents a smallest number, M1 represents a number of downlink subframes, and M2 represents a number of downlink subframes.

The present invention relates to a wireless communication system, and more particularly, to a method for transmitting control information and an apparatus for the same.
Wireless communication systems have been widely deployed in order to provide various types of communication services including voice or data. In general, a wireless communication system is a multiple access system that can support communication with multiple users by sharing available system resources (a bandwidth, transmission power, etc.). Examples of multiple access systems include code division multiple access (CDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA), single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA), etc.

Method for transmitting control information and apparatus for same


A composition comprising the hydrosilylation addition product of a linear alkenyl functionalized polyorganosiloxane and an M.sup.H Q resin and a low molecular weight silicone when subjected to a new particle size reduction process that includes flow induced shearing provides for components in personal care formulations that have improved spreadability and substance as a consequence of a unique particle size distribution.

Silicones have many uses in a variety of fields. They have found large commercial application in products as diverse as sealants, silicone rubbers, adhesives and cosmetics. Silicone oils have been found to be particularly desirable components of cosmetic compositions because the materials impart a dry, smooth uniform feel to the cosmetic composition among other benefits such as increasing apparent luster (or shine). The general use of silicones in cosmetic formulations has been complicated somewhat by the facts that while lower molecular weight silicones impart desirable properties to a composition they are volatile and have low viscosity, while the silicones that overcome these disadvantages are undesirably viscous.
Thus when it has been desirable to utilize low viscosity silicone oils in a cosmetic application, thickening agents have been employed to increase the solution viscosity and slow down the evaporative loss of the volatile low molecular weight silicone oil. This procedure while effective has the disadvantage of decreasing the spreadability of the silicone oil and leaves a heavy greasy feel on the skin. The spreadability and dry smooth feel are properties associated with low viscosity silicone that imparts a desirable feel or hand to the composition when it is applied as a cosmetic formulation. Materials that have found application in attempting to retain the desirable properties of low molecular weight silicone oils in cosmetic compositions while reducing evaporative losses due to high volatility have been among others fatty acid esters of dextrin, fatty acid esters of sucrose, trimethylsilyl substituted polyvinyl alcohols, trimethylsilyl substituted poly saccharides, cellulose ethers containing fatty acid esters, and organically modified clay minerals. These materials have the disadvantage that the light feeling and spreadability imparted by the low viscosity silicone oil is changed with the result that the composition no longer possesses those properties that suggested the use of the low viscosity silicone oil in the first place. Another disadvantage of these thickening agents or volatility inhibitors is that a large number of them are water soluble and must be used as a water dispersions or solutions. With hydrophobic silicone oils the introduction of water thus necessitates the use of emulsifiers and compatibilizers, complicating the formulation of the cosmetic and generally lowering the stability of the formulation with respect to separation of the component phases.
Recently, another approach to retaining the properties of low viscosity silicone oils in cosmetic compositions has been advanced where the low viscosity silicone oil is combined with the addition polymerization product between an organohydrogen polysiloxane and an alkenyl functionalized organopolysiloxane (U.S. Pat. No. 4,987,169). The organolydrogen polysiloxane utilized in those formulations comprised HSiO.sub.1.5 (T.sup.H), RSiO.sub.1.5 (T), RHSiO (D.sup.H), R.sub.2 SiO (D), R.sub.2 HSiO.sub.0.5 (M.sup.H) and R.sub.3 SiO.sub.0.5 (M) groups. The crosslinking hydride compound utilized was thus a compound of the general formula: M.sub.a M.sup.H.sub.b D.sub.C D.sup.H.sub.d T.sub.e T.sup.H.sub.f. While the cross-linking compound admits T groups either as hydride or substituted by R the preference in this technology is for linear hydride materials because the addition polymerization proceeds more smoothly. The R groups in the above formulas are typical organic substituents known in the art. Subsequently a low molecular weight silicone oil is added to the cross-linked addition polymerized product and the mixture is treated by applying a shearing force. This material may be used by itself as a cosmetic component or as a thickening agent and has the properties of a grease and can be used in a wide variety of industrial lubrication applications as well as the cosmetic application contemplated. The material prepared in this manner can be regarded as a lightly cross-linked elastomer with a volatile, low molecular weight silicone oil dissolved therein. Because the precursor cross-linking hydride is preferably linear and only moderately branched when T groups are incorporated, the addition polymerized product does not possess a tight network of cross-links in the resulting polymer. Linear and lightly crosslinked networks suffer from the disadvantage of having lower efficiency in raising the viscosity of a low molecular weight silicone. In addition to increasing the cost of the product, higher levels of crosslinked silicones result in leaving behind more residue when the volatile, low molecular weight silicone evaporates during use. In some cosmetic applications, e.g. deodorant or antiperspirants, an increased residue is a significant disadvantage as it contributes to staining of the clothing.
Further, linear and lightly crosslinked silicones do not form a film as easily as more tightly crosslinked silicones. The lack of a formation of a film is a disadvantage in a cosmetic application because a film provides a softer, smoother feel as compared to the heavier, less desirable feel of a linear silicone.
For solids, size reduction processes generally result in changing both the average particle size and the particle size distribution. With most solid materials, size reduction techniques usually reduce the average article size and produce a Gaussian distribution of particle sizes. Consequently, the art dealing with size reduction techniques is primarily concerned with controlling the width of the Gaussian distribution, i.e. how broad or how narrow the particle size distribution is, a property typically measured by the width of the distribution peak at half the peak height of the most prevalent particle size. This is typically referred to as a half-width measurement.
Emulsions can also be subjected to size reduction processes with results similar to those obtained for solid processes. An initial particle size and particle size distribution of an immiscible liquid dispersed in a second liquid phase is converted to one having a smaller average particle size. Typically the particle size distribution of the discontinuous phase in an emulsion is best represented by a Gaussian distribution regardless of whether the particle size distribution is measured before or after size reduction.
In contrast to the somewhat well-known predictability of size reduction processes for solids and dispersed liquids, soft solids such as a polymer do not respond in a classical fashion. Unlike emulsions which are insensitive to different methods of applying a shear force to reduce the average particle size, soft polymers frequently yield a random manifold of sizes and shapes. Thus, where it is desirable to reduce the average particle size of an elastomer, it would represent an advance in the art if the result of the size reduction process was controllable, if not predictable.


A bat swing guide. The guide includes a vertical support member and an arcuate guide attached at one end to the vertical support member. The arcuate guide is generally semi-circular and may be positioned to accommodate either a righthanded or lefthanded hitter. A pivoting tee is attached to the vertical support member for supporting a ball. An adjustable bat stop is attached to the distal end of the arcuate guide.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to baseball training devices and, more particularly, to a guide for training a batter to pattern his swing in a desirable manner.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Hitting a thrown baseball consistently is one of the most difficult skills in all sports. Even the best professional hitters rarely are able to make good ball contact more than one out of three tries. Recently hitters swing mechanics have been studied through slow motion and freeze-frame video tapes. Analysis of these tapes emphasize that the majority of all hitters' weaknesses are related to improper swing mechanics.
The conventional way to make improvements in the batter's swing has been by instructions from a batting coach and batting drills, including patching machines tees, and live pitchers. However, there has been a desire for a training aid not only to facilitate development of proper swing mechanics, but to remediate flaws in the hitter's current mechanics.
Several problems exist in designing a piece of equipment to help develop a variety of hitters. For example, the equipment must adapt to a wide range of hitters' heights and varying hitters' swing arcs. In addition, the device must keep the batter's hands in the same starting position and adjust to low and high pitches. Finally, the device should be versatile enough to be used for both left and right-handed hitters.
There have been several attempts at developing a satisfactory baseball bat swing guide training device. U.S. Pat. No. 2,985,452 (issued to Trippet) and U.S. Pat. No. 5,087,039 (issued to Laseke) disclose baseball bat swing training apparatuses which include a base which sits on the ground with a vertically extending post extending from the base. The baseball bat swing guide is attached to the post and includes a pair of parallel swing guides connected at one end and open at the other end.
The guides, as taught by Trippet and Laseke, force the batter to swing in a generally horizontal plane. However, the guides are limited to the contact zone adjacent to the ball and do not provide any aid in the approach to the contact zone.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,029,853 (issued to Gilfillan) discloses an improved bat swing guide which has a horizontal guide member, an arcuate guide member and a base. The arcuate guide member may be adjusted for the height of the batter and for a left or right-handed batter. The length of the arcuate guide member is measured by an angle of 90 to 180 degrees and the radius varies from 30-45 inches. The horizontal member includes a fixed ball holding means to allow a batter to strike a ball at completion of the guide swing.
While a substantial improvement over earlier bat swing guides, the Gilfillan apparatus includes a simplistic arc which does not restrict common flaws in proper swing mechanics, and promotes a long, slow, looping-style swing. In addition, there is no means to vary position of the ball to simulate different pitches.
Thus, there remains a need for a new and improved bat swing guide which promotes a shorter, more compact stroke and, in addition, provides a means for varying the position of the ball to simulate different pitches.


A circuit includes a voltage regulator (208) for outputting a voltage at a regulated level, a protection circuit (260), and a load circuit (210) coupled to the voltage regulator. The protection circuit includes means for preventing the voltage regulator from outputting a voltage at a level higher than the regulated level during a start-up period of the voltage regulator.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to voltage regulators, and more specifically to voltage regulators in an integrated circuit used for supplying voltage to load circuits in the integrated circuit.
2. Related Art
In an integrated circuit (IC) fabricated using a dual-oxide, complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) process, there is at least one circuit whose components are built with thick oxide devices and at least one circuit whose components are built with thin oxide devices. The thin oxide devices consume less power than do the thick oxide devices; however, the thin oxide devices cannot withstand as high of a voltage without damage as can the thick oxide devices. An IC typically includes at least one voltage regulator. The regulator is built with thick oxide devices because the regulator is biased off the highest voltage available, which is typically the voltage of a battery that supplies power to the IC. The voltage of the battery is typically 1.7 v to 3.6 v, depending on the process used for fabricating the IC. The regulator provides a lower voltage power supply to circuits that are constructed with thin oxide devices, and a higher voltage power supply to circuits that are constructed with thick oxide devices. Depending on the process for manufacturing the IC, the regulated level of the voltage at the output of the regulator is typically 0.9 v to 1.6 v for thin oxide devices. Any occasion that the voltage at the output of the regulator goes above the regulated level, the thin oxide devices of the IC are at risk of being damaged, possibly leading to a circuit failure. The output of the regulator going above the regulated level is more likely to occur during connection of the battery to the IC ("battery insertion"), which is when the voltage supply increases abruptly from zero volts.
FIG. 1 illustrates a known circuit 100 that includes an IC 101 within an IC package 102. The IC package 102 has a plurality of pins 103 for connecting the IC 101 to circuits external to the IC package 102. The IC 101 includes a thick oxide portion 104 and a thin oxide portion 106. A regulator 108, which comprises a plurality of thick oxide devices, resides on the thick oxide portion 104, and a load circuit 110, which comprises a plurality of thin oxide devices, resides on the thin oxide portion 106. A battery 120 supplies power to the regulator 108 via a power-in pin 122. An output 130 from the regulator 108 is coupled to the load circuit 110 and provides a regulated voltage to the load circuit. The output 130 from the regulator 108 is also coupled to a power-out pin 132. An external capacitor 140 is coupled to the power-out pin 132 and to ground.
One known regulator 108 comprises an operational amplifier (not shown) and an analog drive device (not shown). Through a feedback loop, the operational amplifier maintains the voltage at the output 130 of the regulator 108 at the regulated level. At time of insertion of the battery 120, the analog drive device becomes active prior to the operation of the operational amplifier becomes established. As a result, the voltage of the output 130 of the regulator 108 can momentarily reach the voltage level of the battery 120, i.e., the output of the regulator overshoots the regulated voltage. The higher voltage level of the battery 120, while not high enough to damage circuits made from thick oxide devices, can damage circuits made from thin oxide devices.
Some ICs have a battery-save circuit. A battery-save circuit may be useful, during normal start-up to help prevent the voltage of the output of the regulator from going above the regulated level. This is because, during normal start-up, the digital circuitry that controls the battery-save analog transistor is always on because such digital circuitry does not turn-off during a normal turn-off procedure. However, such digital circuitry does turn-off as a result of removal of the battery, and, therefore, is not operating immediately prior to battery insertion. The battery-save circuit does not turn on fast enough to be effective at time of battery insertion. A typical battery-save circuit comprises digital circuitry whose output is coupled to a gate of an analog battery-save transistor. The analog drive device of the regulator turns on before the battery-save circuit turns on. Therefore, during battery insertion, the battery-save circuit cannot be relied upon to prevent the voltage of the output of the regulator to go above the regulated level.
If the load circuit 110 of the regulator 108 has a significant amount of capacitance, such as capacitor 140, the capacitance of the load can help absorb any voltage overshoot at the output 130 of the regulator that may occur immediately after battery insertion. Some ICs 101 save die area by not having a significant internal capacitance. If the load circuit 110 of the regulator 108 lacks a significant amount of capacitance, an excessive voltage overshoot during battery insertion is more likely to occur. When the load circuit 110 lacks sufficient capacitance to absorb a voltage overshoot, most known IC packages 102 use a power-out pin 132 for allowing a capacitor 140 external to the IC package to be coupled to the output 130 of the regulator 108.
Some IC packages save pin-out by not having the power-out pin. The outputs of regulators in such IC packages are more susceptible to voltage overshoots during battery insertion because such IC packages do not have any provision for allowing additional, external capacitance to be coupled to the output of such regulators.
Known protection circuits for ICs only address voltage overshoots that occur during normal start-up, that is, when the battery has remained continuously connected to the device during the period that the device was turned off.
Known protection circuits for ICs do not address protection from voltage overshoots that occur immediately after battery insertion. Known protection circuits for ICs do not address protection from voltage overshoots caused by the insertion of the battery 120.
Known protection circuits for ICs do not sense the supply voltage, such as the voltage of the battery 120, to limit the voltage of the output 130 of the regulator 108 to the regulated level.

High voltage protection for a thin oxide CMOS device


An integrated circuit device (for example, a logic device or a memory device (such as, a discrete memory device)), including a memory cell array having a plurality of memory cells arranged in a matrix of rows and columns, multiplexer circuitry, coupled to the memory cell array, wherein the multiplexer circuitry includes a plurality of data multiplexers, each data multiplexer having a plurality of inputs, including (i) a first input to receive write data which is representative of data to be written into the memory cells of the memory cell array in response to a write operation, and (ii) a second input to receive read data which is representative of data read from memory cells of the memory cell array, and an associated output to responsively output data from one of the plurality of inputs, and syndrome generation circuitry, coupled to the multiplexer circuitry, to generate: (i) a write data syndrome vector using the write data and (ii) a read data syndrome vector using the read data.

In one aspect, the present inventions described and illustrated herein relate to an integrated circuit device having a memory cell array including error checking and correcting (ECC) circuitry and/or column redundancy, and techniques for programming, configuring, controlling and/or operating such device. More particularly, in one aspect, the present inventions relate to an integrated circuit having random access memory ("RAM") array having a plurality of memory cells (for example, memory cells having an electrically floating body in which an electrical charge is stored) arranged in a matrix of rows and columns wherein the integrated circuit includes an ECC architecture and/or a column redundancy architecture including at least one redundant column to substitute or replace a column of memory cells having at least one defective memory cell.
Briefly, with reference to FIG. 1A, memory cell array 10 typically includes a plurality of memory cells 12 arranged in a matrix of rows 14 (each typically having a common word line 16) and columns 18. A row address decoder 20 enables one or more rows to be read by sensing circuitry 22 (for example, a plurality of sense amplifiers). A column decoder 24, in response to an address, selects one or more of the outputs of the sensing circuitry 22.
One technique to improve the reliability of the data stored and/or output by dense memories is to employ ECC techniques. ECC techniques (for example, techniques to correct or reduce the impact of alpha particle induced soft error rate and/or errors caused by random defects in memory structures due to, for example, various complex fabrication processes) generally require the implementation of exclusive OR gates ("XOR") to calculate the parity of the ECC word. A longer ECC word requires the calculation of parity of more bits and hence requires "wider" XOR gates. Conventional schemes for parity calculation using wide XOR gates must address the challenges associated with wiring the various bits (sometimes from across the width of memory array 10) to the inputs of XOR gates. Notably, conventional techniques tend to employ a XOR tree in the read path (Read XOR Tree) and write path (Write XOR Tree). (See, FIG. 1B).
In addition, conventional implementations of the Single Error Correction (SEC) scheme using Hamming code often have a critical path for speed that begins from the bits read from the memory array (data and check bits), through the wide XOR gates to calculate the "syndrome" vector, which is then decoded to identify the position of the erroneous bit in the "ECC word". This information is used to correct the error during the read operation. During the memory write operation, wide XOR gates are used to calculate the parity and produce the "check bits" for the ECC word, which are then written into the array along with the data.
In order to improve, enhance and/or maintain a predetermined manufacturing yield of a memory cell array and/or device, one or more redundant columns 18r are often incorporated into memory array 10 to logically "replace" one or more columns 18 having one or more defective memory cells 12 and/or sense circuitry 22.
In one conventional technique, column redundancy is implemented by including a redundant column address decoder 24r which is programmed or mapped to logically replace a defective column (i.e., a column of memory cells having one or more defective memory cells and/or defective sense circuitry 22) with spare, replacement, redundant or another column 18r of memory cells 12r in memory array 10 (i.e., redundant column 18r of memory cells 12r). The individual address comparators (not illustrated) of redundant column decoder 20r are programmed to "enable" spare or redundant data sense circuitry 22r when the "applied" address matches the address of the defective column (which is fixed/stored in redundant column address decoder 24r). In this regard, the address of the defective column 18 is programmed into address comparators of redundant column decoder 24r during wafer testing. In this way, the redundant column address comparators enable a spare or redundant data sense circuitry 22r to be active when a set of column address signals match the address of a defective column 18 which is programmed into redundant column address decoder 24r.
One conventional redundancy technique employs a set of fuses to program or configure redundant column decoder 24r. In this regard, spare or redundant columns are programmed by selectively "blowing" fuses (not illustrated) within redundant column decoder 24r to "match" or correspond to the address of the columns having defective memory cells. Such fuses are often programmed prior to packaging, during the wafer testing stage, or immediately after packaging, during the device testing stage. In this way, spare or redundant data sense circuitry 22r (and data output path corresponding thereto) is enabled when the address matches the address programmed into redundant column decoder 24r.
A multiplexer may be employed in the data output path that responsively selects between the data from normal column and a spare column. Under normal operation, the multiplexers select the data from normal column. The multiplexer associated with the defective column may be enabled to select the data from the spare column which thereby incorporates the data from the spare or redundant column into the output path. A multiplexer may also be implemented on the write input path, where the data slated to be written into the defective column is "steered" to the spare or redundant column.
Notably, disabling circuitry may be implemented in memory array 10 to disable the data sense circuitry corresponding to the defective column when the address matches the address programmed into redundant column decoder 24r. As such, in response to a "match" between the applied column address and the address programmed in redundant column decoder 24r, normal data sense circuitry 22 (and data output path corresponding thereto) associated with the defective column is disabled and redundant data sense circuitry 22r (and data output path corresponding thereto) is enabled.

Integrated circuit having memory array including ECC and column redundancy and method of operating the same


A fiber enforced sheet for use as a wall or floor covering which comprises of adhered thin bricks bonded to a fiber-reinforced, backing layer. Thin brick is adhered to the fiber enforced sheet. The fiber enforced backing increases strength and rigidity to the thin brick during handling, and installation permits the thin bricks to be adhered to proper specification and spacing to be cut using ordinary tile or thin brick tools.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to fabricated thin brick sheets for use as wall or floor coverings and a process for manufacturing such sheets. The invention is a veneer, one layer of which comprises of an array of glued or adhesive applied thin bricks.
2. The Prior Art
Thin brick has long been a highly desired backing material for walls and floors, for interior and exterior, and the like. It is attractive, durable, waterproof, and fireproof. Thin bricks are available in a wide variety of sizes, shapes, colors, patterns, textures, and surface finishes. They are uniquely suited to a variety of applications ranging from decorative accents in the homes to complete commercial exterior finishes.
Thin brick per se is relatively inexpensive, being made essentially from clay minerals fired at high temperature. Not so its installation. The conventional construction of a thin brick wall, for example, begins with the installation of metal lath over a vapor barrier secured sheathing. Next, a scratch coat of mortar is applied to the lath followed by an accurately leveled mortar bed for the thin brick. Should the scratch coat be uneven, a separate, additional leveling layer of mortar may be required. When using adhesive brick are set one by one then grouted using mortar applied between thin brick. Individual thin bricks must be cut using special equipment and tools to fit them to spaces requiring less than a full thin brick or to fit them around fixtures and the like.
Thin brick setting is a skilled occupation, commanding high wages. The level of skill required, and the time-consuming nature of conventional thin brick installation render the process very expensive. Unfortunately, due to the high cost of thin brick installation, some builders have attempted installation shortcuts in a misguided effort to save money. Improper installation techniques frequently result in expensive repairs for the homeowner or general contractor.
Given this situation, it is not surprising to find a number of proposed solutions to the problem in the prior art. The concept of a prefabricated thin brick sheet which would not require any thin brick setting at the installation site has long been considered. However, the thin brick sheets previously described have all proved unsatisfactory for reasons such as insufficient strength, excessive weight, complexity of installation, and high labor cost. And none have met with commercial success to any significant extent.
Thus, it will be appreciated that the prefabricated thin brick sheets known in the art prior to this disclosure all relied on a core part, commonly of steel, plastic, foam, or a relatively thick backing layer to impart some measure of structural strength and rigidity to the sheets. These cores substantially increase the thickness of the sheets, and this in turn necessitates special mounting hardware for installation.

Fiber enforced thin brick sheet and process


A package structure including a first lead, a second lead, an encapsulant, a light-emitting device and an electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection device is provided. The second lead is disposed beside the first lead, and parts of the first lead and the second lead are encapsulated by the encapsulant. The encapsulant has a first cavity and a second cavity. Parts of the first lead and the second lead are exposed by the first cavity and the other parts of the first lead and the second lead are exposed by the second cavity. The light-emitting device is disposed inside the first cavity and electrically connected to the first lead and the second lead. The ESD protection device is disposed inside the second cavity and electrically connected to the first lead and the second lead.

1. Field of Invention
The present invention generally relates to a package structure, and particularly to a package structure of a light-emitting device.
2. Description of Related Art
In comparison with conventional bulbs, the light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are characterized by compactness, long lifetime, low power consumption, free of mercury (non-pollution), and so on. With advancement of luminance efficiency, applications of fluorescent lamps and incandescent bulbs are gradually replaced with LEDs in some areas. For example, the LEDs have been employed to high-speed light sources of scanners, back light sources of liquid crystal displays (LCDs), illumination of the instrument panels, traffic signs and general illumination devices.
Despite the aforesaid advantages, the LEDs are often damaged by abnormal voltages or electrostatic discharge (ESD). Conventionally, the LED and a Zener diode are connected in parallel to prevent the LED from being damaged by the abnormal voltage or ESD.
FIG. 1A is a top view depicting a conventional LED package structure, while FIG. 1B is a cross-sectional view of the LED package structure of FIG. 1A. Referring to FIGS. 14 and 1B, the conventional LED package structure 100 includes a first lead 110, a second lead 120, an encapsulant 130, an LED chip 140, and a Zener diode 150. The first lead 110 is disposed beside the second lead 120, and parts of the first lead 110 and the second lead 120 are packaged by the encapsulant 130. The encapsulant 130 has a cavity 132 SO as to expose parts of the first lead 110 and the second lead 120.
In addition, the LED chip 140 is disposed on the first lead 110 within the cavity 132. A cathode of the LED chip 140 is electrically connected to the first lead 110 through a wire 162 while an anode thereof is electrically connected to the second lead 120 through a wire 164. The Zener diode 150 is disposed on the second lead 120 within the cavity 132. The cathode of the Zener diode 150 is electrically connected to the second lead 120 directly while the anode thereof is electrically connected to the first lead 110 through a wire 166.
According to the prior art, the disposition of the Zener diode 150 prevents the LED chip 140 from being damaged by ESD. However, the Zener diode 150 blocks parts of the light emitted by the LED chip 140, which deteriorates the luminescence efficiency of the LED package structure 100.

Package structure for ESD protection of light-emitting device


An all optical network for optical signal traffic has at least a first ring with at least one transmitter and one receiver. The first ring includes a plurality of network nodes. At least a first add/drop broadband coupler is coupled to the first ring. The broadband coupler includes an add port and a drop port to add and drop wavelengths to and or from the first ring, a pass-through direction and an add/drop direction. The first add/drop broadband coupler is configured to minimize a pass-through loss in the first ring and is positioned on the first ring.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to all optical networks, and more particularly to an all optical network that uses broadcast and select and minimizes pass-through losses between rings.
2. Description of the Related Art
In today's long-haul dense-wavelength-division-multiplexed (DWDM) optical networks, multiple regenerators have been replaced by optical amplifiers. However, when interconnecting two or more metro ring networks, or when interconnecting a metro ring with long-haul systems, telecom operators are still relying on regenerators and O-E-O wavelength-converters. Wavelength-converters are needed because conventional DWDM systems do not possess enough wavelengths to cover a wide service area such as multiple interconnected rings, and therefore wavelengths used in one ring must be re-used in another ring via wavelength converters. Regenerators are needed because most of the transmission technologies used in today's metro networks can only support limited transmission distance and data rates.
Conventional ring networks, illustrated in FIGS. 1(a) and 1(b) have a central hub which terminates all the wavelengths by a pair of DWDM mux and demux, an array of O-E-O regenerators, and an electronic cross-connect/switch, such as the one illustrated in FIG. 2. If the central hub in FIG. 2 does not terminate all the wavelengths by DWDM mux/demux and O-E-O regenerators, there is a possibility that the wavelengths may circulate perpetually around the ring especially when excessive amplifications are supplied along the ring. This positive net gain can cause lasing phenomenon and consequently unstable received signals. A solution proposed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,192,173 is that a controlled loss can be added to the ring, and the net round-trip loss should be large enough to prevent the onset of positive feedback but is sufficiently small to allow detection of optical signals to occur with a certain acceptable bit-error-rate. This method makes network control very complicated because adaptive loss control must be provided to different ring sizes and number of nodes, and the system bit-error-rate performance can be degraded.
In FIG. 1(a), wavelength add-drop is carried out by using two optical circulators and a fiber Bragg grating (FBG). The FBG performs the "drop" function by reflecting a wavelength through the first optical circulator. Consequently, when there are two or more wavelengths needed to be dropped, more FBGs are inserted between the two optical circulators, and service disruption is incurred. In FIG. 1(b), dynamic wavelength OADM is implemented in terms of wavelength separation and combination devices (e.g., a DWDM wavelength/band mux/demux pair), together with one or more optical switches—such as 2×2 or N×N devices.
For those wavelengths or bands that should pass through the particular node, the mux and demux pair are connected back-to-back, while for those wavelengths or bands to be dropped and added, there is a 2×2 switch inserted between the mux/demux pair. Depending on the predicted traffic per node, a system planner needs to pre-plan how many 2×2 switches must be placed in advance. This results in two problems, (1) once a fixed number of 2×2 switches are installed, future upgrade to install more switches can cause service disruptions, and (2) if an N×N switch is installed right at the beginning to cover every possible wavelength/band add-drop in the future, its cost will be high. In addition, the N×N switch long-term reliability is still questionable.
Despite the inflexible and non-scalable structure of the OADMs they do offer the wavelength reuse feature, i.e., the added wavelength can be the same as the dropped wavelength. This is a useful feature for ring networks with limited number of available wavelengths.
Another type of optical ring network, illustrated in FIGS. 3(a) and 3(b), uses optical couplers along the main path of the ring network to replace the complicated OADMs. This kind of optical network is a broadcast-and-select optical network, also referred to as a "one-hop" networks, which has been investigated in a DWDM all-optical star (R. Ramaswami and K. N. Sirarajan, Optical Networks:. a practical perspective, Morgan, 1998) and proposed in ring networks ("Flexible WDM network architecture", U.S. Pat. No. 6,192,173, April 2001).
In a broadcast-and-select architecture, whenever an optical transmitter launches a wavelength into the network, any user on the ring can receive this message (the "broadcast" characteristic of the network). A receiver receives its desired signal by using either a tunable filter or a fixed filter/demultiplexer (the "select" characteristics of the receiver). A tunable laser can also be used to launch a dynamically tunable wavelength into a fixed optical filter on the receiving end. In either case, the disadvantage is that no wavelength can be re-used. This is because the dropped wavelength will continue to propagate along the rest of the ring network(s), and no other nodes can use the dropped wavelength any more. Consequently, each transceiver card must receive at a specific wavelength, λx, and transmit at another wavelength, λy. This implies the broadcast-and-select network consumes wavelengths twice faster than DWDM networks using conventional OADMs. Most of today's metro-ring optical networks have a limited number of available wavelengths, consequently one cannot afford not to "re-use" the "dropped" wavelengths. Therefore, today's DWDM metro-ring optical network seldom uses broadcast-and-select scheme.
There is a need for a broadcast and select architecture in an all optical fiber ring network. There is a further need for a passive fiber ring network that does not have active elements. Yet there is a further need for an all optical fiber ring network that has minimal fiber ring lasing or coherent cross-talk on the ring. There is still a further need for an all optical fiber ring network that eliminates the need for in-line amplifier gain saturation on the ring. There is another need for an all optical fiber ring network where all wavelength powers are equalized by controlling the launched power of each wavelength.

Broadcast and select all optical network


An element with elongated, high aspect ratio channels such as microchannel plate is fabricated by electrochemical etching of a p-type silicon element in a electrolyte to form channels extending through the element. The electrolyte may be an aqueous electrolyte. For use as a microchannel plate, the; the silicon surfaces of the channels can be converted to insulating silicon dioxide, and a dynode material with a high electron emissivity can be deposited onto the insulating surfaces of the channels. New dynode materials are also disclosed.

Microchannel plates, referred to herein as "MCP", are used in imaging amplification applications. In a typical application, an optical image is directed onto a photocathode, which emits a relatively small number of electrons in areas where light strikes the photocathode. The emitted electrons constitute a "photoelectron image". The MCP amplifies the photoelectron image. In an image intensifier such as a so-called "night vision" device,the amplified electron image is converted to a photon image on a phosphor screen anode. In other applications referred to as image converters, the amplified electron image is encoded as charge pixels in a silicon anode target, typically a CCD or other silicon pixel devices. MCP's are also used in the fastest rise time and lowest time-jitter photomultiplier tubes, for charged particle and photon detection in a wide variety of physical science instrumentation, in streak cameras, as amplifiers for CRT beams in oscilloscopes. MCP's provide the virtues of high speed with sub-ns rise/fall times and transit time spreads less than 100 ps; high gain (typically 10.sup.3 -10.sup.6 /per stage); 2-D incident electron image preservation under amplification; immunity to magnetic fields, and compactness.
A typical Microchannel Plate (MCP) consists of an array of miniature channel electron multipliers 90 oriented parallel to each other, formed into a plate as illustrated in FIG. 1. Each channel electron multiplier is a tubular channel with an aspect ratio: EQU .alpha.=L/d>20, (1)
where L is the length of the channel, typically equal to the thickness of the plate, and d is the diameter of the channel. The channels in glass-based MCP are typically 10-15 .mu.m in diameter, with a range of 5 .mu.m-100 .mu.m diameter, and .alpha. is typically between 40 and 100. The top and bottom of the plate are covered with metallic electrodes which create an electric field along the channel axis. Glass based MCP can be made from a lead containing glass. The lead glass matrix is formed by repeated drawing of a preform of etchable glass fibers clad with the lead glass until the fiber core shrinks to the desired diameter, whereupon the preform is sawed to the appropriate thickness and the fiber cores are etched away. The disc produced is heated in a reducing atmosphere to produce the secondary emitting surface or dynode layer and an underlying weakly conducting layer. Optionally, a thin layer of SiO.sub.2 or Si.sub.3 N.sub.4 may be deposited over this surface to provide a surface with an improved secondary electron yield and greater durability. FIG. 1 shows the overall schematic of the microchannel plate. In operation, a high voltage is applied between the front and back surfaces of the MCP. Typically, the resistance of the MCP is about 10.sup.9 .phi.. The electric field accelerates electrons in the channels and causes them to collide with the walls. The MCP operates by successive secondary emission of the electrons colliding with the walls of the channel, which have been activated to provide the dynode layer. At each collision, a secondary emission yield of electrons emitted per incident electron is approximated by: EQU .delta.=AV.sub.c.sup.1/2, (2)
where A is a proportionality constant and V.sub.c is the electron collision energy in eV. For a wide range of lead glasses used in MCP's, A.about.0.2 and .delta..sub.max .about.3.5 at 0.3 kV. The gain mechanism in a single channel is shown in FIG. 2. Primary electrons 92 impinge on the wall 94 of the channel, provoking emission of secondary electrons 96, which are accelerated along the channel and again impinge on the wall, provoking emission of further secondary electrons 98, and so on.
The gain of a channel is given by: EQU G=(AV/2.alpha.V.sub.o.sup.1/2).gamma. (3)
where EQU .gamma.=4.alpha..sup.2 (V.sub.o /V) (4)
and V is the total channel voltage, V.sub.o is the initial energy of the secondary electron, typically about 1 eV.
Gains for lead glass-based channels are normally about 10.sup.3 -10.sup.4 at V=1000 V depending on the activation processing. Setting d(lnG)/d.alpha.=0, we find extremes for the aspect ratio and gain as: EQU .alpha..sub.M =AV/(3.3V.sub.o.sup.1/2) (5)
and EQU lnG.sub.M =0.184A.sup.2 V
For typical MCP channels using activated Pb-glass, the gain G.sub.M is about 1500 at V=1 kV with the extreme aspect ratio .alpha..sub.M being about 60. When the aspect ratio increases beyond .alpha..sub.M (for example, the plate thickness increases while the hole diameter is constant), the gain saturates at the maximum gain value. When the gain is increased or sufficient numbers of electrons are incident, the space-charge at the output of the channel will prevent linear gain behavior. In typical glass-based pores, the space-charge limit is .about.10.sup.6 electrons for a 10 .mu.m pore. The space charge gain limit has been shown to be linear with the diameter (with V, .alpha. fixed).
A major problem for the MCP gain mechanism using reduced lead glass channels or other activation methods on glass is the decrease in gain with total charge drawn from the channel. The change in gain with use is an impediment to more widespread use of MCP, and is a major challenge for MCP manufacturers. Degradation of gain with operation is almost unavoidable with the chemistry of silica-based glasses, because of the evolution of and reaction with impurities in the channel by the electron bombardment of the channel surface.
It is also possible for the gain to increase before decreasing due to electron impact and heating during operation which cleans impurities and adsorbed gasses from the channel and increases the secondary emitter population. Such gain instability has limited the use of MCP in applications where stable gain is essential, and, in any case, limits the useful lifetime of MCP devices.
As set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 5,544,772, it has been proposed to make microchannel plate devices by light assisted electrochemical etching of n-type <100> silicon. The n-type silicon light assisted electrochemical etching process has distinct advantages over the conventional glass based manufacturing processes. However, there are significant disadvantages, which interfere with formation of deep (>50 .mu.m) uniformly etched channels over large areas (such as 200 mm diameter silicon wafers). A further disadvantage of the n-type silicon electrochemical etching process is that a light source is required to generate holes so that etching may proceed.
As described, for example, in Lehmann et al, Formation Mechanism And Properties Of Electrochemically Etched Trenches In N-Type Silicon, J. Electrochemical Society, Vol. 137, #2, pp. 653-659 (1990) and in U.S. Pat. No. 4,874,484, light assisted electrochemical etching of n-type silicon produces deep channels perpendicular to the surface of the silicon. If the silicon surface is provided with pits at preselected locations, these channels form at the pits and hence at the same preselected locations. According to the Lehmann et al. article and in the '484 patent, the channels grow at their tips by selected etching of only the material at the tips of the channel. As described in these references and in numerous other references, it has long been believed that the mechanism responsible for such selective etching involves depletion of holes in the n-doped silicon and concentration of the few remaining holes at the tips of the channels due to the influences of electrical fields present in the process. Thus, the process of controlled deep channel growth at the preselected locations has been applied only in n-type silicon.
Propst et al., The Electrochemical Oxidation Of Silicon And Formation Of Porous Silicon In Acetonitrile, J. Electrochemical Society, Vol. 141, #4, pp 1006-1013 (1994) discloses the formation of deep channels at random locations using electrochemical etching of p-type silicon in a non-aqueous, anhydrous electrolyte. This reference does not disclose processes for forming deep channels at the pre-selected locations. Moreover, this reference emphasizes that aqueous electrolytes result in formation of highly branched, porous structures rather than deep, narrow channels of the types requires for microchannel plates and other applications. Similar teachings are found in Rieger et al., Microfabrication of silicon via Photoetching, the Electrochemical Society Proceedings, Vol. 94-361 (1994). Prost et al. U.S. Pat. 5,348,627 and 5,431,766 relate to the same work.
Despite these and other efforts in the art, there are substantial needs for further improvements in processes for forming deep, high-aspect ratio channels in silicon. It would be desirable to provide a process for forming channels in p-type silicon at preselected locations. P-type silicon wafers are fabricated in large numbers for use in manufacture of conventional silicon semiconductor devices. Therefore, p-type wafers are readily available at low cost. It would be desirable to be able to fabricate a device such as a microchannel plate having elongated channels therein at preselected locations starting from these economical, low cost wafers.
The processes used for forming channels in silicon heretofore have operated at the relatively low etch rates, so that the lengths of the channels increase at less than 1 .mu.m per minute. It would be desirable to form channels at a faster rate to reduce the the cost of the process.
Moreover, processes which require anhydrous electrolytes incur added costs due to the precautions which must be taken to eliminate water from the solvents and to isolate the process from moisture in the environment. These processes incure further costs associated with purchase and disposal of the required organic solvents. It would be desirable to eliminate these costs. Also, because hydrofluoric acid is difficult and expensive to handle, it would be desirable to provide a process which can be operated without the use of hydrofluoric acid as a starting reagent.
It would also be desirable to provide microchannel plates with electron-emissive dynode materials having enhanced resistance to degradation during use, so as to provide a microchannel plate with a more stable, long-lasting gain.

Silicon etching process for making microchannel plates


A method for recording a unique ID to a read-only optical disk adopts the 1-7 PP modulation technique and provides in a plurality of predetermined positions postscript areas each having a predetermined postscript pattern. The postscript pattern takes a form of 3T (pit)-2T (land)-3T (pit) and has a length of 8T (largest code length of a modulated bit string). Modulated bit strings before and after the 3T-2T-3T postscript pattern are formed so that the pit-land-pit postscript pattern complies with the rule of the variable-length modulation even when it is replaced as a whole with a pit-only pattern. Further, the land in the middle will not physically change when irradiated with laser light having a reading-level power, but will be melted with a power higher than the reading-level one.

The read-only optical recording media such as a CD (Compact Disk), DVD (Digital Versatile Disk), etc. are well known as information recording media to which information such as copyrighted music and video works can be recorded via modulation. Read-only recording media to which content such as a music work, video work or the like is recorded should be warranted for no difference in quality from one medium to another. This warranty is achieved by forming first a single master and replicating read-only recording media one after another on the basis of the single master.
Especially, a large number of disk-shaped read-only optical recording media each having recorded therein, as a pit-land-pit pattern on a substrate, a digital signal resulted from conversion of the same content information, such as a CD or DVD, can be produced at a time by replicating a single master. Therefore, the disk-shaped read-only optical recording medium is more advantageous in less deterioration of the master during replication, considerably easier replication, shorter time for replication and lower cost than the other recording media using a rewritable recording medium as a read-only recording medium, such as a tape cassette and video tape cassette for video tape recorders.
On the other hand, it is not always desirable in light of the medium management that only the same information can be written to all media, which is because the media cannot be distinguished from each other. The "medium management" is originally required for the quality control at the side of the medium manufacturer. However, since distribution of CDs and DVDs copied with no legitimate right has recently become a serious problem, the medium management has become more and more important for management of read-only recording media against illegal copying as well as for management of the copyright on the content of the medium.
The problem in the medium management against illegal copying lies in that no distinction can be made between a genuine medium and illegal copy of the medium because of the aforementioned characteristic of the read-only recording medium.
To solve the above problem, there has been proposed to record unique information unique to each of read-only recording media. An illegal copy of a recording medium having recorded therein unique information, namely, information different from one to another medium, will carry no such unique information or will not successfully be played. Therefore, this measure will be very effective for prevention of illegal copying or the like.
For the above reason, it is necessary to record unique information to each of the read-only recording media before shipment. For this purpose, an information recording method for this recording of unique information is necessary.
For recording unique information to each of read-only recording media, it is known to mark or attach a bar code carrying the unique information on the surface or like of the read-only recording medium. However, the bar code is easy to forge and is recorded separately from a part of the medium where information such as content is recorded. Therefore, a more effective method than the bar code recording has been demanded.
For postscription of identification information to the medium part where information such as a content is recorded, there has been proposed a medium management method using the Postscribed ID (trademark) developed by the SONY DISC TECHNOLOGY etc.
The method developed by the SONY DISC TECHNOLOGY is such that a large number of optical recording media such as a CD is produced once, by a stamper, from a material that can be melted with postscribing light to form a reflecting layer as a recording layer, and then a predetermined portion (land) of a pit-land-pit pattern formed on a recording track on each of optical recording media is irradiated with high-power laser light to pit the predetermined land portion.
More specifically, with such a land portion to be pitted being set in a plurality of places on the read-only recording medium, it is judged based on information unique to the recording medium whether each of such land portions should be pitted or left as the land, and each land portion is irradiated with laser light on the basis of the result of judgment, to thereby postscribe unique identification information at a part of the recording medium where actual information such as a content or the like is recorded.
The existence of the above-mentioned bar code on the recording medium is visually known. Since the medium-unique information written on the recording medium as above cannot visually be known, however, the recording medium thus produced by the method proposed by the SONY DISC TECHNOLOGY is not easily forgeable. Also, since the medium-unique information is recorded on the recording track, any special reading system is not necessary. Therefore, different from the appending of medium-unique identification information as a bar code, the medium management proposed by the SONY DISC TECHNOLOGY is suitable for the quality control as well as for the information management etc.
However, since the recording medium playing apparatus should detect where the identification signal is recorded, the land portion to be pitted has to be predetermined on the recording medium and a data row, if any, formed not in compliance with the modulation rule after the land portion is pitted will make it impossible to play back the recording medium.
Recording rules used in conjunction with the EFM (Eight-Fourteen Modulation) technique or the EFM plus modulation technique normally adopted in the CD and DVD to solve the above problems of the related art are proposed in the Japanese Patent Laid Open Nos. 2003-141742 and -151145.

Read-only optical recording medium on which unique identification information is written


A sensor array (100) with one or more sensors (201-204), with one or more operating means (101-104), each of which labels an object (801, 802), and with a processing unit (501) that is connected to the sensor or the sensors (201-204) via a communication connection (401), wherein each sensor (201-204) is designed for reading and unambiguously identifying an operating means (101-104). In each sensor (201-204), the time at which an operating means (101-104) was detected, the operating means identification of the operating means (101-104), a sensor identification that unambiguously identifies the sensor, and a quality variable q(t, s, b) determined based on time, sensor and operating means for the detection of the operating means (101-104) is sent to the processing unit (501). The invention further relates to a corresponding method.

The invention relates to a sensor array and a method for operating a sensor array.
Such sensor arrays are used in plants, such as production lines for manufacturing specific goods, to control, manage and monitor work processes.
The sensor array typically comprises an arrangement of sensors arranged in a distributed manner throughout the production line, which sensors are especially designed in the form of optical sensors that constitute code readers. With these code readers, operating means in the form of markings are recognized, which markings are arranged on objects, which are conveyed along the production line. The individual code readers can be connected through a bus system to a joint controller. Based on the markings read by the code readers, the controller can detect which objects are detected by which sensor and thereby control work and/or production processes.
One problem with such plants is that when changes must be made, such as modifying production parameters, this necessitates the involvement of a planner. This requires a relatively high response time.
This approach is especially disadvantageous if faults or impairments of sensor functionalities arise. This includes, especially, incorrect readings of markings on the objects.
In principle, it is possible to detect the quality of read operations carried out on markings by the code readers. An essential problem here, is that it cannot be determined whether the incorrect reading is due to a defect in the marking or due to an impairment of the sensor function of the code reader.

Sensor arrangement and method for operating a sensor arrangement


An image display device includes pixels each of which includes subpixels including a first subpixel and a second subpixel. The first subpixel includes a first light-emitting element configured to emit isochromatic light and a first wavelength conversion layer provided over the first light-emitting element to emit red light. The second subpixel includes a second light-emitting element configured to emit the isochromatic light and a second wavelength conversion layer provided over the second light-emitting element to emit green light. The pixels includes at least one pixel which includes a defective subpixel. A drive circuit is configured to drive the subpixels based on data of an image signal such that the pixels reproduces the data of the image signal. The drive circuit is configured to drive the first subpixel and the second subpixel based on the position data and data of red and green luminances.

It is desirable to realize an image display device that is thin and has high luminance, a wide viewing angle, high contrast, and low power consumption. To satisfy such market needs, a display device that utilizes a self-luminous element is being developed as shown in JP 2016-523450 A.
There are expectations for the advent of a display device using a micro LED which is a fine light-emitting element as a self-luminous element. When micro LEDs are used in an image display device, the number of elements increases as the image quality increases as in full high definition, 4K, 8K, etc., which makes yield improvement problematic.
In a micro LED image display device, the micro LEDs that are determined to be good parts in an electrical inspection are mounted to a panel module. A quality determination is performed again in a display confirmation inspection or the like for the panel module to which the micro LEDs are mounted.
Thus, because inspections are performed multiple times, the overall yield of the image display device is the yield at the inspection of the individual micro LEDs multiplied by the yield when mounting and after mounting to the panel module. Therefore, because the number of the mounted elements increases as the image quality increases, it is difficult to sufficiently increase the overall yield; and it may be difficult to have cost competitiveness with image display devices of other techniques.
Accordingly, for an image display device that uses micro LEDs, it is necessary to suppress the yield decrease and reduce the manufacturing cost.
SUMMARY OF INVENTION
According to one aspect of the present invention, an image display device includes a plurality of pixels and a drive circuit. Each of the plurality of pixels includes a plurality of subpixels. The plurality of subpixels includes a first subpixel and a second subpixel. The first subpixel includes a first light-emitting element configured to emit isochromatic light and a first wavelength conversion layer provided over the first light-emitting element to emit red light. The second subpixel includes a second light-emitting element configured to emit the isochromatic light and a second wavelength conversion layer provided over the second light-emitting element to emit green light. The plurality of pixels includes at least one pixel which includes a defective subpixel, the first subpixel, and the second subpixel. The drive circuit is configured to drive the plurality of subpixels based on data of an image signal such that the plurality of pixels reproduces the data of the image signal. The drive circuit includes position data designating positions of the defective subpixel, the first subpixel, and the second subpixel. The drive circuit is configured to drive the first subpixel and the second subpixel based on the position data and data of red and green luminances.
According to another aspect of the present invention, a method for manufacturing an image display device which includes a plurality of pixels including a plurality of subpixels includes a defective subpixel detection process and a wavelength conversion layer formation process. The defective subpixel detection process includes preparing the plurality of subpixels which include a plurality of light-emitting elements to emit light, respectively; turning on the plurality of light-emitting elements; acquiring image data of the plurality of light-emitting elements which have been turned on; acquiring position data of positions of defective light-emitting elements and other light-emitting elements among the plurality of light-emitting elements; and storing the position data. The wavelength conversion layer formation process includes providing, based on the position data, a first wavelength conversion layer over one of the plurality of light-emitting elements to emit red light, and providing, based on the position data, a second wavelength conversion layer over another of the plurality of light-emitting elements to emit green light.
According to further aspect of the present invention, an image display device includes a plurality of pixels and a drive circuit. Each of the plurality of pixels includes a plurality of subpixels. The plurality of subpixels includes a first light-emitting element configured to emit isochromatic light; a first wavelength conversion layer provided over the first light-emitting element to emit red light; a second light-emitting element configured to emit the isochromatic light; a second wavelength conversion layer provided over the second light-emitting element to emit green light; a third light-emitting element configured to emit the isochromatic light; and a third wavelength conversion layer provided over the third light-emitting element to emit blue light. The plurality of pixels includes at least one pixel which includes a defective subpixel; one subpixel including the first wavelength conversion layer; and another subpixel including the second wavelength conversion layer. The drive circuit is configured to drive the plurality of subpixels based on data of an image signal such that the plurality of pixels reproduces the data of the image signal. The drive circuit includes position data designating positions of the defective subpixel, the one subpixel, and the another subpixel. The drive circuit is configured to drive the one subpixel and the another subpixel based on the position data and data of red and green luminances.

Image display device and method for manufacturing image display device


A computer-implemented screening method, system, and computer program product including detecting at least two disassembled components of an object spread across multiple sensor scan images of at least one container, storing a record of each disassembled component correlated with contextual information of each owner of each container corresponding to a sensor scan image, and flagging the owner of the container in the sensor scan image based on a joint assessment of the sensor scan image including a disassembled component that can be combined with another disassembled component in a different sensor scan image to assemble the object and the contextual information of each owner.

The present invention relates generally to a screening (e.g., luggage, passenger, etc.) method, and more particularly, but not by way of limitation, to a cognitive method, a computer program product, and a system for a spatial and temporal analysis based on disassembled or disjoint components of a flagged object (e.g., an assembly) in a security screen.
Luggage and identity checking, such those that are used by airport authorities for checking luggage, are increasingly important in the fight against international terrorism and in preventing potential danger. Conventionally, sophisticated hiding methods being used such as disassembling the dangerous items/weapons into multiple small pieces poses a greater risk and makes the security system very difficult to select and recognize them. Thus, there is a need in the art for a screening system that can check for disassembled components of an object across potentially multiple screen check points (e.g., spatially and/or temporally different).

Cognitive screening for prohibited items across multiple checkpoints by using context aware spatio-temporal analysis

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION


An apparatus for supercharging a four cycle internal combustion engine has at least one inlet reed or check valve and at least one outlet reed or check valve associated with each cylinder of the internal combustion engine. The crankcase of the engine is maintained air tight and if the engine is multi-cylindered, the crankcase must be provided with some form of air tight separation between each cylinder inside the crankcase. When the engine is rotating, each up-stroke of each piston causes an air charge to enter the respective crankcase section for that cylinder through its associated inlet reed or check valve. Each down-stroke of the piston causes compression of the charge in the associated section of the crankshaft and delivery of this pressurized charge through the associated outlet reed or check valve. The outlet reed or check valve is in communication with the carburetor or fuel injection system of the engine to provide this supercharged charge to the intake system of the internal combustion engine thus supercharging the engine.

Superchargers in the form of air pumps or blowers are well known for the intake system of an internal combustion engine. Their purpose is to increase the air charge weight and thus the power output from a given engine size.
Superchargers for engines which are used in stationary, automotive, aircraft and marine applications are generally designed as a positive displacement blower of the piston or Roots type. These positive displacement blowers are normally driven from the engine crankshaft. Because the volume delivery of these types of blowers varies linearly with the engine speed, the cylinder pressure and shaft torque are reasonably constant throughout the speed range. Typically, a gain in air charge and horsepower in the area of one-third or higher may be realized over a naturally aspirated engine of the same size. This horsepower increase is dependent on the boost pressure for the engine equipped with the blower.
On diesel or compression ignition applications, the increased air content produced by the supercharger allows the engine to burn more fuel and produce greater horsepower without creating excessive pressures inside the cylinder. In the case of the diesel engine, supercharging makes ignition of the fuel easier due to the compression of the intake air by the supercharger which raises the air charge temperature.
Four cycle and some two cycle engines often require some form of blower or air charger similar to the superchargers mentioned above to assist in charging the cylinder during the intake phase. If the air pressure in the cylinder at the beginning of the compression stroke is substantially above atmospheric pressure, the engine is then said to be supercharged.
The present invention provides the art with an apparatus for supercharging an internal combustion engine. The apparatus has at least one individual inlet reed or check valve and at least one individual outlet reed or check valve for each cylinder in the internal combustion engine. The crankcase of the engine is maintained air tight and if the engine is multi-cylindered, the crankcase must be provided with some form of air tight separation between each cylinder inside the crankcase. When the engine is rotating, each up-stroke of each piston causes an air charge to enter the crankcase section for that cylinder through its associated inlet reed. Each down-stroke of the piston causes compression of the charge in the associated section of the crankshaft and delivery of this pressurized charge through the associated outlet reed. The outlet reed is in communication with the carburetor or intake system of the engine to provide this supercharged charge to the internal combustion engine thus supercharging the engine.
Other advantages and objects of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the subsequent detailed description, appended claims and drawings.


A sheet of fibrous web material having one textile-like surface and an opposite substantially smooth surface, a grain depth memory factor greater than 80, an apparent density in the range of about 4 to about 7 pound ream/caliper point in mils, a caliper (at a basis weight between about 50 and about 75 pounds/3000 square feet) greater than 0.008 inch, and a machine-direction sheet stretch of at least 5%. The invention includes a method of manufacturing the sheet comprising partially dewatering a wet fibrous web to about 30% to about 60% solids, conveying the web to a compression nip defined by a smooth-surfaced roll and a textured-surfaced fabric material, moving the fabric material at a speed of about 15% to about 35% less than the surface speed of the smooth-surfaced roll, compressing the web in the nip with a compression force between about 5 pounds/linear inch and about 100 pounds/linear inch, with an average pressure of between about 20 pounds per square inch and about 400 pounds per square inch in the compression nip, subjecting the fabric material to a tension on opposite sides of the compression nip with the tension on the fabric material entering the nip being greater than the tension on the fabric material exiting the nip, and drying the web.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a fibrous paper cover stock material having a textured surface pattern and a method for manufacturing it.
2. Description of the Related Art
Textured paper cover stocks are conventionally used as covering material in applications such as wall coverings or book covers. In such applications, it is often desirable that the textured paper be identifiable as cloth, leather, or some other textured product. When a textured paper cover stock is successfully substituted for traditional covering materials, significant cost savings results. Paper cover stocks also have the advantage that they can be easily coated with a protective coating that resists moisture and wear. It is frequently difficult to adhere protective coatings to cloth or leather surfaces, and cloth surfaces require a significantly greater quantity of coating per unit area than is the case with paper because cloth has a higher degree of permeability than paper.
A further potential advantage of a paper cover stock over materials like cloth or leather is that the paper cover stock can be manufactured with one textured surface and one smooth surface. The smooth surface can be more easily adhered to flat surfaces like book covers or walls than is the case with traditional covering materials like cloth or leather.
Because of these relative advantages enjoyed by paper cover stock, paper cover stock products having textured surface patterns that resemble cloth or leather have been produced and applied with some success. Such conventional textured cover stock products have been produced by treating finished paper manufactured according to conventional paper making methods. Texturizing of conventionally manufactured paper sheets occurs off-machine, that is, subsequent to the production of the paper itself. According to one conventional texturizing method, paper sheets are subjected to moisture and then run between textured rollers to impart a textured pattern on a surface of the sheets. Alternatively, paper sheets may be run through heated textured rollers to produce a textured pattern on a surface of the sheets. Unfortunately, sheets produced by such off-machine methods are usually readily identifiable as not having the appearance of fabric or leather because it has not been possible to consistently produce a paper product having the undulations and detail necessary to mimic traditional cover material surfaces when off-machine texturizing methods are applied.
In addition, paper products that have been textured off-machine suffer from a "memory effect" when exposed to water vapor or moisture. Upon exposure to water vapor or moisture, conventional off-machine textured sheets tend to return to their original finished state. This memory effect is especially troublesome in bookbinding or wallpapering where aqueous glues are used.
After exposure to water vapor or moisture, paper cover stocks textured off-machine lose much of their surface texture so that any resemblance they may have to traditional cloth or leather covering materials is lost. Thus, the aesthetic value of such products can be radically reduced by moisture.
A further disadvantage of conventional textured cover materials is that off-machine pressing substantially reduces the caliper of a cover stock. Thus, to obtain a desired caliper, it is necessary to use a larger weight of product than would be the case if no off-machine treatment was applied. This can substantially increase the cost of producing a cover stock material of a desired caliper.
Finally, off-machine treatment necessitates additional treatment procedures and equipment. It is preferred that a paper cover stock be in a state ready for sale and shipment at the time it comes off the paper making machine without the need for further time consuming and costly treatment steps.
In the production of bulky paper products, various on-machine treatments have been disclosed. These disclosed on-machine methods are designed to yield bulky products such as paper towels and absorbent tissue. For example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,102,737 (Morton), a bulky absorbent sheet for use in tissue or toweling is produced when a paper web is predried on a pattered fabric before final drying and creping. As disclosed in Morton, bulky paper sheets are prepared by partially predrying a fibrous web on a drying/imprinting fabric before the web is pressed against the drying/imprinting fabric in a nip formed between a pressure roll and a dryer drum. The nip pressure serves to impress the fabric into the thermally predried paper web. Drying is completed on the dryer drum and creped with a doctor blade upon removal from the drum to obtain greater bulk. Because the web is nearly dry before embossing takes place, a textured pattern capable of mimicking a cloth of leather cover material cannot be achieved by this process.
In U.S. Pat. No. 4,551,199 (Weldon), another process for treating web material is disclosed. According to Weldon, bulking and creping of a paper web is achieved by transporting a web into a differential velocity nip defined by a web support and an open mesh fabric pick-up member having voids therein. The pick-up member has a relative velocity slower than that of the support surface at the nip location. When the web is applied to the fabric pick-up member, the web is impressed into the voids of the fabric to emboss the web. As the web approaches the nip, a deceleration of the web occurs due to the slower moving fabric filaments of the pick-up member causing the web to collapse on itself one or more times to form crepe folds. The succeeding folds in the web press against earlier folds, pushing them into the voids of the fabric. The size and number of folds are determined by the flexibility of the web and the magnitude of the relative velocity differential between the pick-up fabric and the transport member support surface. Sheets produced according to the process disclosed in Weldon have an apparent bulk greater than 0.4 caliper pts/lb ream (that is, an apparent density less than 2.5 lbs ream/caliper pt in mils) which is indicative of folding and bulking much greater than is desirable for cover stock materials.

Fibrous paper cover stock with textured surface pattern and method of manufacturing the same