A process for catalytically cracking a heavy feed in a single riser reactor FCC unit, with delayed riser quench and large amounts of shape selective cracking additive is disclosed. The feed is preferably quenched after at least 1 second of riser cracking. The catalyst inventory preferably contains over 3.0 wt % ZSM-5 cystal, in the form of an additive of 12-40% ZSM-5 on an amorphous support. Quenching with recycled LCO is preferred. Delayed quenching, with this catalyst system, produces unexpectedly large amounts of C3/C4 olefins, with little or no increase in coke make.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to fluidized catalytic cracking.
2. Description of Related Art
In the fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) process, catalyst, having a particle size and color resembling table salt and pepper, circulates between a cracking reactor and a catalyst regenerator. In the reactor, hydrocarbon feed contacts a source of hot, regenerated catalyst. The hot catalyst vaporizes and cracks the feed at 425.degree. C.-600.degree. C., usually 460.degree. C.-560.degree. C. The cracking reaction deposits carbonaceous hydrocarbons or coke on the catalyst, thereby deactivating the catalyst. The cracked products are separated from the coked catalyst. The coked catalyst is stripped of volatiles, usually with steam, in a catalyst stripper and the stripped catalyst is then regenerated. The catalyst regenerator burns coke from the catalyst with oxygen containing gas, usually air. Decoking restores catalyst activity and simultaneously heats the catalyst to, e.g., 500.degree. C.-900.degree. C., usually 600.degree. C.-750.degree. C. This heated catalyst is recycled to the cracking reactor to crack more fresh feed. Flue gas formed by burning coke in the regenerator may be treated for removal of particulates and for conversion of carbon monoxide, after which the flue gas is normally discharged into the atmosphere.
Catalytic cracking has undergone progressive development since the 1940s. The trend of development of the fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) process has been to all riser cracking and use of zeolite catalysts. A good overview of the importance of the FCC process, and its continuous advancement, is reported in Fluid Catalytic Cracking Report, Amos A. Avidan, Michael Edwards and Hartley Owen, as reported in the Jan. 8, 1990 edition of the Oil & Gas Journal.
Modern catalytic cracking units use active zeolite catalyst to crack the heavy hydrocarbon feed to lighter, more valuable products. Instead of dense bed cracking, with a hydrocarbon residence time of 20-60 seconds, much less contact time is needed. The desired conversion of feed can now be achieved in much less time, and more selectively, in a dilute phase, riser reactor.
The product distribution from modern FCC units is good. The volume and octane number of the gasoline is satisfactory, and the light olefins produced are upgraded via sulfuric or HF alkylation to high quality alkylate.
Unfortunately, refiners are finding it more difficult to make gasoline of sufficient octane and meet new specifications in regard to oxygenates, aromatics and benzene in the fuel. Reduced limits on RVP (Reid Vapor Pressure) and gasoline endpoint reduce the amount of butanes that can be added, further exacerbating the problem. Cost and availability of alkylation capacity make olefin alkylation a less attractive way to make gasoline.
We wanted to squeeze more gasoline and distillate out of FCC processing and change the quality and quantity of the light ends made by the FCC process. We wanted more light olefins, C3 and C4 olefins, but did not want to further reduce the yields of FCC gasoline. We wanted the increased light olefins for use in etherification and alkylation units, but were reluctant to do so at the expense of gasoline yield.
We also had to work within the constraints of existing units, many of which are limited in throughput by regenerator constraints, blower capacity to burn off the coke make associated with the cracking reaction, or too high a temperature in the regenerator.
The trend in modern FCC units is to operating conditions which favor production of large amounts of gasoline having a high octane number and relatively large amounts of light olefins. Unfortunately, the units have been pushed so far in these directions that further improvement is very difficult to achieve. Usually improvements in one area cause problems in another.
Higher riser temperatures, and shorter contact times in the riser reactor increase olefin yields, but also increase production of coke, dry gas and butadiene and reduces gasoline yields. Increased coke make increases temperature in the regenerator and puts more demands on the regenerator air blower. The increased production of dry gas can overload the wet gas compressor and the upper trays of the FCC main column. Increase make of butadiene makes the C4 streams less valuable, and increases acid consumption in downstream alkylation units.
We thought that conventional FCC processing had been pushed to the limit in regard to increasing olefin production, without increasing coke make, dry gas production or reducing gasoline yields inordinately. We knew there was a need for more light olefins, but conventional approaches, primarily directed at maximizing conversion of heavy feeds, had reached their limit.
Using existing technology, anything we did to increase C3/C4 olefin yield caused offsetting penalties in increased coke make, dry gas make or a severe loss of gasoline yield. Some of the conventional approaches will be reviewed below. Those primarily directed at better conversion of heavy will be reviewed first, followed by a review of additives which increase gasoline octane and yields of light olefins.

Riser cracking for maximum C3 and C4 olefin yields


A system comprising a demodulator for demodulating an input FM signal which has been subjected to interference by another FM signal, an envelope detector for detecting the envelope of fluctuation of the amplitude of the input signal, an AGC circuit for controlling the level of the input signal supplied to the envelope detector, a capacitor for passing only the AC component of the output of the envelope detector, a first delay circuit for delaying the AC component by a specific delay time, a circuit having a transfer characteristic of a hyperbolic function and converting the waveform of the output of the first delay circuit, an analog multiplier supplied at its x input terminal with the output of the waveform converting circuit and producing a distortion cancellation signal, a second delay circuit for delaying the output demodulated signal of the demodulator by the specific delay time, a first operation circuit supplied with the output signal of the second delay circuit and with the distortion cancellation signal and carrying out an operation such as substantially cancelling the interference distortion of the demodulated signal with the distortion cancellation signal, and a second operation circuit supplied with the output signal of the first operation circuit and the output signal of the demodulator, thereby carrying out a signal combining operation and supplying the resulting output signal to the y input terminal of the analog multiplier. The output of the first operation circuit is a demodulated signal in which the interference distortion has been cancelled and thus removed.

The present invention relates generally to systems for removing interference distortion such as multipath distortion contained in signals obtained by demodulating frequency-modulated signals. More particularly, the invention relates to a system wherein a distortion component closely approximating an interference distortion contained in a signal obtained by demodulating a frequency-modulated signal is formed and used to cancel and remove the interference distortion.
In general, when a plurality of frequency-modulated signals (hereinafter referred to as FM signals) interfere with each other, interference distortion is produced. This phenomenon occurs in cases such as that, for example, wherein FM signals which have passed through a plurality of propagation paths (multipaths) interfere with each other, and this interference distortion is called multipath distortion. For example, in the case where an FM broadcast wave is directly received at the antenna of an FM receiver and, at the same time, is received after being reflected or diffracted by objects such as buildings, the FM signals thus received after passing through multipaths in this manner interfere with each other and give rise to interference distortion in the demodulated signal.
In order to reduce the generation of multipath distortion of this character, it has been a practice in known FM receivers to use antennas of sharp directional characteristic by which only directly arriving FM signals can be readily received, while FM signals arriving after being reflected or diffracted are not easily received. However, the occurrence of multipath distortion cannot be fully reduced by merely relying on only the directional characteristic of the antenna.
Accordingly, a method wherein a signal approximating the interference distortion component is formed by an electrical circuit within the FM receiver and used to cancel the distortion component in the demodulated signal has been tried. In this known method, however, the degree of approximation of the signal caused to approximate the distortion for the purpose of cancelling the distortion component is very rough. For this reason, the signal components of the signal for distortion cancellation and the actual distortion component, strictly speaking, are considerably far apart, whereby distortion cancellation cannot be satisfactorily carried out, and, even after the distortion cancellation operation, a substantial distortion component remains.
In this connection, mutual interference of FM signals is not limited to only FM broadcasting but occurs in other instances such as the case of recording and reproducing of an FM signal on and from a recording medium and the case where there is mismatching between a cable for transmitting an FM signal and the related input and output equipments.
The present applicant has previously proposed a "System for removing interference distortions in the demodulated signal of a frequency-modulated signal" by the Patent Application Ser. No. 909,663 filed May 25, 1978 and now U.S. Pat. No. 4,166,251. As described hereinafter in detail with reference to drawings, this previously proposed system comprises a demodulator for demodulating an input FM signal which has been subjected to interference by another FM signal, an envelope detector for detecting the envelope of fluctuation of the amplitude of the input signal, an AGC circuit for controlling the level of the input signal supplied to the envelope detector, a capacitor for passing only the AC component of the output of the envelope detector, a circuit having a transfer characteristic of a hyperbolic function and converting the waveform of the AC component, an analog multiplier supplied at its x input terminal with the output of the waveform converting circuit and producing a distortion cancellation signal, a first operation circuit supplied with the output signal of the demodulator and with the distortion cancellation signal and carrying out an operation such as substantially cancelling the interference distortion of the demodulated signal with the distortion cancellation signal, a delay circuit for delaying the output signal of the first operation circuit or of the demodulator by a specific time, and a second operation circuit supplied with the output signal of the first operation circuit or of the demodulator and with the output signal of the delay circuit, thereby carrying out a signal combining operation and supplying the resulting output signal to the y input terminal of the analog multiplier. The output of the first operation circuit is a demodulated signal in which the interference distortion has been cancelled and thus removed.
In a case where a level of an unreflected signal directly received from a transmitting antenna (referred as a directly-received signal) is larger than a level of a signal received after being reflected by the building (referred as a reflected signal), a frequency demodulated signal, in which the interference distortion has been reduced or removed, is obtained by the previously proposed system. However, in a case where the level of the directly received signal is smaller than the level of the reflected signal, the previously proposed system is not able to remove the interference distortion but rather increases the distortion.
In actual practice for receiving FM signals, the ratios of magnitudes of levels of the directly-received signal and reflected signal are various according to circumferential conditions around the receiving point or location and conditions of transmitting paths of FM signals. In some above described conditions, there is a case where the level of the reflected signal is larger than that of the directly-received signal. In that case, a received and demodulated signal of larger S/N ratio is obtained by receiving and demodulating the reflected signal rather than the directly-received signal.

System for removing interference distortion in the demodulated signal of a frequency-modulated signal


There is provided a DRAM memory cell structure. The semiconductor structure includes a semiconductor substrate of a first conductivity type having a main surface, source and drain regions of a second conductivity type formed in the main surface area of the semiconductor substrate, word lines extending in a first plane direction and formed on those portions of the semiconductor substrate which respectively lie between the source and drain regions, capacitors each having one of the source and drain regions as a storage node electrode, and bit lines buried in the semiconductor substrate and electrically connected to the source or drain regions, respectively.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a dynamic random access memory (DRAM) and more particularly to the construction of memory cells thereof.
2. Description of the Related Art
The integration density and memory capacity of a DRAM in which each memory cell is formed of one transistor and one capacitor are rapidly increased with the progress of fine patterning technique. Use of a stacked capacitor cell structure is known as a method of increasing the capacitances of capacitors in the DRAM.
FIG. 1 is a cross sectional view of the conventional stacked capacitor cell taken along a bit line direction.
In order to form the stacked capacitor cell, a field oxide film 502 serving as an element isolation region is formed on a P-type silicon substrate 501 by local oxidation of silicon. After this, a gate oxide film 503, gate electrode 504 and source/drain diffused regions 505 are formed to constitute a transfer transistor. Further, an interlevel insulator 506 is disposed on the resultant structure and a storage node electrode 508 with a film thickness of 3000 .ANG., for example, is formed of phosphorus doped polysilicon in a contact hole 507 formed in the interlevel insulator 506. In order to electrically connect the storage node electrode 508 to the source/drain diffused regions 505, phosphorus is generally ion-implanted into the substrate 501 and storage node electrode 508 to approximately 1.times.10.sup.16 cm.sup.-2 (dose).
Then, a plate electrode 510 is formed of phosphorus doped polysilicon to a film thickness of 3000 .ANG., for example, with a capacitor dielectric film 509 disposed between the plate electrode 510 and the storage node electrode 508 and the like so as to form a stacked capacitor. After this, an interlevel insulator 511 is formed on the resultant structure and a contact hole 512 is continuously formed in the interlevel insulators 511 and 506. A bit line which is connected to the drain region 505 via the contact hole 512 is formed of a molybdenum silicide film 513, for example.
The DRAM stacked capacitor cell is formed through the above manufacturing process.
When the DRAM having the above stacked capacitor cell is formed with a high integration density, the following problems may occur.
That is, since the contact hole 512 is formed after the transfer transistor is formed and the stacked capacitor cell is formed, and then the bit line is connected to the drain region 505, it is necessary to form a deep contact hole, thus increasing the step in level of the bit line.

Dynamic random access memory having bit lines buried in semiconductor substrate


Provided is an image sensor. The image sensor comprises an interlayer dielectric, lines, and a crystalline semiconductor layer including photodiodes and a device isolation region. The interlayer dielectric can be formed on a first substrate comprising a readout circuitry. The lines pass through the interlayer dielectric to connect with the readout circuitry, and each line is formed according to unit pixel. The crystalline semiconductor layer can be bonded on the interlayer dielectric including the lines. The photodiodes, formed inside the crystalline semiconductor layer, are electrically connected with the lines. The device isolation region comprises conductive impurities and is formed inside the crystalline semiconductor layer so that the photodiodes can be separated according to unit pixels.

An image sensor is a semiconductor device for converting an optical image into an electrical signal. The image sensor is roughly classified as a charge coupled device (CCD) image sensor or a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor (CIS).
In an image sensor, a photodiode is typically formed in a substrate with transistor circuitry using ion implantation. As the size of a photodiode reduces more and more for the purpose of increasing the number of pixels without an increase in a chip size, the area of a light receiving portion reduces, so that an image quality reduces.
Also, since a stack height does not reduce as much as the reduction in the area of the light receiving portion, the number of photons incident to the light receiving portion also reduces due to diffraction of light, called airy disk.
As an alternative to overcome this limitation, an attempt of forming a photodiode using amorphous silicon (Si), or forming a readout circuitry in a Si substrate and forming a photodiode on the readout circuitry using a method such as wafer-to-wafer bonding has been made (referred to as a "three-dimensional (3D) image sensor). The photodiode is connected with the readout circuitry through a metal line.
However, according to a related art, when a trench is formed and an isolation region is formed using an etching process to form the photodiode for each unit pixel, a defect may be generated on the surface of the photodiode by the etching process, so that a dark current may be caused.
Meanwhile, according to a related art, when the surface voltage of the photodiode is lowered by incident light, the surface voltage of a voltage sensing portion is also lowered simultaneously. After that, when a transfer transistor Tx is opened and then closed, voltages of the source and the drain of the transfer transistor become equal to each other, and a potential difference of the drain is amplified through a drive transistor. According to the related art, since the both the source and the drain of the transfer transistor are heavily doped with N-type impurities, a charge sharing phenomenon occurs. When the charge sharing phenomenon occurs, the sensitivity of an output image is reduced and an image error may be generated.
Also, according to the related art, because a photo charge does not swiftly move between the photodiode and the readout circuitry, a dark current is generated or saturation and sensitivity are reduced.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Image sensor and manufacturing method thereof


A process includes disposing a mandrel assembly within a mold cavity bounded by mold forming surfaces. The mold is closed, first portions of the mandrel assembly seal against mold forming surfaces, and a continuous volume shaped as a node element is defined between second portions of the mandrel and the mold forming surfaces. A composite material is injected into the mold cavity filling the continuous volume, and cured forming the node element. The mandrel assembly is removed in sections exposing a node element opening. Tube-skeletons are inserted one each into openings of the node element, each tube-skeleton comprises foam core supported glass or carbon fabric materials. A resin material is injected into the mold cavity, such that the resin material permeates through the fabric material into a node element interior via the openings. The injected resin material is cured, thereby forming tube elements joined to the node element.

Bicycles and motorcycles typically are built on a frame comprising metallic tubular members that are either welded together or joined using lugs or other connectors. The frame may include various other elements, such as for instance a head tube for holding the front fork and for allowing it to pivot and a seat tube for receiving a seat post, etc. Other systems and assemblies are attached to the frame, such as for instance suspension systems, braking assemblies, electrical systems, a motorcycle fuel tank, etc. Further, the frame provides rigidity, dissipates vibrations, and protects other systems in the event of a crash, etc.
Composite materials are also used in the construction of bicycle and motorcycle frames. Tubes are fabricated from fiber-reinforced resin materials and are joined together, typically using a connector element that is molded and bonded to the tubes that are being joined. By way of a few specific and non-limiting examples, cast aluminum or reinforced plastic shells may be used. Unfortunately, this assembly process is slow and expensive, requires additional tooling, and results in a relatively week connection since the connector element usually must be split to go over the tubes. Further, connecting tubes in this way produces a step in the resulting joint, which is aesthetically unpleasant.
In a different approach, an entire composite frame may be fabricated as a single part. This approach involves joining together tubular structural members, either by laying up several layers of an epoxy-containing carbon-fiber strip as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,900,048, or by using a complex mold with appropriate internal pressurization bladders to form pre-preg blanks into the desired shape as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,340,509. Unfortunately, the above-noted approaches are labor intensive, require complex and specialized tooling, and are unsuitable for some applications.
It would therefore be beneficial to overcome at least some of the above-mentioned limitations and disadvantages.

Method and system for manufacturing a composite tube node


The present invention provides a magnetic resonance force microscopy apparatus and method for use in combination with an oscillator. The oscillator has a motional body and one member of a sample/magnet pair is disposed on the motional body. The present invention actuates the motional body. The apparatus comprises a holder adapted to mount the second member of a sample/magnet pair, an RF field generator positioned to apply a field to the sample, a motion sensor adapted to be coupled with the motional body, an actuator adapted to be coupled with the motional body, and a motion controller coupled with the actuator and with the motion sensor. The actuation effort can dampen the vibrational amplitude of the oscillator that would otherwise diminish the spatial resolution of the device; control the oscillator dynamical properties to allow more stable signal detection; vary the distance between the magnetic tip and the sample material for sample scanning and field modulation; apply actuation and control signals to help prevent the oscillator from contacting and sticking to the sample material or other device components; provide a method for calibrating instrument subsystems; provide a way for controlling all oscillator vibrational modes, including torsional modes; and provide a way to apply feedback control to the oscillator, thereby gaining dynamic advantages.

Magnetic resonance force microscopy (MRFM) is a variant of scanning probe microscopy that combines the sensitivity and spatial resolution of atomic force microscopy with the three-dimensional and nondestructive imaging capabilities of magnetic resonance imaging. Sample imaging entails mechanically detecting the interaction between sample spins as they undergo magnetic resonance with a nearby gradient magnet. Magnetic resonance phenomena can be detected and imaged by mounting either the sample or the gradient source on a mechanical oscillator and sensing changes in oscillator motion that are induced by magnetic resonance.
Sidles first conceived of the theory of magnetic resonance force microscopy, with potential application as a molecular imaging technology, in the early 1990's. The theory and potential applications of MRFM imaging are described in several early articles (for example, Sidles et al., "The theory of oscillator-coupled magnetic resonance with potential applications to molecular imaging" Review of Scientific Instruments, vol. 63, pp. 3881-3899 (August 1992)). A review article broadly describing magnetic resonance force microscopy was published after further theoretical development and experimental demonstration of the concept of MRFM imaging (Sidles et al., "Magnetic resonance force microscopy" Reviews of Modem Physics, vol. 67, pp. 249-265 (January, 1995)).
Three US patents have also been issued in the field. In U.S. Pat. No. 5,166,615, Sidles discloses a method for mechanically detecting magnetic resonance. A modulation technique patented by Rugar et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 5,266,896 provides a means for creating signals that are easier to detect. In U.S. Pat. No. 5,619,139, Holezer et al. describes an MRFM device in which a spin at the tip of the gradient magnet undergoes magnetic resonance while in atomic interaction with sample spins, thereby scanning sample surfaces.
In force detected magnetic resonance, the basis for magnetic resonance force microscopy, there is a magnetic force between the sample material and the magnetic tip. If either the sample material or the magnetic tip are affixed to a mechanical oscillator, magnetic resonance in the sample can cause a fluctuating force between the sample and the tip that produces detectable changes in oscillator motion. The oscillator is typically a cantilever supported at the base.
In MRFM devices, the inhomogeneous magnetic field B produced by the magnetic tip serves several purposes. The gradient of this field helps to produce the signal force F(t) ##EQU1##
where M and v are the magnetization and volume of the sample material. In addition, the magnetic field produced by the magnetic tip alters the magnetic polarization field of the sample material. The inhomogeneity in polarization field enables the generation of magnetic resonance in a portion of the sample, providing the spatial resolution necessary to image sample features.
More lengthy descriptions of mechanically detected magnetic resonance and magnetic resonance force microscopy are contained in the references previously cited, notably the patents, the Sidles Review of Scientific Instruments article, and the Sidles Reviews of Modern Physics article.
The use of oscillators with a low spring constant (soft oscillators) and high resonant quality (low intrinsic damping) is preferable for MRFM experiments because these oscillators offer force sensitivity advantages. However, oscillators with a low spring constant and low intrinsic damping have disadvantages as well. Some of the problems encountered with the use of soft oscillators are:
(a) The inherent thermal energy in the oscillators causes vibrations that are often the dominant source of experimental noise. The noise resulting from thermal energy hinders the creation of the MRFM signals and decreases the image resolution of the device. PA1 (b) The MRFM signals are difficult to detect because of the dynamical properties associated with a high resonant quality including long damping time and narrow response bandwidth. PA1 (c) Sample scanning and modulation of the sample polarization field are ineffective with oscillators with low spring constant because the distance between the source of field gradient and the sample of interest cannot be effectively varied. PA1 (d) The oscillator can contact and stick to the sample or other device components because of the motion of soft oscillators. PA1 (e) MRFM instrument subsystems cannot be effectively calibrated when soft oscillators are used.
Previous researchers have attempted to actuate soft cantilevers using a base displacement method. This method is not very effective because the low intrinsic spring constant of the cantilever decouples the motion of the tip from the motion of the base and therefore, all the linear displacement modes of the oscillator or the torsional modes of the oscillator cannot be effectively actuated and controlled. In addition, actuation by base displacement cannot provide a means for collocated feedback control of the oscillator, a technique involving the application of control effort to the oscillator near the location where motion is measured. Collocated feedback control offers dynamic advantages that cannot be exploited by base actuation.
Also, previous methods of detecting magnetic resonance use an analog implementation of feedback controller dynamics. Such analog controllers are difficult to configure and adjust. Furthermore, these analog implementations do not adapt to changing feedback requirements.
Numerous problems in MRFM have remained unsolved, including spurious oscillator vibrations that diminish the spatial resolution of the device, unstable signal detection due to oscillator dynamical properties, contacting and sticking of the oscillator to the sample material or other device components ("snap-in"), and the lack of a method for calibrating instrument subsystems.

Magnetic resonance force microscopy with oscillator actuation


A protection circuit includes a control circuit that controls current between a first wiring and a second wiring and an application circuit that applies a voltage to the control circuit. The control circuit includes a first thin film transistor that controls the current. The application circuit includes second and third thin film transistors that are connected in series. Each of the second and third thin film transistors includes first and second gates. The first gate of the second thin film transistor is connected to the first wiring. The first gate of the third thin film transistor is connected to a connection point between the second and third thin film transistors. The second gates of the second thin film transistor and the third thin film transistor are connected to the second wiring. The application circuit applies a voltage of the connection point to a gate of the first thin film transistor.

An electronic device, such as a liquid crystal display device, is provided with a protection circuit that protects the electronic device from an overvoltage caused by, for example, static electricity. The protection circuit is provided between a signal line connected to, for example, the electronic device and a ground line, and allows current to flow to the ground line when an overvoltage is applied to the signal line, thereby protecting the electronic device.
As the protection circuit, the circuit has been developed which has a structure in which a source electrode and a drain electrode of two thin film transistors (TFT) are connected in parallel or in series to each other in an opposite direction.
However, when two oxide semiconductor TFTs of thin film transistors are connected in parallel to each other to form the protection circuit, overcurrent may flow even if a voltage within a driving voltage range of an electronic device is applied, because the threshold voltage and sub-threshold swing (SS) of the oxide semiconductor TFT are less than those of an amorphous silicon TFT (a-Si TFT). When two oxide semiconductor TFTs are connected in series with each other to form the protection circuit, there is a case where no current flows to the earth line even if an overvoltage is applied to the signal line because off current is very small.
For example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. S63-220289 (hereinafter, referred to as Patent Document 1) discloses the protection circuit which connects a shunt wire and a wire to be protected from static electricity using two TFTs in which a drain or a source and a gate are connected to each other. However, in the protection circuit disclosed in Patent Document 1, in a case in which an oxide semiconductor TFT is used as the TFT, even if a voltage for normally operating the liquid crystal display device is applied, a large amount of current is possibly to flow to the shunt wire through the protection circuit. This is caused by the characteristics of the oxide semiconductor TFT. In the characteristics, a threshold voltage is low and a sub-threshold swing is small.
Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. H08-146460 (hereinafter, referred to as Patent Document 2) discloses the discharge circuit in which a plurality of protection circuits are connected in series to each other to control an operating voltage. In the discharge circuit disclosed in Patent Document 2, when the operating voltages of the protection circuits are equal to each other, n protection circuits are connected in series to each other to increase the operating voltage by n times.
Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2009-187029 (hereinafter, referred to as Patent Document 3) discloses the protection circuit in which a voltage that is generated due to static electricity is divided by two resistors and the divided voltages are applied to a gate of transistors forming the protection circuit to control an operating voltage.
Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2005-136028 (hereinafter, referred to as Patent Document 4) discloses an electrostatic protection circuit in which a double-gate (dual-gate) thin film transistor is used, a top gate electrode of the thin film transistor is connected to a source electrode and one connection terminal, a bottom gate electrode of the thin film transistor is connected to a drain electrode and the other connection terminal. The ON/OFF states of the double-gate thin film transistor are controlled on the basis of a gate voltage which is applied to the top gate electrode and the bottom gate electrode.
In the discharge circuit disclosed in Patent Document 2, when the operating voltage of each protection circuit is low, the number of protection circuits which are required to be operated at a desired voltage increases, which results in an increase in the size of the discharge circuit. In addition, the amount of current during the operation of the discharge circuit is reduced in inverse proportion to the number of protection circuits. Therefore, when the number of protection circuits increases, the capability of the discharge circuit to make static electricity flow is reduced.
In the protection circuit disclosed in Patent Document 3, when the resistance value of the resistor used for voltage division is not appropriate, the amount of current flowing through the resistor increases. Therefore, a material suitable for forming the resistor is limited. As a result, in some cases, an appropriate resistor is not obtained and it is difficult to adjust the gate voltage of the transistor provided in the protection circuit to a desired voltage.
The electrostatic protection circuit disclosed in Patent Document 4 uses the difference between the threshold voltage of the bottom gate and the threshold voltage of the top gate. Patent Document 4 does not disclose a method for arbitrarily controlling the threshold voltages of the bottom gate and the top gate.

Protection circuit and electronic device


An electronic thermometer for measuring body temperature has a temperature sensor for detecting a sensed temperature and for producing an output indicative of the sensed temperature and a temperature rise detector for detecting whether the sensed temperature is rising. If the sensed temperature is rising, the temperature rise detector produces a temperature rise signal. The thermometer is provided with circuitry for generating an audible signal in response to the temperature rise signal. The device thus audibly indicates that the sensed temperature is rising and that the temperature measurement is proceeding normally. The temperature sensor includes a thermosensitive oscillator, the oscillating frequency of which changes depending on a change in its temperature, and a reference oscillator for generating a reference signal. A temperature counter counts an output signal from the thermosensitive oscillator on the basis of the reference signal. A data hold unit holds a maximum value of data on the measured signals in the temperature counter. A comparator compares data in the data hold unit and the new data in the temperature counter to thereby rewrite the data in the data hold unit with the new measured data in accordance with the result of the comparison by the comparator. The temperature rise detector detects whether the measured temperature is rising in accordance with the result of the comparison by the comparator. A temperature rise detection signal from the temperature rise detection device drives a sound generator to inform that the measured temperature is rising.

The present invention relates to electronic thermometers and more particularly to an electronic thermometer improved so as to inform the user that the thermometer is normally measuring a patient's body temperature.
Electronic thermometers have, in recent years largely replaced mercury thermometers. Electronic and mercury thermometers are typically in the form of pencil-like objects. In the case of an electronic thermometer, the measured temperature is displayed on an integral digital read out.
Since the user cannot readily observe the temperature display of an electronic pencil-type thermometer placed in the mouth (under the tongue), in the rectum or under the arm during measurement, the thermometer must be removed at a predetermined time after the measurement started to confirm the temperature display. If the sensor of the thermometer is not held in position properly, the measurement could fail and have to be repeated. Thus, with the conventional electronic thermometer, the user cannot know whether his or her body temperature has risen during the measurement or whether his or her body temperature is being measured correctly (for example, whether the sensor of the thermometer is held in the correct position).
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide an electronic thermometer which informs the user of the presence or absence of an increase in his or her body temperature during the measurement or whether the thermometer is being used appropriately during the measurement.

Electronic thermometer with audible temperature rise indicator


A bottle made of a saturated polyester resin and having one or more strip-shaped projection for the reinforcement and ornament purposes is provided, which bottle is produced by a method comprising the steps of preparing a parison having an opened upper end and a closed bottom end from a saturated polyester resin, welding a strip-shaped piece made of the same saturated polyester resin on said parison so as to extend in the vertical direction, and then biaxially orientating said parison and said strip-shaped piece as an integral body.

The present invention relates to a bottle made of a saturated polyester resin provided with a vertically extending, strip-shaped projection on the trunk thereof.
The saturated polyester resins attract public attention for use as the material for bottles, since they prevent soaking of any harmful materials such as solvent differing from other synthetic resinous materials conventionally used for making bottles and no poisonous gas is generated when combusted after disposal. However, melted saturated polyester resin lacks fluidity as compared to other meltable materials and tends to gelatinize. This makes it difficult to mold therefrom a bottle of complicated contour and to form an embossed pattern on the outer face of the bottle.
Further, the parison made of a saturated polyester resin is crystallized at the glass transition temperature due to the interrelation between the temperature and the time to lose its elongation capacity. As a result, it is necessary to maintain the temperature within an appropriate range if the parison made of a saturated polyester resin is biaxially orientated and it is extremely difficult to effect the desired biaxial orientation particularly when the thickness of the parison is varied in parts.

Bottle made of saturated polyester resin


A scattered light Moire-Brillouin guided wave gyroscope includes a coherent light source for providing two counter-rotating primary waves; an optical waveguide, responsive to the two primary waves, for generating a Moire fringe from a primary fringe and a Brillouin fringe derived respectively from the counter-rotating primary waves and from the counter-rotating Brillouin waves produced from the primary waves; and means for detecting the rotation of the Moire fringe relative to the waveguide.

There are a number of conventional available optical gyroscopes. Resonant fiber optic gyroscopes (RFOGs) operate by recirculating a laser beam a number of times in each direction in a fiber optic ring. When the gyroscope is steady, the two counter-rotating beams are resonant at the same frequency. When the gyroscope moves the resonant conditions change so that each beam has a different resonant frequency. The difference between these shifted frequencies is a measure of gyroscope rotation rate. RFOGs require sophisticated electronics to measure this rotation rate which must be further processed to obtain the actual rotational angle. Drift caused by backscattering and other error sources requires further sophisticated electronic processing.
Interferometer fiber optic gyroscopes (IFOGs) also use two counter-rotating laser beams but they just circulate once in the fiber optic ring. The two beams create an interference pattern. The variation of the intensity of the fringes of the interference pattern represent the phase shift due to the movement of the gyroscope. Since the beams make only one circuit of the ring, a long length of fiber optic element, a kilometer or more, is required and such elements are expensive. This system also requires sophisticated electronics to process the phase shift signal in order to obtain a measure of gyroscope rotation rate which must be further processed to obtain the rotation angle.
Ring laser gyroscopes (RLGs) also circulate two laser beams in opposite directions around a laser cavity. When the ring is stationary the beams oscillate at the same frequency. When the ring rotates the beam frequencies diverge and the difference in frequency is a function of the gyroscope rate of motion. Backscattering in RLGs causes locking problems which result in non-linear responses at low gyroscope rotation rates and must be compensated for by, for example, dithering the gyroscope and employing additional electronics to accommodate the dither. RLGs require costly, precision optics for the cavity and the mirrors to minimize backscattering and require high voltage to drive the HeNe laser source.
There is also a new proposed multi-Brillouin wave fiber optic gyroscope which uses the inherent dynamics of the waveguide to demodulate two moving fringes each derived from a pair of Brillouin waves to create a stationary fringe or inertial standing wave whose motions relative to the waveguide can be sensed by means of the scattered light from the sides of the waveguide.

Scattered light moire-brillouin gyroscope

The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc.


Transmit power of an external antenna unit coupled to a wireless device is controlled by obtaining an output power measurement of the information signal transmitting from an antenna unit, which when operating with wireless network technology may also be referred to as an outdoor unit. The output power measurement is used by a hand held device, to adjust the power of the transmitted information signal. The output power measurement is determined by obtaining an output power measurement, modulating the power measurement onto a carrier, and transmitting the modulated measurement signal to hand held device. The modulated measurement signal is received by a cradle or hand held wireless device and demodulated. The hand held device uses the measurement to adjust the transmit power of the information signal.

I. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to mobile telephone systems, and more particularly to a method and system for transmit power control of an outdoor antenna unit in a mobile telephone system by a coupled wireless device. The present invention is most applicable to wireless communications systems using code division multiple access (CDMA) modulation techniques where power control is very important.
II. Related Art
Mobile telephone systems allow customers to establish communication links or place telephone calls from wireless devices such as portable or hand-held mobile phones. Calls initiated or received by wireless devices used in such systems are processed by a wireless network. One type of wireless network is a terrestrial cellular communication system communicating via a series of base stations and ground-based antennas that operate in the 800-1900 MHz range. Cellular communication systems limit the user to communication within a cell, which comprises a geographical service area to which the base station antennas can transmit. Users can move from cell to cell through known hand-off procedures that transfer calls from one cell to another. However, if no base station is within range of the mobile transmitter, such as in a rural area, a user cannot use the mobile telephone service.
Developments in mobile telephone system technology have led to wireless communication systems or networks that can transfer signals using a Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite system. The satellite systems can transmit and receive signals in rural areas as well as cities through the beams they project, and a user does not need to be within close range of a ground-based antenna. As a result, satellite communication systems are not limited to major cities as are cellular networks. In addition, each LEO satellite is capable of carrying a large number of user transmissions simultaneously. Various satellite access schemes such as time division multiple access (TDMA) and code division multiple access (CDMA) allow concurrent access to LEO satellites by a large number of users.
The number of users that can be serviced by a wireless communication system, the system capacity, increases if the power output from each user""s wireless device is decreased to the minimum power needed for quality transmission, and overhead or nontraffic messages or channel activity is reduced. This is the result of decreasing mutual interference between users, which is especially important in limited power environments such as CDMA type communication systems. However, if the power of a user""s signal becomes too low, the quality of service for that user becomes unacceptable. So, there is a desire to maintain as high a power level as possible to have higher quality service.
Thus, the number of users that may be provided service is increased by maintaining overhead power levels and each individual user""s signals at the minimum levels needed for optimum performance. Therefore, the power output of wireless device transmissions are generally controlled using one or more power control methods to minimize interference and maximize communication link quality. Techniques for power control are discussed for example in U.S. Pat. No. 5,383,219, entitled xe2x80x9cFast Forward Link Power Control In A Code Division Multiple Access System,xe2x80x9d issued Jan. 17, 1995; U.S. Pat. No. 5,396,516, entitled xe2x80x9cMethod And System For The Dynamic Modification Of Control Parameters In A Transmitter Power Control System,xe2x80x9d issued Mar. 7, 1995; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,267,262, entitled xe2x80x9cTransmitter Power Control System,xe2x80x9d issued Nov. 30, 1993, which are incorporated herein by reference. In addition, see U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/164,384 filed Sep. 30, 1998 entitled xe2x80x9cSystem And Method For Optimized Power Controlxe2x80x9d; and Ser. No. 08/908,528, filed Aug. 7, 1997, entitled xe2x80x9cMethod And Apparatus For Adaptive Closed Loop Power Using Open Loop Measurements,xe2x80x9d which are incorporated herein by reference. The result of using such power control techniques is that the communication system is capable of carrying substantially the maximum number of individual user transmissions simultaneously.
Wireless devices, also referred to as user terminals, in current wireless communications systems may be any of several different types. One type is the portable unit, which is a hand-held device carried by the user and requires no external power source or antenna system. Another type is the mobile unit or station, which is typically fixed in a vehicle and operates like a desk type phone. A mobile unit has a separate unit (or xe2x80x9cboxxe2x80x9d) that is mounted in the vehicle and contains most of the transmitting and receiving circuits or hardware. A hand-held unit such as a phone handset, containing a keypad, speaker and microphone, is connected by one or more cables, conductors, or connectors to the box. A cradle is provided for supporting the handset unit when it is not in operation or is being used in a xe2x80x9chands freexe2x80x9d mode. The box in turn is connected by a cable to an externally mounted xe2x80x9coutdoorxe2x80x9d antenna unit, which transmits and receives signals via a satellite or terrestrial cellular communications system or a base station or gateway.
A third type of user terminal combines the features of both a portable unit and a mobile unit. This type uses a hand-held device that can be used as a standalone unit away from the vehicle, and can be connected to a vehicle mounted assembly sometimes called a xe2x80x9ccar kit,xe2x80x9d for use in the vehicle. The car kit uses an external or outdoor unit (ODU) with an outdoor antenna to accommodate communications for the wireless device. A primary advantage of this combination unit or arrangement is that when the wireless device is used in the vehicle it can utilize additional power provided by the vehicle mounted electronics to establish a better and stronger communications link with satellite transceivers. It also allows conservation of internal battery power, drawing on vehicle provided power instead.
Satellite telephone systems are particularly sensitive to outdoor or external antenna unit matching at the mobile unit due to potential path losses and a resulting difficulty in power control. For optimum performance, the power output of the outdoor unit must be configured with specific phone transmission characteristics or circuits in mind. At present, a given car-kit is designed in the factory to function with certain characteristics for phones with which it is to be connected. Once this designing takes place, the optimum performance for a phone is limited to being used with certain car kits or outdoor antenna units, such as specific models or manufacturers, having closely matched characteristics.
This clearly sets certain constraints for mobile units or hand-held phones used with car kits in order to provide a closer match between the power output desired by the phone power control systems or methods, and the power actually being delivered by the outdoor unit. Yet, in the actual marketplace it is not uncommon that a user may have more than one portable phone or have one that can be used both as a standalone unit and as a mobile phone when placed in a cradle mounted in a vehicle. Also, a user may commonly upgrade his or her phone as new models come on the market. Therefore, the mobile unit employed with a car kit may change permanently or on a transient basis, creating potential undesirable power matching problems.
One goal of the present invention is to allow a variety of hand-held wireless devices to be used with a given vehicle mounted outdoor antenna unit or car-kit, while maintaining a desired level of accuracy for the power output by the outdoor unit. Here, a given outdoor antenna unit is not calibrated against specific hand-held device characteristics, but allowed to adjust in response to changing characteristics or power requirements for a device to which it is coupled. For improved or optimum performance, however, the outdoor antenna unit and the hand-held wireless device connected to it need to communicate transmit power levels and requirements.
What is needed is a system and method for the hand-held device to inform the outdoor unit of an appropriate transmit power level to produce or use in transferring signals, using a control signal. Furthermore, what is needed is a system and method for allowing the outdoor unit to adjust its transmit power level based on the control input, to better match or coordinate with the desired performance of the wireless device.
The present invention is a novel system and method for controlling transmit power in a car kit outdoor unit by a coupled wireless device. With the present invention, transmit power is controlled by obtaining an output power measurement of the information signal transmitting from an external antenna unit, also referred to as an outdoor unit. The output power measurement is provided to a hand held wireless device via a feedback loop to adjust the initial and subsequent power of information signals transmitting from the hand held device.
The system of the present invention includes an outdoor unit, a hand held device, and any other units needed for transmission. An exemplary additional unit for transmission may be a cradle for supporting the hand held device, and for interfacing with the outdoor unit. The antenna unit of the present invention includes components for transmitting information signals and components for obtaining an output power measurement of information signals immediately prior to transmission. The hand held device comprises one or more transmit and receive components and logic that can interpret the output power measurement and adjust transmission power of the information signal, or outdoor unit, accordingly.
The method of the present invention includes obtaining an output power measurement, modulating the power measurement onto a carrier, and transmitting the modulated measurement signal to the hand held device. The method of the present invention also includes receiving the modulated measurement signal by a cradle or directly by hand held device, demodulating the measurement signal, and adjusting the transmit power of the information signal.
The system and method of the present invention allow control of the initial transmit power of the information signal from the wireless device in order to limit the output power of the signal transmitted from the device to the power needed for high quality transmission, in accordance with known constraints on emission levels, and in view of desired or acceptable xe2x80x9cother devicexe2x80x9d interference levels. Limiting the output power from an outdoor unit, or the hand held wireless device, allows a maximum number of individual user transmissions to be carried by in a wireless communication system, and avoids potential problems with emission standards.

Power output control of a car kit by a coupled wireless device


A method and apparatus for enabling background caching of encrypted programming data on a storage medium for later playback in a digital video recorder (DVR) system. A set-top box (STB) equipped with a DVR searches a program guide for upcoming pay-per-view (PPV) events. When the PPV event begins, the STB tunes an appropriate transponder and begins receiving programming data packets containing audio, video, system time and conditional access data packets associated with the event, which are stored for playback on a storage medium. When the user turns the STB on and selects an option to playback a previously-recorded PPV event, the appropriate programming data is retrieved from the storage medium, and the STB recreates the original transmission timing of the data, to be displayed on a display device of the user.

1. Technical Field of the Invention
This invention generally relates to digital recording, playing, and playback of previously recorded audiovisual (A/V) signals. This invention more particularly relates to a method and apparatus for receiving broadcast entertainment-type data, such as packetized digital video, audio, conditional access, and system time signals transmitted in a direct broadcast satellite or digital video broadcast (DVB) system, and for storing the received data in an encrypted format, until viewing is desired by the user.
2. Description of Related Art
Conventional communications systems include a receiver for receiving and processing transmitted waveforms. One type of receiver is part of a "wireless digital television." Wireless Digital Television allows consumers to receive, directly in their homes, numerous channels broadcast from a set of satellites. The receiver includes a small satellite dish connected by a cable to a set-top box (STB) or an integrated receiver-decoder (IRD), which are used as interchangeable terms in the art. The satellite dish is aimed toward the satellites, and the STB is connected to the user's television in a similar fashion to a conventional cable-TV decoder.
On the transmission side, video, audio, and related information data signals are digitally encoded into a packetized data stream using a number of algorithms. The encoded data stream, which includes overhead for error correction, is modulated to Ku-band frequency, transmitted to the satellite, and relayed from the satellite to the satellite dish. The satellite dish shifts the Ku-band signal down to an L-band signal that is transmitted through the cable to the STB.
In the STB, front-end circuitry receives the L-band signal and converts it to the original digital data stream of video, audio, and related information signals. The digital data stream is fed to video/audio decoder circuits that perform the main video/audio processing functions such as de-multiplexing and decompression. A micro-controller controls the overall operation of the STB, including the selection of parameters, the set-up and control of components, channel selection, viewer access to different programming packages, blocking certain channels, and many other functions. The compression and decompression of packetized video signals may be accomplished according to the Motion Picture Expert Group (MPEG) standards and the compression and decompression of audio signals may be accomplished according to the Motion Picture Expert Group (MPEG) standards or the Dolby™ Digital (or AC-3) standard. Thus, the STB unit typically includes an MPEG-1 or MPEG-2 video decoder and an MPEG-1, MPEG-2, or Dolby™ Digital (or AC-3) audio decoder in order to decompress the received compressed video and audio. The video and audio decoders can be on the same or separate chips.
A transport processor of the STB outputs video and audio data to a number of destinations, including audio and video decoders, ports, memories, and interface devices, such as a digital VHS (DVHS) interface. The STB may send the same audio and video data to different destinations.
Using a conventional STB, when a user wishes to view a pay-per-view (PPV) event, the user (1) must decide in a relatively short period of time (one half-hour or less) whether the user wants to view the PPV event; (2) must be available to view the PPV event when the programming is shown; (3) must wait, usually until the next half-hour boundary, for the PPV event to begin; and (4) must watch the PPV event in real time. These time constraints unnecessarily burden the potential viewer of a PPV event.

Method and apparatus for background caching of encrypted programming data for later playback


A transistor formed in a master slice manner is disclosed for use in radio frequency range, the transistor includes a main transistor cell operating as a smallest transistor in scale among a product group of transistors, and sub-transistor cells are arranged at symmetrical positions with the main transistor cell as the center. The sub-transistor cells are connected in common or not to the main transistor in a master slice manner in accordance with the required characteristics.

The present invention relates to a semiconductor device and, more particularly, to a transistor of a master-slice type applied to use in high or radio frequency (RF).
In order to realize an RF bipolar transistor in a master-slice type IC, such a method has been conventionally employed that a plurality of transistor cells having different numbers of emitter electrodes (hereinafter referred to as "a finger number") are arranged in one semiconductor chip, and those transistor cells having required finger number among them are used or adjacent transistor cells having different finger number are combined in use.
This method will be explained in more detail with reference to FIG. 7 to FIG. 9. Here, FIG. 7 and FIG. 8 show plan views of semiconductor chips of conventional semiconductors formed according to master slice approach, and FIG. 9 shows plan views when this semiconductor chip is connected to lead wires of a lead frame.
As shown in FIG. 7(a), a first transistor cell 102, a second transistor cell 103 and a third transistor cell 104 are formed in predetermined respective regions of a semiconductor chip 101. Although not shown, these transistor cells 102-104 are bipolar transistors having an emitter, a base and a collector, respectively, and the finger numbers of these transistors are different from one another. Namely, those transistors 102-104 are formed so as to have different size from one another. Note that slanting lines are shown in these transistor cells for the purpose of clarifying the arrangement in the semiconductor chip.
In such a semiconductor chip in which transistor cells 102-104 are arranged, a plural sorts of transistors are manufactured by varying the number of used transistor cells and the electrode configurations as shown in FIG. 7(b), FIG. 7(c), or FIG. 8(a), FIG. 8(b) and so on conforming to RF characteristics and current values fitting the use purpose.
In one configuration as shown in FIG. 7(b), bonding pads 105 and 106 are connected to the first transistor cell 102 through interconnection lines, respectively. Here, the bonding pad 105 is connected to the emitter of the first transistor cell 102 and the bonding pad 106 is connected to the base of the first transistor cell 102. An electrode of the collector is drawn out of the back of the semiconductor chip 101.
In another configuration as shown in FIG. 7(c), bonding pads 107 and 108 are connected to the first transistor cell 102 and the second transistor cell 103 through interconnection lines, respectively. The bonding pad 107 is connected in common to the emitters of the first transistor cell 102 and the second transistor cell 103, and the bonding pad 108 is connected in common to the bases of the first transistor cell 102 and the second transistor cell 103. The electrode of the collector is also drawn out of the back of the semiconductor chip 101.
In a still another configuration as shown in FIG. 8(a), bonding pads 109 and 110 that are common to the first transistor cell 102, the second transistor cell 103 and the third transistor cell 104 are formed in a similar manner. The bonding pad 109 serves as an emitter electrode, and the bonding pad 110 serves as a base electrode. The collector electrode is also provide on the back side of the semiconductor chip 101.
FIG. 8(b) shows a case in which two bonding pads 111 and 112 are connected to the same emitter. Namely, bonding pads 111 and 112 are connected to the emitters of the first transistor cell 102 and the second transistor cell 103 through interconnections. Further, a bonding pad 113 is connected to the bases of the first transistor cell 102 and the second transistor cell 103 through interconnections. The electrode of the collector is also drawn out of the back of the semiconductor chip 101.
Thus, in the above approach, the positions of the respective bonding pads are different from one another depending on the sort of products.
In an assembly, as shown in FIG. 9(a) applied to the semiconductor chip of FIG. 7(b), the bonding pad 105 of the semiconductor chip 101 is connected to an external emitter lead 115 by a bonding wire 114, and the bonding pad 106 is connected to an external base lead 117 by a bonding wire 116. The semiconductor chip 101 is mounted on a collector lead 118. On the other hand, in the device as shown in FIG. 9(b) applied to the chip of FIG. 8(a), the bonding pad 109 of the semiconductor chip 101 is connected to the emitter lead 115 by a bonding wire 119, and the bonding pad 110 is connected to the base lead 117 by a bonding wire 120.
Thus, the lead frame as shown in FIG. 9 can be used for the chips shown in FIGS. 7(b) and 8(a). However, this lead frame is not applicable to the chip shown in FIG. 8(b). This is because, two wires from the pads 111 and 112 are so close to each other that a bonder cannot perform an bonding operation.
Further, in the above approach, the position of the bonding pad varies every time the sort is different, i.e., every time the number of transistors used and the combination thereof are varied. As described in FIG. 9(a) and FIG. 9(b), it is comprehended that the bonding pad position becomes different case by case. Namely, there has been such a problem that positioning of bonders becomes necessary every time the assembled products are switched over one another at time of bonding, thus lowering assembly efficiency. Further, no influence is exerted upon RF characteristics when a transistor is used in a low frequency band since one wavelength of the used frequency is long. When it is used in a high frequency band in giga-cycle order such as an L band (1 to 2 giga-Hz band), however, when the distance of drawing out the electrode up to the bonding pads of respective transistor cells is different, a plurality of RF waves having different phases are applied to bonding pads where output is produced, which has caused lowering of power gain or deterioration of frequency characteristics of a transistor sometimes. Further, since the bonding wire length is different for every assembly product, when device parameters required when a module using these transistors or the like is designed are extracted, it has been required to extract the device parameters for every sort at transistor portions and other portions than those portions, thus showing poor design efficiency. Furthermore, when the electrode drawing out configuration differs between either side, the impedance and parasitic capacity values for respective transistors become different. In addition, calorific values at time of operations are different and junction temperatures become different by the different among respective transistor sizes. Thus, there has been such a problem that base to emitter voltage becomes different for every transistor cell and the operating point of the transistor as a semiconductor chip is shifted, thus causing lowering of a power gain and deterioration of frequency characteristics.

Transistor having main cell and sub-cells


A carrying system which may be utilized for carrying video cameras and accessories therefor comprises a main case and a plurality of accessory cases which interlock for carrying as a single unit. The main case includes clasps for releasably engaging linking straps which are provided on the accessory case for locking the accessory case to the main case. The accessory case is provided with, in addition to the linking straps, clasps like those on the main case so that a plurality of accessory cases may be joined together. Further, slots are provided on a portion of the accessory case such that free ends of the linking straps may be retained when the accessory case is carried alone, and so that the accessory case may be looped through the belt, or shoulder strap of a user for convenient carrying.

1. Field of The Invention
The present invention relates generally to a carrying system. Particularly, the present invention relates to a carrying system for carrying cameras and camera accessories or the like, in which various items may be carried separately and conveniently in a plurality of carrying cases.
2. Description of The Background Art
A variety of types of carrying bags for carrying video cameras and accessories therefor are well known as well as various carrying cases for carrying miscellaneous items. One such proposed carrying bag has been disclosed in Japanese Unexamined First Publication Patent Application (Showa) 64-37353, assigned to the present applicant, which teaches a trunk formed suitably for the storage of a video camera with a case formed therein for storage of accessories.
Another such conventional carrying bag has been disclosed in Japanese Laid-Open Utility Model Publication (Showa) 61-190223, which teaches a carrying bag for a video camera only.
The above mentioned carrying bags have a drawback in that a camera may be carried but additional items must be carried separately, or that all items to be carried must be carried in the same bag.
Another carrying bag has been proposed in Japanese Patent Application 1-262762, assigned to the present applicant, which discloses a carrying system for a camera and related accessories consisting of a first bag, for carrying a camera, and a second bag, for carrying accessories. The two bags may be stackably linked for carrying as one unit.
The drawback to the above described carrying system is that if one bag is used to carry a video camera, for example, and the second bag is used for a battery charger, there is no more space for carrying tape cassettes, additional lenses, cables or other necessary accessories. Further, if for example, all accessories are packed into the second bag it becomes heavy and disorganized as personal items such as a wallet, map, identification etc. must be packed in with the camera accessories. This means that unnecessary, items cannot easily be separated from necessary ones. For example, a battery charger, necessary for many portable video cameras, is heavy and, if it must be carried together with other components, causes the carrying bag to become large and heavy and reduces portability. For a short excursion it may be convenient to leave the charger behind, or to have it carried separately by another person. This cannot be conveniently accomplished with conventional carrying systems.


Virtual computing instances are provisioned with network resource allocation constraints, which may include hard constraints that must be met in order for the virtual computing instances to be created in a host server. Network resources from multiple hosts may be pooled in a virtual switch, and a cloud management system (CMS) may ensure that a network bandwidth reservation for a new virtual computing instance can be accommodated by network bandwidth in the pool that is reserved for communication endpoint traffic. In addition to such CMS-level constraint enforcement, techniques disclosed herein may also enforce network bandwidths constraints at the host level to guarantee that network bandwidth reservation requirements for communication endpoint(s) of a new virtual computing instance can be satisfied by a particular host before creating the virtual computing instance in that host.

Computer virtualization is a technique that can involve encapsulating a physical computing machine platform into a virtual machine (VM) that is executed under the control of virtualization software running on a hardware computing platform (also referred to herein as "host system" or "host computer"). A group of hardware computing platforms may be organized as a cluster to provide the hardware resources for VMs.
Traditional network resource allocation techniques, such as shares, permit some VM data traffic to have higher priority over other VM traffic. However, such techniques do not provide guarantees on network bandwidth, particularly for egress traffic. For example, even if an application running in one VM and needing a minimum throughput for performance is given high priority, the effective priority for the high priority application is reduced when many VMs on the host share the same physical network interface device resource. As a result, the high priority application may not have the needed minimum bandwidth. Similar to virtual machine traffic, system traffic such as live VM migration traffic, virtual storage area network (VSAN) traffic, host-based replication (HBR) traffic, network file system (NFS) traffic, Internet Small Computer System Interface (iSCSI) traffic, and the like may also require network bandwidth guarantees. Traditional solutions do not provide bandwidth guarantees to such system traffic. In addition, traditional VM placement engines such as VMware® Distributed Resource Scheduler™ do not account for network bandwidth demands of VMs. Such placement engines may place multiple network-sensitive VMs on the same physical host system, thereby affecting their network performance.

Network bandwidth reservations for system traffic and virtual computing instances


A console assembly for use on a flight deck of an aircraft includes, but is not limited to, a console having a recess. The recess has an opening. The console assembly further includes a mounting assembly mounted within the recess. The console assembly further includes a support surface mounted to the mounting assembly. The console assembly further includes a closeout panel that is mounted to the support surface. The support surface fits within the recess. The mounting assembly facilitates movement of the support surface between a retracted and a deployed position. The support surface is disposed within the recess while in the retracted position and outside of the recess while in the deployed position. The closeout panel is disposed at a location on the support surface that causes the closeout panel to close the opening of the recess when the support surface is in the retracted position.

Modern flight decks utilize side stick controllers instead of conventional yokes. Conventional yokes are located just aft of the forward instrument panel and resides between the legs of an aircrew member. Side stick controllers, on the other hand, are mounted to a console that is located on either the port side or the starboard side (or both) of the flight deck and are positioned to the side of an aircrew member. By placing the controller to the side of the aircrew member, the space directly in front of the aircrew member becomes available for other purposes.
Throughout a flight, a seated aircrew member may use the space directly in front of him or her for various purposes. For example, the aircrew member may use a tablet computer device to engage with the aircraft and therefore needs a place to rest the tablet computer device. The aircrew member may have paperwork to complete during the flight and needs a surface to support that paperwork while writing. The aircrew member may eat one or more meals during a flight and needs a surface to support his or her meal.
A countervailing consideration is the need to have free space in front of the pilot to permit the pilot to freely move about or reach towards any part of the instrument panel during flight without obstruction. The presence of a surface in front of the aircrew member may limit the aircrew member's ability to access all areas of the instrument panel and may therefore be undesirable.
Another consideration is aesthetics. Modern aircraft, and especially modern business jets, place a premium on the appearance of their interiors. This applies to the flight deck as well as to the passenger cabin. It would not be sufficient to merely provide a utilitarian solution to the above described situation. Rather, what is needed is a solution that is functional without sacrificing form.
Accordingly it is desirable to provide console assembly that provides the aircrew members with a surface that does not impede the aircrew member's ability to access or view the instrument panel and that does not detract from an otherwise pleasing visual appearance. Furthermore, other desirable features and characteristics will become apparent from the subsequent summary and detailed description and the appended claims, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and the foregoing technical field and background.

Console assembly including stowable support surface


An idling speed feedback control method for use with an internal combustion engine having electrical load equipment and a generator for supplying electric power to the electrical load equipment, the generator being driving by the engine. The idling speed feedback control amount is effected as a function of the difference between an actual engine speed and a target idling speed. The method comprises the steps of detecting a generating state signal as a function of the field coil current of the generator which represents the generating state of the generator; detecting the actual engine speed; determining an electrical load correction value during a time period starting at or before the time when the electrical load correction value changes and ending at the time at or after the electrical load correction value changes. The electrical load correction value is then modified in accordance with the magnitude of the change and the idling speed feedback control is corrected as a function of the modified electrical load correction value.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method of feedback-controlling the idling speed of an internal combustion engine and, more particularly, to an idling speed feedback control method wherein the magnitude of the electrical load on the engine, when electrical load equipment or devices are in an operative state is accurately detected, and supplementary air is applied in accordance with the magnitude of electrical load, to thereby eliminate any speed control delay.
2. Description of the Prior Art
An idling speed feedback control method is known in which a target idling speed is set in accordance with the load conditions of an engine, and the difference between the target idling speed and the actual engine speed is detected. The engine is then supplied with an amount of auxiliary air which corresponds to the magnitude of the detected difference so that the difference becomes zero, thereby controlling the engine speed so that it is maintained at the target idling speed, e.g., Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 98,628/80.
In the above-described method, if an electrical load device, such as a headlight or an electrically-operated radiator cooling fan motor, is actuated during idling speed feedback control (referred to as "feedback mode control", hereinafter), an alternating current (AC) generator which supplies electric power to the actuated electrical load is actuated. As a result, the operation of the AC generator increases the engine load, resulting in a lowering of the engine speed. The lowered engine speed is shortly returned to the target idling speed by virtue of the feedback mode control. However, when a large electrical load is applied to the engine, the engine may be stalled, or it may become impossible to smoothly engage the clutch when the vehicle is started simultaneously with increasing of the electrical load.
In view of the above, an engine speed control method has been proposed by the applicant of the present invention in Japanese Application Laid-Open No. 197,449/83, in which the ON-OFF state of each of a plurality of electrical load devices is detected, and at the same time, as the ON state of each electrical load device is detected, the valve-opening duration of a control valve which controls the auxiliary air amount is increased by a predetermined period of time in accordance with the magnitude of the electrical load, whereby the delay in the auxiliary air amount control is minimized, thereby improving driveability.
Presently, however, internal combustion engines are equipped with a great variety of equipment which are electrical loads in order to improve the operation performance of the engines and further to ensure safe traveling of vehicles equipped with such engines. For this reason, it is necessary to provide a number of sensors and input ports corresponding to the number of the electrical load devices in order to detect the ON-OFF state of each of the electrical load devices. Further, it is necessary to store a predetermined valve-opening duration for the auxiliary air control valve associated with each electrical load device. In consequence, there is a need for a more complicated control program, which results in an increase in the memory capacity of the controller. As a result, the cost of the controller is significantly increased. In order to avoid these disadvantages, a method may be adopted in which, only some of the electrical equipment, for example, some of the which apply a heavy load to the engine are monitored for the purpose of control, and the electrical load correction of the auxiliary air amount is effected only when one of the monitored electrical devices is turned ON or OFF. In this method, however, when one or a plurality of the electrical load devices which are not monitored are turned ON or OFF simultaneously with a monitored electrical load device, because of the feedback mode control delay, the engine speed is temporarily lowered or raised, which makes it difficult to maintain the engine speed at or in the vicinity of the target idling speed.

Method of feedback-controlling idling speed of internal combustion engine


A cooling apparatus and method that employs carbon dioxide (CO2) to cool, refrigerate or freeze the contents of a cooler or container. The cooling apparatus is preferably a portable device with a selfcontained refrigeration system that cools indirectly with liquid carbon dioxide, utilizing the sublimation of CO2 xe2x80x9cdry-snowxe2x80x9d or xe2x80x9csnowxe2x80x9d to self-regulate the flow of the CO2 refrigerant in the system. The cooling apparatus includes a liquid carbon dioxide reservoir that contains a quantity of liquified carbon dioxide. A regulator for reducing the pressure of the liquid carbon dioxide flowing through the regulator, connects to the liquid carbon dioxide reservoir. The cooling coil preferably terminates with a cooling coil to vent to an atmosphere. A flow of carbon dioxide is established by a movement of the carbon dioxide from the liquid carbon dioxide reservoir, through the regulator, into the cooling coil, and to the atmosphere. A plurality of solid carbon dioxide particles formed by a freezing of the carbon dioxide within the cooling coil, and the flow of the carbon dioxide into the bleeder tube substantially blocked by the plurality of solid carbon dioxide particles within the cooling coil, the plurality of solid carbon dioxide particles sublimate-able to allow a re-establishment of the flow of carbon dioxide from the regulator.

The invention relates to a cooling apparatus and method that uses carbon dioxide (CO2) to cool, refrigerate or freeze; and more particularly to a portable device preferably embodied in a selfcontained refrigeration system that cools indirectly with liquid carbon dioxide, utilizing the sublimation of CO2 xe2x80x9cdry-snowxe2x80x9d to self-regulate the flow of the CO2 refrigerant in the system.
Carbon dioxide (CO2), in its liquid and solid forms is employed in many commercial, industrial and to some extent residential refrigeration, freezing and cooling applications. Under normal, atmospheric pressure, CO2 can only exist as a gas at ambient temperatures or a chilled solid that sublimates into the gas at minus 109.3 degrees, Fahrenheit. However, if pressurized, gaseous CO2 forms a liquid with a water-like viscosity. CO2 is a desirable refrigerant because it is colorless and typically odorless. It is also chemically inert under ordinary conditions.
Because CO2 is inexpensive to manufacture and has little potential for adverse environmental impact in small quantities, it is often employed as a disposable refrigerant. Several U.S. patent references utilize the unique properties of CO2 in re-chargeable types of refrigeration, freezing and cooling systems.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,561,226 Rubin describes a refrigeration system for vehicles that includes a minimum of moving parts. Rubin ""226 employs a liquid reservoir of carbon dioxide to fill a set of containers with densely packed xe2x80x9csnow.xe2x80x9d The filling of the container with carbon dioxide is activated by a timed solenoid valve, or alternatively a manual valve. CO2 vapor passes out of each container, while CO2 snow is trapped by a screen, backing up the snow into the container. A portable refrigeration system is needed that better utilizes liquid CO2 to more evenly generate a self regulated refrigeration effect, rather than the expansion of liquid CO2 into a trough or bin container.
Similarly, to Rubin ""226, U.S. Pat. No. 4,704,876 to Hill shows a cryogenic refrigeration system that uses carbon dioxide snow formed by spraying CO2 through a series of nozzles within a snow collection compartment. The compartment is open to a refrigerated space, below. This feature is undesirable because the cargo is directly exposed to the frigid CO2 snow, which can result in damage to the cargo, especially if it is perishable fruits or vegetables. Control is achieved with temperature sensors in the refrigerated compartment that opens a valve to deliver more liquid CO2 to the nozzles, or alternatively by manual valving. Hill ""876 also requires that the nozzles remain xe2x80x9cfree and openxe2x80x9d of solid CO2.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,381,649 to Franklin discloses a CO2 snow producer that includes spray nozzles for directing jets of liquid carbon dioxide onto a surface of a heat exchanger. The pressure at the nozzles of Franklin ""649 is approximately 75 psi and the temperature in the supply line to the nozzle is maintained near minus 69xc2x0 F., as a goal. From the Franklin disclosure, control of the system is achieved through what appears to be a manual control valve at the tank of liquid CO2.
Several problems are encountered in Ruben ""226, Franklin ""649 and Hill ""876 when the temperature feedback is disabled or malfunctions, the timer is set incorrectly, or the operator fails to activate or deactivate the system as needed. Direct, on/off control by an operator is especially unreliable in that the system can over-cool, with an over production of CO2 snow risking damage to the refrigerated contents or to the operators. Under cooling can also cause undesirable effects in the unwanted thawing or spoiling of refrigerated articles. A CO2 refrigeration system is needed that employs a simple design but eliminates the need for an on/off CO2 control valve that directly meters the release of CO2 into a refrigerated space.

Cooling apparatus employing carbon dioxide