Compositions and methods for curling hair and for straightening hair are disclosed, wherein the compositions contain, as the principal active ingredient thereof, guanidine hydroxide. The guanidine hydroxide may be conveniently prepared by reacting calcium hydroxide and guanidine carbonate.. Hair is curled by contacting the hair with the composition while the hair is on curlers, or otherwise maintained in a curled configuration. After the desired treatment time, the hair is rinsed and neutralized, with long lasting curls of the so-called "permanent wave" nature resulting.. Hair may be straightened by contacting the hair with the composition and maintaining the hair in a generally straight configuration over at least a portion of the time that the hair is contacted by the composition. Thereafter the hair may be rinsed and neutralized.

Commercial products based upon compositions containing thioglycolates, sulfites or alkali metal hydroxides, such as sodium hydroxides, have been widely used to permanently straighten unstraight hair, especially to straighten unstraight Negro hair. Of these products, the thioglycolate compositions and the sulfite compositions which have been commercially marketed have been relatively ineffective, with the hair in many cases reverting at least partially to the original unstraight form. While very effective in producing the desired straightening effect, sodium hydroxide compositions are very harsh to both the scalp and the hair, and the use of such compositions has resulted in numerous instances of scalp irritation and/or burning, and has also resulted in a substantial reduction of the strength of the treated hair, and even, in some instances, considerable hair loss.
Various guanidine compounds have been evaluated by the prior art in hair waving or hair straightening compositions. Of these guanidine thioglycolate appears to have had the most attention by researchers in this art. See, for example, Shansky, American Perfumer and Cosmetics, Volume 78, August, 1963, 32-34; Bogaty et al, American Perfumer and Cosmetics, Volume 78, November, 1963, pages 45-47; and Shansky, American Perfumer and Cosmetics, Volume 78, December, 1963, pages 29-30.
Various organic bases including guanidine have been found to accelerate the dehairing effect of calcium hydroxide suspensions. See, e.g. Barry, "Delipatories" Cosmetic Science and Technology, Edited by Balsam and Sagarin, 2nd Edition, Volume 2, Chapter 18, page 39, 45, Wiley Interscience, New York, 1972 and Barry "Depilatories" Cosmetic Science and Technology, Edited by Sagarin, First Edition, Chapter 20, page 461-462, Interscience Publishers, New York, 1957, and references cited therein.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,157,578, Nov. 17, 1964, discloses compositions for the permanent waving of human hair utilizing a solution containing, e.g. thioglycollic acid and guanidine carbonate. These compositions are employed in the form of aqueous solutions having a pH value of from 7-9, with the guanidine used to replace ammonia used previously thereto, both to function as a neutralizing agent for the acid reducing agent, and also in the form of ammonium carbonate for pH control.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,861,868 of Jan. 21, 1975 acknowledges, in column 1 thereof, earlier abandoned applications relating to the use of guanidine salts in hair dying compositions and hair bleaching compositions.
British patent No. 1,274,565 of May 17, 1972 discloses a process for the straightening of human hair wherein the hair straightening is conducted in two separate stages. In the first stage, a known keratin softening substance, such as an alkali hydroxide, sulfite or bisulfite, or a salt of a mercaptocarboxylic acid, is permitted to act upon the hair. After the extensive removal of the keratin softening component, a media containing a swelling substance is applied to the hair. Suitable swelling agents include monovalent aliphatic alcohol, aromatic alcohols, aliphatic diols, ether alcohols, sulfoxides, sulfones, thiocyanates, thiourea and urea, and water-soluble derivatives thereof.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,865,930 of Feb. 11, 1975 discloses a permanent wave composition based on a twostage operation, wherein in the first stage the S-S linkages of the keratin fiber are opened at an alkaline pH with the addition of a reducing agent such as a thiol. The hair is then treated in a second stage with an oxidizing or neutralizing agent to reconstitute the S-S bridges, so as to impart to the hair the desired configuration. The patent relates to a composition for the aforesaid second stage, wherein the S-S bridges are reformed. This composition is a two-component composition, with one component based on a water-soluble sulfite, bisulfite, metabisulfite or thiourea, and the other component is hydrogen peroxide.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,817,342 of Dec. 24, 1957 and 2,840,086 of June 24, 1958 relate to permanent waving compositions based upon sulfite-type materials. Among other acid sulfites disclosed are an acid solution of guanidine bisulfite, formed by bubbling sulfur dioxide gas into an aqueous solution of guanidine carbonate.
Japanese patent No. 76-9013 discloses hair waving or straightening treatments wherein the hair is initially treated with a weak alkali, followed by a treatment with a chelating metallic salt solution. Calcium oxide or calcium hydroxide is used as a chelating agent to prevent mutual interactions of the active ingredients.
U.S. Pat. No. 2,836,543 of May 27, 1954 discloses the use of guanidine as a swelling agent component in a hair setting composition. The composition also includes a water-soluble sulfite and a polyfunctional aromatic additive compound, such as genetistic acid, which acts as an accelerator.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,642,429 of Feb. 15, 1972 is directed to a hair treatment composition based on a polycondensate of methylol compounds and an urein compound. The generic formula for the urein compound appears to encompass guanidine, but guanidine is not named in that patent.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,686,296 is directed to depilatories which are nitrogen-based thioglycerol molecular complexes. The nitrogen base may be, e.g. guanidine or guanidine hydrochloride.

Hair straightening process and hair curling process and compositions therefor


A virtual trusted platform module function implementation method is provided, the method is executed at an exception level EL3 of a processor that uses an ARM V8 architecture, and the method includes: generating, according to requirements of one or more VMs, one or more vTPM instances corresponding to each VM, and storing the generated one or more vTPM instances in preset secure space, where each vTPM instance has a dedicated instance communication queue for a VM corresponding to itself to use, and a physical address is allocated to each instance communication queue; and interacting with a VMM and the VM, so that the VM acquires a VM communication queue virtual address, in VM virtual address space, corresponding to a communication queue physical address of the vTPM instance, and the VM communicates with a vTPM instance communication queue by using the VM communication queue virtual address.

A trusted platform module (TPM) technology is proposed by a trusted computing group (TCG), and to prevent an unauthorized user from modifying sensitive data. Because a TPM is used to ensure platform reliability, one operating system platform is corresponding to one independent TPM. In the prior art, the IBM company proposes a vTPM solution, that is, a chip (for example, a security coordination processor) independent of a central processing unit (Central Processing Unit, CPU for short) is used to provide a security feature similar to that of the TPM, and multiple virtual trusted platform modules (virtual Trusted Platform Module, vTPM for short) are obtained by means of virtualization by using software, so that one virtual machine (virtual Machine, VM for short) is corresponding to one vTPM. When an application running on a VM needs to invoke a vTPM command, a corresponding vTPM is accessed by transforming and processing by a proxy (proxy) VM, a security coordination processor drive, and a Hypervisor (Hypervisor), so as to implement trusted execution of multiple virtual machine platforms.
However, in the prior art, each time a vTPM is accessed, transformation and processing need to be performed by using a security coordination processor, which increases a delay and reduces processing efficiency. In addition, during vTPM implementation, a hardware processor needs to be disposed, which enlarges a hardware volume.

Virtual trusted platform module function implementation method and management device


A rear view apparatus for a vehicle having at least a driver's cabin having a roof and a front window. The rear view apparatus having at least three mirror devices each of which is elongated and defining a longitudinal axis, a first mirror device of the apparatus being positioned higher than the roof; a third mirror of the apparatus being positioned in front of a driver in said cabin; and, a second mirror of the apparatus being positioned so as to direct light rays reflected from the first mirror device to the third mirror device, wherein the mirror surface of at least one of the three mirrors is torsioned in a longitudinal direction. The torsion of the mirror surface being opposed from the middle of the mirror surface to each of the sides of the mirror.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention concerns a rear view apparatus for vehicles, especially passenger cars, and bears a resemblance to periscopic viewing apparatuses.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Periscopic rear view apparatuses in themselves are known. Use in passenger cars, however, has taken place hardly or not at all, because the known appartuses have drawbacks attached to them. These drawbacks concern, among other things, the restricted horizontal angle of vision of the known periscope, consisting of a tubular housing containing an optical apparatus by which an upright rear view image is obtained by means of mirrors and/or prisms and/or lenses.
A drawback of enlarging the angle of vision by using convex or cylindrical mirrors and the like is that image reduction takes place, whereby distances to the rear can no longer be properly estimated, which can pose a threat to road safety. Enlarging the angle of vision by strongly widening the periscope raises the drawback of increasing air resistance of the periscope which rises above the car roof, while the large dimensions also hinder the fitting and positioning of the periscope tube. Apart from this, the high costs of the known apparatuses are also a consideration.


A recording apparatus includes a recording medium, a frequency modulator for conducting frequency modulation on a digital-modulated signal to generate a recording signal, and a recording unit for recording the recording signal on the recording medium.

The present invention relates to a recording or reproduction system for recording or reproducing information by using a recording medium, and in particular to a recording or reproducing system for recording digital signals with a high density.
As an example of a recording/reproducing system for recording/reproducing information, an optical disk system for recording/reproducing image information can be mentioned. As an example of image information, television signals can be mentioned. By the way, television signals commonly watched at the present time are analog signals of the NTSC system. They are handled in the form of analog signal except special cases such as business use. As a medium for recording/reproducing NTSC images, a video tape recorder (VTR) using magnetic tape or a laser disk (LD) using an optical disk is employed. Typically in these cases, analog image signals are recorded on a medium by using the frequency modulation method and mass production is performed by means of transfer.
On the other hand, as the speed of computers is increased, there have appeared such system that images are converted into digital signals and the digital signals are recorded on a medium. These images may be created on a computer or may be taken into a computer individually. In some cases, NTSC images taken in may be converted and taken in. Also the output may be sent to only a computer display. Alternatively, the output may be converted into NTSC signals so that it may be watched on an ordinary television screen. In general, the image information is recorded on a hard disk or a writable optical disk as digital data.
Furthermore, signals of high definition television (HDTV) attracting attention as future television are often recorded and reproduced in the form of digital data because they are often used for business use at the present time. On the other hand, MUSE signals created for domestic use of high definition television are analog signals and broadcasting is performed by using MUSE signals. Furthermore, optical disks having MUSE signals recorded thereon are manufactured as products. Such a technique has been announced in "Journal of the Institute of Television Engineers of Japan, Vol. 44, No. 10, pp. 1376-1382" as "Signal transmission characteristics of high definition video disk."

Recording/reproducing apparatus including frequency modulator for frequency-modulating digital-modulated signal and frequency demodulator for frequency-demodulating signal to obtain digital-modulated signal


A method for producing a plastic molding having a core and a foam with a skin on an outer surface of the core wherein a foaming material is foamed in a space defined between a skin member and the core, disposed within a molding die assembly having an upper die and a lower die includes disposing the skin member which is provided with edge portions that are bent backward to define side portions and engaging recesses provided on the side portions or in the vicinity thereof, on the lower die of the molding die assembly that is provided with engaging projections corresponding to the engaging recesses of the skin member, so that the engaging projections of the lower die are fitted in the corresponding engaging recesses of the skin member to position and hold the latter; disposing the core which is provided with side walls which define a foaming material receiving portion on the die surface of the upper surface of the die assembly, so that the skin member is fitted in the foaming material receiving portion; and pouring and foaming the foaming material in a cavity defined by and between the core and the skin member, so that the side portions of the skin member can be pressed against the side walls of the foaming material receiving portion of the core by the foaming pressure generated and increased by foaming (continuing reaction) of the foaming material so as to seal the connection between the core and the skin member thereby to produce a predetermined shape of a plastic molding. The disclosure is also directed to a molding die apparatus for producing such a plastic molding.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method for producing a plastic molding including a core which is provided on an outer surface thereof with a foam with a skin, and a molding die apparatus for producing the same. Note that the "outer surface of the core" refers to the surface of the core that is located adjacent to an outer surface of a plastic molding (product) to be obtained.
2. Description of the Related Art
For instance, a conventional instrument panel for an automobile is usually made of a core (or base or substrate) which is provided on the outer surface thereof with a pad comprising a foam with a skin.
In a known method for producing such a plastic molding (product) having on the outer surface thereof a foam with a skin, an outer skin 112 which is provided, on a periphery of a product portion 110 thereof, with a skirt 111 is disposed on a lower die 115 so that the skirt 111 is located on a parting of a die assembly which surrounds a cavity 114 of a die assembly 113 defined by the lower die 115 and an upper die 116, as can be seen in FIG. 14. The core 118 is disposed on the die surface 117 of the upper die 116. When the upper die 116 and the lower die 115 are closed, the skirt 111 is held between and by the upper and lower dies. In this state, a foaming material poured in the cavity between the core 118 and a product portion 110 of the skin is foamed to be integral with the core and the skin. Finally, the skirt 111 is cut at the periphery thereof and removed from the plastic molding thus produced. Note that the lower die 115 in FIG. 14 is provided with split dies 119 which constitute parts thereof, for an ease of removal of the molding (product) from the die assembly. The split dies (parts of lower die) are provided with projections 120 provided on the parting, so that the projections 120 can be fitted in corresponding recesses 121 formed on the outer end 112 extending from the skirt 111.
The skirt 111 is adapted to seal the connection between the upper and lower dies during the foaming operation. The skirt 111 which is unnecessary in a product must be finally cut and removed as mentioned above. Consequently, not only is there a waste of material of which the skin is made, but also a troublesome trimming operation to cut and remove the skirt is necessary in the prior art, as mentioned above.

Method and die apparatus for producing plastic molding having foam with skin


There is provided a scroll compressor comprising: a fixed-side member comprising a casing and a fixed scroll member provided in the casing; a driving shaft rotatably provided in the casing; an orbiting scroll member orbitably provided at a distal end of the driving shaft; a suction opening provided in the fixed-side member; and a discharge opening provided in the fixed-side member. Each of the scroll members includes an end plate and a spiral wrap portion standing on the end plate. The wrap portion of the orbiting scroll member is adapted to overlap the wrap portion of the fixed scroll member so as to define a plurality of compression chambers. The suction opening communicates with the outermost compression chamber, and the discharge opening is adapted to discharge a compressed gas from an inner compression chamber. A seal member comprising an elastic member is provided around an outer circumferential surface of the orbiting scroll member, so as to seal the compression chambers relative to outside air between the orbiting scroll member and the fixed-side member. The seal member has an opening on a radially inner side thereof and has a generally U-shaped cross-section.

The present invention relates to a scroll compressor which is used to compress a gas. More specifically, the present invention relates to a scroll compressor which is advantageously used for a booster connected to a city gas supply pipe to increase the pressure of a gas.
Generally, a scroll compressor comprises a casing, a fixed scroll member provided in the casing, which includes an end plate and a spiral wrap portion standing on the end plate, a driving shaft rotatably provided in the casing, and an orbiting scroll member orbitably provided at a distal end of the driving shaft, which orbiting scroll member is adapted to transfer a compressed gas from a suction opening to a discharge opening. The orbiting scroll member includes an end plate and a spiral wrap portion standing on the end plate. The wrap portion of the orbiting scroll member is adapted to overlap the wrap portion of the fixed scroll member so as to define a plurality of compression chambers.
In the scroll compressor of this type, the orbiting scroll member is subject to an orbital motion, with a predetermined orbiting radius (or eccentric distance) about the center axis of the fixed scroll member. Thus, a gas sucked in from the suction opening provided at an outer periphery of the fixed scroll member is compressed in each compression chamber between the wrap portions of the fixed and orbiting scroll members, and discharged to the outside through the discharge opening provided at a central portion of the fixed scroll member.
When the above-mentioned scroll compressor is applied to compressing a refrigerant for air conditioning or a cooling operation, since the pressure of the refrigerant (in gaseous form) at the suction opening is higher than atmospheric pressure, a problem arises, such that the refrigerant at the suction opening is likely to escape to the outside through a space between the outer peripheries of the fixed scroll member and the orbiting scroll member. Therefore, as a refrigerant compressor in the related art, a closed-type compressor has been employed, in which the main body of the compressor is confined in a container, together with an electric motor for rotating the driving shaft.
In a closed-type compressor, the inside of the container is shielded from outside air. Therefore, in order to cool the compressor which is heated during operation, a cooling method using a gas to be compressed by the compressor or a cooling method using a lubricant is required to be used.
When a closed-type compressor is used as a refrigerant compressor, it has no cooling problem. However, when it is applied to compressing a gas having a low heat capacity, such as a city gas, a cooling ability of the gas is insufficient, so that the compressor cannot be cooled to a satisfactory level.
On the other hand, in a cooling method using a lubricant, it is difficult to separate a compressed gas and the lubricant. This makes it difficult to apply the compressor to, for example, a city gas booster. Further, this method cannot be employed in an oilless-type compressor using no lubricant.
When an oilless-type compressor exposed to outside air is applied to compressing a high-pressure gas such as that in a city gas supply pipe, the gas leaks from the suction opening to the outside.
The present invention has been made, in view of the above-mentioned problems accompanying the related art. It is an object of the present invention to provide a scroll compressor which prevents leakage of a gas even when a gas having a pressure higher than atmospheric pressure is compressed.
The present invention provides a scroll compressor comprising:
a fixed-side member comprising a casing and a fixed scroll member provided in the casing, the fixed scroll member including an end plate and a spiral wrap portion standing on the end plate;
a driving shaft rotatably provided in the casing;
an orbiting scroll member orbitably provided at a distal end of the driving shaft, the orbiting scroll member including an end plate and a spiral wrap portion standing on the end plate, the wrap portion of the orbiting scroll member being adapted to overlap the wrap portion of the fixed scroll member so as to define a plurality of compression chambers;
a suction opening provided in the fixed-side member so as to communicate with the outermost compression chamber of the plurality of compression chambers;
a discharge opening provided in the fixed-side member so as to discharge a compressed gas from an inner compression chamber of the plurality of compression chambers to the outside; and
a seal member comprising an elastic member provided around an outer circumferential surface of the orbiting scroll member, so as to seal the plurality of compression chambers relative to outside air between the orbiting scroll member and the fixed-side member, the seal member having an opening on a radially inner side thereof and having a generally U-shaped cross-section.
The present invention also provides a scroll compressor comprising:
a casing;
a fixed scroll member provided in the casing, the fixed scroll member including an end plate and a spiral wrap portion standing on the end plate;
a driving shaft rotatably provided in the casing;
an orbiting scroll member orbitably provided at a distal end of the driving shaft, the orbiting scroll member including an end plate and a spiral wrap portion standing on the end plate, the wrap portion of the orbiting scroll member being adapted to overlap the wrap portion of the fixed scroll member so as to define a plurality of compression chambers;
a suction opening communicated with the outermost compression chamber of the plurality of compression chambers;
a discharge opening adapted to discharge a compressed gas from an inner compression chamber of the plurality of compression chambers to the outside; and
a seal apparatus provided on an outer circumferential surface of the orbiting scroll member, so as to seal the plurality of compression chambers relative to outside air between the orbiting scroll member and the fixed scroll member,
the seal apparatus comprising:
a grooved, annular seal mounting member having an opening, the annular seal mounting member being attached to the outer circumferential surface of the orbiting scroll member so that the opening of the groove faces the fixed scroll member; and
a ring-shaped seal member for providing an gas-tight seal between the fixed scroll member and the orbiting scroll member, the seal member being attached to the groove of the annular seal mounting member so as to allow a part of the gas to flow into the inside of the seal member and increase sealing performance of the seal member.
The foregoing and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the following detailed description and appended claims taken in connection with the accompanying drawings.


A method of fabricating a semiconductor device is provided. In this method, a gate insulating layer and a gate are sequentially formed on a semiconductor substrate of a first conductivity type. A first active region of a second conductivity type is formed by ion-implanting a first impurity of the second conductivity type at a first dose, using the gate as a mask. Sidewall spacers are formed of an insulating material on the sidewalls of the gate. A second active region of the second conductivity type is formed by masking a narrow region between gates and ion-implanting a second impurity of the second conductivity type at a second dose higher than the first dose. Finally, a silicide layer is formed on the exposed first and second active regions and gate. There exist no impurities in excess of their solid solubility limit, which could block the diffusion of silicon in the narrow region. As a result, a reliable silicidation is ensured.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method of fabricating a semiconductor device, and in particular, to a semiconductor device fabrication method that ensures reliable silicidation on a narrow active region.
2. Description of the Related Art
As semiconductor devices develop toward high integration, high performance, and low voltage operation, a low-resistance gate material is required to reduce the gate length of a transistor and a memory cell through the formation of fine patterns and to improve the device""s characteristics. The thickness of a gate insulating layer must in turn become smaller to increase a channel current in a transistor and a memory cell for low voltage operation. Furthermore, in order to prevent short channel effects caused by the decrease in the gate length of a transistor and to ensure a margin against punch-through, the junction depth of the source/drain regions should be reduced and the parasitic resistance, that is, the surface resistance and the contact resistance of the source/drain regions should be reduced.
Under these circumstances, studies have been conducted on a self-aligned silicide (salicide) process to reduce the resistivity of a gate and the sheet and contact resistance of source/drain regions. This self-aligned silicide process operates by forming a silicide layer on the surfaces of the gate and the source/drain regions. The salicide process refers to the selective formation of a silicide layer such as a titanium silicide (TiSiX) layer on a gate electrode and source/drain regions.
FIG. 1 is a vertical sectional view of an N-channel MOS (Metal Oxide Semiconductor) transistor fabricated by a conventional salicide process. As shown in FIG. 1, a gate insulating layer 12 is grown by performing a thermal oxidation on the surface of a silicon substrate 10 that has an active region on it, defined by a field oxide film (not shown). A conductive layer such as a polysilicon is then deposited for use as a gate, on the gate insulating layer 12 by CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition). The polysilicon layer is then doped to be of an N-type by ion implantation and is then patterned into a gate 14 by photolithography.
Subsequently, Nxe2x88x92 active regions 16 are formed as lightly doped drain (LDD) regions on the surface of the substrate 10 at opposite sides of the gate 14 by ion-implanting an N-type dopant. In particular, phosphorous (P) may be used at a low dose (e.g., at a dose of 1xc3x971013xe2x88x929xc3x971014 ions/cm2) with the gate 14 being used as an ion-implanting mask.
Spacers 18 are then formed on the sidewalls of the gate 14 by depositing an insulating layer on the resultant structure, including the Nxe2x88x92 active regions 16, and then etching back the insulating layer by anisotropical etching such as RIE (Reactive Ion Etching). Here, the insulating layer is formed of a silicidation blocking material, such as a nitride or an oxide. Then, N+ active regions 20 are formed as high-concentration source/drain regions on the surface of the substrate 10 at opposite sides of the spacers 18 by ion-implanting an N-type dopant. In particular, arsenic (As) may be used at a high dose (e.g., at or above a dose of 1xc3x971015 ions/cm2) with the spacers 18 and the gate 14 being used as an ion-implanting mask.
Afterwards, a silicide forming metal material, such as titanium (Ti) is deposited on the resultant structure, including the N+ active regions 20, and the titanium is subjected to rapid thermal annealing (RTA) or thermal treatment using a furnace so that silicidation takes place in an area where the titanium contacts silicon. As a result, a titanium silicide (TiSi2) layer is formed on the surfaces of the exposed Nxe2x88x92 and N+ active regions 16 and 20 and on the gate 14. Then, an unreacted titanium layer is selectively removed, using an etchant which does not damage the silicide layer 22, the silicon substrate 10, or the gate insulating layer 12.
A problem with the conventional method is incomplete silicidation on the surface of a narrow active region (see xe2x80x9cAxe2x80x9d of FIG. 1). This is believed to be caused by the impurity concentration in the silicon substrate 10. In other words, with the ion-implantation on the silicon substrate 10 at or above a dose of 1xc3x971015 ions/cm2, impurities contained in the silicon in excess of their solid solubility limit are segregated or piled up at the titanium/silicon interface, thereby blocking the diffusion of silicon. This phenomenon is observed to be more serious with arsenic than with phosphorous.
As a result, the diffusion of silicon is more difficult in the narrow region A of FIG. 1 between gates 14, than in the remainder of the device. This can lead to incomplete silicidation as compared to a wide region or an increased sheet resistance. For example, when the source region of a transistor, coupled to a common source terminal (Vss) of memory cells, is narrow, silicon of a substrate is not sufficiently diffused in the narrow region during the step of forming a titanium silicide layer. As a result, the sheet resistance from the source region to a Vss pattern may increase. In a worse case situation, no silicide layer may be formed at all, thereby reducing a voltage margin in a low-voltage operation area of a device.
An object of the present invention is to provide a semiconductor device fabricating method which can minimize or prevent unreliable silicidation on a narrow active region.
To achieve the above object, there is provided a method of fabricating a semiconductor device. In the method, a plurality of gate insulating layers and a plurality of gates are sequentially formed on a semiconductor substrate of a first conductivity type. A first active region of a second conductivity type is then formed in the semiconductor substrate by ion-implanting a first impurity of the second conductivity type at a first dose, using the plurality of gates as a mask. Sidewall spacers are then formed of an insulating material on the sidewalls of the plurality of gates. A second active region of the second conductivity type in the semiconductor substrate by masking a narrow portion of the first active region between at least two of the plurality of gates and ion-implanting a second impurity of the second conductivity type at a second dose higher than the first dose. A first silicide layer is then formed over exposed portions of the first and second active regions.
Preferably, the first dose is 1xc3x971013 ions/cm2 or higher, and the second dose is 1xc3x971015 ions/cm2 or higher.
Preferably, the step of forming a first silicide layer comprises the substeps of: depositing a first metal layer over the exposed portions of the first and second active regions, and thermally treating the first metal layer to form the first silicide layer.
Preferably, the step of sequentially forming a plurality of gate insulating layers and a plurality of gates further comprises the substeps of: forming a first insulating layer over the semiconductor substrate, forming a conductive layer over the first insulating layer, and patterning the first insulating layer and the conductive layer to form the plurality of gate insulating layers and the plurality of gates, respectively.
The method for fabricating a semiconductor device may further comprise the step of forming a second silicide layer over the plurality of gates. The step of forming the second silicide layer may itself comprise the substeps of: depositing a second metal layer over the plurality of gates, and thermally treating the second metal layer to form the second silicide layer.
According to another aspect of the present invention, another method of fabricating a semiconductor device is provided. In this method, a plurality of gate insulating layers and a plurality of gates are sequentially formed over a semiconductor substrate of a first conductivity type. A first active region of a second conductivity type is then formed in the semiconductor substrate by ion-implanting a first impurity of the second conductivity type at a first dose, using the plurality of gates as a mask. Sidewall spacers are then formed of an insulating material on the sidewalls of the plurality of gates. A second active region of the second conductivity type is formed in the semiconductor substrate by masking a portion of the first active region and ion-implanting a second impurity of the second conductivity type at a second dose higher than the first dose. A first silicide layer is then formed over exposed portions of the first and second active regions.
The first dose may be 1xc3x971013 ions/cm2 or higher, and the second dose may be 1xc3x971015 ions/cm2 or higher. The step of forming a first layer may comprise the substeps of depositing a first metal layer over the exposed portions of the first and second active regions, and thermally treating the first metal layer to form the first silicide layer.
The step of sequentially forming a plurality of gate insulating layers and a plurality of gates may further comprise the substeps of: forming a first insulating layer over the semiconductor substrate, forming a conductive layer over the first insulating layer, and patterning the first insulating layer and the conductive layer to form the plurality of gate insulating layers and the plurality of gates, respectively.
The method for fabricating a semiconductor device may also comprise the step of forming a second silicide layer over the plurality of gates. The step of forming the second silicide layer may itself comprise the substeps of: depositing a second metal layer over the plurality of gates, and thermally treating the second metal layer to form the silicide layer.
According to yet another aspect of the invention, a semiconductor device is provided, including a plurality of gate insulating layers formed over a semiconductor substrate of a first conductive type, a plurality of gates formed over the gate insulating layers, a first active region formed in the semiconductor substrate between the plurality of gates, a second active region, narrower than the first active region, formed in the semiconductor substrate between the plurality of gates, and a first silicide layer formed over the first active region and the second active region.
The first active region preferably includes a first impurity layer of a second conductivity type having a first impurity concentration, and a second impurity layer of the second conductivity type having a second impurity concentration higher than the first impurity concentration. The second active region preferably includes a third impurity layer of the second conductivity type having a third impurity concentration substantially the same as the first impurity concentration. The semiconductor device may also include a second suicide layer formed over the plurality of gates.

Method of fabricating a semiconductor device


The invention relates to a device for covering a storage compartment (10), in particular a glove compartment in the interior of a motor vehicle, with a cover plate (22), the inner surface (30) of which in opened state forms a storage surface. The device is characterized in that the cover plate (22) is able to be moved from its closed position by means of at least one guide (40, 42) for the formation of the storage surface into a horizontal storage position or into a stowage position, wherein the storage compartment (10) is at least partly opened in the storage position and in the stowage position.

DE 10 2004 053 322 B3 discloses a compartment cover with a storage drawer which is held in a guided manner in a guide formed in the compartment cover, and with a translatory lever linkage which is able to be supported in a fixed manner outside the cover and is embodied such that on opening of the compartment cover the storage drawer is moved simultaneously relative to the compartment cover.
From U.S. Pat. No. 2,789,861 A a device is known in which the cover is able to be opened up by means of a simple hinge axis to expose the storage compartment, and in so doing forms with its inner side an additional storage surface.
From DE 43 27 869 C1 a device is known, arranged in the region of the instrument panel at the height of the front passenger seat of a commercial vehicle, in which a tray-shaped working table is able to be opened up from a storage compartment which is normally covered.
From WO 2010/044612 A2 a shelf is known, which is arranged above a storage compartment closable by means of a cover, and which is able to be pulled out independently from the opening of the storage compartment.
From FR 2 949 722 A a shelf is known which is pivotably mounted on the outer side of a cover of a storage compartment.

Device for covering a storage compartment and storage compartment device


A fuel injection apparatus for internal combustion engines is proposed, which has a high-pressure fuel source from which fuel is supplied to an injection opening by means of a control valve unit. The control valve unit has a valve body, a valve member disposed in an axially mobile manner inside this valve body, and an actuator unit that actuates the valve member. A first high-pressure line connected to the high-pressure fuel source feeds into a first valve chamber of the control valve unit. In addition, a first valve seat is provided on an outer diameter of the valve body between the first valve chamber and a second valve chamber that communicates with the injection opening by means of a second high-pressure line. A second valve seat is formed on an inner diameter of the valve member and is engaged by a closing device.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a fuel injection apparatus for internal combustion engines in which a control valve unit for metered fuel injection is inserted into a fuel conduit from a high-pressure fuel source to an injection opening.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Fuel injection apparatuses of this type with which this invention is concerned, known from the prior art, are particularly used in common rail systems to control the supply of fuel to the injection opening, which is usually embodied as a nozzle holder device, generally by means of a slide valve or seat/slide valve, which can be embodied as force-compensated or partially force-compensated.
These known slide valves or seat/slide valves have control edges for covering and uncovering inlets and outlets, where the usually small overlaps result in large leakage fuel flows inside the slide valves, which has a disadvantageous effect on the injection of fuel into a combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine.
For this reason, there has been a transition to the use of double seat valves for the controlled injection of fuel, which have the advantage over slide valves that a stroke length is considerably increased and a high degree of sealing action at the valve seats can be achieved. Double seat valves also have the advantage over slide valves that the stroke length in a double seat valve can, on the other hand, be selected to be small so that the double seat valve can be directly controlled by a piezoelectric unit while complying with the requirement for a force-compensated or partially force-compensated valve.
DE 198 60 678 has disclosed a fuel injection apparatus for internal combustion engines in which a fuel injection valve is supplied with fuel by means of a high-pressure line. This known fuel injection apparatus has an injection valve member, which is for controlling an injection opening and whose axial movement in an injection valve bodyxe2x80x94and therefore the opening of the injection nozzlexe2x80x94is controlled by a control unit, which is embodied as a piezoelectric actuator and can be used to actuate the injection valve member.
The injection valve member is embodied with a valve head, which cooperates with two valve seats of the injection valve body of the control valve unit in such a way that when electrical voltage is applied to the piezoelectric actuator, this permits a flow of fuel, which is conveyed from the high-pressure fuel source by means of a high-pressure line, via the first valve seat and the second valve seat, through the fuel injection valve, and into an additional high-pressure line leading to the injection opening.
However, it has proven to be disadvantageous that it is particularly difficult to produce the complex design of the valve housing and the injection valve body, with numerous mold joints in the assembly of a force-compensated or partially force-compensated valve with a multi-part valve body.
The fuel injection apparatus for internal combustion engines according to the invention has the advantage that the control valve unit has outwardly opening first valve seat on the outer diameter of the valve body and an inwardly opening second valve seat, which valve seats do not have to face each other with regard to the orientation, as a result of which the control valve unit has a design that is very easy to manufacture from a production engineering standpoint. This arrangement affords significant latitude in manufacturing tolerances, which reduces production costs.
It is also advantageous that the control valve unit is provided in the form of a precisely functioning 3/2-way valve in a pressure-controlled system, which valve can be directly actuated preferably by a piezoelectric actuator unit, were the integration of the control valve unit into the inlet of fuel into the injection opening of the fuel injection apparatus permits short injections that can be precisely metered.
One significant advantage of the fuel injection apparatus according to the invention is represented by the design of the control valve unit with a closing device on the side of the valve member oriented away from the piezoelectric unit, since this closing device, due to its design with a closing body and a closing element disposed between the closing body and the valve member, is self-centering, as a result of which only minimal demands have to be placed on the manufacturing tolerances.

Fuel injection apparatus for internal combustion engines


A method of mapping screen display objects located by spatial coordinates into a Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) table. The spatial coordinates for each screen display object are determined, and an HTML table having rows and columns is created, wherein row heights and column widths are determined by the spatial coordinates. The screen display objects are then loaded into cells of the HTML table for display, as determined by computation based on the spatial coordinates.

As the Internet and World Wide Web become ever more widely accepted, designers who organize information for visual display increasingly approach the layout of screen display objects with certain predispositions favorable to standard Internet technology. In particular, a standard approach for specifying the locations of screen display objects on a display screen has evolved—each screen display object is enclosed by a rectangle, and the location of the screen display object is specified by spatial coordinates of the rectangle relative to the display screen.
The task of translating fixed position content with spatial coordinates to DHTML layered content is straightforward when a designer uses an advanced web-based language such as Dynamic HyperText Markup Language (DHTML). Unfortunately, this kind of translation has several disadvantages and limitations. One limitation is that DHTML is not universally accessible to all kinds of display terminals. For example, wireless devices such as hand-held communication terminals generally cannot read DHTML. Moreover, accessibility may be hampered by the complex DHTML layering. Also, consistency is lacking, as a DHTML browser may operate differently on two different platforms, and DHTML content may differ significantly between versions of a browser.
Thus there is a need for transforming the spatial coordinates of fixed-position screen display objects into a form that wireless devices can access without heroic manipulations, a form that provides consistency so a wide range of web browsers may be successfully used, and a form that provides universality so that different DHTML code need not be written for each browser version.

Method for mapping screen display objects with spatial coordinates into an HTML table

International Business Machines Corporation


An object of the present invention is to provide a thin optical laminate a refractive index of which is three-dimensionally controlled.

A liquid crystal display (hereinafter, also referred to as "LCD") is a device that displays characters and images using electro-optic properties of liquid crystal molecules. The LCD is widely used in portable phones, notebook computers, liquid crystal television, and the like.
However, the LCD makes use of liquid crystal molecules having optical anisotropy; therefore, the LCD has a problem that the LCD exhibits an excellent display property in one direction while the screen gets dark or unclear in other directions. In order to solve such a problem, a large number of birefringent films are used in the LCD. The birefringent film is also called a retardation layer, a retardation film, an optical compensation film or the like.
Hitherto, an optical laminate has been known wherein the following are laminated: a retardation film having an index ellipsoid satisfying a relationship of nx>nz>ny, and a retardation film having an index ellipsoid satisfying a relationship of nx=ny>nz (Patent Document 1).
As the retardation film having an index ellipsoid satisfying a relationship of nx>nz>ny, a polymeric film drawn to the thickness direction thereof as performed by the following method is generally used. That is, there is used a film obtained by adhering a contractile films onto both sides of a polymeric film, respectively, and drawing the resultant so as to be swelled into the thickness direction of the polymeric film by a contraction of the contractile films. For this reason, this retardation film is liable to become thick. Thus, an optical laminate wherein this retardation film is laminated cannot satisfy a desire that the optical laminate should be made thin and light.
Patent Document 1: JP-A-2002-90531

Optical laminate, polarizing plate, image display, and process for producing an optical laminate

Abstract: The optical laminate of the present invention comprises a retardation layer containing a polycyclic compound having at least one of a —SO3M group and a —COOM group, and having an index ellipsoid satisfying a relationship of nx≦nz>ny; and a retardation layer having an index ellipsoid satisfying a relationship of nx≧ny>nz.

Abstract: As the polycyclic compound, for example, a quinoxaline derivative represented by the following formula (I) is used.


A lifting device includes a base comprising a horizontal portion for engagement with the bottom of an object to be lifted and a vertical portion for engagement with the side of the object. A handle is secured to the base and extends vertically upwardly from the vertical portion. A handle grip is mounted on the handle for selective engagement to impose an upwardly directive force on the handle and the base, thereby lifting an object mounted on the base in engagement with horizontal and vertical portions thereof. The handle grip may be selectively positioned or located vertically relative to the base. The handle grip may be tubular in construction to facilitate the receipt of a bar therethrough thereby facilitating lifting by multiple persons. The lifting device maybe provided with brackets, slots, apertures, and/or rings for receiving straps or ropes to secure objects to be lifted to the lifting device.

Simply put, the human body is not adapted for lifting. For this reason, the improper lifting of even relatively light-weight objects can and does result in severe back injuries, lifetime problems with lower back pain, etc.
Injuries suffered from the improper lifting and movement of heavy objects result in tremendous individual and societal costs, e.g., decreased productivity. The present invention eliminates these problems on the front end by removing the need to engage in the types of lifting and carrying behavior that commonly result in injuries, and integrates injured individuals more fully and quickly into their previous jobs by lessening the physical demands of many employment tasks which involve lifting and carrying. Thus, the extensive use of the invention can result in a more productive work force.
There are over 40 million legally disabled Americans. Many of these are excluded from jobs because they are unable to meet physical requirements which may involve the lifting and moving of heavy objects. The present invention mitigates these problems. The use of the invention makes enormous contributions to the cause of integrating disabled Americans into normal personal and professional lifestyles and jobs which may involve the movement of heavy objects at home and work.
America is an increasingly aging society. Many older Americans are trying to live independently. Living independently often involves moving heavy objects, e.g., dog food, furniture, bags of groceries, etc. By making it easier to lift and move things in and around the home, garden, etc., the use of the invention allows older individuals to live more normal and richer lives and engage in activities which were formerly precluded to them. Because the invention makes it easier to move objects within the home, to and from vehicles, etc., senior citizens can be less dependent on others.
America has a tremendous number of single parent families, many being headed by females. The present invention makes it easier for women to move objects (such as furniture) without the assistance of often hard to find helpers.
By maximizing the use of physical strength, the present invention opens up employment opportunities to millions of Americans that are too weak to lift and carry items in the traditional manner. An example would be a large bag of fertilizer which would be impossible to lift and carry for many people in the current manner.
A fundamental aspect of the invention is that objects can be moved while the arm is fully extended. This enables a person to pick up an object by bending only slightly and straightening up for easier carrying. This is infinitely easier than trying to carry objects when the arm must be bent in order to accomplish the task.
In accordance with particular aspects of the invention, a lifting device includes a base comprising a horizontal portion and a rigidly connected vertical portion. A handle extends upwardly from the vertical portion of the base and is provided with a handle grip. In operation, the lifting device of the present invention is frequently used in tandem, with one lifting device being employed on each side of the object to be lifted and moved. The horizontal portion of the base of each lifting device is positioned under the object, the vertical of the base is engaged with the side of the object, and the handle grips are engaged by persons situated on opposite sides of the object to lift and move the object as desired.
The lifting device of the present invention may be provided with a telescoping handle, or with a selectively positionable handle grip, or with multiple handle grips in order to facilitate the use of the lifting device in the movement of objects up and down stairs, up and down inclined surfaces, etc. and to facilitate the lifting of heavy objects with the arms fully extended. In the case of particularly heavy, bulky, or cumbersome objects to be lifted and moved, the lifting device of the present invention may be adapted for use by more than two persons. The lifting device of the present invention is further adapted for use in conjunction with ropes or straps which function to secure the object to the lifting device during lifting and movement, and may also function to connect two lifting devices one to the other.


Partial-Scan testing of an integrated circuit (10) having a Boundary-Scan architecture (18) is accomplished by way of a Partial-Scan controller (36) contained within the integrated circuit. In response to control signals generated by Boundary-Scan architecture (18), the Partial-Scan controller (36) generates a set of Partial-Scan control signals for causing the integrated circuit to accomplish Partial-Scan testing. In this way, the Partial-Scan control signals necessary to accomplish Partial-Scan testing are generated internally, rather than requiring a separate set of input pins to receive the Partial-Scan control signals from an external source.

Partial-Scan testing has shown much promise for solving the problem of testing large and complex integrated circuits. As taught in U.S. Pat. No. 5,043,986, issued on Aug. 27, 1991, in the names of V. D. Agrawal and K. Cheng, and assigned to AT&T (herein incorporated by reference), an integrated circuit, containing flip-flops and combinational logic elements, can be Partial-Scan tested by first isolating a small set of flip-flops, referred to as "scan" flip-flops. The scan flip-flops are selected such that while the integrated circuit is in a test mode, substantially all feedback paths equal to or greater than a prescribed cycle length are eliminated. A feedback path is defined as a signal path from a flip-flop output to one of its inputs whereas the cycle length is defined as the number of non-scan flip-flops in such a feedback path. Once selected, the scan flip-flops are configured in one or more chains.
To accomplish Partial-Scan testing, each chain of scan flip-flops is loaded with test data while the remainder of the integrated circuit is placed in a non-operational mode (i.e., the non-scan flip-flops are disabled). At the outset of testing, the integrated circuit is placed in a "scan" mode during which test data is loaded into the scan flip-flops and any old data present therein is shifted out. Thereafter, the integrated circuit is placed in an "apply" mode for a brief interval (wherein all scan and non-scan flip-flops are clocked) to allow the circuit to react to the test data loaded into the scan flip-flop chains as well as externally applied test data. As a consequence, new data may be present for loading into the scan flip-flops. Then, the integrated circuit returns to the "scan" mode and the data present in the scan flip-flop chains are shifted out for analysis while new test values are shifted in.
Partial-Scan testing of an integrated circuit in the manner described above is typically controlled in accordance with three separate control signals: PS.sub.-- CLOCK, MODE and TEST.sub.-- EN. The PS.sub.-- CLOCK signal is a clock signal that clocks the scan flip-flops during the scan mode as well as during the apply mode so that the scan flip-flops can scan in test data and also capture the responses to such test signals. The TEST.sub.-- EN signal controls the operating state of the integrated circuit in order to render the circuit testable by the Partial-Scan testing technique. In this regard, the TEST.sub.-- EN signal blocks the asynchronous preset and clear inputs of the non-scan flip-flops and blocks the passage of the operating clock signals to the combinational elements during testing. Also, the TEST.sub.-- EN signal disables the system clock signals to the scan flip-flops. The MODE signal controls the shifting of test data into and out of the integrated circuit by controlling each of a set of multiplexers, each placed upstream of a separate one of the scan flip-flops in each chain so as to control the passage of signals through the chain of scan flip-flops. The MODE signal also controls a set of multiplexers that multiplex the output data from the integrated circuit. For an integrated circuit to undergo Partial-Scan testing, the above-described Partial-Scan control signals PS.sub.-- CLOCK, TEST.sub.-- EN and MODE must be present. In the past, an external test system generated these control signals and supplied them to the integrated circuit via a separate one of three inputs (i.e., pins) to the circuit dedicated for this purpose.
In addition to being configured for Partial-Scan testing, an integrated circuit may also be configured for Boundary-Scan testing in accordance with the IEEE 1149.1 Boundary-Scan standard (May 21, 1990), described in the publication IEEE Standard Test Access Port and Boundary-Scan Architecture, published by the IEEE, Piscataway, N.J. (herein incorporated by reference). To be Boundary-Scan compliant in accordance with the IEEE 1149.1 standard, an integrated circuit must have a Test Access Port (TAP) provided with a Test Data Input (TDI), a Test Clock (TCK) input, a Test Mode Select (TMS) input and a Test Data Output (TDO). Optionally, the TAP may include a Test Reset (TRST) input as well. Thus, at least four dedicated pins are required for Boundary-Scan compliance. In order to facilitate both Partial-Scan testing and Boundary-Scan testing, the integrated circuit must possess seven dedicated pins for test purposes, four for Boundary-Scan and three for Partial-Scan.
The need to dedicate at least seven pins of the integrated circuit for testing purposes reduces the number of pins available for normal (i.e., non-test) operation. Thus, there is a need for a technique for carrying out Boundary-Scan testing and Partial-Scan testing of an integrated circuit while reducing the number of pins required for testing purposes.

Method and apparatus for partial-scan testing of a device using its boundary-scan port


An ESD protection circuit used to protect a protected circuit coupled between a first node and a second node against an ESD event. The ESD protection circuit has a discharging circuit and a control circuit. The discharging circuit selectively provides a current path for discharging a current from the first node to the second node. The control circuit controls the discharging circuit to switch on the current path during an ESD event. The control circuit further controls the discharging circuit to switch off the current path during the normal operation of the protected circuit.

Integrated circuits (ICs) may be damaged from electrostatic discharge (ESD) when a source of electrostatic potential (e.g., human body) comes to contact with the integrated circuits, as an ESD spike may show up, with a voltage reaching up to several thousand volts within a very short time period, typically within 10-100 ns. Conventional ESD protection circuits are often placed between a first node and a second node for protecting an integrated circuit (referred to as a protected circuit hereinafter) coupled between the first node and the second node against an ESD event. However, the conventional ESD protection circuits fail to differentiate a normal operation event of the protected circuit from an ESD event in some occasions, and consequently, the ESD protection circuit is falsely triggered to provide a current path between the first node and the second node to discharge current. For example, when the protected circuit is coupled between an input/output (I/O) pad and a ground pad, a normal fast switching operation occurring at the I/O pad, such as a "hot swap" event, may be falsely detected as an ESD event due to the likewise characteristic of having a fast-rising voltage pulse.
Thus, an ESD protection circuit that is capable of preventing false triggering is desired.

ESD protection circuit with false triggering prevention


Articles are treated with a reduced amount of a halo active aromatic sulfanomide compound of Formula (I):

The present disclosure relates to compounds having odor control characteristics.
Absorbent members, such as pads, find widespread use in absorbing body or bodily fluids in articles such as catamenial devices, diapers (both for babies and individuals with incontinence problems), sanitary napkins, tampons, wound dressings, and bandages. Such absorbent members may incorporate super absorbent polymers (which absorb many times their own weight of fluid) or other fibrous materials, such as cotton, wood pulp, and paper. The bodily fluids absorbed by such absorbent members may include vomit, blood, pus, sweat, semen, secretions, menstrual discharge, urine, and fecal matter.
The bodily fluid may have an unpleasant odor (malodor) due to odor-causing molecules which may be aliphatic, aromatic, or heterocyclic compounds containing oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen. The odor-causing molecules can be masked using a more pleasant smelling molecule, such as a perfume. However, it would be desirable to alter, neutralize, and/or destroy the odor-causing molecule instead. It would also be beneficial to provide improved bodily fluid absorbent members having enhanced odor control properties. Particularly, it would be desirable to neutralize and/or destroy odor-causing molecules that are generated/released over an extended period of time, allowing for extended treated article wear and easy undetectable disposition of said article.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Articles with odor-controlling composition

Abstract: wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, and R5 are independently selected from hydrogen, COOR′, CON(R″)2, alkoxy, CN, NO2, SO3R″, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, sulfonamide, halosulfonamide, and substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl; R′ is hydrogen, an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, substituted C1-C12 alkyl, or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl; and R″ is hydrogen or substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, where the two R″ groups in CON(R″)2 may be independently selected; X is halogen; M is an alkali or alkaline earth metal; and n is the number of water molecules per molecule of the sulfonamide compound. The compound effectively suppresses odors pre-use, in use, and post-use for extended periods of time.


Systems and methods for constructing electric motors in which rotor sections are individually keyed to a rotor shaft such that, in a resting position, the rotor sections are circumferentially shifted (“clocked”) with respect to each to mitigate effects of harmonic feedback, torsional flexibility and the like. In one embodiment, a system includes an electric drive, and an ESP coupled to it by a power cable. The ESP motor has a rotor in which multiple permanent-magnet rotor sections are mounted to a shaft. Within each rotor section, permanent magnets are positioned in two or more axially aligned rows. Adjacent rotor sections are clocked with respect to each other so that, in operation, the rows of permanent magnets in the different rotor sections are positioned to counter the harmonic feedback or to use torsional deflection to equalize torque contributions from the different rotor sections.

Field of the Invention
The invention relates generally to electric motors, and more particularly to systems and methods for construction of elongated electric motors in which the motor shaft can twist and skew the alignment of multiple rotor sections that are coupled to the shaft.
Related Art
Oil and natural gas are often produced by drilling wells into oil reservoirs and then pumping the oil and gas out of the reservoirs through the wells. If there is insufficient pressure in the well to force these fluids out of the well, it may be necessary to use an artificial lift system in order to extract the fluids from the reservoirs. A typical artificial lift system employs an electric submersible pump (ESP) which is positioned in a producing zone of the well to pump the fluids out of the well.
An ESP system includes a pump and a motor which is coupled to the pump and drives the pump to lift fluid out of the well. The ESP system may also include seals, gauge packages and other components. Because they are designed to fit within the borehole of a well, ESP systems are typically less than ten inches wide, but may be tens of meters long. The motor of an electric submersible pump system may produce hundreds of horsepower.
One type of motor that may be used in ESP systems is a permanent-magnet motor. In this type of motor, a long motor shaft extends through several rotor sections that are coupled to the shaft. Each of the rotor sections includes a set of permanent magnets that are typically positioned in multiple (e.g., four) axially aligned rows. The shaft and rotor sections are positioned within a stator. The stator has several coils or windings of wire positioned in a stator core. When the coils are energized, the windings generate magnetic fields that interact with the magnets of the rotor sections. The power provided to the stator windings is controlled to cause the magnetic fields of the stator to drive the rotor sections to rotate within the stator, thereby driving the rotation of the shaft. The rotating shaft is coupled to the ESP's pump and drives the pump to lift fluid out of the well.
There are several problems that may arise in the operation of permanent-magnet motors. Permanent-magnet motors are synchronous, so the rotor is always trying to stay at same rotational speed as the magnetic fields in the stator. The motor may therefore develop harmonic feedback that can be transmitted back to the motor's drive. This feedback may reduce the efficiency of the motor, and may even be harmful to the system. It would therefore be desirable to provide means to cancel out or reduce the harmonic feedback.
In addition to the problem of harmonic feedback, the motor may experience inefficiencies relating to the torsional rigidity (or lack of rigidity) of the motor shaft. Because the motor may be very long, the shaft may have a lower torsional rigidity at the bottom, as compared to the top. Since there is no slip in a permanent magnet motor, this leads to the lower-most rotor sections imparting less torque on the shaft than is provided by rotor sections mounted higher on the shaft. As a result, adding length, and more rotor sections, to a permanent magnet motor may provide diminishing returns with regards to torque output, power output, and efficiency. It would therefore be desirable to provide means to mitigate this problem.

Downhole electric motors having angularly displaced rotor sections


An antenna device comprises a carrier, a first radiation portion, a second radiation portion and a coupling portion. The first radiation portion, the second radiation portion and the coupling portion are provided on the carrier. The second radiation portion electrically connects with the first radiation portion. The first radiation portion and the second radiation portion share a shared part, the shared part is directly connected to a reference grounding. The coupling portion capacitively couples an electrical signal to the first radiation portion and the second radiation portion. The first radiation portion and the second radiation portion convert the electrical signal into a radiation signal emitted by the antenna device.

Rapid development in communication field, particularly in consumer electronics field, makes requirement of a consumer on consumer electronics relavent products higher and higher, super-thin products emerge endlessly. As a key component of the consumer electronic products, miniaturization and multiple frequency bands of an antenna always lead designers of the antenna ceaselessly contemplations and improvements. How an antenna desired by the product can be designed under a limited space is one of subjects which are most popular at present. At present, multiple frequency band antennas have a deficiency on a given size, which cannot meet the requirement of the super-thin products. For example, a multiple frequency band ceramic antenna launched on the market uses three metal radiation portions to realize the desired frequency bands and uses a direct feed mode. However, as such, not only a size is limited, but also a bandwidth is very difficult to meet full frequency band required by the long term evolution (LTE). Therefore, it can be seen that designing a miniaturization multiple frequency band antenna definitely is a tendency in future.
In patent CN102623801, a direct feed design is used, which results in a deficiency that a communication frequency band is relative narrow. In order to widen the communication frequency band, it requires to increase more radiation portions, thereby resulting in complexity of the antenna structure in design and manufacturing.
In patents CN102683829, CN104701609 and CN103403962, although a coupling feed mode is used, antenna structures disclosed in those patents all take a coupling portion as a certain radiation portion, in other words, the coupling portion has the function of the radiation portion. As such, it is not beneficial to optimize an overall performance of the antenna. Because when a length of the coupling portion is adjusted, impedances of other radiation portions will be also affected due to this adjustment. Therefore, deficiencies of the antenna devices in those patents lie in that a volume of the antenna device is relative large, and a design of the antenna device is relative complex.
The description in background as above merely is used to provide a background art, and it does not admit that the description on the background art as above discloses the object of the present disclosure, and do not constitute a prior art of the present disclosure, and any description in background as above shall not be acted as any part of the present disclosure.


The present invention relates to compositions and methods for enhancing plant defenses against pathogens. More particularly, the invention relates to enhancing plant immunity against bacterial pathogens, wherein AtMIN7 mediated protection is enhanced and/or there is a decrease in activity of an AtMIN7 associated virulence protein such as a Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 HopM1. Reagents of the present invention provide a means of studying cellular trafficking while formulations of the present inventions provide increased pathogen resistance in plants.

Plants have a powerful immune system to defend against colonization by most microbial organisms. However, virulent plant pathogens, such as Pseudomonas syringae, have developed countermeasures and inject virulence proteins into the host cell of a susceptible plant to overcome plant immunity and cause disease. Host plants include tomato plants and collard plants, such as cabbage and kale. In particular, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato causes an economically devastating disease called bacterial speck of tomato plants.
Bacteria control strategies are based on a combination of practices such as use of pathogen-free seed and transplants, elimination of volunteer tomato plants, resistant cultivars, and frequent application of a copper and mancozeb mixture (Jones, et al. 1986, Phytopathology 76:430-434; Jones, et al. 1991, Phytopathology 81:714-719; Sherf, et al. 1986, In: Vegetable Diseases and Their Control. John Wiley and Sons, New York; all of which are herein incorporated by reference). Chemical control has been used extensively for controlling bacterial spot. In the 1950s, streptomycin was used, but resistant bacterial strains developed and rendered antibiotics ineffective (Stall, R. E., and Thayer, P. L. 1962, Plant Dis. Rep. 46:389-392; herein incorporated by reference). However, these strategies are of limited use, especially in the tropics and subtropics where weather conditions favor infection (Kucharek, T. 1994, Plant pathology fact sheet, PP-3, University of Florida, Gainesville; herein incorporated by reference).
One method of treatment is a biopesticide product containing as active ingredients bacteriophages of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato "AgriPhage" EPA Registration #67986-1.
However, Pseudomonas quickly develops resistance to these treatment methods. Further, despite intensive research efforts, the molecular targets of bacterial virulence proteins important for plant disease development have remained obscure.
Therefore, there is a need for effective and economical bacterial pathogen treatments, and further, for enhancing plant immunity to virulent plant pathogens.

Board of Trustees of Michigan State University


Disclosed herein is an LED chip including electrode pads. The LED chip includes a semiconductor stack including a first conductive type semiconductor layer, a second conductive type semiconductor layer on the first conductive type semiconductor layer, and an active layer interposed between the first conductive type semiconductor layer and the second conductive type semiconductor layer; a first electrode pad located on the second conductive type semiconductor layer opposite to the first conductive type semiconductor layer; a first electrode extension extending from the first electrode pad and connected to the first conductive type semiconductor layer; a second electrode pad electrically connected to the second conductive type semiconductor layer; and an insulation layer interposed between the first electrode pad and the second conductive type semiconductor layer. The LED chip includes the first electrode pad on the second conductive type semiconductor layer, thereby increasing a light emitting area.

1. Field
The present invention relates to a light emitting diode chip and, more particularly, to a light emitting diode chip having electrode pads.
2. Background
Gallium nitride (GaN) based light emitting diodes (LEDs) have been used in a wide range of applications including natural color LED displays, LED traffic lights, white LEDs, etc. In recent years, a highly efficient white LED is expected to replace fluorescent lamps and, in particular, efficiency of the white LED approaches efficiency of typical fluorescent lamps.
The GaN-based LED is generally formed by growing epitaxial layers on a substrate, for example, a sapphire substrate, and includes an n-type semiconductor layer, a p-type semiconductor layer and an active layer interposed between the n-type semiconductor layer and the p-type semiconductor layer. Further, an n-electrode pad is formed on the n-type semiconductor layer and a p-electrode pad is formed on the p-type semiconductor layer. The LED is electrically connected to and operated by an external power source through these electrode pads. Here, electric current is directed from the p-electrode pad to the n-electrode pad through the semiconductor layers.
To assist current spreading in the LED, the LED includes extensions extending from the electrode pads. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,650,018 discloses an LED which includes a plurality of extensions extending in opposite directions from electrode contact portions, that is, electrode pads to enhance current spreading. The use of the extensions extending from the electrode pads may result in improvement in efficiency of the LED through current spreading.
However, an n-electrode pad and n-electrode extensions are generally formed on the n-type semiconductor layer exposed by etching the p-type semiconductor layer and the active layer. Accordingly, the formation of the n-electrode pad and the n-electrode extensions results in a reduction in light emitting area, causing deterioration in light emitting efficiency.
Meanwhile, since the electrode pads and the electrode extensions are formed of metal, the electrode pads and the electrode extensions absorb light generated in the active layer, thereby causing optical loss. Further, although the use of the electrode extensions enhances current spreading, current crowding still occurs at regions near the electrode extensions, causing electrode extension induced optical loss. In addition, since the electrode pads and the electrode extensions use a material such as Cr, which exhibits low reflectivity, as an underlying layer, optical loss becomes severe due to optical absorption by bottom portions of the electrode pads and/or the electrode extensions.
Furthermore, as the size of the LED increases, the likelihood of a defect being present in the LED increases. For example, defects such as threading dislocations and pin-holes, provide a path through which electric current flows rapidly, thereby disturbing current spreading in the LED
Moreover, when a large LED of 1 mm2 is operated at a current of about 200 mA or more, the current crowds through such defects or through a certain position and the LED suffers a severe reduction in external quantum efficiency relating to current density, which is referred to as a droop phenomenon.

Light emitting diode chip having electrode pad


A network of electronic devices such as computers (50) and/or calculators (36, 38) uses low power communication to transmit wireless signals through a distributed antenna system (40). The distributed antenna system may be formed in conjunction with ceiling or floor tiles 62 or modular office components (44 and 46) or student desks. The distributed antenna system 40 reduces the effective distance between a transmitting and receiving device to a nominal distance.

1. Technical Field
This invention relates in general to mobile computing electronic devices and, more particularly, to a method and apparatus for wireless communications between mobile computing electronic devices.
2. Description of the Related Art
Mobile computing electronic devices, such as electronic calculators and portable computers, have evolved significantly in recent years. In addition to arithmetic calculations, current day calculators often provide programming and graphing functions. Graphing calculators include a screen able to display graphics in addition to alphanumeric characters. Portable computers, on the other hand, are progressively becoming more mobile, as the weight of the computer is reduced, while maintaining processing capabilities at the same level as desktop computers.
For some time, graphing calculators and portable computers have been able to communicate to one another through a wired connection. An example of a calculator of this type is the TI-92 calculator produced by Texas Instruments Incorporated of Dallas, Tex. Wired connections may be used, for example, in a classroom setting where problem sets are downloaded from the teacher's calculator to the students' calculators. Once downloaded, the students can use the calculator to solve the problem. Teacher's can review the student's answers in real-time to determine which students are having difficulty solving the problems.
Portable computers also can communicate through computer networks. Recently, wireless networks have become available for computers. A great advantage of a wireless network is the ability to maintain a network connection within a defined area with a portable computer without losing the mobility of the computer. Wireless networks for graphing calculators have been proposed in U.S. application. Ser. No. 08/706,123 to Siep et al, filed Aug. 30, 1996, entitled "Active Wireless Network For Calculators," U.S. application. Ser. No. 08/707,165 to Siep et al, filed Aug. 30, 1996, entitled "Passive Wireless Network For Calculators," U.S. application. Ser. No. 08/697,808 to Siep et al, filed Aug. 30, 1996, entitled "Method of Implementing a Network in a Classroom Setting," and U.S. application. Ser. No. 08/753,563 to Siep et al, filed Nov. 26, 1996, entitled "Method and Apparatus for Low Power Communications Between Mobile Computing Devices," all of which are incorporated by reference herein.
Despite the advantages of networks in non-commercial setting such as classrooms, they have not been accepted in widespread use. Wired connections between calculators is somewhat inhibiting to the students. Wireless communications in a classroom or auditorium has several problems. First, in order to have effective communication between the teacher and the students, the student devices must have sufficient battery power to transmit a signal that will reach the teacher's calculator. Unfortunately, designing student devices with enough transmitted power to reach the teacher's desk in a normal sized classroom would deplete the smaller calculator batteries at an unacceptable rate. This is a particular problem with calculators which have relatively small batteries and would, without the wireless communications, last for approximately eight months. Adding wireless communications could decrease the battery life to a single month or less in normal use. Second, it is desirable that the devices operate in a frequency band which is designated as unlicensed by the FCC (Federal Communications Commission). In order to prevent interference between devices operating in an unlicensed frequency band (the ISM--Industrial, Scientific and Medical--band), the FCC has strict guidelines on the spread spectrum modulation schemes which must be used, if the devices broadcast at a power equal or greater than 0.7 milliwatts. Current day wireless transmission devices must exceed this level to accurately communicate over distances up to thirty meters; therefore, they must use a spread spectrum modulation scheme approved by the FCC which increases the complexity, cost and power consumption of the system.
Accordingly, a need has arisen in the industry for a low cost, low power, method and apparatus for communicating between mobile computing electronic devices.

Low power wireless network using desktop antenna


This invention relates to processes and systems for the conversion of methane in high yields to C4+ hydrocarbons. The principal steps of the recycle process include reacting methane and O2 in an oxidative coupling reactor over a Mn/Na2WO4/SiO2 catalyst at 800xc2x0 C. to convert the methane to ethylene, and oligomerizing the ethylene product by reacting it with an H-ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst at 275xc2x0 C. in a catalytic reactor for subsequent conversion of the ethylene to higher hydrocarbons. Total yields of C4+ products using the process of the invention are in the range of about 60% to about 80%, and yields of C4+ nonaromatic hydrocarbons are in the range of about 50% to about 60%.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to the conversion of methane to C4+ products in high yields, and, in particular, to methods and systems for the steady state conversion of methane to C4+ aliphatic products in high yields using an integrated recycle reactor.
2. Description of the Background
Several recent studies have demonstrated that product yields approaching 70% may be achieved during the oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) by employing a recycle reactor with continuous removal of ethylene (Y. Jiang et al., Science 264:1563, 1994; R. B. Hall et al., ACS Div. Petr. Chem. Prepr. 39(2):214, 1994; E. M. Cordi et al., Appl. Catal. A: Gen. 155:L1-L7, 1997; A. Mashocki, Appl. Catal. A: General 146:391, 1996). The ethylene may either be directly separated from the recycle stream or it may be converted to another product, which is subsequently separated. As an example of the former, Ag+ ions have been used to facilitate the transport of ethylene and a small amount of propylene through a membrane contactor. The olefins were recovered in nearly pure form by heating the aqueous silver-olefin complexes to 100xc2x0 C. As an example of the second alternative, the ethylene was converted to aromatics (mainly benzene and toluene) over a Ga/H-ZSM-5 zeolite. The aromatics were separated from the recycle stream by cryogenic means.
However, in both of these cases, chemicals rather than fuels were produced. With respect to the utilization of methane in large remote gas fields, it is desirable to form a liquid transportation fuel that has a minimal amount of aromatics.
A two-step process for converting methane to liquid hydrocarbons in the gasoline range using oxidative coupling over a catalyst, followed by passing the product stream over a solid acid catalyst has been described (U.S. Pat. No. 5,336,825 to Choudhary et al.). However, this process does not recycle unreacted methane and ethane and produces products in low yields.
There is therefore a need for systems and methods for converting methane in high yields to C4+ nonaromatic hydrocarbons.
The present invention overcomes the problems and disadvantages associated with current strategies and designs and provides systems and processes for converting methane in high yields to C4+ nonaromatic hydrocarbons, producing high yields of hydrocarbons in the C4+ range.
Accordingly, one embodiment of the invention is directed to a process or method for producing C4+ aliphatic hydrocarbons in high yields from methane comprising the steps of: providing a stream of methane and a stream of O2; conveying the stream of methane and stream of O2 to an oxidative coupling reactor (OCM reactor), for the oxidative coupling of methane; converting the methane to ethylene and other by-products in the oxidative coupling reactor, thereby forming an ethylene-containing product stream; conveying the ethylene-containing product stream to a catalytic reactor; oligomerizing the ethylene in the catalytic reactor by reacting the ethylene over an acidic pentasil zeolite catalyst to produce an end product-containing stream, the end product-containing stream comprising hydrocarbons having four or more carbons; removing the hydrocarbons having four or more carbons from the end product-containing stream leaving an effluent stream; and recycling the effluent stream through the oxidative coupling reactor.
Another embodiment of the invention is directed to a process or method for producing C4+ hydrocarbons in high yields from methane comprising the steps of: reacting methane and O2 in an oxidative coupling reactor to produce a first product stream, the first product stream comprising ethylene; reacting the first product stream in a catalytic reactor in the presence of an acidic pentasil zeolite catalyst to produce a second product stream, the second product stream comprising C4+ hydrocarbons; removing C4+ hydrocarbons from the second product stream leaving an effluent stream; and recycling the effluent stream through the oxidative coupling reactor.
Another embodiment is directed to a system for producing C4+ hydrocarbons in high yields from methane comprising: an oxidative coupling reactor, the oxidative coupling reactor adapted to receive methane and O2 and to convert the methane to a first product stream, the first product stream containing ethylene; a catalytic reactor containing an acidic pentasil zeolite catalyst disposed downstream from the oxidative coupling reactor for receiving the first product stream and converting it to a second product stream, the second product stream containing C4+ hydrocarbons; means for removing C4+ hydrocarbons from the second product stream to produce an effluent stream; and means for recycling the effluent stream to the oxidative coupling reactor. Preferably, the apparatus further comprises means for removing water from the first product stream, means for removing CO2 from the first product stream, and means for removing by-products from the first product stream.
Other embodiments and advantages of the invention are set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part, will be obvious from this description, or may be learned from the practice of the invention.

Conversion of methane to C4+ aliphatic products in high yields using an integrated recycle reactor system


A graphical user interface, i.e., multimedia communications application program, for setting up and handling a multimedia call is disclosed that employs realistic metaphors of real life face-to-meetings in setting up and handling a multimedia call to establish a virtual meeting which is automatically reconfigured in response to user action. This is realized by taking advantage of prospective virtual meeting participants' already existing knowledge of how real life face-to-face meetings operate. To this end, the multimedia communications application program enables the virtual meeting participants through direct manipulation of the realistic graphical metaphors to establish a realistic virtual meeting room which is displayed on the screen of their workstation monitor. The virtual meeting room includes a table and chairs arranged in a realistic manner in the virtual meeting room. The virtual meeting room and table are automatically configured in response to user action in such a manner as to minimize the screen area displaying the virtual meeting room and, thereby, maximizing the screen area available for multimedia collaboration by the meeting participants. An empty chair is displayed at the table which indicates that at least one more participant can be added to the virtual meeting. Once a predetermined maximum number of participants have been included in the virtual meeting, the empty chair is no longer displayed.

The essential characteristics of face-to-face meetings can be simulated by multimedia telecommunications conference systems. Such conference systems permit separated meeting participants to communicate with one another in multiple media such as video voice and/or data from their own workplace without requiring that they convene in the same place.
In prior known multimedia conference systems, it has been required that the individual meeting participants had to be conversant with sophisticated video and data communications protocols, including, for example network address and transport protocols, in order to set-up and handle a multimedia call in order to establish and operate a virtual meeting. If a prospective participant was not familiar with the video and/or data protocols, it essentially precluded his or her participation in the full virtual meeting. Those prospective participants would be limited to only the audio portion of the virtual meeting. This of course is extremely undesirable. Therefore, a problem exists in providing an easy natural real life way for unsophisticated prospective meeting participants to set-up and handle multimedia telephone calls.

Graphical user interface for multimedia call set-up and call handling in a virtual conference on a desktop computer conferencing system


A bioabsorbable, cannulated expandable tissue anchor for sutureless soft tissue fixation to bone, particularly in arthroscopic shoulder surgery. The anchor is provided with a ribbed shaft and a head for securing the soft tissue to bone. The shaft of the anchor is divided into at least two legs by longitudinal slots which extend from the distal end of the anchor. After the anchor is installed through tissue and into bone, a dowel is inserted into the proximal end of the cannulated shaft to axially spread apart the legs of the shaft by opening the longitudinal slots, thereby securing the anchor in the bone.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an expandable tissue anchor, and more specifically, to an expandable, biodegradable tissue anchor for use in arthroscopic surgical shoulder repair.
2. Description of the Related Art
Expandable anchors are known for use in surgical applications. Examples include U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,268,001 and 5,968,044 to Nicholson et al., which disclose a bone fastener having an expandable sleeve with an axial bore, and a pin with an outer diameter greater than an inner diameter of at least a portion of the axial bore for expanding the sleeve. A holder is severably attached to the sleeve for use during installation. U.S. Pat. No. 5,336,240 to Metzler et al. discloses an expandable anchor in which a pin is pulled proximally to deploy the device.
Other expandable anchors are known for anchoring to building materials such as brick and concrete. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,871,289 to Choiniere discloses an expandable anchor with an expanding pin. The pin has a radial shoulder such that the pin locks inside the expandable anchor sleeve after insertion and expansion.
All of these prior art devices require a pre-drilled hole for installation of the anchor. The anchor is placed into the pre-drilled hole and then expanded to provide fixation.
Accordingly, a need exists in the prior art for an expandable anchor that does not require pre-drilling of a bore that accommodates the anchor.
The present invention provides an expandable anchor that is driven into bone without the need for pre-drilling a bore to accommodate the anchor. The anchor utilizes an inner dowel pin, preferably made of a bioabsorbable material such as PLLA, to expand the anchor after it is pushed into place in the bone, and to hold the pin within the anchor. During insertion, the spreadable tip of the anchor is held together by a frangible connection formed of a non-slotted section at the tip of the anchor. As the dowel pin is advanced and the anchor legs spread, the connections are severed to allow complete expansion. In certain types of bone, it may be necessary to punch or drill a small hole to receive the tip of the anchor. Typically, however, no pre-drilling of bone is required.
Advantageously, the non-slotted section allows for driving the device into hard bone without prematurely expanding. Preferably, the push in dowel is made up of low molecular weight polymer to expand in a short period to fixate the dowel as well as increase the overall expansion of the device. In addition, the head is radiused to contour with the anatomical shape of the soft tissue and underlying bone.
Other features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following description of the invention which refers to the accompanying drawings.