A device for detecting, in the early stages of infection, the presence of mastitis, as well as other impurities, in an individual cow or other milk producing animal, using a filter, preferably made of polyester and being disposable, which filters all milk being extracted from the cow, the filter being held in a container placed in the individual vacuum line of a milking machine being used to extract milk from the cow, the claws of the milking machine placed on the cow dropping from the cow upon the presence of mastitis, without contamination of the milk held in the bulk storage facility, while permitting healthy milk to pass through the filter without interruption of the milking process.

1. Field
This invention generally relates to mastitis in cows and is most particularly is concerned with a filter device located in the milk line of a milking machine to cause the claw of the milking machine to fall off the cow if the cow has only an early stage case of mastitis or the milk contains impurities from another source.
2. State of the Art
Mastitis is a major problem to the dairy industry costing millions of dollars in loss. Various approaches have been devised to avoid the problem and provide early detection but despite these efforts, the losses caused by mastitis continue. In the past, the use of filters in the milk line of the milking machine has been attempted as a possible solution to the problem. Unfortunately, such efforts have resulted in a solution which is just not workable for an active dairy farm.
In the Bullock et. al. Patent, U.S. Pat. No. 4,376,053, the history of in-line filters is set forth. Based upon that account, in 1969, an in-line clot detector was developed by the National Institute for research in dairying at Reading, England which detector consisted of a stainless steel mesh filter element molded into a 15 mm bore transparent polycarbonate tube at an angle of 45 degrees. The problem with this design is reported to have been quick blocking causing the claws which are placed on the udders of the cows to fall off without detecting mastitis. Obviously, for the cups to fall off upon detecting mastitis would be a benefit and not a detriment. It should be noted that the tube referred to was described as transparent indicating that visual observation of the filter was an essential part of the operation of the device which is not feasible in the operation of a modern dairy farm.
Apparently, prior to the above-described in-line filter, a clamshell type filter was tried but it did not provide good observation of the filter and had hygiene problems. Once again, visual observation was a stated feature of the invention.
The Bullock et al Patent, U.S. Pat. No. 4,376,053, recognized these failings and tried to overcome the problems. Once again, the filter was placed in a transparent container so once again visual observation was clearly a factor in making the invention work. Bullock et. al. wanted to avoid the problem of having the claws fall off the animal during the milking process, when clearly if the claws would fall off only when mastitis was present, there would be no concern with the interruption of the operation. Bullock et. al. taught four designs, but really there were two similar basic concepts with each of the concepts having two variations, one variation being a full wire mesh filter and the other being the same filter with an opening in it. Clearly, Bullock et. al. relied upon visual observation to detect mastitis and preferred to allow the milk of the cow to pass through the filter even if the milk was infected. In a milking barn, with milking occurring twice a day, it would neither be practical nor efficient to monitor all the filters. The invention contemplated by Bullock et. al. would permit detection sooner or later but later would most likely be most common. Certainly, if there was one infected cow, the entire quantity of milk collected would include mastitis infected milk and might be lost. Possibly for this reason, the use of this invention is not commonly known in the current dairy industry which still accepts as inevitable, huge monetary losses from mastitis.
What is needed by the dairy industry is a fail safe device which does require observation but which automatically stops the milking of a cow infected with mastitis even if the cow is only mildly infected but which does not shut down during normal milking operations of a healthy cow. It should also be noted that if mastitis can be detected at an early stage, the infected cow can be cured much more quickly and returned to production. Thus, there is a need not only for sufficiently rapid detection of infected milk without the need visually to monitor the flow so as to avoid contamination of the entire bulk tank supply but also to identify the diseased animal sufficiently early to permit a rapid cure.
The invention as described herein permits fail-safe detection without any need for visual observation but which rather automatically releases and terminates vacuum pressure and causes interruption of the milking process even with a mildly infected cow by causing the claws to drop from the infected animal which was the very concern of the prior art. This is made possible by use of a filter which does not cause the claws to drop when the milk is wholesome. The filter, being readily replaceable and disposable, insures proper hygiene and prompt continuation of the milking process.


Substituted pyrazoles, methods of manufacturing them, compositions containing them, and methods of using them to treat, for example, autoimmune diseases mediated by cathepsin S are described.

Cathepsin S (EC 188.8.131.52) is a cysteine protease of the papain family found primarily in lysosomes (Bromme, D.; McGrath, M. E. High Level Expression and Crystallization of Recombinant Human Cathepsin S. Protein Science 1996, 5, 789-791).
The role of cathepsin S in the immune response is anticipated by its tissue distribution: cathepsin S is found primarily in lymphatic tissues, lymph nodes, the spleen, B lymphocytes, and macrophages (Kirschke, H. Chapter 211. Cathepsin S. In Handbook of Proteolytic Enzymes. Barrett, A. J.; Rawlings, N. D.; Woessner, J. F., Eds. San Diego: Academic Press, 1998. pp. 621-624.). Cathepsin S inhibitors have been shown in animal models to modulate antigen presentation and are effective in an animal model of asthma (Riese, R. J.; Mitchell, R. N.; Villadangos, J. A.; Shi, G.-P.; Palmer, J. T.; Karp, E. R.; De Sanctis, G. T.; Ploegh, H. L.; Chapman, H. A. Cathepsin S Activity Regulates Antigen Presentation and Immunity. J. Clin. Invest. 1998, 101, 2351-2363 and Shi, G.-P.; Villadangos, J. A.; Dranoff, G.; Small, C.; Gu, L.; Haley, K. J.; Riese, R.; Ploegh, H. L.; Chapman, H. A. Cathepsin S Required for Normal MHC Class II Peptide Loading and Germinal Center Development. Immunity 1999, 10, 197-206.).
Mice in which the gene encoding cathepsin S has been knocked out are less susceptible to collagen-induced arthritis and their immune systems have an impaired ability to respond to antigens (Nakagawa, T. Y.; Brissette, W. H.; Lira, P. D.; Griffiths, R. J.; Petrushova, N.; Stock, J.; McNeish, J. D.; Eastman, S. E.; Howard, E. D.; Clarke, S. R. M.; Rosloniec, E. F.; Elliott, E. A.; Rudensky, A. Y. Impaired Invariant Chain Degradation and Antigen Presentation and Diminished Collagen-Induced Arthritis in Cathepsin S Null Mice. Immunity 1999, 10, 207-217).
These data demonstrate that compounds that inhibit the proteolytic activity of human cathepsin S should find utility in the treatment of chronic autoimmune diseases including, but not limited to, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, and asthma; and have potential utility in modulating the immune response to tissue transplantation.
There are a number of cathepsin S inhibitors reported in the literature. The most important patents are listed below.
Certain dipeptidyl nitriles are claimed by Novartis as cathepsin S inhibitors in: Altmann, et. al. WO-99/24460.
Dipeptidyl vinyl sulfones are claimed by Arris (now Axys) as cysteine protease (including cathepsin S) inhibitors in: Palmer, et. al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,976,858.
Certain peptidyl sulfonamides are claimed by Arris/Axys as cysteine protease (including cathepsin S) inhibitors in: Palmer, et. al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,776,718 (assigned to Arris, now Axys) & Klaus, et. al. U.S. Pat. No. 6,030,946 (assigned to Axys).
Compounds somewhat similar to those of the present invention are described in the following references.
Winters, et. al. (Winters, G.; Sala, A.; Barone, D.; Baldoli, E. J. Med. Chem. 1985, 28, 934-940; Singh, P.; Sharma, R. C. Quant. Struct.-Act. Relat. 1990, 9, 29-32; Winters, G.; Sala, A.; Barone, D. in U.S. Pat. No. 4,500,525 (1985)) have described bicyclic pyrazoles of the type shown below. R never contains a heterocyclic ring and no protease inhibitor activity is ascribed to these molecules; they are described as α1-adrenergic receptor modulators.
Shutske, et. al. claim the bicylic pyrazoles below. The pyridine ring is aromatic in their system (Shutske, G. M.; Kapples, K. J.; Tomer, J. D. U.S. Pat. No. 5,264,576 (1993)). Although reference is made to R being a linker to a heterocycle, the claims specify only R=hydrogen. The compounds are referred to as serotonin reuptake inhibitors.
The compound 2-[4-[4-(3-methyl-5-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)butyl]-1-piperazinyl]-pyrimidine is known from EP-382637, which describes pyrimidines having anxiolytic properties. This compound and analogs are further described in EP-502786 as cardiovascular and central nervous system agents. Pharmaceutical formulations with such compounds are disclosed in EP-655248 for use in the treatment of gastric secreation and as anti-ulcer agents. WO-9721439 describes medicaments with such compounds for treating obsessive-compulsive disorders, sleep apnea, sexual dysfunctions, emesis and motion sickness.
The compounds 5-methyl-3-phenyl-1-[4-(4-phenyl-1-piperazinyl)butyl]-1H-indazole and 5-bromo-3-(2-chlorophenyl)-1-[4-(4-phenyl-1-piperazinyl)butyl]-1H-indazole, in particular the hydrochloride salts thereof, are known from WO-9852940 and CA 122:314528, where these and similar compounds are described as kinase inhibitors in the former reference and possessing affinity for benzodiazepine receptors in the latter reference.


The present invention relates to a method and facility for breeding insects. According to the invention, the insect breeding facility comprises a spawning area comprising spawning containers which are adapted to receive adult insects and insect food, wherein at least one spawn structure is provided in each spawning container, in which spawn structures the mother insects will spawn their eggs. The plurality of spawning containers are stacked in one or more stacks of containers. Furthermore a hatch area is provided in which the eggs will hatch and which allows periodical harvesting of baby larvae from the hatch area.

The term breeding refers to the natural process of reproduction, involving spawning—the process of releasing and depositing eggs —, and hatching—bringing forth larvae from the egg. It differs from the process of rearing insects, which refers to the process of tending insects from baby-larvae to mature larvae, and possibly also including pupating and emerging into beetles.
Commonly known methods for breeding insects involve the provision of spawning containers adapted to receive adult insects and insect food. In each spawning container one or more removable spawn structures are provided, in which the mother insects will spawn their eggs. Most species will just drop the eggs to the ground, in which event the spawn structure may be a tissue or the like, but other species will stick it in the ground or glue it to the spawning container or other parts, e.g. leaves or other structures provided for. The spawn structure or parts thereof holding the eggs is removable. The eggs are thus harvested and allowed to hatch in a hatch area.
From WO2014171829 a method and system for rearing insects is known, referring to the process of tending insects from baby-larvae to mature larvae. In a climate area, stacked crates with immature phases of insects are arranged in rows. Periodically, individual crates are conveyed to a feed area provided with an observation station. Based on the observation of a retrieved individual crate it is determined whether supplementary feed stock is to be added, or that the insects are withdrawn from further rearing for harvesting, or discarding from further rearing.
The use of insects for human consumption being an emerging trend in the Western world, there is a desire for up-scaling insect breeding facilities.

Method and facility for breeding insects


A method of making a microelectronic package includes bonding a conductive structure to a carrier so that the conductive structure overlies a rear surface of a microelectronic element disposed on the carrier and an exposed top surface of the carrier. The conductive structure may be a monolithic structure having a base and a plurality of interconnections extending continuously away from the base toward the carrier. The plurality of interconnections may have free ends that overlie the carrier. The microelectronic element may be positioned between at least two adjacent interconnections of the plurality of interconnections. The plurality of interconnections and the microelectronic element may be encapsulated with an encapsulant. The carrier may be removed to expose the free ends of the interconnections and bond pads of the microelectronic element. The free ends of the interconnections and the bond pads of the microelectronic element may be conductively connected with the terminals of the microelectronic package. The conductive structure may be patterned to form external contacts. At least some of the external contacts may overlie the microelectronic element.

The subject matter of the present application relates to microelectronic assemblies and fabrication methods, and more particularly to the structure of and fabrication method for a low-profile microelectronic package.
Semiconductor chips are commonly provided as individual, prepackaged units. A standard chip has a flat, rectangular body with a large front face having contacts connected to the internal circuitry of the chip. Each individual chip typically is mounted in a package which, in turn, is mounted on a circuit panel such as a printed circuit board and which connects the contacts of the chip to conductors of the circuit panel.
Each chip package has many electrical connections for carrying signals, power and ground between terminals and the chips therein. The electrical connections can include different kinds of conductors such as horizontal conductors, e.g., traces, beam leads, etc., which extend in a horizontal direction relative to a contact-bearing surface of a chip, vertical conductors such as vias, which extend in a vertical direction relative to the surface of the chip, and wire bonds which extend in both horizontal and vertical directions relative to the surface of the chip.
In many conventional designs, the chip package occupies an area of the circuit panel considerably larger than the area of the chip itself. In some designs which are referred to as "flip chip" designs, the front face of the chip confronts the face of a package substrate, and the contacts on the chip are bonded directly to contacts of the package substrate by solder balls or other connecting elements. In turn, the package substrate can be bonded to a circuit panel through terminals overlying the front face of the chip.
There are, however, applications in which a relatively larger package is desired. These include instances in which a relatively large fan-out area is needed to achieve connection to a larger array on a printed circuit board or the like. Many wafer-level packages present reliability issues in such relatively larger sizes due to an inherent increase in the effects of varying coefficients of thermal expansion among the components of the package. Such effects can also be visible in relatively smaller applications, particularly when contacts are placed in certain locations and when the package undergoes frequent heat-cycling.
Size is a significant consideration in any physical arrangement of one or more chips. The demand for more compact physical arrangements of chips has become even more intense with the rapid progress of portable electronic devices. Merely by way of example, devices commonly referred to as "smart phones" integrate the functions of a cellular telephone with powerful data processors, memory and ancillary devices such as global positioning system receivers, electronic cameras, and local area network connections along with high-resolution displays and associated image processing chips. Such devices can provide capabilities such as full internet connectivity, entertainment including full-resolution video, navigation, electronic banking and more, all in a pocket-size device. Complex portable devices require packing numerous chips into a small space. Moreover, some of the chips have many input and output connections, commonly referred to as "I/Os." These I/Os must be interconnected with the I/Os of other chips. The components which form the interconnections should not greatly increase the size of the assembly. Similar needs arise in other applications as, for example, in data servers such as those used in internet search engines where increased performance and size reduction are needed.
In light of the foregoing, certain improvements can be made in the structure of microelectronic packages and assemblies which comprise a microelectronic package. In this regard, there remains a need for improved packages that are reliable, thin, testable and economical to manufacture.


A light-emitting diode device control method includes using a reset voltage source to reset a control terminal of a driving-transistor of the light-emitting diode device; compensating the control terminal of the driving-transistor to a compensation voltage level; resetting a first terminal of the driving transistor to a target voltage level so as to increase a voltage difference between the first terminal and a second terminal of the driving transistor; and the driving transistor providing a driving current for driving a light-emitting diode of the light-emitting diode device to emit light.

As the display technologies develop, light-emitting diodes have been widely applied to display technologies, for example, an Active-matrix organic light-emitting diode (AMOLED) is an example thereof. A control method thereof may be using a driving-transistor to provide current to drive a light-emitting diode to emit light. However, when a test is performed on displaying chess grids with alternate black and white grids, an Image Retention phenomenon will be occurred. For example, when a pixel turns from the gray scale brightness 0 (black) to the gray scale brightness 64 (gray), the brightness of the next image time will be excessively high, and the expected brightness may be achieved till the next image time. Besides, in high-speed applications, in a conversion process from a black image to an image of any gray scale, the expected gray scale brightness may be achieved generally by charging twice. This phenomenon may cause ghost image generated at an image intersection when the black image is turned to an image of any gray scale, so that the image quality of the high-speed display is poor. The unexpected image retention phenomenon is caused by charges aggregating at a channel of a driving-transistor.

Light-emitting diode device control method


Method and device for fluidized jet mill grinding wherein a nozzle construction is provided in which the momentum of the jet issuing from the nozzle is varied between areas of high momentum and areas of low momentum immediately after leaving the nozzle. A drop in pressure from the periphery to the core area of the jet develops so that flow channels are formed at right angles to the flow direction of the jet. Particles of the material to be comminuted are thereby drawn into the center of the jet where they are accelerated to the impact velocity necessary for their comminution during the course of the jet travel.

The invention is based on the so-called fluidized bed jet milling process, in which a jet of gas or steam exiting a nozzle at high speed is introduced into a fluidized bed of granular material. The particles in the vicinity of the jet are accelerated to such a high speed that they shatter upon impact against still or approaching particles. Such a process--especially one suitable for fine grinding--is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 1,948,609.
A disadvantage of the process just mentioned, however, is that the kinetic energy introduced by the jet is only partially used for the actual comminution. The pressure drop in the jet with respect to the material bed causes particles to be immediately drawn into the jet and accelerated. However, such a change of momentum only takes place in the outermost peripheral zone of the jet. The core area of the jet remains practically free of product, so that the kinetic jet energy in this zone is largely unused, resulting in unsatisfactory comminution efficiency.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,734,413 describes an apparatus for forcing the product laterally into the jet by mechanical conveying means. This apparatus, however, requires a considerable amount of mechanical equipment and high power consumption. Also, the conveying equipment is subject to a high degree of wear. The same disadvantages are displayed by the well-known injector jet mills, e.g. as per U.S. Pat. No. 1,935,344 where the product is mixed with the gas or steam in an acceleration nozzle before the jet is formed.

Method and device for fluidized bed jet mill grinding


In order to prepare particles of a vitreous enamel for use in forming a vitreous enamel body by fusing the particles together to form the body, at least one enamel frit and at least one non-vitreous additive are formed into an agglomerated granular feedstock and passed through a heating chamber whereby such feedstock becomes at least partially molten and rounded, whereafter the resulting rounded vitreous enamel beads are caused or allowed to cool to a temperature below their melting point.

1. Field of the invention
This invention relates to a method of preparing particles of a vitreous enamel for use in forming a vitreous enamel body by fusing the particles together to form the body. The invention includes a process of manufacturing such a vitreous enamel body.
The expression "vitreous" is used herein to denote materials which include a glassy phase. Vitreous materials thus comprehend partially vitrified materials which also include one or more crystalline phases as well as wholly vitrified materials.
As is well known, enamel bodies such as coatings are applied to a wide variety of articles for decorative purposes, to facilitate cleaning, to protect the article, or for some other reason or combination of reasons. Such articles may be of a ceramic nature, for example pottery, earthenware, vitreous china, stoneware or porcelain, or they may be of metal, for example cast iron. Examples of particular products include bricks, tiles, sanitary ware, bath-tubs and domestic cookers.
2. Description of the Related Art
In the classical enamelling process as usually applied industrially, a base enamel is chosen for its composition in order that it may confer appropriate properties on the enamel glaze formed, taking into account the nature of the article being glazed. Such a base enamel may be in the form of a single frit, or it may be constituted by two or more base frits. A wide variety of such base frits is commercially available. Such base frits are often compounded to result in a transparent colourless glaze, and, unless a transparent colourless enamel glaze is required, it is the normal commercial practice to mix the base frit with a nonvitreous colouring agent and/or opacifying agent such as talc, kaolin or zircon. Colouring and opacifying agents are also widely available commercially. In commercial practice, a premixed enamel composition may be bought from an enamel supplier for application to the articles to be glazed, or a base frit and additives, such as colouring agents for addition to the frit may be purchased separately and mixed as desired. The various ingredients, which are available in the form of crushed particles, are mixed together in appropriate proportions and are formed into rather friable agglomerated granules. In order to apply the enamel, the agglomerated granules of mixed frit and additives are emulsified to form a slip or barbotine which is then applied to the article to be glazed, whether as a substantially uniform coating or in some pattern, and the article is placed in a kiln where the enamel is fused together and to the article.
Such a process suffers from a number of disadvantages. It is very difficult to ensure constancy of application of enamel of uniform composition during a lengthy production run. The slips may not be stable due to decomposition of the emulsifying agents used. The slips are usually applied to the articles by spraying, and this is messy and wasteful, and requires frequent cleaning of the working area. Furthermore, the waste material may well contain boron or other materials which cannot be discharged to waste without taking special precautions. Also, the firing of the enamel requires a great deal of energy.
The known particles may also be applied by a dry technique to a substrate but this technique also suffers from disadvantages. It is difficult to distribute and fix dry ground enamels onto a substrate. Moreover, they absorb humidity forming lumps which make their uniform distribution even more difficult.

Preparation of vitreous enamels and manufacture of enamel bodies


A male connection member utilized in an articulated coupling arrangement is provided by this invention. Such male connection member includes a first end portion engageable with and connectable to one end of a railway car to be connected in a semi-permanent manner. This male connection member has a second end portion formed integrally with such first end portion and disposed axially opposite thereof. The second end portion includes an outer end surface configured such that it will ensure that no contact will be made between such outer end surface and any other component of such articulated coupling arrangement. An aperture is formed through such second end portion to receive a bearing assembly therein. Such aperture has a longitudinal axis disposed transverse to a longitudinal axis of such male connection member and is in a substantially horizontal plane. A portion of such second end is adapted to enable securing such bearing assembly within such aperture formed in such male connection member.

In today's modern railroad industry, it is well known that couplers are used to connect adjacent ends of a pair of railway cars together. On any of these railway cars which will possibly be used in interchange service, these standard couplers must have received approval by the Association of American Railroads (AAR) prior to their installation on such railway cars. It is generally well recognized that, in this application, such couplers are required to serve a number of functions in addition to facilitating the connection and disconnection of individual railway cars to and from, respectively, a train consist. One of these additional functions, for example, is to enable such individual railway cars to successfully negotiate the curved portions of a track encountered in the track structure. Additionally, such standard couplers enable such railway cars to be easily and readily combined so that a train consist can be made up. Further, when necessary, such couplers allow such railway cars to be readily separated into individual cars for either loading or unloading cargo thereto or therefrom, respectively.
However, in more recent times, it has come to be generally recognized in the railroad industry that a significant number of rather important advantages can be achieved by the interconnection of a number of railway cars to form a substantially semi-permanent unit. This is particularly the situation, for example, where such railway cars are specifically designed for use in what is known in the industry as "piggyback" or intermodal service. The reason for this is that the cargo to be either loaded or unloaded is brought to or removed from, respectively, predetermined locations. Such cargo is usually over-the-road trailers or large containers. The individual railroad cars which have been joined together in this substantially semi-permanent manner are commonly known in the railroad industry as a "10-pack". Except at the extreme outer ends of each 10-pack unit, these 10-pack units do not require the use of the standard couplers discussed above. The primary reason why such standard couplers are not required in this application is because of their dedicated service, these 10-pack units are broken only on a periodic basis. For example, in most cases, this will normally only occur when some maintenance must be carried out on either an individual coupler component or some other critical component positioned on the railway car which will require an individual car to be taken out of service on a temporary basis.
It has become obvious to the railroad industry that with the use of this semi-permanent coupling arrangement it is possible to achieve a significant reduction in costs. These cost reductions can be attributed to a variety of reasons. At a minimum, these reasons include a reduction in the weight of the equipment. Such weight reduction results in a significant reduction in energy requirements. In addition, because fewer railway trucks are required, this results in not only reduced equipment costs but also results in a reduction of maintenance requirements.
Now, however, with the rather extensive use of these semi-permanent coupling arrangements and with the ever increasing loads that must be carried by modern railway cars and train consists, the railroad industry and railway equipment suppliers have determined that it is of critical importance for a close-buttoned relationship to be maintained between the coupler draft components present in a particular coupling arrangement. Such close-buttoned relationship has been found necessary, for example, so that the detrimental effects of impact forces which are encountered during normal train operation can be reduced to an acceptable level. In this manner, damage incurred to both cargo and equipment can be held to an absolute minimum. Such impact forces are normally encountered during normal buff operations of the train.
With the above discussion in mind, attention is directed to one prior art type articulated coupling arrangement used for the purpose of connecting adjacent ends of a pair of railway cars together in such semi-permanent fashion. This prior art coupling device is taught in U.S. Pat. No. 4,258,628. As is shown therein, this particular articulated coupling apparatus includes a male connection member secured at one end thereof to one end of a first railway car body member and a female connection member which is secured at one end thereof to an adjacent end of a second railway car body member.
In this prior art coupling arrangement, the female connection member is rotatably engaged in a center plate bowl portion of the bolster member of the railway truck member. This rotatable type engagement is accomplished in a manner that is generally well known in the railway art. The male connection member is disposed for movement, at the outer end portion thereof, within a cavity located in the outer end portion of such female connection member. In this coupling arrangement, a pin member is utilized to connect both the male connection member and the female connection member together in such substantially semi-permanent fashion. This pin member is positioned in a vertical direction and is disposed in aligned apertures which are formed in each of such male connection member and such female connection member. It is important to note that, as is taught in this reference, the aperture formed in such male connection member for receiving the pin member therein must be formed somewhat larger than the pin member itself. This is necessary in this arrangement to enable certain movements required of the coupling apparatus to be achieved during in-track service. Additionally, it should be noted that a rear surface portion of such aperture formed in such male connection member and which will receive such pin member therein includes a horizontally disposed concave configuration and a vertically disposed convex configuration. This particular configuration is desirable so that both the male connection member and the female connection member can move in each of a horizontal direction and a vertical direction with respect to one another. At the same time, this configuration provides a rather substantial area of surface contact between the rear surface of the pin aperture and the pin member itself.
The outer end surface of the outer end portion of such male connection member includes a convex configuration which abuttingly engages a complimentary concave surface which is formed on a front face portion of a follower member. The follower member, in this coupling arrangement, is disposed within the rear portion of such cavity located in the outer end portion of such female connection member. The rear face portion of such follower member includes a pair of vertically-disposed slot-like cavities formed therein. A first portion of a resilient member is disposed within each of these vertical slot-like cavities. A second portion of each such resilient member extends outwardly from such rear face portion of such follower member. In this manner, a vertically disposed wedge-like element can be engaged with such exposed outer surface area of each such resilient element. Such wedge-like element being a necessary component of this coupling arrangement so that during service the follower member and the male connection member can be urged forward. Consequently, the rear surface portion of the aperture formed in the outer end of the male connection member is maintained substantially in contact with the pin member at all times.
Because most of the articulated connecting members used in this coupling arrangement are normally manufactured as cast components, such contact being maintained between the pin member and the rear surface portion of this aperture in the male connection member is essential. Furthermore, in order to maintain the production costs of this coupling apparatus as low as possible, such cast components will receive very little, if any, finish machining to provide either the necessary or the desirable dimensional control. These cast components, in other words, are generally used as cast. It is quite often difficult, as a result of this cost-saving practice, to provide an articulated coupling apparatus which will be self-adjusting under the various wear conditions which such coupling apparatus will normally encounter during operation. Nevertheless, it is important to minimize as much as possible the slack encountered in the various coupling connections during such in track service.
Other prior art coupling devices are taught in U.S. Pat. No. 3,716,146 and Canadian Patent Number 1,231,078.

Male connection member for an articulated coupling arrangement


A sighting/training device configured to be mounted to a pistol handle of a gun incorporates a light source, a power source, and a control. The device has at least two operating modes and a switch to select one of the modes. In a first operating mode the light source emits light when a button grip is pressed by a user, and does not emit light when the button grip is not depressed. In a second mode the light source emits light when a sound, such as the sound of a gun firing pin, is detected.

There are laser sights used with a gun when firing bullets, and laser trainers, used with a gun when, instead of firing a bullet when the firing pin is activated, a laser light beam is generated. Light (particularly laser) sighters and laser trainers for guns have in the past been different products, requiring the owner of a firearm to purchase at least two separate products.


In one or more implementations, an example air heater assembly is described. The air heater assembly includes a frame defining an aperture and an air heater that includes at least one heating element. The frame is configured to receive the air heater. The air heater assembly includes a terminal configured to connect with the at least one heating element. The air heater assembly includes a hard coated bushing configured to receive the terminal, and the hard coated bushing is configured to be received within the aperture to form a seal and to electrically isolate the terminal from the frame.

An air-fuel mixture for an internal combustion engine is harder to ignite when cold, leading to less complete combustion and increased emissions. Once the engine has warmed up, the cylinders may warm the air-fuel mixture sufficiently. However, at startup, the engine may have no heat to contribute to the air-fuel mixture. Cold start conditions are especially severe when the ambient air temperature is low. An intake air heating system may be used to heat air arriving at the engine. This system may be located within or prior to the intake manifold. The intake air heating system may be brought up to temperature prior to attempting to start the engine.
Heating the intake air may allow for easier ignition and may hold the fuel in suspension more effectively, leading to fewer fuel droplets falling out of suspension in the air. Intake air heating systems may allow for faster starts of the engine, may reduce startup emissions, reduce engine wear, reduce overall battery consumption during startup, and reduce startup fuel consumption.
Electrical air heater assemblies are typically housed within metallic frames (i.e., enclosures, housings, etc.). These frames include resistive metallic heating elements that emit heat based upon the current flowing through the heating elements. The current path from the outside of the frame through the heating element is electrically insulated from the frame to prevent short circuits. Typically, bushings are employed to insulate a current path from the frame. Additionally, the bushings serve to seal apertures within the frame to prevent vacuum leaks. As such, these bushings are typically in contact with the electrical connection providing the current to the heating elements and the frame. However, these bushings are manufactured from plastic or silicone. Due to the relatively high temperatures generated by the heating elements, the heat can destroy the bushings.
The background description provided here is for the purpose of generally presenting the context of the disclosure. Work of the presently named inventors, to the extent it is described in this background section, as well as aspects of the description that may not otherwise qualify as prior art at the time of filing, are neither expressly nor impliedly admitted as prior art against the present disclosure.

Intake air heater assembly having insulated bushing


In a cationic electrodeposition process for coating an electric conductive substrate as a cathode with an electrodeposition process-coating composition containing a resin; an improvement characterized in that said resin is a resin having hydroxyl groups, tertiary amino groups, quaternary ammonium groups and blocked isocyanate groups which are reactive with hydroxyl group at an elevated temperature which is obtained by reacting. (a) a polyisocyanate; PA1 (b) a polyhydroxyl compound; PA1 (c) a hydroxyl compound having tertiary amino group; PA1 (d) a hydroxyl compound having quaternary ammonium group; and PA1 (e) a monofunctional blocking agent.. The coated layer has excellent anticorrosive characteristic, mechanical characteristics and the coating composition has excellent stability for aging.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a cationic electrodeposition using a specific cationic resin.
2. Description of the Prior Arts
An electrodeposition process by using a water soluble resin or a water dispersible resin has been developed for a base coating (the first prime coat) on a car. Novel resins have been further developed for the purpose of improvement of anticorrosive property. However, it has not attained to provide a satisfactory resin.
In the conventional anionic electrodeposition process, a metal substrate is connected to an anode whereby the metal substrate and the pretreated layer thereof are dissolved. The anticorrosive property thereof has not been satisfactory.
It has been proposed to provide a cationic electrodeposition-coating resin and process which do not cause dissolution of a metal substrate. However, resins produced hitherto are hardly, practially applicable in view of an anticorrosive property, a mechanical property and a stability for storing as a coating composition.
The inventors have studied on electrodeposition processes which have not the above-mentioned disadvantages. It has been found to overcome these disadvantages by a cationic electrodeposition by using a paint comprising a cationic aqueous urethane resin. The inventors have disclosed the process for producing the cationic aqueous urethane resins and the electrodepositions in Japanese Examined Patent Publication No. 17234/1975 and 2491/1976.
The inventors have further studied. As a result, it has been found that a coating composition comprising a cationic aqueous urethane resin having quaternary ammonium groups imparts a suitable pH and excellent rupture voltage, coulomb efficiency and dispersion stability.
The cationic electrodeposition using an electrodeposition coating composition comprising a resin having quaternary ammonium groups is disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 65329/1978. The resin used in this method is produced by quaternizing a polymer having tertiary amino groups with 1,2-epoxy compound. In accordance with this process, the quaternizing reaction is not easily attained as a common problem for a chemical reaction of a polymer and a high temperature is required and a reproduction is not satisfactory.
When a blocked urethane resin is used as a starting material, especially an urethane resin blocked by a blocking agent which is disassociated at low temperature is used, the quaternizing reaction causes a crosslinking reaction of the resin by the disassociation of the blocked group. Therefore, it is impossible to employ the process for producing the resin described in said patent application. The reactivity of the quaternization is remarkably low and accordingly, most of 1,2-epoxy compound remains in the reaction mixture to cause an adverse effect for a long stability. The residual 1,2-epoxy compound can be removed, however, it is disadvantageous to separate 1,2-epoxy compound from a viscous polymer in view of an industrial operation.
The inventors have further studied and have found that a coating composition having highly stable and high quality can be obtained by using a cationic aqueous urethane resin produced by using a hydroxyl compound having quaternary ammonium group. The present invention has been attained by the finding.


A wound dressing system comprising a wrap and a frangible ampoule is provided. The wrap is configured to contact/surround a wound site and includes an oxygen catalyst. The ampoule includes an oxygen precursor. The catalyst and precursor are configured to form oxygen when combined. A wound dressing system including a container is also provided that includes a powder, wrap, and frangible ampoule. The powder is disposed within the container, which is configured to allow the powder to be dispersed onto a wound site when activated. The wrap, which may include an oxygen catalyst, is also disposed in the container and is configured to contact/surround the wound site. The ampoule, also disposed in the container, includes a liquid containing an oxygen precursor. The liquid is configured to contact the wrap when the container is activated. Further, the catalyst and precursor are configured to form oxygen when combined.

Wound and surgical dressings are often used to treat, cover, and protect wounds and surgical incisions. Wound and surgical dressings come in various forms. For example, for simple cuts, adhesive bandages are typically used. Cotton gauze is also commonly used to cover wounds and surgical incisions. For more serious wounds and surgical incisions, the wound or surgical dressing may include multiple layers of fibrous material with a fluid impervious layer or back sheet to prevent exudates from seeping through the dressing.
Typically, medicaments are often manually applied to the wound or surgical dressing before positioning on a wound or surgical incision. A medicament is a medicinal substance or agent. The medicaments may include, for instance, an antimicrobial agent or antibiotic agent to encourage healing. Antiseptics are also commonly applied to prevent infection.
Catastrophic and traumatic injuries, however, such as limb loss due to bomb blasts, severe burns, and natural disasters require more robust acute treatments to prevent further contamination by debris, mitigate infection, retain body fluids, and prevent heat loss, particularly if surgical care is distant in time or geography.
As such, a need currently exists for a wound dressing system that stabilizes the wound and prevents deterioration of the wound. Such a system can provide a barrier to the environment, can remove or prevent the growth of microorganisms, such as bacteria, and can provide barriers and or absorbency to combat bodily fluid loss, among other desired outcomes of its use.

Traumatic wound dressing system with wrap


A rigid card has ammunition identification indicia and weapon identification indicia imprinted thereon. The card also bears a computer readable magnetic strip with the same information. The card is to be presented when an attempt is made to purchase ammunition. Purchase of a specific caliber of ammunition suitable for use in the weapon will be allowed only if an accessed data bank indicates that the weapon noted on the card is registered.

It is an unfortunate fact of life that numerous crimes are committed by persons employing hand guns and other firearms. It is axiomatic that firearms cannot be discharged without ammunition. The present invention relates to an apparatus and a method to restrict ammunition purchase, making the ammunition available only when one presents evidence that the ammunition is to be used with a registered weapon.
As will be described in greater detail below, the invention has as a fundamental aspect thereof use of a documentational article of a specific type to be presented when attempting purchase of ammunition for a firearm to obtain clearance for such purchase. The documentational article has the somewhat general appearance of a charge card or credit card of the type issued by banks and savings and loan institutions, among others.
A search of the prior art located the following United States patents: U.S. Pat. No. 5,113,062, filed May 12, 1992, U.S. Pat. No. 4,218,612, issued Aug. 19, 1980, U.S. Pat. No. 4,998,753, issued Mar. 12, 1991, U.S. Pat. No. 4,144,548, issued Mar. 13, 1979, U.S. Pat. No. 4,863,196, issued Sep. 5, 1989, U.S. Pat. No. 3,705,293, issued Dec. 5, 1972, U.S. Pat. No. 4,507,550, issued Mar. 26, 1985 and U.S. Pat. No. 3,676,644, issued Jul. 11, 1972.
None of the located patents disclose an apparatus or a method for controlling the sale of ammunition. However, U.S. Pat. No. 4,998,753 is of note since it discloses a driver's license in the form of a rigid plastic card similar to charge cards issued by banks and savings and loan institutions. The card has imprinted, embossed or encoded thereon certain information concerning the driver.

Authorization card for purchase of ammunition and method of using


An information delivery system includes a server apparatus and a plurality of information processing apparatuses that deliver an application to a terminal device, wherein the server apparatus specifies the terminal device to which the application is delivered in accordance with a positional relationship between a first information processing apparatus of the plurality of information processing apparatuses and the terminal device, and makes a delivery request of the application that is to be delivered to the specified terminal device to another information processing apparatus that differs from the first information processing apparatus of the plurality of information processing apparatuses based on a load of delivery of the application of the plurality of information processing apparatuses, and wherein the plurality of information processing apparatuses deliver the application to the terminal device in accordance with the delivery request when receiving the delivery request from the server apparatus.

A known application delivery system delivers an application to a terminal in a service coverage area in which a server provides service. A known technique of this system is that when the load of application delivery is concentrated on a specific server, a delivery request of an application that is to be delivered from the specific server is made to another server so that the load is inhibited from concentrating. Examples of the related art are disclosed in International Publication Pamphlet No. WO 2016/132454, Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 2006-65516, and Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 2005-115717.

Information delivery system, information delivery method, and server apparatus


A multilumen catheter having a plurality of flexible, elongated catheter tubes concentrically and coaxially disposed, each catheter tube defining a separate lumen, each catheter tube having a distal end which extends outwardly from the distal end of the next surrounding catheter tube, and each catheter tube having a proximal end which is secured and encapsulated by a manifold which facilitates fluid communication between each of the separate lumens and fluid transfer devices or pressure monitoring devices via separate extension tubing.

Multilumen venous catheters are advantageous as they eliminate the need for separate catheters for monitoring a patient's blood pressure and infusing or withdrawing fluids from a patient thereby decreasing the possibility of patient discomfort and possible infection inherent with the insertion of several single lumen catheters into the patient. Maintaining fluids separately is particularly critical when the fluids employed are chemically incompatible or when cross contamination of fluids is to be avoided.
Conventional multilumen venous catheters have a plurality of lumens which may be integrally formed in a single catheter tube. The lumens in conventional multilumen catheters extend throughout the length of the catheter tube and are usually arranged in a side-by-side configuration within a catheter tube as shown in cross-section in FIG. 1. However, this configuration limits the effective cross-sectional area of each of the lumens present within the multilumen catheter as the wall sections between each of the lumens take up a significant amount of the overall area of the catheter tube. Therefore, the amount of fluid flow in each of the lumens is limited by the catheter tube diameter.
Furthermore, conventional multilumen catheters may be potentially hazardous to the patient as they provide a direct conduit for blood to leave the patient, and have been responsible for causing substantial blood loss. Some conventional multilumen catheters are equipped with extension tubing coupled to valves which close the separate lumens to blood flow when the lumens are not in use. However, these valves are not always reliable.
Another disadvantage of conventional multilumen catheters is that they are usually made in one piece from a material of limited flexibility and softness. Thus, the patient may experience increased trauma and discomfort from a relatively rigid catheter as the catheter is inserted in a vein, and damage to the inner lining of the vein may also result from such relatively rigid catheters.
Therefore, it would be desirable to have a multilumen catheter which overcomes the above-described disadvantages, which is economical to produce, and which is compatible with existing medical equipment used with conventional multiple lumen catheters.


An illumination optical system which illuminates an illumination objective surface with a light from a light source. The illumination optical system includes a spatial light modulator which includes a plurality of optical elements arranged within a predetermined plane and controlled individually, and which forms a light intensity distribution in an illumination pupil of the illumination optical system; and a polarization unit which is arranged in a position optically conjugate with the predetermined plane, and which polarizes an incident light beam having a first and second partial light beams, coming into the polarization unit such that the first and second partial light beams have polarization states different from each other, and emits the polarized incident light beam as an outgoing light beam, wherein the polarization unit changes, in a cross section of the outgoing light beam, a ratio between a cross sectional areas of the first and second partial light beams.

In a typical exposure apparatus of this type, the light, which is radiated from a light source, forms, via a fly's eye lens as an optical integrator, a secondary light source as a substantial surface light source composed of a large number of light sources (in general, a predetermined light intensity distribution on an illumination pupil). In the following description, the light intensity distribution, which is provided on the illumination pupil, is referred to as "pupil intensity distribution". Further, the illumination pupil is defined as the position which makes the illumination objective surface or illumination objective plane (mask or wafer in the case of the exposure apparatus) the Fourier transform plane of the illumination pupil by the aid of the action of the optical system disposed between the illumination pupil and the illumination objective surface (plane).
The light, which comes from the secondary light source, is collected by a condenser optical system, and then illuminates a mask, on which a predetermined pattern is formed, in a superimposed (overlaid) manner. The light, which is transmitted through the mask, forms an image on a wafer via a projection optical system, and the mask pattern is projected and exposed (transferred) onto the wafer. The pattern, which is formed on the mask, is fine and minute. In order to correctly transfer the fine pattern onto the wafer, it is indispensable to obtain a uniform illuminance distribution on the wafer.
Conventionally, it has been suggested a technique in which an annular (circular zonal) or multi-pole-shaped secondary light source (pupil intensity distribution) is formed on an illumination pupil defined on a back focal plane of a fly's eye lens or in the vicinity thereof by the action of an aperture diaphragm which is equipped with a wave plate (a wavelength plate) and which is arranged just downstream from the fly's eye lens, and the setting is made such that the light beam (luminous flux), which passes through the secondary light source, is in a linear polarization state in which the circumferential direction is the polarization direction (hereinafter abbreviated and referred to as "circumferential direction (azimuthal direction) polarization state") (see, for example, Japanese Patent Publication No. 3246615).

Illumination optical system, exposure apparatus, device production method, and light polarization unit


A deadender cap that is designed to be screwed into a standard medical Luer male thread connection to dead end that connection. The deadender cap is a one-piece molded construction having an internal tapered projection that fits within the open passages of the male Luer connection a predetermined distance when the deadender cap is tightened into position, thus liquid within the open passage is forced outwardly and then as the deadender cap is tightened and no air bubbles are formed.

This invention relates to disposable medical blood pressure measuring devices that are utilized with in vivo catheters to measure and record the blood pressure of a patient. Basically, in vivo blood pressure monitoring is widely used in hospitals and includes a liquid filled catheter system that is introduced into the particular blood vessel to be monitored. The open end of the liquid filled catheter thus is placed within the patient's blood vessel and a continuous column of liquid takes up the space between that catheter end and a pressure transducer. The blood pressure may therefore be directly measured by the transducer remote from the patient by measuring the fluctuations of pressure at the external end of the liquid column.
Typically, such pressure transducers comprise strain guages in the form of cantilever beams, for example in U.S. Pat. No. 4,545,389 and 4,683,894, or may comprise tiny silicon chips with a moveable diaphragm etched into the chip. One side of the diaphragm or cantelever beam is subject to the fluctuating pressures transmitted by the column of liquid while the other side is vented to atmosphere. The transducer then electronically senses the amount of flexing of the diaphragm or chip and translates the amount of flex into an electrical signal.
It is, obviously, of extreme importance that the column of liquid filling the tubing and catheter between the pressure transducer and the open end of the catheter be solid, that is, free of air or other gas bubbles.
Any such air bubbles in the liquid column creates frequency degrading, erroneous pressure waveforms and/or misleading diastolic and systolic pressure measurements. Certainly, in the hospital environment, and particularly, due to the major use of invivo blood pressure sensing in the operating room, or cath lab, accuracy and fidelity of signal is of extreme importance.
In setting up such invivo blood pressure systems, it is standard to flush the system, including the patient side of the pressure transducer with a sterile liquid to insure that the transducer is completely filled with liquid. A syringe connected to a stopcock located at one end of the transducer normally is used to force liquid through the stopcock and into a passageway passing through the transducer and out a downstream opening on the opposite side of the transducer. The preferred stopcock is a two position valve alternating between one position where the syringe communicates with the transducer passageway and another position when the line containing the column of liquid to the patient communicates with the transducer passageway. When sufficient liquid has been flushed out the downstream opening, a cap, known as a deadender cap is tightened to close the downstream opening of the transducer. The stopcock is then moved to its position that shuts off the communication with the syringe and opens the patient line to the transducer.
In many such pressure transducers, the downstream opening is a standard male Luer lock fitting, which conforms to certain medical uniform specifications and which ends in a fairly flat, circular opening.
In present deadender caps, a flat surface is formed in the closed end of the caps. One disadvantage of such deadender caps has been discovered to be the trapping of minute to large amounts of air as they are closed tight by engagement of the threaded lock. The air is trapped by engagement of the Luer tapers or in moving the flat surface into abutment with the circular opening to deadend the downstream opening. A recurring problem has thus arisen in that a bubble is created and which readily enters the transducer itself since, in use, the transducer may often be inverted or moved into various positions that would induce a bubble to progress along the liquid filled transducer passageways causing the aforedescribed difficulties in the transducer use and accuracy.


A method and computer program product for selectively making information available to groups of parties amongst a plurality of parties. Public keys that may be descriptive, such as a simple name or part of a name, are generated and published. Random suffixes or keys, which are random both in nature and in appearance, are generated, combined with public keys and distributed to members of groups selected to have access to secure data identified by a particular secure key. The random suffixes may be combined with the public keys to form a URL that appears to be simultaneously random and descriptive. Secure keys may be changed periodically, replacing the random suffix portion with a newly generated random suffix. Secure keys may be encryption keys derived from randomly generated decryption keys.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to data file security and more particularly, the present invention relates to maintaining data security amongst shared data files such that files are shared only with remotely connected group members intended to be authorized to access the files.
2. Background Description
Generally what is known as the Internet or World Wide Web (WWW) is a large scale network of globally connected computers. The Internet places an almost limitless amount of information at the fingertips of each connected computer user. The information is located at various globally connected computers, each at what is typically referred to as a "Web Site." Each web site may include multiple accessible web pages linked to each other. Each web page is a data file encoded in HyperText Markup Language (HTML) or a similar browser friendly code. A web page may include one or more Hypertext links or Hyperlinks, each to a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) that points to a file at an Internet location. The file may be any type of file including but not limited to another HTML document or web page, a word processing document, compressed or uncompressed data or simple text. To take advantage of available information, what are known as web search engines have been developed and used in what is commonly referred to as "crawling" to find and index web pages, and respond to user queries based on the indexed web pages.
Collaborative efforts or projects, wherein multiple parties participate toward a common goal, often require participants to share information, work results, files, etc. These parties may be located at remote locations and sharing their work through a central server. The stored material may be made available to participants as users of a group by providing group access to the material, such as by placing links to the material on a particular website or the workgroup's homepage. This work may be very sensitive, requiring security measures, e.g., password protection, to guard from having it fall into the hands of a competitor. By limiting password distribution to those having a need to know within the workgroup, direct access to files may be restricted to the members of the workgroup.
However, web pages may be accessible, randomly, through a search engine or, deliberately, to anybody with knowledge of the particular URL. Further, a web site with links to other sites, makes those other sites available to any visitors to the original site. Thus, sensitive material stored with a link on a private web site may be accessible through an indiscretely placed copy of that link on a public web site. Often, web page owners post links to some material that is intended for the general public, as well as private material that may not be intended for the general public, but for a restricted audience, e.g., a workgroup.
For example, a scholar may wish to post published scientific writings for access by any web viewer, while making yet unpublished articles available only to a select few editors or reviewers. The same scholar may wish to affect a limited distribution of some political writings to those belonging to a certain political group and distribute personal material, e.g., family pictures and links, to a circle of relatives and friends. One approach to directing access is to collect related links onto different secure web sites, one web site for each work group. Small business and organizations that cannot afford to maintain what is typically referred to as an intranet may wish to maintain web pages intended only for their members or employees. See, for example, www.intranets.com.
However, usually it is impractical to set up registration and passwords for members of such groups. Also, there is still a security concern with entities like www.intranets.com, concerning the storage location of the sensitive information, i.e., whether it is stored on a private server rather than on some service provider's machine with additional storage charges.
Hackers are a well known problem, continuously assaulting web pages, servers and other internet connected computers, looking for a way to invade a target site. Once a hacker gains access to a site, the site may be unprotected, especially if the hacker can determine which files are available at the site, e.g., by accessing the directory listing. Typically, Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) allows web servers to block directory listings. However, while blocking directory listings may offer some protection to the contents of the files stored in that directory, it also is more difficult for someone with legitimate access to the site to determine what is stored there.
Accordingly, there is a need for secure methods of selectively making information available to those remotely connected group members that are authorized to have access to the information without inadvertently allowing unauthorized access.

Method and program product for maintaining security of publicly distributed information

International Business Machines Corporation


A printhead has a plurality of nozzle arrangements. Each arrangement includes a substrate defining an ink inlet aperture with a wall portion bounding the ink inlet aperture and a crown portion defining a nozzle opening; a skirt portion depending from the crown portion to form part of a peripheral wall of the nozzle assembly, the crown and skirt portions being displaceable with respect to the wall portion towards the substrate to alter a volume of a nozzle chamber defined by the wall, crown and skirt portions; and a thermal actuator interconnecting the crown and skirt portions with the substrate, the actuator for displacing the crown and skirt portions. The wall portion and skirt portions are configured to define a fluidic seal to inhibit the egress of ink during such displacement. The substrate further includes a layer of micro-electromechanical drive circuitry for actuating the actuator. The actuator has a first active beam arranged above a second passive beam, the beams fabricated from a conductive ceramic material with an electrical connection between the active beam and the drive circuitry established via conductive pads.

As set out in the material incorporated by reference, the Applicant has developed ink jet printheads that can span a print medium and incorporate up to 84 000 nozzle assemblies.
These printheads include a number of printhead chips. One of these is the subject of this invention. The printhead chips include micro-electromechanical components that physically act on ink to eject ink from the printhead chips.
The printhead chips are manufactured using integrated circuit fabrication techniques. Those skilled in the art know that such techniques involve deposition and etching processes. The processes are carried out until the desired integrated circuit is formed.
The micro-electromechanical components are by definition microscopic. It follows that integrated circuit fabrication techniques are particularly suited to the manufacture of such components. In particular, the techniques involve the use of sacrificial layers. The sacrificial layers support active layers. The active layers are shaped into components. The sacrificial layers are etched away to free the components.
Applicant has devised a new process for such manufacture whereby two layers of organic sacrificial material can be used to support two layers of conductive material.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Printhead nozzle arrangement having variable volume nozzle chamber


In some embodiments, systems and methods are described for a gear contact system configured to support radial, thrust, and moment loads, the system comprising a first gear comprising a first roller having a first roller bearing surface, the first roller bearing surface having a convex curvature defined by a first radius of curvature; and a second gear comprising a second roller having a second roller bearing surface, the second roller bearing surface having a concave curvature defined by a second radius of curvature.

In designing advanced compact actuators, there is a need for miniaturized devices and instruments that can apply substantial forces. Actuator requirements are becoming more stringent in terms of mass, dimensions, power and cost. Improvements in actuator robustness and reliability associated with power efficiency and compact packaging can lead to effective devices that are significantly more capable and reliable at a lower cost.
The development of high performance and efficient powertrains (actuator and transmission) can be necessary to meet the radical design requirements of demanding next generation robotic systems, particularly in space robotics where weight, efficiency and compact forms are decisive for the application functionality (e.g., space manipulator joints, powered bionics, humanoid manipulators, and space exercise devices for astronauts). Such robotic applications require a new breed of actuators that have compact, configurable hardware and inherent mechanical compatibility and adaptability to robotic manipulation.
Previously, actuators have been dominated by the Harmonic Drives, which offer compact mechanisms with high-speed reductions. During the past 30 years, the use of Harmonic Drive transmissions in conjunction with high performance electric motors has been the state of the art for actuated joints in robotics. Harmonic Drives are primarily useful to develop compact, high torque outputs actuators. These actuated joints can have little to no backlash and require only a one-time dry lubrication, making them ideal for a wide variety of applications. The principle of operation of Harmonic Drives is based on a unique type of transmission mechanism comprising three concentric components, denoted by the Wave Generator, Flexpline, and Circular Spline. The Wave Generator consists of a bearing that is press fitted within an elliptically shaped steel disk and inserted within the Flexpline. The Flexpline is a compliant thin-walled steel cup that conforms to the shape of the wave generator, and has teeth on its external diameter that mates with the Circular Spline. The Circular Spline consists of a rigid steel ring with teeth on the internal diameter and represents the output. Harmonic Drives are designed such that the Flexpline has two teeth less than the Circular Spline, so that when the Wave Plug rotates one revolution, the Circular Spline is shifted by two teeth yielding very high torque advantages. However research on Harmonic Drives has shown that it can exhibit large non-linear behavior under high dynamic loads due to its flexible gear component being in series inside the transmission. This elastic element creates a low stiffness medium inside the transmission, which deforms under load in a way similar to backlash. The elastic component also introduces instabilities under high gain feedback loops that further deteriorate the control system performance of the actuated joint. Additionally, Harmonic Drives are only transmission systems and require specialty motors to perform as actuators.
Several other actuator systems involving high performance brushless motors in combination with high gear-ratio planetary gearheads have been used in an attempt to reduce size, cost and manufacturing complexity. Overall, most of these actuators are still too large because the motor is connected serially to the planetary gearbox and not integrated within the gearbox. Some work has been performed to reduce the size of the assembly of the serially connected brushless DC motor and of the planetary gears. For example, a compact inner rotor slotless brushless DC motor serially connected to a single stage planetary gearheads has been developed. However, the resultant actuator can only exhibit low-reduction ratio at 1/5 and lacks the ability to generate high amount of torque that is often desired in robotics. Another example is a slotless type brushless DC motor that is integrated with a planetary gearhead to function as a robotic actuator. The system attempts to reduce the cogging of the brushless DC motor by optimizing the number of gear teeth integrated on the stator and tooth-to-pole ratio. Efficiencies of 80 to 85% have been realized for 90 W of power output, and the backlash ranged from 50 to 20 arc-min. A major limitation of these devices has been the inability to generate high amount of torque larger than 20 Nm that is often desired in robotics, and exhibited relative higher backlash compared to Harmonic Drives.


A received binary signal (BS) is sampled with different thresholds, the sampling results are integrated and stored. The measured probability distributions or probability density distributions can be used to draw conclusions concerning the signal quality (for example, the bit error rate) and to optimize the system.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to methods for measuring distribution functions for determining the signal quality in an optical transmission systems. A suitable arrangement makes it possible to measure the statistical properties and main signal parameters. The measurement results can be used for improving the signal quality, for example, for optimizing the dispersion compensation.
Statements concerning the quality of a received binary signal, and consequently also the properties of the transmission system and the transmission link, can be made based on statistical evaluations and measurements of distribution functions. These statements can in turn be used for optimizing the system, for example, for setting an optimum sampling instant, for setting an optimum sampling threshold, or for dispersion compensation.
2. Description of the Related Art
German patent document DE 195 04 896 A1 discloses signal quality monitoring of transparent optical networks in which a random signal sampling is performed. The random amplitude samples obtained in this way are evaluated using a known statistical method. German patent document DE 198 17 078.8 further develops this method by evaluating only the outer edges of a probability density function derived from the measurement results. This allows, for example, the bit error rate to be estimated. However, this method requires very fast sampling and storing capabilities.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,585,954 describes an arrangement for measuring the error rate in the case of different decision-circuit threshold values based on a predetermined pseudo-random sequence, used for determining the transmission characteristic. However, the data transmission has to be interrupted for this purpose. The measured bit error rate is only conditionally suitable for establishing non-linear effects.
In a paper by Hitoshi Takashita and Naoya Henmi Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC) 99, San Diego, Calif., FJ 2-1, pp. 149–151, an article titled "A novel data format free bit-by-bit quasi-error monitoring method for optical transport network" describes the use of a receiving circuit with two sampling circuits which have different thresholds. By sampling the binary signal with two different thresholds, a quasi bit error rate is measured and a direct correlation with the bit error rate is established. No further statistical statements are made.

Method and arrangement for measuring the signal quality in an optical transmission system


Disclosed is a control system and method for controlling starting of an engine in a hybrid vehicle. More specifically, a controller is implemented that confirms first and second brake and the first and second clutch are released so that the system is in a neutral condition, confirm that the engine is stopped, and control the first motor-generator and the second motor-generator to rotate the engine at a predetermined rotational speed to start the engine.

(a) Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a system and method for controlling a hybrid vehicle that controls a rotational speed of an engine to enable starting of the engine in a hybrid system that includes an engine, a first motor-generator, and a second motor-generator.
(b) Description of the Related Art
Generally, automatic transmissions use hydraulic pressure to shift gears in a multi step process to output the appropriate torque from a rotational torque of an engine/motor according driving conditions and driver demand. Some hybrid vehicles utilize two motor/generators (MG) and one engine that are connected through a planetary gear set and control the motor/generator to achieve a continuous variable shifting system or CVT.
The engine, the first and second motor/generators, and two planetary gear sets are used to continuously vary the output speed of a transmission according to driving conditions of the vehicle and driver demand. In particular, each speed of the first and second motor/generators are controlled, accordingly.
More specifically, a CVT can change steplessly through an infinite number of effective gear ratios between maximum and minimum values. This is much different than the traditional mechanical transmission that has a fixed number of gear ratios. A CVT allows the driving shaft to maintain a constant angular velocity over a range of output velocities. This can provide better fuel efficiency than other types of transmissions by enabling the engine to run at its most efficient revolutions per minute (RPM) for a range of vehicle speeds. CVT's also can maximize the performance of a vehicle by allowing the engine to turn at an RPM which produces peak power. Finally, a CVT does not strictly require the presence of a clutch, allowing for a clutch to be omitted from the overall system. By omitting the clutch, maintenance costs and manufacturing costs can be significantly reduced.
In these types of systems, the first motor/generator is often speed controlled according to the driving condition of the engine and the second motor/generator is torque controlled together with the engine to control the entire output torque. In a neutral mode, however, an engine is separated from a wheel shaft and all rotational elements (i.e., the wheels) are no longer forcible rotated.
The above information disclosed in this Background section is only for enhancement of understanding of the background of the invention and therefore it may contain information that does not form the prior art that is already known in this country to a person of ordinary skill in the art.

Control system and method of hybrid vehicle


A method and apparatus for transmitting information in a wireless communication system is provided. A first node receives an indication which indicates that a secondary cell (SCell) is added by a user equipment (UE), and information on the added SCell, and transmits an SCell addition request, including the information on the added SCell and an identity of the UE, to a second node. Alternatively, a method for transmitting information in a wireless communication system is provided. The first node receives an indication which indicates that an SCell is released by a UE, and information on the released SCell, and transmits an SCell release request, including the information on the released SCell and an identity of the UE, to a second node.

Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to wireless communications, and more specifically, to a method and apparatus for transmitting information in a wireless communication system.
Related Art
Universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) is a 3rd generation (3G) asynchronous mobile communication system operating in wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) based on European systems, global system for mobile communications (GSM) and general packet radio services (GPRS). A long-term evolution (LTE) of UMTS is under discussion by the 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) that standardized UMTS.
The 3GPP LTE is a technology for enabling high-speed packet communications. Many schemes have been proposed for the LTE objective including those that aim to reduce user and provider costs, improve service quality, and expand and improve coverage and system capacity. The 3GPP LTE requires reduced cost per bit, increased service availability, flexible use of a frequency band, a simple structure, an open interface, and adequate power consumption of a terminal as an upper-level requirement.
Small cells using low power nodes are considered promising to cope with mobile traffic explosion, especially for hotspot deployments in indoor and outdoor scenarios. A low-power node generally means a node whose transmission (Tx) power is lower than macro node and base station (BS) classes, for example a pico and femto eNodeB (eNB) are both applicable. Small cell enhancements for 3GPP LTE will focus on additional functionalities for enhanced performance in hotspot areas for indoor and outdoor using low power nodes.
Some of activities will focus on achieving an even higher degree of interworking between the macro and low-power layers, including different forms of macro assistance to the low-power layer and dual-layer connectivity. Dual connectivity implies that the device has simultaneous connections to both macro and low-power layers. Macro assistance including dual connectivity may provide several benefits:                —Enhanced support for mobility—by maintaining the mobility anchor point in the macro layer, it is possible to maintain seamless mobility between macro and low-power layers, as well as between low-power nodes.        Low overhead transmissions from the low-power layer—by transmitting only information required for individual user experience, it is possible to avoid overhead coming from supporting idle-mode mobility within the local-area layer, for example.        Energy-efficient load balancing—by turning off the low-power nodes when there is no ongoing data transmission, it is possible to reduce the energy consumption of the low-power layer.        Per-link optimization—by being able to select the termination point for uplink and downlink separately, the node selection can be optimized for each link.
Carrier aggregation (CA) may be introduced. In CA, two or more component carriers (CCs) are aggregated in order to support wider transmission bandwidths up to 100 MHz. A UE may simultaneously receive or transmit on one or multiple CCs depending on its capabilities. A Rel-10 UE with reception and/or transmission capabilities for CA can simultaneously receive and/or transmit on multiple CCs corresponding to multiple serving cells. A Rel-8/9 UE can receive on a single CC and transmit on a single CC corresponding to one serving cell only.
When CA is configured, a user equipment (UE) only has one radio resource control (RRC) connection with the network. At RRC connection establishment/re-establishment/handover, one serving cell provides the non-access stratum (NAS) mobility information (e.g., tracking area identity (TAI)), and at RRC connection re-establishment/handover, one serving cell provides the security input. This cell is referred to as the primary cell (PCell). In the downlink, the carrier corresponding to the PCell is the downlink primary component carrier (DL PCC) while in the uplink it is the uplink primary component carrier (UL PCC).
Depending on UE capabilities, secondary cells (SCells) can be configured to form together with the PCell a set of serving cells. In the downlink, the carrier corresponding to an SCell is a downlink secondary component carrier (DL SCC) while in the uplink it is an uplink secondary component carrier (UL SCC).
When the UE reports measurement results about one or more cells on one or more frequencies to the eNB, the eNB could send RRC connection reconfiguration to the UE in order to configure one or more SCells. Upon receiving the RRC connection reconfiguration including SCell configurations, the UE configures one or more SCells. Hence, the UE configures the SCell under the network's control.
A method for configuring the SCell more efficiently may be required.

Method and apparatus for transmitting information in wireless communication system


A microphone device according to the present invention comprises a plurality of microphones and a microphone holder for holding the microphones. The microphones include a first sound receiving part and a second sound receiving part. The microphone holder comprises a holder body, and the holder body includes a plurality of microphone engaging recesses facing in different directions from each other and to be removably in engagement with the plurality of microphones. These microphone engaging recesses are to be in engagement with the plurality of microphones with the first sound receiving part facing the outer side of the holder body.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to microphone devices capable of recording a plurality of channels comprising a plurality of microphones wearable on users' ears.
2. Description of Related Art
There has been conventionally known a microphone device with two microphones that is capable of recording the voice of the person on the phone with one microphone while recording the user's voice with the other microphone, with the user wearing the one microphone on an ear while having the other microphone fixed close to the mouth, and speaking on the phone while pressing the telephone receiver against the ear on which the one microphone is worn. According to this microphone device, it is possible to record the phone call regardless of the type and shape of the telephone.
However, the purpose of the microphone device described above is limited to recording a phone call with a telephone, and it is difficult to use the device for the purpose of stereo recording using the two microphones as a microphone for a left channel and a microphone for a right channel.
Also, a binaural recording system has been attracting a lot of attention as a recording system for obtaining a high sense of reality. However, it is difficult to apply the conventional microphone device described above to such a binaural recording system.

Microphone holder and microphone device using same


A biofeedback system provides measurement of bioelectric signals in up to about a 1 hertz window of particular bandwidths. A bioelectric signal is amplified by a preamplifier. The composite amplitude of the signal is determined by performing a fast Fourier transform on the amplified signal. Particular bandwidths can be displayed and monitored on a computer. The display permits training of the person being monitored with audio or verbal feedback.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to an apparatus and method for monitoring, analyzing and utilizing brainwave data.
2. Description of the Related Art
The human brain can be viewed as functionally interrelated synaptic pathways and neural activation matrices. These pathways and matrices are predisposed to functionally respond and further develop with use. This is the basis for all higher learning. At any given moment, the brain radiates a plethora of events, tasks and states which are related to neural discharge patterns. Neural discharge patterns can be defined as brainwave signatures. A brainwave signature can be associated with human cognitive states, learning, intellectual ability and disability.
Considerable research has been directed to biological feedback of brainwave signals known as electroencephalogram (EEG) signals. One conventional neurophysiological study established a functional relationship between behavior and bandwidths in the 12-15 Hz range relating to sensorimotor cortex rhythm EEG activity (SMR). Sterman, M. B., Lopresti, R. W., & Fairchild, M. D. (1969). Electroencephalographic and behavioral studies of monomethylhdrazine toxicity in the cat. Technical Report AMRL-TR-69 3, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, Air Systems Command. A cat's ability to maintain muscular calm, explosively execute precise, complex and coordinated sequences of movements and return to a state of calm was studied by monitoring a 14 cycle brainwave. The brainwave was determined to be directly responsible for the suppression of muscular tension and spasm. It was also demonstrated that the cats could be trained to increase the strength of specific brainwave patterns associated with suppression of muscular tension and spasm. Thereafter, when the cats were administered drugs which would induce spasms, the cats which were trained to strengthen their brainwaves were resistent to the drugs.
The 12-15 Hz SMR brainwave band has been used in conventional EEG biofeedback training for rectifying pathological brain underactivation. In particular the following disorders have been treated using biofeedback training: epilepsy (as exemplified in M. B. Sterman's, M. B. 1973 work on the "Neurophysiologic and Clinical Studies of Sensorimotor EEG Biofeedback Training: Some Effects on Epilepsy" L. Birk (Ed.), Biofeedback: Behavioral Medicine, New York: Grune and Stratton); Giles de la Tourette's syndrome and muscle tics (as exemplified in the inventor's 1986 work on "A Simple and a Complex Tic (Giles de la Tourette's Syndrome): Their response to EEG Sensorimotor Rhythm Biofeedback Training", International Journal of Psychophysiology, 4, 91-97 (1986)); hyperactivity (described by M. N. Shouse, & J. F. Lubar's in the work entitled "Operant Conditioning of EEG Rhythms and Ritalin in the Treatment of Hyperkinesis", Biofeedback and Self-Regulation, 4, 299-312 (1979); reading disorders (described by M. A. Tansey, & Bruner, R. L.'s in "EMG and EEG Biofeedback Training in the Treatment of a 10-year old Hyperactive Boy with a Developmental Reading Disorder", Biofeedback and Self-Regulation, 8, 25-37 (1983)); learning disabilities related to the finding of consistent patterns for amplitudes of various brainwaves (described in Lubar, Bianchini, Calhoun, Lambert, Brody & Shabsin's work entitled "Spectral Analysis of EEG Differences Between Children with and without Learning Disabilities", Journal of Learning Disabilities, 18, 403-408 (1985)) and; learning disabilities (described by M. A. Tansey in "Brainwave signatures--An Index Reflective of the Brain's Functional Neuroanatomy: Further Findings on the Effect of EEG Sensorimotor Rhythm Biofeedback Training on the Neurologic Precursors of Learning Disabilities", International Journal of Psychophysiology, 3, 85-89 (1985)). In sum, a wide variety of disorders, whose symptomology includes impaired voluntary control of one's own muscles and a lowered cerebral threshold of overload under stress, were found to be treatable by "exercising" the supplementary and sensorimotor areas of the brain.
Conventional EEG biofeedback methods and apparatus have referenced brainwave activity in terms of large bands of EEG. As such, brainwave activity has traditionally been classified as follows: delta waves lie in the frequency range of 0 to 3.5 Hz; theta waves lie in the frequency range of 4 to 7 Hz; alpha waves lie in the frequency range of 8 to 13 Hz; beta waves lie in the frequency range above 13 HHz; and sensorimotor rhythm (SMR) waves lie in the frequency range of 12 to 15 Hz. Several patents have been directed to monitoring EEG in terms of the sensed amplitudes and percentages of alpha, theta, beta, delta and SMR waves.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,928,704 describes a biofeedback method and system for training a person to develop useful degrees of voluntary control of personal EEG activity. EEG sensors are attached to cortical sites on a head of a person for sensing EEG energy. EEG electrical energy is filtered into the pre-defined sub-bands of alpha, theta, beta and delta. Other patents directed to EEG biofeedback with alpha, theta, beta, delta and SMR waves include U.S. Pat. Nos.: 3,855,988; 4,140,997; 4,883,067; 4,919,143; 5,024,235 and European Patent No. 375,106.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,746,751 describes a system for displaying multichannel EEG data. In performing this, the procedure and method entails Evoked Response Potential signal averaging. A summed signal averaged brain map may be pieced together being comprised of reflections of the average amount of overall energy monitored over many electrode sites. In ERP, the subject receives a set of stimuli which evoke brainwaves. Other examples of patents directed to ERP include U.S. Pat. Nos.: 4,498,080; 4,926,969 and PCT Patent Application No. 8303745.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,926,969 ('969) was cited in the inventor's parent application Ser. No. 831,182. The '969 patent describes a sensory drive controller designed to detect evoked response potentials as a result of stimuli presented to the person. EEG signals taken from the subject at electrodes are amplified and filtered to enhance averaging and correlation procedures for establishing an ERP template. The ERP template is compared with detected evoked response potentials to determine the degree of similarity between the two signals.
A major disadvantage in the conventional EEG biofeedback studies has been the poor resolution of brainwave bands produced by conventional bandpass filters used as a front end for signal processing electronics. Another drawback has been that the bandpass filters are easily overloaded by an upsurge of electrical energy or high amplitude slow waves. An upsurge of electrical energy accompanies muscle movement and high amplitude slow waves activity accompanies many cerebral disorders. These unwanted, and all too frequent, signal contaminating sources are referred to as artifacts. Bandpass analysis is dependent on differential preamplifiers which multiply many thousands of times (i.e., as much as 50,000 times) the biologic signals and any accompanying artifacts. Such electronic/mechanical signal refiners contribute to inaccuracy in the monitoring of EEG signals.
Another disadvantage in conventional mechanical bandpass filtering is that arbitrary and inexact bandwidths are used to train specific brainstates. An exact analysis of waveforms is essential to EEG biofeedback protocols. Additional drawbacks to conventional systems is their reliance on multiplexors which may sample the bandpass configured signal at a rate of one sampling per second of time. For example, when monitoring a 14 cycle per second wave form 14 Hz signal, only one component will be measured, thus 13 of the 14 components of the waveform are missed. The prior art also has the disadvantage of being limited to delta, theta, alpha, beta and SMR representations.
A system for simultaneously monitoring and manipulating waveforms in a continuum from 0 to 90 Hz is not found in the prior art.

Electroencephalic neurofeedback apparatus for training and tracking of cognitive states


A semiconductor device and method are disclosed. The semiconductor device includes a substrate having a first region and a second region and an insulating layer arranged on the substrate. A first conductive layer is arranged in or on insulating layer in the first region and a second conductive layer is arranged in or on the insulating layer in the second region. The first conductive layer comprises a first conductive material and the second conductive layer comprises a second conductive material wherein the first conductive material is different than the second conductive material. A metal layer is arranged on the first conductive layer.

A die is fabricated from a semiconductor wafer in several process steps. The front end of line (FEOL) process typically forms active areas and trenches into the semiconductor wafer. The back end of line process (BEOL) forms various metallization, via and insulating layers on the semiconductor wafer. An integrated circuit (IC) is manufactured by connecting semiconductor devices formed in the wafer via the metallization layers and via layers. Dies are formed by cutting the integrated circuits (IC) from the semiconductor wafer.
The dies are typically assembled in packages for use on a printed circuit board (PCB) as part of a larger circuit. Bonding pads on the die are typically bonded to leads or contact regions of the package. In some instances, the dies comprise bonding pads and metallization lines comprising different conductive materials.

Conductive lines and pads and method of manufacturing thereof


The present disclosure provides an organic electroluminescent compound represented by the following formula (III):

Due to great potential application to flexible display devices, organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) have recently become very important to the scientific community and the display industry, and now attract much focus in research and development. An OLED is a light-emitting diode (LED) in which a film of organic compounds is placed between two conductors and emits light in response to excitation such as by an electric current. OLEDs are useful in displays such as television screens, computer monitors, mobile phones, and tablets. OLED devices are self-luminous devices, and have been actively studied for their brightness, superior visibility, and the ability to display clearer images in comparison with liquid crystal devices.
However, the OLED device technology is currently experiencing an obstacle in the development process. A main issue is that light-emitting efficiency cannot meet practical demand, so the development of the OLED technology is greatly limited. One of the factors affecting the luminous efficiency of the OLED device is the efficiency of transporting carriers, including electrons and holes.

Organic electroluminescent compound and organic electroluminescent device containing the same

Abstract: Wherein each of R1 to R4 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and the groups represented by formula (i), formula (ii), formula (iii), formula (iv), formula (v), formula (vi), formula (vii) and formula (viii), and at least two of the R1 to R4 are independently selected from the group consisting of the groups represented by formula (i), formula (ii), formula (iii), formula (iv), formula (v), formula (vi), formula (vii) and formula (viii):

Abstract: wherein R5, R6, R7, R8, R9, R10,R11, R12, R13,R14, R15, R16, p, q, r, s, t, u, v, A, B and D are each as defined in the description.