A golf practice and exercise system having a practice ball and a target assembly, using either a conventional or practice golf club. The practice ball is any generally spherical shape made of a flexible material and having an internal pressure of approximately atmospheric, for example an uninflated soccer ball. The weight of the practice ball is sufficient to provide muscle development, but is limited to allow the golfer to complete the follow-through of the golf swing. The target assembly has an energy absorbing surface attached to a rigid frame held in place by a frame support structure. Alternatively, the target assembly is a flat surface made of a hard material. The practice golf club has a substantially oversized club head with a peripheral rim defining a large opening through the club head. The club head may be selectively weighted. The grip of the club has alternating annular ridges and recesses.

There are many prior devices that have been developed for golfers to practice to improve their swing. One type suspends a golf ball-sized object from the end of a cord in a position for being struck by the head of a golf club being swung by a golfer. Such devices allow a golfer to practice his swing and improve the technique and path of a swing in a confined space instead of having to use a driving range. However, the object being struck is a golf ball or the size of a golf ball and, therefore, provides little muscle-building resistance.
In my prior application, Ser. No. 09/444,120, an object is suspended by a rope from a frame arm or tethered to a rope anchored in the ground in position for being struck by the head of a golf club being swung by a golfer. The object has an impact surface approaching the size of or greater than the corresponding surface of a standard softball and has a mass approaching that of or exceeding that of a standard softball. This device provides for practicing the technique of the golf swing, as well as providing muscle development to enhance the striking force exerted by the golfer when striking a golf ball. However, the object is restricted by the rope so that the distance traveled by the object is extremely limited, thereby preventing the golfer from observing the ball in flight to determine the correctness of his swing.
Another type of practice device is a relatively large bag known as an Impact Bag that is intended to be filled with soft material, such as towels, and is placed against a stationary object that prevents displacement of the bag. Such a device is intended to stop a practice swing at the point of impact so that the golfer can evaluate the club's and his body's positions at impact. It does not allow the golfer to complete the follow-through of a golf swing and to perform a muscle building exercise by overcoming the resistance of a weight as the club moves through impact into the follow-through.
Yet another type of practice device, disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,721,447, uses a contact engaging textile material pad adhered to a conventional golf club face in combination with a similarly covered ball sized similarly to a standard golf ball. The pad is marked with lines. When the golf club is swung and contacts the ball, the ball releasably adheres to the club face and the golfer can see by the lines marked on the pad the possible travel of the ball, thus determining the correctness of the swing. This device does not offer any muscle building exercises. Furthermore, this device does not allow the golfer to have visual confirmation of the travel of the ball, the markings on the pad provide an approximation of the travel of the struck golf ball.
In contrast, the present invention provides a combination of practicing techniques for controlling the direction of flight of the golf ball as well as building the muscles used in swinging a golf club. The present invention allows the golfer to watch the travel path of the practice ball, thereby confirming the consequence of each practice swing. But, the target assembly limits the distance the practice ball travels so a golfer can use the present invention in a confined space if desired. Also, the practice ball is of the size and mass that provides significant resistance to the golf swing, thereby providing the golfer with muscle building exercise to increase the golf swing power.


Piezoelectric elements that can resonate at a certain frequency with a coil are extended and contracted as they are repeatedly charged and discharged. The extending and contracting movements of the piezoelectric elements are amplified and transmitted to move the print wires toward and away from the platen. The waveform of a voltage generated across the piezoelectric element is detected by a monitoring device. Then, the detected voltage waveform is compared with the waveform of a voltage that is produced when the print gap is proper, and lets the user to know the magnitude of the print gap between the distal ends of print wires and a platen at any time during printing operation.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to a printer, and more particularly to a print head for actuating print wires with piezoelectric elements.
2. Description of the Prior Art
There has been proposed an actuator for a print head of a dot-matrix impact printer as disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/426,773 filed Oct. 26, 1989 or corresponding to European Patent Application Publication No. EP 0379780A2 published Aug. 1, 1990. The proposed actuator includes a piezoelectric element that is extendable and contractable in response to the application of a voltage, and a motion transmitting mechanism for amplifying extending and contracting movements of the piezoelectric element and transmitting the amplified movement to a print wire. When the amplified movements are transmitted to the print wires, the print wires make dot impressions on a print medium such as a sheet of paper to record desired information thereon in the form of a dot matrix.
In such printers, it is necessary to set the gap between the distal ends of the print wires and a platen (hereinafter referred to as "print gap") to a suitable dimension when the piezoelectric element is not energized. If the print gap were too wide, the impacting force applied by the print wires to produce dots would be too small, resulting in a low printing density. Conversely, if the print gap were too narrow, since the print wires move laterally along the platen while being projected toward and retracted away from the sheet of paper on the platen and an ink ribbon, the print wires would tend to stick into the paper or the ink ribbon while moving laterally even when the distal ends of the print wires slightly project from the tip end of the nose of the print head. If this happened, the print wires would be damaged or would catch the ink ribbon, with a resultant print failure.
To alleviate the above possible difficulties, it has been customary to adjust the gap between the distal ends of the print wires and the platen surface to a predetermined dimension when the print head is mounted on the printer. Alternatively, the print gap has been manually or automatically adjusted depending on the number of sheets of paper on the platen, the thickness of the paper on the platen, etc.
When the print wires become too short during long usage of the print head or an error occurs in a manual adjustment of the print gap, if the user continues printing without noticing the abnormal condition of a widened print gap, then the service life of the print head will be extremely reduced.

Print gap detecting device in print head


A method and apparatus for previewing images and image file information without opening and running an application in working memory. The previewing of a user-selected file includes a summary of file characteristics and contents including images. The summary synopsizes file information and characteristics such as height, width, length, color type, resolution, compression type used for storing and forming the file, annotation graphics of the file and the like. The preview also provides display of the file images, preferably in a reduced size manner for ease of user previewing. The file preview apparatus and method of the present invention include operating system means coupled to a display assembly for generating display of indications of file characteristics of the user-selected files. The operating system means obtains and enables display of file characteristics indicia, external to and outside of an application program opened and running in the working memory. The display assembly is responsive to the operating system means and provides display of the file characteristics indicia in a manner free of opening an application program in the working memory.

Document imaging is a technology that converts paper documents/information into electronic form where storage retrieval can be automated using standard computer technology. By capturing paper documents as electronic images stored by the computer, all the benefits and power of database, e-mail, networks, facsimile and memory storage technologies can be applied to what was once manually processed information.
Although image documents can be electronically filed using multiple index and filing methods and then quickly searched and retrieved and subsequently shared among multiple users, each task must be controlled and managed through a common application program. Typically, to open an application program involves loading object oriented programming controls (e.g., Microsoft Object Linking and Embedding "OLE" controls) and loading the operating system.
Briefly, OLE controls (called OCX's or ActiveX) are a type of OLE component standard. OCX's include properties, methods and events which enable programmers to add specific (well defined) functions to application programs. The functions enable end users to perform certain tasks on desired data. The self-contained objects (OCX's) are portable and insertable into any container or applications program. A "container application" or an OLE "control container" (and generally, "object container") is any working computer program that is formed or has defined within it OLE components and objects.
Thus the loading, opening and running of an application program takes time and working memory.
In another example of image document search and retrieval, images and respective image information are stored on a database. The database supports a dedicated application program which searches and retrieves images in response to user command. Again the disadvantage of the dedicated application program is the time and working memory required to load the program before running it.

Computer method and apparatus for previewing files outside of an application program


An axially flexible sealing device connecting two pipeline ends which comprises a number of sealingly connected annular members, each annular member including an inner cylindrical member, two spaced apart outer cylindrical members, and separate flexible ring members connecting the outer cylindrical members to the inner cylindrical member, each outer cylindrical member having a portion extending axially beyond the adjacent end of the inner cylindrical member when the attached flexible ring member is in an untensioned state. The sealing device is designed for use in connecting two pipelines located beneath sea level wherein the end of one of the pipelines is located in a hollow structure and one of the sealing devices is connected thereto, whereas the other end of the sealing device is sealingly connected to one end of a penetration sleeve which is sealingly connected through the wall of the structure (the other end of the sleeve being connected to the end of the other pipeline).

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method and a device for sealing the place of penetration of a pipeline, especially in riser pipeline, in the wall of a submerged structure, which pipeline extends generally horizontally at the place of penetration and is connected to a generally vertical section inside the structure, wherein an annular sealing device which is flexible at least in the axial direction of the pipeline is placed coaxially with the pipeline at the place of penetration, one end of the sealing device being connected tightly to the wall while its other end is tightly connected to the pipeline.
2. Prior Art
One of the most desirable methods for transporting fluids like oil, gas, slurry, and water to and from offshore structures resting on the sea bed is through pipeline systems. The part of the pipeline system resting on the sea bed is called a submarine pipeline, while the part which is connected to the structure is called the riser.
The riser is vulnerable to many problems which range from corrosion and overstressing to damage caused by supply vessels. Because of these problems the riser is subjected to thorough design considerations. In order to avoid wave loads and damage due to supply vessels, there has been a tendency in resent years to place the riser inside the platform structure. This necessitates the penetration of the pipeline through the wall of the platform structure. The area inside the platform structure where the riser is located can either be a wet or dry environment. Since the riser is located inside the platform structure and thus is in the vicinity of areas where people work, any damage to the riser can cause loss of human life. In order to maximize safety, the riser inside the platform structure must be inspected periodically and minor damage repaired to avoid catastrophic failure.
Underwater inspection and repair of the riser in a confined space inside the platform structure are very hazardous operations. This space must therefore be capable of being dewatered in order to allow inspection and/or repair of the riser in a dry environment.
Therefore, whether the riser is in a dry or wet area, a safe sealing system must be provided at the place of penetration of the pipeline in the wall of the pipeline structure in order to ensure maximum safety during repair, maintenance and inspection.
Theree are situations where large relative movement takes place between the structure and the submarine pipeline. Such movements may be caused, for instance by, expansion of the pipeline due to temperature and/or pressure in the pipeline and movement of the structure due to external influences like waves, current, wind and soil deformation.
Large relative movements between the pipeline and the platform structure may thus give rise to high stresses and loads in the pipeline and in equipment and parts of the structure directly in the way of such movements, such as the seal and pipe support systems.
From U.S. Pat. No. 4,009,584 it is known to seal the place of penetration of a pipeline in the wall of a submerged structure, wherein the pipeline by casting is fixed to the wall of the structure at the place of penetration by means of epoxy or the like. The epoxy is said to be sufficiently flexible to absorb minor relative motion between the pipeline and the structure, that is, minor movemens on in the order of magnitude of a few centimeters. One can assume however, that there may occur forces between the pipeline and the structure which are high enough to destroy the epoxy joint. In order to safeguard against catastrophic results of such an occurrence, a safety seal can be arranged around the joint, which seal generally has the form of a stuffing box which is meant to prevent major leakage until the main seal can be repaired. In one of the embodiments shown the safety seal is connected to a bellow-like sleeve in order to give the safety seal a certain ability to move together with the pipeline without the occurrence of sliding motion--and thereby leakage--between these elements. However, the safety seal remains only a temporary emergency solution until the main seal can be repaired. Such a pipeline being rigidly held in or near the wall of the structure will readily be subjected to high loads at this place since it will serve as a fixed point when the pipeline seeks to move as a result of changes in temperature and/or pressure when the pipeline is put into service. These loads give rise to stresses which may be so high that danger of rupture results. Furthermore, such stresses can often lead to accelerated corrosion and cracking.
The object of the present invention is to provide a method and an apparatus of the type mentioned, whereby the above-mentioned drawbacks and deficiencies are generally avoided.

Device for sealing the place of penetration of a pipeline in the wall of a submerged structure


The suction feed pipe of an accumulator extends above the flow path through a baffle dividing the accumulator thereby permitting the storage of a larger amount of liquid in the accumulator. Where the accumulator has a portion located below the fluid connection going into the compressor, this portion can be used to store a charge of make-up oil to replace the oil distributed in the system during operation without initially overcharging the compressor or of compromising the compressor oil charge.

In an inactive air conditioning or refrigeration system, refrigerant tends to condense and collect at low and/or cool locations in the system. Because of the affinity between refrigerants and the lubricants used therewith, oil is normally present in the refrigerant. If liquid refrigerant and/or oil is drawn into the compressor, a condition known as slugging occurs. Because liquids are essentially incompressible, the increased volume required to be discharged due to the incompressibility can cause damage to the compressor. This damage is due to the pressure build up caused by the higher than design volumetric flow due to the incompressibility of the liquid refrigerant and/or oil.
To avoid liquid slugging, a suction accumulator is commonly located immediately upstream of the suction of the compressor of an air conditioning or refrigeration system. An accumulator serves two major purposes in that it acts as a sump for storing liquid refrigerant and any associated oil as well as serving to meter the feeding of the liquid refrigerant/oil back to the compressor. The suction feed pipe extends into the accumulator to a height above the design level of liquid refrigerant/oil and has a metered opening in fluid communication with the interior of the accumulator in a lower portion of the accumulator corresponding to a minimum residual liquid refrigerant/oil level.
When the compressor is started after a sufficient time for liquid refrigerant and associated oil to collect in the accumulator, the liquid which has entered and collected in the suction feed pipe will tend to be drawn into the compressor with the liquid refrigerant tending to evaporate due to the reduced pressure associated with the suction stroke of the compressor. Other than the initial liquid in the suction feed pipe, gaseous refrigerant will be drawn from the evaporator into the accumulator and via the suction feed pipe into the compressor with the flow entering the suction feed pipe at a location in the upper portion of the accumulator. Additionally, any liquid in the accumulator at a level such as to be in fluid communication with the metered opening will be drawn into the suction flow on a metered basis with the liquid refrigerant tending to be evaporated in being aspirated into the suction flow. The metered flow into the suction feed pipe will continue until the liquid level is brought down to the level of the metered opening.


The present disclosure provides a method for selecting a plant comprising a functional restorer gene for maize S-type cytoplasmic male sterility comprising the steps of (a) screening a population of plants for at least one marker nucleic acid, wherein the marker nucleic acid comprises an allele linked to the functional restorer gene for maize S-type cytoplasmic male sterility; (b) detecting the marker nucleic acid; (c) identifying a plant comprising the marker nucleic acid; and (d) selecting the plant comprising the marker nucleic acid, wherein the plant comprising the marker nucleic acid further comprises the functional restorer gene for maize S-type cytoplasmic male sterility. The present disclosure also provides methods for restoring fertility in a progeny of an S-type cytoplasmic male sterile plant and methods for transferring an Rf3 gene into a progeny plant.

The development of hybrid plant breeding has allowed for considerable advances in quality and quantity of crops that are produced. Increased yield and the combination of desirable characteristics, such as resistance to disease and insects, heat and drought tolerance, and variations in plant composition are all possible, in part, due to hybridization procedures. Hybridization procedures rely on the contribution of pollen from a male parent plant to a female parent plant in order to produce resulting hybrids.
Plants may self-pollinate if pollen from one flower is transferred to the same or a different flower of the same plant. Alternatively, plants may cross-pollinate if the pollen originates in a flower from a different plant. Maize plants (Zea mays) may be bred using both self-pollination and cross-pollination techniques. Maize plants have male flowers, which are located on the tassel, and female flowers, which are located on the ear of the same plant. Natural pollination in maize occurs when pollen from the tassels reaches the silks that are found at the tops of the incipient ears. Importantly, the development of maize hybrids relies upon male sterility systems.
The development of maize hybrids requires the development of homozygous inbred lines, the crossing of these lines, and the evaluation of the resultant crosses. Pedigree breeding and recurrent selection are two breeding methods that may be used to develop inbred lines from maize populations. Breeding programs combine desirable traits from two or more inbred lines or various broad-based sources into breeding pools from which new inbred lines are developed by selfing and selection of desired phenotypes. A hybrid maize variety is the cross of two such inbred lines, each of which may have one or more desirable characteristics absent in one, or complementing the other. The new inbred plants are crossed with other inbred lines and the resultant hybrids from these crosses are evaluated to determine which are more desirable. The hybrid progeny from the first generation are designated F1. In the development of hybrids, only the F1 hybrids are sought. The F1 hybrid is typically more vigorous than its inbred parents. This hybrid vigor, termed "heterosis," typically leads to more desirable traits, for example, increased vegetative growth and increased yield.
Hybrid maize seed can be produced by a male sterility system incorporating manual detasseling. To produce hybrid seed, the tassel is removed from the growing female inbred parent, which can be proximately planted in various alternating row patterns with the male inbred parent. Consequently, provided that there is sufficient isolation from foreign maize pollen, the ears of the female inbred will be fertilized only with pollen from the male inbred. The resulting seed is termed hybrid F1 seed.
However, manual detasseling is labor-intensive and costly. Manual detasseling is also often ineffective because in some instances environmental variation in plant development can result in plants tasseling after manual detasseling of the female parent plant is completed or because a detasseler might not completely remove the tassel of a female inbred plant. If detasseling is ineffective, the female plant will successfully shed pollen and some female plants will be self-pollinated. This will result in seed of the female inbred being undesirably harvested along with the hybrid seed which is normally produced. Female inbred seed is not as productive as F1 seed. In addition, the presence of female inbred seed can represent a germplasm security risk for the producer of the hybrid seed.
A female inbred plant can also be mechanically detasseled by a machine. Mechanical detasseling is approximately as reliable as hand detasseling, but is faster and less expensive. However, most detasseling machines produces more damage to the plants than hand detasseling. Thus, neither manual nor mechanical detasseling is entirely satisfactory at the present time.
Genetic male sterility is an alternative method that may be advantageously used in hybrid seed production. The laborious detasseling process can desirably be avoided in some genotypes by using cytoplasmic male-sterile inbred plants. In the absence of a fertility restorer gene, plants of a cytoplasmic male-sterile inbred are male sterile as a result of factors resulting from the cytoplasmic, as opposed to the nuclear, genome. Therefore, the characteristic of male sterility is inherited exclusively through the female parent in maize plants, since only the female provides cytoplasm to the fertilized seed. Cytoplasmic male-sterile plants are fertilized with pollen from another inbred plant that is not male-sterile. Pollen from the second inbred plant may or may not contribute genes that make the hybrid plants male-fertile. Typically, seed from detasseled normal maize and cytoplasmic male-sterile-produced seed of the same hybrid must be blended to ensure that adequate pollen loads are available for fertilization when the hybrid plants are grown and to ensure cytoplasmic diversity.
Drawbacks to use of cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) as a system for the production of hybrid seed include the association of specific variants to CMS with susceptibility to certain crop diseases. See, e.g., Beckett (1971) Crop Science 11:724-6. This problem has specifically discouraged the use of the CMS-T variant in the production of hybrid maize seed, and has had a negative impact on the use of CMS in maize in general.
Cytoplasmic male sterility is the maternally inherited inability to produce functional pollen. More than 40 sources of CMS have been found and classified into three major groups by differential fertility restoration reactions. These groups are designated as CMS-T (Texas), CMS-S (USDA), and CMS-S (Charrua) (Beckett, 1971). In the CMS-T group, two dominant genes, Rf1 and Rf2, which are located on chromosomes 3 and 9, respectively, are required for the restoration of pollen fertility (Duvick, 1965). The S-cytoplasm is restored by a single gene, Rf3, which has been mapped on chromosome 2 (Laughnan and Gabay, 1978).
In maize, the restorer of the S type of CMS behaves as a gametophytic trait. Maize plants with S cytoplasm are restored by the single dominant gene, Rf3, which was mapped to the long arm of chromosome 2 and located between the whp1 and bnl17.14 loci (Kamps and Chase, 1997). Tie (2006) reported that Rf3 was associated with SSR markers umc1525 and bn1g1520 at distances of 2.3 and 8.9 cM, respectively. Zhang et al. (2006) identified three amplified fragment length polymorphism markers that were tightly linked to the Rf3 gene.
Heterozygous (Rf3/rf3) CMS-S plants are semi-fertile, shedding approximately 50% abortive collapsed pollen containing the rf3 allele and 50% starch-filled fertile pollen containing the Rf3 allele. The rf3 allele in Rf3/rf3 plants cannot be transferred to progeny through sterile pollen, thus generating sterile plants in F2 generation (Tie et al., 2006). This type of inheritance makes it very difficult to collect accurate phenotypic data from an F2 mapping population. Traditional methods for identifying mutations are labor and time-intensive, whole-genome sequencing was considered as an approach to determine the differences between CMS-S and restorer lines. At the same time, a backcross 1 (BC1) mapping population was designed to evaluate the identified mutations. A BC1 mapping population is advantageously more useful to evaluate phenotypes. Individuals from a backcross population have either Rf3/rf3 or rf3/rf3 genotypes, and thus there is no need to distinguish fully fertile phenotype from partially fertile phenotype during the phenotyping process.
Molecular markers are particularly useful for accelerating the process of introducing a gene or quantitative trait loci (QTL) into an elite cultivar or breeding line via backcrossing. Markers linked to the gene can be used to select plants possessing the desired trait, and markers throughout the genome can be used to select plants that are genetically similar to the recurrent parent (Young and Tanksley (1989) Theor. Appl. Genet. 77:95-101; Hospital et al. (1992) Genetics 132:1199-210).
Most of the plant fertility restorer genes have been cloned via a map-based cloning strategy. To date, five restorer genes have been isolated from several plant species including maize (Zea Mays L.) (Cui et al. (1996) Science 272:1334-6; Liu et al. (2001) Plant Cell 13:1063-78), petunia (Petunia hybrida) (Bentolila et al. (2002) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99:10887-92, radish (Raphanus sativus L.) (Brown et al. (2003) Plant J. 35:262-72; Desloire et al. (2003) EMBO Rep. 4:1-7; Koizuka et al. (2003) Plant J. 34:407-15), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) (Klein et al. (2005) Theor. Appl. Genet. 111:994-1012) and rice (Oryza sativa L.) (Kazama and Toriyama (2003) FEBS Lett. 544:99-102; Akagi et al. (2004) Theor. Appl. Genet. 108:1449-57; Komori et al. (2004) Plant J. 37:315-25; Wang et al. (2006) Plant Cell 18:676-87. All of the identified restorer genes, except for Rf2 in maize, encode different pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins. The PPR protein contains 2 to 27 repeats of 35 amino acids, referred to as PPR motifs (Small and Peeters, 2000). Many PPR proteins are targeted to mitochondria where the CMS-associated genes and products are located (Lurin et al., 2004).
Additional information regarding fertility restorer genes from maize, rice, petunia, and radish may be found in U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. US2006/0253931, and in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,981,833; 5,624,842; 4,569,152; 6,951,970; 6,392,127; 7,612,251; 7,314,971; 7,017,375; 7,164,058; and 5,644,066, all of which are incorporated herein by reference.

Maize cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) S-type restorer Rf3 gene, molecular markers and their use


Heavy oils may be hydrotreated in the presence of a porous alumina support bearing metals of Group VIII and VI-B and optionally phosphorus, the catalyst having a Total Surface Area of 165-230 m.sup.2 /g, a Total Pore Volume of 0.5-0.8 cc.g, and a Pore Diameter Distribution whereby less than about 5% the Total Pore Volume is present as primary micropores of diameter less than 80 .ANG., and secondary micropores of diameter of +20 .ANG. of a Pore Mode of 100-135 .ANG. are present in amount of at least about 65% of the micropore volume having pores with diameter less than 250 .ANG., and 22-29% of the Total Pore Volume is present as macropores of diameter >250 .ANG... The process of the instant invention is particularly effective in achieving desired levels of hydrodemetallation, hydrodesulfurization, and hydrocracking of asphaltenes in the fraction of hydrotreated/hydrocracked petroleum resid product having a boiling point greater than 1000.degree. F.

As is well known to those skilled in the art, it is desired to convert heavy hydrocarbons, such as those having a boiling point above about 1000.degree. F., into lighter hydrocarbons which are characterized by higher economic value. It is also desirable to treat hydrocarbon feedstocks, particularly petroleum residues, to achieve other goals including hydrodesulfurization (HDS), hydrodenitrification (HDN), carbon residue reduction (CRR), and hydrodemetallation (HDM)--the latter particularly including removal of nickel compounds (HDNi) and vanadium compounds (HDV).
These processes typically employ hydrotreating catalysts with specified ranges of pores having relatively small diameters (i.e. micropores, herein defined as pores having diameters less than 250 .ANG.) and pores having relatively large diameters (i.e. macropores, herein defined as pores having diameters greater than 250 .ANG.)
U.S. patent application Ser. No. 194,379 (Dai et al., filed May 13, 1988) now U.S. Pat. No. 5,047,142 discloses a catalyst composition useful in the hydroprocessing of a sulfur- and metal-containing feedstock comprising an oxide of nickel or cobalt and an oxide of molybdenum on a porous alumina support in such a manner that the molybdenum gradient of the catalyst has value of less than 6.0 and 15-30% of the nickel or cobalt is in an acid extractable form, and having a surface area of 150-210 m.sup.2 /g, a Total Pore Volume (TPV) of 0.50-0.75 cc/g, and a pore size distribution such that less than 25% TPV is in pores having diameters of less than 100 .ANG., 70.0-85.0% TPV is in pores having diameters of 100 .ANG.-160 .ANG. and 1.0-15.0% TPV is in pores having diameters of greater than 250 .ANG..
U.S. patent application Ser. No. 168,095 now U.S. Pat. No. 4,941,964 (Dai et al., filed Mar. 14, 1988) discloses a process for the hydrotreatment of a sulfur- and metal-containing feed which comprises contacting said feed with hydrogen and a catalyst in a manner such that the catalyst is maintained at isothermal conditions and is exposed to a uniform quality of feed, the catalyst comprising an oxide of a Group VIII metal, an oxide of a Group VI-B metal and 0-2.0 weight % of an oxide of phosphorus on a porous alumina support, and having a surface area of 150-210 m.sup.2 /g and a Total Pore Volume (TPV) of 0.50-0.75 cc/g such that 70-85% TPV is in pores having diameters of 100 .ANG.-160 .ANG. and 5.5-22.0% TPV is in pores having diameters of greater than 250 .ANG..
U.S. Pat. No. 4,738,944 (Robinson et al.) discloses a catalyst composition useful in the hydrotreatment of hydrocarbon oils, the catalyst containing nickel and phosphorus and about 19-21.5% Mo (calculated as the oxide) on a porous refractory oxide, having a narrow pore size distribution wherein at least 10% TPV is in pores having diameters less than 70 .ANG., at least 75% TPV is in pores having diameters between 50-110 .ANG., at least 60% TPV is in pores having diameters within Group VIII metal or combinations thereof) on a porous support, the catalyst being further characterized by having a TPV of 0.5-1.1 cc/g with at least 70% TPV in pores having diameters of 80-150 .ANG. and less than 3% TPV in pores having diameters greater than 1000 .ANG..
U.S. Pat. No. 4,328,127 (Angevine et al.) discloses a catalyst composition for use in the hydrodemetallation-desulfurization of residual petroleum oils, the catalyst comprising a hydrogenating component (i.e. Group VI-B or Group VIII metal, or combinations thereof) on a porous support, and being further characterized by having a TPV of 0.45-1.5 cc/g with 40-75% TPV in pores having diameters of 150-200 .ANG., and up to 5% TPV in pores having diameters of greater than 500 .ANG..
U.S. Pat. No. 4,309,278 (Sawyer) discloses a process for the hydroconversion of a hydrocarbon feedstock comprising contacting the feedstock with hydrogen and a catalyst in a fixed bed, moving bed, ebullating bed, slurry, disperse phase, or fluidized bed reactor, where the catalyst comprises a hydrogenation component (i.e. Group VI-B or Group VIII metal) on a porous support, and is further characterized by having a TPV of 1.0-2.5 cc/g with no more than 0.05-0.20 cc/g of TPV in pores having diameters of greater than 400 .ANG..
U.S. Pat. No. 4,305,965 (Hensley, Jr. et al.) discloses a process for the hydrotreatment of a hydrocarbon stream comprising contacting the stream with hydrogen and a catalyst, the catalyst comprising chromium, molybdenum, and at least one Group VIII metal on a porous support, and further characterized by having a TPV of 0.4-0.8 cc/g with 0-50% TPV in pores having diameters smaller than 50 .ANG., 30-80% TPV in pores having diameters of 50-100 .ANG., 0-50% TPV in pores having diameters of 100-150 .ANG., and 0-20% TPV in pores having diameters greater than 50 .ANG..
U.S. Pat. No. 4,297,242 (Hensley, Jr. et al.) discloses a 2-stage process for the catalytic hydrotreatment of hydrocarbon streams containing metal and sulfur compounds, the process comprising: (i) first contacting the feedstock with hydrogen and a demetallation catalyst comprising a Group VI-B and/or Group VIII metal; and (ii) thereafter reacting the effluent with a catalyst consisting essentially of at least one Group VI-B metal on a porous support, and having a TPV of 0.4-0.9 cc/g and a pore size distribution such that pores having diameters of 50-80 .ANG. constitute less than 40% TPV, pores having diameters of 80-100 .ANG. constitute 15-65% TPV, pores having diameters of 100 130 .ANG. constitute 10-50% TPV, and pores having diameters of greater than 130 .ANG. less than 15% TPV.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,089,774 (Oleck et al.) discloses a process for the demetallation and desulfurization of a hydrocarbon oil comprising contacting the oil with hydrogen and a catalyst, the catalyst comprising a Group VI-B metal and an iron group metal (i.e. iron, cobalt, or nickel) on a porous support, and having a surface area of 125-210 m.sup.2 /g and TPV of 0.4-0.65 cc/g with at least 10% TPV in pores having diameters less than 30 .ANG., at least 50% of pore volume accessible to mercury being in pores having diameters of 30-150 .ANG., and at least 16.6% of pores accessible to mercury being in pores having diameters greater than 300 .ANG..
U.S. Pat. No. 4,082,695 (Rosinski et al.) discloses a catalyst for use in the demetallation and desulfurization of petroleum oils, the catalyst comprising a hydrogenating component (i.e. cobalt and molybdenum) on a porous support, and having a surface area of 110-150 m.sup.2 /g and a pore size distribution such that at least 60% a TPV is in pores having diameters of 100-200 .ANG. and not less than 5% TPV is in pores having diameters greater than 500 .ANG..
U.S. Pat. No. 4,066,574 (Tamm) discloses a catalyst composition useful in the hydrodesulfurization of a hydrocarbon feedstock containing organometallic compounds, the catalyst comprising Group VI-B and Group VIII metal components on a porous support, and having a TPV of 0.5-1.1 cc/g with a pore diameter distribution such that at least 70% TPV is in pores of diameters of 80-150 .ANG. and less than 3% TPV is in pores having diameters greater than 1000 .ANG..
U.S. Pat. No. 4,051,021 (Hamner) discloses a catalytic process for the hydrodesulfurization of a hydrocarbon feed which comprises contacting the feed with hydrogen and a catalyst, the catalyst comprising a Group VI-B and Group VIII metal on a porous support, and having a TPV of 0.3-1.0 cc/g with a pore diameter distribution such that greater than 50% TPV is in pores of diameters of 70-160 .ANG., and pores having diameters below 70 .ANG. and above 160 .ANG. are minimized.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,048,060 (Riley) discloses a two-stage process for hydrodesulfurizing a heavy hydrocarbon feed which comprises: (i) contacting the feed with hydrogen and a first catalyst to produce a first hydrodesulfurized hydrocarbon product, the first catalyst comprising a Group VI-B and Group VIII metal on a porous support and having a mean pore diameter of 30-60 .ANG.; and (ii) contacting the first hydrodesulfurized hydrocarbon product with hydrogen and a second catalyst under hydrodesulfurization conditions, the second catalyst comprising a Group VI-B and Group VIII metal on a porous support and being further characterized by having a TPV of 0.45-1.50 cc/g with 0.-0.5 cc/g of TPV in pores having diameters greater than 200 .ANG., 0-0.05 cc/g of TPV in pores having diameters below 120 .ANG., and at least 75% TPV in pores having diameters .+-.10 .ANG. of a mean pore diameter of 140-190 .ANG..
U.S. Pat. No. 3,876,523 (Rosinski et al.) discloses a process for the demetallizing and desulfurizing of residual petroleum oil comprising contacting the oil with hydrogen and a catalyst, the catalyst comprising a Group VI-B and Group VIII metal on a porous support and having a pore size distribution such that greater than 60% TPV is in pores having diameters of 100-200 .ANG., at least 5% TPV is in pores having diameters greater than 500 .ANG., and 10% TPV or less is in pores having diameters less than 40 .ANG., and the surface area of the catalyst is 40-150 m.sup.2 /g.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,770,617 (Riley et al.) discloses a process for the desulfurization of a petroleum hydrocarbon feed comprising contacting the feed with hydrogen and a catalyst, the catalyst comprising a Group VI-B or Group VIII metal on a porous support and having greater than 50% TPV in pores of 30-80 .ANG., less than 4% TPV in pores having diameters 200-2000 .ANG., and at least 3% TPV in pores having diameters greater than 2000 .ANG..
U.S. Pat. No. 3,692,698 (Riley et al.) discloses a catalyst useful in hydroprocessing of heavy feed stocks, the catalyst comprising a mixture of Group VI-B and Group VIII metals on a porous support and having a pore size distribution such that a major portion of its TPV is in pores of diameters ranging from 30-80 .ANG., less than 4% TPV is in pores of diameters of 200-2000 .ANG., and at least 3% TPV is in pores of diameters greater than 2000 .ANG..
Early petroleum distillate hydrotreating catalysts generally were monomodal catalysts with very small micropore diameters (less than say 100 .ANG.) and rather broad pore size distributions. First generation petroleum resid hydro-treating catalysts were developed by introducing a large amount of macroporosity into a distillate hydrotreating catalyst pore structure to overcome the diffusion resistance of large molecules. Such catalysts, which are considered fully bimodal HDS/HDM catalysts, are typified by U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,395,328 and 4,089,774 supra.
Another approach to developing improved catalysts for petroleum resid processing has involved enlarging the micropore diameters of essentially monomodal catalysts (having no significant macroporosities) to overcome the above described diffusion limitations. Essentially monomodal catalysts with small micropore diameters and low macroporosities designed for improved petroleum resid HDS include those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,738,944; 4,652,545; 4,341,625; 4,309,378; 4,306,965; 4,297,242; 4,066,574; 4,051,021; 4,048,060 (1st stage catalyst); 3,770,617; and 3,692,698, supra. Essentially monomodal catalysts with larger micropore diameters and low macroporosities designed for improved petroleum resid HDM include those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,328,127; 4,309,278; 4,082,695; 4,048,060 (2nd stage catalyst); and 3,876,523, supra.
A recent approach to developing improved catalysts for petroleum resid processing has involved the use of catalysts having micropore diameters intermediate between the above described monomodal HDS and HDM catalysts, as well as sufficient macroporosities so as to overcome the diffusion limitations for petroleum bottoms HDS (i.e., sulfur removal from hydrocarbon product of a hydrotreated petroleum resid having a boiling point greater than 1000.degree. F.) but limited macro-porosities to limit poisoning of the interiors of the catalyst particles. Catalysts, with micropore diameters intermediate between the above-described monomodal HDS and HDM catalysts with limited macroporosities include those of U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 168,095 (now U.S. Pat. No. 4,941,964); and 194,378 (now U.S. Pat. No. 5,047,142) supra.
However, none of the above-identified catalyst types has been found to be effective for achieving desired levels of hydroconverison of feedstocks components having a boiling point greater than 1000.degree. F. to products having a boiling point less than 1000.degree. F. while simultaneously yielding a 1000.degree. F.+ product having a lower sulfur content.
It is an object of this invention to provide a process for hydrotreating a charge hydrocarbon feed. Other objects will be apparent to those skilled in the art.

Hydroconversion catalyst with specified pore size distribution


A decimation circuit for filtering a stream of quantized electrical signals while providing a substantially uniform magnitude and a substantially linear phase response over a predetermined passband range F.sub.B is provided. The stream of quantized electrical signals arrives at a predetermined rate F.sub.M from an oversampling delta-sigma modulator. The decimation circuit includes a decimation filter for filtering the stream of quantized electrical signals to provide a filtered output signal at an output rate F.sub.S. The decimation filter has a frequency response defined by ##EQU1## wherein k is a positive integer, T is the sampling period of the decimation filter and R is a decimation ratio defined by R=F.sub.M /F.sub.S. A magnitude corrector is coupled to the decimation filter to receive the filtered output signal and to correct the magnitude of the received filtered signal at least over the predetermined range F.sub.B. The decimation ratio is selected such that output rate F.sub.S is sufficiently situated above bandpass range F.sub.B such that the magnitude corrector provides a desired substantially uniform magnitude and a substantially linear phase response over the passband range F.sub.B.

The present invention is generally related to decimation circuits used, for example, in oversampled delta-sigma analog-to-digital converters, and, in particular, to a decimation circuit and method for filtering quantized electrical signals while providing a substantially uniform magnitude and a substantially linear phase response at least over a desired passband range.
While data acquisition systems for generating digital data for the purposes of computation may receive analog input signals from a plurality of sensors, the analog signals must be digitized or quantized before they can be used by a computer as a basis for supporting computations. It is desirable to include respective analog-to-digital converters within the confines of an inexpensive single monolithic integrated circuit. Such data acquisition circuitry can be constructed using metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) integrated circuit technology and is suited for applications such as power metering and internal-combustion engine control.
Oversampling analog-to-digital converters of delta-sigma type are particularly economical of digital hardware. The use of such converter introduces the need for sinc.sup.k decimation filters, in which the kernel is a sampled-data representation of a suitable time-domain response, to achieve sufficient selectivity against harmonic components of the sinusoid being filtered. For example, for k=1 the time domain response corresponds to a rectangular time response, while for k=2, the time domain response corresponds to a triangular time response. In each case, the magnitude response of such sinc.sup.k filters generally introduces considerable attenuation over the high-end of a desired passband range. Although magnitude correctors have been suggested, in general such suggested magnitude correctors typically exhibit an undesirable nonlinear phase response over the bandpass range of interest. For example, L. B. Jackson, "Digital Filters and Signal Processing", 1986, available from Kluwer Academic Publishers, discusses in pages 76 and 77 various magnitude correctors, however, no suggestion is made of how to advantageously provide both a substantially uniform magnitude and a substantially linear phase response over the desired bandpass range. Thus it is desirable to provide a magnitude corrector capable of operating in a manner consistent with providing a substantially linear phase response over the passband range of interest.

Decimation circuit and method for filtering quantized signals while providing a substantially uniform magnitude and a substantially linear phase response


A soft switch 134 providing wireless PBX voice services to a local area network (WLAN) is used to extend PBX functionality to the cellular domain. A dual mode remote unit is capable of receiving signals both in the cellular system as well as the WLAN. The cellular system is comprised of a data-bearing path and a voice-bearing path. When the dual mode remote unit is within the WLAN, it communicates both voice over IP (VoIP) signaling as well as session initiation protocol (SIP) control signaling over the WLAN. When the remote unit is outside the WLAN, it communicates voice signaling over the voice-bearing path of the cellular network using a standard cellular voice channel. In parallel, it uses the data-bearing path of the cellular network to transmit SIP control signaling.

1. Field of the Invention
Aspects of the invention relate to communication networks and, to mobility-capable wireless voice and data communication networks.
2. Description of the Related Art
The average business professional has become accustomed to the wide range of features available to him on his desk phone. However, when he is out of the office, these features are not available to him, even if he carries a cell phone. Simple call forwarding can be used to re-route calls placed to the desk phone so that they are received instead at a cell phone. But, this simple forwarding mechanism does not provide the user with the features to which he has become accustomed at his desktop.

Extension of a local area phone system to a wide area network with handoff features


A method of providing a task assistant is described. The task assistant is designed to receive input from a user through multimodal input including a plurality of speech input, typing input, and touch input, determine the meaning of the input, and determining whether there is a context based on prior interactions with the user. The method further to generate an interpreted input based on a combination of the input and the context, and providing a formatted query to an application. The method further to receive data from the application in response to the formatted query, and provide a response to the user through multimodal output including a plurality of: speech output, text output, non-speech audio output, haptic output, and visual non-text output. The method further to update the context based on the interpreted input.

There are numerous personal assistants for mobile devices available in the marketplace. Some such personal assistants that accept voice input. Such personal assistants are implemented as an application, available on the device, which is designed to provide data that is available on the device or accessible via a search on a search engine such as GOOGLE™ or BING™ search.

Task assistant utilizing context for improved interaction


A selector switch assembly includes modular switch units that are serially-arranged in a housing and are operated by a single rotatable control member that is biased to a first position by a biasing unit. A modular switch unit includes a housing that has an end wall and two opposite sidewalls that each have two recesses at opposite ends which receive planar blade portions of switches to define an enclosure. The control member includes a hollow tube that has a friction member which has cams on the periphery to actuate the switches and also has an opening for frictionally engaging a rotatable adjusting screw on the next modular switch unit. The modular units are sealed into a support and the hollow tube provides access to the adjusting screw outside the support.

Rotary-type selector switches have long been used to control the operation of electrically-powered material handling vehicles, such as fork lift trucks and the like. Normally these types of switch assemblies have a plurality of switches therein which are selectively actuated to change the resistance between a power source, such as a battery, and an electrically-operated drive member.
One type of rotary selector switch assembly which has been previously used for control of vehicles of the type referred to above is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,493,696, which is assigned to the assignee of the present invention. This particular switch assembly consists of a plurality of modular components which each have a switch supported therein and are interconnected to form a plurality of switch units that can be operated utilizing a single rotatable member having cams thereon. While this type of unit has found a remarkable degree of commercial success, manufacturers are constantly striving to improve the efficiency of such a switching system or assembly, reduce its complexity and also, at the same time, reduce the manufacturing cost and assembly time.
One type of control circuit that has been utilized for varying the speed of a vehicle such as a fork lift is what may be commonly referred to as a discrete or step-controlled circuit. This type of circuit incorporates a power source connected in series with a plurality of resistors to a field-winding and an armature of an electrical motor. Parallel switches extend across the resistors and parallel circuits are provided so that reverse current flow can be developed through the armature and, at the same time, selected numbers of resistors can be by-passed to vary the speed of the vehicle.
More recently, a stepless or solid-state control has been developed which includes a variable potential control device as well as a plurality of switches interposed between the field-winding and armature of a battery or power source.
One of the problems encountered in switching systems of this type is to have the capability of providing accurate adjustment of the components for any given vehicle motor.


An optical system which detects acoustical signals in a fluid medium such as seawater. The acoustical sensor assembly includes an acoustical sensor which is formed by two optical fibers which have different sensitivities to acoustical signals and are connected with the optical radiation conductor or conductors by use of an optical coupler which couples optical radiation into each of the optical fibers of the acoustical sensor. Since the optical fibers of the acoustical sensor have different acoustical sensitivities to acoustical signals, the phase of the optical radiation transmitted through each optical fiber of the acoustical sensor will change differently due to acoustical signals incident thereon. The optical radiation from the optical fibers of the acoustical sensor is directed back through an optical fiber to a photodetector. The photodetector produces a modulated output signal in accordance with the acoustical energy detected.

The invention relates to acoustic wave detectors and more particularly to the use of a compact optical-fiber sensor assembly for the detection of sound waves in a fluid medium.
Heretofore sound waves have been detected by different types of electromechanical devices such as capacitance microphones and piezoelectric and magnetostrictive transducers. These yield an electrical output signal when exposed to incident sound waves. Such devices provide a means for directly obtaining an electrical signal that varies in time in the same way that the pressure varies in the sound field. Some of the disadvantages of such systems are that they are bulky, expensive and require impedance matching between the sound detector and transmission and signal processing system.
Optical waveguides and optical fibers have been used for conducting optical radiation from one point to another. Uses of such systems have been contemplated in the communication field for communicating optical signals and messages from one place to another. Other systems make use of stress applied to an optical fiber to modulate the optical radiation as it is transmitted through the fiber (for instance, see U.S. Pat. No. 4,068,191).
One system, which makes use of an optical fiber coil through which optical radiation is transmitted, is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 2,972,051. This patent is for the detection of ionizing radiation which permanently changes the optical index of the optical fiber. Further, use of such a system has been set forth by George H. Segal et.al. in an article "New Real Time Dosimeters Use Fiber Optics" in Naval Research Laboratory and Development Highlights, Vol. 1, pp. 7 and 8, December 1974.
Optical fibers, one in the water and one not in the water, in the form of a double-path optical interferometer have been used for detecting acoustic waves in a sound medium as set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 4,162,397. This patent teaches the use of a single optical fiber in the sound-field medium where the acoustical waves interact with the single optical fiber. The detector is affixed by temperature changes which is detected as noise.

High-sensitivity, low-noise, remote optical fiber

The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Navy


A semiconductor includes a semiconductor substrate having first and second opposite facing surfaces. An amplifier device is formed in the semiconductor substrate, the amplifier device is configured to amplify an RF signal at a fundamental frequency. A first dielectric layer is formed on the first surface of the substrate. A first metallization layer is formed on the first dielectric layer. The first metallization layer is spaced apart from the substrate by the first dielectric layer. The first metallization layer includes a first elongated finger interdigitated with a first reference potential pad. The first elongated finger is physically disconnected from the first reference potential pad. The first reference potential pad includes a first patterned shape that is devoid of metallization. The first patterned shape has a geometry that filters harmonic components of the fundamental frequency.

RF power amplifiers are used in a variety of applications such as base stations for wireless communication systems, etc. The signals amplified by the RF power amplifiers often include signals that have a high frequency modulated carrier having frequencies in the 400 megahertz (MHz) to 60 gigahertz (GHz) range. The baseband signal that modulates the carrier is typically at a relatively lower frequency and, depending on the application, can be up to 300 MHz or higher. Many RF power amplifier designs utilize a semiconductor switching device as the amplification device. Examples of these switching devices include power transistor devices, such as a MOSFET (metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor), a DMOS (double-diffused metal-oxide semiconductor) transistor, a GaN HEMT (gallium nitride high electron mobility transistor), a GaN MESFET (gallium nitride metal-semiconductor field-effect transistor), an LDMOS transistor, etc.
Class F amplifier configurations are gaining increased favor in modern RF applications due to their highly efficient operation. In class F operation, the input of the switching device (e.g., the gate) is modulated while a reference terminal of the switching device (e.g., the source) is maintained at a fixed potential. During the ON state of the switching device, voltage is nominally at zero across the output of the switching device while a sinusoidal switching current is present across the output terminal of the switching device. Conversely, During the OFF state of the switching device, current is nominally at zero across the output of the switching device while a half square wave voltage appears at the output terminal of the switching device. Theoretically, no power is dissipated because both states are characterized by zero IV. In practice, power dissipation occurs at the transition between ON and OFF states when there is an overlap between the current sine wave and the voltage square wave and hence current and voltage simultaneously appear at the output terminal. Highly efficient class F operation is obtained by minimizing this overlap.
One technique for minimizing the current-voltage overlap in class F amplifiers involves harmonic filtering. By mitigating harmonic oscillation at the output of the device, the shape the voltage and current waveforms is beneficially improved for minimal overlap. Nominally, the output of the amplifier should present a short circuit path to the even ordered harmonics (e.g., 2F0, 4F0, 6F0, etc) of the fundamental frequency F0, i.e., the frequency of the RF signal being amplified. In addition, the output of the amplifier should nominally present an open circuit to the odd ordered harmonics (e.g., 3F0, 5F0, 7F0, etc.) of the fundamental RF frequency F0.
Known techniques for harmonic tuning of Class F amplifiers include incorporating filters into the impedance matching networks that are connected to the input and output terminals of the amplifier device. These impedance matching networks can be provided on a printed circuit board (PCB) that accommodates the packaged amplifier device. Alternatively or in addition, filters can be incorporated into the packaged amplifier device itself by placing discrete capacitors and inductors between the integrated circuit and the package leads. In either case, the impedance matching networks can include LC filters that are tuned to the harmonics of the fundamental frequency F0 so as to provide an electrical short or open circuit, as the case may be. Instead of LC components, microstripline geometries, such as quarter wavelength transmission lines, open stubs, radial stubs, etc. may be used in the PCB to provide a desired frequency response.
One drawback of conventional harmonic tuning designs is that higher order harmonics become increasingly difficult to filter with increasing separation from the current source. For example, in the above described configurations, parasitic reactance of the package level and board level conductors substantially influences the propagation of higher frequency signals. As a result, the ability to tune out a third order harmonic, which may be in the range of 6 GHz in modern RF applications, is very limited at the package level or board level.

Embedded harmonic termination on high power RF transistor


A transceiver has a pulse position modulation (PPM) encoder, automatic gain control (AGC) circuit and timing recovery circuit. The PPM encoder illustratively has a frequency divider, slot selector, and mixer. The frequency divider divides the frequency of a clock signal to which the data of the non-return to zero (NRZ) signal are aligned to produce a half frequency clock signal. The slot selector selects pulses of the clock signal and the half frequency clock signal depending on logic values of the NRZ signal and a control signal to produce first and second slot selected signals. The mixer mixes the first and second slot selected signals to produce a PPM signal of the NRZ signal. The AGC circuit illustratively has a variable gain amplifier, a hysteresis comparator, an event detector, a timer, and a counter. The variable gain amplifier amplifies the PPM signal using a dynamically adjusted gain that depends on an inputted digital control value. The counter increments the inputted digital control value according to a clock signal outputted from the timer to increase the gain. The hysteresis comparator detects a signal level of the amplified PPM signal. The event detector causes the counter to decrease the inputted digital control value if the signal level is outside of a predetermined signal level range. The timing recovery circuit has a frequency track, a slot locked loop and a phase locked loop. The frequency track generates a coarse clock fx having a frequency that depends on a frequency of the PPM signal. The slot locked loop generates a resampling clock signal having a frequency that depends on the course clock fx and having slots locked to slots of the PPM signal. The phase locked loop locks a phase of the coarse clock fx to a phase of the PPM signal.

Recently, demand has increased for providing mobile communications and easily deployed network communications. Much attention has been focused on RF and IF wireless communications systems and techniques for providing such types of communications. However, the RF communication spectrum is rather crowded. Therefore, many developers have recently focused on providing communications using the IR spectrum.
The IR communications channel proposes a number of challenges for the developer. Most notably, the environment in which a typical IR wireless communications system is to be deployed, such as an office building, warehouse or other enclosed structure, is fraught with interference sources such as the sun and lamps (fluorescent, filament, inverter fluorescent, etc.). In addition, it is desirable for some IR wireless communications systems to reduce the amount of power dissipated in the wireless communicating terminals. For example, in the context of portable transceivers, it is desirable to reduce the amount of power dissipated in transmitting information to conserve battery power.
The prior art has proposed pulse-position modulated transceivers for both wireless and wired communications. See H. K. Lu, T. H. Taur, K. C. Chen, C. K. Wang & M. T. Shih, Prototyping an Indoor High Speed Diffuse Infrared Transceiver for Wireless Data Communications, SINGAPORE ICCS/'94, p. 338-342 (1994); M. Audeh, J. Kahn & J. Barry, Performance of Pulse-Position Modulation on Measured Non-Directed Indoor Intrared Channels, IEEE Trans. On Comm., vol. 44, no. 6, June, 1996, p. 654-659; M. Rittler, F. Gfeller, W. Hirt, D. Rogers & S. Gowda, Circuit and System Challenges in IR Wireless Communication, ISSCC96, Feb. 10, 1996, SP 25.1; K. Yamazaki, On a New Detection Scheme of Optical PPM Signal, PROC. INT'L SYMP. INFOR. THEORY (1995); and U.S. Pat. No. 4,584,720. In such systems, the data to be communicated is formulated into a non-return to zero (NRZ) signal. Such an NRZ signal is pulse position modulated onto a carrier signal to produce a pulse position modulated (PPM) signal. The PPM signal includes variably spaced pulses, the relative location of which depends on transitions of the NRZ signal from a low level to a high level or from a high level to a low level. In particular, the PPM signal is divided into fixed length groups having 2.sup.i pulse positions or "slots" per group. Depending on the corresponding signal level of the NRZ signal, a pulse is selectively inserted into a particular slot of the group. That is, a train of pulses is produced in selected slots of the PPM signal, whose phase depends upon the polarity of the NRZ signal at the corresponding time.
The PPM signal thus formed may be inputted to a light emitting diode and transmitted in electromagnetic form to a receiver. The receiver has a photo diode which receives the electromagnetic PPM signal and converts it to electrical (i.e., voltage/current) form. The receiver amplifies the PPM signal, and may use an automatic gain control (AGC) circuit to vary the gain of the amplifier. A demodulator demodulates the NRZ signal from the PPM signal. The demodulator may employ a phase locked loop and/or slot clock to synchronize with the received PPM signal. The recovered NRZ signal may then be further processed, e.g., error corrected, processed, etc.
It is desirable to provide a simple and expandable PPM transceiver with a simple PPM encoder and a robust receiver that quickly locks onto, i.e., synchronizes with, a received PPM signal.

Pulse position modulation based transceiver architecture with fast acquisition slot-locked-loop

Industrial Technology Research Institute


A power feed device for use with a hand held sewer and drain cleaning machine having an elongate, coiled cable and a rotating means for rotating the cable, the power feed device comprising two rollers rotatably mounted on housings, the housings being rotatably mounted within a body of the device, biasing means for biasing one of the housings and thereby one of the rollers toward the cable, cable centering means for centering the cable between the two rollers, means for rotating the roller housings from a "NEUTRAL" position wherein the axes of rotation of the rollers are parallel to the axis of rotation of the cable such that when the cable is rotated in the first rotational direction the cable is not moved along its elongate axis relative to the rollers, to a "FORWARD" position wherein the axes of rotation of the rollers are skewed to the axis of rotation of the cable and such that when the cable is rotated in the first rotational direction the cable moves along its elongate axis in a first direction, or to a "REVERSE" position wherein the axes of rotation of the rollers are skewed to the axis of rotation of the cable such that when the cable is rotated in the first rotational direction the cable moves along its elongate axis in a second direction which is opposite the first direction.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to a power feed device for sewer and drain cleaning cable and, more particularly, to a power feed device that is used with a hand held drain line cleaning device.
2. Background Art
Hand held rotary powered drain cleaners are well known in the art. Generally, they employ a power source, such as an electric drill, which is attached to a rotatable drum unit which houses a sewer and drain cleaning cable having a small diameter. One end of the cable is fed from the drum through a tube which is attached to the drum and a locking device such as a drill chuck. In operation, the cable is pulled by hand from the drum through the drill chuck and fed into the drain and conduit line. As bends or obstructions in the line are encountered the chuck or locking device is secured to the cable, and the cable is rotated by the drill.
A rotatable sleeve allows a person to hold the weight of the unit while rotating the drum and cable and is commonly provided between the drum and locking arrangement. The feeding of cable into or out of the drain or conduit while the cable is rotating is accomplished by pushing and pulling the entire drain cleaning assembly by hand. Once a bend or obstruction is traversed, cable rotation is stopped and the locking device is released from the cable. The cable is then fed from the drum, further into the conduit, by hand. This procedure is often repeated a number of times to clear obstructions from a line.
Other devices that have been used to feed cable by a power feed source are not adapted to be used with hand held drain cleaners and utilize many rollers. Other devices use rollers that have grooves therein which mesh with grooves in the coiled cable. Devices using grooved rollers can only change the direction in which the cable is fed by reversing the rotation of the cable.

Power feed device for hand held drain and sewer cleaner


A method for testing a supercharger actuator for a supercharger of a supercharged internal combustion engine, including adjusting the supercharger actuator from a first position to a second position, determining a rotational speed change information, which is a function of the change of the rotational speed of the supercharger resulting from the adjustment, and establishing a malfunction of the supercharger actuator as a function of the rotational speed change information.

Exhaust-gas-driven superchargers normally have an actuator, which may be provided in the form or a waste gate actuator, a VTG actuator (VTG=variable turbine geometry) or the like. This supercharger actuator is used to define the proportion of the available exhaust-gas enthalpy that is to be provided in the form of mechanical energy for driving a compressor of the supercharger.
Like other actuators and sensors in an engine system for use in a motor vehicle, the supercharger actuator should also be tested regularly for its proper functioning. The test is usually performed by comparing an actual value and a setpoint value of a charging pressure that is provided by the compressor of the supercharger. Since it is not possible, however, to build up a supercharging pressure in every operating state, a test of the supercharger actuator is not reliably ensured in every operational case.

Method and device for diagnosing an actuator for an exhaust-gas-driven supercharger


A hydraulic pressure generating apparatus includes a hydraulic oil feed line for feeding hydraulic oil with high pressure from an oil tank to a hydraulic pressure control system of a generator by an oil feeding pump unit, a hydraulic oil return line for returning drain oil from the hydraulic pressure control system to the oil tank, and a circulation line for circulating and purifying the hydraulic oil of the oil tank by a circulating pump unit. In such apparatus, the hydraulic oil is flame resistant hydraulic oil which is hardly deteriorated by direct heating, and the flame resistant hydraulic oil is heated by a heater disposed in the oil tank.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a hydraulic pressure generating apparatus for feeding high pressure flame resistant (resisting) hydraulic oil to a hydraulic pressure control system of a generator (or motor) of such as a steam turbine and gas turbine, specifically, to a hydraulic pressure generating apparatus intended for making the apparatus construction compact, reducing costs, improving facility of maintenance and safety in operation.
2. Relevant Art
Conventionally, in a hydraulic pressure control system applied to a generator of such as a steam turbine and gas turbine, flame resistant hydraulic oil, specifically, phosphoric acid ester oil is applied with high pressure and high cleanliness for quickly activating control valves, feeding clean control oil to servo valves, and preventing fire from generating due to leakage of the control oil.
However, since phosphoric acid ester oil has viscosity which varies largely according to temperature, when starting operation of a plant installed in a cold district, it is necessary to raise the temperature to the used temperature at which the viscosity of the hydraulic oil is sufficiently lowered by heating. However, the phosphoric acid ester oil also has a property of being largely deteriorated by direct heating by, for example, an electrical heater. On this account, in the conventional plant using phosphoric acid ester oil, such direct heating could not be performed, and, for example, there was adopted a construction in which a heating chamber surrounding the entire oil tank is formed and indirect heating is externally performed, which results in that the construction surrounding the oil tank becomes complex and large scaled.
In addition, under the complex oil tank construction surrounded by such heating chamber, for convenience of maintenance, since it is difficult to install the oil feeding pump within the tank, there is conventionally adopted an external pump drive type construction, in which a pipe is guided from the oil tank to the outside, and the oil feeding pump is provided to the external pipe. Therefore, the pipe construction becomes complex due to the pipe for external pump installation and an exclusive pump installation space is needed, and accordingly, the scale of the apparatus becomes further larger.
Furthermore, since phosphoric acid ester oil tends to be hydrolyzed to produce an aggravating material and stick the movable portion of a hydraulic pressure device, it is necessary to strictly control an acceptable value of water content, and since the phosphoric acid ester is easily deteriorated, there is required some means or like to prevent deterioration by an activated clay filter.
Furthermore, phosphoric acid ester oil has toxicity, and it is not only difficult to handle it, but also very difficult to dispose the same because the oil can not be easily wasted, and it is also difficult to handle the exchanging devices, maintenance tools, etc. applicable to phosphoric acid ester oil and to dispose waste thereof.
Recently, in place of such phosphoric acid ester oil, there have been provided a proposal for applying mineral oil ((1) Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2000-38905) or a proposal for applying fatty acid ester oil ((2) Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. HEI 11-351209).
However, in these proposals, there is still no specific presentation regarding how the large-scaled construction for externally heating the oil tank is solved, and effective measures for avoiding complexity of the construction due to the oil feeding pump installed outside of the tank. In the proposal of the above Patent Document 1, it is intended that an activated clay filter is omitted and toxicity is avoided by applying mineral oil in place of phosphoric acid ester oil. However, since the mineral oil is applied in this proposal, the possibility of fire can not be overcome in the case where the high pressure oil flies in all directions in case of leakage. Further, in the proposal of the above Patent Document 2, it is intended, by applying the fatty acid ester oil, which is high pressure flame resistant oil, that the safety is ensured and the construction is simplified. There is, however, no specific presentation to be applied to an actual device, such as heating means at the time for activation in a cold district and any measurement for continuous operation at the time of exhaustion of the hydraulic pressure generating system components, or consideration of facility of component exchange in an inspection.
Therefore, in the conventional technology, from a realistic point of view, there has not yet sufficiently been solved problems of larger scale, complexity, high costs, and maintenance difficulty of the construction of the hydraulic pressure generating apparatus or like.
As described above, in the conventional technology, there is provided no specific presentation regarding means to solve the large-scaled construction for externally heating the oil tank, an effective measure for avoiding complexity of the construction due to the oil feeding pump installed outside of the tank, a measure against a fire in a case of leakage of the hydraulic oil, an installation of heating means at the time of activation in a cold district, a measurement for continuous operation at the time of exhaustion of the hydraulic pressure generating system components, or consideration of facility of component exchange at a time of an inspection or like from a realistic points of view such as larger scale, complexity, high costs, maintenance difficulty of the construction of the apparatus have not yet been sufficiently solved.


A mounting assembly and an inverter assembly using the same are disclosed. The mounting assembly includes a waterproof component and a fixing component. The waterproof component includes a first side facing the inverter, a second side facing the wall surface, an opening and a gasket set. The opening runs through the first side and the second side. The gasket set is disposed around the opening. The gasket set abuts against the wall surface and the inverter. The inverter is electrically connected with a wire running through the opening. The fixing component is disposed on the wall surface and connected to the waterproof component. The fixing component includes a third surface facing the inverter, a fourth surface facing the wall surface, and a first engaging element. The first engaging element engages with a second engaging element of the inverter to mount the inverter on the wall surface.

An inverter is a power conversion device that converts electric power from direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC) or from AC to DC. The inverter is widely applied and is installed in various places according to the practical requirements. Generally, the inverter has an input or output wire exposed outside when the inverter is installed. If the inverter is installed outdoors, the exposed wire has to withstand the risk of direct exposure to the sun and the exposed wire is prone to aging. Moreover, the exposed wire makes the appearance of the overall installation structure not beautiful enough. If there are too many wires connected, it will be messier.
On the other hand, when the inverter is installed in the outdoor space, the casing body of the inverter needs to protect the inverter from being damaged by the rain. However, the mounting assembly of the conventional inverter is not waterproof, and do not provide sufficient protection and safety.
Therefore, there is a need for providing a waterproof-designed mounting assembly and an inverter assembly using the same to overcome the above drawbacks.

Mounting assembly and inverter assembly using same


An apparatus includes a housing which incorporates a recording and reproducing function which includes a tape diving section, an opening portion formed in a front wall of the housing, and a tray unit which can be horizontally inserted and removed through the opening portion and in which first and second cassettes can be arranged on top surfaces of front and back regions, respectively. A cassette driving unit including pantagraph mechanisms and, a motor for driving the tray, and gears to move the tray unit and selectively load one of the cassettes in the tape driving section. Pop-up mechanisms and provided in the front and back regions of the tray, respectively. When the tray unit is pulled and the entire front region and a portion of the back region are located outside said housing, the pop-up mechanisms lift the front end of the cassette loaded in the back region to direct it toward an obliquely upper position.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an apparatus for use in, e.g., a video tape recorder (to be referred to as a VTR hereinafter) or a digital audio disk tape recorder (DAT) and, more particularly, to an apparatus for handling a plurality of cassettes.
2. Description of the Related Art
Recently, long TV programs have been increased in number, and the number of midnight broadcast TV programs has been increased after the start of satellite broadcasting. Therefore, the recording mode of VTRs is being changed to a mode capable of performing timer or unattended recording or long-time recording.
Existing VTRs, however, can load only one tape cassette, and a recording capacity achieved without replacing a tape cassette is limited. In addition, the dimensional standard of cassettes brings about limitations in the formation of large-capacity cassette tapes. If a VTR is so constituted as to load a plurality of cassettes in order to solve the above problems, the size of the VTR itself tends to increase, and this increases the space occupied by the VTR. In addition, the operability of the VTR tends to deteriorate. For this reason, a demand has arisen for improvements in these problems.

Apparatus having a plural cassette carrying tray, a head drum collision preventing guide member, and a pop-up mechanism arrangement


A method for fabricating a semiconductor structure includes providing a semiconductor substrate, providing a plurality of trenches in the semiconductor substrate using a first hard mask, and causing the hard mask to recede by a predetermined distance with respect to the trench wall at the top side of the semiconductor substrate for forming a first hard mask that has been caused to recede. An isolation trench structure is provided in the semiconductor substrate using a second hard mask, the isolation trench structure subdividing the first first hard mask that has been caused to recede along rows into strip sections and the strip sections of adjacent rows being arranged offset with respect to one another. The receding process results in a reduction of an overlap region between two strip sections of adjacent rows in comparison with an overlap region which would be present without the receding process. The second hard mask is removed and the isolation trench structure is filled and planarized with a filling material using the first hard mask subdivided into the strip sections.

Although applicable, in principle, to any desired integrated circuits, the present invention and also the problem area on which it is based are explained with regard to memory cell semiconductor structures with trench capacitors in silicon technology.
FIG. 2 shows conventional memory cell semiconductor structures with trench capacitors in silicon technology, which is also referred to as an MINT cell layout.
In FIG. 2, reference symbols G1 to G8 designate trench capacitors which are arranged offset relative to one another in pairs in rows and columns. Lying between the trench capacitors G1 to G8 are active regions AA1 to AA7 or shallow trench isolation structures STI filled with an insulation material, which enclose the active regions AA1 to AA7 in insular fashion.
Accommodated in the active regions AA1 to AA7 are respective selection transistors (not shown) for the trench capacitors G1 to G8. In this case, the selection transistors of in each case two trench capacitors, for example G4 and G5 have a common bit line terminal lying approximately in the center of the active region, in this case AA4. Situated between the bit line terminal and the respective trench capacitor is a gate line terminal connected to a respective word line. In the case of the present layout, the bit lines (not shown) run in the row direction and the word lines (not shown) run in the column direction. The cells are configured symmetrically with respect to the common bit line terminal.
Filling the isolation trench structure with the insulating filling material, which is generally composed of silicon oxide, has proved to be problematic in case of such an arrangement scheme for a memory cell semiconductor structure with trench capacitors. This is because the structures have a high aspect ratio in particular in the isolation trenches between the adjacent rows, which generally has the effect that shrink holes form in the insulating filling material. It is primarily at the location at which two adjacent active regions overlap that the aspect ratio of the STI trench to be filled is very high and the risk of shrink hole formation is thus the greatest.
Usually, the shrink hole formation can only be avoided by carrying out multiple deposition and wet-chemical etching-back of the insulating filling material.
The present invention provides an improved method for fabricating such a semiconductor structure which makes it possible to reduce the risk of shrink hole formation during filling of the isolation trenches.
Advantages of the fabrication method according to the invention are, in particular, that the aspect ratio can be relaxed in the critical overlap region and regions with a particularly critical aspect ratio are eliminated or can at least be greatly reduced in size. The risk of shrink hole formation during filling of the isolation trenches is reduced from the outset in this way.
The process results in reduction or elimination of an overlap region between two strip sections of adjacent rows in comparison with an overlap region which would be present without the receding process.
In accordance with one preferred embodiment, the trenches each have a trench capacitor with a corresponding filling, which is sunk with respect to the top side of the semiconductor substrate.
In accordance with a further preferred embodiment, the receding process is realized by an isotropic, preferably wet-chemical, etching process, as a result of which the thickness of the hard mask that has been caused to recede is reduced in comparison with the thickness of the hard mask. The aspect ratio can be configured even more favorably as a result.
In accordance with a further preferred embodiment, the first hard mask is composed of silicon nitride.
In accordance with a further preferred embodiment, the second hard mask is composed of silicon oxide.
In accordance with a further preferred embodiment, the filling material is composed of silicon oxide.
In accordance with a further preferred embodiment, the receding process results in complete elimination of an overlap region between two strip sections of adjacent rows.
In FIGS. 1a-f, identical reference symbols designate identical or functional identity constituent parts.

Method for fabricating a semiconductor structure


A mid-sole or sole of shoes for massaging the sole of a foot by stimulating it during walking includes recess portions on the upper surface of a bottom plate defined by a wall portion, a plurality of blades in the recess portions extending in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the bottom plate and being slanted in the same direction, a flexible cover sealed at the peripheral end portion of the upper surface of the bottom plate, and liquid injected and filled in the space provided between the bottom plate and the cover.

The present invention relates to a mid-sole or sole of shoes having a massage effect due to stimulating of the sole of a foot.
Hitherto, there was mid-sole and sole of shoes in which two sheets are sealed at the peripheral edge portion thereof to form a hollow portion therein and liquid is injected and filled in the hollow portion. According to such shoes, when one walks, the liquid moves within the hollow portion in the sheets due to the pressure of one's foot because of the movement of one's weight.
In such mid-sole of shoes, the liquid moves in a voluntary direction thereby causing a seasickness phenomenon thereby to bring feeling of fatigue. Moreover, the liquid sometimes leaks from the mid-sole to the exterior as lapse of time.
The object of the present invention is to give direction to the liquid and to move the liquid in a predetermined direction by the movement of weight thereby stimulating the entire sole of foot.
The other object of the present invention is to prevent the liquid from leaking out of the mid-sole or sole of shoes.
The feature of the present invention resides in a bottom plate, a plurality of blades formed on the bottom plate, a cover sealed at the peripheral edge portion of the bottom plate, liquid filled in the hollow portion provided between the bottom plate and the cover, webs provided at both ends of the blade, and notches formed on the blades.
The configuration of the bottom plate is similar to that of the sole of shoes and there are provided a plurality of recess portions on the upper surface by wall portions, and the bottom plate is made of thermoplastic polyvinyl. There is provided a thin portion through an offset at the periphery of the wall portion.
There are integrally provided a plurality of blades within the recess portions respectively extending in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the bottom plate, and the blades are slanted in the same direction and have approximately the same thickness as the depth of the recess portion.
Both ends of each of the respective blades are connected to the inner portion of the wall portion of the bottom plate through the webs. There is provided a notch portion at the intermediate portion of each blade and its size is set such that the liquid may move.
A flexible cover is sealed at the edge portion of the upper surface of the bottom plate, and the cover is favorably made of the same material as that of the bottom plate. There is provided a thick portion through the offset at the periphery of the cover. The thin portion of the bottom plate adheres to the thick portion provided on the cover.
Liquid such as water is injected and filled in the space provided between the bottom plate and the cover.
According to the present invention thus constructed, the liquid mainly moves in the gap provided between blades reciprocally, and further in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the blades through the webs and the notches reciprocally.


An electronic device including a multi-band antenna, a cover, a substrate, and a conductive border member is disclosed, where the device includes a first feed terminal connected to a circuit of a substrate embedded in the device, a second feed terminal connected to the circuit and insulated from the first feed terminal, a ground disposed on the substrate, a conductive border member continuously disposed along a periphery of the electronic device, a first antenna connected to the first feed terminal and the conductive border member, and the first antenna forming a multiple resonance for covering a first multi-band having a plurality of bands, a second antenna connected to the second feed terminal and the conductive border member and the second antenna forming a multiple resonance for covering a second multi-band, and a bypass conductor to bypass interference signals generated by the first antenna and the second antenna to the ground.

1. Field
The following description relates to an electronic device including a multi-band antenna that supports carrier aggregation (CA) using a non-segmented conductive border member.
2. Description of Related Art
Portable electronic devices, such as smartphones, being designed to include a metal exterior have become popular. The metal exterior has drawn much attention to improve external rigidity and to protect an interior of the portable electronic device.
For example, a conductive border member is used in the exterior design of the electronic device, and a conductor frame is embedded in the interior of the electronic device.
Research and development is being conducted to use the conductive border member of portable electronic devices using metal exterior as a portion of an antenna.
For example, in existing antenna using the conductive border member of the portable electronic device or in using conductive border member as a portion of the antenna, a gap (or segmentation) may be formed, from which a portion of the conductive border member exposed externally is removed. The gap allows the segmented conductive border member to be used as the antenna.
As such, segmenting the conductive border member may secure a length and performance of the antenna. However, segmenting of the conductive border member may spoil an appearance and have a low yield upon metal processing.
Further, to secure antenna performance, most of the electronic devices may use the segmented conductive border member having a total of four segmentations including two upper segmentations and two lower segmentations.
For example, the four segmentations use separate independent conductive border members at centers of the upper and lower portions thereof as the antenna. Also, in the four segmentations, a separate manufacturing process is needed to for the segmented portions upon manufacturing of a metal frame and, therefore, productivity may be reduced and a defect rate may be increased. As a result, in an electronic device with a non-segmented conductive border member, not the existing segmented structure, a need to secure antenna performance needs to be increased.
Meanwhile, as a part of an evolution trend of a long term evolution-advanced (LTE-advanced) communications system, carrier aggregation (CA) technology that is a core technology of 3rd Generation Partnership Project release-10 (3GPP Rel-10) has standardized technologies of combining more than two carriers to efficiently use a frequency and to improve a maximum transmission rate.
As an example of communications methods of supporting the foregoing LTE-advanced carrier aggregation (CA) may be communication methods, such as, for example, 1UL/2DLs inter-band CA, 1UL/3DLs inter-band CA, or TDD-FDD CA.
A downlink data transmission rate may be up to 150 Mbps (category 4UE) in the case of 2-layer transmission, in which the number of receiver antennas of the electronic device is two, and may be up to 300 Mbps (category 6UE) in the case of 4-layer transmission, in which the number of receiver antennas of the electronic device is four, or when the number of receiver antennas is two and 2DL CA is used. To this end, a technique of designing a receiver antenna has been highlighted as an important problem.
Further, due to the structure of the electronic device using the conductive border member, the number of receiver antennas may be increased and, therefore, an isolation problem between the antennas may occur. As a result, the isolation problem needs to be solved.
Considering the foregoing matters, to support frequencies for each communications company in each country, an electronic device using the conductive border member needs an improved and innovative antenna structure.

Electronic device with multi-band antenna for supporting carrier aggregation using non-segmented conductive border member