An apparatus and method for entering data into an avionics system which uses a large multi-functional display, with a graphical user interface, which is capable of direct data entry into pre-selected fields and further includes a scratch pad for temporarily storing data prior to entry into a later selected data field. The scratch pad is capable of receiving stacked data items as well as automatically distributing compound data items to their appropriate display fields.

The present invention generally relates to avionics, and more particularly relates to avionics displays having a graphical user interface.
In the past, designers of avionics displays and flight computer systems have endeavored to achieve a reduction in pilot workload. One area of concern has been the FMS, which typically requires a significant amount of xe2x80x9cheads-downxe2x80x9d time. This xe2x80x9cheads-downxe2x80x9d time occurs when the pilot is neither looking at the primary flight displays nor out the wind screen, but instead is focused upon a task in an oblique direction, such as when using a typical FMS control display unit (CDU), which has an integrated keyboard and a textual display unit. One approach has been proposed in which a large multi-functional display, disposed in front of the pilot, is used for both viewing FMS information, as well as data input through a cursor. In some prior art applications, in an attempt to save time and reduce the workload on the pilot, direct textual entry into a target field on the display is permitted. This is quite like the typical graphical. user interface (GUI) for a personal computer, where data is entered into a target field directly; i.e., as each letter is entered, it is displayed on the screen. However, this is significantly different from the prior art method of typical CDUs. CDUs typically enter data into a scratch pad and when the entire data string is completed, an appropriate line select key is pressed, thereby inserting data into the adjacent target field. The direct textual insertion approach has an advantage that it does not require locating a line select key after the data is entered. However, it does have some drawbacks. For example, if the data to be entered is being received by the pilot over a radio, and the pilot is being given several types of information to be input into the various avionics equipment, such as for radio tuning, FMS, maintenance synoptics and others, it may be too much information coming too rapidly for the pilot to first find the target fields and then enter the data in those fields. The pilot may make errors or need to request that the information be repeated. This can add extra pilot workload, which is contrary to the primary objective.
Consequently, there exists a need for improved methods and apparatuses for entering data into a target field in an avionics display system.
It is an object of the present invention to provide an improved avionics system with a GUI.
It is a feature of the present invention to include a scratch pad feature in the GUI.
It is an advantage of the present invention to give the pilot enhanced flexibility methodologies available to enter data.
It is another feature of the present invention to include a data input selection option which permits both direct textual entry and entry of data through a scratch pad.
It is an advantage of the present invention to reduce pilot workload by reducing the need for the pilot to request that information be repeated because the pilot was too busy looking for the appropriate target fields into which to enter the data directly.
The present invention is a GUI apparatus and method for simultaneously availing to the pilot both direct textual entry into target fields and use of a scratch pad, which is designed to satisfy the aforementioned needs, provide the previously stated objects, include the above-listed features, and achieve the already articulated advantages.
Accordingly, the present invention is an avionics display having a GUI and an associated scratch pad.

Method and apparatus for using a scratch pad in a graphical user interface for avionics equipment


Measuring apparatus for measuring the position of a light source inside a lighthouse as used in the manufacture of phosphor screens of color picture tubes comprises a base plate and two optical projection devices which are directed on to the light source, and which each contain at least two position diodes. An evaluating circuit connected thereto ascertains the position of the light source and the result is fed to a display device.

The invention relates to apparatus for measuring the position of an elongated light source inside a lighthouse used in the manufacture of luminiscent or phosphor screens of color picture tubes.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,482,495 shows apparatus for measuring the position of an exposure lamp inside a lighthouse. Lighthouses are used to expose the phosphor layer from which the screens of color picture tubes are made. The conventional lighthouse comprises a point-shaped light source with a collimator disposed thereabove. The measuring (alignment) apparatus comprises a base plate provided with stop faces (position stops) with the aid of which it is brought into alignment with a lighthouse when placed thereon. The base plate has mounted thereunder eight optical projection devices (light transmitting systems) each comprising two adjustable mirrors and one biconvex lens which image the exposure lamp on a screen disposed in the center of the base plate. The screen is subdivided into nine squares of which the outer eight ones have cross shaped targets which are illuminated by eight optical projection (light transmitting) systems. For calibration, the measuring (alignment) apparatus is placed onto a standard lighthouse. Thereafter, the eight optical projection (light transmitting) systems are adjusted in such a way that the eight squares are illuminated in their centers. Thereafter, the thus calibrated alignment apparatus is placed onto a production lighthouse, with the exposure lamp and the position stops thereof being so adjusted that again the eight squares are illuminated in their centers.

Apparatus for measuring the position of a light source disposed inside a lighthouse


A high frequency device module of an embodiment of a current invention includes: an insulation substrate in which electrodes are provided on the front surface thereof and a grounding substrate is provided on the rear surface thereof; a high frequency device provided on the insulation substrate with a terminal of the device connected to the electrodes; potting material for covering the high frequency device; and a metallic layer provided on the potting material and connected to the grounding substrate.

(1) Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a high frequency device module in which a high frequency device such as a micro wave device is buried and more particularly to a structure of the same.
(2) Description of the Invention
Demands for increase of transmission capacity have been intensified more and more with a progress of information society in recent years, so that a system having a larger transmission capacity and a higher level modulation system have been demanded. Accompanied by this, devices having a high gain and produced at an inexpensive cost have been requested.
To meet such demands, a module disclosed in, for example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2001-345419 is known. In the module, a simple package in which a single sheet of ceramic has a metal plate and a device is fixed thereon is coated with polyimide so as to protect the surface and potting material for protecting wire and the device is applied thereon.
However, although the potting material has insulation property, if a high performance device or a high gain device is used, electromagnetic field is radiated thereby affecting the environment or its performance is deteriorated extremely by incoming of surrounding electromagnetic field or output of microwave emitted from itself. For the reason, application field of this high frequency device module is sometimes confined.
Further, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2003-298004 has disclosed a high frequency device module sealed with insulating resin by dispersing metallic particles such as Ni particles in order to prevent an interference of electromagnetic wave between active device chips which operate in a high frequency band.
However, in a case where such a high frequency device module is used, there is a possibility that its metallic particles may corrode and a problem that sufficient electromagnetic shielding cannot be achieved in a long period.

High frequency device module and manufacturing method thereof


Comprises at least, a stock, a trigger mechanism and a barrel (1) partially covered over by over-moulded or over-injected material (2), defining therefore by said over-moulded or over-injected material (2) a first area or housing (3) for the mounting of a sound suppressor (4) following up or alongside the barrel (1) and a second area (8) at least wrapping around the part of the barrel (1), and that the sound suppressor (4) comprises:                an inlet (5) wherein the barrel (1) is situated, comprising a support (7) of diameter equal to second area (8) on which it is fitted, with perforations (18) that connect said second area 8 with first area or housing (3) and        an outlet (6) that comprises an attached stop (9).

In the state of the art, various rifles are known, in which the barrel and the silencer or suppressor are, in turn, covered exteriorly by an over-moulding.
In fact, all these patents belong to the applicant's firm.
Thus, European Patent 2112452 (ES2345012) "FIREARM OR SPORTS GUN WITH SILENCER" filed in 2008 is known, it refers to a rifle that comprises a trigger mechanism, an over-moulded or over-injected barrel, a chamber, which is characterised in that it comprises an over-moulded or over-injected sound suppressor on the mentioned barrel.
Also it is known European Patent 2677267 (ES2531858) "METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING A BULL BARREL EQUIPPED WITH SILENCER AND SILENCER EQUIPPED BULL BARREL THUS OBTAINED", filed in 2011, which refers to a procedure for manufacturing a barrel model "bull barrel" with sound suppressor and barrel "bull barrel" with obtained sound suppressor that comprises: the following steps: a first step in which a tube that defined two ends, a first and second, with an inner diameter greater than the barrel outside diameter, fixed to a wedge by its first end, a second step in which a muzzle that ends in a hood is fixed to the second end of the tube, with said muzzle comprising at least one lateral aperture and at least one first hoop that fits into the tube sealing the second tube end with stops that define channels in the hood, which connect the outside with the muzzle interior, being the mentioned stops at the end of the referred tube travel, a third step in which the barrel is fixed to the muzzle and the wedge, defining a space or cavity between the tube and the barrel and a fourth step in which the configuration of the third step is inserted into a moulding machine that over-moulds it, with the exception of the barrel entrance end, giving it the desired form, with said over-moulding penetrating into the tube by the channels up to the referred first hoop.
Finally, it should be mentioned the PCT Application WO2013104811 "METHOD OF MANUFACTURING OF A BARREL FOR COMPRESSED AIR OR CO2 RIFLES AND BARREL OBTAINED BY SAID METHOD", filed in 2012, which refers to a procedure for the manufacture of a barrel for compressed air of CO2 rifles, which comprises a hollow tube, through the interior of which circulates a pellet, with an inlet end and an outlet end, characterized in that it comprises: a first step in which the tube is inserted into a moulding machine and fixing elements or supports are introduced, fixing the tube and leaving it overhanging, centred, stable, inside the moulding machine and a second step in which the tube is over-moulded, with the exception of the tube inlet end, giving it the desired form.


The present disclosure relates to methods of using Melissa officinalis extracts in inhibiting viral replication of a filovirus and in treating or preventing a filovirus infection.

Medicinal plant extracts are of interest as sources of novel antiviral agents. Melissa officinalis, commonly known as Lemon Balm, is an abundant botanical historically claimed to have strong antiviral properties. Melissa has a long medicinal history being used first up to two thousand years ago by the Greeks. Melissa is purported to help significantly in the treatment of herpes simplex viruses, HSV1 and HSV2.
The antiviral activity associated with Melissa has utilized glycerine-based extracts prepared from dried Melissa officinalis. The botanical was ground to a fine powder followed by resuspension in 75% glycerin (pharmaceutical grade, organic vegetable glycerin) at a ratio of 1:8 (dried plant material to extraction solution). The solution was stored at room temperature for seven days followed by removal of the botanical debris by centrifugation and sterilization through a 0.2 um filter.
Previous studies have demonstrated that extracts from Melissa officinalis can inhibit the replication of herpes viruses. As shown in FIG. 1 (lower left corner), cells infected with HSV lead to dramatic cytopathic effects and cell death. As cells were treated with increasing concentrations of Melissa extract, a dose dependent reduction in cell death was observed. Uninfected cells (FIG. 1, upper row) remained morphologically normal and healthy.
Many different cell surface molecules can serve as receptors for the attachment and entry of viruses. The particular receptor or receptors a virus can use will determine the cell types it can infect. For HSV1, cell surface heparin sulfate proteoglycans serve as the cell surface receptor. Previous data demonstrates that cells treated with heparinases or altered by mutations that prevent heparin sulfate biosynthesis have reduced capabilities to bind HSV1 and are partially resistant to virus infection. Soluble heparin has been shown to competitively inhibit HSV1 infection. Through temporal studies, it has been demonstrated that extracts of Melissa can inhibit HSV1 binding to cells. In support of this, since herpes viruses are known to bind to cells utilizing herparin sulfate proteoglycans, the ability of the Melissa extract to competitively inhibit herpes virus binding to a heparin-agarose resin was tested. As shown in FIG. 2, the Melissa extract blocked herpes virus binding to the resin as detected by a decrease in the viral glycoprotein B (gB). These and previous results suggest that Melissa acts by inhibiting herpes virus cellular attachment.
Blocking HSV1 attachment to cells could occur by components in Melissa either binding directly to the virus or by binding to the cell. As shown in FIG. 3, when cells were preincubated with the extract, washed and then infected with HSV1, virus replication was not inhibited. However, if the extract was preincubated with purified HSV1 virions, which were then washed and tested for infectivity, virus replication was inhibited (FIG. 3). These results support that the active constituent(s) in the Melissa extract bind to the herpes virion and inhibit viral attachment to the cell. The HSV1 glycoprotein B (gB) is one of the major viral surface proteins involved in binding the virus to heparin sulfate proteoglycans on the cell surface. Since Melissa components bind to the virus and inhibit binding to the cellular heparin sulfate proteoglycan, the HSV1 gB is a likely target for Melissa interaction. In support of this, the Melissa extract was depleted of gB-binding components by affinity chromatography. After removal of gB binding components present in the Melissa extract, the HSV1 inhibitory activity was greatly reduced (FIG. 4). This result suggests that the active constituent of Melissa binds to gB of the virion particle. In summary, these results support that Melissa extracts inhibit herpes virus binding to heparin sulfate on the cell surface by binding to the HSV1 gB and blocking viral attachment.
Cell cytotoxicity is an important concern when considering any potential therapeutic. In assays, inhibition of HSV1 virus replication occurred at a low dose (EC50=0.58 ul/ml) (FIG. 5). Upon testing for cell cytotoxicity, the extract did not exhibit detectable cell cytotoxicity with the CC50=190 ul/ml being comparable to glycerin (vehicle) alone. (FIG. 5).

Methods of using extracts of melissa officinalis against filoviruses

Arizona Board of Regents on behalf of Arizona State University


Disclosed are various examples of selectively enabling multi-factor authentication for applications on managed devices. An identity provider receives an authentication request for a first client application executed in a managed client device. The authentication request includes a first authentication factor corresponding to a management credential. The identity provider then determines whether one or more second authentication factors should be requested. If so, the identity provider then requests the second authentication factor(s) from a second client application. The identity provider receives the second authentication factor(s) from the second client application. The identity provider then authenticates the first client application in response to verifying the first authentication factor and the second authentication factor(s).

Multi-factor authentication systems are becoming increasingly popular for computing system account security. Traditionally, users have provided a username and a password to log into a user account. However, malicious users can also gain access to the user account simply by having knowledge of the username and the password. In other words, username and password systems rely only on two items of information that the user knows. Thus, such systems rely exclusively on knowledge-based authentication factors.
Other authentication factors can include what the user has (possession factors) and who the user is (inherence factors). Examples of possession factors can include possession of a trusted device (e.g., smartwatch, smartphone, or other device with a long-lived credential stored thereon or able to communicate by way of a trusted telephone number or email address), possession of a key-fob token that generates one-time passwords, and possession of a smartcard. Examples of inherence factors can include retinal scans, iris scans, and fingerprint scans. Adding possession and/or inherence factors to an authentication system that uses username and password-based authentication can greatly improve security. Also, requiring answers to other knowledge-based questions can improve security. The questions can be dynamically generated based on transaction histories (e.g., "which of following is the correct purchase amount of your transaction yesterday?"), or credit histories, or may be based on static answers to questions that are preconfigured by the user (e.g., "who was your favorite school teacher?").
Unfortunately, it can be difficult to practically implement multi-factor authentication in native applications. Application developers would have to write custom authentication code and/or include code from a software development kit that enables multi-factor authentication, but it can be very challenging to convince developers to do this. As a consequence, an organization that manages devices, such as under a bring-your-own-device model, cannot require multi-factor authentication for native applications under existing approaches.

Selectively enabling multi-factor authentication for managed devices


The present invention provides systems and methods for storage of multiple documents and a tracking log within a single file. More specifically, the present invention provides a convenient way to organize multiple documents and store them within a single file in a manner that facilitates exchange of the collection of documents and collaboration on the collection by a group of individuals. The metaphor of an envelope is used to store multiple documents and other information. Envelopes may be copied and routed or transferred to a group of individuals. Routing or transfer of envelopes is accomplished via an email transport or other mechanisms. The tracking log tracks actions performed by entities on the envelope or on documents contained therein. Multiple copies of the envelopes may be synchronized using an email or other transport system.

1. The Field of the Invention
This invention relates to the storage of documents. More specifically, the present invention allows the storage of multiple documents and other information within a single file.
2. The Prior State of the Art
Almost since the inception of the computer, users have interacted and performed useful work on a computer through specialized programs designed to perform various tasks. The specialized programs are often referred to as application programs. Application programs allow users to perform desired tasks such as word processing, spreadsheet creation, data entry, and so forth. Traditional interaction with application programs created a view for the user that was very application oriented. When a user wished to perform a certain task, the user would start execution of the desired application program and perform all interaction with the computer through the application program. For example, when a user wished to create a word processing document, the user would begin execution of the word processing program and create or edit the word processing document through the word processing program. Once a document had been created or edited, the document could be saved for later retrieval.
The process of interaction with the application program described above was, in large measure, dictated by the operating systems used in early computers. Many of these operating systems could accept only a limited number of commands. For example, early operating systems could identify and begin execution of an application program, but could not determine what to do with a file containing a document used by an application program. This situation thus required a user to first begin execution of an application program before opening or creating a document used by the application program. The result was that documents used by application programs took a very secondary role while application programs took a very visible role.
This situation began to change with the advent of operating systems that could associate a document with a particular application program. Such operating systems typically had a graphical user interface with documents and application programs depicted by icons. When a user "opened" a document, the operating system would begin execution of the appropriate application program and then load the document into the application program. With these new capabilities, documents could now assume a central role in the user's interaction with the computer. Application programs could thus be de-emphasized as simply a mechanism to perform various operations on a particular document. This view is it much closer to a user's perception of importance. From a user's point of view, the information contained in a document is the item of interest, not the application program.
Today, many users work with a wide range of applications, each providing particular capabilities or information necessary for a user. For example, for a given project a user may have multiple word processing documents, a spreadsheet, a database file, and several drawing files. This collection of documents may all relate to various aspects of the project and may all have relevance in certain contexts.
In today's business environment, the need to work collaboratively on a given project is steadily growing. Thus, there is a need for several individuals to work on groups and collections of documents and exchange information and work on the documents. At the same time, computing hardware has evolved to the point where many computers may be networked together through a Local Area Network (LAN) or other types of networks. Computer hardware thus supports widespread exchange of information. In addition, collections of documents may need to be routed among all members of a work group so that all may have input into the documents. Thus, two fundamental problems must be addressed. The first is the collection and organization of information and the second is the distribution of the collected information.
Traditional approaches to organizing and grouping such a collection of information have taken one of two approaches. The first approach collects and organizes information into a storage hierarchy that stores related information together. For example, a directory may be created on a disk and all information relating to a particular project may be stored and organized in that directory, and any associated subdirectories. Another approach utilizes document management programs to group various documents together and control access to those documents. In either case, the result is a group of documents that reside in a central repository and must be accessed in that repository and, in the case of the document management system, through a defined mechanism.
Both of the traditional approaches, to some extent, begin to take the focus off of the documents and the information contained therein. In addition, these approaches to organization may impose strict working rules or inhibit the free-flow collaboration of members of a work group. For example, if all documents are stored in a central directory, users must know the location of the documents. This requires using an application program or some other device to locate the desired documents. Also, there is little or no control over how various versions of the documents are managed. Finally, using such an approach creates great difficulties if copies of documents are to be routed among various members of a work group. If the individual documents are routed among the work group, whatever organization was imposed by the directory structure is lost.
Using a document management system has similar problems. Because access to the documents is controlled by the management system, there is no way to route documents among a work group and still have the controls of a document management system.
What is needed, therefore, is a mechanism that allows groups of individuals to exchange collections of documents and associated information in a manner that is as transparent as possible to the user. The exchange of information should work well in a LAN or other network environment. Furthermore, the paradigm used should be familiar to users so that users may easily adapt and incorporate the technology into their daily workflow.

System, method and computer program product for storage of a plurality of documents within a single file


An assembly for movement according to predefined rules of motion, includes a supporting frame forming a working path that accommodates a driving element with which at least one movable element is associated which is adapted to move an item to be subjected to a process. The assembly includes, interposed between the driving element and each respective movable element, at least one movement adjustment apparatus having a contoured guide, arranged substantially parallel to the driving element, at least one first lever that has a first end that can slide within the guide, and a portion that is pivoted to at least one second lever which in turn is coupled rigidly to the driving elements. The first lever has a second end, which is opposite the one that can slide in the guide, which is articulated to a linkage, which in turn is pivoted on a portion of a respective movable element.

All machines used for packaging, and also many processing machines, require the products to be packaged (or the intermediate products on which appropriate processes are to be performed) to comply with specific rules of motion which can provide for portions at constant speed, accelerations, decelerations and stops, which are variously spaced as a function of the requirements of the specific step of processing to which they are subjected.
In order to deal with complex rules of motion, specific controlled motor drives are normally used.
Generally, in order to ensure that each one of the elements of a carousel or of a line for packaging/processing can move independently of the contiguous ones but in accordance with the specific rule of motion, it is normal to resort to specific controlled motor drive units, which are controlled by a respective control and management processor.
This solution offers excellent versatility and allows to comply perfectly with the parameters prescribed by the rule of motion of each individual element.
However, the presence of many individually controlled motor drive units entails a considerable increase in production costs (tied to the purchase costs of the individual units) and also the need to have a computer that is capable of managing independently the supply parameters of each individual unit.
These machines are therefore extremely expensive.
Moreover, the increase in costs, in many cases, cannot be justified in relation to the fact that the various rules of motion of each movable element will remain unchanged throughout the operating life of the machine
The reconfiguration possibility that is typical of controlled motor drive units, therefore, in many cases is not utilized fully and validly.
This entails that machines of the known type, in order to cope with the need to move each element according to a specific, predefined and complex rule of motion, resort to controlled movement units which are controlled by a respective computer, despite not providing for possible modifications of said rules of motion, with consequent high production costs.
It is also known to resort to machines the movable elements of which are all mounted on respective conveyance elements that trace the steps of a common rule of motion.
Obviously, in this manner it is not possible to operate continuously, and each stop affects all the elements, greatly limiting the speed of machine and minimizing its productivity.

Assembly for movement according to predefined rules of motion


An apparatus and method for filter bank multi-carrier signal modulation with a low peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) in a multiple antenna system are disclosed. According to embodiments of the present disclosure, in a multiple antenna transmission method, after a plurality of transmission candidate signals, which are modulated for each antenna using discrete Fourier transform (DFT) spread filter bank multi-carrier and offset quadrature amplitude modulation (FBMC/OQAM) techniques and are capable of obtaining a single carrier effect, are generated, a transmission candidate signal with a low PAPR can be selected and transmitted, and thus peak-to-average power ratio performance can be effectively improved, and interference between subcarriers can be eliminated by applying an Alamouti coding manner.

1. Field
The present disclosure relates to a transmission and reception technique using a filter bank multi-carrier method, and more specifically, to filter bank multi-carrier and offset quadrature amplitude modulation (FBMC/OQAM) techniques using discrete Fourier transform (DFT) spreading.
2. Discussion of Related Art
A filter bank multi-carrier (FBMC) modulation technique using a plurality of subcarriers has entered the spotlight as a modulation technique for fifth-generation (5G) wireless communication. However, in the FBMC modulation technique, a high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) characteristic is exhibited due to overlapping of a plurality of subcarrier signals.
Particularly, in an FBMC modulation technique and an offset quadrature amplitude modulation (OQAM) technique, there is a problem in that a single carrier effect cannot be obtained due to a structural problem of OQAM even when discrete Fourier transform (DFT) spreading is applied as in a single carrier-frequency division multi access (SC-FDMA) technique.
Meanwhile, unlike an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) technique, it has been difficult to apply an Alamouti code to the FBMC modulation technique due to inherent inter-carrier interference (ICI) between antennas.

Apparatus and method for filter bank multi-carrier signal modulation with low PAPR in multiple antenna system

RESEARCH COOPERATION FOUNDATION OF YEUNGNAM UNIVERSITY


A thermoplastic, resinous mixture, useful in the preparation of compatible blends of polyurethane with polyolefins, is disclosed. The mixture contains. (i) a thermoplastic polyurethane, and PA1 (ii) an agent which is the product of the reaction between a polyamide and a modified polyolefin.. The inventive mixture may be used as a component in thermoplastic molding compositions which contain a polyolefin, preferably polypropylene. Improved mechanical properties characterize the molding compositions thus prepared.

Thermoplastic polyurethane (herein TPU) and isotactic polypropylene (herein i-PP) are intrinsically incompatible, except at the lowest levels of incorporation of one resin in the other. It has been suggested that TPU/i-PP blends would offer advantages in terms of cost, hydrolytic and thermal stability, stain and solvent resistance mechanical properties and good adhesion to polyolefin substrates. Blends of these resins are typically delaminated and their mechanical properties are poor. Delamination in the present context means the separation of polymer blend into its components in a molded part. This is evidenced by either the lowering of some measured physical property to a value below that for either one of the components or by visual observation of separation (for instance, fracture or crumbling).
Relevant compositions were disclosed in the article "Polyurethane - Polypropylene Blends", Z.S. Petrovic et al in J. Appl. Polym. Set. 42, 1991 pp. 779; the preparation of these blends was noted to be difficult, especially for blends containing more than 3% polyurethane.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,272,890 discloses blends of polyurethane and polyethylene. The method of preparation of the blend entails melting and fluxing the polyethylene in a Banbury mixer and then adding the polyurethane. Systems containing dispersed polyethylene in polyurethane have been disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,310,604; 3,351,676; and 3,358,052; other relevant blends having improved processability have been disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,929,928.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,410,595 and 4,423,185 disclose compositions containing thermoplastic polyurethanes and polyolefins, the later being modified with functional groups including carboxylic acid anhydride. Japanese Pat. No. Application 74,9831 (Derwent Abstract 24216V) discloses modified ionomer polymer blends containing polyurethane and polyethylene.
Of particular relevance is U.S. Pat. No. 4,883,837 which disclosed compatible compositions containing a polyolefin, a thermoplastic polyurethane and as a compatibilizing agent, modified polyolefin. The modified polyolefin thus disclosed is an olefinic copolymer containing functional groups.
Instructively, the functional group is part of an unsaturated monomer which is either copolymerized with an olefin monomer or grafted onto a polyolefin to form the modified polyolefin.
It is a purpose of the present invention to provide a resinous mixture useful as a compatibilizing agent in the context of thermoplastic compositions containing polyolefins. It is further an object of the invention to provide compatible compositions containing TPU and polyolefin which compositions exhibit improved mechanical properties.
It is an additional purpose of the invention to provide for a means to produce a resinous mixture useful in the preparation of compatible TPU/polyolefin blends having improved mechanical properties.
It is a further purpose of the invention to provide a thermoplastic molding composition which contains a compatible blend of TPU with i-PP, or TPU with a blend of i-PP and an elastomer (herein TPO), having improved mechanical properties.

Thermoplastic composition containing polyurethane and polypropylene


A fluorescent diagnosing apparatus includes a normal image television camera which picks up a normal observation image that is transmitted through an ocular portion of an endoscope and a fluorescent image television camera which intensifies and picks up a fluorescent image transmitted through the ocular portion. An optical path switching member which selectively guides light along an optical path extending from the ocular portion to one of the normal image television camera and the fluorescent image television camera is provided together with a light interrupting member which is positioned between the optical path switching member and the fluorescent image television camera when the optical path switching member is in a normal observation status in which the optical path switching member guides the light along the optical path from the ocular portion to the normal television camera. In addition, a support frame which defines at least two stationary planes extending in different directions is provided together with at least one elastic pressing mechanism which elastically presses the switching member against the stationary planes while permitting the switching member to slide along the stationary planes.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a fluorescent organism diagnosing apparatus for diagnosing, for example, early cancer through the fluorescent observation by an endoscope.
2. Description of Related Art
When an organism is irradiated with light of a certain wave length band, the organism fluoresces. A diagnosis based on this phenomenon is currently conducted using an endoscope.
The endoscope used for the fluorescent diagnosis is the same as a normal endoscope constructed to obtain an image of a subject portion by an objective optical system assembled into the tip of an insertion portion, and transmit the obtained image through an image guide fiber bundle extending inside the insertion portion to an ocular portion.
In a related fluorescent diagnosing apparatus, the observation image transmitted to the ocular portion is selectively guided by an optical-path switching member to one of image pickup faces of a normal image television camera for a normal image observation, and a fluorescent-image television camera (ultrasensitive camera) for a fluorescent image observation. The fluorescent-image television camera is provided with an image intensifier for amplifying the fluorescent image.
For the fluorescent observation, band-pass filter is inserted into an illumination optical path of the endoscope to illuminate the subject portion with light of a certain wave length band so that an organism tissue in the subject portion fluoresces. The band-pass filter considerably attenuates the light when the light passes therethrough, so that the light transmitted to the ocular portion is very weak.
If light of normal intensity enters the image intensifier due to the fact that the observation optical path is switched to the fluorescent-image television camera before the filter is inserted into the illumination optical path, a protection circuit is activated to turn off a power supply to the image intensifier since the light of normal intensity is too intensive and may damage circuits of the image intensifier and the fluorescent-image television camera. The activation of the protection circuit results in the interruption of the endoscopic observation, and it consumes much time and labor to return the fluorescent diagnosing apparatus to the original condition.
Accordingly, a first object of the present invention is to provide an arrangement for a fluorescent organism diagnosing apparatus, which can prevent light of such an intensity as to drive the protection circuit from entering a fluorescent-image TV camera, to thereby ensure a smooth fluorescent observation.
In the related fluorescent diagnosing apparatus, the optical-path switching member is arranged to have a reflector, such as a prism, and to be moved slidably in an optical axis direction of the normal image television camera in order to selectively guide the observation image to one of image pickup faces of the normal image television camera and the fluorescent-image television camera.
However, the optical-path switching member slides unsteadily and unsmoothly, and the reflector in the swithching optical member may be inclined with respect to the optical path. Those hinder the smooth switching operation and endoscopic observation.
Further, since the optical-path switching member is slidable in the optical axis direction of the normal-image television camera, a space allowing the optical-path switching member to move therein need to be secured along the optical path of the normal-image television camera. Consequently, the optical path length of an optical-path switch section in the apparatus is long, which leads to the increase in the entire size of the apparatus, the loss of the light transmission, and the deterioration of image quality.
Accordingly, a second object of the present invention is to provided an arrangement for a fluorescent diagnosing apparatus, which can smoothly switch an optical path extending from the ocular portion of the endoscope to one of a normal-image television camera and a fluorescent-image television camera without increasing the optical-path length.
In the related fluorescent diagnosing apparatus, a normal image forming lens is generally located between the optical-path switching member and the normal-image television camera, whereas a fluorescent image forming lens is generally located between the optical-path switching member and the fluorescent-image television camera.
Therefore, various optical adjustment, e.g., focusing and eccentricity adjustments, are required between the normal image forming lens and the normal-image television camera and between the fluorescent image forming lens and the fluorescent-image television camera. Mechanisms for enabling those adjustments make the apparatus complicated in construction and difficult to assemble.
Accordingly, a third object of the present invention is to provide a fluorescent organism diagnosing apparatus, which has a simple and easy-to-assemble mechanism for enabling the necessary optical adjustment of a normal-image television camera and a fluorescent-image television camera.

Fluorescent diagnosing apparatus including optical path switching member


A portable laser guided alignment apparatus includes a laser line beam source and a laser fan beam source, with the line beam being in the same plane as the fan beam. The apparatus further includes mechanisms for adjusting the angle of the fan beam relative to a vertical reference plane and for adjusting the angle of the line beam within the plane of the fan beam. Additionally, measurement devices are included to measure the angle of the fan beam relative to the vertical reference plane, and to measure the angle of the line beam relative to a vertical reference line within the fan beam plane. The apparatus provides precise alignment for biopsy tools and other instruments used in standard biopsies, discolysis, stereotaxis, and other medical procedures wherein highly accurate positioning and insertion of instruments into a patient are required.

A wide variety of medical procedures, including standard biopsies, bone biopsies, mammogram-directed biopsies, stereotaxis, lesion drainage, and discolysis, require extremely accurate placement and insertion of medical instruments (such as needles, localization wires or other biopsy tools). Precision placement and insertion of the instrument throughout the procedure is critical to its success and serves to decrease procedure time, which in turn decreases patient discomfort, and potential for complications.
An initial step in many medical procedures such as biopsies is a CT scan (computerized tomography). This procedure provides the physician with a cross-sectional image of a patient through a "cut" or "scan" plane which shows internal organs, tissues, bony structures and abnormalities. Through the use of CT scans, physicians are able to accurately locate abnormal tissues, tumors, lesions, etc., and then can select the optimum insertion point for the appropriate instrument, whether it is a biopsy needle, drainage catheter or other instrumentation, to extract or otherwise treat the abnormality.
Using available CT scanner technology, both the insertion depth and angle required for a biopsy needle can be ascertained with a very high degree of accuracy. The limitation in actual practice, however, is the accuracy of inserting the biopsy needle by the physician, particularly with respect to insertion angle and plane. Utilizing a trial and error technique, some practitioners initially position the needle or catheter by estimating the desired angle and then slowly advance the needle into the patient's body, taking repeated CT scans during the procedure to determine the actual depth and position of the needle and altering its trajectory as required. This trial and error technique has significant disadvantages, including the relatively long time-frame required, the attendant discomfort to the patient, and increased risk due to repeated punctures and/or poor initial positioning of the instrument. Additionally, the multiple CT scans tie up available CT scan time, which is highly sought after, and increases the patient's exposure to radiation.
Certain advancements have been made which offer improvements over the trial and error method for performing CT-based biopsies and other procedures. For example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,638,799 and 4,706,665 relate to mechanical guide apparatus for discolysis and stereotactic procedures, respectively. U.S. Pat. No. 4,723,544 discloses another mechanical guide device for discolysis procedures. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,733,661, 4,930,525 and 5,102,391 relate to guidance devices for CT-guided drainage and biopsy procedures. U.S. Pat. No. 5,100,411 relates to another stereotactic guidance device. Additionally, the article "CT-Guided Core Biopsy Using A New Guidance Device," A. Magnusson and D. Akerfeldt, Acta Radiol 1991; 32: pp. 83-85, discusses a mechanical biopsy guidance device. Generally, the devices disclosed in the above-referenced patents and publication are rigidly fixed to the CT scanner. Such devices have several drawbacks, however, including the requirement of precise attachment and alignment relative to the CT scanner. Furthermore, the device may obstruct the field of operation of the physician, and requires the biopsy procedure to be performed at the location of the CT scanner. Other disclosed devices are separate from the CT scanner, but attach to the ceiling, walls or to the floor. Some devices physically hold the needle or biopsy tool and therefore require sterilization before each use. In addition, some of the above devices provide no means for ensuring accurate placement of the biopsy tool in the scan plane (i.e., transverse to the patient) as they relate only to measuring and maintaining the needle insertion angle relative to a longitudinal vertical plane through the patient.
Yet another system which has been developed is described in "A Light-Guidance System To Be Used For CT-Guided Biopsy," P. Frederick et al., Radiology, Vol. 154, pp. 535-536. The system disclosed in this article is based on the principle of two intersecting planes represented by thin sheets of light. The intersection of the planes defines a line which can be positioned to define the correct insertion angle of the biopsy device. In use of this system, the biopsy instrument is held so that during its insertion it casts shadows in both beams of light, thus theoretically assuring that the instrument is following the preselected path of the line defined by the intersection of the two planes. This system has several disadvantages, however, including the requirement of two separate light sources which must be kept in alignment for the system to work properly. This beam-alignment must be made with an extremely high degree of accuracy since the light sources are positioned a considerable distance from the patient. This system presents the additional difficulty of requiring the physician to maintain the biopsy tool in line with the two planes of light simultaneously to create a shadow in each.
Thus, there is a need for a highly accurate, portable guidance or alignment apparatus which does not require sterilization or attachment to or modification of a CT scanner. Such an apparatus should be capable of use at a site remote from the CT scanner, thus freeing up the scanner for use on other patients, while insuring highly accurate positioning and insertion of a needle or other biopsy tool into a patient.

Laser guided alignment apparatus for medical procedures


A steel-cleated, all terrain tire has cleats that dynamically engage with changing road conditions, across slick ice and bridges, and while turning, breaking and accelerating on steep terrain. The tire design can provide stability and an enormous safety benefit in dangerous conditions, on demand, without the driver's intervention. The tire design can be used for military vehicles and aircraft, commercial jets, turboprop aircraft, heavy equipment, commercial diesel trucks, helicopters, law enforcement vehicles, fire and rescue vehicles, school buses, government vehicles, sport cars, and the like. The tire design include spring loaded cleats that can are spaced about and extend outward from the tire's surface. The spring load may be strong enough to permit the cleat to penetrate ice and the like, while not damaging asphalt or concrete roadways.

The present invention relates to cleated tires and, more particularly, to a cleated, all-terrain artic condition tire that dynamically engages cleats to changing road conditions.
Existing snow tires, all weather tires or steel belted radials have major disadvantages, limitations and lose traction in hazardous ice conditions. Drivers must wrap their tires with traction devices, steel chains, or attach metal studs to gain the required traction to continue through difficult driving conditions, such as mountainous terrains, high elevations, ice covered bridges, sleet and snow.
Existing contraptions require forecast planning, considerable labor, do not adapt to changing road conditions and are inconvenient or unreliable.
As can be seen, there is a need for an improved tire design that can provide stability and safety benefits in dangerous arctic conditions, while turning, breaking and accelerating on steep terrain, on demand, without driver intervention.


An on-vehicle electronic device control system includes a base-device-layer on which base-inputting-devices and base-driven-devices are disposed and plural control layers on which plural control units are disposed. Each of the control units has a lower-to-higher-layer-data-input-portion for inputting data from a lower layer and a higher-to-lower-layer-data-output-portion for outputting control-command-data to a lower layer. At least one of the control units disposed on one of the control layers has a higher-to-lower-data-input-portion for inputting data from a higher layer. At least one of the control units disposed on one of the control layers has a lower-to-higher-data output-portion for outputting data to a higher layer and one of the control units that has the higher-to-lower-data-input-portion functions as a coordinative-control-command-unit that determines output data based on both data inputted thereto from a higher layer and input data from a lower layer and also functions as an autonomous-control-command-unit that determines the output data based only on the input data from the lower layer if the input data from the higher layer are stopped.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an electronic equipment control system that is mounted in a vehicle.
2. Description of the Related Art
The number of various kinds of electronic devices that are mounted in a vehicle to provide various kinds of functions has increased year by year. In order to effectively utilize the functions, it has been required interface structures. In order to meet demand for inexpensive devices having high performance, system sharing among various vehicles and coordination among various systems have been adopted. For example, JP-A-2006-142994 discloses a hierarchical system architecture, in which various kinds of system hardware and software are formed into an application layer that includes coordinating control logic or the like by stacking hardware physical layer on which front-end devices are disposed and a system-infrastructure-layer that masks the hardware structure.
In the above hierarchical system architecture the following operations are carried out: the input data from the hardware physical layer is delivered one after the other from lower layers to higher layers; a process of reducing the data into control output data for the hardware physical layer is carried out in the application layer, and the result of the processes that are carried out in the application layer is delivered one after the other from the higher layers to the lower layers; and finally, driving data are delivered from the hardware physical layer. The input data of one layer are processed in the same layer before delivering to the next higher layer to be processed. Then, the data processed in the higher layer is delivered to the lower layer as a process result. That is, the input and output data that are exchanged between a lower layer and higher layers are closely related to the input and out data of the higher layers. In other words, the control data are not confined in each layer. As a result, if some coordination related trouble occurs in one of the layers, such trouble may spread over the higher and lower layers of the above hierarchical system architecture and various portions of each layer thereof.

On-vehicle electronic device control system


A suspension for a magnetic transducer including a normally flat gimbal spring in the form of a figure eight, with a pair of tabs or ears at the sides of the eight by means of which the spring is mounted; and a folded backup spring having legs extending from a mounting side to the other side and then back again, with a depending leg and flange portion effective to provide pressure on the center of the gimbal spring and transducer so that the backup spring provides resilient backup force against translation of the transducer on its main axis and the gimbal spring provides resilience against transducer pitching and rolling.

The invention relates to magnetic transducers particularly those effective on flexible magnetic disks, and in particular the invention relates to spring suspensions for such transducers.
It has been previously proposed in Castrodale et al U.S. Pat. No. 4,089,029, issued May 9, 1978, to mount a magnetic transducer on a cantilever gimbal spring having a pair of opposite parallel extending leg portions connected by a transverse leg portion on which the transducer is fixed. These leg portions provide resilience against the pitching of the transducer on the disk with which it makes contact (up and down movements of the leading and trailing ends of the transducer along the magnetic track for the transducer) and also provide reslience against and allowing a rolling movement of the transducer on an axis extending at a tangent to the magnetic track. A spring loaded relatively rigid load arm applies a force to the transducer urging it into forceful contact with the disk, and this is done by means of a dimple and a flange portion on the load arm forming a type of universal joint, so that the transucer can quite freely pitch and roll without any influence on such movement by the load arm.

Spring suspension for magnetic transducer

International Business Machines Corporation


A method is provided of operating a mass spectrometer apparatus comprising a pair of quadrupole rod sets. Each quadrupole rod set is operated in a mass resolving mode. They may be operated in the same or different stability regions. The rod sets are operated to select essentially ions of the same mass to charge ratio, and are operated such that the combined resolution of the two rod sets is greater than the resolution of either rod set. The rod sets can be operated at relatively low resolution, with the combined peak shape from the two rod sets showing high resolution. This can make up for mechanical imperfections in the rod sets, losses due to high gas pressures, etc. A mass shift can be provided to give the desired resolution. The rod sets can be close coupled, and for this purpose neutralizing capacitors can be provided to prevent electrical interference between adjacent rod sets. The rod sets can be provided with the same frequency signal, which preferably is a phase locked and shifted, to give enhanced sensitivity.

A wide variety of mass spectrometer systems have been proposed. For quadrupole mass spectrometers, there are many designs which include two, three or more quadrupole rod sets. Conventionally, each of these has its own function and often the various quadrupoles will be operated at different pressures. Where an individual quadrupole rod set is operated as a mass analyzer, this is usually independent of the function of adjacent rod sets.
Tandem quadrupole systems have been widely used for so called triple quadrupole MS/MS experiments (See for example U.S. Pat. No. 4,234,791, Nov. 18, 1980 "Tandem Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer for Selected ion Fragmentation Studies and Low Energy Collision Induced Dissociation Therefor" by C. G. Enke, R. A. Yost and J. D. Morrison). In these systems a first quadrupole mass analyzer selects an ion of one particular mass to charge ratio (m/e) from a mixture produced in an ion source. These selected ions then collide with a gas in a second quadrupole operated in RF only mode. The collisions transfer translational energy to internal energy of the ions and cause them to fragment. A mass spectrum of the fragment ions is then obtained with a third quadrupole.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,329,582, May 11, 1982 "Tandem Mass Spectrometer with Synchronized Fields" by J. B. French, shows the use of phase locked RF fields to improve the transmission of a triple quadrupole MS/MS system. The RF voltage applied to all three sections or quadrupoles is synchronized or phase locked with a phase shift preferably of zero between the sections. The rods are spaced apart longitudinally by a very short distance not exceeding r.sub.0, the radius of the inscribed circle within the quadrupole rods.
N. V. Konenkov in an article "Coupling the Analyzers of Tandem Quadrupole Mass Filters" published in the Journal of Technical Physics (Russia) 60, 153-157, 1990 (in Russian), and N. V. Konenkov and V. I. Kratenko in the article "Characteristics of a Quadrupole Mass Filter in the Separation Mode of a Few Stability Regions" published in the International Journal of Mass Spectrometry and Ion Physics 108, 115-136, 1991, show operation of a tandem mass filter with the first rod set operated in the stability zone with Mathieu parameters (a,q)=(3,3) and the second rod set operated in the stability zone with Mathieu parameters (a,q)=(0,7.55). Operation in the region near (a,q)=(0,7.55) can be advantageous to mass analyze ions of high kinetic energy or to produce higher resolution than operation in the conventional mode in the first stability region near (a,q)=(0.2,0.7). However, when ions of a particular mass to charge ratio, m/e are transmitted in the (a,q)=(0,7.55) region, ions of 8.4 m/e and higher are simultaneously transmitted because these have stable motion in the first stability region near (a,q)=(0.2,0.7). Thus an additional mass analyzer is required to prevent these higher m/e ions from reaching the second quadrupole. As described, a single RF power supply is used to provide the RF voltage for the two quadrupoles. The quadrupoles are thus phase locked with zero phase shift (FIG. 20 of that paper). Operation of the quadrupoles is otherwise conventional. In particular, operation in the same stability region, operation with a mass shift between the quadrupoles, operation in other stability regions or combinations of other stability regions, or operation with a phase shift other than zero are not described.
N. V. Konenkov in the paper "Coupling Mass Filters of the Tandem Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer" published in the Journal of Technical Physics (Russia) 61, N12, 120-125 (in Russian) describes operation of a triple quadrupole MS/MS system with the mass analyzing quadrupoles operated in the first or third stability regions and the collision cell, an RF only quadrupole, operated in the first region. As in the U.S. Pat. No. 4,329,582, the quadrupoles are phase locked and the optimum phase shift is claimed to be zero. There is a collision cell between the two mass analyzing quadrupoles, and no mass shift or phase shift other than zero between the quadrupoles is described. There is no suggestion that two quadrupoles essentially be operated to effect a single mass analysis.
In the article "Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry with a Quadrupole Operated in the Third Stability region" by Zhaohui Du, Terry Olney, and D. J. Douglas published in The Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry, 8, 1230-1236, December, 1997 it was shown that with operation of the quadrupole in the third stability region the peaks of a mass spectrum can have unusually sharp sides on both the high and low mass sides. This is advantageous because it means a minor peak can be detected without interference beside a major peak of much greater intensity.
What is common in all these earlier proposals is that each quadrupole rod set is essentially operated independently of the others, that is, to perform a function that is independent of functions being carried out in adjacent rod sets. There is no teaching that functions of adjacent rod sets can be combined in any way, to give a single combined function, such as mass selection, which is enhanced as compared to the function available from a single rod set. While there are proposals to connect rod sets electrically, only U.S. Pat. No. 4,329,582 discusses fixing the phase shifts between the rods; even so, this patent teaches a preferred phase shift at zero and it has not been realized that a set non-zero phase shift can give enhanced-sensitivity, at least in some applications.
In the past magnetic analyzers have also been operated in tandem. For example in the article "A Two Stage Magnetic Analyzer for Isotopic Ratio Determination of 10.sup.4 or greater" by F. A. White and T. L. Collins published in Applied Spectroscopy, 8, 169, 1954 it is shown that two magnetic analyzers can be operated in tandem to produce less peak tailing than either analyzer operated alone. R. Schnitzer and M. Anbar in the Proceedings of the 24th Conference on Mass Spectrometry and Allied Topics, p 361, 1976 describe operation of a Wien filter followed by a magnetic analyzer. These and other applications of tandem magnetic analyzers are described in the book "Mass Spectroscopy" by H. E. Duckworth, R. C. Barber and V. S. Venkatasubramanian published by Cambridge University Press, London 1986 on pages 86-90. However in none of these articles is operation with a mass shift between the analyzers described.

Mass spectrometer including multiple mass analysis stages and method of operation, to give improved resolution


A non-volatile memory device includes gate insulating films formed on a semiconductor substrate and spaced apart from each other. A tunnel insulating film is formed on the semiconductor substrate and interposed between the adjacent gate insulating films. A memory transistor gate is formed on the tunnel insulating film and the gate insulating film interposing the tunnel insulating film therebetween. A select transistor gate is formed on the gate insulating film spaced apart from the memory transistor gate. A first doped region is formed in a portion of the semiconductor substrate under the memory transistor gate and extending to overlap one end of the select transistor gate. A second doped region is formed in a portion of the semiconductor substrate spaced apart from the first doped region and overlapping one end of the memory transistor opposite to the select transistor gate. A third doped region is formed in a portion of the semiconductor substrate spaced apart from the first doped region and overlapping the other end of the select transistor gate. The second doped region has a low-density doped region and a high-density doped region and is shallower in depth than the first and third doped regions.

This application claims the benefit of Korean Patent Application No. 2001-6215, filed on Feb. 8, 2001, and the benefit of Korean Patent Application No. 2001-55593, filed on Sep. 10, 2001, under 35 U.S.C. xc2xa7119, the entirety of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a non-volatile memory device, and more particularly, to an EEPROM cell and a method of manufacturing the same.
2. Description of Related Art
An electrically erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM) is a device in which electrons move through a tunnel oxide film made of a thin insulating layer such as SiO2 by a Fowler-Nordheim (FN) tunneling phenomenon so that charges are stored in a floating gate, and a transistor is turned on or off according to an amount of charge accumulated in the floating gate. Whether the transistor is turned on or off depends on the magnitude of a threshold voltage of the device.
The EEPROM has become smaller in unit cell size as memory capacity has increased. If the size of a unit cell is reduced in order to satisfy this memory capacity requirement, there occurs a problem in that memory cell characteristics tend to deteriorate.
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a floating gate tunnel oxide (FLOTOX) type of EEPROM cell according to conventional art. The EEPROM cell includes a semiconductor substrate 10. Even though not shown in FIG. 1, the semiconductor substrate 10 includes an active region and a field region. A tunnel insulating film 15 is formed on the active region of the semiconductor substrate 10 to a relatively thin thickness. A gate insulating film 17 is formed on a remaining portion of the active region of the semiconductor substrate 10 to a thickness thicker than the tunnel insulating film 15, except at a portion of the active region of the semiconductor substrate 10 on which the tunnel insulating film 15 is formed.
A floating gate 21, an interlayer insulator 22 and a sense line 23 are stacked on the tunnel insulating film 15 and the gate insulating films 17 interposing the tunnel insulating film 15 therebetween in the above-described order. The floating gate 21, the interlayer insulator 22 and the sense line 23 form a gate of a memory transistor 20. A word line 25 is formed on the gate insulating film 17 spaced apart from the memory transistor 20 to form a gate of a select transistor 30.
Spacers 18 are formed on both side walls of the floating gate 21 and the sense line 23 and on both side walls of the word line 25.
A channel region 40 is formed in a portion of the semiconductor substrate 10 under the tunnel insulating film 15 to overlap the word line 25. The channel region 40 includes an n+-type high-density doped region 31 and an n31 -type low-density doped region 35. At this point, the high-density doped region is referred to as a region having a relatively high impurity concentration, and the low-density doped region is referred to as a region having a relatively low impurity concentration.
A common source region 50 is formed in a portion of the semiconductor substrate 10 spaced apart from the channel region 40 to overlap the floating gate 21 of the memory transistor 20. The common source region 50 has a double diffusion structure of an n+-type high-density doped region 32 and an nxe2x88x92-type low-density doped region 36.
A drain region 60 is formed in a portion of the semiconductor substrate 10 spaced apart from the channel region 40 to overlap the word line 25. The drain region 60 has a double diffusion structure of an n+-type high-density doped region 33 and an nxe2x88x92-type low-density doped region 37.
In the conventional EEPROM cell of FIG. 1, the common source region 50 and the drain region 60 which have such a double diffusion structure are formed in accordance with the following. The nxe2x88x92-type low-density doped region 35, the nxe2x88x92-type low-density doped region 36 and the nxe2x88x92-type low-density doped region 37 are simultaneously formed to the same depth after the n+-type high-density doped region 31 is formed. Thereafter, the n+-type high-density doped regions 32 and 33 are formed within the nxe2x88x92-type low-density doped regions 36 and 37, respectively, to a depth thinner than the nxe2x88x92-type low-density doped regions 36 and 37.
Therefore, since the nxe2x88x92-type low-density doped region 35 of the channel region 40, the nxe2x88x92-type low-density doped region 36 of the common source region 50 and the nxe2x88x92-type low-density doped region 37 of the drain region 60 are simultaneously formed to the same depth, the nxe2x88x92-type low-density doped region 36 of the common source region 50 extends toward the channel region 40 by a side diffusion. As a result, there is a problem in that a distance margin between the nxe2x88x92-type low-density doped region 36 and the channel region 40 becomes shortened.
As the size of the EEPROM cell is reduced, this problem becomes more serious, and an effective channel length is shortened, leading to a short channel effect. As a result, when a strong electric field is applied between the source region 50 and the drain region 60, a drift current occurs. Such a drift current results in a leakage current, and the threshold voltage distribution becomes bad due to the leakage current. That is, the threshold voltage is varied, whereupon characteristics of the device deteriorate.
To overcome the problems described above, preferred embodiments of the present invention provide a non-volatile memory having an improved threshold voltage dispersion and excellent device characteristics.
The present invention is directed to a non-volatile memory device which includes gate insulating films formed on a semiconductor substrate and spaced apart from each other and a tunnel insulating film formed on the semiconductor substrate and interposed between the adjacent gate insulating films. A memory transistor gate is formed on the tunnel insulating film and the gate insulating film interposing the tunnel insulating film therebetween. A select transistor gate is formed on the gate insulating film spaced apart from the memory transistor gate. A first doped region is formed in a portion of the semiconductor substrate under the memory transistor gate and extending to overlap one end of the select transistor gate. A second doped region is formed in a portion of the semiconductor substrate spaced apart from the first doped region and overlapping one end of the memory transistor opposite to the select transistor gate. A third doped region is formed in a portion of the semiconductor substrate spaced apart from the first doped region and overlapping the other end of the select transistor gate. The second doped region has a low-density doped region and a high-density doped region and is shallower in depth than the first and third doped regions.
In various preferred embodiments of the invention, the low-density doped region and the high-density doped region of the second doped region form a lightly doped drain (LDD) structure. The third doped region has a low-density doped region and a high-density doped region and has a double diffusion structure. The memory transistor gate includes a floating gate, an interlayer insulator and a sense line which are stacked in sequence. The floating gate includes polysilicon, the interlayer insulator includes SiO2 or oxide/nitride/oxide, and the sense line includes polysilicon or polycide. The select transistor gate includes a floating gate, an interlayer insulator and a word line which are stacked in sequence. The tunnel insulating film includes SiO2 or SiON. The first to third doped regions include an nxe2x88x92-type low-density doped region and an n+-type low-density doped region.
The present invention further provides a method of manufacturing a non-volatile memory device. The method of the invention includes: a) providing a semiconductor substrate including gate insulating films, a tunnel insulating film and a first high-density doped region, the gate insulating films being spaced apart from each other, the tunnel insulating film being interposed between the adjacent gate insulating films, the first high-density doped region being formed in a portion of the semiconductor substrate under the tunnel insulating film; b) forming a memory transistor gate and a select transistor gate, the memory transistor gate being formed on the tunnel insulating film and the gate insulating films interposing the tunnel insulating film therebtween, the select transistor gate being formed on the gate insulating film spaced apart from the memory transistor gate; c) forming a first low-density doped region and a second low-density doped region in a channel region, the first low-density doped region abutting the first high-density doped region and extending to overlap one end of the select transistor gate, the second low-density doped region being spaced apart from the first low-density doped region and overlapping the other end of the select transistor gate; d) forming a third low-density doped region, the third low-density doped region being spaced apart from the first high-density doped region and overlapping one end of the memory transistor gate opposite to the select transistor gate; and e) forming a second high-density doped region in a common source region and a third high-density doped region in a drain region, the second high-density doped region being formed in the second low-density doped region, the third high-density region abutting on the third low-density doped region.
In various preferred embodiments of the invention, step (b) includes depositing a first conductive material layer and an interlayer insulator in sequence over the whole surface of the semiconductor substrate; etching simultaneously the first conductive material layer and the interlayer insulator to form a floating gate of the memory transistor gate and a floating gate of the select transistor gate; oxidizing the floating gate to form oxide film on both side walls of the floating gate; depositing a second conductive material layer over the whole surface of the semiconductor substrate; and etching the second conductive material layer to form a sense line of the memory transistor gate and a word line of the select transistor gate.
Step (b) can also include depositing a first conductive material layer and an interlayer insulator in sequence over the whole surface of the semiconductor substrate; etching simultaneously the first conductive material layer and the interlayer insulator to form a floating gate of the memory transistor gate; oxidizing the floating gate to form an oxide film on both side walls of the floating gate; depositing a second conductive material layer over the whole surface of the semiconductor substrate; and etching the second conductive material layer to form a sense line of the memory transistor gate and a word line of the select transistor gate.
The first conductive material layer can includes polysilicon, the interlayer insulator can include SiO2 or ONO, and the second conductive material layer can include polysilicon or polycide. The tunnel insulating film can include SiO2 or SiON.
The first high-density doped region can be formed by ion-implanting a phosphorus ion or an arsenic ion at an accelerating voltage of 40 keV to 100 keV and at a dose of 1.0xc3x971013 atom/cm2 to 1.0xc3x971014 atom/cm2. The second and third high-density doped regions can be formed by ion-implanting an arsenic ion at an accelerating voltage of 40 keV to 60 keV and at a dose of 1.0xc3x971015 atom/cm2 to 5.0xc3x971015 atom/cm2. The first and second low-density doped regions can be formed by ion-implanting a phosphorus ion at an accelerating voltage of 80 keV to 90 keV and at a dose of 1.0xc3x971012 atom/cm2 to 5.0xc3x971013 atom/cm2. The third low-density doped region can be formed by ion-implanting a phosphorus ion or an arsenic ion at an accelerating voltage of 30 keV to 80 keV and at a dose of 1.0xc3x971012 atom/cm2 to 1.0xc3x971013 atom/cm2.
In one embodiment, the method of the invention further comprises, before step (e), depositing an insulating material layer over the whole surface of the semiconductor substrate and etching anisotropically the insulating material layer to from spacers on both side walls of the oxide films. The method can also include, before step (e), depositing an insulating material layer over the whole surface of the semiconductor substrate and etching anisotropically the insulating material layer to form spacers on both side walls of the oxide film.
The EEPROM cell according to the present invention has several advantages. For example, since the low-density doped region of the common source region is formed by a separate process from the low-density doped regions of the channel region and the drain region in a depth shallower than the low-density doped regions of the channel region and the drain region, a side diffusion of the common source region can be reduced. Therefore, an effective channel length of the memory transistor is increased without increasing a size of the EEPROM cell, thereby improving threshold voltage distribution, leading to excellent device characteristics.

Non-volatile memory device and method of manufacturing the same


This invention is directed to spontaneous opal glasses wherein Ba.sub.2 F(PO.sub.4) constitutes the predominant crystalline opal phase. The glasses exhibit softening points in excess of 710.degree. C., excellent chemical durability, and consist essentially, in weight percent on the oxide basis, of 6-10% Na.sub.2 O, 1-6% K.sub.2 O, 4-11% BaO, 9-18% Al.sub.2 O.sub.3, 50-70% SiO.sub.2, 3.5-7% P.sub.2 O.sub.5, and 1-4% F.

As recognized in the art, opal glasses contain small particles which scatter light passing through the glass, thereby rendering such glasses light diffusing. Hence, opal glasses will always consist of a transparent glassy matrix and at least one other phase dispersed therewithin. The dispersed phase(s) may be either crystalline or amorphous. The primary characteristics of the dispersed or opacifying phase which determine the density of light transmission include the refractive index, the dispersion, the size and shape of the particles, the particle distribution, and the absolute number of particles.
There are two broad classes of opal glasses, viz., spontaneous opals and thermally opacifiable or reheat opals. Spontaneous opal glasses are characterized by the fact that the light-diffusing phase separates out ("strikes in") during the cooling and forming of the melt into a glass article. In contrast, the rate of opal development, i.e., the rate at which the light-diffusing phase separates out of the glassy matrix, is relatively slow in the thermally opacifiable glasses. Consequently, upon cooling and shaping the melt into a glass article, a substantially clear or only faintly opacified appearance is observed. The glass article must be reheated to temperatures in and/or above the transformation range of the glass to promote separation of the opacifying phase(s). It will be appreciated that, from a commercial point of view, spontaneous opal glasses are much to be preferred since no reheating is demanded to achieve the desired opacity.
There are two general categories of spontaneous opal glasses, the first being characterized as having an amorphous (non-crystalline) opacifying phase and the second having a crystalline opacifying phase. The first type has been termed immiscible opals, i.e., opals wherein the opacifying phase is a glass which is not soluble in the matrix. The most ommon immiscible opals contain borate or phosphate in the opacifying phase. U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,559,805 and 3,275,492 are illustrative of those. U.S. Pat. No. 3,661,601 describes another immiscible opal containing phase separated droplets or opacifying particles consisting of CaO and F or CaO, F, B.sub.2 O.sub.3, and SiO.sub.2. Numerous crystals have been precipitated to constitute the opacifying phase, the most common being either an alkali metal fluoride (most frequently NaF) or an alkaline earth metal fluoride (most often CaF.sub.2).
In summary, a spontaneous opal glass attains the vast majority of its opacity during the cooling of the melt to a glass article and requires no reheating. Thus, the opacifying agent strikes in during the shaping of the melt to a glass article utilizing such conventional glass forming techniques as blowing, casting, drawing, pressing, rolling, and spinning.


The present invention relates to a process for preparing a multicolored proof, using a radiation-sensitive recording material which comprises a temporary, sheet-shaped layer support, a thermally transferable layer containing a colorant in one primary color and a radiation-sensitive layer. The process comprises the steps of: a) exposing the recording material imagewise b)developing the exposed layer with an aqueous-alkaline solution to uncover the thermally transferable image areas, and c) contacting the coated side of the recording material with an image receptor and transferring the transferable image areas to the image receptor, with the application of heat and pressure, to produce a partial image in the first primary color. The above-described process steps are repeated at least once, using a radiation-sensitive recording material which contains a colorant in another primary color in its thermally transferable layer. Depending upon the respective embodiment, the process of the invention yields a proof which can be produced by a positive, a negative or a digital method, without distorting the image thus generated by interjacent layers.

The present invention relates to a process for preparing a multicolored proof for the graphics industry and to a radiation-sensitive recording material which is suitable for use in this process and comprises, in general, a sheet-shaped temporary support, a thermally transferable layer containing a colorant and a radiation-sensitive layer disposed on top.
Color proofing is, in general, carried out in multicolor printing to permit corrections of the color separations used in exposing printing plates. The proof must be a consistent reproduction of the desired half-tone or line image and should neither increase nor reduce the tonal value of colors. Visual color proofing should reveal defects in the original, offer the best color rendition to be expected from press printing, produce the exact gradation of all color shades and indicate whether gray tones are neutral. It should furthermore indicate the need, if any, for subduing any of the colors and/or give directions for altering the film original before making the printing plate.
In multicolor printing, proofing has hitherto been made with the aid of colored press proofs. For this purpose, all the steps necessary in actual multicolor printing must be taken. A color proofing process of this kind is costly and time consuming. Other color proofing systems have therefore been developed, which are intended to have an equally good quality as press proofs.
To prepare color proofs which are consistent with the press prints to be made (print screen, color value similar to that of the printing ink) photochemically and electrophotographically working systems are, up to the present, the only systems which have found general acceptance.
Besides, there are physical methods of image generation, for example, ink jet, thermal transfer and thermal sublimation processes, which may give good colored images, but do not show a print screen and are therefore not comparable to color proofs which correspond exactly to the later press prints.
A great number of photochemically working color proofing systems are known in the art. The so-called "overlay systems", as described, for example, in GB-A 1,143,679 or U.S. Pat. No. 4,489,153, have the disadvantage that the proof is built up from four separate films by superposing partial images in the four primary colors and that, consequently, the impression gained from the image can be severely distorted by the inherent coloration of the films.
Further development in the field of color proofing led to composing an image on a support by way of several laminating steps. The final colored image is generated according to different methods. In the layer transfer processes, for example, according to U.S. Pat. No. 4,869,993 and EP-A 0 035 028 (=U.S. Pat. No. 4,260,673), the individual, unexposed layers are transferred to a support using an adhesive layer in each case and are there exposed and developed, one after the other.
In the image transfer systems as described, for example, in DE-A 19 12 864 (=U.S. Pat. No. 3,721,557) or DE-A 38 13 722 (=U.S. Pat. No. 4,980,260), exposure and development are carried out prior to the laminating step and the partial images in the primary colors are then composed on a support by means of an adhesive layer.
Processes are also known, in which uncolored photosensitive layers are laminated to a support, exposed under the individual color separations and optionally developed. In the process, differentiation between sticky and non-sticky layer areas occurs in the layer surface. A colorant powder is, in each case, adhered to the sticky layer areas to produce partial images in the corresponding primary colors. Processes of this kind are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,356,253 or EP-A 0 320 900.
All the known laminating processes have the serious disadvantage that, irrespective of the fact that the proofs so produced come close to a printed image, the image reproduction is impaired by the presence of adhesive and/or polymer layers containing the image elements of the partial images in the primary colors embedded therein, as compared with a printed sheet, in which the individual ink dots are present directly on the printing substrate.
To overcome this disadvantage, EP-A 0 277 038, for example, describes a process, which comprises removing the polymer and/or adhesive layers present in the non-image areas in a developing step. In the image areas, however, the adhesive and/or polymer layers remain intact which, again, leads to an impaired image reproduction.
GB-A 2,213,950 describes a process which operates without adhesive layers. A photopolymerizable, dyed layer is exposed imagewise and then contacted with a printing substrate. Taking advantage of the difference in tackiness, the tacky dyed layer areas which have not been completely exposed are transferred to the printing substrate with the application of pressure and heat.
This process has the disadvantage that its application is limited to photopolymer systems and, what is more, photosensitive layer and dyed layer are combined. It is therefore impossible to use photoinitiator systems which have an adequate absorption in the visible wavelength region.
Electrophotographically working color proofing systems which have recently been propagated and are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,510,223 and EP-A 0 236 783 eliminate this deficiency, but require considerable expenditure for equipment and process and are thus very costly.

Process for preparing a multicolored proof and radiation-sensitive recording material for use in this process


A method for controlling a transmission to reduce or suppress vibrations of transmission elements and/or rattling sounds, in particular in dual-clutch transmissions having a first transmission line with a first clutch and having a second transmission line with a second clutch. Transmission ratios are assigned to the transmission lines so that torque is transmissible between an input shaft and an output shaft of the transmission via a selected transmission line with a transmission ratio selected. The clutch of the selected transmission line is operated with slippage in predetermined operating situations to transmit torque.

Torsional vibrations occur in motor vehicles having an internal combustion engine, in particular at low engine speeds, which cannot always be damped adequately by a dual-mass flywheel situated in the drivetrain.
In dual clutch transmissions, as a rule two transmission lines are available within the transmission. Each transmission line can be activated by means of a respective clutch to transmit torque when the relevant clutch assigned to the transmission line is engaged, in order to be able to transmit an intended torque when a gear ratio is selected. The clutch of the other, inactive transmission line remains disengaged in this case. A gear ratio may be selected in the inactive transmission line, however, in order to be able to achieve a faster transmission ratio change by means of gear pre-selection.
Torsional vibrations occur, in particular, in three-cylinder engines at low speeds of rotation. In dual-clutch transmissions, resulting in vibrations in the free play of the coupled but inactive transmission line or the inactive input shaft, because the angles of oscillation of the secondary mass of the dual-mass flywheel are still too large.
It would of course be possible to avoid vibration by pre-selecting neutral for the inactive transmission line and the inactive input shaft. However, this results in increased shifting times when changing the transmission ratio, because the subsequent gear ratio still has to be selected first, which is very disruptive, in particular at low speeds of rotation. The preceding arrangement is also very disadvantageous, because the driving conditions in question occur especially frequently in city traffic.
Rattling sounds in the drivetrain are eliminated in the existing art according to DE 10 2006 008 207 A1 by engaging the clutch of the passive transmission line in such a way that slippage develops at the clutch, so that the passive transmission line comes under load and slight tension and the parts of the transmission line bear against each other due to the tensioning, so that even if there are vibrations little or no rattling can be heard.
However, the above method has the disadvantage that the continuously slipping application of the clutch results in substantial wear to the clutch, and also in unacceptably high increased fuel consumption.
The object of the invention is therefore to create a method for controlling a transmission which achieves a reduction or suppression of vibrations of transmission elements and/or of rattling sounds, and yet causes little wear and only slight but acceptable increased fuel consumption.


An object detection apparatus mounted to a vehicle includes a transmitter, a receiver, a filter, a threshold calculator, and an object determinator. The transmitter transmits a probe wave in pulse form. The receiver receives a reflected wave of the probe wave. The filter passes, among the received reflected wave, only frequencies that are at least smaller than a pulse frequency of the probe wave. Based on an output of the filter, the threshold calculator calculates an objection determination threshold for determining presence and absence of an object. The object determinator determines the presence and absence of the object by using the objection determination threshold calculated by the threshold calculator.

A known object detection apparatus transmits and receives pulse probe wave such as ultrasonic wave and electromagnetic wave to detect an object existing in a probe wave illumination range. Because of directionality of the probe wave, when the probe wave is transmitted in a horizontal direction, the received reflected wave may contain noise resulting from road surface reflection.
A technology for addressing this problem is disclosed in, for example, Patent Literature 1. The technology is provided with an onboard camera for imaging a road surface and determines a threshold for noise removal in accordance with a road surface condition determined by the captured image and removes the noise.

Object detection apparatus and object detection system


A non-blocking request processing method and a device. The non-blocking request processing method includes: receiving a non-blocking request from a requestor; determining an execution completion estimated timestamp of the non-blocking request; and sending the execution completion estimated timestamp to the requestor.

OneM2M Standards Organization is dedicated to specifying a unified service-level standard oriented to a plurality of Internets of Things. The OneM2M TS-0001 functional architecture defines an overall framework of the protocol and defines three categories of functional entities: an Application Entity (AE), a Common Service Entity (CSE), and a Network Service Entity (NSE). Between the Application Entity (AE) and the Common Service Entity (CSE), between the Common Service Entity (CSE) and the Common Service Entity (CSE), and between the Common Service Entity (CSE) and the Network Service Entity (NSE), interaction is performed through a Request Primitive and a Response Primitive.
According to difference in interactive modes between the request primitive and the response primitive, the OneM2M defines three interactive modes: blocking request, non-blocking request synchronization, and non-blocking request asynchronization. In an interactive process of the non-blocking request synchronization, having received a resource index Req-Ref, a requestor needs to send a request to the resource index Req-Ref multiple times, attempting to retrieve an execution result, and correspondingly, a receiver should send a response of execution uncompleted to the requestor for many times, which, thus, increases workload of the requestor and the receiver, and increases apparatus power consumption of the requestor and the receiver.

Non-blocking request processing method and device


The present invention relates to the field of cancer. More specifically, the present invention provides methods and compositions for treating cancer and predicting patient survival. In one embodiment, a method comprises (a) obtaining a biological sample from the patient; and (b) detecting hypermethylation of ZMIZ1 using primers that specifically bind to CpG island 139 at the alternative promoter of the ZMIZ1 gene.

The role of DNA methylation in cancer pathogenesis has been investigated to a great extent in multiple cancer types. In particular, the methylation of CpG islands (CGIs) in the 5′ promoter gene region has been known to suppress the transcription of tumor suppressor genes leading to tumorigeneisis. The retinoblastoma family gene p14INK4a is a well-known example [1]. More specifically, methylation of the CGIs in the gene promoter region has been shown to silence RNA expression leading to upstream effects that can change the activation status of several cancer related pathways [2]. Because of the extended effect methylation can have on cancer, it has been successfully used as a biomarker of treatment response and prognosis in some cancer types. For example, MGMT methylation has been identified as a biomarker of positive response to temozolamide and radiation in patients with glioblastoma [3]. Recent work in gliomas has identified a set of patients that exhibit hypermethylation in multiple loci, termed Glioma CpG Island Hypermethylator Phenotype (G-CIMP) [4, 5]. These patients have been found to harbor IDH1 mutations that cause the hypermethylator phenotype, a well-known genetic abnormality in gliomas [6]. However, most studies attempting to identify methylation markers of tumor prognosis have been limiting their interest in methylation signatures identified within CGI in the 5′ promoter region of known genes. This is mainly because the biological relation between methylation and transcription is best understood in the 5′ gene region while their true biological relation in other genomic regions such as the gene body is not well studied and thus so far unappreciated.

Use of the ZMIZ1 marker in directing treatment and predicting survival in cancer