The output of a conventional laser printer having a resolution of 300.times.300 dots per inch (DPI), and a predetermined threshold level for forming image dots, is enhanced by selectively providing interleaved image dots between the normal scan lines of the laser printer. Such interleaved image dots between scan lines may be achieved by appropriately energizing the two pixels directly above and directly below that desired interleaved dot, with the energizations at one or both pixels being selectively below the threshold level for producing a dot on the scan line, but with the combined energization at the desired interleaved point being above the threshold level to produce the desired interleaved dot. An input 600.times.600 bit map may be stored in a random access memory, and three vertically aligned bits from one main scan lne and adjacent 600 DPI lines above and below are drawn from the RAM and are supplied to a logic and video output circuit which produces variable pulse width modulated pulses to the laser printer to produce the enhanced image.

Conventional laser printers such as those sold by Hewlett Packard and Canon, for specific examples, are designed to produce an image on paper or other print material, by placing overlapping dots at virtual positions defined by a digital raster. These virtual positions in the raster are known as "pixels", short for "picture elements". The degree of quantization of the raster is commonly referred to as the resolution; e.g., a printer having a 300 DPI (dots per inch) resolution, produces a raster of dots on 1/300 of an inch centers. Note that in this sense, "resolution" does not refer to how fine a line the printer can produce, and does not refer to the resolving of line pairs.
In laser printers, the image is first produced on a charged photoconductive material by sequentially scanning the photoconductor with a laser beam. As a line is scanned, the laser beam is energized during the extent of each pixel that corresponds to a desired dot in the image.
When the laser beam is energized, it discharges the portion of the photoconductor upon which the laser energy impinges. The sequential scanning by the laser produces a charge-pattern copy of the desired image on the photoconductor. The printed output is obtained by developing the charge pattern (attracting toner to it) and transferring the developed image to paper, or other print material.
The laser beam is only energized over the extent of a pixel; however, the resulting charge cluster that the beam produces on the photoconductor overlaps onto the pixel above, and the pixel below the pixel on the scan line. The charge cluster, which is roughly circular or oval in area, is distributed with non-linear, roughly bell-shaped intensity, which is higher at the center of the pixel. In the developing process that produces the output image, only the areas of the photoconductive material with charge above a certain threshold produce an image dot.
The image dots are made to overlap to preclude any of the background from showing through in solid multi-pixel areas, and to reduce the bead-like look of thin angled lines. To produce the overlap, the dot diameter is made to be significantly larger than one pixel; approximately two to three times as large. For example, a 300 DPI laser printer has dot diameters of approximately 1/100 to 1/150 (3/300 to 2/300) of an inch.
To obtain the virtual pixels that determine whether or not to energize the laser beam, the image to be printed is usually first rasterized; i.e., the source data, which is often analog, is quantized into non-overlapping virtual pixels. The pixel raster is also referred to at times as a bit map.
In the rasterizing process, graphic elements, such as continuous lines and character outlines are converted to pixel patterns that approximate the source shape. Continuous tone data, such as photographic data, is converted to fixed-size multi-pixel groupings that approximate the average gray value of the corresponding source data; thus, with binary pixels, a 6.times.6 multi-pixel grouping can simulate 36 levels of gray, and an 8.times.8 grouping can simulate 64 levels.
The laser printer resolution along a scan line can be easily doubled, since the laser can be turned on or off at a relatively arbitrary frequency, to produce the desired resolution. Resolution along the other axis is fixed; and determined by the interplay between the paper moving mechanism and the laser scanning speed.

Interleaving vertical pixels in raster-based laser printers


In a hollow-cast component, a core opening (13) created during manufacturing is closed with a closure piece (14). This closure piece is located inside a recess (15) in the component, whereby the recess is arranged so that it is imbedded completely in the cast material, and completely covers the core opening. Because of this installation, the closure piece is fixed in a form-fitting manner in the direction of two spatial axes, so that the closure piece only needs to be secured with an additional joint in the installation direction. It is preferred that the installation direction is normal in relation to the direction of maximal stress of the closure piece, so that a joint is subject to a relatively small stress and therefore can be produced with little expenditure and a high degree of operational safety.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a hollow-cast component which encloses at least one hollow space.
2. Brief Description of the Related Art
When manufacturing high precision cast components, it is necessary that any existing cores are supported in the case mold in as stable a manner as possible. With rising requirements on manufacturing accuracy, the necessary dimensions of the core supports therefore in general rise also.
Because of the core supports, openings are created in the component's walls during casting. In many cases, these openings are not necessary for the component's function, or at least are not necessary to the degree that they are provided. To the contrary, excessively large and numerous core openings like these are, in most cases, undesirable since, on the one hand, they weaken the mechanical stability of the components, but, in particular, also represent undesirable leakage points.
As an example, reference is made in this context to a cooled gas turbine blade whose interior has been provided with complex cooling air channels. To create the internal structures of such blades, cores must be fixed very precisely and in a very stable manner in the cast mold. It is therefore desirable to secure the core, i.e., on the side of the blade base and on the side of the blade head, with large core supports. The large core openings thus created also facilitates the removal of the core from the hollow-cast blade and permit easy inspection of the hollow space.
But the cast component created in this manner has openings that are undesirable for its proper function. Although in the above mentioned example of a cooled gas turbine blade, relatively large openings at the blade base are desired to bring cooling air into and remove air from the blade interior, openings that are desirable or even necessary in terms of production technology, especially on the blade head, often lead to damaging cooling air leakage.
In the past, the goal was to keep the core supports as small as possible at those places where an opening was not to be provided in any case. But this solution increases casting tolerances. Very small bores are not processed any further, while a closure piece is welded or soldered over the hole in larger openings. The latter approach is not without problems, especially if the component is used in the hot gas part of gas turbines, i.e., the closure piece and the seam are directly exposed to the hot gas. High temperature alloys, as those used for gas turbine blades, often are hard to weld also. There is therefore a latent danger that the attached closure piece separates from the component, and the previously closed opening is again open. This risk of a separating closure piece is especially high if it is attached to the head of a rotor blade, for which an additional centrifugal force is in effect. The closure piece also can be separated if a rotor blade brushes against the housing, or if a guide blade brushes against the rotor elements.
Especially in the above described example of a gas turbine blade, this failure of the closure piece may result in a sensitive shift in the cooling air balance, potentially resulting in a component failure with serious consequences as a result of overheating.
On the other hand, as was described above, the core openings cannot be completely eliminated without having to accept drastically greater casting tolerances and drastic reduction in the designer's freedom when designing the hollow spaces, i.e., when designing the component cooling.
It would therefore be desirable to use the largest possible core supports because of production technology considerations, while on the other hand the resulting core openings must be reliably closed. The current state of the art does not provide any suitable possibility for accomplishing this.


A system and method for remote analysis and control of test and measurement devices for diagnosis and troubleshooting problems for users of the test and measurement devices. The remote analysis and control tool kit includes a processing device with a modem that is connected to a video camera. The video camera provides video images through the processing device back through the modem so that the remote analysis and control tool kit may transmit video across a network to a call center systems engineer. The remote analysis and control tool kit also includes control software that enables a systems engineer to provide control instructions to the test and measurement device and the system under test, and request status data from both the test and measurement device and the system under test.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to a system and method for providing remote control of test and measurement devices and devices under test. Specifically, the system and method of the present invention provide for a system and method engineered to access a customer test and measurement device and devices under test for determining proper hookup and to perform remote testing.
2. Description of Related Art
As is known in the electrical arts, when a new electrical device is developed or being utilized, the system can exhibit errors. As a consequence, developers and users of these new electrical devices can utilize many techniques to check for proper functioning of the electronic device and diagnose these errors. One of the test and measurement devices that developers use to debug electronics is a logic analyzer. The use of test and measurement devices has never been easy for most users. One of the most difficult tasks when using a test and measurement device has been connecting the test and measurement device to the device under test correctly. Many test and measurement device vendors attempt to rectify this issue by providing accessories that simplify the task of connecting the test and measurement devices to the device under test. This device is usually called an "analysis probe."
Analysis probes usually connect to the device under test or test system with one connection that probes all desired signals at once. The user then connects a few adapter cables to the test and measurement devices, rather than numerous individual probes.
However, the use of an analysis probe is not always successful and the developers and users of an electronic device will still have problems connecting test and measurement devices to the device under test. In these cases, many developers and users resort to contacting the vendor of the test and measurement devices requesting help in connecting the test and measurement device to the device under test.
Some drawbacks with a developer/user communicating with a vendor systems engineer regarding the test and measurement device connections to the system under test include, 1) whether or not the system under test has been properly identified, and 2) whether the connections between the test and measurement device and the device under test have been properly established at the correct electrical junction points.
Heretofore, system developers have lacked a system and method for diagnosing and troubleshooting problems experienced by users of test and measurement devices.

System and method for remote analysis and control of test and measurement devices


Various embodiments provide a method and an apparatus for identifying webpage type. The method includes: judging whether a web address to be classified matches with a webpage classification rule in at least two webpage classification rules; and determining the type of the webpage to be a type corresponding to a webpage classification rule which matches with the web address.

This section provides background information related to the present disclosure which is not necessarily prior art.
With the rapid development in Internet, it has become an important task to identify the type of a "WWW" webpage. At present, there are mainly two types of methods for identifying webpage type. One method classifies webpages manually by using professional knowledge of the person performing the classification. This method is efficient in identifying webpages within a known field, and is highly accurate and fast in speed. But the method has limited extendibility due to the restriction of manpower. A shortage of manpower will make it impossible to process huge amount of webpages from various fields. The other method is based on text classification, e.g., Simple Bias, Support Vector Machine (SVM) and so on. This method is based on statistics and samples, requires less manual intervention, and provides a certain degree of accuracy and good coverage of various fields. But the method requires large amounts of computations, is time-consuming, thus cannot meet requirements of real time webpage type identification. Therefore, the above two methods have respective deficiencies and cannot meet the requirements for real time webpage type identification.

Method and apparatus for identifying webpage type

Tencent Technology (Shenzhen) Company Limited


For each process a stack data structure that includes two stacks, which are joined at their bases, is created. The two stacks include a normal stack, which grows downward, and an inverse stack, which grows upward. Items on the stack data structure are segregated into protected and unprotected classes. Protected items include frame pointers and return addresses, which are stored on the normal stack. Unprotected items are function parameters and local variables. The unprotected items are stored on the inverse stack.

This invention relates to computer security. More particularly, the present application relates to apparatus and methods for reducing or eliminating the adverse effects of malicious computer program code introduced by intrusions into computer systems and otherwise. Still more particularly, the present invention relates to reducing or eliminating the effects of computer viruses, worms and other malicious intrusions through the use of program stack protection techniques.
Many violations of computer security depend upon exploiting a mistake or oversight by the programmer(s) of an application or firmware on the target computer. Such nefarious activities as the introduction of viruses or worms into unsuspecting computers, or theft of computer-based data or services have become more frequent and costly in recent years.
Common practice in designing and manufacturing computer CPUs, including CPU chips, is to include within the system a set of memory locations or registers to be used as an area for temporarily storing information. Such memory or registers are referred to as a stack into which operands are pushed down (stored) and popped off (unloaded) on a last-in, first-out (LIFO) basis. The stack is conveniently divided into stack frames, usually related to individual program portions or constructs known as procedures, functions, threads, or the like. A modular program, e.g., one having a plurality of procedures, will have multiple stack frames within a particular stack when a given procedure calls another procedure, e.g., returning jump, or calls itself, e.g., a reentrant procedure call.
One of the most common hacker attacks (used, e.g., by the 2002 'Code Red' and 2003 'SQL Slammer' worms) is the "buffer overrun attack". A buffer overrun attack is a technique in which the attacker supplies an overly large text string or array to a vulnerable system that fails to check and control the size of the input. The attacking string is then copied into a buffer, including a stack buffer that is too small to hold it. The excess string data then spills over from the buffer, thus overwriting other portions of memory, including those portions containing variables or flow control pointers on the process stack.
Under many operating conditions, a computer buffer overrun will cause the running process to crash or simply malfunction in a random fashion. In the case of a malicious buffer overrun attack, however, the attacker often carefully constructs the input data so that the overflow portion is not random. Instead, specific values are chosen to force the process to perform actions of the attacker's choosing. Numerous studies have been undertaken to understand and defend against buffer overrun and related attacks. See, for example, Zou, C C, et al., "Monitoring and Early Warning for Internet Worms," Proceedings of the 10th ACM conference on Computer and communication security, October, 2003; and Weaver, N, et al., "A Taxonomy of Computer Worms," WORM '03, Oct. 27, 2003. Also of interest in understanding buffer overflows is the paper by Neiliβen, J entitled "Buffer Overflows for Dummies," SANS Institute, 2002, available at http://www.sans.org/rr/papers/60/481.pdf, which paper is hereby incorporated by reference in the present disclosure. This problem is further treated in Donaldson, M. J., "Inside the Buffer Overflow Attack Mechanism, Method and Prevention, Feb. 6, 2003, available at http://www.sans.org/rr/papers/46/386.pdf.
Various techniques for protecting against such buffer-overrun attacks have been proposed (e.g., stack guarding, run-time length checking, and the like), but all either impose a severe performance penalty on a system, are vulnerable to attack themselves, or both. Some require the original source code of a software system to be partially rewritten or translated into another language, a prohibitively costly effort.
In some aspects, operations involving execution stacks and associated heaps have proven problematic in other contexts. Therefore, a number of computer architecture approaches have included adaptations of instruction stack and heap organizations, to achieve specific memory management goals. An early technique for creating stacks of appropriate length for a given procedure or the like is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,524,416, which patent is hereby incorporated by reference as if set forth in its entirety herein.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,442,661 describes another stack architecture that seeks to achieve tuning of memory management operations by assigning memory blocks of varying size in varying parts of a memory. U.S. Pat. No. 6,058,457 discloses a system in which plural stacks are employed for storing component parts, e.g., operands and local variables (or arguments), of stack frames in different stack structures. A goal of this latter approach is to facilitate access to the several parts of a stack frame. U.S. Pat. No. 6,557,093 discloses a stack-oriented computer structure with two stacks, each storing words of different length. In the last-noted patent, a stack of shorter word-length elements is typically used for numerical operands, while a stack having longer word length is used for addresses for operands.
An unresolved problem remains, however: how can stack architecture be adapted to help in countering attacks by viruses, worms or other malicious invaders that exploit known stack operation to cause overflow of buffers, thereby to alter operating computer code in the areas into which overflow occurs.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Program security through stack segregation


This invention relates to the methods for transmitting and receiving the broadcast message in a mobile communication system. According to the present invention, the broadcast message is appropriately decomposed into the predetermined number of messages at a base station according to the load of a paging channel and to the size of the broadcast message. The decomposed broadcast messages are successively transmitted to a mobile station through the paging channel. The mobile station receives successively the decomposed broadcast messages in the decomposed order and forms a single broadcast message by arranging the received decomposed broadcast messages. For the decomposing process and the receiving process, two broadcast address parameters are added to the existing parameters.

The present invention relates to a method of transmitting and receiving broadcast message in a communication system.
Generally, in the service of a mobile communication system like CDMA, the broadcast message service which is provided to the subscribers of the service is provided to the mobile terminal (or a mobile station) of the subscribers through paging channels and traffic channels.
There are three methods for transmitting the broadcast message by said paging channels. The first is a multi-slot broadcast transmission method which sends the broadcast message to all slots of a control channel so as to send the broadcast message by using all the mobile terminals which are located in the service area of a base station. This is the simple and fast method having no time delay in the message. However, this method gives a large load to the control channel and makes the process of the other message impossible. The second is a multi-slot broadcast paging method. This method is one kind of the improved multi-slot transmission methods and transmits the broadcast message after informing all the terminals of the broadcasting by transmitting the general paging messages with small size instead of large to all slots of the control channel. The third is a periodic broadcast paging method that is provided by mobile communication service companies. This method decides the on/off of the transmission service of the broadcast message and the period of the broadcast message by the broadcast index of the field in the extend system parameter message among the added service information messages that are transmitted by the base station, and transmits periodic broadcast messages according to the period.
Among the above three methods, the periodic broadcast paging method is the most effective one and informs the terminals of the fact that the base station is going to transmit periodically the broadcast messages. Thereafter, when a defined period is passed, this method transmits the broadcast message. The first slot of the period of which is informed to all terminals is called the reference slot. The general paging message including the broadcast address of the message that will be transmitted in the future is transmitted to this reference slot. From this broadcast address information, the terminals decide the type of the message, the arrival time of the message and whether the message is to be accepted or not. The broadcast message corresponding to each broadcast address must be transmitted by the period of three slots after the reference slot.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing the network structure of a general CDMA system.
Referring to FIG. 1, the mobile communication service using basically the CDMA system provides radio or wireline communication to the mobile communication subscribers by using the public switch telephone network(PSTN) (1) for the general telephone subscribers, which is provided by the communication network agent, and the integrated service digital network(ISDN) (2) providing communication service for both voice and data by a digital subscriber line.
A mobile switching center (MSC) (3a) performs a circuit switching and a transit paging processing so that the subscriber is able to communicate with other mobile subscribers or general wireline subscribers by the mobile communication service, performs the functions of hand-off and roaming in order to provide a good quality of a communication service, and performs transport layer for the broadcast message transmission (20 in FIGS. 2 and 3).
Furthermore, the base station (3b) is connected with the mobile station (4), which is either in a geostationary position or in moving, by the radio traffic path. Therefrom, the base station (3b) connects the mobile station with the device performing the base station control by radio or wireline path and performs the relay layer (30 in FIGS. 3 and 4) for the broadcast message transmission.
Furthermore, the base station contains the information about various kinds of mobile communication connected with the mobile switching center. Therefore, the base station also contains the current position information of the mobile station (4), the state of the mobile communications subscribers, the statistical data about the mobile communication and the information concerning to various services. There are also the home location register (6) to be connected with radio/wireline subscribers and the visitor location register (5) to be connected with the mobile switching center (3) in order to search the information for processing the paging from other network subscribers.
A cell broadcast center (7) which is an important element in the broadcast message transmission takes charge of the teleservice layer (10 in FIGS. 3 and 4). The short message entity (8) provides the broadcast message to said cell broadcast center (7).
The mobile communication service process of the basic network of the CDMA system in FIG. 1 is omitted and only the transmission service for the broadcast message will be explained here.
Referring to FIG. 1, a communication network agent selects one of the three broadcast message transmission methods by the paging channels previously described.
A short message provider (8) sends the broadcast message which will be transmitted to the cell broadcast center (7) which takes charge of the teleservice layer (10). The broadcast message received by the cell broadcast center (7) is transmitted to the mobile station (4) through the mobile switching center (3a) which takes charge of the transport layer (20) and the base station (3b) which takes charge of the relay layer (30) shown in FIGS. 2 and 3.
Said base station (3b) makes said broadcast message contents included in the data burst message and transmits it to the mobile station (4) through the paging channel by said selected broadcast message transmission method.
The multi-slot broadcast transmission method uses the data burst message. The multi-slot broadcast paging method and the periodic broadcast paging method use a general paging message.
The address field in the data burst message or the general paging message is filled with the broadcast address which is the address not the inborn address of the mobile station (4) but for the broadcast message transmission. According to this broadcast address, it is decided whether or not the broadcast message is received.
FIG. 4 shows the broadcast address for the broadcast message transmission in a conventional system. This address consists of two bit priority bits (PRIORITY), six bit message identification bits (MESSAGE_ID), eight bit zone identification bits (ZONE_ID), sixteen bit service bits (SERVICE) and eight bit language bits (LANGUAGE).
The broadcast address will be explained as follows. The two bit priority bits (PRIORITY) are to determine the priority of the broadcast messages to be broadcast when a plurality of broadcast messages are transmitted.
The six bit message identification bits (MESSAGE_ID) are to decide whether or not the current broadcast message is a duplicate copy of the message which has already been transmitted in order to avoid a duplicate transmission.
The 8 zone bits (ZONE_ID) are to discriminate an identical message received from a plurality of zones different from each other.
The 16 service bits (SERVICE) are used to classify the broadcast message transmission services by their items. The 8 language bits (LANGUAGE) are used as language indicator bits for the classification of the languages used for the broadcast message.
FIG. 2 shows the protocol stack structure for the broadcast message transmission service.
The link layer (40) in the lowest level is a protocol layer for establishing the connection of communication circuit for the communication service.
Relay layer (30) belonged to the base station (3b) of FIG. 1 is a protocol layer to discard, when broadcast messages having an identical broadcast address are received overlapping in time within a broadcast period, the overlapping message. Relay layer (30) also takes charge of the communication path allocation, the address establishment and release.
Transport layer (20) belonged to the mobile switching center (3a) is a protocol layer for the broadcast message transmission between the cell broadcast center (7) and the base station (3b) and takes charge of the paging connection management, data classification and data flow control.
Teleservice layer (10) belonged to the cell broadcast center (7) is a protocol layer to provide the broadcast message transmission service by broadcast message subparameters.
In order to transmit the broadcast message provided by the broadcast message subparameters of the teleservice layer (10), the transmission of the broadcast message is achieved by the parameters provided from the transport layer (20), the relay layer (30) and the link layer (40) which are the protocol layers lower than the teleservice layer (10).
FIG. 5 shows the broadcast message subparameters of said teleservice layer (10). All the subparameters may be used selectively and generally include a message identifier, a user data, a SMC type stamp, an absolute availability period, a relative availability period, a priority indicator, a message delivery notice, and a language indicator.
FIG. 3 shows the primitive type of the relay layer (30) and the transport layer (20) in the structure of the protocol stack.
There are 4 steps in the primitive between said two layers which are a request step requesting the processing of an arbitrary work, an indication step informing of said requested work, a response step responding to said informed work, and a confirm step confirming the response to the request.
The relationship between the relay layer (30) and the transport layer (20) by the primitive is explained as follows.
After the request step requesting the broadcast message transmission in the transport layer (20), said relay layer (30) sends an indication to the transport layer (20) to inform of the broadcast message transmission. At this time, the transport layer (20) sends a response indicating whether or not allowing the broadcast message transmission.
To the response signal, the transport layer (20) performs said broadcast message transmission by the confirm step of the relay layer (30).
In the broadcast message transmission method according to the conventional arts described beforehand, a paging channel transmitting said broadcast message has a slot whose maximum length is 96 bytes. Except for header of the paging channel and error rate control bit (CRC), the length of the slot for transmitting the practical broadcast message is 80 bytes. However, the length of the broadcast message needs one to three slots.
Thus, the length of the slot for the broadcast message of the paging channel is limited to 80 bytes. Therefore, the following problems spring up.
First, if the broadcast message is practically transmitted to one slot, enough contents cannot be transmitted by the message and therefore the service is impossible.
Second, the size of the data being transmitted by the paging channel as a control channel is generally fixed. However, it a large amount of message is required to be transmitted, a bottle neck occurs. Hence, only when a successive space having enough size for transmitting the message is prepared by a transmission specialty, the broadcast message transmission is possible. However, since the size of the broadcast message is larger than that of the paging message, it is difficult to secure enough space when a large amount of paging message is transmitted.
Third, when the broadcast message having the size of two or three slots is transmitted through the paging channel, the size of the message is too large and the probability with which the paging message for a general call processing is not transmitted increases. Furthermore, the quality of the service for the general call processing decreases.
Fourth, if the priority is given to the paging message and then the paging message is transmitted in order to protect the service quality of the general call from decreasing, the broadcast message does not secure so much space as it needs and therefore all the message cannot be transmitted and the broadcast service is impossible.
Accordingly, the present invention is directed to provide a broadcast message transmitting and receiving method in a communication system regardless of the load of a paging channel.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a broadcast message transmitting and receiving method in a communication system whose paging channel operates in a good stability and a good efficiency by distributing the instantaneous load of the paging channel
Another object of the present invention is to provide a broadcast message transmitting and receiving method in a communication system whose paging channel is in a stable operation as well as transmits a large amount of broadcast message.
To achieve these and other advantages and in accordance with the purpose of the present invention, as embodied and broadly described, the present invention makes it possible that a single broadcast message received from a cell broadcast center is decomposed into the predetermined maximum number of decomposition in a base station and each decomposed broadcast message is transmitted to a mobile station. Therefore, in the case that there is not a successive space having a sufficient size on the paging channel, the decomposed message as much as the empty space appearing on the paging channel at the corresponding time is discretely transmitted to the mobile station. The method according to the present invention includes the step decomposing the broadcast message into a plurality of messages whose size is not larger than the maximum decomposition number according to the load of the paging channel and the size of the broadcast message in a base station, the step transmitting sequentially the decomposed broadcast messages to the base station through the paging channel, the step receiving sequentially the decomposed broadcast messages by the mobile station, and the step obtaining a single broadcast message by connecting the sequentially received broadcast messages.
In order to implement this method, a segment count parameter (SEG-CNT) and asegment sequence parameter (SEG-SEQ) are used. Each decomposed broadcast message in said steps has its own broadcast address and each broadcast address has said two parameters. When a single broadcast message is decomposed into the predetermined number of messages, the segment count parameter (SEG-CNT) of each broadcast address is filled with the number by which the broadcast message is decomposed. The segment sequence parameter (SEG-SEQ) of each broadcast address is filled with the numbers from the minimum number to the maximum number in the decomposed sequence. The information about the segments is written in the broadcast address field of the broadcast page and the broadcast page is written in the reference slot which is the first of the slots to be transmitted on the paging channel. On the other hand, the mobile station monitors this reference slot and decides the broadcast message and its location to receive by the information of the broadcast address included in the reference slot. Therefore, the transmission of a large amount of broadcast message is possible regardless of the load of the paging channel and it is possible to effectively use the paging channel.

Broadcast message transmitting and receiving method in a mobile communication system


A clock generation circuit is provided within an electronic computer system to adjust the phase of a clocking signal provided to various subsystems of the electronic system. A first phase-locked loop (PLL) is provided to establish multiple phases of a first reference clock. One of those phases is selected as a second reference clock, and a second PLL synchronizes the clocking signal to that second reference clock. Each subsystem and associated load which receives the clocking signal has a corresponding clock generation circuit comprising the second PLL. The second PLL for one subsystem can adjust the clocking signal phase prior to that subsystem receiving the clocking signal. The amount by which the second PLL adjusts phase on clocking signal may be different than that by which another, second PLL adjusts the clocking signal arriving on another subsystem. In all instances, however, the clocking signal arriving at the various subsystems are independently and variably changed to match the unique load characteristics of each subsystem using feedback of the clocking signal to the input of each respective second PLL.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to an electronic system and, more particularly, to the distribution of a clock signal among multiple subsystems of the electronic system with minimal differential (i.e., "skew") among times in which the clock transitions arrive at select subsystems.
2. Description of the Related Art
An electronic system, such as a computer or microprocessor encompasses numerous subsystems necessary to carry out its intended function. A subsystem which utilizes a clock signal is defined as any component (active or passive) which triggers from the clock signal, or may include multiple components coupled together in sequential fashion. Interconnected transistor and resistor components include, for example, a flip-flop, latch, register, etc. A subsystem may be sufficiently large and contain multiple sequential elements coupled together to carry out a systematic result.
Regardless of the relative size of a subsystem, it is important that a sequential subsystem be clocked or modulated by a clocking signal. Thus, the subsystem requires a clocking signal input to the subsystem to control reception and transfer of data also arriving upon the subsystem.
Proper operation of an electronic system requires that system be synchronized with the clocking signal. Thus, the clocking signal should arrive at select subsystems at the same time. Otherwise, reliable data reception and transmission is not ensured. For example, if data is clocked into one subsystem later than data is clocked into another, the earlier-clocked data may contend with and destroy the later-clocked data before that data is properly stored. The problem of data contention and the lack of concurrency by which the clocking signal arrives at each of the synchronized subsystems is often referred to as "clock skew". Increases in clock skew correspondingly increases the amount of time that the data must remain stable on the bus and/or conductor. This, in turn, will increase the time required for each data transfer on the bus and therefore will reduce the speed of the bus. A conventional solution to clock skew involves accounting for differences in arrival time by buffering distally located subsystems. This requires knowing where the subsystems are located relative to one another--either their location within a monolithic silicon substrate or within a printed circuit board (PCB) between monolithic silicon. Knowing which subsystem is to receive a buffered clocking signal also assumes that the designer can forecast an accurate propagation delay from the clocking source to each destination fed by the clocking signal. Knowing the relative location and propagation delay is difficult to accurately model especially since clock skew will vary depending on fabrication processes and operating temperatures.
It would be desirable to seek an electronic system employing a clock generation circuit which can account (i.e., compensate) for varying clock skews while the electronic system is operating. Operating conditions of the electronic system ensures an accurate indication of the actual clock skew. Knowing the actual clock skew and offsetting that clock skew immediately at the clock signal destination would prove advantageous. It would be further beneficial for the improved clock generation circuit to be used at multiple subsystems to account for the dissimilar clock skews among those subsystems. The clock skews can arise from dissimilar resistive and capacitive loads seen across multiple subsystem destinations of a single conductor carrying the clocking signal. Accordingly, the desired electronic system can make the clocking transitions occur more quickly in greater skew subsystems and yet make the clocking transitions occur less quickly in lesser skew subsystems, each of which are coupled to a single conductor containing the clocking signal.

Circuit and method employing feedback for driving a clocking signal to compensate for load-induced skew


A fastener assembly comprises a metal screw and a sealing ring made from an elastomeric material and is useful, in an exemplary application, as a drain plug for an oil pan for an internal combustion engine. The screw head has an undercut, annular recess, within which the sealing ring is seated. The sealing ring has a sealing portion, which when unstressed has an axial thickness smaller than the recess depth, and an adjoining portion or web extending radially inwardly. When unstressed, the adjoining portion has an inner diameter smaller than the major diameter of the threaded portion of the screw shank. The sealing ring when unstressed has an outer diameter larger than the outer diameter of the recess. Moreover, the recess volume is sufficient for the recess to contain the sealing ring over a wide range of cumulative, dimensional tolerances.

Fastener assemblies comprising metal screws and sealing rings, such as O-rings made from synthetic rubber, are used widely in various sealing applications. In one widespread application, such fastener assemblies are used as drain plugs for oil pans of internal combustion engines, as for motor vehicles.
In one known arrangement, the screw head has an undercut, annular recess to accommodate an O-ring, which is intended to form a seal between the screw head and a workpiece when a threaded portion of the screw shank is driven into a threaded aperture in the workpiece. The aperture may have a countersink. See, e.g., Crull U.S. Pat. No. 4,701,088.
Problems are encountered with the known arrangement noted in the preceding paragraph and are attributable to cumulative, dimensional tolerances associated with the O-ring dimensions, the recess dimensions, and any countersink dimensions. One such problem is that, if the O-ring material has excessive volume relative to the recess and any countersink, the screw head cannot achieve metal-to-metal contact with the workpiece and can bear only against the O-ring material. Eventually, the O-ring material exhibits cold flow, which results in a loosened seal. Another such problem is that, if the O-ring material has insufficient volume relative to the recess and any countersink, an effective seal is not achievable. These two problems present particular difficulties when the fastener assembly is used as a drain plug for an oil pan of an internal combustion engine, as for an automobile or a truck, in which oil leaks can lead to severe engine damage.
There has been a need, to which this invention is addressed, for improvements averting both of these problems in such a fastener assembly.


Toothpastes which contain 10-60 wt. % of polishing agents, 2-20 wt. % of humectants, 0.5-5 wt. % of water-soluble consistency regulators and 0.05-0.5 wt. % of antimicrobial biguanides, as well as 1-5 wt. % of other additives from the group of surface-active substances, aromatic oils, and sweeteners, have a particularly high biguanide availability if the polishing agent consists mainly of calcium carbonate, the consistency regulators are non-ionic polysaccharide derivatives and the surface-active substances are cationic surfactants with a linear alkyl group containing 12-18 carbon atoms and one or two tertiary amino groups or quaternary ammonium groups. Optionally a non-ionogenic solubilizer for the aromatic oil may also be present in the toothpastes.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a toothpaste in the form of a dispersion of calcium carbonate as polish in an aqueous carrier which contains an antimicrobial biguanide compound as plaque-inhibiting component and of which the other components are selected according to type and quantity so that plaque formation is optimally inhibited despite a relatively low dosage of the antimicrobial biguanide compound.
2. Statement of Related Art
It has long been known that antimicrobial biguanide compounds are effective in preventing the formation of dental plaque. However, their effect is greatly reduced or even completely eliminated by many of the components typically used in toothpastes, more particularly by certain polishes, such as calcium carbonate for example, and also by many binders and viscosity regulators, surfactants and even by certain sweeteners. Accordingly, there has been no shortage of attempts to find components which do not impair antimicrobial biguanides or which prevent any such impairment. Thus, according to DE-OS 21 58 149 for example, .alpha.-aluminum oxide trihydrate having a certain particle size is used as the polish component. On the other hand, according to DE-OS 34 44 958, certain surfactants enhance the effect of antimicrobial biguanide. However, this effect also is disturbed in the presence of calcium carbonate as polish or in the presence of anionic binders and viscosity regulators, anionic surfactants and solubilizers.


A telephone control unit 12 allows the calling party to optionally select either a standard telephone call or a voice-mail transmission. If a voice-mail message is selected, the system allows the user to dictate the message which is then analog-to-digital converted and stored in memory. Once the user selects the receiving party's telephone number, the system dials the number and sends a header signal to the receiving unit indicating that a voice-mail transmission is desired. If the receiving unit detects the voice-mail header, it sends an acknowledgment signal, whereby the transmitting unit digitally compresses the stored voice-mail message and transmits the compressed message through the telephone network to the receiving site. The receiving site then flashes an indicator to the user that voice-mail is waiting. Upon a user replaying a voice-mail signal, the receiving site decompresses and digital to analog converts the signal for reproduction by the user.

The present invention relates to the telephone art and, in particular, to a combination telephone and voice-mail transceiver.
Answering machines are commonly available devices which allow the receiving party of a telephone call to elect to store an incoming caller's message to an electronic storage medium. Thus, if the receiving party is not available to take the call, or if he or she is available yet elects not to directly talk with a calling party, they may simply allow the answering machine to store the caller's voice message.
In addition, voice-mail systems have been created which allow a calling party the opportunity to record for later playback by the receiving party a given communication. Voice-mail systems, however, are normally either telephone company provided or are provided by companies on private branch exchanges. Thus, they are not generally available to the public, to the same level that answering machines have become commonplace. In addition, with telephone company provided voice-mail, as with a standard answering machine message, the calling party spends total message real time on the telephone line while the message for the receiving party is being recorded, thereby incurring a billing for the entire real time use of the telephone network.
As more people become familiar with voice-mail, there is a growing tendency to utilize its services, but for the fact that it is only available on PBX and via telephone company provided service as described above. It would be desirable, therefore, if a calling party calling from a standard office or residential telephone unit would be given the opportunity to select making a standard call in real time or recording and transmitting a voice-mail message to his or her receiving party.
In addition, it would be desirable if the calling terminals provided voice-mail reception capabilities with a convenient notice and access by the telephone terminal users.

Combination telephone and voice-mail transceiver


A hard material layer system with a multilayer structure, comprising alternating layers A and B, with A layers having the composition MeApAOnANmA in atomic percent and B layers having the composition MeBpBOnBNmB in atomic percent, where the thermal conductivity of the A layers is greater than the thermal conductivity of the B layers. MeA and MeB each comprise at least one metal of the group Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W, and Al, pA indicates the atomic percentage of MeA and pB indicates the atomic percentage of MeB and the following is true: PA=PB, nA indicates the oxygen concentration in the A layers in atomic percent and nB indicates the oxygen concentration in the B layers in atomic percent and the following is true: nA<nB, and mA indicates the nitrogen concentration in the A layers in atomic percent and mB indicates the nitrogen concentration in the B layers in atomic percent and the following is true: pA/(nA+mA)=pB/(nB+mB).

Compared to Al-based materials or low-alloyed and unalloyed steels, Ti-based alloys have a significantly lower thermal conductivity. In addition, the tensile strength of Ti-based materials is significantly higher. Due to the low thermal conductivity of λ=4 to 1 W/mK, heat dissipation plays an important role during the chip generation process in the machining. For example, when machining Ti-based materials, about 30% more energy goes into the tool in comparison to when machining CK45 with otherwise equal process parameters. This results in an increased thermal load on the cutting tool and thus promotes tool wear. Conversely, the technological parameters for machining Ti-based materials are reduced so that the productivity and thus the efficiency are significantly lower when machining Ti-based materials than when machining other materials.
Ni-based materials such as Inconel have a high thermal stability and are therefore frequently encountered, particularly in turbine construction. In addition, the material has sufficient strength even at extremely high temperatures.
Due to the generally high requirements of the chip-removing machining process when machining Ti- and Ni-based materials, the technological parameters are comparatively low and thus the productivity and efficiency are also low.
In addition, the resulting high thermal load in the chip-removing machining process results in comb-like edge crack formation and/or crater wear, which further promotes the abrasive wear mechanism on the active surfaces of machining tools. Adhesive wear and plastic deformation of the cut material are also observed, depending on the material.
In addition, current testing shows that purely AlCrN-based layer systems and purely AlTiN-based layer systems are subject to wear mechanisms that are similar to those of the surfaces of uncoated substrates and as a result, neither of the two layer systems achieves a significant advantage.
According to the prior art, some oxynitride-based hard material layers are nevertheless considered to be well suited for chip-removing machining of hard-to-machine materials.
The patent JP2012192513A, for example, discloses a coated cutting tool for chip-removing machining whose coating enables a higher performance in the wet chip-removing machining of hard-to-machine materials such as titanium-based alloys. The coating is composed of an inner layer and an outer layer; the inner layer is an oxynitride layer composed of titanium and aluminum with a layer thickness of between 0.5 and 3.4 μm and the outer layer is a nitride layer composed of titanium and aluminum with a layer thickness of between 0.8 and 4.0 μm. The oxynitride layer has micropores that are distributed across the layer thickness and have a diameter of between 0.1 and 1.5 μm. In addition, the composition of such an oxide layer corresponds to the following equation in atomic percent: (Ti1-xAlx)N1-yOy, where x is between 0.4 and 0.75 and y is between 0.1 and 0.4.
The patent JP2009167498A also relates to oxynitride edge layers. In this case, the oxynitride edge layers are produced by means of the anodic oxidation of the substrate, with layer thicknesses of 5 to 30 μm. This also reduces the risk of layer spalling due to excessive internal compressive stresses. The composition of such layers is defined in atomic percent by the following equation: (Me1-aXa)α(N1-x-yCxOy), where Me is one or more elements selected from among the groups 4a, 5a, and 6a of elements in the periodic system, X is one or more elements selected from among the group Al, Si, B, and S, where 0.10≦a≦0.65, 0≦x≦10, 0≦y≦10, and 0.85≦α≦1.25. In addition, edge layers of this kind should have a face-centered cubic structure.
The prior art does not, however, disclose methods as to how PVD oxynitride hard material layers with a predetermined thermal conductivity can be manufactured.
The object of the present invention is to provide a method for manufacturing oxynitride hard material layers that have a predetermined thermal conductivity. Another object of the present invention is to provide a hard material layer system that includes such oxynitride hard material layers. Preferably, these oxynitride hard material layers should in particular have a higher wear resistance at high temperatures so that these hard material layers can be well suited particularly for the chip-removing machining of hard-to-machine materials.
In particular, the aim is to provide a method that makes it possible to produce a coating with a high thermal stability, reduced thermal conductivity, increased anisotropy of the thermal conductivity, and consequently an extended service life, thus making it possible to increase productivity in the chip-removing machining of hard-to-machine materials.

Hard material layers with selected thermal conductivity

Oerlikon Surface Solutions AG, Pfäffikon


A vane assembly for a turbine engine comprising a plurality of vanes each comprising a pressure side wherein the pressure side of at least one of the plurality of vanes comprises at least one opening extending through the pressure side into an interior portion of the at least one of the plurality of vanes.

(1) Field of the Invention
The present invention relates an inertial particle separator for cooling air provided to turbine blades.
(2) Description of the Related Art
Gas turbine engine design and construction requires ever increasing efficiency and performance. In order to achieve such increased efficiency and performance, often times the combustion component of the engine is modified such that exit temperatures are elevated. However, turbine airfoil temperature capability must be raised in such instances owing to the need for durability. In response to this need, various methods have been introduced to improve the cooling technology employed on turbine blades. These cooling schemes employ small holes and passages for cooling air flow. The most advanced cooling designs employ progressively smaller cooling features. Unfortunately, these small features are prone to plugging by dirt particulates. Such dirt particulates may derive from the external engine environment, fuel contaminates, less than filly burned fuel particulates, and other various sources of particulate matter. By clogging the cooling features, the dirt particulates result in the burning and oxidation of the airfoils.
What is therefore needed is a method for separating contaminating particles in order to improve the longevity of new technology air foil cooling schemes which make use of small internal cooling features. It is additionally necessary to improve and to decrease the incidence of airfoil cooling passage plugging present in existing designs.

Turbine airfoil cooling flow particle separator


An aircraft assembly is provided and includes a first member extending from an aircraft airframe, a propeller, which is drivable to rotate and a secondary member on which the propeller is supportable and which is aerodynamically pivotable with respect to the first member.

The subject matter disclosed herein relates to an aircraft and, more particularly, to a rotary or fixed wing aircraft with a thrust vectoring tail.
A compound helicopter generally includes an airframe, a main rotor assembly, wings, a tail rotor and one or more propellers or ducted fans. The airframe has a main section, an upper section and a tail section. The main section is formed to define a cockpit that can accommodate a pilot and in some cases one or more crewmen and/or passengers. The upper section is disposed at an upper portion of the main section and the tail section is disposed to extend in the aft direction from the main section. The main rotor assembly is disposed at the upper section of the airframe and may include an upper and lower coaxial, counter-rotating rotors. The tail rotor is disposed at the tail section. The propeller or ducted fans is/are disposed at the tail section or along the side of the fuselage.
The helicopter further includes a flight control computer, an engine and a transmission. The engine is configured to generate power that can be used to drive rotations of the main rotor assembly and the propeller in order to generate lift and thrust for the helicopter. The transmission transmits the power to the main rotor assembly and the propeller. The flight control computer controls various operations of the engine and the transmission as well as the collective and cyclic operations of the main rotor assembly and the propeller(s) in accordance with pilot inputted commands and current flight conditions.
As a result of the compound helicopter including multiple propellers or ducted fans in addition to the tail rotor, the overall weight and part count of the compound helicopter can be relatively high. This can lead to performance degradation, such as reduced fuel economy to transport a given payload weight to a destination. Additionally, for the case of a coaxial compound helicopter, there are opportunities to improve the yaw control capability with respect to current coaxial pusher-prop designs.

Rotary or fixed wing aircraft with thrust vectoring tail


A method is provided for calcium phosphate transfection of a eukaryotic host cell in suspension wherein particles comprising calcium phosphate and a desired nucleic acid are grown to an optimal size and then contacted with the host cell in suspension under conditions that substantially reduce the particle growth rate and allow the host cell to take up the particles to form a transfected cell in suspension.

The ability to introduce foreign DNA into eukaryotic host cells is one of the principle tools of recombinant DNA technology. Methods for transfecting eukaryotic host cells with foreign DNA can be broadly grouped into four categories: (1) direct introduction of cloned DNA by microinjection or microparticle bombardment; (2) use of viral vectors; (3) encapsulation within a carrier system; and (4) use of facilitators such as calcium phosphate and diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-dextran. Of the reagents used as facilitators of DNA transfection, calcium phosphate remains the most widely used because of its simplicity and general effectiveness for a wide variety of cell types.
The original protocol for calcium phosphate transfection was described by Graham and van der Eb, Virology, 52:456-467 (1973). This method was modified by Wigler et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 76:1373-1376 (1979) and by Chen and Okayarea, Mol. Cell. Biol., 7:2745-2752 (1987). Nevertheless, the original and modified protocols yield relatively low transfection efficiencies and expression in experiments geared towards transient or stable DNA transfer. Accordingly, there is still a need for an improved method of calcium phosphate transfection. In addition, there is a need for methods of calcium phosphate transfection in suspension culture, particularly in the area of large scale suspension culture.
This and other objects will be apparent to those skilled in the art.

Methods for calcium phosphate transfection


An operational amplifier includes an output stage, an input stage, a first auxiliary amplifier, and a second auxiliary amplifier. The output stage includes a first output transistor and a second output transistor. The input stage is configured to drive the output stage. The first auxiliary amplifier is coupled to an output of the input stage and to an input of the first output transistor. The first auxiliary amplifier is configured to bias the first output transistor for class AB operation and to isolate the input stage from a bias voltage applied to the first output transistor. The second auxiliary amplifier is coupled to the output of the input stage and to an input of the second output transistor. The second auxiliary amplifier is configured to bias the second output transistor for class AB operation, and to isolate the input stage from a bias voltage applied to the second output transistor.

Of the many available electronic devices, operational amplifiers (op-amps) are some of the most widely used. Op-amps are efficient and versatile devices that can be used in a variety of applications, such as signal conditioning, analog instrumentation, analog computation, etc.
An op-amp may employ one of several different circuit arrangements. In one example, a class A amplifier reproduces an entire input signal because an active element of the class A amplifier, such as a transistor, is constantly in the active mode. Class A amplifiers typically have high power consumption because the active element constantly conducts current.
In another example, a class B amplifier typically employs two complementary output transistors, with each output transistor being turned on for half of the time and turned off for the other half of the time. That is, one output transistor operates as a current source, and the other output transistor operates as a current sink. This configuration is sometimes referred to as a "push-pull" configuration since a first branch of the output stage "pushes" or sources currents to a load while a second branch of the output stage "pulls" or sinks current from the load. A class B amplifier has lower power consumption than a class A amplifier but may be susceptible to crossover distortion due to the turn-on of one output transistor not matching the turn-off of the other output transistor.
A class AB amplifier also employs two complementary output transistors (similar to a class B amplifier). Class AB amplifiers avoid the high power consumption of a class A amplifier by always having one output branch substantially turn off when the other output branch is turned on. Although the current in one leg of a class AB amplifier is substantially turned off there is a small amount of current flowing in that leg. The small residual current in the class AB amplifier avoids the crossover distortion produced the turning on and off of the currents in class B amplifiers. Thus class AB amplifiers are able to achieve a relatively high current output while maintaining a low quiescent current. The currents in class AB amplifiers are inversely related such that when one current becomes large, the other current becomes very small.

Operational amplifier with class AB output


A device for controlling the angle of an optical axis of a headlamp which is advantageous in which the device is compact, light-weight and relatively inexpensive to manufacture and in which accurate optical axis angle control that corresponds to the operation of the operation switch can be achieved at all times regardless of the number of optical axis angle controllers used.. The device comprises: an operation switch which includes a potentiometer for setting a control voltage, a motor which variably controls the angle of the optical axis of the headlamp based upon the control voltage generated by the operation switch, an optical axis angle voltage generator that includes a potentiometer for generating an optical axis angle voltage of the headlamp which is variably controlled by the motor, and a comparative controller which compares the optical axis angle voltage with the control voltage and then causes the motor to rotate in a direction in which the difference between the two voltages disappears. The optical axis angle voltage generator further includes a voltage setting resistance R connected in series to a power supply, and the potentiometer of this voltage generator is in a parallel connection with the potentiometer of the operation switch.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a device for controlling the angle of an optical axis of a headlamp which can be used for a variable control of the angle of an optical axis of headlamps of, for example, automobiles and more particularly to an improvement in a control circuit for a headlamp optical axis control device.
2. Prior Art
Generally, in headlamp optical axis control devices of this type, two optical axis angle controllers (headlamp actuators) are installed in symmetrical positions on the left and right sides of a vehicle so that the controllers correspond to the respective headlamps installed on the left and right sides of the vehicle. Each of these optical axis angle controllers comprises: a motor which variably controls the angle of the optical axis of the headlamp on the basis of a control voltage set via an operation switch which includes a control voltage setting potentiometer; an optical axis angle voltage generating means including a potentiometer which generates a voltage corresponding to the angle of the optical axis of the headlamp that is controlled by the motor; and a comparative control means which makes a comparison between the optical axis angle voltage generated by the optical axis angle voltage generating means and the control voltage set by the operation switch and then causes the motor to rotate in a direction in which the difference between the two voltages obtained by the comparison approaches zero.
Compared to devices that use expensive electronic circuit components such as comparators, transistor arrays, motor drivers, etc., the conventional device as described above has advantages in that they can be built relatively inexpensively and in that they are compact and light-weight. However, they have problems. If one of the two optical axis angle controllers malfunctions, the optical axis can only be controlled by the remaining optical axis angle controller. This causes the circuit constants of the control circuit to be changed. The result is that an accurate optical axis angle control in response to the operation of the operation switch cannot be achieved, and the operation is performed with errors.

Device for controlling the angle of the optical axis of a headlamp light


A dartboard includes a board frame and a plurality of target blocks coupled at the board frame. Each target block includes a block body, a predetermined amount of target materials, and a block panel. The block body has a material compartment and two openings aligning with the material compartment. The target materials are made of sisals and filled within the material compartment. The block panel is affixed to one of the openings of the block body to form a bottom panel of the respective block body so as to retain bottom of the target material within the material compartment of the block body.

1. Field of Invention
The present invention relates to a dartboard, and more particular to a target block of the dartboard and its fabrication process, which simplifies the process to enhance the mass production of the dartboard.
2. Description of Related Arts
A conventional dartboard comprises a plurality of gradually decreased concentric circles and radially extending ribs which are intersected to define a plurality of sectional target areas, wherein a plurality of sectional dartboard blocks are fixed to the sectional target areas respectively. Accordingly, the surface of sectional target blocks located in the same fan-shaped radial strip have the same color, while the surface of the sectional target blocks located in different fan-shaped radial strips have different colors. In particular, the target blocks located in the same fan-shaped radial strip represent the same score, and the target blocks located in different fan-shaped radial strips represent different scores. However, the fan-shaped radial strips which are separated and distinguished according to two different colors and the scores shown thereon may be misjudged and thus cause some inconvenience.
Moreover, crevices may occur or increase in a conventional dartboard after darts are hit and removed from the dartboard over a long period of time, which may cause the dart tip cannot be fixed when it hits the dartboard and ultimately impacts on the score calculation.
In addition, sine the sectional target blocks are affixed to the sectional target areas respectively, the used sectional target block cannot be replaced by a new one. In other words, when one of the sectional target blocks is damaged, the entire dartboard must be replaced.


An exhaust modification system for an all terrain vehicle which reduces the exhaust noise of the vehicle and reduces the possibility of hot particles being discharged with the exhaust gas so as to ignite readily combustible material upon which the particle might land. The exhaust modification system includes a muffler, at least two length of flexible exhaust pipe, exhaust pipe clamps, and mounting brackets for suspending the muffler from the all terrain vehicle.

The present invention relates to the exhaust systems for all terrain vehicles. More particularly it relates to four wheel vehicles of the type used for off-road travel for both recreational and work purposes.
Four wheel all terrain vehicles, typically referred to as ATV""s are currently offered for sale by several manufacturers. ATV""s appeared to have developed as an alternative to off-road motorcycles. As in the case of off-road motorcycles, they are of a rugged design, intended to withstand operation on very rough surfaces, even when traveling at relatively fast speeds. As is true with motorcycles, they are typically provided with a muffler system which is not very effective at reducing the noise caused by the exhaust of the engine. Just as the owners or riders of motorcycles, desired or preferred a greater sound level from the exhaust system then is typically the case with an automobile, so have ATV owners and riders. The more direct flow of exhaust gases through the usual mufflers on motorcycles and ATVs is more likely to permit hot solid particles to be released from the mufflers, which upon landing upon a combustible material could result in a fire.
Owners and riders are now finding new uses and therefor have new requirements for their ATVs. For instance, ATV owners and riders having a desire to use their vehicles on public lands, such as state and national parks, are meeting resistance to their use because of the exhaust noise of a stock ATV and because of the possibility of hot particles in the exhaust gases starting fires. Further some ATV owners and riders desire to use their ATVs for quietly approaching wildlife for the purpose of observation or hunting. Others desire to use their ATVs in ranching operations, where the load noise of stock ATV mufflers startles cattle thereby making it more difficult to approach them.
Accordingly, it would be advantageous to provide a arrangement whereby ATVs produced by several different manufactures could be readily equipped with an exhaust modification system for reducing the exhaust noise and likelihood of hot particles being emitted to the atmosphere in the exhaust gas. It would be of further advantage to provide an exhaust modification system, comprising a number of components, provided as a kit, which is adaptable for use with the stock exhaust system of ATVs produced by a plurality of different manufactures, and ATVs of the same manufacturer which are provided with different equipment.
It is an object of this invention to provide an exhaust modification system adaptable for use with the stock exhaust systems of ATVs to reduce the exhaust noise and the likelihood of hot particles being emitted to the atmosphere in the exhaust gas of the ATVs. It is a further object of this invention to provide an exhaust modification system comprising a number of components, provided as a kit, which is adaptable for use with stock exhaust systems of ATVs produced by a plurality of different manufactures, and ATVs of the same manufacturer which are provided with different accessories, to reduce the exhaust noise and the likelihood of hot particles being emitted to the atmosphere in the exhaust gas of the ATVs.
An exhaust modification system for use with the stock exhaust systems of ATVs to reduce the exhaust noise and the likelihood of hot particles being emitted to the atmosphere in the exhaust gas of the ATVs in accordance with this invention comprises a muffler, a plurality of exhaust pipes, connecting adaptors, and mounting and clamping devices.


The invention involves the therapeutic use of humanized antibodies, fragments, etc., which bind to the antigen A33. These antibody molecules are useful in the treatment of various neoplasias, including colon cancer. Various modes of administration, and doses are described.

Colorectal carcinoma is a malignant neoplastic disease. There is a high incidence of colorectal carcinoma in the Western world, particularly in the United States. Tumors of this type often metastasize through lymphatic and vascular channels. Many patients with colorectal carcinoma eventually die from this disease. In fact, it is estimated that 62,000 persons in the United States alone die of colorectal carcinoma annually.
To date, systemic therapies and chemotherapies have been developed for the treatment of colorectal cancer. However, no therapies have exhibited sufficient anti-tumor activity to prolong the survival of colorectal carcinoma patients with metastatic disease with any degree of reliability. As a result, a need still exists to develop methods for the successful treatment of colorectal carcinoma.
It is therefore an object of this invention to provide methods for reducing the effects of colon cancers.
It is another object of this invention to provide a method of delivering genetic material to DNA of colon cancer cells.
It is a further object of this invention to provide a method of delivering anti-cancer agents to nuclei of colon cancer cells.
It is a still further object of this invention to provide antibodies, including monoclonal antibodies, humanized antibodies, chimeric antibodies, trimeric antibodies, heteromeric antibodies and single chain antibodies which are useful in the treatment of colon cancer.

Method for treating neoplasia using humanized antibodies which bind to antigen A33

Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research


There is provided an antenna apparatus including: a magnetic sheet; a first antenna provided on one face of the magnetic sheet and used for communication; and a second antenna provided on the other face opposite to the one face of the magnetic sheet and used for wireless power transmission.

In recent years, a communication apparatus such as a smartphone and a mobile phone has been spread worldwide, and a wearable device (device which can be used while being worn by a user) such as a wristwatch-type device and a glasses-type device has been actively developed. Further, a technology relating to reduction of a specific absorption rate (SAR) has been developed. Examples of the technology relating to reduction of a SAR can include a technology disclosed in the following Patent Literature 1.


A luminaire for installing in a grid ceiling includes at least one catch which is arranged in such a way on the luminaire and designed such that the at least one catch snaps into place automatically behind a portion of an element of the grid ceiling and thus engages behind the portion of the element of the grid ceiling in order to hold the luminaire on the grid ceiling. In addition, an assembly for a grid ceiling includes at least one ceiling profile element and at least one such luminaire.

Building interiors in particular, for instance offices or business premises, are often fitted with suspended ceilings. Such ceilings can be designed to have a supporting structure and ceiling panels that form components of what is known as a grid ceiling system.
Suitable luminaires can be installed in the region of the ceiling to provide lighting to an interior fitted with a suspended ceiling. In particular, such luminaires can be integrated in the suspended ceiling for this purpose.
Owing to the installation position in the ceiling region, which often means that the installation engineer must work above head height, it would be desirable if installation of the luminaire in the region of a grid ceiling could be accomplished as quickly and simply as possible and at low cost. In addition, it would be desirable, for instance during alterations to the interior or if the luminaire needs to be taken out for other reasons, if an installed luminaire could be removed easily and in a manner requiring as little time and labour as possible.

Luminaire, assembly for a grid ceiling, method for installing a luminaire, method for removing a luminaire, and removal tool


A code table apparatus for a variable length decoder (VLD) is disclosed. The code table apparatus is connected to a barrel shifter to obtain an input code which consists of a code word portion and a sign bit. The code table apparatus comprises a coefficient table for generating a level code and a length code by the code word portion, and a mask circuit for generating a sign bit by a logic operation of the input code and the length code. The coefficient table can decode input codes with opposite sign bits, thus reducing the dimensions of the coefficient table as well as the VLD. Furthermore, since the dimensions of the coefficient table are reduced, the operation time delay of the DCT coefficient table can be shorter, thus improving the performance of the VLD.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to video data compression systems, and more specifically, to a code table apparatus of a variable length decoder (VLD) in a video data compression system.
2. Description of the Prior Art
The main technique utilized in a data compression system is variable length coding (VLC) which transforms data into codes of variable lengths by statistical methods. That is, the data that appears more frequently is transformed into a shorter code which requires less memory capacity and shorter transmission time, thus reducing the data load of a communication medium. In order to decode or recover the codes with variable lengths into their original format, a VLD is necessary in a data compression system. Therefore, improving the operational speed of the VLD has become an important issue in high performance video systems, such as digitized high definition television (HDTV).
The variable length codes in a video system are generally generated by a discrete cosine transform (DCT). Therefore, a coefficient table called a DCT coefficient table is necessary in the VLD to recover the variable length codes into their original forms. In the past, a number of VLD structures have been disclosed, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,177,456, 5,032,838, 5,055,841, and 5,245,338. The subject matter of these U.S. Patents is incorporated herein by reference as if fully set forth herein. One of these VLD structures, illustrated in FIG. 1 (Prior Art), includes a barrel shifter 15, a DCT coefficient table 17 and a multiplexer 19. The input data of barrel shifter 15 is a data stream of successive codes with variable lengths. These codes are shifted, separated and then sequentially sent to DCT coefficient table 17 where each of the codes is decoded into a level and a length code. The level code represents the original data format and the length code stands for the length of the input code. Therefore, the length code has to be sent back to barrel shifter 15 as reference data for code shifting and separation.
Since each input code of DCT coefficient table 17 consists of a code word portion and a sign bit, DCT coefficient table 17 of a conventional VLD structure is generally separated into three portions for generating levels of positive codes, levels of negative codes and the length codes, respectively. A schematic diagram of DCT coefficient table 17 is depicted in FIG. 2. For example, DCT coefficient table 17 receives an input code "xxx . . . xs" from barrel shifter 15, wherein the front bits "xxx . . . x" are the code word portion and the last bit "s" is the sign bit. The input code "xxx . . . xs" will be directly decoded in positive level portion 11 or negative level portion 12 of DCT coefficient table 17 to generate a level code, and then output through the selection of multiplexer 19. At the same time, length code portion 13 of DCT coefficient table 17 generates a length code to barrel shifter 15 by calculating the bit number of the input code "xxx . . . xs".
Since the aforementioned VLD structure generates the level codes by two independent portions 11 and 12 in DCT coefficient table 17, the capacity of these portions must be very large when some of the codes have very long word lengths. For example, in order to satisfy the requirements of the motion picture experts group I (MPEG I) or MPEG II video standard, the VLD requires a DCT coefficient table which can decode at least 114 codes, and their code length may be as long as 17 bits. Therefore, the dimension of the VLD is dominated by DCT coefficient table 17. That is, if the VLD must be minimized so that the video system can be as compact as possible, the dimensions of DCT coefficient table should be reduced first.
On the other hand, since DCT coefficient table 17 of a convention VLD is provided by a programmable logic array (PLA), the larger the dimension of the PLA is, the longer operational time delay it will take. Since DCT coefficient table 17 requires a large capacity, the PLA dimensions are generally too large to provide high speed operation. Even though some VLD structures utilize read-only-memory devices to replace the PLA as DCT coefficient table, the vast space occupied by the ROM devices does not allow satisfactory minimization of the VLD. This means that the operating efficiency of the conventional VLD must be improved and its dimensions must be reduced by changing the decoding strategy of the DCT coefficient table.
It is also observed that positive level portion 11 and negative level portion 12 of the DCT coefficient table in the conventional VLD generate the same level code when the input codes have the same code words but different sign bits. That is, the two level portions have identical structures except for the circuit that decodes the sign bit. Obviously, the conventional VLD structure wastes a lot of space in the designation of the DCT coefficient table. Therefore, if the code word and sign bit of an input code can be processed separately, the dimensions of the DCT coefficient table for generating the level code and length code can be reduced to one half of that of a conventional VLD. This decoding strategy of the DCT coefficient table may also greatly improve the performance of the VLD.

Code table reduction apparatus for variable length decoder


A quantitative, high-sensitivity examination of defects in a transparent product is realized, using a low-cost and space-saving optical dimension measuring apparatus to carry out measurement in a non-contact manner to avoid damaging the object of inspection and to avoid sensory examination. A transparent body to be examined is disposed between a light emitting unit and a light-receiving unit arranged opposite each other. A change in an optical path caused by a defect in the transparent body is detected based on a change in a light ray emitted from the light emitting unit and being incident on the light-receiving unit after passing through the transparent body and a light-blocking object disposed between the transparent body and the light-receiving unit.

The disclosure relates to methods and devices for detecting defects in a transparent body. Particularly, the disclosed embodiments relate to methods and devices for detecting defects in a transparent product such as a glass panel or a lens using an existing optical dimension measuring apparatus.
A technique of using a plurality of light sources, as disclosed in WO 2010/133341A1, for example; a technique of detecting deflection or polarization caused by defects, as disclosed in EP 2253949A1; a technique using a laser interferometer; and a technique of using a contour shape measuring apparatus, such as that disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2002-131041A and Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2003-156326A, can all be given as techniques to examine for defects in a glass product, such as a glass panel or a lens, or a transparent plastic product.
Additionally, the laser scanning-type dimension measuring apparatus disclosed in Japanese Patent No. 4162426B and Japanese Patent No. 4191953B (also called a "laser scan micrometer"), and the image sensor-type dimension measuring apparatus disclosed in Japanese Patent No. 5507879B (also called an "image sensor-type micrometer"), which were proposed by the applicant of the present embodiments, are examples of optical dimension measuring apparatus that can be used to measure the outer diameter of a pin gage or a plug gage for measuring the diameter of a hole in an object.
Furthermore, in Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. H09-138115A, the applicant of the present embodiments has proposed a technique for measuring a transparent body using the aforementioned laser scanning-type dimension measuring apparatus.

Method and apparatus for detecting defect in transparent body


In the present invention, high speed data is provided by transmitting data on multiple carrier frequencies, multiple code channels and/or from multiple base stations. In a first embodiment of the present invention, multiplexed code symbols are transmitted on a plurality of carrier frequencies from the same base station. In second embodiment, code symbols are transmitted on multiple carrier frequencies with at least one corner frequency providing the code symbols is a multiple code channels. In a third embodiment, a subset of the multiplexed code symbols are redundantly provided on a different carrier from at least one additional base station. In a fourth embodiment, multiplexed symbols as transmitted on different carriers from the same base station and are redundantly transmitted on another set of carriers from a different base station. In a fifth embodiment, code symbols are multiplexed onto carriers from a plurality of base stations for increased throughput. In a sixth embodiment, code symbols are transmitted on carriers from a first base station and redundantly provided on at least one additional base station on the same carriers as used by the first base station.

I. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to communications. More particularly, the present invention relates to a novel and improved method and apparatus for increasing the available data rate to and from a wireless station by multiplexing signals onto multiple carriers, multiple spread spectrum code channels and/or from multiple base stations.
II. Description of the Related Art
The present invention is concerned with transmitting data at rates which are higher than the capacity of a single CDMA channel. Many solutions to this problem have been proposed. One solution is to allocate multiple channels to the users and allow those users to transmit and receive data in parallel on the plurality of channels available to them. Two methods for providing multiple CDMA channels for use by a single user are described in co-pending U.S. Pat. No. 6,005,855, entitled "METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR PROVIDING VARIABLE RATE DATA IN A COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM USING STATISTICAL MULTIPLEXING", issued Dec. 21, 1999 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,777,999, entitled "METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR PROVIDING VARIABLE RATE DATA IN A COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM USING NON-ORTHOGONAL OVERFLOW CHANNELS", issued Jul. 7,1998, both of which are assigned to the assignee of the present invention and are incorporated by reference herein. In addition, frequency diversity can be obtained by transmitting data over multiple spread spectrum channels that are separated from one another in frequency. A method and apparatus for redundantly transmitting data over multiple CDMA channels is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,166,951, entitled "HIGH CAPACITY SPREAD SPECTRUM CHANNEL", which is incorporated by reference herein.
The use of code division multiple access (CDMA) modulation techniques is one of several techniques for facilitating communications in which a large number of system users are present. Other multiple access communication system techniques, such as time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA) and AM modulation schemes such as amplitude companded single sideband (ACSSB) are known in the art. However, the spread spectrum modulation technique of CDMA has significant advantages over these modulation techniques for multiple access communication systems. The use of CDMA techniques in a multiple access communication system is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,901,307, entitled "SPREAD SPECTRUM MULTIPLE ACCESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEM USING SATELLITE OR TERRESTRIAL REPEATERS", assigned to the assignee of the present invention and incorporated by reference herein. The use of CDMA techniques in a multiple access communication system is further disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,103,459, entitled "SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR GENERATING SIGNAL WAVEFORMS IN A CDMA CELLULAR TELEPHONE SYSTEM", assigned to the assignee of the present invention and incorporated by reference herein.
CDMA by its inherent nature of being a wideband signal offers a form of frequency diversity by spreading the signal energy over a wide bandwidth. Therefore, frequency selective fading affects only a small part of the CDMA signal bandwidth. Space or path diversity is obtained by providing multiple signal paths through simultaneous links from a mobile user through two or more cell-sites. Furthermore, path diversity may be obtained by exploiting the multipath environment through spread spectrum processing by allowing a signal arriving with different propagation delays to be received and processed separately. Examples of the utilization of path diversity are illustrated in copending U.S. Pat. No. 5,101,501 entitled "SOFT HANDOFF IN A CDMA CELLULAR TELEPHONE SYSTEM", and U.S. Pat. No. 5,109,390 entitled "DIVERSITY RECEIVER IN A CDMA CELLULAR TELEPHONE SYSTEM", both assigned to the assignee of the present invention and incorporated by reference herein.

Method and apparatus for transmitting and receiving data multiplexed onto multiple code channels, frequencies and base stations