Multiple embodiments of a display-ready carton each include an opening formed in one vertical panel both to display articles within the carton and to permit their removal as desired. The opening preferably extends into the top panel of the carton and includes a removable reinforcing element, more preferably a T-bar, extending across the opening. The carton is preferably formed from corrugated material having a horizontal axis of corrugation in the panel forming the opening and a vertical axis of corrugation in the end panels to structurally rigidify the carton. The carton is preferably the same height as the articles and is more preferably formed from a wrap including the front, back, top and bottom panels and end pieces forming the two end panels. In a method of use, the carton is filled with articles, transported to a point of sale and then arranged to display articles in the carton, the removable reinforcing element more preferably being removed after the carton is filled with articles and prior to display of the articles to make the carton fully display-ready.

Shipping cartons of the type contemplated by the present invention are commonly employed both for transport and display of articles transported within the cartons. The articles may be any of a wide variety but typically are household products such as liquid containers.
The use of cartons for both transport and display at a point of sale of the same articles is particularly common in warehouse clubs and the like where large volumes of similar articles are displayed for sale. In such operations, it is common to transport large numbers of the articles in cartons on pallets with the palletized cartons forming a display for the articles at the point of sale in the warehouse type operation.
Where the articles being transported and displayed are relatively heavy, formation of the cartons in a display-ready mode during both transport and subsequent display becomes relatively difficult because of the need for assuring structural rigidity of the cartons. This is particularly true, for example, where the cartons are stacked upon each other on a pallet as described above. In such instances, the formation of an opening in the carton to facilitate display of the articles within the carton and to permit their removal from the carton as desired tends to interfere with structural rigidity or integrity of the carton, particularly during transport.
For this reason, many shipping cartons tend to form a complete enclosure for the articles at least during transport. When the cartons reach the point of sale, they are then prepared for display, for example, by removing a cover, by removing panels or by folding or otherwise disposing of panels in order to facilitate display of the articles within the cartons and to permit their ready removal by consumers or the like as desired.
This tends to create a problem because of the need for preparing the cartons for display at the point of sale. In addition to the effort required to prepare the cartons, there is also a problem of disposing of the covers or panels removed from the cartons. In addition, where the cartons are shipped in stacked arrangement on pallets, it is either necessary to unstack the cartons and prepare each of them for display and removal of articles within the cartons or to prepare successive tiers of cartons as articles are removed from the upper tiers of cartons.
Accordingly, such prior art cartons are generally undesirable because of the additional effort required to prepare them for display at the point of sale and also to dispose of any covers or panels removed from the cartons. In addition, it is of course undesirable to require additional effort to prepare layers or tiers of the cartons during continued display of the articles in cartons arranged for example upon a pallet. One type of carton employed in applications such as those contemplated by the present invention are formed from three elements including a "wrap" and two separate end panels. In such a carton configuration, the wrap forms both front and rear panels as well as a bottom panel. Fold lines are commonly provided within the wrap to facilitate erection of the wrap to form the carton. Major flaps are commonly formed on both ends of the wrap and arranged for overlapping relation to form a top panel of the carton. Additional minor flaps are formed on both the wrap and end panels in order to interconnect the end panels with the wrap, commonly by applying hot glue to the flaps on the wrap. The end pieces also include flaps designed for forming triangular support structures in the four vertical corners of the formed carton, extending between the top and bottom panels.
Other types of cartons are of course contemplated by the present invention and the preceding description is provided only for further clarification.
It has also become common practice to arrange large number of cartons on pallets as noted above for both transport to the point of sale and for display. Particularly where the cartons contain relatively heavy articles such as liquid containers, the number of cartons stacked one upon the other is relatively limited. Typically, where the articles are one gallon liquid containers, it may be common to stack the cartons only three-high on the pallets.
With the cartons arranged upon the pallet prior to transport, they are commonly wrapped together with the pallet by means of transparent stretch-wrap. However, it is noted that other devices such as bands may also be employed to stabilize the cartons on the pallets.
With the cartons stabilized on the pallets as described above, they can more readily be transported to the point of sale. The stretch-wrap or bands are then readily removed at the point of sale and present only a limited amount of material for disposal. However, with the prior art cartons as noted above, substantial additional effort is required to further condition the individual cartons for display of articles contained therein and removal of the articles as desired.


A can package is disclosed, including an array of cans disposed in longitudinal rows and transverse ranks. A first carrier member of resilient, flexible, plastic material includes a similar array of apertures respectively receiving can bodies. A second carrier member of self-supporting sheet material or paperboard includes a top panel overlying chimes of the cans and opposite side panels extending down along opposite sides of the cans and secured to the plastic carrier member. Slits are formed in the second member at junctions between the top panel and the side panels for presenting opposing edges respectively extending over and engaging beneath chimes of adjacent cans.

The present invention relates to a novel package, including a carrier and a plurality of containers, and more particularly to a novel unitary package for an array of containers, such as cans.
Packages of cans, such as conventional six-packs or twelve-packs, have become well-known. One type of package utilizes a carrier made from a thin sheet of resilient, flexible plastic material, having apertures therein which receive and grip the cans. Another type of well-known carrier utilizes a paperboard sheet which is wrapped around the cans. Advantages of the aforementioned plastic sheet carriers include economy of production and assembly with the cans, but such carriers provide no space for the printing of trademarks, advertising material, and the like. Advantages of the paperboard type carriers include the enclosing of the cans and the provision of panels for receiving the printing of promotional or advertising material. However, many such heretofore proposed paperboard carriers are relatively expensive.

Container package with composite carrier


An n-type cladding layer, the first guiding layer, an active layer, the second guiding layer, a p-type cladding layer, a backing layer, a contact layer, a superlattice layer and a cap layer are stacked in this order on an n-type substrate. The cap layer comprises p-type ZnTe and has a thickness of less than 10 nm. The contact layer is comprised of p-type ZnSe and the concentration of nitrogen added to the contact layer is in the range of 1 to 2.times.10.sup.18 cm.sup.-3. The backing layer comprises p-type ZnSSe mixed crystal and the concentration of nitrogen added to the backing layer is higher than that of the contact layer, in the range of 1 to 3.times.10.sup.18 cm.sup.-3. Before the corresponding Group II-VI compound semiconductor layers are grown by the MBE method, the temperature of cells is once increased. The operating voltage of the semiconductor light emitting device can be lowered by increasing the carrier concentrations of the Group II-VI compound semiconductor layers between the p-side electrode and the p-type cladding layer.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a semiconductor light emitting device having a structure in which an n-type cladding layer, an active layer and a p-type cladding layer, respectively made of a Group II-VI compound semiconductor, are sequentially stacked and to a method of manufacturing same.
2. Description of the Related Art
In recent years, a demand for the high density, high resolution of recording and reproduction of an optical disc and a magneto-optic disc rises. There is also a marked tendency to develop a high brightness display device and a low-loss optical fiber communication device as well as an optical analytic device for DNA and a particular chemical substance. In response to them, the development of semiconductor light emitting devices capable of emitting green or blue light has been demanded as their light sources.
As materials for composing the green or blue light emitting semiconductor devices, Group II-VI compound semiconductors each of which comprises at least one element of Group II elements of zinc (Zn), magnesium (Mg), beryllium (Be), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg) and manganese (Mn) and of at least one of elements of Group VI of oxygen (O), sulfur (S), selenium (Se) and tellurium (Te) hold great promise.
To obtain a semiconductor light emitting device having high luminous efficiency, it is necessary to improve the crystallinity of the Group II-VI compound semiconductors. Among the Group II-VI compound semiconductors, mixed crystal of ZnMgSSe, in particular, can lattice-match with a substrate comprising GaAs or ZnSe which is excellent in crystallinity and easy to obtain, which enables it to improve crystallinity. The ZnMgSSe mixed crystal is, therefore, particularly known as a material for the guiding layer and the cladding layer of a semiconductor light emitting device (as shown in, for example, Electronic Letters 28 (1992), page 1,798).
The Group II-VI compound semiconductors are, however, generally difficult to have high carrier concentrations even if p-type impurities are added thereto. The mixed crystal of ZnMgSSe, for example, has a low carrier concentration of only about 1.times.10.sup.17 to 2.times.10.sup.17 cm.sup.-3. Among materials which lattice-match with GaAs, ZnSSe mixed crystal can have a higher carrier concentration than ZnMgSSe, however, at most, it is only about 7.times.10.sup.17 cm.sup.-3. For that reason, even if a p-side electrode is formed through a ZnSSe layer above a cladding layer made of ZnMgSSe mixed crystal, it is difficult to maintain an ohmic contact with the p-side electrode, thereby causing a rise in operating voltage. Due to this, power consumption increases and, at the same time, heat is generated disadvantageously resulting in a deterioration in device.
In the prior art in consideration of these disadvantages, Group II-VI compound semiconductor layers capable of obtaining high carrier concentrations without lattice-matching with GaAs are formed above the ZnSSe layer to lower operating voltage. A ZnSe layer, for example, capable of obtaining a carrier concentration of about 1.times.10.sup.18 cm.sup.-3 is formed on the ZnSSe layer and a ZnTe layer capable of obtaining a carrier concentration of about 1.times.10.sup.19 cm.sup.-3 is formed on the ZnSe layer.
The conventional semiconductor light emitting device can maintain an ohmic contact between the ZnTe layer and the p-side electrode. The carrier concentration of the ZnSe layer is, however, low and it is impossible to sufficiently lower operating voltage. As a result, the conventional device is disadvantageous in that sufficiently longer life time cannot be expected. The reason is considered to be the influence of the ZnTe layer.

Semiconductor light emitting device and method of manufacturing same


A vibrator for producing a sensible vibration synchronized with an electric signal which drives a speaker includes a casing having plural concavities provided in an inner wall thereof, a cylinder, a coil wound around the cylinder, a magnetic pole having an annular gap of such a required breadth as to have the coil inserted thereinto without contacting with the magnetic pole, and rubber elastic bodies securely provided in the concavities, and wherein the cylinder is fixed to the casing so that the coil is inserted into the gap, and magnetic pole is supported to the casing at its periphery by the rubber elastic bodies in such a manner to be radially and centrally displaceable and to be rotatable in the casing.. When current flows to the coil to generate a magnetic force, the magnetic pole displaces radially and rotates and then stops the radial displacement and rotation thereof to thereby provide a static state. In the static state, the weight of the magnetic pole and the elastic support force of the rubber elastic bodies and the magnetic force are balanced. In the balanced state, the magnetic pole reciprocates centrally to cause effective vibration.

This invention relates to a vibrator which may be attached to a seat, a bed, and the like and produces a sensible vibration synchronized With an electric signal which drives a speaker.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,495,638 discloses a vibrator of the type described in the present application. The conventional vibrator includes a casing, a cylinder, a coil wound around the cylinder, a magnetic pole having an annular gap of such a required breadth as to have the coil inserted thereinto so that the coil is out of contact with the magnetic pole, and an annular leaf spring. An outer-peripheral end of the annular leaf spring is fixed to an inner wall of the casing, while an inner-peripheral end of the annular leaf spring is fixed to an outer periphery of the magnetic pole. Thus, the magnetic pole is hung on the casing and the cylinder is fixed to the casing so that the coil is inserted into the annular gap without contacting with the magnetic pole.
With such a structure, when an electric signal flows to the coil, a magnetic interference generates between the magnetic pole and the coil to vibrate the casing, thereby giving a sensible vibration to a person sitting on a seat or a bed to which the case is attached .
In the conventional vibrator, the annular leaf spring is used to position the coil properly in the gap and support the magnetic pole to the casing in such a manner as to be displaceable just centrally.
According to this structure, the magnetic pole cannot almost displace radially. When current flows in the coil, generating a magnetic interference, a magnetic force acts on the pole in such a manner that the center of the annular gap corresponds to that of the coil, if a small difference occurs between the center of the coil and that of the annular gap. Thus, the load continue to act on the annular leaf spring radially. The reason is that the magnetic pole cannot substantially displace radially. This may lead to a metal fatigue of the annular leaf spring, so that the annular leaf spring comes to fail.
Further, the annular leaf spring is too rigid to convert the current signal to an effective vibration.

Vibrator for producing a sensible vibration


A fluorescent substance is provided, with includes a matrix composed of a compound having an AlN polytypoid structure represented by the following general formula (1), and a luminescence center element:(Al,M)a(N,X)b  (1)                wherein, M is at least one metal excluding Al, X is at least one non-metal excluding N, and a and b are positive values.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a fluorescent substance to be employed in a light-emitting device and, in particular, to a fluorescent substance to be employed in a display device such as a fluorescent display tube (VFD), a PDP, a CRT, an FED, an SED and a projector, and in a light-emitting device where a blue-emitting diode or an ultraviolet-emitting diode is employed as a light source.
2. Description of the Related Art
An LED lamp utilizing a light-emitting diode is now employed in various kinds of display devices such as a portable instrument, PC peripheral equipment, OA equipment, various kinds of switches, a light source for a backlight and a display board. A high load LED is known to become hot as it is actuated, thus increasing the temperature of fluorescent substance up to about 100° C. and, due to this rise in temperature, the emission intensity of the fluorescent substance degrades. It is desirable that the fluorescent substance hardly degrade even if the fluorescent substance is caused to rise in temperature.
Incidentally, with regard to the development of a flat panel display device, although many efforts are now vigorously made on the development of a plasma display panel (PDP) and liquid crystal display (LCD), a field emission type display is expected to be more advantageous than the PDP or the LCD in the respect that it is capable of providing a clearer image.
The field emission type display is equipped with a screen where red, green and blue fluorescent substances are arrayed, and with a cathode which is disposed to face the screen at smaller intervals than those of the CRT. The cathode is provided with a plurality of electron sources as an emitter element, emitting electrons depending on a potential difference between the electron sources and the gate electrodes disposed near the electron sources. The electrons thus emitted are accelerated by an anode voltage (accelerating voltage) of the fluorescent substances side and to impinge against the fluorescent substances, thereby fluorescent substances emit light.
As for the fluorescent substances to be employed in the field emission type display constructed as described above, it is required that the fluorescent substances exhibits sufficiently high luminous efficiency, so that when the fluorescent substances are saturated with electric charge as excited by a high current density, they exhibit a sufficiently high luminous efficiency. The conventional sulfide fluorescent substances (ZnS:Cu, ZnS:Ag) which have been employed as fluorescent substances for a CRT may be a prospective candidates as meeting the aforementioned requirements. It is however reported that the sulfide fluorescent substances such as ZnS decompose under the conditions where a low energy cathode-ray display screen is excited. The decomposed matters thus generated would badly degrade a heat filament which emits an electron beam. In particular, ZnS-based blue fluorescent substances that have been conventionally employed are more vulnerable to luminance deterioration as compared with red fluorescent substances and green fluorescent substances, thereby raising the problem that the display color of a color image plane changes with time.

Fluorescent substance and light-emitting device

National University Corporation Yokohama National University


A hydraulic circuit including a first throttle disposed upstream of pressure-reducing valves of a remote-control valve, which operates a control valve of hydraulic pilot type, so as to reduce primary pressures supplied from a pilot pump to the pressure-reducing valves. Bleed-off lines connect pilot lines to tanks. Second throttles are disposed on the bleed-off lines, respectively, so as to moderate rises in the pilot pressures supplied to pilot ports of the control valve. The hydraulic circuit prevents detrimental effects such as deterioration of operability while ensuring shock absorption during quick operation.

When remote-control valves in construction machines of this type are quickly operated, pilot pressures output from pressure-reducing valves of the remote-control valves suddenly changes and a surge in pressure occurs in pilot lines. This causes quick operation or control valves and generates shock.
To solve this problem, a technology described in Patent Document 1 is well known.
This will be illustrated in FIG. 18 that is newly drawn for comparison.
Reference numbers 1, 2, and 3 denote a hydraulic actuator (a hydraulic motor as an example thereof), a hydraulic pump serving as a hydraulic sources and a control valve of the hydraulic pilot type that controls the operation of the hydraulic actuator 1 respectively. Pilot lines 4 and 5 are connected to pilot ports 3a and 3b, respectively, at either end of the control valve 3.
A remote-control valve 6 operates the control valve 3, and downstream-pressure (secondary-pressure) lines 7a and 8a of a pair of pressure-reducing valves 7 and 8, respectively, of the remote-control valve 6 are connected to the pilot lines 4 and 5, respectively. The downstream pressures of the pressure-reducing valves 7 and 8 according to operation amounts to a lever 9 are supplied to the control valve 3 via the pilot lines 4 and 5, respectively. Reference number 10 denotes a pilot pump serving as a hydraulic source for the remote-control valve 6 (both the pressure-reducing valves 7 and 8).
In this technology (hereinafter referred to as a known technology), first throttles 11 and 12 are disposed on the pilot lines 4 and 5, respectively. Moreover, bleed-off lines 13 and 14 are branched from the pilot lines 4 and 5 downstream of the first throttles 11 and 12, respectively, and communicate with tanks T. Second throttles 15 and 16 are disposed on the bleed-off lines 13 and 14, respectively.
With this structure, the absolute values of the downstream pressures (pilot pressures supplied to the control valve 3) output from the pressure-reducing valves 7 and 8 are reduced by the first throttles 11 and 12, and at the same time, rises in the pilot pressures are moderated by the second throttles 15 and 16. With this, a surge in pressure in the pilot lines 4 and 5 during quick operation is prevented, and the shock is moderated.
Patent Document 1: Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2001-208005

Hydraulic circuit for construction machine

Kobelco Construction Machinery Co., Ltd.


Labeling motion capture volume data includes: receiving a motion capture beat, the motion capture beat including unlabeled body points and unlabeled face points; labeling the unlabeled body points which have a valid fit to a predetermined body model template; verifying the labeled body points using stretch analysis; labeling unlabeled body points using a kinematic skeleton analysis; isolating the unlabeled face points; stabilizing the unlabeled face points; labeling the unlabeled face points; and merging the labeled face points and labeled body points.

The present invention relates generally to motion capture, and more particularly, to labeling data points generated by motion capture.
Motion capture ("MOCAP") systems are used to capture the movement of a real object and map it onto a computer-generated object. Such systems are often used in the production of motion pictures and video games for creating a digital representation of a person for use as source data to generate a computer graphics ("CG") animation. In a typical system, an actor wears a suit having markers attached at various locations (e.g., having small reflective markers attached to the body and limbs) and digital cameras record the movement of the actor from different angles while illuminating the markers. The system then analyzes the images to determine the locations and orientations (e.g., as spatial coordinates) of the markers on the actor in each frame. By tracking the locations of the markers, the system generates a spatial representation of the markers over time and builds a digital representation of the actor in motion. The motion is then applied to a digital model, which may then be textured and rendered to produce a complete CG representation of the actor and/or performance. This technique has been used by special effects companies to produce realistic animations in many popular movies.
Tracking the locations of markers, however, is a difficult task. The difficulties compound when a large number of markers is used, and multiple actors populate a motion capture space.
Implementations of the present invention provide for a labeling system for labeling motion capture data points for improved identification.
In one implementation, a motion capture labeling system comprises: a body labeling module configured to receive motion capture data and to generate labeled body data, the motion capture data including unlabeled body data and unlabeled face data; and a relative labeling module configured to receive motion capture volume data, to generate labeled face data, and to generate labeled motion capture volume data including the labeled body data and the labeled face data.
In another implementation, the motion capture labeling system further comprises: a body modeling module, a stretch check module, a kinematic skeleton module, and a relative labeling module.
In another implementation, a method of motion capture labeling comprises: receiving a motion capture beat, the motion capture beat including unlabeled body points and unlabeled face points; creating labeled body points by labeling the unlabeled body points which have a valid fit to a predetermined body model template; verifying the labeled body points using a stretch analysis; creating additional labeled body points by labeling unlabeled body points using a kinematic skeleton analysis; isolating the unlabeled face points; stabilizing the unlabeled face points; labeling the unlabeled face points; and merging the labeled face points and labeled body points.
Other features and advantages of the present invention will become more readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art after reviewing the following detailed description and accompanying drawings.


A spring applied parking brake system for a vehicle including a housing connected with the vehicle chassis, a pivot arm assembly for connection with the parking brake cable of the vehicle, a main spring biasing the pivot arm assembly toward a brake-applied position relative to the housing, a spring compression assembly operable to displace the pivot arm assembly toward a brake-released position relative to the housing, a retaining device normally retaining the pivot arm assembly in the brake-released position, and a release device for releasing the retaining assembly, whereby the pivot arm assembly is released for displacement by the main spring toward the brake-applied position. Preferably, the retaining device includes a helical clutch spring mounted concentrically on a rotatable hub portion of the pivot arm assembly and the compression assembly includes a hydraulic or pneumatic pump and piston.

1. Field of the Invention
A spring applied parking brake system is disclosed having a main spring for normally biasing a pivot arm assembly relative to a housing toward a brake-applied position, thereby to tension the parking brake cable to apply the vehicle parking brake, and a spring compression assembly for rotating the pivot arm assembly in the opposite direction toward a brake-released position in which the tension is released from the cable. A manually-operable or solenoid-operable release device is provided for releasing a retaining assembly that normally retains the pivot arm assembly in the brake-released condition.
2. Brief Description of the Related Art
In the motor vehicle brake art, it is typical for high gross weight vehicles to use air brake mechanisms which counteract springs in the service brake system. In order to set the parking brake, the air is released to the system, thereby applying brakes at all service wheels. On the other hand, medium gross weight vehicles (i.e., trucks in the weight range of about 15,000 to 33,000 pounds gross weight) do not normally use air brakes for primary braking, thereby limiting their access to multiwheel types of parking brake systems. Owing to their weight, these heavy and medium duty vehicles normally avoid the use of pawls in their transmission systems, and consequently the transmissions do not have conventional "park" positions. In medium gross weight vehicles, a separate hydraulic brake mechanism actuated system is sometimes used to provide the parking brake function. However, not all vehicles in this environment have hydraulic systems capable of operating at the pressures and flow rates required to provide an effective parking brake function.
It is also known in the art to provide motor-driven brake systems. There also exists in the art electro/mechanical actuators for generating the loads required for parking brake systems. However, these devices often do not provide the stored energy necessary to effect the parking brake function in the event of a power failure. Furthermore, releasable helical clutch springs concentrically mounted on a shaft have been provided for retaining the parking brake in the brake-applied condition. Upon separation of the end leg portions of the spring, the turns of the spring are expanded to release the shaft, thereby to release the parking brake. Such a clutch spring could be operated manually or mechanically by such means as a solenoid.
It is further known in the art to provide parking brake systems that include a main spring normally biased in a brake-applied direction. Such systems include apparatus for compressing and holding the main spring in a brake-released position. One method of compressing the main spring is through the use of a motor driven screw drive system. Such a system is evidenced by commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 5,180,038 to Arnold, et al. Other systems for compressing the main spring include the use of hydraulic or pneumatic pumps and pistons. One drawback to using a screw drive system for compressing and holding the main spring is that such systems may require more time for the main spring to engage the parking brake when the retention means is released. A major drawback to using a hydraulic or pneumatic type system to compress the main spring is that the systems must remain under pressure in order to maintain the spring in the brake-released position and if the hydraulic or pneumatic systems either leak or otherwise fail, then the main spring may prematurely engage the parking brake.
The present invention was developed to overcome these and other perceived shortcomings of the prior art.

Spring applied automative parking brake system


In a video transmitter including a first data processing system wherein compressed and encoded video-audio data are read out of a first store under control of a CPU, and then decoded to be reproduced, there is provided a second data processing system for after-recording, data processing operation of which is controlled by a CPU. The second processing system comprises a audio data compressor, a first buffer memory, a second store, a second buffer memory, and a audio data decoder. Reproducing operations of the first and second data processing systems are performed in synchronism with each other. Thus, with a video transmitter equipped with a codec apparatus, it is possible to achieve after-recording.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a video transmitter which is arranged such that video-audio data, before being transmitted. are compressed and encoded in a codec apparatus and then temporarily stored in store means.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Among such transmitters equipped with codec apparatus is one which is designed such that live video-audio data, before being transmitted at a great distance, are compressed and encoded in a codec apparatus and then temporarily stored in store means.
In the case where this type of transmitter is used for news collecting purposes, for example, it may sometimes be desired to transmit to the central the collected video-audio data with reporter's news notes added on the spot, instead of transmitting the collected data alone. (Adding separate audio data to the collected video-audio data later will be referred to as "after recording" hereinafter.) With such a transmitter, however, when it is attempted by the reporter to add news notes by means of "after recording", difficulties are experienced in effecting "after recording" since there is a tendency that the audio data representing the news notes and the video data are placed out of timed relationship with each other because of the stored video-audio data being compressed and encoded as mentioned above.

Video transmitter for effecting after-recording


A carburetor includes a valve mechanism, and a needle jet extending in an up and down direction. Also included is a jet needle provided to a sliding throttle valve disposed in an air intake tube and inserted into the jet needle. The valve mechanism includes a valve body, which has a plate shape and which is moved by the flow of the fuel. When a motorcycle lands on the ground after the motorcycle jumps while running, the fuel-in-jet, that is, the fuel in the needle jet, tends to accelerate downwardly. The valve mechanism prevents a downward reverse flow of the fuel-in-jet on which such downward acceleration acts. The resulting configuration prevents temporary production of a lean air-fuel mixture, which may possibly be produced when the fuel in the needle jet has accelerated downwardly.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a carburetor in which a jet needle inserted into a needle jet controls the amount of fuel supply. An internal combustion engine mounted on a motorcycle is equipped with the type of carburetor.
2. Description of Background Art
A type of carburetor that has been known as one for internal combustion engine of motorcycle is equipped with a needle jet and a jet needle. In this type of carburetor, the needle jet is disposed as extending in the up and down directions, and the fuel is supplied to the air intake tube through the upper end portion of the needle jet. Meanwhile, the jet needle, which is inserted into the needle jet, is provided to the throttle valve. For details, refer to Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Publication No. Hei 10-26053.
Some motorcycles, such as off-road motorcycles, run with occasional big jumps. In a carburetor of the engine mounted on a motorcycle of this kind, an inertial force acts on the fuel inside the needle jet (hereinbelow referred to as "fuel-in-jet") at the time of landing after a jump, and the fuel-in-jet is accelerating downward. A large acceleration of this direction makes the fuel-in-jet move downward. The fuel-in-jet sometimes flows out of the needle jet, then passes through the main fuel jet, and then flows back to the float chamber. With such a reverse flow, the fuel-in-jet lessens, which temporarily reduces the fuel delivery from the needle jet to the air intake tube. The lean air-fuel mixture thus produced reduces the engine output.
The present invention has been made in view of the problem mentioned above. An object of the present invention is to prevent the carburetor equipped with a needle jet from producing a lean air-fuel mixture that may possibly be produced, though temporarily, when the fuel in the needle jet is accelerating downward.


The invention relates to the use of compounds containing polyether chains prepared by reaction of epoxidized C.sub.10-22 carboxylic acid derivatives with polyalkylene glycols having average molecular weights of 100 to 2,000 and/or certain alkoxylated aliphatic compounds for the removal of printing inks from printed wastepaper and/or paper circuit waters.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to the use of compounds containing polyether chains prepared by reaction of epoxidized C.sub.10-22 a carboxylic acid derivatives with polyalkylene glycols having average molecular weights of 100 to 2,000 and/or certain alkoxylated aliphatic compounds for the removal of printing inks from printed wastepaper and/or paper circuit waters.
Today, wastepaper is used in large quantities for the production of, for example, newsprint and sanitary paper. Lightness and color are important quality features for papers of this type. To achieve this, the printing inks have to be removed from the printed wastepaper. This is normally done by deinking processes essentially comprising two steps, namely:
1. disintegrating the wastepaper, i.e. fiberizing in water in the presence of the chemicals required for detachment of the printing ink particles and PA1 2. removal of the detached printing ink particles from the fiber suspension.
The second step can be carried out by washing or flotation (Ullmanns Encyclopadie der technischen Chemie, 4th Edition, Vol. 17, pages 570-571 (1979)). In flotation, which utilizes the difference in wettability between printing inks and paper fibers, air is forced or drawn through the fiber suspension. Small air bubbles attach themselves to the printing ink particles and form a froth at the surface of the water which is removed by savers.
The deinking of wastepaper is normally carried out at alkaline pH values in the presence of alkali metal hydroxides, alkali metal silicates, oxidative bleaches and surfactants at temperatures in the range from 30.degree. to 50.degree. C. Anionic and/or nonionic surfactants, for example soaps, ethoxylated fatty alcohols and/or ethoxylated alkyl phenols are mainly used as surfactants (Wochenblatt fur Papierfabrikation 17, 646 to 649 (1985)).
2. Discussion of Related Art
German patent application DE 31 01 444 relates to a process for the deinking of wastepaper using a compound corresponding to the following general formula ##STR1## in which R is a C.sub.7-21 alkyl or alkenyl group, R' is a hydrogen atom or a C.sub.1-18 alkyl, alkenyl or acyl group, AO represents C.sub.3 H.sub.6 O or C.sub.4 H.sub.8 O groups or a mixture of C.sub.2 H.sub.4 O, C.sub.3 H.sub.6 O and C.sub.4 H.sub.8 O groups, m is an integer of 1 to 100 and n is an integer of 1 to 100.
The use of ethoxylated castor oils for the deinking of printed wastepaper is known, for example, from JP 78/52705, reported in Chem. Abstr. 89, 131445j (1978), and from DE 21 48 590. The Japanese patent describes mixtures of castor oil with 10 to 400% ethylene oxide and ethoxylated nonylphenol which are suitable for the removal of printing inks from printed wastepaper. The process protected in DE-PS 21 48 590 is concerned with organic materials, for example paper, which are bleached with sodium chlorite in the presence of organic compounds containing at least one ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide unit. Suitable organic compounds containing at least one alkylene oxide unit include inter alia ethoxylated castor oil.
However, where ethoxylated castor oils are used for removing printing inks from wastepaper, it has to be accepted that the quantities of castor oil and, hence, ethoxylated castor oils available on the market are subject to considerable fluctuations. Poor harvests in the main areas of cultivation, namely Brazil and India, result in shortages of the starting material, castor oil, at more or less long intervals. Accordingly, there is a need for a substitute for ethoxylated castor oils which, when used for the removal of printing inks from wastepaper, are at least comparable with the product to be replaced in regard to the deinking results obtained. Above all, the substitute product should be readily obtainable from a broader raw material base less vulnerable to crises and should be both ecologically and toxicologically safe.

Use of compounds containing polyether chains prepared from epoxidized carboxylic acid derivatives for the removal of printing inks from wastepaper


Ceramic articles are provided with cadmium red-based decorations of improved chemical durability, by firing the decorations onto the articles at high temperatures. The cadium red-based enamels used for decoration are protected against color burn-out during high-temperature firing by a color stabilizing agent consisting of a fritted, sinterable, devitrification resistant alkali borosilicate glass which is combined with the enamels prior to firing.

Cadmium red-based pigments, and enamels comprising those pigments in combination with pigment-supporting fluxes, are well known in the art. Cadmium red pigment is considered to be a mixed CdS/CdSe crystal, commonly referred to as cadmium sulfoselenide, wherein composition variations can provide red coloration within a considerable range of color.
As noted by C. W. Parmelee in Ceramic Glazes, p. 447, Third Edition, Cahners, Boston, Massachusetts, (1973), cadmium red pigments are unstable at temperatures above about cone 015-010, and provide dependable coloration only with short duration firing. Thin coloring layers are particularly sensitive to overheating, although coloring variations can be controlled somewhat through the use of thicker coloring layers.
The color of cadmium red pigments can be stabilized through the use of cadmium-containing fluxes. U.S. Pat. No. 3,857,746 to Blanco et al., for example, reports the use of a CdO--PbO--B.sub.2 O.sub.3 --SiO.sub.2 flux in combination with a CdS/CdSe pigment to provide enamels for decals. Even where cadmium red enamels comprising cadmium-containing fluxes are used, however, the color stability of the resulting enamels during firing is relatively poor. Thus these colors have a strong tendency to turn gray at firing temperatures over about 800.degree. C., with soak times in excess of about 10 minutes, so that relatively mild firing treatments must be used in the application of cadmium red decorations.
The combined use of cadmium-containing fluxes and relatively low firing temperatures produces a fired decoration with rather poor chemical durability. Specifically, the fired decoration has low resistance to attack by alkaline media such as the commonly used detergents.
It is a principal object of the present invention to provide cadmium red decoration systems using CdS/CdSe pigments exhibiting improved resistance to color burn-out at high temperatures.
It is a further object of the invention to provide ceramic articles decorated with cadmium red-based decorating enamels which exhibit improved chemical durability.
Other objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following description thereof.

Durable ceramic decorating enamels based on thermally stable cadmium red colors


A method and an apparatus for performing direct communication with at least one other user equipment are provided. The method and apparatus comprises upon generation of an event requiring the direct communication, transmitting a floor request, monitoring whether a response to the floor request is received from at least one adjacent UE, if a response to the floor request is not received until the floor request is transmitted a predetermined number of times at a predetermined interval, determining that a transmission right for the direct communication is granted, and if it is determined that the transmission right is granted, transmitting a signal to the at least one other UE by the direct communication.

Floor control message is disclosed.
Floor control in a conference call, push to talk makes a lot of sense. A number of people are discussing a subject and politely ask for the floor each time they believe that they have something to say. Once they get an indication that the floor is available, they start to talk. A protocol candidate to be used for floor control are the Binary Floor Control Protocol (BFCP) specified in request for comment (RFC) 4582 (An update of RFC 4582 is ongoing in internet engineering task force (IETF) at the moment) and Media Burst Control Protocol (MBCP) specified in open mobile alliance (OMA) Push to Communicate for Public Safety (PCPS).
3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) has started studying to evolve existing networks to LTE (long term evolution)-based public safety solutions, which name is Public Safety LTE (PS-LTE). Public safety network provides communications for public safety services such as police, fire, ambulance, war, natural disaster, and so on. In general, public safety network is mainly used for mission critical text/voice/video communications among large number of users.
Mission Critical Push to Talk (MCPTT) service in PS-LTE is intended to support one-to-one and one-to-many voice/video communications, where each user has the ability to gain an access to the permission to talk in an arbitrated manner. That is, MCPTT is a walkie-talkie-like service and the user can gain the permission to talk by pressing the 'talk button' to start talking. Push-to-talk sessions are basically half-duplex communications: while one user speaks, the others should listen. Some floor control functionalities are required for controlling the talk permission.
In off-network case, the multicast manner is used as efficient communication way for floor control unlike in the on-network. In addition to the feature, a current speaking MCPTT client acts as a floor arbitrator like floor control server in on-network environment. This indicates that floor control manner is server-less without dedicated central server. For this reason, the floor control for off-network requires that the floor arbitrator is delegated to next talker when the current speaking MCPTT client completes speaking and another MCPTT client is waiting for floor. So a good protocol to be used for floor control of off-network may satisfy these features.
MBCP is tailor made for mission critical applications and is focusing on allowing a participant to talk immediately. The use of real time control protocol (RTCP) allows the "floor control" session to be negotiated in the same speed as the media. No extra message for establishing a floor control session is needed. Further, including floor status message (taken, idle, etc) in media is very convenient when media is broadcasted. BFCP is focusing on floor control for conference applications. The use of acknowledgement for each and every message in the unreliable mode also when media is broadcasted is not suitable.

Method and apparatus for performing direct communication with at least one other user equipment


Disclosed is a three-dimensional integrated circuit divided into a plurality of groups and capable of repairing failed through-silicon vias (TSVs). In particular, the three-dimensional integrated circuit includes a plurality of through-silicon vias (TSVs) vertically penetrating the three-dimensional integrated circuit and included in each of the groups, and two or more redundant through-silicon vias (RTSVs), wherein, when the number of failed TSVs in one group exceeds a repairable number, the failed TSVs exceeding the repairable number are repaired using at least one RTSV included in another group adjacent to the group.

Field of the Invention
The present disclosure relates to a three-dimensional integrated circuit capable of repairing failures in through-silicon vias.
Description of the Related Art
With the recent trend of high capacity, light weight and high density of electronic products, the operating voltage and size of electronic devices are also decreasing. The conventional planar two-dimensional mounting method has problems such as increase in package area due to increase in the number of I/O pads and slow signal transmission, and thus the method does not satisfy current trends in the electronics industry. Accordingly, three-dimensional packaging in which integrated circuits (ICs) are mounted by vertically stacking has been actively investigated. Recently, through-silicon via (TSV) technology of forming via holes in a silicon wafer and using the same as electrical paths has been attracting attention as one of methods described above.
However, various failures may be generated when the TSV technology is applied. For example, failures may include a void which is generated by incomplete filling of the inside of through-silicon vias (TSVs) with a conductive material in the process of forming TSVs, bump contact failure caused by bending of a semiconductor chip or movement of a bump material, a crack which occurs in a through-silicon via itself, and the like.
As described above, a TSV serves as a mediator for electrically connecting a plurality of semiconductor chips. Thus, when the TSV fails, the function thereof as an electrode cannot be normally exerted. In this case, a repair technique capable of replacing failed TSVs with normal TSVs is required.

INDUSTRY-ACADEMIC COOPERATION FOUNDATION, YONSEI UNIVERSITY


A device for forming an autostereoscopic image having n viewpoints, the device including a lens array (RL1) comprising cylindrical lens (10) having longitudinal axes parallel to a direction (zzxe2x80x2) perpendicular to an optical axis (xxe2x80x2x) of the device. The device includes a cylindrical optical assembly whose longitudinal axis is perpendicular to zzxe2x80x2 and to xxxe2x80x2. The lens array (RL1) comprises n cylindrical lens (10). The lens array (RL1) and the cylindrical optical assembly (LC1) share a common focusing plane (P) corresponding to a focusing distance xcex94. The absolute value of the ratio between the focal length of the cylindrical optical assembly and that of the lens array is substantially equal to n. Also provided is projection device implementing said image-forming device, and a projector projecting n flat elementary images, and a screen fitted with at least a projection array.

The present invention relates to an autostereoscopic image-forming device comprising n viewpoints (or elementary images), said device including a lens array comprising elementary cylindrical lenses referred to as cylindrical xe2x80x9clenticlesxe2x80x9d, placed side by side parallel to a first direction.
It is known that such devices have been implemented to constitute autostereoscopic cameras, specifically the autostereoscopic picture-taking devices described in the Applicant""s following patents: U.S. Pat. No. 5,099,320, and French patents FR-2 705 007 and 2 704 951.
Those picture-taking devices implement a lens array having a large number of cylindrical lenticles placed side by side, and in practice, the video image is obtained in interleaved manner in the form of columns of pixels, the first elementary image being constituted by the pixels of the first column of pixels together with the pixels in the other columns offset therefrom modulo n, the second elementary image being made up of the pixels of the second column and of columns that are offset modulo n therefrom, and so on, each lenticle being of a width that corresponds to n columns of pixels.
The term xe2x80x9crowxe2x80x9d and xe2x80x9ccolumnxe2x80x9d respectively designate the horizontal lines and the vertical lines of pixels as seen by a standing or sitting observer, independently for example of the horizontal or vertical scanning direction of a display cathode ray tube (CRT). For example, for a CRT screen whose scan lines extend vertically, such xe2x80x9cscan linesxe2x80x9d are considered to be xe2x80x9ccolumnsxe2x80x9d in the meaning of the present text.
The quality of those picture-taking devices depends on the quality with which the lens array is made, which array has N/n lenticles, N designating the number of pixels in a video image line in the chosen standard.
As described in the above-specified French patents, an image transfer device makes it possible to use a lens array of dimensions that are about ten times greater than the dimensions of a sensor comprising a charged coupled device (CCD), thereby facilitating practical implementation.
Such a lens array thus has a large number of cylindrical lenticles, with the number of lenticles depending both on the chosen video standard (SECAM, PAL, NTSC, HDTV, etc.) and on the number of viewpoints. Unfortunately, the required accuracy of positioning is proportional to the number of lenticles.
In addition, video applications that require miniature cameras, e.g. endoscopes, require the dimensions of the lens array to be reduced very considerably, thereby making implementation much more complicated or even impossible.
An object of the present invention is thus to provide an autostereoscopic image-forming device and in particular a picture-taking device which is relatively simple to make and to adjust, and which in particular lends itself well to miniaturization, in particular for endoscopy.
The invention thus provides a device for forming an autostereoscopic image having n viewpoints (or elementary images), said device including a lens array comprising cylindrical lenticles disposed side by side and having longitudinal axes parallel to a first direction perpendicular to an optical axis of the device, the device being characterized in that it includes a cylindrical optical assembly comprising at least one cylindrical lens whose longitudinal axis is perpendicular to the first direction and to said optical axis, in that the lens array includes n cylindrical lenticles, in that the lens array and the cylindrical optical assembly share a common focusing plane corresponding to a focusing distance xcex94, and in that the absolute value of the focal length of the cylindrical optical assembly is substantially equal to n times the absolute value of the focal length of the lens array. For focusing at infinity (xcex94=∞), the common focusing plane is a focal plane common to the lens array and to the cylindrical optical assembly.
In the invention, the lens array now has only n cylindrical lenticles of pitch p, e.g. n=4, compared with the large number of lenticles implemented in the prior art picture-taking devices, i.e. N/n, e.g. 144 cylindrical lenticles for N=576 and n=4.
In addition, in the device of the invention, the stereoscopic observation baseline can be equal to twice the pitch p of the cylindrical lenticles, i.e. for n=4, to half the width L of the array. In the autostereoscopic system of the invention, e.g. having a number of viewpoints lying in the range 3 to 6, the offset between two adjacent viewpoints (or elementary stereoscopic baseline) can be equal under optimized observation conditions to half the offset E between the eyes of an observer (E=65 mm). More generally, it can be equal to half the chosen stereoscopic baseline B.
At the nominal observation distance (which is the distance at which solid color should theoretically be seen), the observer sees (for n=4) a stereoscopic pair made up in the invention by the first and third viewpoints I1 and I3, or else by the second and fourth viewpoints I2 and I4. Choosing parameters in this way so that a stereoscopic pair is made up of not of two adjacent viewpoints but of two viewpoints having an intermediate viewpoint interposed therebetween (or indeed m, where m greater than 1, intermediate viewpoints in which case the elementary stereoscopic baseline between two adjacent viewpoints is equal to the pitch p of the picture-taking lens array which is equal to B/(m+1)), thereby enabling an observer without special eyeglasses to have a viewing volume enabling the observer to move both parallel and perpendicularly to the display screen, which characterizes uniform autostereoscopy in the meaning of the present application.
As a result, and referring to the above example, an observer at the theoretical solid color distance can move towards the screen or away from it or can indeed move sideways without losing stereoscopic vision.
Once the image has been frozen on the screen, if the spectator moves towards the display screen from the nominal observation distance (or the theoretical solid color distance), the stereoscopic baseline actually seen grows while if the observer goes away from the screen, then the baseline shrinks, and the overall sensation is constant because this variation in the stereoscopic baseline compensates exactly for variation in the sensation of depth associated with modifications to the vergence force, i.e. the muscular force exerted to bring the two retinal images into correspondence so as to obtain the stereoscopic fusion that is required for relief to be perceived, which modification to vergence force necessarily accompanies displacement in the direction perpendicular to the screen.
Once the xe2x80x9csolid colorxe2x80x9d has been adjusted so that the observer sees viewpoints [(I1) and (I3)] or [(I2) and (I4)] and the observer comes close enough to the display screen, then the observer will see viewpoints (I1) and (I4) and will no longer be free to move parallel to the screen, as happens in reality when looking from close up. When the observer goes away from the screen, then the perceived viewpoints will be [(I1) and (I2)] or [(I2) and (I3)] or [(I3) and (I4)] and the observer can make large movements, thus leaving the observer free to move in a volume.
The same applies, but with improved comfort, when m is chosen to be greater than 1.
For a miniature camera or for endoscopy, the picture-taking stereoscopic baseline B is much smaller than the distance between the pupils of an observer because of the desired large magnification. For n=4, the lenticle pitch p nevertheless remains equal to half the required picture-taking stereoscopic baseline B.
Naturally this remains true for an objective lens of long focal length, for which the stereoscopic baseline B is selected to be greater than the distance E between the pupils of the observer.
In the present invention, the total stereoscopic baseline BT, i.e. the stereoscopic baseline between the viewpoints that are furthest apart is equal to (nxe2x88x921)p.
In the prior art according to the above-specified French patents, the total stereoscopic baseline is equal to the pupil diameter of the picture-taking objective lens.
In other words, other things being equal, the pitch and thus the size of the cylindrical lenticles in the present invention is N/n2 times greater than the pitch or size of the cylindrical lenticles in the prior art picture-taking devices. For n=4, they are 36 times larger than in the above-specified example (N=576 and n=4).
In a first embodiment, the cylindrical optical assembly is converging and the lens array is also converging.
In a second embodiment, the cylindrical optical assembly is converging while the lens array is diverging.
In a third embodiment, the cylindrical optical assembly is diverging while the lens array is converging.
And finally in a fourth embodiment, the cylindrical optical assembly is diverging and the lens array is also diverging.
In order to correct the anamorphosis ratio (or magnification ratio) of the system whose nominal value is equal n, but which varies slightly as a function of focusing distance, the absolute value of said ratio between the focal length of the cylindrical optical assembly and the focal length of the lenticles of the lens array is equal to n*, where n* is equal to nk, k being a magnification ratio correction coefficient such that for an object situated at a given distance, each of the viewpoints of the image has an anamorphosis ratio whose absolute value is equal to n.
In particular, and in a preferred embodiment, k varies as a function of the focusing distance and is selected so that the anamorphosis ratio is equal to n at the focusing distance.
In particular, the cylindrical optical assembly may have variable focal length. To this end it may comprise two cylindrical lenses (generally one converging lens and one diverging lens) forming a converging or diverging doublet depending on whether the cylindrical optical assembly is converging or diverging, together with means for varying the spacing of the two cylindrical lenses of the doublet so as to modify the focal length of the cylindrical optical assembly and thus modify the value of the correction coefficient k by varying the focal length of the doublet, while keeping the focusing planes of the cylindrical optical assembly and of the lens array in coincidence.
It is advantageous for the device to include a converging field lens having a focus located, for example, in the focusing plane common to the lens array and to the cylindrical optical assembly. Preferably, said field lens serves to converge the light rays that are parallel to said optical axis and passing through the centers C of the lenticles of the lens array onto a common point O advantageously situated in the entrance pupil of the transfer optical system, in other words it serves to converge the rays passing through the optical centers C of the lenticles of the lens array into the entrance pupil of the transfer optical system.
In particular, the field lens serves to avoid the phenomenon of vignetting, particularly when taking close-ups.
In a preferred embodiment, the device of the invention includes, downstream from each lenticle of said lens array, at least one plane surface that is inclined relative to a plane normal to the optical axis using angles such that light rays parallel to the optical axis and passing through the optical centers of the lenticles converge on a common given convergence point O. This serves to provide the field lens function without influencing the optical parameters of the device.
The device of the invention can constitute an element of a picture-taking device, which may be a video camera or a cinema camera, having an optical transfer system that enables said image to be centered and brought into focus.
The device of the invention, is advantageously coupled to a device for transferring the autostereoscopic image in air, including means for focusing on a video sensor such as a CCD, in particular a three-color CCD or the surface of a film.
The device of the invention can constitute a picture-taking device of a video endoscope or indeed of a videophone. With an endoscope, the image-forming device and the image-transferring video device are incorporated in the head of the endoscope. The stereoscopic baseline is generally smaller than the distance between the pupils of an observer. Video signals in xe2x80x9cn-imagexe2x80x9d mode are relayed by cable, in particular optical fiber cable, with the advantages mentioned in the above-specified French patents, so as to enable them to be viewed and/or recorded.
With a videophone, the image-forming device and the video-transfer device constitute a single picture-taking camera which relays video images in n-image mode by cable or radio to enable them to be recorded and/or displayed, e.g. on a monitor screen fitted with a display array.
It is particularly advantageous for the video image-transferring device to be a video camera such as a camcorder focused on said image. The image-forming device of the invention under such circumstances constitutes an optical accessory for the video camera to which it can be fitted by means of an adaptor ring.
In application to cinema, the device of the invention is advantageously coupled to a device for transferring said autostereoscopic image in air including means for focusing on a film. The transfer device is advantageously a cinema camera focused on said image.
The device can be characterized in that it includes a field lens, or a plane optical surface associated with each lens of the lens array, and in that said given convergence point is situated in the entrance pupil of the transfer optical system.
By applying the principle whereby light paths are reversible, the device of the invention can also be used as an element for recombining images from a projector or back-projector device whether using video techniques or cinema techniques.
The invention thus also provides a device for projecting images, either directly or by back-projection, the device including an image-forming device as defined above, said common focusing plane constituting an object focusing plane, a projector projecting an image including n flat elementary images of anamorphic format framed in the object focusing plane, and a screen fitted with at least one projection array such as a lens array or a parallax array, said projection array being situated at a distance D from the lens array of the image-forming device which is equal to the nominal viewing distance. The cylindrical lens and the lens array of the image-forming device are positioned in such a manner that the image situated in the object focusing plane is projected to the distance D by the image-forming device. The field angle of the elements of the projection array is such that each element frames the lens array of the image-forming device horizontally, and said lens array has two non-contiguous lenticles whose axes are spaced apart by the distance between the pupils of an observer.
Said screen may be a direct projection screen having a diffusing and reflecting element with the projection array placed in front thereof, which array also constitutes a viewing array.
Said screen may be a back-projection screen including a projection array and a display array, with a diffusing element being disposed between them.
Finally, the invention provides an autostereoscopic video system including a picture-taking device as defined above and a projection device as defined above.

Autostereoscopic imaging device and system comprising it


An aural device to be worn over the ear of a user during sleeping hours which generates white noise.

Sound conditioners are known which camouflage undesirable noise in the environment by generating white noise or background sounds such as the sound of ocean surf, rain, a rain forest, or a heartbeat. These devices are stand-alone units and usually sit on a night stand or the like for use by individuals at night to aid sleep.
Other mechanisms for avoiding exposure to unwanted sounds include passive mechanisms such as ear plugs or ear covers with noise-absorbing qualities. Active noise cancellation techniques are also known, and involve the use of a microphone for receiving external sounds which are converted into an electrical signal, after which an opposing-phase signal is generated. This opposing-phase signal is then supplied to a speaker in a headset and serves to cancel at least some of the external sounds by destructive interference.


It is intended to provide a method capable of lowering a formic acid concentration in acetic acid product by a simple approach. The method for producing acetic acid according to the present invention comprises at least one step selected from a step that satisfies the following operating condition (i) and a step that satisfies the following operating condition (ii) in an acetic acid production process, and controlling an oxygen concentration in an embodiment satisfying at least one selected from the following (iii) and (iv) for one or more processes:                (i) operating conditions involving a hydrogen partial pressure of less than 500 kPa (absolute pressure), a carbon dioxide partial pressure of less than 70 kPa (absolute pressure), and an operating temperature of more than 150° C.;        (ii) operating conditions involving a hydrogen partial pressure of 5 kPa or less (absolute pressure), a carbon dioxide partial pressure of less than 20 kPa (absolute pressure), and an operating temperature of more than 100° C.;        (iii) the oxygen concentration in a gas phase is less than 7 percent by volume; and        (iv) the oxygen concentration in a liquid phase is less than 7×10−5 g/g.

A methanol carbonylation process (methanol-acetic acid process) is known as a process for industrially producing acetic acid. With this process, an acetic acid product is produced typically by allowing methanol to react with carbon monoxide in the presence of a catalyst in a reactor, to form acetic acid in a reaction mixture, evaporating the reaction mixture using an evaporator into a vapor phase, and purifying the vapor phase through a light ends column, and subsequently through a dehydration column to give an acetic acid product. Alternatively, the product from the dehydration column is further fed to a subsequent heavy ends column and, in some cases, a subsequent product column to give an acetic acid product.
In such an acetic acid production process, formic acid is produced as a by-product in the reactor. The minimum amount of formic acid is favorable because the formic acid reduces the purity of an acetic acid product. Patent Literature 1 and 2 each disclose that formic acid is formed through the reaction of carbon monoxide with water; and therefore, the formic acid concentration in acetic acid product can be lowered by controlling a water concentration in a reaction medium to a low level. However, there is the problem that a catalyst tends to become unstable if the water concentration in the reaction medium is decreased.


A gas turbine includes a shaft directional passage provided to a rotating member that rotates along a central axis of a rotor, which is a rotating axis of the rotating member, about the central axis, or a rotating axis of the rotating member, and in which cooling air flows along a direction of the rotating axis of the rotor, a plurality of radial directional passages provided in a circumferential direction of the rotating member, and compressing the cooling air by being provided outwardly from the center of the rotor, in which one end of each of the radial directional passages is communicated with the shaft directional passage and the other end is communicated with exterior of the rotating member.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a gas turbine, and more particularly, to a gas turbine that cools a turbine rotor blade.
2. Description of the Related Art
Conventionally, a gas turbine is an apparatus that extracts energy from combustion gas generated by combusting air and fuel therein. A gas turbine rotates a turbine by using energy of combustion gas generated by combusting fuel and compressed air, and outputs rotation energy from the rotor. The combustion gas is, however, supplied to the turbine while the combustion gas is hot. Therefore, the rotor blade of the turbine is also exposed to hot atmosphere. To address the issue, for example in Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. S61-226502, a gas turbine is disclosed in which, air is supplied from a compressor, which is a supply source of cooling air, to a rotor blade, which is a supply destination of cooling air, through a central hole or a hole provided along a central axis of a rotor thus the rotor blade is cooled.
In the technology described in Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. S61-226502, air compressed by the compressor via the central hole of the rotor flows from the compressor to the turbine via an internal passage, and is thus supplied to the rotor blade as cooling air. In Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 61-226502, some of air is extracted from a disk or a rotating member of the compressor to a cavity located in the compressor, and is supplied to the rotor blade passage via the internal passage. Therefore, it is difficult to adjust amount of the extracted air while the gas turbine is in operation. Thus, during the maximum load operation, cooling air more than flow rate required for cooling the rotor blade may be extracted from the compressor. As a result, a thermal efficiency of the gas turbine may be reduced.
In the technology described in Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. S59-41001, similar to the technology described in Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. S61-226502, air is supplied from a compressor to a rotor blade through an internal passage. Thus, the technology described in Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. S59-41001 also has the same problem. In the technology described in Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. H11-117702, coolant is supplied from a turbine rotor shaft end. The technology is meant for recovery of coolant. Therefore an object thereof is not the same as that of the present application.
In general, amount of cooling air necessary for cooling the rotor blade differs in accordance with load of a gas turbine. More specifically, during high load operation, cooling capacity of a gas turbine needs to be increased by supplying high pressure air to a rotor blade and thus securing necessary amount of air. During low load operation, amount of cooling air needs to be reduced. Therefore, deterioration of thermal efficiency of the gas turbine needs to be prevented by supplying comparatively low pressure air thereto and thus preventing consuming unnecessary air. In Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. H11-117702, any means is not disclosed for adjusting amount of air in a gas turbine in which load thereof fluctuates.


One embodiment is a method of treating cancer. The method includes administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound to a patient. The compound is represented by Formula I:

Cancer is the most common cause of death all over the world. In addition to genetic changes of driver genes in cancer, epigenetic alterations such as changes in DNA methylation, histone modifications, and chromatin organization (e.g., nucleosome remodeling) impact gene expression and cellular gene function, and play an important role in the onset and progression of cancer. Bromodomains are proteins with acetyl-lysine binding modules and have a key role in transcriptional activation. Clinical trials are underway evaluating inhibition of several members of the bromodomains and extra terminal (BET) family proteins (i.e., Brd2, 3, 4) in cancer.
In view of the demand for treating cancer in a patient, more methods and compositions that effectively treat cancer are desired.

Macau University of Science and Technology


A battery structure using a plurality of cells in stacked array wherein each cell comprises an anode having a centrally positioned opening and flange positioned about the periphery of the opening for contact with the periphery of the opening of an adjacent anode. Each cell includes a pelletized depolarizer material that extends beyond the perimeter of the anode but coextensive with the anode flange. An outer encasement member receives the stacked array so that the depolarizer pellets are in electrical contact with the inner surface of the encasement. The encasement means includes a top member having an opening located to align with the openings in the anode and anode collector positioned through said opening in the top member and electrically insulated therefrom and in electrical contact with each of said anode flanges.

Small general purpose mercury or alkaline batteries are well known and commercially available. This is also true with respect fo specialty batteries such as those used in cardiac pacer devices, watches and the like which take advantage of electrochemical systems in which the depolarizer is a charge transfer complex and the anodes are of various metals, such as lithium. Illustrative of these batteries are U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,653,966, 3,660,163, 3,723,183, 3,817,791, 3,874,929, 3,937,635, 3,957,533, 4,049,890 and 4,072,803. See also U.S. Pat. No. 4,217,403, issued Apr. 12, 1980 (Ser. No. 896,639, filed Apr. 17, 1978).
Lithium halide batteries have been found to have extended life and capacity for use in cardiac pacer devices and watch applications, see for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,660,163 3,674,562 and 4,148,975. However, such electrochemical systems have not been found useful in general purpose consumer batteries commonly known as "C" and "D"-sized dry cells which are commercially available from leading battery manufacturers. The lithium halide cells have been found deficient since they do not have the necessary power capacity for high drain applications, for example, in battery operated flashlights.
It is, therefore, an object of the present invention to provide a battery structure which has the same size as a conventional "C" or "D" dry cell and utilizes the advantages of the lithium halide electrochemical system. It is contemplated that the batteries of the present invention may not have the same current capacity as the conventional alkaline or mercury dry cells, but will be, nevertheless, suitable for use in numerous applications requiring extended life such as traffic counters. Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a lithium halide battery which can be substituted for conventional "C" or "D" batteries in applications not requiring long periods of high drain. It is also an object of the invention to provide a battery having very low self-discharge characteristics.


A compact fiber packaging system for fiber lasers is provided that comprises a series of spools nested inside one another for efficient volume utilization. The spools comprise an inner spool nested inside at least one outer spool to form a module. Generally, the fiber lasers are wrapped around the inner spool, and then around successive outer spools as required to form the module. Furthermore, the modules may be stacked to form a fiber assembly. The compact fiber packaging system further comprises devices and methods for minimizing thermal gradients between fibers and for removing Waste heat from the system. Additionally, the available volume is further utilized by disposing equipment and materials for operation of the fibers inside a hollow center defined by the inner spool, between the nested spools, and adjacent the nested spools.

The present invention relates generally to the packaging of fibers, and more particularly to compact packaging of high power fiber lasers that further require controlled thermal gradients and removal of waste heat.
Fiber lasers of the known art are generally packaged by wrapping the fiber lasers around individual spools. The individual spools are commonly the same size and are placed side by side, or adjacent one another for packaging. Further, the spools are generally circular in shape and are limited in size by the minimum bend radius of the fiber lasers. Unfortunately, the individually wrapped spools of the known art cannot be used in systems that require a large number of fibers in a limited amount of space due to the excessive amount of volume consumed by the spools. Additionally, the volume inside the spool often goes unused, which further reduces the volume efficiency of the spools.
Laser systems comprising hundreds to thousands of fibers are currently being designed for applications requiring extremely limited volume consumption. For example, laser systems for weapons applications in military aircraft must be capable of being packaged within avionics or weapons bays, which are further limited by the size of access doors. Further, laser systems are being developed for telecommunications applications, which also pose similar volume restrictions. Accordingly, the volume consumed by the individual spools must be minimized in order to meet the requirements of newer laser systems.
In addition to limited volume requirements, high power laser systems further require control of temperature and thermal gradients within the fibers to minimize laser power losses. High power fiber lasers generate a significant amount of heat that must be removed from the system. In systems of the known art, waste heat is generally removed by a continuous duty cooling system. Unfortunately, the continuous duty cooling systems are relatively large and expensive and run continuously to remove the waste heat from the fiber lasers, although the fiber lasers often only operate intermittently.
Accordingly, there remains a need in the art for a laser fiber packaging system that significantly reduces the amount of volume consumed by the fibers and related equipment, and which is further capable of controlling thermal gradients between the fiber lasers and removing waste heat.

Compact packaging of multiple fiber lasers


A transaction is conducted at a merchant location using redeemed loyalty points maintained in a loyalty point account for a customer. The transactions are conducted using a mobile device at a POS terminal. In response to receiving a customer ID from the mobile device, a loyalty server provides the monetary value of loyalty points. The customer may use the mobile device to redeem those points and have the value transferred into a financial account. A payment processing system connected to the POS terminal completes the transaction using the financial account.

In recent years, there has been a steady proliferation of loyalty, coupon and rebate programs offered to consumers. There are a variety of different models on which such programs are based, but a common feature is that they offer an incentive (in the form of points or other non-monetary items) designed to encourage customers to conduct business with one organization rather than with competitor organizations. In the case of loyalty programs, they often take the form of point systems in which a customer is credited or rewarded with a number of points for each transaction and is entitled to later exchange or redeem accumulated points for goods and/or services.
One longstanding example is the loyalty system used in the airline industry. An airline typically offers a number of points to each consumer that is correlated with the distance traveled. At certain levels, the points may be exchanged by the consumer for airline tickets.
Sometimes, customers receiving loyalty points may not want to redeem them for transactions with the issuing entity. As an example, a traveler receiving air travel points from one airline may rarely travel with that same airline and thus have no occasion to redeem the points in the future. Such points may have value (assigned by the issuer or by market trading), but the issuer may not have a mechanism in place to permit the points to be exchanged for cash, particularly at times to suit the needs of the customer. Systems for transferring points (and receiving value in return) are either not readily available, or are not convenient to use.
Thus, there is a general recognition in the industry of a need for loyalty-based and other systems that permit redemption of loyalty points or the like into cash.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Mobile system and method for exchanging point value


An upwash sand filter with a diaphragm hold-down for the granular filter media during filter stage is operable with self-graded coarse-to-fine media for upflow filtration, downflow filtration, or combined up and down flow to a central exit filtration. The media is held in place by a diaphragm that may be a perforated plate for allowing liquid to pass through the perforations, and in the downflow embodiment, the media column is supported on another perforated wall or plate to allow a final lower layer of coarser media to be used so that the plate itself is not the finest layer of the filter. In the upflow embodiment, a coarser top layer is employed for this same purpose. The diaphragm serves in all embodiments to prevent loss of media and avoid channeling through the media thereby allowing exceptionally high filter rates.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to liquid purification and to filters employing granular filter media, with self-graded media during upwash of the filter. A perforated diaphragm hold-down permits high capacity upflow filtration, downflow filtration, and combined up and down flow filtration. The media is selected for settling velocities that allows desired gradation to be achieved, often with a coarse layer at the exit side of the media to permit screen hold-down without causing the screen to be the finest filter layer.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Sand filters are well known as filtering devices for water and many other liquids. Several configurations of sand filters are well known, including down-flow filters and up-flow filters.
Down-flow filters represent the simplist form, consisting of a tank containing a filtering medium such as sand and having a top inlet for pressurized water and a bottom outlet for filtered water. Where the filtering medium is sand, the sand will be of various sizes. To remove the accumulated dirt from the sand, water is pumped up through the sand at a velocity sufficient to lift the sand and roll it around. At the conclusion of washing, the sand settles naturally and, accordingly, is graded in the filter with the fastest settling particles at the bottom and the slowest settling particles at the top. If all particles are of substantially the same material, the largest particles are at the bottom of the filter and the smallest are at the top. When the filtering operation is taking place, the finest particles in the liquid are filtered out by immediate contact with the finest particles of said at the top of the filter, and the remaining solids merely build up on the top of the filter. Very little material is caught in the bed of sand.
Typical operating conditions for a standard down-flow sand filter are flow rates of 1/2 to 11/2 gpm/sq. ft. of cross section and a dirt holding capacity of 1/2 to 1 lb.sq. ft. of cross section. Most of the pressure drop is due to passage across the thin layer of filtered solids in the upper bed of the filter.
Representative art teaching down-flow filters includes U.S. Pat. Nos. 184,024 to Stewart, 178,972 to Stewart, and 454,340 to Fulton.
The disadvantages of down-flow filters have suggested that an up-flow filter is a far more practical filtering device, but up-flow filters present a number of problems. The greater efficiency of an up-flow filter is attributed to the same classification of particles that occurs in the washing cycle of down-flow filters: the largest particles of sand settle to the bottom of the filter and the smallest at the top. Then, as the liquid to be filtered is pumped into the sand from the bottom, the coarser impurities are trapped in the coarser layer of sand and the finer impurities pass into finer layers of sand before being trapped.
Typical operating conditions for the standard up-flow sand filter are flow rates of 8-12 gpm/sq. ft. cross section and dirt holding capacities of up to 10 lb./sq. ft. cross section. The filterable solids are distributed throughout the sand and the pressure drop is likewise distributed across the entire body of sand. Thus, if the sand can be held in place, the flow rates can be much higher than in a down-flow filter for the same pressure drop.
A number of attempts in the prior art have faced the problem of holding the sand in place during high filtering rates in an up-flow filter. U.S. Pat. No. 620,621 to Veazie teaches containing the sand layer between an upper and lower foraminous diaphragm, with the upper diaphragm being connected to a device for applying pressure to sand layers to hold the sand particles close together for efficient filtering. U.S. Pat. No. 3,278,031 to Rosaen teaches a piston arrangement for compressing the filtering medium under a perforated plate, and the pressure of the piston is released to allow medium to expand for washing. U.S. Pat. No. 2,723,761 to Van Der Made et. al. teaches an up-flow filter that routes some of the liquid to the top of the filter to supply compacting pressure to the bed of filtering media. U.S. Pat. No. 3,202,286 to Smit teaches the use of an open grate across the top of the filtering media to hold the media in place through natural bridging between elements of the grate.
A problem found in prior art up-flow filters is that the filter rate is limited by the need to hold the top layers of the filtering media in place. The foraminous devices used on the upper layer of the media in the Veazie, Rosaen, and Smit patents will yield some of the filter material through the perforations of the hold-down device if the flow rate is high enough. Alternatively, if the hold-down device is pressurized to oppose high filter rates, as in the Van der Made et. al. patent, there is danger that the pressurized water will channel to the filtrate outlet, and all filtering action will immediately cease. If a mechanical hold-down device is created with small enough perforations to physically retain the filter media against high pressure without bridging of the media particles, the hold-down device itself may become the finest layer of filtering media and be subject to rapid clogging, or the upper layer of media may be required to be coarse enough that extremely thorough filter action cannot be achieved.
A further problem exists in cleaning an up-flow filter. It is desirable to loosen the beds of the filter media and suspend each particle so that it can move freely, thereby releasing dirt trapped in the interstices. To accomplish this task in apparatus such as that taught in the Smit patent, it is necessary to use wash flow rates greater than filter flow rates, often requiring a separate wash pump for the task and often requiring air in the wash liquid to lift the media. Furthermore, in all prior up-flow up-wash graded filters, the wash rate is limited according to the rate that will lift the finest particles of the filter media completely out of the filter housing. During an up-wash process, the finest media particles form a visible plane at the top of the wash flow, and the adjustment of flow rates between a rate that will retain the particles and a rate that will wash the particles away must be carfully controlled.
Ideally, the filter media should be cheap and readily available, with sand being a preferred material. In the up-wash process, it is known that the media will be self-sorting into layers graded according to the size of the particles when all particles are of similar density, the larger particles settling at the bottom of the filter and the smaller particles at the top. If in rinsing the filter the finest particles are to be retained and not blown out the top of the filter with the dirt, then there is an additional limitation that the largest particles must be of sufficiently small size that they can be lifted and suspended in the wash water while the wash flow rate is maintained below the rate that will remove the finest particles from the top of the filter. Ordinarily, the settling rates of various sized particles of similar density are such that maximum size ratio between the largest and smallest media particles is approximately 3:1, which is not a very great range.
The present invention seeks to solve these and other problems of the prior art, as will be disclosed below.


A packaged semiconductor device has a thin profile, two face-to-face mounted power semiconductor device dice, and no internal bond wires. A first semiconductor device die is mounted so that a gate pad is bonded to the bottom of a first lead, and so that a source pad is bonded to the bottom of a second lead. A second semiconductor device die identical to the first is mounted so that a gate pad is bonded to the top of the first lead, and so that a source pad is bonded to the top of the second lead. The backside drain electrodes of both dice are electrically coupled to a third lead. The third lead in one example has a forked-shape, and the two dice are disposed entirely between the two tines of the fork. After encapsulation, the three leads extend parallel to each other from a body portion of the package.

There are several known three-lead semiconductor device packages for discrete power Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) and Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET) devices, including the TO-220, TO-240, TO-247 packages. In a typical "TO" type package, the backside of the semiconductor die is soldered to the heatsink of the package. The heatsink is typically a copper slug, tab or plate, that is an extension part of one of the leads. The top surface of the semiconductor die is typically connected via metal bondwires to the metal leads. The die portion of the assembly is then overmolded with an amount of encapsulant to form the body portion of the package. The three leads extend from the body portion parallel to each other. These packages are popular, and work well in their intended environments.

Thin profile power semiconductor device package having face-to-face mounted dice and no internal bondwires


The present invention provides one filter with multiple retention locations integrated into a plastic connector that is attached to the filter for connecting the filter to a pump inlet by means of a retention post. A sock style filter is disclosed that incorporates a channel or a flat tab in the periphery of the plastic outlet port for providing a finite or infinite number of locations for retention of a post on a pump or other connection to allow for multiple alignment positioning of the filter with respect to the mating parts such as the pump body, fuel pump assembly, module can or fuel tank.

This disclosure relates generally to in-tank filters, e.g. fuel filters for installation into a fuel system. In a fuel system, the conventional sock style in-tank fuel filter is comprised of filtration media and a connector that attaches the filter to a fuel pump. The filtration media is formed into a sock structure and used for filtering or removing contamination from a fuel or other liquid. The liquid that flows through a sock style filter is most often directionally flowing from the outside of the filter to the inside. Attached to a portion of the filtration media is a metal or plastic connector that is used to attach the filter to the fuel pump or other suction flow apparatus. Multiple fuel pump designs are used in the automotive field, with some fuel pumps having a retention post or pin that is cast, molded or assembled onto the end plate of the pump. The retention post typically extends outwardly and is located beside the fluid inlet port of the pump. This retention post is used to affix and locate the fuel pump onto the connector located on the filter. The connector of the filter will usually fit up to the post with an interference fit to ensure the filter does not fall off during transportation, installation or operation. The connector of the filter may or may not have a metal swell ring attached around the outlet of the filter to maintain a press fit with the inlet of the fuel pump. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,665,229 and 8,715,497 reference the current state of the art and are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.