A blast-proof window and mullion system for sustaining and mitigating an explosion and/or blast to the window and mullion system on a multi-storied building or structure. The window and mullion system includes a blast-resistant mullion having a mullion housing with mullion walls with outer surfaces; and a pressure bar member having a pressure bar housing with an interior wall and a pair of outer walls being connected to the interior wall to form a center channel opening. The outer walls are angled for reducing the space between the angled walls and for reducing the size of the center channel opening for reduction of bullet and/or blast penetration to the interior wall of the pressure bar member. Also, one of the mullion walls of the mullion housing includes a mullion tongue thereon having a pair of tongue extension arms for forming a vertical bolt receiving channel therebetween. Each of the tongue extension arms have interior serrated surfaces for receiving threaded bolts between the interior serrated surfaces. The interior wall of the pressure bar member has a pair of spaced-apart pressure bar extension arms thereon. The interior wall of the pressure bar member includes a plurality of spaced-apart bolt openings for receiving a plurality of the threaded bolts therein for permanently locking together the pressure bar extension arms with the mullion extension arms in order to join together and lock the pressure bar housing of the pressure bar member to said mullion housing of the blast-resistant mullion to form the blast-proof window and mullion system.

Blast-remediation requirements for blast resistant windows, bullet proof windows and blast proof buildings are usually linked with the bombings of the World Trade Center and the Pentagon on Sep. 11, 2001. These attacks to our homeland, in reality, have been tracked by our own armed forces and the FBI since the early 1980's, starting with the 1983 U.S. Beirut embassy car bombing. The 9-11 tragedies in New York and at the Pentagon accelerated the process for the United States Federal Government to strengthen its buildings in order to protect the citizens of our nation. The General Service Administration (GSA) in 1995 had conducted a survey of 1239 buildings to assess risk factors for these buildings and had proposed a citation to protect these buildings from terrorist threats including bomb blasts. The risk assessment of these buildings ultimately resulted in a protection level matrix to help define the hazards and appropriate protection levels to each building, wherein a protection level 1 for a building represents the building has sustained and fully survived a bomb blast, such that the glass is not cracked and no window/glass/frame fragments are in either the inside or outside building structure. A protection level 5 for a building represents the windows and window frames failed catastrophically.
As it stands there is no single blast-remediation standard. GSA has a testing criterion and test protocol, but not a standard for blast mitigation. DOD uses the UFC 2003 recommendation, which stipulates a minimum of 7 KPA (1 psi) protection for all buildings with a standoff distance of 82 feet, and higher blast loads when the building is located less than 82 feet. All agencies of the federal government do accept the shock tube and the arena test methods as a way to verify compliance.
There remains a need for a blast-proof window system that has a minimum blast mitigation recommendation of at least 2.5 psi protection for a multi-storied building by the DOD. The blast-proof window system would include a novel and improved blast-resistant mullion in use with a blast-resistant and bullet-proof pressure bar member, both being made from a aluminum alloy 6063-T6. Additionally, the mullion and the pressure bar member would include serrated surfaces such that the blast-resistant mullion, the pressure bar member and the bullet-proof laminated windows are permanently locked together using a structural silicone adhesive thereon for forming the blast-proof window system of the present invention.


A refrigerator includes a fresh food compartment with a rear wall, an evaporator refrigerating air and an air passageway directing a stream of refrigerated air to flow down the rear wall. An adjustable storage assembly includes a frame mounted adjacent the rear wall, a storage pan slideably mounted to the frame, a shroud surrounding the pan and an air deflector extending upwardly and upwardly of the rear of the shroud. An user operable handle mounted to the frame and connected to the shroud for adjusting the position of the shroud and the deflector relative to the stream of air.

This invention relates to household refrigerators, and, more particularly, to combination refrigerators in which the freezer compartment is positioned above the fresh food compartment within the cabinet. Both compartments conventionally are cooled or refrigerated by circulating air from each of them over a single evaporator and returning the refrigerated air to the compartments. More particularly, this invention relates to a storage system mountable in the fresh food compartment and adjustable to control the flow of refrigerated air flowing around a storage pan to adjust the temperature inside the pan.
Normally such combination refrigerators circulate a major portion of the refrigerated air from the evaporator through the freezer and a lesser portion of the refrigerated air though the fresh food compartment. In addition, it is well known to direct a portion of the fresh food compartment refrigerated air downwardly through that compartment and around a storage pan to keep the interior of the pan at a slightly lower temperature than the main portion of the fresh food compartment. These pans are particularly useful for storing fresh foods such as fruits, vegetables and meats which benefit from storage at slightly lower temperatures than many other items. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,241,589 and 4,288,995 illustrate two systems for adjusting the air flow around the pan to thereby adjust the temperature of the interior of the pan. Each of these patents is incorporated herein by reference. It is desirable to simplify the adjustable temperature assembly as much as possible, consistent with both sureness and ease of operation. By the present invention we provide an adjustable temperature assembly which is easy for the user to operate and is sure in its operation while being simple in design and including a minimum number of parts.

Household refrigerator adjustable temperature storage system


The display panel includes a first substrate, a second substrate, a color filtering layer, and a spacer. The first substrate includes a non-active area and an active area. The second substrate is opposite to the first substrate. The color filtering layer is arranged on the first substrate. The color filtering layer includes a plurality of color filters, and a through hole is formed between adjacent color filters. One end of the spacer has been arranged within the through hole and the other end of the spacer supports the second substrate. In this way, the stability of the spacer is enhanced and the spacer is prevented from being detached.

1. Field of the Invention
The present disclosure relates to liquid crystal display technology, and more particularly to a display panel and a display device.
2. Discussion of the Related Art
The expected display performance of liquid crystal display panels are achieved by controlling electrical fields of the substrates so as to change the alignment of the liquid crystals. In order to obtain an uniform gap between two substrates, gap control materials have to be arranged between the two substrates.
Conventional gap control materials are ball-shaped, which are distributed on the panel by spray. However, there are two disadvantages. First, as the ball-shaped gap control materials are randomly distributed on the panel, distortion and light leakage may occur in an active area. Second, the ball-shaped gap control materials may be aggregated together, which results in dead pixels. In order to overcome the two issues above, photoreaction-LCD gap control materials have been developed. A spacer has been formed by photoetching processes so as to control the gap between the two substrates. However, the spacer may be detached due to frictions caused by the alignment during the manufacturing process, vibrations caused by transportations or by users' knocks. This may result in non-uniform thickness, and thus the display performance is affected.

Wuhan China Star Optoelectronics Technology Co., Ltd


A tube making mill setup includes an induction heater for a billet, with means to transfer the heated billet directly to a piercing machine. The piercing machine includes main driving and gripping rolls on skewed axes and which drive the billet onto a piercing point. Upper and lower control rolls have axes parallel to the direction of billet drive through the machine. Internal cooling of the control rolls and the piercing point is provided by circulating cooling water through them. The piercing point is at the distal end of a mandrel which is swingable through an arc to place the formed tube on a take-away carriage.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to the manufacture of seamless tubing, and more particularly to a small sized rolling and piercing mill.
2. Description of the Prior Art
There is a variety of prior art equipment for making seamless tubing and which includes rotary piercing in a machine which uses rolls to grip the stock and advance it through a piercing machine having a mandrel-mounted point ("plug") to pierce the center of the stock as the stock is driven through the machine. The equipment known to me is typically large and expensive, requires a lot of space, is harsh on the tooling involved, and is not readily adapted to comparatively low volume runs of particular sizes of tubing. Also there are machines shown in some prior art patents known to me as follows:
______________________________________ U.S. Pat. No. Inventor Date Issued ______________________________________ 3,695,076 Kocks 10/03/72 3,882,595 Reiley et al. 5/13/75 4,052,874 Yoshiwara et al. 10/11/77 4,212,178 Bretschseider 7/15/80 4,318,294 Yoshiwara et al. 3/09,82 4,409,810 Yamada 10/18/83 4,470,282 Hayashi 9/11/84 4,571,970 Moltner et al. 2/25/86 4,577,481 Staat 3/25/86 4,578,974 Pozsgay et al. 4/01/86 ______________________________________
It appears that most of these machines employ some processing, typically rolling, for various purposes following the piercing station. The additional steps require additional space in the processing plant. Also, some of the patents use "shoes" (shoes 12 and 12' and shoes 70 and 72' in the Hayashi patent, for example) to keep the workpiece properly positioned between the skewed driving rolls as those rolls advance the workpiece through the machine. In addition to the friction of the workpiece against the shoes, and the additional power required to drive the workpiece through the machine, the shoes tend to wear out and burn out, because the workpiece is at forging temperature during the piercing operation. Also, the piercing point is subjected to high loads, wear and temperature and must be taken off the arbor after each tube is pierced. The point must then be cooled externally. In addition, the pierced tube is removed from the mill with the arbor laying inside the tube. The arbor is then removed from the tube and cooled externally. Consequently, the piercing points must be replaced frequently. It is therefore an object of the present invention to overcome some of these problems associated with prior art equipment.

Piercing mill for seamless tube manufacture


Disclosed are solid silicone compositions comprising low molecular weight polyethylene solidifying agents and one or more non-volatile silicone fluids, along with a method for their preparation. The compositions are suitable for topical application to skin or hair, and are particularly useful in the preparation of novel skin treatment, hair treatment, lipstick and makeup products.

Silicones are rapidly becoming ubiquitous components of pharmaceutical and personal care products. Their remarkably high thermal and chemical stability, their unusual ability to resist adhering to other materials and their aesthetically unique and pleasing tactile characteristics have made silicones invaluable raw materials in products designed for topical application to the skin or hair, such as skin treatment preparations, hair conditioners, lipsticks and makeup products. Such products are often desirably formulated in the form of sticks or gels for the elegance and ease of application these product forms offer to the consumer.
The term "silicones" actually encompasses a large and diverse group of polymeric fluids, oils, rubbers, resins and gums generally based on the structural unit --R.sub.2 SiO--, with R being a monovalent organic radical. The type and size of the radical(s) present (e.g., alkyl vs. aryl), the type and degree of polymerization (e.g., linear vs. cyclic), and the presence or absence of crosslinking, all affect the physical and chemical properties of the resultant silicone polymers.
Silicone fluids may be broadly classified as being either volatile or non-volatile, depending on how large a vapor pressure they possess at ambient temperature and pressure. Silicone fluids may also be characterized by their degree of viscosity, where viscosity is defined as resistance to flow and is commonly measured in centistokes. For a particular silicone polymer the viscosity generally increases, and the volatility generally decreases, as the molecular weight of the polymer increases.
Commercially available volatile silicone fluids include hexamethyldisiloxane [(CH.sub.3).sub.3 SiOSi(CH.sub.3).sub.3 ]; methylated cyclic silicones (also referred to as cyclomethicones) which include octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane, an eight-membered ring compound formed from four Si--(CH.sub.3).sub.3 --O groups, and decamethylcyclopentasiloxane, a ten-membered ring compound formed from five Si--(CH.sub.3).sub.2 --O groups; and dimethicones having a viscosity of 10 centistokes or less. Dimethicones are linear silicone polymers conforming to the structure: ##STR1## wherein R is methyl.
Volatile silicone fluids are generally compatible with many of the lipophilic materials commonly employed in topical compositions. They are use in such compositions for their ability to act as co-solvents, as well as to provide a dry, non-greasy feel to the compositions during application to the skin or hair.
Commercially available non-volatile silicone fluids include dimethicones having a viscosity of greater than 10 centistokes, alkylated dimethicones such as cetyl dimethicone (I, R=a mixture of CH.sub.3 and C.sub.16 H.sub.33), and trimethicones such as phenyl trimethicone (II): ##STR2## wherein R is phenyl.
Non-volatile silicone fluids are used in topical compositions to provide a slippery yet non-greasy feel to the compositions, and to provide an occlusive, water-resistant and emollient film to the skin surface upon topical application. They are also used as conditioners in hair treatment products, and as emulsion stabilizers in products formulated as oil-in-water or water-in-oil emulsions. Non-volatile silicone fluids are markedly less compatible than their volatile counterparts with many of the lipophilic materials commonly used in topical compositions.
Silicone gums are non-volatile silicone fluids possessing particularly high viscosities and molecular weights, and include dimethicones having viscosities of about 1,000,000 centistokes. Such gums are used in topical compositions for their unique tactile and film-forming properties, and are available commercially both in gum form and as free-flowing dispersions in silicone fluid carriers.
It is known in the art that polyethylenes are useful gelling agents for volatile silicone fluids. Polyethylenes are polymers of ethylene monomers that conform generally to the formula (C.sub.2 H.sub.4).sub.n, wherein n is usually large enough such that the resultant polymers have average molecular weights of from about 1500 to about 100,000.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,122,519 to Ritter discloses topical gel formulations containing a tetracycline antibiotic, a volatile silicone solvent, an emollient ester co-solvent and a polyethylene gelling agent.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,102,656 to Kasat discloses, inter alia, antiperspirant creams containing a volatile silicone, a polyethylene gelling agent, and an antiperspirant active.
Japanese Published Unexamined Application JP 61069711A discloses, inter alia, solid cosmetic compositions containing a volatile silicone oil, a polyethylene gelling agent and a powder substrate.
The use of polyethylenes as solidifying agents for non-volatile silicone fluids has not been heretofore disclosed. In fact, most commercially available polyethylenes are known to be only minimally soluble in, and hence incompatible with, many of the non-volatile silicones used in topical compositions.
It has now been discovered that low molecular weight polyethylenes, i.e., polyethylenes having an average molecular weight of less than about 1,000, are excellent solidifying agents for silicone fluids. In particular, it has been surprisingly and unexpectedly discovered that such low molecular weight polyethylenes are excellent solidifying agents for non-volatile silicone fluids. It has also been surprisingly and unexpectedly discovered that compositions prepared from low molecular weight polyethylenes and non-volatile silicone fluids are stable, aesthetically elegant and useful in the preparation of novel skin treatment, hair treatment, lipstick and makeup products.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide solid silicone compositions suitable for topical application to human skin or hair which contain non-volatile silicone fluids. It is also an object of this invention to provide solid silicone compositions comprising a low molecular weight polyethylene solidifying agent and one or more non-volatile silicone fluids. Further objects of this invention are to provide a method for the preparation of such solid silicone compositions, and to provide skin treatment, hair treatment, lipstick and makeup compositions comprising the solid silicone compositions of the invention.

Solid silicone compositions and methods for their preparation and use


A cooking appliance having a plate of a material transparent to thermal radiation, such as glass-ceramic, having adjustable heat sources distributed under, in, or on the plate, which are heated by direct or indirect heat transfer, electrically, and/or by gas and/or other heating means, the plate possessing at least two types of heat sources which use different kinds of heat transfer, these all being heated by means of gas.

The invention relates to a cooking appliance having a plate made of a material transparent to thermal radiation, such as glass-ceramic, glass, ceramic, or a similar material, for cooking, baking, frying, and/or keeping warm, having adjustable heat sources distributed under, in, or on the plate, heated by means of direct or indirect heat transfer, electrically, and/or by gas and/or by other heating means, in which the plate possesses at least two types of heat sources which use different kinds of heat transfer.
At present, various hob-type or stovetop systems (hereinafter "hobs") are known commercially:
(1) Hobs having atmospheric open burners whose covering can comprise metal, e.g., steel, or steel-enamel or glass. The advantages of these appliances are in their ability to operate with a very short response time and fine adjustability of the heat output. The immediate visual recognition of a flame can also be advantageous for avoiding burn injuries when using this type of hob. A further compelling reason for the acquisition of such cooking appliances is also the very favorable price.
There are nevertheless disadvantages in the areas of appearance, diversity of design, and also, in particular, in ease of use and cleaning. Neither will a hob of this construction ever provide, as a work surface, an additional usable space, e.g., for the preparation of meals or for the safe setting down of, e.g., foodstuffs, pots, or pans.
(2) Hobs having a level covering over the entire surface, in particular of glass-ceramic, whose heat sources are arranged under the plate and which, according to the current state of the art, can be heated electrically by heating coils or by infrared radiant gas burners. Advantages associated with these hobs are their attractive appearance and their diversity of design, which can be ideally matched to a large variety of decor and color schemes in any particular kitchen layout. Cleaning of the level plate is also easy and problem-free, and the plate can also be used as an additional work surface or place for safely setting down, e.g., pans. The temperature distribution at low temperatures, as are required, for example, for keeping food warm, is appreciably more uniform in this kind of cooking area which is not heated directly by a flame, and the peak temperatures occurring are very much lower. Disadvantages which should be mentioned here are a delayed emission of heat to the food to be heated and a correspondingly lower energy efficiency of the heating means, and hence also a longer heat-up time for the food. In addition, the price of these hobs is considerably higher in comparison with the metal hob with open burners.
(3) A further variant is an electric cooker with a metal covering which, in contrast to the above-mentioned covering over the entire surface has individual discrete raised cooking areas, mostly of black cast iron. Its disadvantages are, inter alia, the appearance and, again, the poor ease of cleaning. Also, even up to very high temperatures, visual recognition whether a cooking area is presently being heated is impossible. Its advantage is its relatively low price.
DE 30 49 491 C2, claims a cooker whose top surface is formed of a single, level heat-transfer plate with a continuous closed surface, in particular, a glass-ceramic plate, under which is arranged at least one radiant gas burner, and at least one electric radiant element is arranged under the heat-transfer plate outside the gas cooking region, beside, and/or in the simmering warm-plate region.
DE 30 49 491 C2, thus, discloses radiant gas burners, in addition to electrically supplied radiant elements under a heat-transfer plate having a continuous closed surface.
FR 2 626 946 A1 discloses a cooker in which there is an electric radiant element under a glass-ceramic covering and, in addition, normal gas burners with open flame are provided.
FR 2 626 964 A1, thus, discloses different types of heat sources, namely, electric radiant elements next to normal gas burners, the glass-ceramic plates here in each case covering only the single electric radiant element and do not form a continuous plate with heat sources distributed under, in, or on it.
DE 37 15 126 C2 discloses a cooking area especially for a burner in a mobile home, with a cooking area frame and an intermediate bottom design, whose object is to avoid disturbing deformations of the intermediate bottom and, at the same time, to achieve good heat insulation of the cooking area.
U.S. Pat. No. 1,764,718 describes a device for improved air supply in overlapped gas burners.
None of these documents discloses a cooking device which exhibits at least two types of heat sources using different kinds of heat transfer, in which the heat sources are all heated by gas.

Cooking appliance having a plate made of a material transparent to thermal radiation and having at least two types of heat sources


Provided is a method for predicting a target address using a set of Indirect Target TAgged GEometric (ITTAGE) tables and a target address pattern table. A branch instruction that is to be executed may be identified. A first tag for the branch instruction may be determined. The first tag may be a unique identifier that corresponds to the branch instruction. Using the tag, the branch instruction may be determined to be in a target address pattern table, and an index may be generated. A predicted target address for the branch instruction may be determined using the generated index and the largest ITTAGE table. Instructions associated with the predicted target address may be fetched.

This disclosure relates generally to computer systems and, more particularly, relates to Indirect Target TAgged GEometric (ITTAGE) target address prediction using a set of target address pattern data in a pipelined microprocessor architecture.
The amount of branch instructions used in microprocessor architectures is increasing. In computer architecture, a Target Address Predictor is a digital circuit that tries to guess the target address of an indirect branch before that branch gets executed. Address prediction plays a critical role in achieving high effective performance in most of the pipelined microprocessor architectures. The instruction fetch continues from the guessed target of the indirect branch is speculatively executed

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Indirect target tagged geometric branch prediction using a set of target address pattern data

International Business Machines Corporation


A method is provided to reduce inter-cell interference in mobile wireless systems, and particularly in TDD wireless systems. In an embodiment, a base station receives a pilot signal from at least one of the mobile terminals that it serves at a plurality of base station antennas, which include both main antennas and auxiliary antennas. In response, each of the base station antennas provides an output that is processed to obtain a set of precoding weights for a transmission from the main antennas. The processing includes nulling at least one interfering signal using the outputs from at least the auxiliary antennas.

In a typical mobile wireless multi-user system, a plurality of radio cells cover an extensive geographical area. A base station (BS) is centrally located within each cell. The BS receives and transmits data to those mobile user terminals, referred to hereinafter as "mobiles" or "mobile stations", that are located in the same cell as the BS.
However, signals transmitted by a given base station will propagate not only to the mobiles within its own cell, but also to mobiles in the neighboring cells. As a consequence, downlink transmissions from each base station will tend to create noise, referred to as "intercell interference," at the mobiles of neighboring cells. Similarly, signals transmitted by each mobile within a given cell will propagate not only to the base station serving that cell, but also to the base stations serving neighboring cells. As a consequence, uplink transmissions from each mobile will tend to create intercell interference at the base stations serving neighboring cells.
For example, FIG. 1 illustrates a portion of a cellular network in which downlink transmissions from the base station of Cell 1 interfere with mobile stations in Cell 2.
Intercell interference, as described above, is a major obstacle to increasing the rate of data transmission in modern wireless systems. In particular, intercell interference degrades the gains in transmission rate that can otherwise be made by employing multiple antennas at the base station. That is, the theoretical maximum feasible transmission rate on the downlink increases linearly with the number of base station antennas. However, the amount of intercell interference increases with the number of base station antennas in such a way that only a sublinear increase is achieved.

Multiple antenna method and apparatus for reducing inter-cell interference in multi-user wireless systems


The invention provides a device for press forming a sheet blank (5) of the type including a die formed by a pad (2) composed of an elastic material disposed in a retaining box (1), a lower blank holder (3) which rests on the upper part of the box (1) and on which the sheet blank (5) rests, structure for preforming the sheet blank (5) constituted by an outer slide (6) carrying an upper blank holder (6a), structure for forming the sheet blank (5) constituted by a central slide acting on a plunger (7) and, in the region of heating zones of the elastic pad (2), structure (20) for regulating the temperature of the elastic pad (2) in the course of the press forming of the sheet blank (5).

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a device for press forming a sheet blank on a forming die of elastic material.
2. Description of the Related Art
Devices for press forming sheet blanks are disclosed in FR-A-2 641 215 and FR-A-2 641 217 and are of the type comprising a pad or cushion of an elastic material which is disposed in a retaining box and on which rests a lower blank holder, means for preforming the sheet blank constituted by an outer slide carrying an upper blank holder, and means for finally forming said sheet blank constituted by a central slide acting on a plunger.
The pad of elastic material may be a composite support composed of a substantially parallelepipedic mass based on a silicone elastomer of low Shore hardness which may be covered on its upper face and on the whole or a part of its lateral faces with a relatively thin covering of a stronger and harder material.
In the course of the preforming stage, the upper blank holder applied on the peripheral part of the sheet blank causes the flow of the mass of the elastic pad for deforming the central part of said sheet blank while imparting thereto, at the end of the preforming stage, a surface substantially equal in area to the surface of the part to be obtained.
The descent of the plunger for the final shaping of the sheet blank results in a rise in pressure in the pad and a difference of volume in said pad between the preforming stage and the shaping stage which must be compensated for so as to avoid an increase in the pressure in the pad.
Indeed, this pressure increase is incompatible with the mechanical resistance of the presses employed.
For this purpose, the device disclosed in FR-A-2 641 217 comprises means for absorbing the excess volume of the pad relative to the volume defined by the surface of the finished part to be obtained.
These absorbing means are movable in the course of the final forming of the part and this movement is regulated by a regulating means constituted for example by a multi-blade brake or a spring, or a cylinder device.
This known device permits absorbing the large, constant and defined differences of volume in the course of the first cycle of the press for a given geometry of the parts to be formed and at a given temperature.
However, this device has the drawback of failing to resolve the problem of a progressive and even a slight increase in the volume of the pad.
This increase may be due to variations in the physical properties of the material of the pad, such as for example a continuous heating of several tens of degrees generated by the deformation of the pad under the effect of the upper blank holder whose travel may represent 20% of the uncompressed height of the pad during the production of parts at a very high rate of operation of the press, i.e. higher than around ten cycles per minute.
These variations in the physical properties of the material of the pad imply successive regulations of the press which lowers the production rates.
There is known from the French patent application No. 92 06 502 in the name of the applicant, a device for press forming sheet stock on a forming die of an elastic material which comprises second means for compensating for the excess volume of the pad due to variations in the physical properties of the material of said pad in the course of the preforming and final forming of the part.
These second means for compensating for the excess volume of the pad comprise, on one hand, at least one slidable element disposed in a chamber opening onto the pad retaining box and adapted to cooperate with said pad and, on the other hand, an element for regulating the displacement of the slidable element interposed between said slidable element and the bottom of said chamber.
Although this device permits a fine compensation of the excess volume of the pad, it requires a precise regulation and does not fully satisfy the law of variation of the pressure of the pad due to the variation in the temperature as a function of the number of cycles of operation of the press. An adjustment remains essential in the course of the mass-production forming of sheet blanks.


Apparatuses, methods, and systems of assigning codes are disclosed. One method includes selecting a plurality of available codes, grouping links of a wireless network into a plurality of groups based on connectivity of the links between sectors of the wireless network, characterizing interference between at least one link of a first group of the plurality of groups and at least one link of a second group of the plurality of groups, and assigning at least one code of the plurality of available codes to the first group and at least one other code of the plurality of available codes to the second group based on the characterizing of the interference.

Transmission and reception of communication packets between a node and another node of a wireless network can cause interfere with communication of other packets of between other nodes of the wireless network. Further, when many nodes of the wireless network transmit similarly constructed packets, the wireless network can be particularly susceptible to the effects of interference.
It is desirable to have methods apparatuses, and systems for assigning codes to sectors of nodes of a wireless network.


A process is provided for preparing alkanesulfonyl chlorides having 1-12 carbon atoms, in which the reaction of the corresponding alkanethiols and/or dialkyl disulfides with chlorine and water at a temperature of between -10.RTM. and +50.degree. C. is carried out in the desired alkanesulfonyl chloride as the reaction medium. The reaction can be carried out batchwise or continuously in a circulatory reactor, mixing of the reactants being effected by the hydrogen chloride formed in the reaction.

The invention relates to a process for preparing alkanesulfonyl chlorides by reacting alkanethiols and/or dialkyl disulfides with chlorine and water.
Alkanesulfonyl chlorides having 1-12 carbon atoms are used in large quantities as starting materials and intermediates for organic syntheses, for example of plant protection agents or photographic color developers. Various processes for their preparation, including preparation on an industrial scale, are known, and amongst these the synthesis from alkanethiols or dialkyl disulfides by reaction with chlorine and water is preferred. The disadvantages of this known, batchwise process are the as yet unsatisfactory yields, a purity of the reaction products which is insufficient for many applications, and the need to use mechanical stirring equipment.
In addition, a process for the continuous preparation of alkanesulfonyl chlorides, in which alkanethiols or dialkyl disulfides, in concentrated aqueous hydrochloric acid, are reacted with chlorine in a circulatory reactor, is known from German Offenlegungsschrift No. 1,811,768. The requisite intensive mixing of the reactants is in that case effected by the hydrogen chloride formed during the reaction. The alkanesulfonyl chloride, which is of greater specific gravity, separates out from the aqueous hydrochloric acid serving as the reaction medium as soon as the latter has become saturated therewith at the reaction temperature. To permit sufficiently rapid separating-out, a part of the hydrochloric acid saturated with the alkanesulfonyl chloride must be drawn off intermittently or continuously and replaced by water or fresh hydrochloric acid. Herein resides a substantial disadvantage of this known process, since some dissolved alkanesulfonyl chloride is drawn off with the hydrochloric acid and can only be isolated therefrom by an expensive work-up. In the preparation of methanesulfonyl chloride, about 10 percent by weight of the reaction medium drawn off is methanesulfonyl chloride. If such isolation is dispensed with, the yield, and hence also the economy of the process, is diminished. Furthermore, increased effort is then needed for detoxification, in the interest of protecting the environment.

Process for the preparation of alkanesulfonyl chlorides

Merck Patent Gesellschaft mit beschrankter Haftung


An electroslag remelting arrangement for remelting consumable electrodes into ingots, in which the ingot mold power connection is mounted beneath the mold upper edge on the ingot mold or on the mold floor, and is led away downwardly. The electrode current connection has at least two stationary bus bars which extend continuously from the connection point of the ingot mold to the maximum stroke height of the electrode feed device. The bus bars, moreover, run coaxially or quasi-coaxially with respect to the ingot mold, and are electrically connected to the consumable electrode by sliding contacts and connecting leads.

The invention relates to an electroslag remelting apparatus for remelting consumable electrodes to form ingots, said apparatus consisting of an ingot mold with a mold floor and a mold current connection, and a vertically movable electrode holder and feed device with an electrode current connection, the current connections being designed at least partly as straight busbars and forming an essentially coaxial or quasi-coaxial conducting arrangement with respect to the consumable electrode and ingot mold.
In electroslag remelting the melting power required to melt the electrode material is generated by the heating effect of the current in the slag bath. When using a single electrode the current flows from the electrode through the slag bath to the ingot. On account of the relatively high resistivity of the molten slag the desired current heating effect is mainly generated by the passage of the current through the slag. Electrical losses in the electrode and ingot are slight compared with the electrical power in the slag bath. Since a current can flow only in a closed electrically conducting circuit, a conducting loop containing the necessary power source must be present outside the electrode-slag-ingot arrangement.
Electroslag remelting is generally carried out with alternating current in order to eliminate the electrolytic effect of direct current. When operating an electroslag remelting apparatus with alternating current it must be ensured that the circuit does not have an inductive effect and that the electromagnetic stray fields are unable to heat the mechanical furnace parts. This effect becomes increasingly troublesome the greater the size of the apparatus since the currents that have to be used for larger ingot cross-sections are correspondingly higher. In order to eliminate this effect as far as possible, large-scale apparatuses are often operated with alternating current whose frequency is substantially below the mains frequency and is for example between 2 and 5 Hz. At such low frequencies the heating effect on the structural parts is very slight and in addition the inductivity of the current loop does not necessitate any additional measures in the largest apparatuses constructed hitherto. The current return conductors can be positioned far from the melting site so that no large currents can arise in the melt region between the current conductors. Such a melt power supply has the disadvantage however that costly frequency converters have to be employed.
To the extent that large ingots and large remelting apparatuses are also operated using mains frequency, the aforementioned conditions must be observed. It is for example absolutely essential to keep the inductivity of the whole furnace arrangement as low as possible since otherwise the bank of capacitors required to compensate for the reactive power (susceptance) would cancel out the cost advantages of the simpler power supply system. If the current return conductor is led very close along one side of the electrode, ingot mold and ingot, the transverse magnetic field due to the return current along the furnace axis is increased compared with the transverse field in an arrangement having a distant return conductor. This magnetic field has a disruptive effect on the electrode on account of the Lorenz force, which is dissipated by the return conductor. There may also be additional volume forces and flows in the slag bath. These physical effects can be avoided by a fully coaxial power supply arrangement, as is already generally known from high frequency techniques. The return conductor must enclose the electrode-slag-ingot arrangement as a tubular conductor. As regards the technical requirements, it is however sufficient to subdivide this tubular conductor into several, radially symmetrically divided individual current conductors. In the limiting case even two radially symmetrically arranged individual current conductors can still be regarded as a quasi-coaxial arrangement. Such an arrangement is sufficient for example to eliminate the disruptive forces acting on the electrode. The effect on the slag bath is also negligibly small with this same arrangement. In this connection there is also the beneficial effect resulting from the fact that the thick-walled ingot mold, which is generally made of copper, provides a lateral shield against the alternating magnetic field.
An electroslag remelting apparatus of the type described at the beginning is known for example from U.S. Pat. No. 3,684,001. In this apparatus the current return conductor is however in the form of a plurality of current ducts, i.e. is led quasi-coaxially, starting from the ingot mold floor via the upper mold edge to a swivellable furnace upper part on which the electrode feed device is mounted by means of an electrode holding rod, which is surrounded by an electrical sliding contact. The bifilar power supply terminates at the upper side of the furnace upper part and then passes into the afore-described coaxial system. In order to enable the furnace upper part to swivel it is necessary to provide releasable electrical couplings in the quasi-coaxial return conductors.
The known arrangement is consequently extremely tall, and its electrode length is roughly 1.5 times greater than that of the subject of the invention described hereinafter since in fact on account of the necessary construction principle the length of the electrode holding rod together with the pressure drive means arranged parallel thereto correspondingly increases the structural height. The arrangement of the return conductors also hinders access to the melt site. Replacement of electrodes is made more difficult and lateral movement of the ingot mold, for example onto a mold carriage, is quite impossible. The use of a sliding mold to produce long ingots in the manner of continuous casting leads to further structural problems, and the alternative use of a lowerable ingot mold floor necessitates additional sliding contacts; above all, replacement of an electrode is made so difficult that, using the known apparatus, it is a complicated and intricate matter to build up an ingot from a plurality of short consumable electrodes which are melted directly one after the other in the same ingot mold using a suitable electrode exchange mechanism. This disadvantage necessitates the use of extremely long consumable electodes, and accordingly the height of the apparatus is further unfortunately increased. The structural height of a remelting apparatus is always governed by the fact that either a correspondingly high remelting hall must be made available, or correspondingly expensive foundation work has to be carried out if the lower part of the remelting apparatus has to be arranged for example in a pit or depression.
The object of the invention is thus to provide an electroslag remelting apparatus of the type described at the beginning whose current paths run substantially coaxially and thus do not result in any interfering losses and damaging heating effects on structural parts, even when using mains frequency, and which at the same time guarantees good accessibility to the melt site for rapid replacement of the electrode and/or ingot mold, and which also has as small a structural height as possible.

Electroslag remelting apparatus with coaxial current paths


A method of processing data from a co-located hydrophone-geophone pair of seismic receivers of an ocean-bottom cable system. Ambient noise is obtained for the hydrophone and geophone. A relative noise signal is determined by finding the normalized difference between geophone and hydrophone noise signals. Geophone and hydrophone data signals are then scaled by an amount equal to the relative noise signal.

This invention relates to the art of seismic data processing of data obtained from co-located pressure sensor and particle velocity sensors. More particularly, the present invention relates to removal of ghosting caused by water-column reverberation with such data.
For many years, "dual sensors" or co-located hydrophones and geophones have been used in seismic bottom-cable applications (as used herein, the term "hydrophone" is a synonym for a pressure sensor and "geophone" is a synonym for a particle velocity detector). Many have used the differing properties between the hydrophone and a geophone to effect wavefield separation, wherein the upgoing wavefield on the two sensors is equal while the downgoing wavefield is opposite in polarity. Thus, by adding the wavefields, the downgoing wavefield is canceled and the upgoing wavefield is retained. For example, see Ruehle, U.S. Pat. No. 4,486,865, issued Dec. 4, 1984 to William Ruehle, and incorporated herein by reference; U.S. Pat. No. 4,979,150, issued to Frederick Barr on Dec. 18, 1990, also incorporated herein by reference; U.S. Pat. No. 5,163,028, issued to Frederick Barr, et al. on Nov. 10, 1992, incorporated herein by reference; U.S. Pat. No. 5,235,554, issued to Frederick Barr, et al. on Aug. 10, 1993, and incorporated herein by reference; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,365,492, issued to William Dragoset on Nov. 15, 1994, also incorporated herein by reference. As recognized in the above-cited references, the problem of "water-column reverberation" continues to cause problems in the use of co-located hydrophone-geophone pairs. Each has problems and use relatively complex methods for eliminating water-column reverberation and the imperfect coupling between the geophone and the seabed floor.
None of the above-references, however, succeed in true matching of the hydrophone and geophone signals. One attempt of reverberation elimination failed to recognize the inherent similarities of the wavelet. Another solution involved firing a "calibration" shot. This method was imperfect because it was sensitive to the position of the wave source relative to the receiver. In order for the calibration to be effective, the wave source must be positioned directly above the receiver. Such a position is practically difficult to obtain. A later method presents a solution to the positioning problem which arises from "calibration" of the wave source, but then failed to consider changes in geologic and ambient characteristics of the subsurface reflections.
Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to combine hydrophone and geophone signals while eliminating the errors found in previous attempts at eliminating water-column reverberation. It is also an object of the invention to avoid the need for making a calibration shot after the cable has been laid. Further, it is an object of the invention to observe water-column reverberation without the need for experimental observation that is subject to the position of the calibration shot relative to the hydrophone/geophone pair. Further still, it is an object of the invention to eliminate water-column reverberation in a manner that is not susceptible to changing reflections and coupling characteristics of the sea-floor.

Apparatus and method of calibrating vertical particle velocity detector and pressure detector in a sea-floor cable with in-situ passive monitoring


A smoker's pipe (10) has a section (22) which is rotatable relative to a section (66). A combustion chamber is formed by and between the two sections (22, 66). A tobacco holder (36) or a cigarette (C) is located within the pipe(10). A movable portion of a lighter unit (44) is moved axially inwardly of the pipe (10) while a mouthpiece (12) at the opposite end of the pipe (10) is within the user's mouth. This movement of the lighter unit part creates a flame (F) which is directed axially inwardly into the pipe bowl, to ignite the tobacco (T) within the tobacco holder (36) or a cigarette (C) in place of the tobacco holder (36). When it is desired to extinguish combustion, pipe section (22) is rotated relative to pipe section (66). This closes off air supply openings (16) and air supply passageways (42). The user can continue smoking the pipe (10) until combustion is completely extinguished.

Known smoker's pipes include a bowl in which tobacco is burned connected to a mouthpiece by a stem. Examples of pipes which can be found in the patent literature are U.S. Pat. No. 793,565; granted Jun. 27, 1905, to George G. Campbell; U.S. Pat. No. 1,336,233, granted Apr. 6, 1920, to James W. Ivory; U.S. Pat. No. 1,976,496, granted Oct. 9, 1934, to Samuel J. Harris; U.S. Pat. No. 2,467,002, granted Apr. 12, 1949, to Samuel L. Atkins; U.S. Pat. No. 2,549,727, granted Apr. 17, 1951, to John Van Toll; U.S. Pat. No. 3,882,876, granted May 13, 1975, to Edwin G. Covington; U.S. Pat. No. 4,276,892, granted Jul. 7, 1981, to Joseph Iaquinta and U.S. Pat. No. 4,774,970, granted Oct. 4, 1988, to Douglas W. Bell.
The objectives of Douglas W. Bell, set forth in his U.S. Pat. No. 4,774,970, are similar to my objectives but the smoking appliance or pipe disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,774,970 is quite different from my smoking appliance or pipe. U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,549,727; 3,882,876; 4,276,892 and 4,774,970 are relevant to my invention in a very limited way because each discloses building a tobacco lighter into a smoking pipe. However, none of the pipes disclosed by these patents bears any resemblance to my pipe.
A main object of the present invention is to provide a smoker's pipe having a combustion chamber which can be easily closed to atmospheric air for the purpose of quickly extinguishing combustion. Another object of the invention is to provide a pipe which can be used for short duration smoking in crowded areas with a minimum of smoke discharge into the atmosphere. A further object of my invention is to provide a pipe into which has been incorporated a commercially available lighter of a type which initiates combustion by a simple endwise push on the lighter body.


A trailer for transporting cylindrical bales includes a central frame portion and two side support members. The central frame portion defines two outwardly inclined upper surfaces for receiving the bales extending outwardly from a central apex. The side support members are pivotally mounted adjacent the sides of the central frame and in initial position provide two parallel V-shaped receptacles for two rows of bales. A third row of bales can be mounted on top of the first two rows in the V-shaped area therebetween. The side support members are latched in the transport position and can be released manually so the first one of the side support members pivots downwardly allowing the first and third rows of bales to be discharged. Subsequently the side support members on the other side is released allowing the second row to be discharged. The side support members can be pivoted inwardly to a highway width which automatically resets the latch mechanism.

Various designs of transport device for cylindrical bales have been provided previously. In one arrangement of transport device, there are provided on a trailer two parallel longitudinal receptacles. The bales are loaded from a front end of the receptacles and move rearwardly by pushing the bales longitudinally along the receptacles in end-to-end position. The bales are then discharged by pushing the bales beyond the end of the receptacles so they discharge from the end of the trailer.
An alternative design of bale transport device includes two parallel receptacles but in this case the receptacles are pivoted about a horizontal axis at the base of the receptacle so that in the first position the bales lie in two rows with the receptacles inclined slightly inwardly so the bales contact along a centre line of trailer. The discharge in this case is effected by pivoting the receptacles simultaneously outwardly about their respective horizontal axis so that each receptacle discharges to a respective side of the trailer. This type of transport unit has the advantage over the first type described above in that it is significantly less expensive and of a relatively simple construction and in some cases the device can be actuated by cable without the necessity for any hydraulic systems for providing power. This again therefore significantly decreases the cost of the product. However a device of this type cannot accommodate a third row of bales mounted upon the V-shaped area between the first two rows of bales since the third or upper row of bales would simply be dropped vertically downwardly onto the trailer as the bales in the first two rows are discharged outwardly. This system therefore limits the number of bales which can be transported and thus requires of course more transportation trips to transport a predetermined number of bales.
A third type of bale transporting device which is currently available simply includes an elongate beam of the trailer on which is mounted a plurality of separate receptacles each for receiving an individual bale. In this case the unloading of the bale is carried out in a simple manual manner by unlatching the receptacle and manually pivoting the receptacle about a horizontal axis to discharge the single bale. This device has the advantage that it is very simple and inexpensive but it requires significant manual effort and in addition the number of bales which can be transported is limited effectively to a single row.


A system and method for detecting hose abrasion are disclosed. In one aspect, a hose abrasion monitoring system includes a hose assembly a monitoring circuit. The hose assembly includes a hose having at least one conductive layer and at least one outer insulating cover overlaying the at least one conductive layer. The monitoring circuit is in electrical communication with the at least one conductive layer. Upon abrasion of the at least one outer cover to expose a portion of the at least one conductive layer, the monitoring circuit is configured to detect electrical continuity between the at least one conductive layer and a conductive component external to the hose.

High pressure reinforced hydraulic hose is typically used on a variety of fluid power operated machines, such as earth-moving machines, to provide a flexible connection between several moving parts of a hydraulic circuit employed on or within the machine. Such hoses may include a hollow polymeric inner tube on which successive cylindrical layers of reinforcing material, such as wire or textile, are concentrically applied to contain the radial and axial pressures developed within the inner tube.
Many applications are demanding hose constructions with both high burst strength and long term fatigue resistance. Using conventional technology, the burst strength of a hose design may be increased by adding additional reinforcing material and/or layers, a practice which is generally discouraged because of its negative impact on the flexibility of the hose, or by universally increasing the tensile strength of each layer of reinforcement material, which may come at the expense of hose fatigue resistance.
To determine the robustness of a hose design, a hose manufacturer typically performs, among other tests, an impulse test and a burst test on the hose. An impulse test measures a hose design's resistance to fatigue failure by cyclically subjecting the hose to hydraulic pressure. A burst test, on the other hand, is a destructive hydraulic test employed to determine the ultimate strength of a hose by uniformly increasing internal pressure until failure. Based on these and other tests, a manufacturer can estimate a hose life that can be used to determine when a hose has reached the end of its life and may require replacing.
In some circumstances, it is desirable to detect, in a non-destructive and non-disruptive manner a likelihood of failure of a hydraulic hose. One solution providing this capability is discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,555,936, and discloses connecting a monitor circuit between two parallel, at least partially-conductive layers of a hose wall. As noted in that patent, a change in an electrical property observed by that monitor circuit may indicate a change in a property of the hose wall structure that might indicate impending failure of the hose wall. However, such a structure with two parallel layers of a hose wall must be manufactured to a high tolerance, and is generally of a higher expense than may be warranted in some applications. For example, in the case where only abrasion is to be detected, an arrangement that monitors electrical characteristics of an inner layer of the hose is unnecessary. Furthermore, because abrasion failures represent a large number of the overall failures of a hydraulic hose (e.g., up to 80-90% of all failures), it may be important to account for abrasion-based failures, even where other types of failures are of less concern.

Abrasion monitoring system for hose assembly


The invention features a method for controlling storage of data in a plurality of storage devices each including storage blocks, for example, in a RAID array. The method includes receiving a plurality of write requests associated with data, and buffering the write requests. A file system defines a group of storage blocks, responsive to disk topology information. The group includes a plurality of storage blocks in each of the plurality of storage devices. Each data block of the data to be written is associated with a respective one of the storage blocks, for transmitting the association to the plurality of storage devices.

A computer system typically requires large amounts of secondary memory, such as that provided by a disk drive, to store information (e.g. data and/or application programs). As the performance of computers and associated processors has increased, disk drive performance has increased. For example, data and track density increases, magnetic media improvements, and greater numbers of heads and platters in a single disk drive result in higher data transfer rates.
Large disk drives can be very expensive, and thus lead to additional high costs when replacing a drive to obtain greater capacity or performance. Single drive systems can also have limited redundancy of stored data. Damage or replacement of a system can cause a temporary loss of access to storage services or a permanent loss of data.
Multiple drives can be coupled together in parallel to mitigate the disadvantages of single disk drive systems. Data files are broken into chunks that may be accessed simultaneously from multiple drives in parallel. One such system of combining disk drives in parallel is known as "redundant array of inexpensive/independent disks" (RAID). A RAID system can provide greater storage capacity than a large single disk drive system, but at lower cost, greater reliability and with high data transfer rates due to the parallelism of the array.
Blocks of data are written to a RAID system in the form of stripes, where a stripe includes one storage block on each disk drive in an array of disk drives in the system. Data blocks can be read simultaneously from each drive, to provide fast data accesses for large files. RAID systems also allow incremental increases in storage capacity through the addition of disk drives to the array. When a disk fails in the RAID system, it may be replaced without shutting down the entire system. Data on a failed disk may be recovered using error correction techniques.
A RAID system typically views its associated collection of disk drives as a collection of stripes in one or more groups of disk drives. A group of drives is commonly called a "RAID group". A stripe is typically implemented with a pre-defined geometry within a group. That is, each block in a stripe is located at the same offset (disk block number) relative to its disk.
RAID systems are typically defined in terms of six basic configurations, referred to as RAID level 0 through RAID level 5. Each RAID level has advantages and disadvantages. For example, in a RAID level 4 system, data comprising a plurality of blocks are stored on N data disks in a "stripe" of N storage blocks. RAID level 4 adds an extra parity disk drive containing error-correcting information for each stripe in the system.
Stripe writing presents conflicts for both file systems and disk drivers. File systems typically prefer to allocate space on a single drive for storage of related data, like that derived from a single file. This permits "read-ahead" behavior to reduce file access time by anticipating future requests. Disk drivers tend to be optimized to take advantage of the physics of disks, such as rotation rates and read/write head access times. Again, storage of related data blocks on the same disk drive is advantageous.
RAID systems tend to view disk storage blocks in terms of stripes, and handle write requests in terms of a stripe. Typically, data blocks are accumulated to create a single stripe write to reduce parity calculation overhead. When a RAID disk array manager processes stripe writes, related blocks of data can be scattered over multiple drives.

Method for writing contiguous arrays of stripes in a RAID storage system


A simulated rock includes a heating chamber containing a self-contained battery operated heater. Heating coils extend throughout the body of the simulated rock to heat its surfaces. The heating chamber is accessible through a removable lid and the simulated rock has an internal chamber providing safe shelter for an animal.

The present invention relates to a heated simulated rock for terrarium. In the prior art, it is known to provide a simulated heated rock for a terrarium. However, Applicant is unaware of any such device which includes all of the features and aspects of Applicant's invention.
In particular, Applicant is unaware of any such device which is completely self-contained not requiring any electrical cord. Commercially available heated simulated rocks are electrically powered using a cord which extends out of the terrarium. Animals routinely climb up the cord to escape. Furthermore, animals also chew on the cord causing danger of electrocution as well as creating potential and actual fire hazards. As such, a need has developed for such a device which does not provide such dangers of fire and electrocution.
In a further aspect, Applicant is unaware of any such device which provides the combination of a self-contained power supply with the provision of a chamber within the simulated rock designed to provide shelter and safety for an animal.


A method of fabricating a ridge-waveguide type semiconductor laser device having a large half-value width and a high kink level is provided. First, an effective refractive index difference Δn between an effective refractive index neff1 of the ridge and an effective refractive index neff2 of a portion on each of both sides of the ridge is taken as Δn=neff1−neff2, and a ridge width is taken as W. On such an assumption, constants “a”, “b”, “c”, and “d” of the following three equations are set on X-Y coordinates (X-axis: W, Y-axis: Δn) The first equation is expressed by Δn≦a×W+b, where “a” and “b” are constants determining a kink level. The second equation is expressed by W≧c, where “c” is a constant specifying a minimum ridge width at the time of formation of the ridge. The third equation is expressed by Δn≧d, where “d” is a constant specified by a desired half-width value θpara. Then at least either of a kind and a thickness of an insulating film, a thickness of an electrode film on the insulating film, and a kind and a thickness of a portion, located on each of both the sides of the ridge, of the upper cladding layer is set in such a manner that a combination of Δn and W satisfies the above three equations.

The present invention relates to a ridge-waveguide type semiconductor laser device, and particularly to a ridge-waveguide type semiconductor laser device having a large half-width value θpara of a far-field pattern (FFP) in a direction horizontal to a hetero-interface, and having a desired laser characteristic at the time of operation with a high power.
In semiconductor laser devices including long-wavelength GaAs or INP based semiconductor laser devices and short-wavelength nitride based III-V group compound semiconductor laser devices, a ridge-waveguide type semiconductor laser device has been often used in various applications for a reason of easy fabrication and the like.
A ridge-waveguide type semiconductor laser is one of index guided types configured such that an upper portion of an upper cladding layer and a contact layer are formed into a stripe-shaped ridge, and both sides of the ridge and portions, located on both sides of the ridge, of the upper cladding layer are covered with an insulating layer to form a current construction layer and also an effective refractive index difference is provided in the lateral direction, whereby a mode control is performed.
A configuration of a short-wavelength ridge-waveguide type nitride based III-V group compound semiconductor laser device (hereinafter, referred to as "nitride based semiconductor laser device") will be described with reference to FIG. 4. FIG. 4 is a sectional view showing a configuration of a nitride based semiconductor laser device.
Referring to FIG. 4, a nitride based semiconductor laser device 10 basically has a stacked structure in which a plurality of layers are stacked on a sapphire substrate 12 via a GaN buffer layer (not shown). The plurality of layers stacked on the sapphire substrate 12 are an n-GaN contact layer 14, an N—AlGaN (content of A1:8%) cladding layer 16 having a thickness of 1.0 μm, an n-GaN optical guide layer 18 having a thickness of 0.1 μm, an MQW (Multiple Quantum Well) active layer 20 of three well layers, a p-GaN optical guide layer 22 having a thickness of 0.1 μm, a p-(GaN:Mg/AlGaN)-SLS (strained-layer superlattice) cladding layer 24, and a p-GaN contact layer 26 having a thickness of 0.1 μm.
In this stacked structure, an upper portion of the p-cladding layer 24 and the p-contact layer 26 are formed as a stripe-shaped ridge 28. An upper portion of the n-contact layer 14, the n-cladding layer 16, the n-optical guide layer 18, the MQW active layer 20, the p-optical guide layer 22, and remaining layer portions 24a of the p-cladding layer 24 are formed as a mesa structure extending in the same direction as the extending direction of the ridge 28.
A ridge width W of the ridge 28 is typically set to 1.6 μm, a ridge height H is typically set to 0.6 μm, and a thickness T of each of the remaining layer portions 24a, located on both sides of the ridge 28, of the p-cladding layer 24 is typically set to 0.15 μm.
An insulating film 30 composed of an SiO2 film is formed on both side surfaces of the ridge 28 and the remaining layer portions 24a, located on both the sides of the ridge 28, of the p-cladding layer 24.
A p-side electrode 32 composed of a multi-layer metal film made from Pd/Pt/Au is formed on the insulating film 30 in such a manner as to be brought into contact with the p-contact layer 26 via a window formed in the insulating film 30. An n-side electrode 34 composed of a multi-layer metal film made from Ti/Pt/Au is formed on the n-contact layer 14.
By the way, along with the expanded applications of nitride based semiconductor laser devices, it has been required to increase a half-value width (hereinafter, referred to as "θpara") of a far-field pattern (FFP) in the direction being horizontal to a hetero interface of a resonance structure, and to keep a desired optical power-injected current characteristic up to a high power region by increasing a kink level.
For example, when used as a light source of an optical pickup, a nitride based semiconductor laser device has been required to have the half-value width θpara as large as 7° or more and a kink level as high as about 60 mW.
However, in the case of setting structure factors, such as a ridge width or a thickness of a remaining layer portion of an upper cladding layer, of a nitride based semiconductor laser device, any design criterion being necessary and sufficient to meet the above-described strict requirement has not been established.
For example, since a design range of a nitride based semiconductor laser device is very narrow, if the half-value width θpara of the far-field pattern (FFP) for an elliptic beam in a direction parallel to the hetero interface is set to 7° or more, then the kink characteristic may be degraded. Accordingly, it becomes very important to clarify such a design range.
While the problem of the related art has been described by example of a nitride based semiconductor laser device, a long-wavelength ridge-waveguide type semiconductor laser device, which is longer in oscillation wavelength than the nitride based semiconductor laser device, for example, a GaAs or InP based ridge-waveguide type semiconductor laser device has the same problem.

Semiconductor laser device and fabrication method thereof


A terrain awareness and warning system includes electronics for receiving radar returns and providing terrain and/or obstacle alerts or warnings in response to the radar returns. The electronics receives information from a database and the information is utilized to suppress false alerts or warnings.

The present application relates generally to the field of terrain avoidance systems. More specifically, the application relates to a terrain avoidance system that may suppress false alerts.
Terrain awareness systems, such as Terrain Awareness Warning Systems (TAWS), typically provide flight crews with information (e.g., alerts, warnings, displays of terrain data, etc.) related to detection of potentially hazardous terrain situations that pose or may pose a threat to the continued safe flight and landing of an aircraft and provide warnings or alerts in sufficient time for the flight crew to take effective action to prevent a controlled flight into terrain (CFIT). Terrain awareness systems generally have three alerting functions including a Ground Proximity Warning System (GPWS) alerting function, a Forward Looking Terrain Avoidance (FLTA) alerting function, and a Premature Descent Alerting (PDA) function.
Terrain awareness systems have been implemented using terrain elevation databases to support the FLTA alerting function. These systems look ahead of the aircraft's current position by using a terrain elevation database to determine if there is terrain in regions that would be potentially hazardous to the aircraft.
While not required by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) TAWS technical standard order, alerting for obstacles (e.g., man-made structures such as towers or buildings) that pose a hazard to the aircraft is often included in TAWS packages. Current TAWS packages tend to solely use obstacle databases to support this additional obstacle alerting function.
An alternative means of compliance with the FAA TAWS forward looking terrain alerting function requirements (which are currently defined in FAA Technical Standard Order (TSO) C115b) is a Radar-based TAWS (R-TAWS). Such a system uses airborne radar sensors (e.g., similar to the radar that is used for weather and windshear detection) to detect terrain and/or obstacles that are potentially hazardous to the aircraft rather than or in addition to using a database. However, this alternative method of detection that uses radar to detect terrain and/or obstacles in regions that may be hazardous to the aircraft may have difficulty achieving an acceptably low false detection rate.
What is needed is a method for reducing the false alert rate for the detection of hazardous terrain and/or obstacles in an R-TAWS. What is also needed is an improved R-TAWS that has a reduced rate of false alerts of terrain and/or obstacles.

Terrain awareness system with false alert suppression


An improved liquid crystal device is shown. The device comprises a pair of substrates, a liquid crystal layer disposed inbetween and a pair of electrodes formed on the opposed insides of the substrate for applying an electric field on the liquid crystal layer. Further a dielectric film is formed on a inside of the substrate of the device. In response to an electric field applied to the liquid crystal layer, an electric charge is accumulated on the dielectric film to enable the device to exhibit apparent coersive electric field.

In prior art, a liquid crystal device is comprised of a pair of substrates provided with a pair of electrodes on the insides thereof respectively and a pair of oriented films symmetrically provided on the opposed insides of the electrodes.
On the other hand, it is most impotant to have a sufficiently large coersive electric field Ec (threshold field) of liquid crystal, for active device structures of a liquid crystal device in which nonlinear elements are arranged in a matrix or a row. Under application of an electric field lower than the Ec, liquid crystal holds its initial state (transparent for example), but when applied with an electric field equal to or stronger than the Ec the liquid crystal is quickly reversed its state (opaque for example). Although an Ec exists both positive (Ec+) and negative (Ec-), the two are not necessary coincident in absolute value.
Such an Ec is faint in smectic liquid crystal, especially in chiral smectic C liquid crystal, so that the performance of a device using the liquid crystal is largely depend on the field strength and the pulse width of an applied pulsed electric field. Because of this, prior art employs for matrix display the existing method known as "AC bias method". Also in prior art a rewriting with a positive field is done by once applying a negative pulsed field and then applying a positive pulsed field which has the be finely controlled in strength and in time.
The bias method, however, requires a somewhat complicated peripheral circuit. In order to simplify the peripheral circuit, it is very important factor that liquid crystal employed has a steady and certain coercive electric field. In prior art some liquid crystal devices have been made with a rather certain coersive field by compromising the frequency characteristics or other performances.

Liquid crystal device with an apparent hysteresis

Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd.


A universal inline functional module for operation with nonzero average gain G≠0dB over a bandwidth is provided. The module includes at least one optical functional element producing loss over the bandwidth and at least one rare-earth doped fiber segment. The module produces a flat gain spectrum to within a specified tolerance when made to operate at an average gain of 0 dB over the bandwidth.

In current optical communication systems, signals are transmitted long distance using multiple wavelengths of light passing through optical fibers. Each optical carrier wavelength can be encoded with a unique set of information. The broader the optical bandwidth of the transmission system, the more information can be transmitted using more wavelength-division multiplexed (WDM) signals. Such WDM optical systems use optical fibers, which produce some level of optical loss, typically 0.15-0.3 dB/km. Additionally, components used in these systems to perform functions such as dispersion compensation or dynamic equalization add optical loss. In order to overcome these losses and maintain the optical signal to noise ratio (OSNR) of each channel, optical amplification is required periodically. Such optical amplification must be broadband, at least as broadband as the wavelength range of signals to be transmitted and its gain must be close to constant for all signal wavelengths (gain flat) so that all signals experience nearly the same gain. Additionally, the amplification must not add much noise to the amplified signal, as represented by a low amplifier noise figure (NF).
Unfortunately, the gain of most optical gain media is not flat across a wide range of optical wavelengths. However, flatness can be achieved using an optical filter, which is a device that creates a predetermined wavelength-dependent optical loss to perfectly compensate for any gain flatness error. Such a filter is typically placed within each amplifier to achieve gain flatness to some tolerance level. For most optical gain media, such a filter makes the gain flat at only one particular gain magnitude. So, a different filter is needed if the optical gain or output power level of the amplifier changes.
While optical gain is possible in many different gain media, in most current deployed optically amplified communication systems, the gain medium consists of erbium ions doped into a silica-based fiber. Such erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs), when provided with sufficient optical pump radiation from available pump diodes, can provide efficient low noise amplification at the low loss window of optical transmission fibers, namely near 1550 nm. EDFAs can produce gain across a 40 nm window from 1525-1565 nm (called the C-band) or can be designed differently to produce gain from 1565-1605 nm (called the L-band). In both bands, the gain is not adequately flat for most WDM optical communications systems without the inclusion of some filtering, and the shape of the gain varies with operating condition.
In most cases, optical systems contain a wide range of optical span lengths with a range of component losses, leading to an even wider range of optical losses. These must be compensated by EDFAs that achieve gain flatness for a wide dynamic range of optical gain levels. Such variation can be accommodated in several ways. The most direct way is to design a different custom amplifier, typically an EDFA, that is gain flat, produces a low NF and adequate output power for each prescribed operating gain point. Such an approach meets performance needs, but is expensive and requires a large inventory of EDFAs designed to different specification (often called design codes). A second approach is to add loss to every span to make all span losses equal and to emulate the maximum component loss ever present in a worst case span, hence requiring all amplifiers to be the same. Such an approach unnecessarily and often severely degrades the NF and/or power output of the EDFAs and the OSNR at the end of the system.
The third and prevailing approach to accommodate gain variation in optical amplifiers is to add a variable loss element, typically called a variable optical attenuator (VOA) within each amplifier at a location where it does not unnecessarily penalize the NF or power output. Such VOAs are commercially available and have been made using a variety of optical technology platforms. Using a VOA within an EDFA, the operating gain can be adjusted by changing both the pump power used and the loss setting of the VOA so that a low NF and gain flatness can be maintained for a range of gain levels and output powers. The range of gain levels (the dynamic range) that can be accommodated while still maintaining adequate performance (including a low NF, gain flatness, and required output power) by using such a VOA approach is typically less than 15 dB. Additionally, some of this dynamic range is often used to adjust for changes as the system ages, so that the useful dynamic range to adjust for link variations is typically less than 10 dB.
The usable dynamic range of an EDFA is often further reduced in order to accommodate a range of lossy component modules, known as dispersion compensation modules (DCMs). The loss of such modules, and the need for their use, depends on the bit rate of the system, the length of the span fibers and the type of transmission fiber used. Depending on the system design, as little as 3 dB of amplifier dynamic range might be available to accommodate span length variation, even when a VOA is included in each amplifier. This usually means that, even with a VOA in each EDFA, several EDFA codes are required to adjust for all possible system link scenarios.
Even further, systems designed to make different length links and to accommodate different types of traffic require even more EDFA codes. For example, most optical system vendors support different designs for long-haul (LH) systems that convey information up to 1000 km in point-to-point links, metro systems that send information around a ring like architecture of a few hundred km lengths and ultra-long-haul (ULH) systems that send information across transcontinental distances.
The proliferation of EDFA designs and unique incompatible optical modules is a great expense and reduces flexibility to accommodate future needs without large-scale redesigns. Accordingly, it would be desirable to design an optical system that does not require a large number of EDFA codes or unique optical modules.

Article comprising a multichannel optical amplified transmission system with functional upgrade capabilities and universal modules


Disclosed is a process for producing a grafted polycarbonate resin for optical use, which comprises adding to an aqueous suspension of an aromatic polycarbonate resin having radical-polymerizable unsaturated terminal group on a molecule wherein the aromatic polycarbonate resin has an average particle diameter of 0.1 to 5 mm and an apparent density of 0.2 to 0.9 g/cm.sup.3, a vinyl monomer and a radical-polymerization initiator, heating the aqueous suspension at a lower temperature by 5.degree. C. to 20.degree. C. than the decomposition temperature for a half-life period of 10 hours of the radical-polymerization initiator, thereby impregnating the polycarbonate resin with the vinyl monomer and the radical-polymerization initiator, then elevating the temperature to the range of from a lower temperature by 50.degree. C. to a higher temperature by 30.degree. C. than the decomposition temperature for a half-life period of 10 hours of the radical-polymerization initiator, thereby conducting a graft-polymerization reaction to obtain 90% by weight or more of conversion of vinyl monomer.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a process for producing a polycarbonate resin having good transparency and flowability, obtained by graft polymerization of an aromatic polycarbonate resin having at least one unsaturated terminal group with a vinyl monomer and provides a useful resin composition for optical uses such as optical discs, optical lenses and prisms.
2. Prior Art
So far known materials for optically transparent molded products include acrylic resin because of its distinguished characteristics such as good transparency and flowability and small birefringence [Japanese Patent Application Kokai(Laid-Open) No. 56-131654]. However, acrylic resin has a low heat resistance such as about 70.degree. C., a low impact resistance and a liability to warp due to moisture as disadvantages. To overcome these disadvantages it was proposed to use polycarbonate resin having a viscometric average molecular weight of 15,000 to 18,000 as molding materials for optical discs or lenses [Japanese Patent Application Kokai (Laid-open) No. 58-180553], but the proposed polycarbonate is not satisfactory in the flowability and still has a limit to its application.
To improve the flowability of polycarbonate resin, it was proposed to melt blend the polycarbonate resin with other thermoplastic resin such as polystyrene, polymethylmethacrylate, acrylonitrile-styrene copolymer (AS resin), maleic anhydride-styrene copolymer, etc., but it was difficult to make the sizes of dispersed particles less than 1 .mu.m due to the non-compatibility, resulting in optical un-uniformity. It was also proposed to use a vinylic monomer as a solvent for the polycarbonate resin and conduct bulk polymerization [Japanese Patent Application Kokai (Laid-open) No. 63-196612], where dispersed particles having sizes of less than 0.2 .mu.m could be obtained, but a larger amount of the solvent must be used, resulting in a costly disadvantage.
Moreover, Japanese Patent Application Kokai (Laid-open) Nos.54-117,555 and 53-31,796 disclose a process for producing a modified polycarbonate resin which comprises impregnating an aromatic polycarbonate resin with a vinyl monomer or a vinylidene monomer in an aqueous solvent to maintain an amount of free monomer to 50% by weight or below and then elevating the temperature of the aqueous dispersion liquid to polymerize the monomer. However, the thus obtained modified polycarbonate is insufficient for optical use.

Process for producing grafted polycarbonate resin


A mid-body which a cylindrical housing which defines a longitudinal axis and has an interior compartment. A guidance controller is housed within the mid-body for controlling flight. A plurality of wings are connected to the housing and each of the wings is movable into a deployed position to provide guidance during flight. The mid-body has an access window which facilitates communication between the interior compartment of the housing and an external environment. A normally door covers the access window, but when the door is moved, relative to the access window, into an open position, communication between the interior compartment and the external environment is established. An optical sensor is accommodated within the interior compartment and the optical sensor, once the door is moved relative to the access window, can view the external environment and supply data to the guidance controller for controlling operation of the plurality of wings during flight.

A mid-body seeker payload is known in which the seeker optics of the guidance system are retained within the mid-body and designed so as to protect them, as much as possible, from being damaged or obstructed, e.g., dirt, grime, soot, exhaust gases, heat, and flame that typically occur during normal deployment of missiles from a multi projectile magazine, such as those carried under the wings of aircraft or coupled to the exterior of helicopters. Currently, the seeker optics of such guidance systems are located in wings that are deployed after launch and designed to control the flight of the missile (see FIGS. 1 and 2). Each wing has an optical sensor of some type formed within the wing. While the projectile or missile is contained within the magazine, the wings are maintained in their retracted position at least partially accommodated within the mid-body of the missile.
Once the missile is fired or launched from the magazine, the wings are automatically deployed by a guidance controller and pivoted outwardly away from the body to facilitate guiding the missile during flight. Once the wings are deployed, the seeker optics supported thereby are moved in a position so as to provide observation the approaching area, e.g., ground, sky, target, etc. The four seeker optics communicate with a guidance controller and work in concert with one another to detect the location of an intended target to be struck. The guidance controller processes the optical images/signals received from the optics and, in turn, transmits guidance signals to the deployed guidance wings which are suitably controlled so as to guide the missile at the intended target.
Although such wing assemblies protect, to some degree, the optics from becoming damaged or partially or completely obstructed by dirt, grime, soot, exhaust gases, heat, and flame, such systems currently utilize four optical sensors, e.g., one accommodated within each wing and this, in turn, adds to the associated cost for the guidance control system. Moreover, as these optical sensors all continuously transmit data to the guidance control system sometimes it may be somewhat difficult for the guidance control system to determine which of the sensors is seeing what image. For example, which sensor or sensors is/are viewing the ground and/or intended target and which sensor or senses is/are viewing the sky.
Furthermore, the data from the optical sensors is processed under the assumption that the four optical sensors are aligned and constantly maintain this alignment throughout the entire flight of the missile. Misalignment is typically accounted for during a laboratory calibration of the sensors and this tends to introduce error into the reconstruction and degrade system performance. The structure of the wing assemblies is driven by the requirement to effectively become an optical bench operating at supersonic speeds. In addition, the optical sensor that is supported in each of the wings of an airframe, such as a missile, tends to introduce drag due to the additional wing thickness that is typically necessary for accommodating and/or protecting the optical system. The drag caused by the wings also compound the difficulties associated with accurately controlling the flight of the airframe.

BAE Systems Informaticn and Electronic Systems Integration Inc.


Disclosed herein is the use of N-(4-iodobenzoylamino)-5-ethyl-1,2,3,6-tetra-hydropyridine as a treatment for cancer.

According to the American Cancer Society, approximately 1,735,350 new cancer cases will be diagnosed and 609,640 cancer deaths in the United States this year. The problems to address are developing targeted therapies and overcoming drug resistances. The status quo as it pertains to tetrahydropyridines as a therapeutic target can be summarized as potential anti-inflammatory agents. Earlier work by Knaus (see, Knaus, E et al., (1976). Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry. 13: 1237) and co-workers indicated the synthesis of a series of N-(carbonylamino)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridines showed anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and hyperglycemic activities with no observed toxicities after preliminary pharmacological tests.

Use of N-(4-iodobenzoylamino)-5-ethyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine as a treatment for cancer


A method of image processing is provided. The method may include: determining a candidate tuple from at least two images that are taken at different times, wherein the candidate tuples are determined using at least odometry sensor information. The couple of subsequent images have been detected by a moving image sensor moved by a vehicle. The odometry sensor information is detected by a sensor moved by the vehicle. The method may further include classifying the candidate tuples into a static tuple or a dynamic tuple. The static tuple represents a static object within the couple of subsequent images, and the dynamic tuple represents a moving object within the couple of subsequent images.

Perception is an important component of Automatic Driving (AD) as well as for many real life applications and devices which need real time information about the occupation of a given space. Through perception, devices gain crucial information about empty spaces, occupied spaces and information about changes of the environment around the them. However, since the environment around devices may be very dynamic, it is essential for the perception process to be as fast and accurate as possible.
Image sensors, such as cameras, providing pictures of a given predetermined region may be an effective tool to detect features in the environment such as moving vehicles and obstacles. Also, pictures may be an effective tool to determine changes in the environment. But the extraction of relevant features to determine the changes tends to require a considerable amount of pictures and a considerable amount of time.

Method of image processing and image processing device


A narrow sputtering source and target which are designed to be installed in a series on a sputtering chamber. Each of the narrow sputtering source has length sufficient to traverse one direction of the sputtering zone, but is much narrower than the orthogonal direction of the sputtering zone. When the sputtering chamber performs a pass-by sputtering process, each of the narrow sputtering sources is sufficiently long to traverse the sputtering zone in the direction orthogonal to the substrate travel direction, but is much narrower than the sputtering zone in the direction of substrate travel. Several narrow sputtering sources are installed so as to traverse the entire sputtering zone in all directions.

1. Field
This application relates to systems for physical vapor deposition processing, such as sputtering systems used in the fabrication of solar cells, flat panel displays, touch screens, etc.
2. Related Art
Various systems are known in the art for fabricating semiconductor IC's, solar cells, touch screens, etc. The processes of these systems are conducted in vacuum and include, e.g., physical vapor deposition (PVD—also referred to as sputtering), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), ion implant, etch, etc. There are two basic approaches for such systems: single-substrate processing or batch processing. In single wafer processing, only a single substrate is present inside the chamber during processing. In batch processing several substrates are present inside the chamber during processing. In the fabrication of flat panel displays and other large substrates, even a single substrate may require a correspondingly large source, e.g., sputtering source and target. Similarly, a large source and target is needed when processing a batch of several smaller substrates simultaneously.
Large sputtering sources are complex and expensive to manufacture. They require complex design of magnetron, cooling system, etc. Also, due to their sheer size they are difficult to maintain. Moreover, the target becomes very expensive to manufacture and leads to underutilization due to the difficulties in uniformly sputtering from the entire surface of a large target. This increases the cost of ownership of such systems.

Narrow source for physical vapor deposition processing


3-(2-Phenethyl)-1-carbamoyloxypyridinium halide is an intermediate for the preparation of the antihistamine azatadine.

Aza-dibenzocycloheptenes are described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,326,924 as having antihistaminic, antiserotonin and antianaphylactic activity and as useful in the treatment of allergic disorders such as urticaria, seasonal rhinitis and pollen sensitivity. One of these compounds is azatadine which is represented by the following formula: ##STR1## This compound is an antihistamine used in treatment of colds. According to U.S. Pat. No. 3,326,924, the benzenoid portion of the aza dibenzocycloheptene nucleus may be substituted by substituents such as lower alkyl, halogen, trifluoromethyl, hydroxy and lower alkoxy. The intermediates and process of the present invention are useful in preparing azatadine as well as the substituted compounds.
In a process described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,326,924, 3-(2-phenethyl)-2-cyanopyridine is prepared by reacting 3-(2-phenethyl)pyridine-1-oxide with dimethylsulfate and then with aqueous sodium cyanide. A process to convert the cyanopyridine to an aza-dibenzocycloheptene by cyclizing to give the 5-keto-aza-dibenzocycloheptene, then reacting with a Grignard reagent. e.g., 1-methyl-4-piperidinyl magnesium chloride, to give a 5-(1-methyl-4-piperidinyl)aza-dibenzocycloheptene-5-ol, which is dehydrated to give the exocyclic 5-(1-methylpiperidylidenyl) compound, e.g., azatadine, is also described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,326,924.
It has been reported by Fife et al , Heterocycles 22:1121-4(1984) that 3-methyl-1-methoxypyridinium methylsulfate reacted with cyanide ion to give 3-methyl-2-cyanopyridine and "high percentages" of the 4-cyanopyridine isomer. In Table 1 on page 1122, Fife et al. reported that the 4 cyano compound was obtained in 69% yield and 3-methyl2-cyanopyridine was obtained in 24% yield.
Also, Fife et al., cited hereabove and Heterocycles 22:93-96(1984) reported the reaction of 3-methylpyridine- b 1-oxide with dimethyl-carbamoyl chloride to give 3-methyl-1-dimethylcarbamoyloxypyridinium chloride. Reaction of this pyridinium salt with potassium cyanide in water gave 3-methyl-2-cyanopyridine (89%) and the 6-isomer (11%);
A review entitled "Cyanation in the Pyridine Series Synthetic Applications of the Reissert-Henze and Related Reactions" by Fife et al., Heterocycles 35 22:2375 2394(1984) includes the cyanation of 3-methylpyridine-1-oxide using dimethylcarbamoyl chloride.
None of these references disclose a 3-(2-phenethyl)-1-carbamoyloxypyridinium halide intermediate.

Process for preparing intermediates for azatidine