A resonator package can comprise a microwave container which does not have to be tuned, such as an untuned waveguide, carrying an absorption cell and forming an optical path through its open end and the absorption cell and leading to a light detection means, and a microwave loop adjustably carried by the microwave container between the absorption cell and the light detection means. The microwave loop can be carried by a carrier slidably engaging a slot formed in the waveguide, and can be tuned by adjusting its position with respect to the adjacent face of the absorption cell. The resonator package can thus eliminate a microwave cavity and the need for the precise dimensions of a microwave cavity and the problems of separately tuning a microwave cavity and loop, and can permit smaller resonator assemblies without the use of dielectric loading and the use of a loop that also functions as a very simple and inexpensive microwave multiplier/mixer.

Atomic frequency standards generate and maintain a standard frequency output by using the transition between two well-defined energy levels of an atom and the associated precise transition frequency to control the frequency of a frequency generating means. The atomic transition between two energy levels is employed as a highly stable frequency reference to which the frequency of a variable frequency oscillator, such as a voltage controlled oscillator can be electronically locked. The high stability and relative insensitivity to environmental perturbations that is associated with an atomic reference frequency is transferred to the variable frequency oscillator.
Hydrogen, cesium and rubidium frequency standards have been used to provide atomic controlled oscillators and standard frequencies, usually 5 megahertz (MHz) or 10 MHz. Such frequency standards have usually employed a voltage controlled oscillator, a physics package and associated electronics in an effort to maintain an accurate and stable standard frequency on a long-term basis. The physics package and associated electronics have been used to slave the voltage controlled oscillator to the frequency of the atomic transition, thereby reducing the drifting due to aging and environmental effects.
As well known in the art, physics packages have included resonator assemblies formed with a microwave cavity tuned to the atomic transition frequency, a closed transparent cell of atomic gas in the microwave cavity, means to inject microwave energy developed from the frequency of the voltage controlled oscillator into the microwave cavity, and a photodetector in the microwave cavity. An atomic light source in the physics package directs light into the microwave cavity of the resonator assembly to excite atoms of the atomic gas in the cell, and the light detector in the microwave cavity senses the intensity of light from the atomic light source that transits the atomic gas.
In such atomic frequency standards, atoms in the resonator assembly undergo hyperfine transition within a very narrow range of frequencies. For example, the hyperfine transition frequency, frequently referred to as the "atomic transition frequency" of rubidium (Rb 87) gas is nominally 6,834,687,500 Hz (6.834 . . . GHz) and a typical physics package has an atomic bandwidth of about 800 to about 2000 Hz. In order to lock the voltage controlled oscillator to the atomic transition frequency with the resonator assembly and to maintain a substantially unvarying standard frequency with the atomic transition frequency, a frequency-modulated microwave interrogation frequency is synthesized from the output frequency of the voltage controlled oscillator and is injected into the microwave cavity of the resonator assembly. The atomic gas within the transparent cell of the resonator assembly is excited by the incident light, the intensity of which is sensed by a photodetector to provide a physics package electrical output signal. The energy of the frequency-modulated microwave interrogation frequency injected into the microwave cavity interacts with the atomic gas within the transparent cell and varies the intensity of the light passing through the atomic gas in a manner dependent upon the difference between the injected microwave interrogation frequency and the atomic transition frequency, and the variation in light intensity is detected by the photodetector. The physics package thus provides a frequency discriminating electrical output signal that can be used to control the frequency of the voltage controlled oscillator.
Frequency modulation of an interrogation microwave frequency, within the atomic bandwidth of the atomic transition frequency, is used to determine if the interrogation microwave carrier frequency (which is a function of the standard frequency) is higher or lower than the atomic transition frequency, and a corrective signal is generated to correct the frequency of the voltage controlled oscillator and to lock it to the atomic transition frequency.
The resonator assembly of the physics package is thus the heart of an atomic frequency standard, and substantial efforts have been directed by workers in the field to modify atomic frequency standard physics packages and resonator assemblies to improve their operating characteristics, to reduce their size and cost, and to improve their manufacturability without deleteriously affecting their operation.
The resonator assembly of one such physics package being manufactured and sold by Datum/Efratom Time and Frequency Products, Inc., is shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. The resonator assembly of the Efratom physics package includes a microwave cavity 100 defined by a body 100a, encompassing an absorption cell 110, and a cavity lid 100b, which carries a microwave loop 120, a tuning screw 130 for the microwave loop, and a light detector 140. The lid 100b for the microwave cavity 100 is usually tilted in forming the microwave cavity, as shown in FIG. 2, to tune the microwave cavity 100 for proper operation. The microwave loop 120 consists of a series combination of a feed-through capacitor 120a, a carbon resister 120b, step-recovery diode 120c, and the portion 120d of the lid 100b forming the microwave cavity 100. An approximate submultiple of the atomic transition frequency is supplied to the microwave loop 120 through the feed-through capacitor 120a by a microwave cable (not shown) from the frequency generator of the atomic frequency standard.
In manufacturing the microwave cavity 100 shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the microwave loop 120 and microwave cavity 100 are coarsely tuned by moving the lid 100b inside the microwave cavity body 100a, and fine tuning of the microwave loop 120 is accomplished by adjustment of the tuning screw 130. In such physics packages, the width of the microwave loop is generally greater than its height above the ground plane (i.e., the internal surface of the lid 100b), such microwave loops being typically about 0.290 inch wide and about 0.200 inch high. The advantage of this loop is that it also functions as a microwave multiplier and mixer using only three electronic components: a step recovery diode 120c, a capacitive feed-through 120a and a resistor 120b. It would be very difficult indeed to make a simpler or less expensive device that performs all of these functions simultaneously.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,405,905 to Busca, et al. discloses, as illustrated by FIG. 2 of Busca, et al., a physics package for an atomic frequency standard including excitation means comprising a microwave loop 5 which encircles an absorption cell 4 within the physics package to decrease the time constant of the physics package by broadening the width of the microwave absorption line of the absorption cell. The absorption cell 4 of Busca's disclosure has no buffer gas and includes a special absorption cell wall coating providing a "non-disorienting" layer. Busca, et al. state that the use of the cell-encircling microwave loop 5 permits the elimination of a microwave cavity and makes it possible to substantially reduce the volume of the absorption cell and to eliminate the necessity to tune the cavity and cell in the production of atomic frequency standards. The elimination of the microwave cavity is said to provide a variable phase (traveling wave) field in the absorption cell as contrasted with the constant phase (standing wave) field obtained with the use of microwave cavities.

Resonator package for atomic frequency standard


The invention relates to a stereoscopic video processing apparatus, method, and program that can reduce visual fatigue on watching a stereoscopic video. A scene change detecting unit (61) accumulates, in an internal buffer or the like, frames corresponding to a stereoscopic video for three seconds extracted from a stereoscopic video signal, and specifies a scene change frame. A parallax adjusting unit (62) acquires a frame that precedes the specified scene change frame by three seconds and a frame that lags behind the scene change frame by three seconds, based on a frame number for the scene change frame specified by the scene change detecting unit (61), and calculates a parallax coefficient α by specifying a maximum parallax value in the two frames. Thus, the value of the maximum parallax of a parallax plane is adjusted by using the parallax coefficient.

Humans stereoscopically recognize an object by using a difference (parallax) between an image caught by the right eye and an image caught by the left eye. The rotational movements of the eyeballs change the angle of vergence, and humans recognize this as a distance to an object. The angle of vergence is an angle formed by two line's of vision which cross each other.
When two two-dimensional images for the left eye and the right eye, which have a parallax therebetween, are prepared by using characteristics of the eyes of humans, and then separately projected on the left eye and the right eye, the distance to an object is deluded due to the angle of vergence. This gives humans stereoscopic perception. Here, the parallax is a difference between an image for the left eye and an image for the right eye.
An image obtained by displaying an image for the left eye and an image for the right eye is called a stereoscopic image. An image obtained by preparing a plurality of images for the left eye and a plurality of images for the right eye and continuously changing the prepared images is called a stereoscopic video. Moreover, an apparatus that can display the stereoscopic video is called a stereoscopic video display apparatus.
Further, a stereoscopic video display apparatus has been proposed which alternately displays images for the right eye and images for the left eye on a display in such a manner that a parallax exists therebetween by using shutter glasses in which a pair of left and right lens units is alternately switched between a perspective state and a light shielding state. This apparatus does not require a switching operation of the shutter glasses because the left and right lens units are controlled to be alternately switched between the perspective state and the light shielding state in synchronization with timing at which the images for the right eye and the images for the left eye are alternately switched (for example, refer to Patent Document 1).

Stereoscopic video processing apparatus, method, and program


A surgical instrument holder, adapted to be received and retained by an operating room table clamping apparatus is disclosed. The inventive holder is particularly suited for adjustably mounting and stabilizing a laparoscope, endoscope or similar instrument which has an elongated shaft. The holder comprises a clamping assembly mounted at one end of the holder for holding the shaft of the instrument. The clamping assembly includes a pair of movable jaws adapted for being closed about the shaft of the instrument. Means carried by another end of the holder for cooperating with the operating room table clamping apparatus are provided.

1. Field Of The Invention
The present invention relates generally to improvements in devices for supporting laparoscopes or similar surgical instruments and more particularly to support devices which will adequately secure the instrument without causing damage thereto.
2. Description Of The Prior Art
To lessen the number of personnel needed for a surgical procedure, a variety of support apparatus exists for holding instruments in the desired position to perform the procedure. For example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,867,404 to Harrington et al. and 4,573,452 to Greenberg disclose flexible holders for cytoscopes and laparoscopes, respectively. Additionally, U.S. Pat. No. 373,362 to Hamilton, U.S. Pat. No. 2,070,670 to Marshall and U.S. Pat. No. 3,810,462 to Szpur disclose a variety of surgical instrument support devices. The Marshall patent describes a clamp for holding a retractor having a spring 18 located on a screw 13 intermediate clamp jaws 10, 11 urging the clamp jaws apart. A handle 17 operates screw 13 to move the jaws thereby tightening or releasing the retractor. Hamilton discloses a clamp N for holding a speculum P comprising a pair of jaws which open and close by means of a tightening screw o. Spzur discloses a clamp head 28 for holding a retractor blade 26. An open space 54 is defined intermediate jaws 30, 31 to permit the blade handle 48 to pivot (FIG. 6). By tightening handle 52, the retractor blade is fixed in any desired position.
There are a number of mechanical arm devices in commercial use, which are designed to be secured to operating room tables and which fix surgical instruments or clamps for use by the surgeon. Such devices generally include one or more pivotable arms at one end and at the free end a specialized clamp, socket, tool, or instrument is provided. One such mechanical arm is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,143,652 to Meir et al and sold under the trademark IRON INTERN.RTM. by Automated Medical Corporation of New York, N.Y. Other mechanical arms, e.g., "MARTIN ARM" are also commercially available.
Laparoscopy is a method for direct visualization of intra-abdominal organs. A laparoscope is an elongated viewing apparatus usually comprising glass fibers for transmission of light. A lens and/or television camera may be attached at the viewing end. The laparoscope is usually introduced into the abdomen via a trocar cannula. The trocar cannula disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,654,030 to Moll et al. and sold under the trademark SURGIPORT.RTM. Disposable Surgical Trocar by United States Surgical Corporation of Norwalk, Conn. is representative of the type of disposable trocar cannula which may be employed with the holder of the present invention.
It is frequently necessary to remove the viewing apparatus from the abdomen in order to clean or defog the lens. When the viewing apparatus is reinserted into the abdomen via the trocar cannula, it is desirable that the precise repositioning be achieved so that the organs being examined remain in view. Otherwise, valuable time is lost when surgical personnel must reposition the laparoscope.
To permit manipulation or operation within the abdomen, one or more additional trocar cannulae may be inserted into the abdomen for the introduction of various instruments such as probes, grasping forceps, cautery devices, and the like. See, U.S. Pat. No. 4,112,932 to Chiulli for a description of laparoscopy and a laparoscopic cannula.
Laparoscopes in use today usually comprise an elongated tubular metal member. These metal tubes are usually very thin and therefore easily bent or crimped. Such bending can interfere with the viewing quality, thereby rendering the instrument permanently inoperative. Many types of trocar cannulae are similarly constructed of a thin metal. If these cannulae are bent while being held this can interfere with the passage of instruments therethrough. Alternatively, these cannulae may be made of plastic. This is to permit x-rays to pass through them, thereby permitting operative cholesystography to be performed. This plastic has insufficient strength to permit grasping for fixing in one position without deformation.
A key disadvantage of the prior art devices is that they are not suitable for securely gripping sensitive surgical instruments such as a laparoscopes, trocar cannulae, and other instruments used during laparoscopic surgery. The prior art devices often damage the instruments by exerting a clamping force which causes the walls of the instrument to buckle or bend or which damages the insulation.
Another disadvantage of the prior art devices is the fact that they are complex, bulky, and comprise a large number of interconnected or linking elements. As a result, the prior art holders are susceptible to slippage and other inadvertent movement that also interfere with the work of the surgeons and other personnel. As will be appreciated, even the slightest unwarranted movement during these surgical procedures can result in dire consequences.
Yet another disadvantage of the prior art devices is the fact that they usually must engage the laparoscope or other instrument prior to the instrument being introduced into the abdomen via the trocar cannula. This limits the manipulability of the instrument for positioning and the like. U.S. Pat. No. 4,573,452 to Greenberg is an example of one such device having this disadvantage.
Still another disadvantage of the prior art clamping devices is that they are not compatible with existing mechanical arms which are mounted to operating room tables, for holding surgical instruments in place.


A semiconductor device including a logic transistor, a non-volatile memory (NVM) cell and a contact etching stop layer (CESL) is shown. The CESL includes a first silicon nitride layer on the logic transistor but not on the NVM cell, a silicon oxide layer on the first silicon nitride layer and on the NVM cell, and a second silicon nitride layer disposed on the silicon oxide layer over the logic transistor and disposed on the silicon oxide layer on the NVM cell.

Field of Invention
This invention relates to an integrated circuit (IC), and particularly relates to a semiconductor device for a memory-including integrated circuit, and to a method for fabricating the same.
Description of Related Art
A non-volatile memory (NVM) or an NVM-embedded IC has logic transistors and flash memory cells therein. For the logic transistor and the NVM cell are different kinds of elements, they have different characteristics, and are difficult to integrate in a manner such that the requirements of both of them are met.
An example of such differences lies on the requirements on the contact etching stop layer (CESL), which is usually also given a function of applying stress to improve the performance of elements.

Method for fabricating semiconductor device


An IDE interface adapter is constructed to include a box, and a circuit board mounted in the box, the circuit board including a first connector having 36 pins for receiving the 36-pin connector of an IDE interface device, a second connector having 50 pins for receiving the 50-pin connector of a mobile rack, a first power adapter, and a selector switch connected in series to the first power adapter, wherein the selector switch is shifted to alternatively connect the second connector to the first connector or the first power adapter, enabling the second connector to receive a working voltage from the first connector or the first power adapter.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an IDE interface adapter, and more particularly to such an IDE interface adapter adapted to connect a 36-pin interface device to a 50-pin mobile rack.
2. Description of Related Art
Computer technology has been well developed nowadays. A variety of computer hardware and software devices have been disclosed, and have appeared on the market. For high mobility, a variety of mobile racks have been developed for use with a personal computer. A mobile rack comprises an IDE interface connector. Most IDE interface connectors for mobile racks are of 50-pin design for connection with the motherboard connector of a computer. A mobile rack has a front hole for the insertion of, for example, a hard disk driver, and a circuit board on the inside for signal transmission control.
Due to dimensional limitation, these mobile racks cannot be directly used with a notebook computer. In order to connect a computer peripheral apparatus to a notebook computer, an adapter, for example, PCMCIA to IDE, USB to IDE, print port to IDE, 1394 (fire wire) to IDE, or SCSI to IDE adapter means shall be used. However, it is inconvenient to use a particular IDE interface adapter to connect a particular peripheral apparatus to a notebook computer.
Therefore, there is a strong demand to have an IDE interface adapter, which enables any of a variety of mobile racks to be electrically connected to a notebook computer. When designing an IDE interface adapter, power circuit arrangement must be carefully considered. Because a regular 36-pin connector can provide 5V working voltage only, which does not fit all kinds of mobiles racks, for example, a 3.5xe2x80x3 hard disk driver requires 5V and 12V for normal working.
The present invention has been accomplished under the circumstances in view. According to one aspect of the present invention, the IDE interface adapter comprises a box, and a circuit board mounted in the box. The circuit board comprises a first connector having 36 pins for receiving the 36-pin connector of an IDE interface device, a second connector having 50 pins for receiving the 50-pin connector of a mobile rack, a first power adapter, and a selector switch connected in series to the first power adapter. The selector switch is shifted to alternatively connect the second connector to the first connector or the first power adapter, enabling the second connector to receive a working voltage from the first connector or the first power adapter.
According to another aspect of the present invention, the first power adapter provides two working voltages to said second connector.
According to still another aspect of the present invention, the circuit board further comprises a first indicator light, which is turned on when the second connector is electrically connected to the first connector or the first power adapter, and a second indicator light, which is turned on when the mobile rack which is connected to the second connector is in operation.

11F-2, No. 11, Lane 202, Jing-Shing Road, Wen-Shan DT


For the purification of the norbornene obtained by the reaction of dicyclopentadiene or cyclopentadiene and ethylene, the crude reaction mixture containing light impurities having boiling temperatures lower than that of norbornene; medium-heavy impurities having the boiling temperatures between that of norbornene and that of ethylnorbornene; and heavy impurities containing ethylnorbornene and compounds boiling higher than ethylnorbornene, boiling temperatures greater than that ethylnorbornene, a first distillation of the crude reaction mixture is carried out in a tailing column (C1), removing a portion of the heavy impurities and a portion of the medium-heavy impurities; then a second distillation of the crude mixture, thus tailed, is carried out in a topping column (C2), removing the light impurities; and a third distillation of the mixture, thus topped, is subsequently carried out in a tailing column (C3), removing the remainder of the heavy and medium-heavy impurities.

The present invention relates to a process for the purification of norbornene by distillation.
The synthesis of norbornene from dicyclopentadiene (DCPD) or cyclopentadiene (CPD) and ethylene gives a crude norbornene comprising impurities such as DCPD, dimethanooctahydronaphthalene (DMON), CPD and the like (these impurities will be described in more detail hereinbelow). The separation of these impurities from the norbornene is complicated because of the numerous equilibrium reactions existing between these products: any distillation of a crude synthetic product results in a reactive distillation.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,007,977 discloses a process for the purification of norbornene from a reaction mixture obtained by reaction of ethylene with CPD and DCPD, the said reaction mixture comprising unreacted CPD and norbornene. This process comprises the stages consisting in:
in a first fractionation region, fractionating the said reaction mixture in order to obtain, as intermediate fraction, norbornene with minor amounts of CPD and to discharge the DCPD from the said fractionation region;
in a second fractionation region, fractionating the said intermediate fraction into a top fraction comprising CPD and norbornene and into a fraction comprising essentially norbornene.
In accordance with this U.S. Pat. No. 3,007,977, recourse is thus had, for the purification of a crude product from the synthesis of norbornene, to a system based on two distillation columns; this system is a base system in which the norbornene is successively tailed and then topped.
However, the effectiveness of such a system is not very high because of the DCPD/CPD equilibrium. This is because the CPD formed in the first column during the heating of the charge is found in the top fraction. As the temperature of the second distillation column is lower, the reverse reaction results in a norbornene comprising residual heavy products, such as DCPD, DMON, and the like. Furthermore, the product obtained in this column bottom is coloured, which limits its applications.
French Patent Application FR-A-2,438,639 discloses a process for the manufacture of norbornene from the products of the reaction from the synthesis of norbornene between DCPD or CPD and ethylene:
in accordance with a first embodiment (illustrated by FIG. 1 of FR-A-2,438,639), the crude synthetic product is introduced into a first distillation column, the top product of which is, after condensation, reacted at 70xc2x0 C. with a mean residence time of one hour, in order to dimerize the CPD into DCPD, and is then reintroduced into the column. The mixture of the products which falls into the column bottom at 105xc2x0 C. is introduced into a second distillation column, the product comprising the norbornene being evaporated and all the heavy compounds being withdrawn as column bottom product;
in accordance with a second embodiment (illustrated by FIG. 2 of FR-A-2,438,639), the crude synthetic product is introduced into a first distillation column where, at 112xc2x0 C. and with a mean residence time of approximately 30 hours, a large portion of the product comprising the norbornene is evaporated, the heavy components, comprising a very high proportion of norbornene, being withdrawn as column bottom products. The top product is conveyed into a second distillation column where norbornene, still comprising dicyclopentadiene fractions, is obtained at the top and where norbornene of high purity is obtained at the bottom.
The disadvantage of the two systems described hereinabove, without topping, is the presence of light impurities, such as isoprene, resulting from the starting DCPD, which impurities are not separated from the norbornene. This presence of impurities necessitates the use of special grades of DCPD if it is desired to obtain norbornene of high purity.
In the processes according to U.S. Pat. No. 3,007,977 and FR-A-2,438,639, the purity obtained for the norbornene is a function not only of the reflux ratios and of the temperatures but also of the overall charge of the columns. This is because the monomerization of the DCPD is not immediate, so that the composition is also influenced by the residence times of the products in the columns.
An aim of the present invention is to provide a process for the purification of the norbornene by distillation which does not have any of the disadvantages of the processes of the prior art and which makes it possible to operate industrially for the production of a norbornene of satisfactory quality.
In accordance with the present invention, this aim is achieved, in other words a consistent quality of norbornene as far as possible free from residual heavy and light products can be obtained, without excessive loss of product, by a process involving three successive distillation columns.
The process according to the present invention for the purification of the norbornene obtained by the reaction of dicyclopentadiene or cyclopentadiene and ethylene, the crude reaction mixture comprising:
light impurities, the boiling temperatures of which are lower than that of norbornene;
medium-heavy impurities, the boiling temperatures of which are between that of norbornene and that of ethylnorbornene; and
heavy impurities, the boiling temperatures of which are greater than that of ethylnorbornene, the latter furthermore being included in the said heavy impurities, is characterized in that a first distillation of the crude reaction mixture is carried out in a tailing column (C1), removing a portion of the heavy impurities and a portion of the medium-heavy impurities; then a second distillation of the crude mixture, thus tailed, is carried out in a topping column (C2), removing the light impurities; and a third distillation of the mixture, thus topped, is subsequently carried out in a tailing column (C3), removing the remainder of the heavy and medium-heavy impurities.
Furthermore, the recombination of the cyclopentadiene to dicyclopentadiene, which begins in the tailing column (C1) and is continued in the topping column (C2), can be continued in a tank (R) interposed between the topping column (C2) and the second tailing column (C3).
In a particularly preferred way, the bottom flow from the second tailing column (C3) is recycled at the inlet of the first tailing column (C1).

Method for purifying norbornene by distillation


Anaerobic adhesive compositions, the reaction products of which demonstrate improved cure speed and bond strength are disclosed. A high percentage of ultimate bond strength is reached within the first hour of room temperature cure. Higher ultimate bond strengths as compared to conventional compositions are achieved. The anaerobic adhesive compositions incorporate an adhesion promoter which contributes to these properties.

This invention relates to anaerobic adhesive compositions, reaction products of which demonstrate enhanced cure speed and cure strength as compared to conventional anaerobic compositions. More particularly, the compositions of the present invention reach a high percentage of their final cure strength at room temperature cure in very short time periods, e.g., in about one hour or less.
Structural anaerobic adhesives are used in a wide variety of applications. Typically, curable monomers used in these applications have been tailored to provide the strength and toughness required for the application at hand. In addition to adequate cure strength and toughness properties, resistance to chemicals and temperature extremes, and the ability to cure rapidly are also properties often desired. Structural anaerobic adhesives are used for a number of important applications in the automotive industry, where production line efficiencies are important.
Adhesive bonding strength, which is among the most important properties of structural adhesives, is often difficult to achieve on coated substrate surfaces frequently encountered with automotive parts. Among the surfaces on which it is particularly difficult to obtain rapid, high strength bonding are those which have been coated with cured adhesive, paint and various other finishes or surface preparations common to the automotive industry. These coatings often times prevent direct contact between the substrate and the applied adhesive, thereby interfering with the bond intended to be formed therebetween. For example, coating of paints and epoxies on metal parts is common in the automotive industry. In one particular application, motor housings are electrostatically coated with epoxy resins in the production process. Motor magnets are then bonded to the cured epoxy coating using structural anaerobic adhesives, which are then expected to demonstrate sufficient bond strength to withstand the useful life of the motor. Current anaerobic structural adhesives require about 24 hours or longer to reach significant cure strength. This time delay is costly from a production standpoint. Additionally, the final cure strengths of most commercial anaerobic structural adhesives, while adequate for many applications, leave room for improvement both in final cure strength and, as noted above, in the speed in which cure strength is reached.
Those persons of ordinary skill in the art acknowledge that peroxides serve as a free radical generating source which initiate free radical curing of the polymerizable anaerobic adhesive monomer compositions. To increase the speed at which the free radical is generated, accelerators are employed in combination with the peroxides to enhance the speed at which the peroxide free radical is generated. In so doing, the cure speed of the anaerobic adhesive composition is increased. As anaerobic adhesive compositions have evolved, various combinations of peroxides and accelerators have been used. Recently, such compositions have employed a plurality of compounds as accelerators to serve as reducing agents for the peroxide to increase cure speed.
One approach to achieving accelerated cure speeds is to add accelerators to the anaerobic adhesive compositions.
Various accelerator compounds, such as tertiary amines, imides, polyamines, cyclicamines and arylamines, have been successfully included in anaerobic adhesive compositions to further increase cure speeds and completion of cure. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 3,041,322 (tertiaryamines), U.S. Pat. No. 3,046,282 (imides), U.S. Pat. No. 3,203,941 (polyamines), and U.S. Pat. No. 3,218,305 (cyclic and arylamines), all to Kriebel. These accelerators were generally used in amounts of about 0.05 up to about 20%, depending on the type of amine and amount of peroxide present in the anaerobic adhesive composition. While the use of accelerators tends to increase cure speed, it is believed to have little effect on increasing the ultimate bond strength.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,287,330 and 4,321,349 to Rich disclose anaerobic adhesive compositions which include a hydrazine accelerator, along with peroxides and amines in amounts previously referred to herein, to increase the cure speed of the anaerobic curing monomer. The hydrazines are disclosed as being useful in amounts of about 0.1-5% by weight.
Anaerobic adhesive compositions have also conventionally been used with primer compositions to speed their cure. On substrates such as stainless steel, zinc, dichromate, and cadmium, which are considered xe2x80x9cslowxe2x80x9d or relatively inactive materials for anaerobic cure, primer compositions have been considered necessary for quick fixture and cure times required of many applications.
The use of primer compositions requires an additional step prior to applying the anaerobic adhesive composition, which is often inconvenient and costly. Often the solvent used to carry the accelerator component in the primer is environmentally harmful and requires special handling and disposal. Moreover, ordinarily the user must wait until the solvent has evaporated before applying the adhesive.
Adhesion promoters have also been added to anaerobic adhesive compositions to improve adhesion. Typically, silanes have been used to modify the surface chemistry of filler materials. Cure speed is not usually affected by the use of silanes and increased bond strength, as opposed to better adhesion, does not always occur. Silanes often require heat to react with fillers and have handling problems due to rapid hydrolysis and polymerization in the presence of moisture.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,539,049 discloses aluminum zirconium metallo-organic complexes which are used as coupling agents. These complexes are used to modify the surfaces of particulates and fibers which are then added to resin materials to enhance physical properties. No express disclosure of specific resin materials is provided, nor is bond strength or acceleration of cure mentioned.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,656,703 to Costin et al. discloses using a metal di(meth)acrylate and a polyamine in a curable coating composition to obtain improved adhesion. No mention of cure speed, acceleration of completeness of cure or higher bond strength is made.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,916,184 to Clark discloses the use of specific initiator compounds, such as t-butyl peroxy maleic acid to achieve increased bond strengths of ethylenically unsaturated adhesive compositions. No mention of cure speed or rapid completeness of cure is made.
Chartwell International, Inc., Littleborough, Mass., markets a series of adhesion promoters under the trademark CHARTWELL. One particular adhesion promoter sold by this company, Chartwell B-545.1, is described by their publicly available data sheet (5/00) as being useful in conjunction with xe2x80x9cacrylate (meth)acrylate adhesives and sealants for improved adhesion to metals, concrete, wood and many plastics (oxygen containing polymers only) and ceramics. No disclosure or suggestion as to speed of cure, obtaining increased bond strength or reaching a greater percent of ultimate bond strength in the first hour is made.
Thus, although a variety of accelerator compositions and adhesion promoters have been employed to increase the cure speed of anaerobic adhesive compositions, achieving ultimate bond strengths in rapid time periods employing such accelerators have not been entirely successful.
It would be therefore desirable, to provide anaerobic compositions which provide high bond strength in an extremely rapid fashion, which readily reach a high percent of their ultimate bond strength and which bond well to surfaces, such as finished metal surfaces and plastics, to which bonding is traditionally difficult. The present invention provides compositions which achieve these and other advantages to be further disclosed herein.

Structural anaerobic adhesive compositions with improved cure speed and strength


A data processing apparatus for generating a desired color image by use of an easy user interface. The user interface includes a screen and an input apparatus having at least a pointer control apparatus. The pointer control apparatus is used for controlling the position of a pointer on the screen, coloring the pointer in a first color in response to the input apparatus, moving the pointer to a desired position on the screen in response to the pointer control apparatus, and changing the color of an area pointed by the pointer, in response to the input apparatus, into the color which is under the influence of the first color.

There are conventional methods for generating and displaying a color image on a screen in a data processing apparatus. Recently, the improvement in hardware has been enhanced to enable the display of a variety of colors on the screen. However, tile conventional user interface for painting an image in desired color has not yet been known. For example, Japanese PUPA (Published Unexamined Patent Application) No.3-25687 discloses a method for producing user's desired colors from a great many colors capable of being produced and displayed by hardware. However, the method needs the preparation of an image color block (a kind of palette) occupying most of the areas on a screen, and an operation of coloring an objective image in a desired colors on the screen after the desired color was produced by using the image color block, independently of an operation of producing the desired color.

Method and apparatus for coloring an image on a screen

International Business Machines Corporation


A disc brake assembly includes a rotor and a pair of friction elements which are engageable with the rotor to retard rotation of the latter. A support carries the rotor and movably disposes the pair of friction elements adjacent the rotor. An actuator is pivotally mounted on the support and is provided with a cam member to urge the pair of friction elements into engagement with the rotor as the actuator moves from a neutral position to a braking position. The actuator includes at least one friction pad which is engageable with the rotor to move the actuator from the neutral position to the braking position. An input member on the actuator is operated by a vehicle operator to control the engagement of the one friction pad with the rotor. The actuator rotates about its pivotal mounting on the support and in the direction of rotation of the rotor when it moves from the neutral position to the braking position. A frame includes a central opening for carrying the pair of friction elements and an extendible assembly is carried within the central opening by a lever. The lever is adjustable by the extendible assembly to control the position of the pair of friction elements relative to the rotor.

As is well known in the art, a disc brake assembly included a rotor which was rotatable with a wheel assembly. A pair of friction elements were engageable with the rotor to effectuate braking of the rotor. A caliper frame carried the pair of friction elements and an input lever or hydraulic motor was operable to move the pair of friction elements into engagement with the rotor. The hydraulic motor received pressurized fluid from a pressure source and a piston was movable in response to the pressurized fluid to move the pair of brake shoes into engagement with the rotor. When an input lever was used, the lever was positioned relative to the frame so as to create a fulcrum. Therefore, when the lever was moved by a vehicle operator, the fulcrum enabled the lever to move the pair of brake shoes into engagement with the rotor. Even with the fulcrum, the input force required of the vehicle operator was greater than desired.


A plate holder adapted to be connected in a mounting hole formed in a mounting plate, in which two holding plates are erected on a base perpendicularly in spaced relation to each other, and outside the holding plates are provided elastic non-return pieces adapted to be elastically retained in the mounting hole of the mounting plate. Such construction permits the plate holder to be used even where there is not much space below a plate to be held, used also as a guide rail and facilitates inspection.

(1) Field of Art
The present invention relates to a plate holder adapted to be attached to chassis of electronic devices, printed circuit boards and other mounting panels (together referred to hereinafter as "base plate") and hold a plate such as, a printed circuit board relative to the base plate.
(2) Prior Art
A plate holder adapted to be fitted in a mounting hole formed in a base plate and hold a printed circuit board or the like relative to the base plate has been filed as Japanese Utility Model Application No. 49445/83 by the applicant in the present case. In the plate holder of this prior application, two holding pieces are erected on a base in spaced relation to each other, while a columnar portion is formed projectingly on the lower surface of the base and elastic non-return pieces are formed on both sides of the columnar portion. The plate holder thus constructed is fitted in a mounting hole formed in a chassis, a panel or the like as a base plate through the elastic non-return pieces and a printed circuit board or the like is inserted between the holding pieces and thereby held in place.
However, such plate holder is not employable where there is not much space below a mounting panel or the like, because the elastic non-return pieces and the columnar portion are projecting at the lower portion of the plate holder. Moreover, in the case where a printed circuit board is to be inserted between the holding pieces while it is allowed to slide, using the plate holder as a guide rail, the printed circuit board must be held in a floating state when inserted between the holding pieces because the sliding surface projects from the panel surface by the thickness of the base. Thus, the working efficiency is poor. Further, where a printed circuit board is held in an upright state with its lower end alone inserted between the holding pieces, if its upper portion is now in a free state, a force which forces open the holding pieces will act on the holding pieces and cause them to open easily, thus resulting in that the printed circuit board is easily disengaged from the holding pieces.


What is disclosed is a system and method which reconstructs an N-pixel image of a scene such that Q pixel locations associated with identified regions of interest in a scene have a higher image quality when rendered relative to other pixels in the image. Acquisition and adaptive-quality compression are performed simultaneously by semi-synchronously or asynchronously temporally modulating an ordered set of sampling functions used to spatially modulate a pattern of light. The teachings hereof improve compression efficiency of a compressed sensing framework while improving encoding efficiency with respect to traditional compressed sensing techniques.

Compressed sensing is a relatively new area in the signal processing art where one measures a small number of non-adaptive linear combinations of a signal. These measurements are usually much smaller than the number of samples that define the signal. From the small numbers of measurements, the signal is reconstructed by a non-linear process which aims to reduce the overall complexity required by a large variety of measurement systems by introducing signal compression into the measurement process. Essentially, the theory behind compressed sensing is that sparse signal statistics can be recovered from a small number of measurements. The sparse nature of most signals of interest allows high-fidelity reconstructions to be made using a compressed sensing approach. Compressed sensing can be beneficial because it reduces the number of samples required to spatially and/or temporally reconstruct a given scene thereby enabling the use of inexpensive sensors with reduced spatial and/or temporal resolution in certain applications where complex sensors are otherwise used, while maintaining the quality of the reconstructed image of the scene. Compressed sensing also holds an advantage in fidelity over conventional camera systems due to detector noise issues that may affect measurements due to the limited radiometric efficiency of pixels in two-dimensional sensors. The present application provides a desirable extension to the prior compressed sensing system taught by Bernal et al.

Adaptive quality image reconstruction via a compressed sensing framework


A multi-stage traveling wave thermoacoustic engine is disclosed. A plurality of heat engine stages are formed as a toroidal spiral cascade of N stages inside a pressure vessel. Each stage feeds into the next stage such that all of the thermoacoustic power cycles past a common set of thermal interfaces multiple times with the single domed pressure vessel. The inventive thermoacoustic engine is simpler and cheaper to manufacture and more reliable due to the minimization of hot joints.

The invention relates generally to heat engines and more particularly to traveling wave thermoacoustic heat engines.
One application for thermoacoustic heat engines is powering satellites, particularly in deep space. While Earth-orbiting satellites typically use solar cells as an energy source, this is not available as satellites move farther from the Sun. Consequently, these satellites are powered by a radio-isotope heat source such as plutonium whose heat is converted into electricity via the thermoelectric effect. However, this system for generating electricity is not very efficient.
Thermoacoustic heat engines are a more efficient way to generate power from a heat source. In essence, a thermoacoustic heat engine consists of a tube filled with a gas. Applying heat at one end of the tube creates a heat differential along the length of the tube and induces sound waves which can be used to convert the heat into mechanical energy. Thermoacoustic heat engines can generally be classified as either resonant or traveling wave types.
A schematic of a representative traveling wave thermoacoustic heat engine is shown in FIG. 1. A sealed system filled with, for example, pressurized helium gas, includes a torus 100, a resonator 102 and a variable acoustic load 104. Torus 100 includes cold heat exchanger 106, regenerator 108 and hot heat exchanger 110. A sound wave is induced in the helium gas by creating a temperature difference across regenerator 108 by using cold heat exchanger 106 and hot heat exchanger 110. Thermal buffer tube 112 provides a thermal buffer between hot heat exchanger 110 and the cold side (114 and 116) by providing space for the heated helium gas to oscillate without reaching the cold side. A flow straightener and heat exchanger 114 suppress prevent certain types of gas flow and reduces heat loss thereby improving the thermal efficiency of the heat engine.
Torus 100 also includes a feedback inertance 116 which provides a path for the helium gas to flow through to compliance 118, jet pump 120 and finally back to cold heat exchanger 106. The configuration and volume of inertance 116 and compliance 118 are selected to control the phase of the traveling wave induced in the helium gas. Jet pump 120 is used to reduce gas streaming and thereby improve thermal efficiency.
FIG. 1 depicts a single stage thermoacoustic heat engine. The amount of acoustic power output per acoustic power input (the gain) per stage of a thermoacoustic heat engine is limited by the temperature ratio between the hot and cold ends of the regenerator. To increase the overall gain of the engine, single stage thermoacoustic heat engines are sometimes connected in series to form a multi-stage heat engine. However, prior art multi-stage engines are thermally and mechanically cumbersome, volumetrically inefficient, do not scale down well and are subject to high thermal stresses. This is due to the geometries used to expose the gaseous working fluid's acoustic power path multiple times to a common set of thermal interfaces. A folded loop topology has been used to provide a common set of thermal interface points, but it is very large and only works for a subclass of traveling wave heat engines.
Thus, a need exists for a multi-stage thermoacoustic engine with improved volumetric and thermal efficiency, better scalability and greater resistance to high thermal stresses.

Toroidal spiral cascading of multiple heat engine stages in traveling wave thermoacoustic engines


In fuel injection control, an injection pattern is determined by reading, from memory, an injection pattern appropriate to a current engine speed, desired torque, and a common rail pressure. Therefore, it is possible to form “an injection pattern for obtaining an appropriate combustion state,” irrespective of response delay in the common rail pressure. Since the injection pattern appropriate to the current engine speed, the desired torque, and the common rail pressure is read from the memory, data to create “an injection pattern for obtaining an appropriate combustion state” is taken in a one-step process of “map read.” Therefore, it is possible to reduce the calculation load, which is necessary for the injection control.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a common rail fuel injection device, and in particular, to control for determining an injection pattern for injecting fuel from an injector.
The injection pattern is composed of a plurality of injection factors, such as an injection quantity, injection timing, injection duration, the number of injections, an injection interval, a common rail pressure, and the like.
2. Description of the Related Art
In conventional control for determining an injection pattern, an ECU (an engine control unit) stores an injection quantity, injection start timing, the number of injections, and the like, which correspond to the information of an engine speed and engine desired torque (hereinafter called "desired torque"), as a compatible value. Herein, the desired torque is a desired value of engine power, which is calculated from a power index desired by a driver. A common rail fuel injection device is controlled by use of the following procedure so that the foregoing map data corresponds with an operating state.
In the conventional technology, by way of example, a common rail desired pressure PFIN (target pressure) is calculated, in addition to a pre-injection quantity Qp, a pre-interval Tp, main-injection start timing Tm, a main-injection quantity Qm, an after interval Ta, and an after-injection quantity Qa, as injection factors of the injection pattern, as shown in FIG. 1A.
A conventional control unit calculates a total injection quantity Qtotal on the basis of desired torque and an engine speed NE, and then individually calculates each injection factor (Qp, Tp, Tm, Qm, Ta, Qa, and PFIN) on the basis of the total injection quantity Qtotal and the engine speed NE. A conventional procedure for obtaining an injection pattern will be described with reference to the flowchart of FIG. 8 and a block diagram of FIG. 9.
Upon entering an injection control routine for obtaining an injection pattern (start), an operating state such as an engine speed NE, the degree of opening of an accelerator, and like is read in (step J1). Then, desired torque Treq is calculated from the engine speed NE, the degree of opening of the accelerator, and the like (step J2). Next, a total injection quantity Qtotal appropriate to the current engine speed NE and the desired torque Treq is read from memory, which stores various injection factor patterns based on the engine speed NE and the desired torque Treq (step J3).
In step J3, as shown in FIG. 9, four values of the total injection quantity Qtotal close to one another are searched through a map, appropriate to the current engine speed NE and the desired torque Treq. By interpolating the searched four values of the total injection quantity Qtotal with respect to four points, the total injection quantity Qtotal suited for the current engine speed NE and the desired torque Treq is calculated.
Then, a pre-injection quantity Qp appropriate to the current engine speed NE and the total injection quantity Qtotal is read from memory, which stores various injection factor patterns based on the engine speed NE and the total injection quantity Qtotal (step J4).
In step J4, as shown in FIG. 9, four values of the pre-injection quantity Qp close to one another are searched through a map, appropriate to the current engine speed NE and the total injection quantity Qtotal. By interpolating the searched four values of the pre-injection quantity Qp with respect to four points, the pre-injection quantity Qp suited for the current engine speed NE and the total injection quantity Qtotal is calculated.
Then, an after-injection quantity Qa appropriate to the current engine speed NE and the total injection quantity Qtotal is read from memory, which stores various injection factor patterns based on the engine speed NE and the total injection quantity Qtotal (step J5).
In step J5, as shown in FIG. 9, four values of the after-injection quantity Qa close to one another are searched through a map, appropriate to the current engine speed NE and the total injection quantity Qtotal. By interpolating the searched four values of the after-injection quantity Qa with respect to four points, the after-injection quantity Qa suited for the current engine speed NE and the total injection quantity Qtotal is calculated.
Then, a main injection start timing Tm appropriate to the current engine speed NE and the total injection quantity Qtotal is read from memory, which stores various injection factor patterns based on the engine speed NE and the total injection quantity Qtotal (step J6).
In step J6, as shown in FIG. 9, four values of the main-injection start timing Tm close to one another are searched through a map, appropriate to the current engine speed NE and the total injection quantity Qtotal. By interpolating the searched four values of the main injection start timing Tm with respect to four points, the main injection start timing Tm suited for the current engine speed NE and the total injection quantity Qtotal is calculated.
Then, pre-intervals Tp appropriate to the current engine speed NE and the total injection quantity Qtotal are read from memory, which stores various injection factor patterns based on the engine speed NE and the total injection quantity Qtotal (step J7).
In step J7, as shown in FIG. 9, the four pre-intervals Tp close to one another are searched through a map, appropriate to the current engine speed NE and the total injection quantity Qtotal. By interpolating the searched four pre-intervals Tp with respect to four points, the pre-interval Tp suited for the current engine speed NE and the total injection quantity Qtotal is calculated. Then, after-intervals Ta appropriate to the current engine speed NE and the total injection quantity Qtotal are read from memory, which stores various injection factor patterns based on the engine speed NE and the total injection quantity Qtotal (step J8).
In step J8, as shown in FIG. 9, the four after-intervals Ta close to one another are searched through a map appropriate to the current engine speed NE and the total injection quantity Qtotal. By interpolating the searched four after-intervals Ta with respect to four points, the after-interval Ta suited for the current engine speed NE and the total injection quantity Qtotal is calculated. Then, a main-injection quantity Qm appropriate to the current engine speed NE and the total injection quantity Qtotal is read from memory, which stores various injection factor patterns based on the engine speed NE and the total injection quantity Qtotal (step J9).
In step J9, as shown in FIG. 9, the main-injection quantity Qm may be calculated by subtracting the pre-injection quantity Qp and the after-injection quantity Qa calculated in steps J4 and J5, respectively, from the total injection quantity Qtotal calculated in step J3. Then, a common rail desired pressure PFIN appropriate to the current engine speed NE and the total injection quantity Qtotal is read from memory, which stores various injection factor patterns based on the engine speed NE and the total injection quantity Qtotal (step J10).
In step J10, as shown in FIG. 9, four values of the common rail desired pressure PFIN close to one another are searched through a map appropriate to the current engine speed NE and the total injection quantity Qtotal. By interpolating the searched four values of the common rail desired pressure PFIN with respect to four points, the common rail desired pressure PFIN suited for the current engine speed NE and the total injection quantity Qtotal is calculated.
Then, an injector is controlled on the basis of each injection factor (Qp, Tp, Tm, Qm, Ta, and Qa) calculated in each of steps J4 to J9 (step J11). Then, the discharge rate of a supply pump is controlled on the basis of the injector factor (the common rail desired pressure PFIN) calculated in step J10 and the current common rail pressure (step J12), and operation returns. Operation shown in the foregoing injection control routine is repeated injection-by-injection (refer to, for example, Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 2002-155783).
The conventional common rail fuel injection device gives excellent control ability for an engine, because the common rail fuel injection device can freely set each injection factor (injection quantity, injection timing, injection duration, the number of injections, interval, common rail pressure, and the like) of the injection pattern. In the common rail fuel injection device, optimal common rail pressure differs in accordance with the operating state of the engine. Therefore, when the operating state of the engine varies, it is necessary to make the common rail pressure follow the optimal pressure.
The pressure-rising response of the common rail pressure depends on the discharge rate of the supply pump, an amount of fuel consumption of the injector, and the like. The pressure-lowering response of the common rail pressure depends on an amount of overflow from a common rail to a fuel tank due to a pressure-reducing valve and the like, an amount of fuel consumption of the injector, and the like. Thus, there are limits to the pressure-rising response and the pressure-lowering response of the common rail pressure. Thus, delay in the response of the common rail pressure makes the injection pattern inappropriate.
An example will be described. In the case of full-throttle acceleration, it is desired to carry out injection with an injection pattern (refer to FIG. 1A) which corresponds to a common rail at high pressure. In the case of the full-throttle acceleration from idle, however, there is response delay in actual common rail pressure and hence the injection duration becomes long, as shown in FIG. 1B. Thus, since the terminal point of main injection shifts on the retarded side, emission and fuel efficiency become worse.
Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 2002-155783 mentioned above discloses a control technology for correcting injection timing in accordance with the common rail pressure. Of a plurality of the injection factors constituting the injection pattern, the invention of Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 2002-155783 can correct only the injection timing, but cannot optimize the other injection factors (injection quantity, injection duration, the number of injections, interval, common rail pressure, and the like).
In the conventional control for determining an injection pattern, as described above, each injection factor is individually determined. In each process for determining each injection factor, four values of the injection factor close to one another are searched through a map, appropriate to a current operating state. Then, the four searched values are interpolated with respect to four points, in order to calculate the injection factor suited for the current operating state of the engine. Therefore, a calculation load in the injection control, which requires high-speed calculation, becomes heavy.


A hinge mechanism for a motor vehicle seat allowing angular adjustment of a backrest relative to a seating portion. The hinge mechanism includes first and second hinge plates, a control member moving locking elements and biased to a locking position by first springs, and a drive shaft biased to a first rest position by second springs. The second springs are housed between the first and second hinge plates and are supported on the first plate.

Such a seat hinge mechanism is known from document FR2977205. However, in such a device, the spring which advantageously biases the drive shaft against an abutment, at a distance from the locking positions of the control cams in the hinge mechanisms, is external to the hinge mechanism itself.
The present invention is intended to improve seat hinge mechanisms, to render them more compact and more easily integrated while providing appropriate safety features and an impression of quality.

Angular adjustment device for a vehicle seat


In a feedback color control system for controlling the flows of two colorants used to color an article, a first error signal is generated as a function of deviations in the color saturation of the article from a desired saturation, and a second error signal is generated as a function of deviations in the hue of the article from a desired hue. The flows of the dyes are varied in the same sense in response to the first error signal and are varied in opposite senses in response to the second error signal.

This invention relates to a feedback color control system and, more particularly, to a system for controlling the simultaneous application of two dyes to a continuously formed material such as a web of paper.
Continuous process color control systems are known in the prior art. Generally, such systems use tristimulus colorimeters or similar instruments to measure the tristimulus values (red, green, and blue primary components) of the light reflected from a portion of the web or other material. Each of the red, green, and blue tristimulus signals is used to provide negative feedback individually to control an appropriate dye applicator located upstream from the measuring point. An example of such a system is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 3,389,265, issued to Schreckendgust.
Systems such as that described above are not universally applicable to any two dyes. If an attempt is made to control addition of a single dye by using a measured tristimulus variable, the variable chosen for control must be changed depending on the dye used. Direct use of the measured tristimulus variable for control of the addition of two dyes has proved impracticable.
I have provided a feedback color control system which overcomes the defects of color control systems pointed out hereinabove. My system may be used without change for one or two dye control. It can be used for any combination of two dyes regardless of color. It does not require detailed information about the optical properties of the component dyes. My system utilizes optical properties which correlate extremely well with visual color assessment.


A winch arrangement having a feed wheel for feeding a hauling line, such as a line through the winch. The wheel is driven in the feed direction by means of a reciprocatingly movable member, such as a pivotable lever. The lever is pivoted with the aid of the outgoing part of the line, by effecting a pumping movement therewith.

The present invention relates to a winch arrangement having a feed device for feeding a hauling line therethrough, said feed device being driven by a reciprocatingly movable drive means.
When lifting heavy loads or producing high-tension forces manually, for example when hauling in the sheets of a sailing boat, winches or a block-and-tackle are normally used today to amplify the force applied to the hauling line. Known winches, which are operated by means of a crank and lever arrangement, must be operated in the immediate vicinity of the winch. This is a distinct disadvantage in many cases, for example when such winches are used in small sailing boats for hauling in the sheets on the leeside. A block-and-tackle has the advantage over winches in this respect, in so much as a block-and-tackle can be operated by means of the outgoing part of the hauling line at a location which is remote from the actual block. A serious disadvantage with a block-and-tackle, however, is that the transmission ratio is fixed, which means that a relatively long length of line must be hauled in, in order to move the load through only a relatively short distance, even in the case of small loads. This disadvantage is extremely manifest when, for example, using a block-and-tackle for hauling in the main sheets of a sailing boat, when the jib moves from one side of the boat to the other when jibing.
The prime object of the present invention is to provide a winch arrangement which--inter alia aboard sailing boats--can replace both conventional winches and blocks-and-tackles and which can be operated at a location remote from the winch with the aid of the outgoing part of the hauling line, and which enables a small load to be hauled-in or lifted rapidly and provides a considerable amplication of the force applied when so desired, e.g. with an increased load, without requiring any adjustment to the winch itself. By "hauling line" is meant any form of lifting and lowering line or pulling line, such as organic and wire ropes, chains, etc.


The use of lime and sodium sulfide in leather making creates a lot of environmental concern. However, there is no commercial beam house process that could totally eliminate the use of lime and sodium sulfide. In this invention, a novel bio-chemical process has been standardized employing specific enzymes and non-toxic chemical that could totally eliminate the use of lime and sodium sulfide in leather processing. It has been found that the extent of hair removal and opening up of fiber bundles is comparable to that of the conventional limed leathers. Performance of the leathers is shown to be on par with conventionally leathers. The process also enjoys reduction in chemical oxygen demand and total solids load compared to conventional process.

Conventional leather processing involves four important operations, viz., pre-tanning, tanning, post tanning and finishing. It includes a combination of single and multi-step processes that employs as well as expels various biological, organic and inorganic materials as described by Germann (Science and Technology for Leather into the Next Millennium, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Ltd., New Delhi, p. 283, 1999). Beam house processes (liming and reliming) employ lime and sodium sulfide and purifies the skin matrix by the removal of hair, flesh and other unwanted materials. Various application methods include pit, paddle, drum and painting on flesh side. After this stage, the hide/skin is termed as pelt. Deliming, bating and pickling processes prepare the skin for subsequent tanning. Tanned skin matrix further retanned to gain substance, fatliquored to attain required softness and dyed to preferred shades.
Generally, liming-reliming process liquors contribute to 50-70% of the total biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) load from a tannery wastewater and 15-20% in the case of total solids (TS) load as reported by Aloy et al (Tannery and Pollution, Centre Technique Du Cuir: Lyon, France, 1976). Apart from this, a great deal of solid wastes containing lime sludge, fleshings, and hair are generated. The extensive use of sulfide bears unfavorable consequences on environment and the efficacy of effluent treatment plants as reported by Colleran et al (Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 67, 29, 1995).
Several lime and sulfide free liming methods have evolved during the past century. Bose and Dhar (Leather Science, 2, 140, 1955; 21, 39, 1974) have reviewed the use of enzymes such as proteolytic, amylolytic, etc from various sources namely animal, mold, bacterial and plant for dehairing hides and skins. However, these methods include the use of lime. Rosenbusch (Das Leder, 16, 237, 1965) has reported the use of chlorine dioxide for dehairing. Morera et al (Journal of the Society of Leather Technologists and Chemists, 81, 70, 1997) have studied the use of hydrogen peroxide in alkaline medium for dehairing by oxidation mechanism. However, the reduction in pollution load especially COD is not significant. Sehgal et al (Journal of the Society of Leather Technologists and Chemists, 80, 91, 1996) have developed a non-enzymatic sulfide free dehairing process using 1% nickel carbonate, 1% sodium hydroxide, 5% lime and kaolin along with water by painting. However, disposal or recovery of nickel compounds poses serious health problems. Schlosser et al (Journal of the Society of Leather Technologists and Chemists, 70, 163, 1986) have reported the use of lacto-bacillus based enzymes at acidic conditions for dehairing. This method leads to the solubilisation of collagen at the experimental conditions. Valeika et al (Journal of the Society of Leather Technologists and Chemists, 81, 65, 1997; 82, 95, 1998) have attempted to replace lime for dehairing using sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfide. They also found that the addition of salts such as sodium chloride, sodium sulfate, sodium formate or sodium hydrogen phosphate influence the extent of hair removal as well as opening up of the dermis structure. Commercial application of these methods is not popular in the global leather sector. Thanikaivelan et al (Journal of the Society of Leather Technologists and Chemists 84, 276, 2000) have developed a lime free enzymatic dehairing process along with reduced amount of sodium sulfide, which ensures complete dehairing within 18 hrs. However, enzyme-assisted lime-sulfide dehairing is being followed in some parts of the world. All the methods are applicable for only dehairing of skins/hides in leather processing. The dehaired pelts require fibre opening. Conventionally the fibre opening is obtained by treatment with lime through osmotic swelling.
Liming removes all the interfibrous materials especially proteoglycans and produces a system of fibres and fibrils of collagen which are clean as described by Campbell et al (Journal of American Leather Chemists Association, 68, 96, 1973). This is achieved by the alkali action as well as osmotic pressure built up in the skin matrix. Thanikaivelan et al (Environmental Science & Technology, 36, 4187, 2002) have successfully developed lime free fibre opening process employing x-amylase. However, no successful attempt has been made to eliminate lime and sodium sulfide completely in leather processing.
In our earlier application PCT/N03/00074, we have shown a novel process for an unhairing process using animal and/or herbal enzymes. The claimed process provides with a dime-sulphide free process for unhairing. The previously claimed method was restricted in the pH range of 4.0-10.0. In addition, the effect of use of silicate salt was not discussed and other parameters, which distinguishes our present work from the previous work. For example, identification and use of different enzymes and silicate salts for forming the paste and comparative study of the present invention with respect to the conventional lime-sulphide process. The present invention also makes an attempt to make a comparison between the quality of leather in the conventional method and present case.
Silicates have been widely used in various industrial applications for a long time. In leather manufacture, by contrast, the silica compounds have so far been of only minor importance. Wet-white tanning agent based on sodium aluminium silicate has been reported by Zauns and Kuhm (Journal of American Leather Chemists Association, 90, 177, 1995). Silicon dioxide based tanning system has been established by Fuchs and Kupfer (Journal of American Leather Chemists Association, 90, 164, 1995). Recently, Kanagaraj et al (Journal of American Leather Chemists Association, 95, 368, 2000) have developed a less salt preservation system based on silica gel and low amount of salt.

Dehairing and fiber opening process for complete elimination of lime and sodium sulfide

Council of Scientific and Industrial Research


An input buffer, for an asynchronous integrated memory circuit incorporating a memory circuit, including a latch circuit controlled by a write enable signal is disclosed. The input stage of the input buffer is connected to a pass gate, which is controlled by the write enable signal so that the pass gate is nonconductive when the write enable signal is active. The output of the pass gate is connected to an input of the latch circuit. The latch circuit is controlled by the write enable signal so that the signal present on the input of the latch is latched when the write enable signal is active. From an output of the latch circuit are obtained true and complementary signals, which are applied to outputs of the buffer circuit. As a result, when the write enable signal is active, the signal present on the input of the buffer is latched and presented to the outputs of the buffer, and the latch circuit is isolated from the input of the buffer until the write cycle is terminated.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates in general to integrated circuits, and more particularly to input buffers in memory circuits. Still more particularly, the present invention relates to address buffers.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Many modern integrated circuits are designed to perform their operations in response to input signals which are applied to terminals at relatively high frequencies and in an asynchronous or unclocked manner. One type of such integrated circuits is a static random access memory, commonly referred to as an asynchronous SRAM. Asynchronous SRAM's are designed to receive address values at address terminals, and to statically provide read or write access to the memory cells corresponding to the value of the address applied thereto. Accordingly, such asynchronous SRAM circuits are designed to quickly respond to the address value applied thereto, without relying on a clock signal indicating that the value at its address terminals is valid. In order to provide the performance benefits of internal dynamic operation, many modern asynchronous SRAMs include an address transition detection (ATD) circuit. The ATD circuit detects transitions at certain inputs to the SRAM, particularly the address terminals, and generates an internal signal responsive to detecting such a transition. The use of an ATD circuit allows the SRAM circuit to perform certain internal operations, such as precharging bit lines, deselecting sense amplifiers, and the like, after detection of the address transition, but before the decoders access the desired cell.
Address buffers are used, in conjunction with decoders, to select row or bit lines within a memory array during read and write operations. In particular, during a write cycle, an address value is applied and maintained to inputs of address terminals, and the input data bits are applied to data terminals of the memory. The write enable input of the SRAM is brought active to effect the write operation. The timing diagram of a typical write cycle is shown in FIG. 1. As can be seen, the address signals are setted at time t.sub.0 and must be held at same levels until the completion of write, for all the write cycle time t.sub.WC. Then, after a predetermined time, shown as setup time in FIG. 1, the write.sub.-- bar signal is brought low. This setup time is necessary to be sure that logic values at address inputs are valid and stable when the write signal is enabled. Analogously address values must be held at same levels for a hold time after the write.sub.-- bar signal returns high.
This timing, used in conventional asynchronous SRAM memories, can be a constraint for some systems (for example memory controllers and microprocessors) in which the requirement to maintain address signals for a long time can be a problem. Setup and hold times must be met which imposes more constraints on the system. Also, if the system operates in a noisy environment, the address signals may vary during the write cycle and cause an incorrect cell to be written. Indeed, it has been shown through testing, that the most critical operation mode that affects input levels is the write cycle, in which an unstable level can cause an incorrect cell to be written. Additional problems may also be caused by high frequency address transitions during a write operation, caused by noise at the address terminals of sufficient amplitude to cause a transition during such a write operation.
An example of an input buffer, designed to solve the problem of high frequency address transitions at the address terminals of a memory device is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,124,584, entitled Address buffer circuit with transition-based latching, assigned to SGS THOMSON Microelectronics Inc., and incorporated herein by this reference. An input buffer, which includes an address transition detection (ATD) circuit, is disclosed therein. The input stage of this input buffer is connected to a delay stage, and to a transition detection circuit. The output of the delay stage is connected to a pass gate, which is controlled by the output of the transition detection circuit; a latch is connected to the other side of the of the pass gate. The transition detection circuit produces a pulse responsive to a transition, and the pass gate is turned off during the length of the pulse, with the latch maintaining and presenting the state of the input prior to the transition. After the pulse is complete, the new value of the input signal is latched and presented to the circuit. Since the pass gate is turned off during the transition detection pulse, a short and spurious transition at the input terminal is isolated from the latch by the pass gate, and does not appear at the output of the input buffer circuit.
The input buffer of U.S. Pat. No. 5,124,584, while solving the problem of high frequency address transitions, incorporates a transition detection circuit; such circuit is quite complicated and requires, on the integrated circuit, a relatively large area in relation to the area of a conventional input buffer. Moreover this input buffer is not capable to recover from variations of the input signal longer then a limited time and not impulsive. System still needs to meet address setup and hold times and maintain stable addresses for the duration of the write.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide an input buffer for an asynchronous integrated memory circuit which is immune from any kind of transitions on its input during most part of a write cycle.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide control of the input buffers of an asynchronous integrated memory circuit in such a manner that timing constraints during a write cycle are greatly alleviated or eliminated.
Other objects and advantages of the present invention will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art having reference to the following specification together with its drawings.


A printing press washer with an elongated tray having a roller engaging wiper blade extending along a front edge for engaging the surface of the lower oscillating roller of an offset lithographic printer, a pair of hanging brackets having hanging hooks for hooking over a transverse tie bar below the ink fountain, and adjusting screws for engaging the frame of the machine for adjusting the wiper blade engagement and pressure on the lower oscillating ink roller of a printing press.

The present invention relates to printing presses and pertains particularly to a washer for the ink rollers of a lithographic press.
The rollers of a printing press must be periodically cleaned, particularly at the end of each workday. It is often necessary to clean the rollers more often, particularly when different colors of ink are to be used.
The typical approach to the cleaning of the rollers of small presses, such as the lithographic type, is by means of cleanup sheets. Cleanup sheets are absorbent sheets of paper similar to paper towels that are used to wipe ink from the rollers. The ink on the rollers is first softened by water or a suitable solvent and then wiped off with the cleanup sheets. This is a time consuming and dirty task, usually taking upwards of about forty-five minutes for the typical machine.
Accordingly, it is desirable that an improved method and apparatus be available for cleaning ink and the like from the rollers of a printing press.


A method for treating reverse osmosis concentrated water, comprises adding precipitant and oxidant to reverse osmosis concentrated water for treatment, filtering to obtain clear liquid, and adding catalyst for water treatment to clear liquid for catalytic oxidation to obtain a first-stage treated water. Optionally, the liquid may be subjected after catalytic oxidation to an adsorption treatment; performing reverse osmosis treatment on first-stage treated water to obtain second-stage reverse osmosis product water and second-stage reverse osmosis concentrated water; and adding oxidant to second-stage reverse osmosis concentrated water for oxidation treatment to obtain directly discharged effluent water. The obtaining of effluent water may further comprise subjecting liquid after oxidation treatment to adsorption treatment. The above method can recycle 75-85 wt % of water, and operates easily. Thereby, improvement to overall utilization rate of water, and treatment of little remaining water is met to effluent standard for reduction of environmental pollution and economic investment.

In recent years, with the rapid development of the petrochemical industry, water resource shortage has become a principle factor restricting China's economic and social development. Therefore, the water resource utilization has drawn more and more attention. Reverse osmosis not only can effectively remove inorganic salt ions in water, but also can remove colloids, bacteria, viruses, bacterial endotoxin and most of impurities such as organics and the like in water. Moreover, reverse osmosis has high system stability and low operating cost. Therefore, reverse osmosis becomes a main technical means for recycle of reclaimed water. However, after the reverse osmosis treatment, in addition to the water that can be reused, reverse osmosis concentrated water which is concentrated for 3-5 times (relative to the reclaimed water before the reverse osmosis) can be produced. The obtained reverse osmosis concentrated water has the following defects: higher dissolved organics content, high solution chromaticity, high salt content, and poor biodegradability.
The conventional treating methods of reverse osmosis concentrated water containing high COD use ozone, hydrogen peroxide and the like as an oxidant. It is oxidized under the action of catalyst, ultrasound and the like to degrade organics so as to meet the emission standards. CN 102040294 A discloses a method for treating reverse osmosis concentrated water by ozone and hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant with activated carbon adsorption, its oxidant dosage is large, and the running cost is relatively higher. CN 102153171 A discloses a method for treating reverse osmosis concentrated water by ozone catalytic oxidation, which causes secondary pollution due to aeration during the process, in which the offgas needs to be treated. CN 102633410 A discloses a method for treating reverse osmosis concentrated water by photocatalytic oxidation combined with biochemistry. Since the process thereof contains biochemistry, it is only suitable for reverse osmosis concentrated water with a lower salt content, and the effect of photocatalytic oxidation and biochemically reducing COD is poor, and it is not suitable for reverse osmosis concentrated water with higher COD. CN 103449635 A discloses a method of treating reverse osmosis concentrated water by Fenton oxidation process. The defects of the method lie in that Fenton oxidation process needs to be conducted under an acidic condition, pH needs to be adjusted in the process, a large amount of precipitation is produced in the process, and the treatment cost is high.
CN 102849879 A discloses a method for recovering part of water by electrodialysis after pre-treatment of reverse osmosis concentrated water, but no specific solution is provided for how to treat concentrated water produced by electrodialysis. CN 103723799 A and CN 104445788 A disclose that the reverse osmosis concentrated water is further processed by a combined process of ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis, and part of the water is recovered, the produced concentrated water is deeply concentrated by electrodialysis, and the fresh water produced in the concentration process is reused, the concentrated water is evaporated and crystallized. CN 104609610 A discloses that a reverse osmosis apparatus is used to recover part amount of water. The concentrated water is further concentrated by forward osmosis. The water produced by forward osmosis is reused, and the remaining trace amount of concentrated water is fed into an evaporation apparatus for treatment, and the purpose of zero discharge is finally achieved. The advantages of the above schemes lie in that reverse osmosis concentrated water is further recycled after treatment, so that the overall utilization rate of water is improved. However, no matter which one of the reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, and forward osmosis and the like is used, concentrated water with an extremely high salt concentration (salt content is 15-18 wt %) is produced, and further treatment by evaporation and crystallization is required. Due to the high salt content, the crystallizer is basically made of titanium, which requires high investments and operation costs. Multi-effect evaporation and mechanical vapor recompression (MVR) are two common evaporation crystallization techniques. Calculated on high-salt wastewater of 10 t/h, the multi-effect evaporation technology needs an investment of CNY 3 to 5 million and an operating cost of CNY 60-70 per ton; the MVR technology needs an investment of CNY 8-12 million and an operation cost of CNY 35-45 per ton. In view of the above, the bottleneck for widespread use of a near zero emission process for reverse osmosis concentrated water lies in the treatment of the high salt concentrated water which is obtained after desalination treatment and difficult to be treated. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a highly efficient and economical near zero emission process of reverse osmosis concentrated water.

Method for treating reverse osmosis concentrated water


A method and a related mobile terminal for data transmission include: establishing a direct communication connection to a second mobile terminal; transmitting first user data to the second mobile terminal through the direct communication connection; detecting the transmission status of first user data during the transmission of the first user data; accessing to a network-side storage device based on a determination that the transmission status detected is abnormal; sending a first storage request to the network-side storage device, wherein the first storage request includes second user data and the user identifier of the second mobile terminal, the second user data is a part of the first user data that is not transmitted to the second mobile terminal due to transmission abnormality.

Data transmission between terminals refers to: when data is transmitted between two or more terminals, the data may be subjected to various processing by a certain transmission protocol, such as format processing, packing or unpacking, and then the processed data is transmitted from a source terminal to a target terminal through one or more established transmission links. There are many kinds of ways to transmit data, for example, the terminals may transmit data through a network connection and instant messaging applications, and may also transmit data through Bluetooth®, infrared technology and so on. How to ensure that the data can be completely transmitted between two terminals during transmission process of various types of data becomes a hot issue in research.

Method for data transmission and mobile terminal

GUANGDONG OPPO MOBILE TELECOMMUNICATIONS CORP., LTD.


A microperfusion needle or fistula needle with a protective element comprises a first component comprising a cannula, a body rigidly joined to the cannula, and having grasping wings extending therefrom, a second component comprising an elongate body having a cavity for slidably receiving the first component between an operating position of the cannula and a safety position of the cannula, the elongate body having lateral slots for the grasping wings to extend therethrough, the grasping wings being suitable for elastically bending around and contacting opposed portions of the elongate body. The elongate body comprises two arrays of projections, which are contacted by the wings when bent. Opposed pairs of projections are designed to contact and mechanically interfere with the grasping wings when bent.

A microperfusion needle is a medical instrument having a body with opposed lateral wings which is associated, on one side, with a tubular element and on the other side with a hollow cannula in fluid communication with the tubular element and adapted to be inserted into a vein of a patient to draw blood from him/her or introduce medicaments into the vein.
A fistula needle is a medical instrument having a body with opposed lateral wings which is associated on one side with a hollow cannula adapted to draw blood from the vein of a patient, and on the other side with a tube that carries such blood to a device known as dialyzer which, after purifying the blood, re-injects the blood into the patient through another tube and another fistula needle.
With a (microperfusion or fistula) needle as mentioned above, as an operator removes the cannula from the vein he/she is known to be exposed to injury and contact with the blood of the patient. In view of preventing infection spreading, the body of the aforementioned needle is known to be associated with an elongate protective element having a cavity, and adapted to receive the cannula once it has been removed from the vein of the patient. Therefore an assembly is obtained, which comprises two components, a first component defined by the (microperfusion or fistula) needle, having the body with the wings and the cannula, and a second component defined by the protective element.
In operation, i.e. when the cannula is introduced into the vein, the cannula projects out of the protective element. The entire assembly is moved during such introduction into the vein, by an action on the wings of the first component; as the cannula is removed from the blood vessel, the entire microperfusion needle (or fistula needle) is caused to slide in the cavity of the second component until the cannula is entirely covered thereby, to avoid any accidental contact with the operator.
A number of embodiments of protective elements as mentioned above are known in the art, and usually include a tubular body (defining the aforementioned cavity), which is open at two opposite ends and has lateral slots through which the wings of the first component can move to allow the cannula to fit into the cavity. These lateral slots also comprise specially shaped portions, which are designed to retain the wings of the first component therein, when the entire cannula is inserted in the second component. Thus, when the first component has to be made safe, it will be locked with respect to the second component and the cannula will be safely prevented from being contacted by the operator. One example of these devices is disclosed in EP 2055344 by the Applicant hereof.
Nevertheless, prior art solutions are still affected by the possibility that, when the entire assembly has to be moved, e.g. when the cannula is introduced into the vein, the (microperfusion or fistula) needle of the first component will slide in the second component (the protective element) or anyway a translational movement of the first component relative to the second component will occur, which may cause accidental injury to both the operator and the patient.

Microperfusion needle or fistula needle with protective element


The present subject matter relates to systems and methods for arranging and controlling programmable combinations of tuning elements in which more than one form of switching technology is combined in a single array. Specifically, such an array can include one or more first switchable elements including a first switching technology (e.g., one or more solid-state-controlled devices) and one or more second switchable elements including a second switching technology that is different than the first switching technology (e.g., one or more micro-electro-mechanical capacitors). The one or more first switchable elements and the one or more second switchable elements can be configured, however, to deliver a combined variable reactance.

To achieve a variably controllable reactance (e.g., capacitance) for an electronic device, arrays of switched elements have been combined into banks to provide a summed programmable reactance. To date, these arrays have been implemented with a single switching technology and device design. This uniformity simplifies the technology development and is a good solution for many applications, but in some applications, such as tunable filters in particular, large tuning ranges are desirable in combination with fine tuning resolution. Achieving both of these results with a single design can require that the devices each provide only a very small reactance shift. To make such a configuration cost-effective for substantial total reactance, the devices would necessarily need to be physically very small. Each device has overhead area driven by the design rules of the process, however, and thus the total array size would increase for a given total tuning range. In addition, the added interconnect area would also increase parasitics and lower overall ratio, and power handling often does not scale well with size. As a result, large arrays of very small devices may not be a practical solution.
One alternative can be to scale only a subset of devices in the array to provide fine tuning. When using an array of micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) capacitors, for example, this configuration could provide a high performance solution, but such an arrangement would not be area efficient, as all capacitor bit values would have generally the same physical size. Even if the subset of devices were made physically smaller, having different MEMS mechanics makes achieving high process yield much more difficult.
As a result, it would be desirable for a configuration of an array of switched capacitors to provide a large tuning range in combination with a fine tuning resolution and to maintain high Q and/or linearity in the majority of the reactance, while avoiding the drawbacks of previous arrays configured to achieve such performance criteria.

Mixed-technology combination of programmable elements