The current process relates to the treatment of a primary sludge that is produced from waste water treatment facilities such as a pulp mill or a pulp and paper mills. It further relates to a process of using the primary sludge in the production of cellulosic ethanol. It further relates to the use of the treated primary sludge in the manufacture of recycled linerboard.

The present invention relates to the treatment of the primary sludge that is produced from waste water treatment facilities such as a pulp mill or a pulp and paper mill, wherein cellulose fibers are a significant portion of the solid waste. It further relates to a process of using the primary sludge resulting from the waste water in the production of cellulosic ethanol. It further relates to the use of the primary sludge in the manufacture of recycled linerboard.
The manufacture of paper involves blending, in water, a pulp material (generally cellulose fiber) with fillers, such as clay, and other additives to create a stock slurry mixture referred to herein as a pulp. The pulp is then processed through a papermaking machine to form a sheet. The water is then extracted from the sheet and the sheet is then pressed and dried, thereby forming a paper product. The extracted water or industrial effluent stream, contains an amount of waste solids, which is mostly fiber and filler material.
The industrial effluent stream containing these waste solids that cannot be directly recycled by, for example, paper mill "saveall" devices, are conveyed by the sewerage system to a waste water treatment plant facility. The industrial effluent stream goes through a series of operations depending on the particular set-up of the waste water treatment facility, to concentrate and dewater the waste solids producing a sludge. Ultimately, the industrial effluent stream is passed through a filter press, wherein the waste solids are concentrated into a primary sludge and the filtered waste water from the press is further processed in an aeration pond producing a secondary or bacteria activated sludge, containing biological waste and water that is fit for discharge or reuse.
However, the largest portion of this stream is the primary sludge produced from the waste water treatment plants. After dewatering, the solids are contained in a concentrated, typically 40%-60% solids sludge. The main components of this sludge are cellulosic fibers and filler material such as clays and silicates.
As mentioned above, the filtered water after separation from the primary sludge still contains dissolved or finely suspended organic matter which needs to be reduced in order for safe discharge. This stream is further treated in an activated sludge process and sent to an aeration pond. The secondary sludge which is the product of the biological process is usually disposed of in landfills. Some papermaking processes recycle primary sludge, however, in addition to issues with strength properties, paper sludge has been found to adversely affect sizing and cause size reversion.
"Sludge" is a generic term for the solid residue that results from pulp and papermaking. Sludge is typically produced at two steps in the process of treating the effluent water from the industrial facility. Primary sludge, containing most of the suspended solids in the effluent stream, is recovered by the first stage of the processing at the primary clarifier. Primary clarification is usually carried out by sedimentation or through a filter press, but can also be performed by dissolved air flotation. In sedimentation, the waste water to be treated is pumped into large settling tanks, with the solids being removed from the tank bottom. These solids can range from 1.5% to 6.5% depending on the characteristics of the material. The overflow, or clarified water, is passed on for secondary treatment.
If the industrial effluent is passed through a filter press the primary sludge is collected and the filtered effluent piped back into the process for secondary treatment.
The waste water resulting from the separation of the primary sludge usually contains dissolved organic materials as well as some portion of finely suspended solids. These need to be reduced or eliminated before the water stream can be safely discharged or reused. Secondary treatment is usually a biological process in which micro-organisms convert the waste to carbon dioxide and water while consuming oxygen. The resulting solids are then re-moved through clarification as in the primary treatment. The resulting secondary or biological sludge is sent to settling pond. In general, primary sludge is easier to dewater than the secondary or biological sludge resulting from the second stage. This secondary or biological sludge is typically sent to a landfill.
The paper industry currently uses several methods to dispose of the sludge that pulp and paper production generates, such as landspread in the summer when the fields are accessible and incinerate for steam production during the winter when steam demand is greater. Currently, most sludge produced by pulp mills or pulp and paper mills is dewatered and landfilled. These landfills can be industrial landfills that are constructed and operated by the mills or they can be independently owned, requiring the mills to pay a "tipping fee" for sludge disposal. Current landfills are reaching capacity and new ones are difficult to site and construct because of more stringent environmental requirements.
Some alternative processes, such as fluidized bed systems, seem to be more environmentally friendly. Microbiological treatment is still relatively new and is yet to be used on a large scale. Alternative uses for sludge ash, such as bricks and cement, are an excellent option if a user can be found near the mill and if long term contracts can be acquired. New products developed from pulp and paper mill sludge, however, need to have a market to make them economically feasible. It does not make sense to develop and create products for which there is no market.
Even though there are several applications where the cellulose fiber in the primary sludge can be used for economic benefit such as for ethanol production or for recycle cellulose products, the main impediment is that the fibers in the primary sludge are quickly degraded by biological agents present naturally in the system. This reduces the value of the fiber in the sludge. In order to mitigate the biodegradation of the fibers it is desirable to add a preservative to the effluent water prior to the separation. However, the preservative will also reside in the waste water after the separation process and thus reduce the potency of the biological agents in the secondary treatment step. Thus, it is desirable to have a preservative that will substantially reduce the biodegradation of the cellulose fibers in the primary sludgy without affecting the kinetics of COD reduction in the secondary biological treatment step of the waste water. While there have been attempts to treat the sludge using various compositions and processing techniques, there is still a need to find new processes and applications wherein the primary sludge can be used as a renewable source of new products, while maintaining the efficacy of the secondary treatment step

Method of treating cellulose containing waste water sludge for the manufacture of linerboard and cellulosic ethanol production


A semiconductor integrated circuit unit, suitable for the control of a motor, has an integrated structure within the same semiconductor substrate, comprising an inverter circuit, drive circuits for driving the switching elements of the inverter circuit, an internal power source circuit for supplying power to the drive circuits which drive the upper arm side of the inverter circuit, and a logical circuit for transmitting a signal to the drive circuits which drive the upper arm side of the inverter circuit.

The present invention relates to a semiconductor circuit unit, and more particularly to a semiconductor integrated circuit unit storing an inverter circuit and a drive circuit in the same semiconductor substrate.
A system for controlling a motor through an inverter circuit by receiving a power supply from a power source of 100 V or above has so far had such a configuration that the inverter circuit is structured by individual elements and its drive circuit is structured by an integrated circuit (hereinafter referred to as an IC), as discussed in the PESC '88 RECORD, April 1988, in Sections 1319 to 1323.
According to such a conventional technique as described above, however, there are following problems because the inverter circuit is structured by individual elements: (1) the inverter circuit is quite large; and (2) wiring between the individual elements of the inverter circuit and the driving IC is considerably long, thereby causing a high potential which subjects the inverter to a possible malfunction due to noise.


A block baling press has a bale chamber and a baling ram moveable in the bale chamber in an oscillating manner to compress bale material. An end face of the baling ram facing the bale material is divided into ram segments separated from one another by needle slots. At least a first needle slot is flanked by ram segments with a profiling transverse to the first needle slot. The profiling brings about a weaker compression of the bale material in an edge region of the ram segments adjacent to the first needle slot than in a region of the ram segments spaced apart from the first needle slot. Bales are obtained in which zones of high compression and low compression alternate across the width of the bale chamber. The bales are held together by twine placed around the zones having low compression.

The present invention relates to a baler used to press agricultural crop such as straw, hay or silage into cuboid bales.
Balers are known to comprise a bale chamber and a ram that moves in the bale chamber in an oscillating manner in order to compress bale material. Such a known baler is described in DE 10 2010 037 722 A1, for example.
In order to ensure that crop is compressed in such a bailer retains its bale shape upon exiting the bale chamber, the bales in the bale chamber must be wrapped with twine and the twine must be tied into a knot. While the bale is being produced, the twine tightens along the flanks of the bale and along the back side of the bale, which faces away from a baling ram. When the bale is finished, the twine also must be placed on the front side of the bale that faces the baling ram in order to be tied into a knot. To this end, it is known to provide the baling ram with so-called needle slots. Needle slots are open toward the bale and through which the needles, which guide the twine, are moved while the baling ram holds the bale under pressure.
Every time the baling ram is spaced apart from the front side of the newly created bale, new bale material is introduced into the bale chamber. Consequently, the bale becomes longer and the twine being drawn on the flanks and the back side of the bale must slip along the bale. The twine is thereby subjected to considerable loads with every compacting movement of the ram. If this causes the twine to tear or slip out of its holder, the bale cannot be knotted. The operation of the baler must be interrupted and the bale chamber must be emptied, which considerably lowers productivity. Although the risk of tearing is reduced by using stronger twine, using stronger twine increases costs. For that matter, the use of such strong twine makes it more difficult to subsequently cut open the bales. And in addition, the use of strong twine does not lower the risk of the twine being torn out of its holder during the compressing process.
Therefore, there is a need for a block baling press and a method for producing bales, with which a strong compression of the bale material can be achieved while also minimizing the risk of the twine tearing or slipping out of its holder.


A metal magnet 10 including a magnet body 12 and a coating layer 14 over the magnet body 12, in which the coating layer 14 has a Martens hardness of 2000 N/mm2 or more and an elastic resilience of 25% or less, and a motor including the metal magnet 10.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a metal magnet and a motor using the same.
2. Related Background Art
Metal magnets, such as a rare earth magnet, may face problems such as corrosion or abrasion, caused by the environment where they are used. Because of this, the metal magnets are provided with a coating layer to protect the surface. As the coating layers, various materials, such as a plated film or a resin film, can be used according to the use of the metal magnets and required characteristics.
For example, Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. H 9-7810 (hereinafter, referred to as Patent Document 1) proposes coating the surface of a magnet body by laminating a metal-plated layer having a low Vickers hardness and a metal coating layer having a higher Vickers hardness than the metal-plated layer in order to improve the corrosion resistance of an R—Fe—B based rare earth magnet (where R is a at least one kind of rare earth element that contains yttrium).


An antifreeze gel composition is provided which is particularly useful in preventing ice formation and in dissolving ice already formed in a cable conduit line. The composition includes a water soluble antifreeze agent such as an alkylene glycol, a thickening agent, and water. A two-part chemical duct block kit for use in a cable conduit is also provided which includes the above antifreeze gel composition containing additional alkylene glycol in a first container, and a solid absorbing agent powder for aqueous liquids in a second container. When the powder is added to the antifreeze composition, a solid composition is formed which can block liquids and gels from passing through a conduit.

Antifreeze and deicing fluids have been used for a number of years most notably in automotive engine systems and in deicing of aircraft. An antifreeze is a substance that is added to a liquid, usually water, to lower its freezing point. The largest single use of antifreeze is to protect liquid cooled internal combustion engines against freezing and consequent damage to the engine water jacket and the radiator. Various chemicals have been used in the past as antifreezes such as methanol, denatured ethanol, glycerol, calcium chloride, salt brines, and various glycols.
An acceptable antifreeze must satisfy many requirements. The most essential of these are the ability to lower the freezing point of water to the lowest winter operating temperatures likely to be encountered, satisfactory chemical stability and service, minimal effect on materials in contact with the antifreeze, and usefulness for at least one winter season. Although ethylene glycol is the most popular antifreeze today, several other substances are acceptable for special application.
Deicing chemical fluids are used chiefly for removing ice and frost from parked aircraft and from windows. The heated deicing chemical breaks the surface bonding of the ice which then can be readily removed by mechanical means, often by the force of the sprayed chemicals. Antiicing fluids are also used at airports after deicing has been completed to prevent subsequent ice formation on the cleaned surfaces. Antiicing is most often performed using a two-step procedure in which the aircraft is first deiced using a hot, high pressure fluid, and then antiiced using a cold fluid. Antiicing fluids serve to protect the cleaned surfaces from further accumulations of frozen deposits for a finite period of time.
Because of the time limited protection that deicing fluids provide, and because of the rapidly increasing air traffic and subsequent longer taxi times, thickened, non-Newtonian antiicing fluids are being used. These antiicing fluids contain glycols for freeze point depression, with added water, corrosion inhibitors, wetting agents, and stabilizers. These antiicing fluids also contain a polymeric thickening agent that gives the fluid its antiicing properties and which increases the fluid's viscosity, allowing the fluid to adhere to the aircraft surfaces.
In recent years, cable lines have been installed across the country to provide communication lines and data transmission. Such cable lines include fiber optic lines which are used for high speed communication by transmitting light pulses as high bit rate digital signals. Conduits containing such fiber optic lines often run along railroad beds and are exposed to ambient air temperatures on railroad bridges which cross over highways, rivers, etc. Another place fiber optic cables are installed is in old unused gas pipelines. When installed in such old pipelines, fiber optic conduits are also exposed to ambient temperatures at stream crossings and other exposed areas.
It has been found that fiber optic lines show increased attenuation (signal degradation) during cold weather, limiting their ability to send high bit rate digital signals. During cold weather, ice forms in the water contaminated cable conduit lines which are exposed to subfreezing temperatures such as on railroad bridges over highways. The ice exerts pressure on the cable, causing microbending and increased attenuation of the fiber optic signal. It has been found that this phenomenon is reversible in that the fiber optic cable lines usually return to their normal attenuation when temperatures return to above freezing.
Several approaches have been tried to prevent water ingress and ice formation in cable conduits. Two-part liquid rubbers have been pumped into the conduits where they cure to form a water barrier. However, this procedure is very expensive and variations in cure and thickening rates make fill distances hard to control. Also, curable water impervious materials can actually trap existing ice against the cable by flowing and curing around it. Various water repellent greases have also been used which are heated, liquified, and pumped into the cable conduit. However, such materials are generally not compatible with cable jackets over the long term, are environmentally undesirable on leakage into the soil, and are difficult to control in their gelling times and behavior with existing ice and water in the conduit.
Therefore, the need exists for a composition which stays in a cable conduit and surrounds a cable therein, which does not adversely affect cable jackets or the environment, and which prevents ice formation from both water ingress and existing ice and water in the conduit.

Antifreeze gel composition for use in a cable conduit


A method for increasing the dynamic range of the receiver/control unit of an alarm system. The alarm system comprises the receiver/control unit, the receiver comprising at least one antenna apparatus and apparatus for switching the antenna apparatus. The control unit, or processing apparatus, comprises signal detection apparatus and apparatus for controlling the antenna apparatus switching. The method comprises the steps of selecting an input to the receiver, wherein the input maybe an output of one or more antenna apparatus or no antenna apparatus, and detecting the presence of a signal. The basis of the apparatus alarm system is the selection of no antenna, which causes the receiver to be approximately 12 dB less sensitive. The switching of the antenna apparatus is preferably accomplished by processor control of switching diodes. This allows the receiver to detect signals from remote transmitting devices located nearby without saturating the receiver, thereby increasing the dynamic range of the receiver/control unit.

The present invention relates to alarm systems having multiple remote devices in communications with a receiver/control unit wherein the receiver/control unit comprises one or more antennas; and in particular to such alarm systems wherein the receiver sensitivity is modified to increase the dynamic range of the receiver.
Contemporary radio frequency (RF) wireless security systems, such as those utilizing the ADEMCO 4281 or 5881 receiver, often use receiver antenna diversity for improving reception by counteracting the negative effects of multipath signal fading. The information transmitted from remote devices, which typically describes the state of various sensors, such as smoke, motion, breaking glass, shock and vibration detectors; door, window and floor mat switches; etc, comes from many different locations. In order to receive signals from transmitters at the maximum range, signals from transmitters at close proximity often saturate the receiver.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a low cost method and system for increasing the dynamic range of a fixed gain receiver/control unit.

Wireless communication system with increased dynamic range


A flow control valve having a piston and valve element connected together by a portion of a spring also connected to a pressure relief mechanism. Also disclosed is an alternative embodiment featuring a passage delivering metered flow from an input passage to a low pressure end of a piston and then through a pressure sensing means from the low pressure chamber to an output passage. A valving sub-assembly is movable to substantially suppress the flow rate ripple by bypassing a dominant portion of the flow rate ripple.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to flow control devices for hydraulic pumps and, more particularly, to enhancing the stability of flow control devices used in controlling the output of hydraulic pumps in power steering systems.
2. Description of the Prior Art
It is known in power steering circuits to control the output of the hydraulic pump with a flow control sub-assembly. Sub-assemblies and pumps of this type are produced by Saginaw Division of General Motors of Saginaw, Mich.; Ford Motor Co. of Dearborn, Mich.; and Honda Motor Co. of Japan. In the flow control sub-assembly, hydraulic flow is controlled by a piston which moves reciprocally in a flow control output cylinder to open and close a bypass hole. Hydraulic flow is delivered from the pump to an output chamber formed between a high pressure end of the piston in the flow control output cylinder and a pump output fitting. Fluid from the output chamber passes through a venturi in the flow control output fitting and on to the power steering system. The flow passing through the venturi is at a reduced pressure from the pressure in the output chamber. A pressure sensing orifice in the output fitting measures the reduced pressure in the venturi and delivers the pressure through passages in the housing to a low pressure chamber formed in the bore at an opposite end of the piston. A compression spring in the low pressure chamber biases the piston towards the output fitting to close the bypass hole. The combined force of the compression spring and the reduced pressure from the pressure sensing orifice oppose the pressure of the pump output acting on the high pressure end of the piston.
In addition, a pressure relief for fluid in the low pressure chamber is provided by a bypass device located in the piston. This function is activated whenever fluid pressure demand by the steering system exceeds a preselected bypass pressure value such as by a driver forcing the dirigible wheels against a curb. The bypass device's function is to pass fluid at any pressure value exceeding the preselected bypass pressure value directly into the bypass hole. The pressure sensing orifice then impedes the flow of fluid toward the low pressure chamber and its pressure value drops to the preselected bypass pressure value. This reduction of pressure enables the piston to compress the spring and move to a position whereat it partially uncovers the bypass hole and allows excess fluid to flow back to the pump via the bypass hole.
If flow issuing from the output flow nozzle is too great, then the force derived from the measured pressure differential between the pump output and the reduced pressure in the venturi will exceed the force provided by the compression spring and the flow control piston will move away from the end of the output fitting. The piston, then, partially uncovers the bypass hole to pass excess pumped fluid back toward an input port of the power steering pump and its reservoir. When a nominal design flow value is obtained, the piston is maintained in a first flow regulating position. Should pressure demand increase in the system and the uncovered portion of the bypass hole conduct an excessive amount of pumped fluid to the reservoir, then the measured pressure differential between the output pump pressure and reduced venturi pressure decreases. The spring forces the piston back toward the end of the output fitting to a new flow regulating position to re-establish the design flow. Thus, the piston moves toward and away from the output fitting in response to changes in the system pressure demand.
The mass of the piston and hydraulic inductance of the passages in the housing comprise mass or mass-like elements, which are supported by the spring in a spring-mass system. The passages and the low pressure chamber form a substantially deadheaded hydraulic subsystem fed by the pressure sensing orifice in a series arrangement. Fluid flow through the pressure sensing orifice is related to pressure drop therethrough in a square law manner. As will be shown below, resistance to flow therethrough is proportional to either the square root of pressure drop, or alternately, fluid flow rate therethrough. However, since the pressure sensing orifice is feeding a substantially deadheaded hydraulic sub-system with concomitant nominally zero values of pressure drop and fluid flow rate therethrough, flow resistance has a value which is substantially zero. Thus, the sub-system forms a resonant hydro-mechanical sub-system which can be easily excited by bypass flow non-linearities to produce an unwanted oscillation of the piston. The oscillation may result in flow and/or pressure variations in the hydraulic flow delivered by the flow control sub-assembly to the power steering system. This is a servo system wherein these variations may combine with structural resonances present in the steering system and/or vehicle structure to produce a significant vibration known as "shudder" which can be felt by the driver. Stability problems associated with servo systems are discussed in DiStefano, Stubberud, and Williams in Schaum's Outline of Theory and Problems of Feedback and Control Systems, (McGraw-Hill Book Company, N.Y.).
Typically an engine operating at low speeds (especially when the engine is operated in a loaded condition such as being in gear with the air conditioner on) has significant variations in its speed. Since the pump is driven by the engine, it has substantially identical variations in both its speed and output flow rate. These output flow rate variations can easily excite the above described piston oscillations. These oscillations, in turn, can cause even more significant flow variations to the power steering system as mentioned above and described in detail below. The primary cause of the variation of engine rotational speed is the individual power pulses determined by the firing frequency of the engine's cylinders. A six cylinder engine has three power strokes per revolution and when operated at idle speed may have a firing frequency of about 36 Hz, and an associated rotational velocity ripple of approximately 10% from peak to peak. In addition, many engines also have a rotational velocity ripple at the fundamental frequency (or about 12 Hz for a six cylinder engine) with a concomitant rotational velocity ripple of perhaps 5% peak-to-peak. Because the pump is directly driven by the engine, these rotational velocity ripple characteristics concomitantly cause similar flow rate ripple in the output flow from the pump. Such low speed flow rate ripple can be coupled with systemic flow non-linearities described below to excite oscillation at frequencies near the resonant frequency of the above described spring-mass sub-system. This oscillation further exaggerates the flow variations.
The mechanism producing the oscillation can be demonstrated mathematically by the equations set forth below. The combination of the flow-pressure relationship for the pressure sensing orifice is defined by the equation ##EQU1## and its flow resistance is defined by the equation ##EQU2## where Q.sub.pso is flow rate therethrough, A.sub.pso is effective area of the pressure sensing orifice, .rho. is fluid density, P.sub.pso is pressure drop therethrough and R.sub.pso is flow resistance therethrough. Since P.sub.pso and Q.sub.pso substantially have zero values in the deadheaded condition, R.sub.pso has a zero value also.
The resonant frequency of the system can be determined as follows. The spring constant can be transformed into an equivalent hydraulic capacitance by dividing its value into the square of the flow control piston area. The mass of the flow control piston can be transformed into an equivalent hydraulic inductance by dividing its value by the square of the flow control piston area. The values and their dimensions are ##EQU3## where C.sub.h is the equivalent hydraulic capacitance of the spring constant, A.sub.p is the flow control piston area, K.sub.s is the spring constant, L.sub.p is the equivalent hydraulic inductance of the flow control piston mass and M.sub.p is the flow control piston mass. The total effective hydraulic inductance L.sub.t is obtained by adding hydraulic inductance L.sub.h and L.sub.p. Hydraulic inductance L.sub.h is obtained by summing various hydraulic inductances contributed by each segment of the combined pressure sensing orifice and passages according to the equation ##EQU4## where L.sub.nh is hydraulic inductance of the nth segment, l.sub.nh is length of the nth segment and A.sub.nh is cross-sectional area of the nth segment.
Resonant frequency can be found by ##EQU5## Typical values for the above parameters as found in production flow control sub-assemblies are in the order of ##EQU6## from which the resonant frequency is found to be about EQU f.sub.n =8 Hz.
Frequencies near this low resonant frequency are easily excited when such vehicles are subject to parking loads. The result can be resonance either at some sub-harmonic of the 36 Hz firing rate or the 12 Hz fundamental frequency itself. Thus, low frequency oscillations at frequencies such as 6 Hz, 9 Hz or 12 Hz are possible.
The flow non-linearities that can excite such oscillations include the following situations.
If the flow rate is too small to generate a pressure differential sufficient to cause the flow control piston to move against the pressure of the spring to a position where there is any opening of the bypass hole, then pump pressure supplementally increases to the point where the flow control piston is just lifted off the end of the output fitting. In this case, the flow resistance formed by the gap between the flow control piston and the end of the output fitting is just sufficient to support the supplemental pump pressure. If the pump flow is varying as described above, then this gap must vary as well and that initiates the oscillation. The oscillation then feeds upon itself and causes increased values of gap variation. This condition is further described below.
If the flow rate is just sufficient to activate the flow control piston-bypass hole interface and the flow is similarly varying, then the flow control piston is again driven into oscillation. In this case, the flow through the bypass hole has a significantly non-linear relationship with the pump variations and can even shut off during a cycle. This is quite sufficient to initiate a sub-harmonic oscillation of the above mentioned 36 Hz frequency signal. For a further discussion of stability problems in servo systems see DiStefano et al cited above.
The result can be unstable operation of the power steering system wherein it is subject to oscillations at these frequencies. Because the offending oscillation is due to an actual resonance, very significant perturbations of the open-loop gain and phase angle functions of the system result. The oscillations of the power steering system are the result of supplemental unity gain cross-overpoints in the open loop gain characteristic. It should be pointed out that these instabilities may very well be present in addition to others already present (i.e., such as shudder due to another unity gain crossover near 36 Hz). In any case, since any of these resonances result in significant flow and concomitant pressure variations being impressed directly across the power piston of the host steering gear, the phenomenon known as shudder occurs where a significant vibration is felt both in the vehicle structure and steering wheel.

Method and apparatus for enhancing stability in hydraulic flow control


Described embodiments provide for a method of recording events generated for performing a task through user equipment. In the method, an activation input may be received for activating an event recording mode. Upon the activation of the event recording mode, events generated in the user equipment may be recorded. Upon the receipt of an inactivation input for inactivating the event recording mode, an identification code may be assigned to a set of the recorded events. The set of the generated events may be stored with the assigned identification code.

A smart terminal may have a microprocessor and therefore has some processing capabilities independent of the host computer. Furthermore, the smart terminal may have a communication unit for communicating with other terminal and/or a server through a communication network. Due to the processing and communication capabilities of the smart terminal, the smart terminal has been very popular, lately. For example, the smart terminal may include a smart phone and a smart pad.
In general, the smart terminal may be installed with an operating system that supports voice and/or data communication, interaction with other terminals such as a personal computer and execution of various types of applications. For example, a user frequently uses the smart terminal to perform a predetermined task such as checking weather information, internet banking, and searching information through a web-browser. In order to perform such tasks, a user may download related applications from a server into the smart terminal and install the downloaded application on the smart terminal. The application may be referred to as Application software or APP. The application is computer software designed to help the user to perform specific tasks. Besides downloading and installing the application, a user may be required to perform several more operations to obtain a result of the predetermined task. For example, for checking weather information, a user may activate a weather application, select a time, a date, and a region, and more. If the user frequently uses the weather application, such requiring operations for obtaining the result may be annoying and inconvenient to the user.

Recording events generated for performing a task through user equipment


Attachment of an address and bar-code label to a form is encouraged by defining a label placement area on the form, which area is dark in color to discourage writing in the area. The area also includes words such as "PLACE LABEL HERE" in a light color to instruct the person filling out the form to place the label in the area. Preferably, the remaining portion of the form is filled with writing to discourage the person filling out the form from putting an address or the label in an area other than the area designed as the label placement area. Moreover, an envelope with a transparent window corresponding in location to the placement of the label on the form may be provided with the form and label.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to business forms, and more particularly this invention relates to business forms which utilize adhesive labels.
2. Other Considerations and Prior Art
In recent years there has been an enormous increase in the number and types of forms which are generated by institutions such as government agencies, insurance companies and a myriad of other organizations. These forms are frequently sent to individuals who are expected to respond. One way of expediting processing of these forms is to identify the forms as they are returned by using labels containing coded information specifically pertaining to individuals. It is however frequently difficult to persuade people to attach their particular label to the form relating to them. People have a tendency to simply throw the label away and write in their address which must then be read visually by personnel in the organization mailing the form. If a large percentage of people could be persuaded to attach an address label to forms, the forms could be processed by machinery thus saving considerable labor and freeing organizations of the rather tedious task of visually processing returned forms.
A readily apparent need for such an approach is in tax form processing offices. Processing of tax forms is slowed considerably because each form is now manually handled and the label visibly studied during processing. This is a tedious, time-consuming, and expensive task which tends to disrupt communication between the tax payer and government by slowing down processing.


Embodiments are directed to provisioning a general-use basis for authentication of a processor device. During manufacture, a hardware processor stores a secret value and shares a derived value produced based on the secret value with a secure service. These values may be used in a limited-use initial authentication process to authenticate the hardware processor. A general-use basis for authentication not so limited as the initial authentication process is established subsequent to the manufacture of the hardware processor. The general-use basis for authentication may include a public-private key pair, and is established upon successful completion of the initial authentication process. Authentication using the general-use process produces an authentication traceable to the manufacture of the hardware processor.

Processor-based computing platforms are employed in a wide variety of applications, from personal computers (PCs), smartphones, and other information-oriented devices, to industrial controls, vehicles, appliances, consumer electronic articles, and wearable devices, just to name a few. In virtually every application, reliable operation and information security are paramount.
Processor manufacturers have a business need to provision cryptographic keys in their processors during manufacturing, so that they are able to securely authenticate their processors after the processors have left manufacturing. Authentication of processors is used, for example, to provide attestation for Trusted Execution Environments (TEEs) or to provision the attestation keys. Present-day manufacturing methods generally involve generating unique key pairs in a back-end secure server, and transmitting keys over a secure encrypted communications channel to a secure service that performs the authentication when called upon.
One concern with this approach is the possibility that quantum computers may become a reality. Although quantum computers do not exist today, and it is generally thought that they will not be built for at least 15 years, the problem still poses a risk to products built in the next few years, since an attacker could capture the key exchange messages and the encrypted communications channel when they are sent, and then years later, with new computational capabilities offered by quantum computers, break the key exchange and thus obtain all of the keying material for processors made years earlier. If some of those processors were still being used and authenticated, the attacker could successfully masquerade as one of these processors.
Although the key exchange attack vector might be avoided by configuring unique keys into the processors and generating public and private key pairs during their manufacture, such an operation involves individually powering each processor and executing a key-generation algorithm. This operation tends to impact manufacturing throughput, particularly in high-volume production lines, where even milliseconds are accounted for. A practical solution is therefore needed to address these, and related, challenges.

Provisioning authentication keys in computer processor


An organic light emitting display includes a display unit including pixels coupled to scan lines, first control lines, second control lines, and data lines, a control line driver configured to supply a first control signal and a second control signal to the pixels through the first control lines and the second control lines, a first power source driver for applying a first power to the pixels of the display unit, and a second power source driver for applying a second power to the pixels of the display unit. At least one of the first power or the second power is applied to the pixels of the display unit as voltage values having different levels during one frame. The first and second control signals and the first and second powers are concurrently provided to all of the pixels of the display unit.

1. Field
Embodiments of the present invention relate to an organic light emitting display.
2. Description of the Related Art
Recently, various flat panel displays (FPDs) capable of reducing weight and volume that are disadvantages of cathode ray tubes (CRTs) have been developed. The FPDs include liquid crystal displays (LCDs), field emission displays (FEDs), plasma display panels (PDPs), and organic light emitting displays.
Among the FPDs, the organic light emitting displays display images using organic light emitting diodes (OLED) that generate light by re-combination of electrons and holes. The organic light emitting display has high response speed and is driven with low power consumption.
In general, OLED displays are divided into passive matrix type OLED (PMOLED) displays and active matrix type OLED (AMOLED) displays according to a method of driving the OLED.
The AMOLED type display includes a plurality of gate lines, a plurality of data lines, a plurality of power source lines, and a plurality of pixels coupled to the above lines to be arranged in the form of a matrix. In addition, each of the pixels typically includes an OLED, two transistors (e.g., a switching transistor for transmitting a data signal and a driving transistor for driving the EL element in accordance with the data signal), and a capacitor for maintaining the data voltage.
The AMOLED type display typically has low power consumption. However, the intensity of current that flows through the OLED varies with deviation in a voltage between the gate and source of the driving transistor for driving the OLED. That is, variations in the threshold voltage of the driving transistor can cause non-uniformity in the display.
Because the characteristics of the transistors provided in each of the pixels vary with manufacturing process variables, it is difficult to manufacture the transistors so that the characteristics of all of the transistors of the AMOLED are the same. Therefore, deviation in the threshold voltages of the pixels exists.
In order to reduce or solve such a problem, research on a compensation circuit including a plurality of transistors and capacitors is being performed. The compensation circuit can be formed in each of the pixels. However, in this case, a large number of transistors and capacitors are to be included in each of the pixels.
To be specific, when the compensation circuit is added to each of the pixels, the transistors and capacitors that constitute each of the pixels and signal lines for controlling the transistors are added so that, in the case of a bottom emission AMOLED type display, an aperture ratio is reduced and the possibility of manufacturing defects increases as the number of components of the circuit increase and become more complicated.
In addition, in order to reduce or remove a motion blur phenomenon, high speed scan driving of no less than 120 Hz may be used. However, in this case, charge time per each of the scan lines is significantly reduced. That is, when the compensation circuit is provided in each of the pixels so that a large number of transistors are formed in each of the pixels coupled to one scan line, capacitive load increases. As a result, it is difficult to realize the high speed scan driving.

Organic light emitting display including power source drivers configured to supply a plurality of voltage levels


An improved method for measuring and dispensing fractions of a liquid sample in a device which comprises a casing having a vertical axis and containing a central chamber and transparent cells distributed around the chamber. Each cell is connected to the chamber by a closure cup. A capillary constriction separates each pocket from the corresponding cell. The improvement comprises adding polyvinylpyrollidone to the liquid sample.

The present invention relates to improvements in the operation and functioning of devices for measuring predetermined volumes of a liquid sample and possibly subjecting said volumes to analytical operations. Such devices are described in U.S. Letters Pat. Nos. 3,986,534 and 4,070,248, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
It has been found that after molding and assembly of such devices, the fluid flow during measurement of such predetermined volumes of liquid sample is ofter uneven such that the subsequent analytical operations are incapable of being performed.
It has been further found that such fluid flow can be significantly and substantially improved by addition to the liquid sample to be measured of a small amount of polyvinylpyrollidone.

Method for measuring and dispensing fractionary volumes of liquid samples


Apparatus for displaying ingenuity and creativity consists of a plurality of modules that have first and second surfaces, that are planar, angled or curved, and that have slits in at least two sides of the perimeters of the modules. Portions of the modules constitute display surfaces adapted to carry segments of a pattern. The slits of each module may be interlinked with the slits of adjacent modules to form a composite assembly in two or three dimensions that displays a newly created pattern or a predetermined pattern or succession of predetermined patterns on one or both of the first and second surfaces of the composite assembly.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to puzzles and/or games in general and in particular to games and puzzles of the assembly type in which a plurality of graphic or indicia-bearing puzzle or game pieces are assembled or interconnected so as newly to create or restore a complete graphic pattern such as a predetermined picture or other display. More particularly, the present invention relates to an assembly puzzle and a method for creating a graphic display or restoring a predetermined graphic display in which a plurality of indicia-bearing puzzle pieces are separably interleaved together so that sections of the puzzle pieces overlap one another to cover certain non-indicia-bearing surface portions thereof or, at least in some embodiments, to cover indicia-bearing surface portions which are not part of the graphic display being created or restored and to leave selected surface portions exposed. The resulting composite or solved puzzle may thereby display one or more newly created graphic patterns or restored predetermined graphic patterns on either the front or reverse side of the assembled composite (or on the outside or inside if the assembly forms a three-dimensional structure), or on both sides.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Various assembly puzzles of the general type with which the present invention is concerned are known in the art. Examples of these are shown in U.S. Pat. No. 3,923,307 dated Dec. 2, 1975 in the name of V. J. Sukys; U.S. Pat. No. 4,666,163 dated May 19, 1987 in the name of U. Hirschfeld; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,419,081 dated Dec. 6, 1983 in the name of P. R. Steinmann.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,923,307 to Sukys is deemed illustrative of the state of the art in puzzles or games that are assembled to form geometric configurations. However, there is no way to interlink the sections in U.S. Pat. No. 3,923,307. Sukys neither illustrates nor suggests a puzzle consisting of a plurality of indicia-bearing and separably interleaveable puzzle pieces which, upon assembly of overlapping pieces into a composite, may display one or more different newly created graphic patterns or restored graphic patterns on either a first or second surface (e.g., the front or back surface) or on both such surfaces of the assembled composite. Nor does Sukys disclose or suggest such a puzzle the solution to which consists of creating or restoring one complete graphic pattern on the first surface of the composite while at the same time creating or restoring a different graphic pattern on the second surface of the assembled puzzle.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,666,163 to Hirschfeld is deemed illustrative of the state of the art in card games in which each card has one slit that is used to insert the card into the slit of one other card thereby forming a card pair. However, Hirschfeld fails to illustrate or suggest a puzzle or game of the type disclosed herein in which the solution is achieved by the method of interleaving more than two puzzle or game pieces by which they overlap one another in order newly to create or restore one or more different complete graphic patterns on either the first or second (e.g., front or back) surface of the assembled composite. Nor does Hirschfeld disclose or suggest such a puzzle the solution to which consists of the method of restoring one predetermined graphic pattern on the front surface of the assembled composite while at the same time restoring another predetermined and different graphic pattern on the back surface of the assembled puzzle. Moreover, Hirschfeld fails to disclose or suggest a puzzle in which one or more complete graphic patterns can be divided among an unlimited number of overlapping puzzle pieces. Hirschfeld also does not disclose or suggest a puzzle in which the composite assembled as a result of overlapping the puzzle pieces can be of any shape or size so long as it is a multiple of the puzzle piece. Finally Hirschfeld fails to disclose or suggest a puzzle of the type disclosed herein in which the method of interleaving puzzle pieces allows the distribution and restoration of three complete and different graphic patterns on the front surface of the assembled composite and three more on the back.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,419,081 to Steinmann is deemed illustrative of the state of the art in mathematical teaching aids that use cards or blocks to illustrate processes for solving algebraic equations by mating each block edge-to-edge via mating edge alignment tabs and notches. The Steinmann blocks however can only be mated in one configuration. Steinmann also fails to disclose or to suggest a puzzle or game of the type disclosed herein in which the solution is achieved by the method of interleaving the puzzle pieces so as newly to create a graphic pattern or restore one or more different predetermined graphic patterns on either the first or second (e.g., front or back) surface of the assembled composite. Nor does Steinmann disclose or suggest such a puzzle the solution to which is represented by an interleaved composite displaying one restored graphic pattern on the front surface while at the same time a restored but different graphic pattern is displayed on the back surface of the assembled puzzle.
Nor do the aforementioned patents disclose the extension of the invention disclosed and claimed in application Ser. No. 07/434,877 (hereinafter sometimes called the "co-pending application") to the third dimension.

Puzzle with planer overlapping slotted pieces


A dual intake valve type internal combustion engine comprises a main intake valve and an auxiliary intake valve. The main intake valve is so constructed that the combustible gas mixture introduced into the combustion chamber therethrough is caused to generate a swirl motion. A variable valve lift type of auxiliary intake valve is constructed, and the valve lift of the auxiliary intake valve is varied in accordance with the changes in the engine operating conditions.

Disclosed in Japanese Patent Publication No. 31724-72, Japanese Utility Model Publication No. 14019-75 and Japanese Utility Model Laid-open Application No. 115504-74 are internal combustion engines having combustion chambers each of which is communicated via intake valves, with two intake passages, i.e., an intake passage for a heavy load and a general intake passage, whereby intake gas is supplied through the general intake passage while the engine load is light; otherwise, intake gas is supplied through both general and heavy load intake passages while the engine load is heavy. In addition, disclosed in Japanese Patent Publication No. 1725-73 is an internal combustion engine having a plurality of intake valves wherein the number of the operating intake valves is changed in accordance with changes in the operating conditions of the engine. In the engines, when the engine load is heavy, since the cross-sectional area of the intake passages can be changed in accordance with changes in the engine conditions, a large amount of combustible gas mixture can be introduced into combustion chambers. However, when the engine load is light, the combustible gas mixture cannot be burnt stably in the engines.
It is well known that, when a swirl motion is generated in a combustible gas mixture within a combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine so that a turbulence is generated in the combustible gas mixture, the combustible gas mixture can be burnt stably; as a result, the amount of harmful contaminants emitted in the exhaust gas can be reduced and the fuel consumption can also be reduced. However, in the known engines, there is a problem in that the maximum output of the engine is low. This is because if a sufficient turbulence is generated by creating a swirl motion in the combustible gas mixture while the engine load is light, a sufficient amount of combustion gas mixture cannot be introduced into combustion chambers while the engine load is heavy.
To overcome such a problem, in Japanese Patent Laid-open Application No. 148718-77, a diesel engine is disclosed wherein two intake passages are communicated with a combustion chamber via intake valves. Only one of the two intake passages has a throttle valve which is closed when the engine load is light, and the other intake passage is formed in a helical port for generating a swirl motion in the combustible gas when the engine load is light and for introducing a large amount of intake gas into combustion chambers when the engine load is high. However, since valve lifts of the intake valves in the engine are constant regardless of the engine load, satisfactory operating characteristics of the engine cannot be obtained irrespective of the operating conditions of the engine.
The principal object of the present invention is to provide an internal combustion engine which can overcome the above-mentioned problem. More specifically, the present invention provides an internal combustion engine which can obtain satisfactory operating characteristics irrespective of the operating conditions of the engine and which can generate a sufficient amount of swirl motion and turbulences in the combustible gas mixture so that the combustion gas mixture is burnt stably; as a result, a reduction of the harmful contaminants in the exhaust gas and a reduction of the fuel consumption can be achieved when the engine load is light, and which can prevent a reduction of the maximum output of the engine because a sufficient amount of the combustion gas mixture can be introduced into combustion chambers when the engine load is heavy.
In the present invention, the above-mentioned principal object is achieved by a dual intake valve type internal combustion engine wherein a main intake valve adapted to generate a swirl motion in the intake gas and an auxiliary intake valve of a variable valve lift type are communicated with a combustion chamber.
It is preferable that, in the present invention, a main intake valve is operated by a main cam having a cam profile for low speed use, in synchronization with a crankshaft of the engine, that an auxiliary valve is operated in synchronization with the crankshaft of the engine and that the valve lift of the auxiliary valve is varied in accordance with the changes in the operating conditions of the engine.
In the embodiments of the present invention which will be explained later with reference to the accompanying drawings, an auxiliary valve is operated by a swingable rocker arm, the fulcrum of the swinging motion of which is variable or operable by a variable valve lift mechanism including an oil tappet therein, so that the auxiliary valve is closed when the flow rate of intake gas is small. However, it should be noted that not only the variable valve lift mechanisms illustrated in the accompanying drawings, but also any other known variable valve lift mechanisms may be applied to the present invention. In addition, it should also be noted that various types of known valve mechanisms which can generate a swirl motion in the combustible gas mixture are applicable to a main intake valve of the present invention.
In the attached drawings, three embodiments of the main valves are shown, i.e. (i) in the first embodiment, the main intake valve is communicated with a main intake port which is shaped into a helical port so as to generate a swirl motion while the combustible gas mixture passes therethrough, (ii) in the second embodiment, a main intake valve has a shroud formed on the back thereof for generating a swirl motion while the combustible gas mixture passes along the shrouds and (iii) in the third embodiment, a projection surrounding a part of the main intake valve is formed on the wall of the combustion chamber for increasing the flow resistance between the projection and the main intake valve so that the flow of the combustible gas mixture through a portion not surrounded by the projection creates a swirl motion.
Some embodiments of the present invention will now be explained with reference to the accompanying drawings.

Dual intake valve type internal combustion engine


A solar control member utilizes a combination of layers that include spaced apart titanium nitride layers to selectively transmit a higher percentage of visible light than near infrared energy, with a low visible light reflection. The titanium nitride layers are spaced apart by a distance that promotes optical decoupling with respect to occurrence of constructive and destructive interference of visible light propagating between the two titanium nitride layers. In one embodiment, the titanium nitride layers are spaced apart by a laminating adhesive layer. In another embodiment, the titanium nitride layers are formed on opposite sides of a substrate. The ratio of transmission at the wavelength of 550 nm to transmission at the wavelength of 1500 is at least 1.25. Each titanium nitride layer is sputter deposited. Care is taken to ensure that each layer does not become too metallic and to ensure that excessive oxygen is not incorporated into the layer. Thus, the nitrogen flow rate and the linespeed are controlled. Sputtering occurs at a fast rate using high powers and a minimum acceptable nitrogen flow, while minimizing background contamination.

Various films have been applied to windows to reduce glare and to obtain solar screening for an interior of a structure, such as a home, building or car. For example, a plastic film may be dyed to provide desired optical properties or may be coated with a number of layers to acquire the optical properties. A film that provides solar screening is one that has a low transmission in both the visible range (400 to 700 nm) and the near infrared range (700 to 2100 nm). To reduce glare, the transmission of visible light (T.sub.VIS) must be controlled.
Primarily through absorption, dyed films can be fabricated to provide a wide range of T.sub.VIS values. However, dyed films generally do not block near infrared solar energy and, consequently, are not completely effective as solar control films. Another shortcoming of dyed films is that they often fade with solar exposure. When the films are colored with multiple dyes, the dyes often fade at different rates, causing unwanted color changes over the life of the film.
Other known window films are fabricated using vacuum-deposited grey metals, such as stainless steel, inconel, monel, chrome or nichrome alloys. The deposited grey metal films offer about the same degrees of transmission in the visible and near infrared portions of the solar spectrum. As a result, the grey metal films are an improvement over dyed films with regard to solar control. The grey metal films are relatively stable when exposed to light, oxygen and moisture, and in those cases in which the transmission of the coatings increases due to oxidation, color changes are generally not detectable. After application to clear float glass, grey metals block light transmission by approximately equal amounts of solar reflection and solar absorption.
Vacuum-deposited layers such as silver, aluminum and copper control solar radiation primarily by reflection. Because of the high reflection in the visible spectrum (i.e., high R.sub.VIS), films having these vacuum-deposited layers are useful in only a limited number of applications. A modest degree of selectivity of transmission in the visible spectrum over transmission in the near infrared spectrum is afforded by certain reflective materials, such as copper and silver.
Traditionally, the best glare reducing coatings have been sputtered grey metals, such as stainless steel, chrome and nickel. The graph of FIG. 1 is a transmission spectrum 10 for a sputtered nichrome coating that is designed to transmit approximately 50% of the light at the center of the visible light spectrum (i.e., T.sub.VIS =50%). The nichrome is affixed to a 3.2 mm-thick plate of float glass. As can be seen, the transmission of energy is controlled in both the visible and near infrared portions of the solar spectrum. A slight degree of wavelength selectivity is observed due to the iron oxide in the glass.
In the graph of FIG. 2, the visible reflectivities of single and double layer nichrome films of various thicknesses are shown as a function of the corresponding visible light transmissions. (Here, double nichrome films refer to a construct in which two optically isolated sputtered coatings are employed, with the films being separated from each other by a relatively thick (22 micrometers) layer, such as a laminating adhesive.) While not shown in FIG. 2, the nichrome layer thicknesses decrease from left to right. As can be seen, the R.sub.VIS value decreases and the T.sub.VIS value increases as the nichrome layers become thinner. The comparison between the single and double layer nichrome films evidences that the double layer of nichrome has a substantially reduced R.sub.VIS value for the same T.sub.VIS value. For example, at a T.sub.VIS value of 20%, the single nichrome coating has an R.sub.VIS value of 24%, while the double nichrome coating has an R.sub.VIS value of 13%. As the nichrome layers become thinner, the R.sub.VIS values of the two films converge.
The percentages of solar rejection achieved by films with single and double layers of nichrome are compared in the graph of FIG. 3. Solar rejection is defined as: EQU solar rejection=solar reflection+(0.73.times.solar absorption).
Within the art, solar rejection is often calculated using solar energy distributions as given in the ASTM E 891 method. The slightly better solar rejection noted for the low transmission single nichrome coatings relative to the twin nichrome equivalents is due to solar reflection differences.
A low visible light transmission and low visible light reflection film utilizing double layers of nichrome is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,513,040 to Yang. The patent discloses a solar control film having two or more transparent substrates, each bearing a thin, transparent and discontinuous film of metal having low R.sub.VIS and a degree of visible light blocking capacity. The substrates are arranged and laminated into a composite, such that the visible light blocking capacities of the metal films are effectively combined to provide a composite having low visible light transmittance, i.e., a low T.sub.VIS. The discontinuous films of nichrome are attached using an adhesive layer.
The possibility of using metal nitride films in window-energy applications was discussed by C. Ribbing and A. Roos in an article entitled, "Transition Metal Nitride Films for Optical Applications," which was presented at SPIE's International Symposium on Optical Science, Engineering and Instrumentation, San Diego, July/August 1997. Single layers of TiN, ZrN and HfN were specifically identified. The article discusses the use of the materials in low emissivity coatings to replace noble metals, such as silver and gold. It is noted that the low emissivity coatings will not reach as high a selectivity as the current noble metal-based multi-layers, but may find use in aggressive environments, because of their excellent stability.
What is needed is a solar control member for application to a window or the like in order to achieve a high selectivity of visible transmission to near infrared transmission, with a controlled visible reflection and with age stability. What is further needed is a repeatable method of fabricating such a solar control member.

Dual titanium nitride layers for solar control


A base for a position-dependent lamp comprises an inner shell, an outer shell, an aperture in said outer shell, and a hollow pin projecting from said aperture, said pin having a substantially tubular body with a pair of oppositely disposed wings extending from an end thereof, said wings having a length about two and one half to three times the height of said body and being sandwiched between said inner shell and said outer shell. The extended wings add stability to the pin and eliminate the use of lead-based solder in the lamp manufacture.

Certain types of discharge lamps require a particular orientation for the lamp to achieve proper operation. Such lamps are shown, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,858,078, wherein the lamp has an arched arc tube; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,990,819, wherein the arc tube is mounted skewed relative to the longitudinal axis. These lamps employ bases that may have an index pin projecting from the base to cooperate with a socket to maintain the lamp in the proper orientation.
In the past it has been the practice to weld or solder the pin in place prior to assembly to the lamp. Welding is an expensive operation and soldering requires the usually brass base to be nickel-plated to cover the discoloration resulting from the soldering operation. Additionally, the use of lead-bearing solders can be an environmental hazard and the use of silver solders is too expensive.

Lamp base for a position dependent lamp utilizing a winged positioning pin


The present invention relates to a microcapsule that can be used to form a rewritable medium for visual displays that are stable in the presence of electric fields having a strength that is typical in the work environment. The microcapsule of the invention comprises charged particles of one or more colors that are suspended in a phase change material that has a melting temperature in the range of between about 30° C. and about 200° C. The microcapsules can be used to form an electrophoretic coating that includes microcapsules of the invention distributed throughout a polymer matrix. The electrophoretic coating can be used to coat a substrate to form a rewritable medium.

Flexible displays made with a technology known as electronic ink, or E ink, exhibit good brightness and contrast, a wide viewing angle and little or no power consumption are currently being exploited for applications in which a portable reusable display medium is necessary, such as in reusable paper. One way to make a reusable medium that is portable is to remove the driving electronic from the electronic display and use external addressing electrodes to write and erase images.
Generally, an encapsulated electrophoretic display includes one or more species of particles that either absorb or scatter light. One example is a system in which the capsules contain one or more species of electrophoretically mobile particles dispersed in a dyed suspending medium. Another example is a system in which the capsules contain two separate species of particles suspended in a clear suspending fluid, in which one of the species of particles absorbs light (black), while the other species of particles scatters light (white). Other extensions are possible, including more than two species of particles, with or without a dye, etc. The particles are commonly solid pigments, dyed particles, or pigment/polymer composites.
The gyricon, also called the twisting-ball display, rotary ball display, particle display, dipolar particle light valve, etc., offers a technology for making a form of electric paper. A gyricon is an addressable display made up of a multiplicity of optically anisotropic balls, each of which can be selectively rotated to present a desired face to an observer. Thus, in one version at least, the gyricon is a solid microsphere, hemispherically-colored black and white and having hemispherically-opposing zeta potentials. Each gyricon rotates within a dielectric oil-filled microcavity formed in the media upon exposure to an externally-applied electric field.
Unfortunately, currently available portable reusable displays suffer from problems with long term stability and can be destabilized by an electric field or even by static charge that builds up during normal handling. Therefore, in order to make portable reusable displays more reliable and convenient to use, it would be desirable to have a portable reusable display medium that is stable in the presence of an electric field and, in particular, is not destabilized by electrostatic discharge.

Phase change electrophoretic imaging for rewritable applications

Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.


The device comprises a box receiving the deck of cards to be dealt, upon which a cover presses. Rollers, driven in rotation by a motor reduction unit ensures partial exit of the lower card of the stack to a slot in the device whereas optical reading means read a value code marked on the card. When the value of the card read comes close to the information contained in the memory relative to the deal being made, a visual display device indicates to which player the card pushed out of the deck and partially protruding should be dealt.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention concerns a playing card dealing device and more specifically, such a device for dealing programmed deals to players without them being aware of the content of the deal.
2. Description of Prior Art
French patent number 86.03161 (published under number 2 595 259), refers to encoded cards with, in two opposite corners, a reading book including a code on four lines and three or four columns as well as an automatic dealing device for such cards. By the movement of the carriage, this appliance will dispense cards into cases with deals programmed by the appliance itself or by any system such as a serving center, coded cards or a PC computer. A device such as this, reliable in its operation, has however a drawback of being relatively costly for an individual user who simply wishes to organize within his premises one or several game tables.

Manual playing card dealing appliance for the production of programmed deals


A current-perpendicular-to-the-plane (CPP) spin-valve (SV) magnetoresistive sensor uses an antiparallel (AP) pinned structure and has a ferromagnetic alloy comprising Co, Fe and Si in the reference layer of the AP-pinned structure and optionally in the CPP-SV sensor's free layer. The reference layer or AP2 layer is a multilayer of a first AP2-1 sublayer that contains no Si and is in contact with the AP-pinned structure's antiparallel coupling (APC) layer, and a second AP2-2 sublayer that contains Si and is in contact with the CPP-SV sensor's spacer layer. The Si-containing alloy may consist essentially of only Co, Fe and Si according to the formula (CoxFe(100-X))(100-y)Siy where the subscripts represent atomic percent, x is between about 45 and 55, and y is between about 20 and 30.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates generally to a current-perpendicular-to-the-plane (CPP) magnetoresistive sensor that operates with the sense current directed perpendicularly to the planes of the layers making up the sensor stack, and more particularly to a CPP sensor with improved ferromagnetic layers.
2. Background of the Invention
One type of conventional magnetoresistive sensor used as the read head in magnetic recording disk drives is a "spin-valve" (SV) sensor. A SV magnetoresistive sensor has a stack of layers that includes two ferromagnetic layers separated by a nonmagnetic electrically conductive spacer layer, which is typically copper (Cu). One ferromagnetic layer has its magnetization direction fixed, such as by being pinned by exchange coupling with an adjacent antiferromagnetic layer, and the other ferromagnetic layer has its magnetization direction "free" to rotate in the presence of an external magnetic field. With a sense current applied to the sensor, the rotation of the free-layer magnetization relative to the fixed-layer magnetization is detectable as a change in electrical resistance.
In a magnetic recording disk drive SV read sensor or head, the magnetization of the fixed or pinned layer is generally perpendicular to the plane of the disk, and the magnetization of the free layer is generally parallel to the plane of the disk in the absence of an external magnetic field. When exposed to an external magnetic field from the recorded data on the disk, the free-layer magnetization will rotate, causing a change in electrical resistance. If the sense current flowing through the SV is directed parallel to the planes of the layers in the sensor stack, the sensor is referred to as a current-in-the-plane (CIP) sensor, while if the sense current is directed perpendicular to the planes of the layers in the sensor stack, it is referred to as current-perpendicular-to-the-plane (CPP) sensor. CPP-SV read heads are described by A. Tanaka et al., "Spin-valve heads in the current-perpendicular-to-plane mode for ultrahigh-density recording", IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS, 38 (1): 84-88 Part 1 January 2002.
The fixed or pinned ferromagnetic layer in a CPP-SV sensor used in read heads may be an antiparallel (AP) pinned structure. The AP-pinned structure has first (AP1) and second (AP2) ferromagnetic layers separated by a nonmagnetic antiparallel coupling (APC) layer with the magnetization directions of the two AP-pinned ferromagnetic layers oriented substantially antiparallel. The AP2 layer, which is in contact with the nonmagnetic APC layer on one side and the sensor's spacer layer on the other side, is typically referred to as the reference layer. The AP1 layer, which is typically in contact with an antiferromagnetic or hard magnet pinning layer on one side and the nonmagnetic APC layer on the other side, is typically referred to as the pinned layer. If the AP-pinned structure is the "self-pinned" type, then no pinning layer is required. In a self-pinned structure where no antiferromagnet or hard magnet pinning layer is present, the AP1 layer is in contact with a seed layer on the sensor substrate. The AP-pinned structure minimizes magnetostatic coupling between the reference layer and the CPP-SV free ferromagnetic layer. The AP-pinned structure, also called a "laminated" pinned layer, and sometimes called a synthetic antiferromagnet (SAF), is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,465,185.
In CPP-SV sensors, because the sense current flows perpendicular to all the layers in the sensor stack, the electrical resistance of the active region (the free layer, spacer layer and the reference layer of the AP-pinned structure) is a relatively small part of the total resistance of the sensor. Antiferromagnetic pinning layers such as PtMn or IrMn do not contribute to the magnetoresistance signal; rather they constitute a parasitic resistance that decreases the overall signal significantly since its magnitude can be similar or greater than the total resistance of the active part of the spin-valve structure. This parasitic resistance is large compared to a typical magnetoresistance resistance-area product (ΔRA) originating from the active region. It is thus desirable to increase the resistance of the active region without significantly increasing the total stack resistance.
The materials making up the free layer and the reference layer in an AP-pinned structure are typically crystalline alloys of CoFe or NiFe. These materials have a relatively low electrical resistivity (ρ) and thus do not contribute significantly to the magnetoresistance ΔRA of the active region. Moreover, it is known that an increase in ρ in the materials making up the free layer and the reference is associated with a shortening of the spin diffusion length (SDL). It is desirable to shorten SDL to the extent that it becomes comparable to the thickness of the magnetic layers in the active region, which means that more of the active region is available for bulk electron scattering. This results in an increase in the magnetoresistance (ΔR/R) of the CPP read head. For example, the SDL for crystalline CoFe alloys is greater than the typical thickness of the AP2 layer, which is about 15-30 Å, so that not all of the thickness of the AP2 layer is being used for bulk electron scattering.
What is needed is a CPP-SV sensor that has an AP-pinned structure and that has improved ferromagnetic materials for the free layer and the reference layer that increase the magnetoresistance of the sensor.

Current-perpendicular-to-the-plane (CPP) magnetoresistive sensor with antiparallel-pinned layer containing silicon

Hitachi Global Storage Technologies Netherlands B.V.


The present invention provides for a perforating gun having stackable sections that latch, enabling the gun string to carry both compressive and tensile loads. This allows for the downhole assembly of guns of any desired length, and for the entire gun string to be removed after firing.

1. Field of Invention
The present invention pertains to perforating guns used in subsurface wells, and particularly to perforating guns having stackable sections.
2. Related Art
It is often desirable to perforate zones of interest in a subterranean well with very long gun strings to maximize production of well fluids, such as hydrocarbons. This is particularly true in horizontal or highly deviated wells. Gun strings may range in length from a few hundred feet to several thousand feet. Perforating guns are often run into the well using coiled tubing, though drill string may be used if a rig is present at the well site.
Generally, it is faster and safer to run and retrieve a gun string in an underbalanced well using coiled tubing. (Underbalanced operations help prevent damage to formations.) If drill string is used, a snubbing unit must also be used to seal and control pressure from well fluids. Though coiled tubing may be faster and safer, its use may limit the length of the gun string because the coiled tubing can only push so much load before its buckling strength is exceeded. This is particularly true in horizontal or nearly horizontal wells.
There are existing systems for downhole stacking of guns. U.S. Pat. No. 6,098,716, assigned to Schlumberger Technology Corporation, is one example. However, those prior art systems have sections that are intended to be stacked in vertical or nearly vertical holes, not horizontal holes. The Schlumberger system uses a connector that mechanically latches in compression, but is not designed to carry a tensile load. Other prior art systems stack, but do not latch at all, and thus can carry neither compressive nor tensile loads. Thus, there is a continuing need for improved sectional perforating guns.

Method and apparatus for perforating a well


Provided is a method of manufacturing a circuit board including preparing a board structural body (11) and covering a conductor circuit element (13) on an outermost layer of the board structural body (11) with a cover film (14), wherein a heat treatment is performed while having a release material (15) interposed between the cover film (14) and a heat-processing device. The release material (15) is a laminate at least including, sequentially from the cover film toward the heat-processing device, a low friction film (16) selected from an ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene film and a polytetrafluoroethylene film, a first aluminum foil (17), a first high-density polyethylene film (18a), a second high-density polyethylene film (18b), and a second aluminum foil (19). The first high-density polyethylene film (18a) and the second high-density polyethylene film (18b) are positioned such that respective MD directions are perpendicular to each other.

Circuit boards, which are used as memories, processors, etc. included in information processing equipment such as personal computers, servers, routers, and storages, informational on-board terminals, and information home appliances such as televisions and cameras, play an extremely important role as functional circuits or boards connecting functional modules.
However, in such circuit boards, ion migration that occurs due to moisture from water vapor and the like has become a problem in recent years. When ion migration occurs, a metal used as wiring moves on a board, and may ultimately destroy the circuit board.
Therefore, for example, Patent Document 1 (JP Laid-open Patent Publication No. 2003-124580) discloses, in order to provide water-vapor barrier property, a laminated body obtained by laminating a film formed from a thermoplastic resin that shows optical anisotropy when being melted on a circuit surface of a flexible printed wiring board through a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer and/or an adhesive layer.
In addition, Patent Document 2 (JP Laid-open Patent Publication No. 2007-19338) discloses an electronic circuit board comprising a liquid crystal polymer sheet, the liquid crystal polymer sheet having a surface on which a short-wavelength ultraviolet ray is irradiated, and being thermocompressively bonded on circuit surface(s) formed on one surface or both surfaces of a liquid crystal polymer sheet in a state that the circuit surface(s) and the irradiation surface are in contact with each other.
In such laminated body as well as electronic circuit board, it is possible to provide water resistance to a circuit board by covering circuit surface(s) with a liquid crystal polymer sheet.


A method for repairing a damaged subsea pipeline setting on the seabed includes the lowering of pipe support frames to the seabed and positioning the pipe support frames beneath the subsea pipeline on each side of the damaged pipeline section. The pipe support frames are expanded to elevate the damaged pipeline section. A pair of pipe attachment and receiving (PAR) assemblies are lowered to the seabed and positioned astride the pipeline on each side of the damaged section of the pipeline. The pipeline is gripped by the PAR assemblies. Cutting modules are lowered to the seabed and attached to each of the PAR assemblies. The pipeline is cut at each location with the cutting modules. The cutting modules are detached from the PAR assembly and a pair of docking modules are lowered to the seabed. One docking module is attached to each of the PAR assemblies. A telescoping spool section is lowered to the seabed and docked onto the docking modules. The telescoping spool section is expanded until the spool section engages the pipeline ends. The spool section is connected to the pipeline ends.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method of repairing a submerged pipeline. More particularly, the invention relates to a method of remotely severing and replacing a damaged submerged pipeline without retrieval to the surface.
2. Description of the Prior Art
There are thousands of miles of pipelines laying on the seabed. Pipe laying technology permits pipelines to be laid in extremely shallow water depths to water depths of thousands of feet. A serious problem results when a subsea pipeline in deep water is damaged and in need of repair. A few examples of how a subsea pipeline can be damaged are by an object impacting the pipeline, an anchor dragging across the pipeline, or corrosion.
Typically, to repair a damaged submerged pipeline in the past, a couple of repair methods were available. One repair method required the damaged section of the pipeline to be recovered to the water surface and the necessary repairs were conducted on the deck of a vessel. After the repair was made the pipeline was lowered and repositioned on the seabed. This method was generally limited to small diameter pipelines in relatively shallow water. A second method involved conducting the repair in situ by divers, using either repair clamps or hyperbaric welding techniques. This method had also limitations related to water depth and pipeline size.
It is known to use a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) in deep water to sever and recover a submerged pipeline. U.S. Pat. No. 5,044,827 to Gray et al. discloses a method for severing and recovering a submerged pipeline. The ROV jets beneath a portion of the pipeline and then a deflated lift bag is lowered to the submerged pipeline. The deflated lift bag is positioned under the submerged pipeline and then inflated until a section of the pipeline has been raised off of the seabed. A cut-off saw is lowered to the raised section of the pipeline. The cut-off saw is clamped to the pipeline prior to severing the pipeline. The cut-off saw is then removed from the severed pipeline. A recovery head is lowered to the raised end of the severed pipeline and after alignment is placed in the raised end of the severed pipeline. The recovery head is activated to establish a gripping relationship with the pipeline. A recovery cable is lowered and connected to the recovery head. The recovery cable is retrieved to recover the recovery head and the pipeline to the water surface.
As the offshore pipeline industry continues to venture into deeper and deeper waters, more and more pipelines of increasing diameter are being laid in water depths beyond the range of divers. Due to a variety of factors such as pipeline size, seabed bearing capacity, sea currents, and lay barge daily rates, a reliable and dependable method for repairing submerged pipelines without retrieval to the water surface or the use of divers and hyberbaric welding is needed. The method should minimize the amount of handling of the damaged pipeline. Furthermore, the method of repairing the pipeline should minimize costs and dependency on vessel motions due to sea conditions, such as heave, roll, or pitch, which can result in a significant amount of standby time and cost.

Method for repairing a submerged pipeline


A tube testing connector having a body member with an axial bore therethrough and a stem slidably disposed within said bore for internal sealing of open ended thin wall deformable tubing which employs a wide elastomer seal which provides for a more liquid tight seal. A relief groove is provided at the rear end of the stem which allows pressure within the connector to be vented rearwardly as the relief groove moves axially beyond an O-ring from a sealing position to a non-sealing position allowing venting of the tube prior to removal.

This invention relates to connectors for temporarily sealing the end of tubes and conduits and pressurizing the tubes for testing to be sure that the tubing does not leak. Recently, to increase the surface area of copper tubing used in the refrigeration industry, a "Rifle ID" feature has been included. This feature involves a knurling operation which is performed on the inner diameter of the tubing. Problems have been encountered with the sealing devices used when pressure testing the components that utilize this copper tubing. Previous devices have utilized an O-ring seal which provides inadequate sealing at high pressures and minimal seal life, due to the high internal pressure and the grooved inner diameter. Sealing on the outer diameter of the copper tubing has provided unsatisfactory results because the OD of the tube is not controlled to a sufficient tolerance to allow for consistent sealing.