Disclosed is an ink composition including: (1) a pigment; (2) a polymerization initiator having a content of 2% by mass or more with respect to a total amount of the composition and having a solubility with respect to pure water at 25° C. of 5 to 8 g/l; (3) a compound A that is at least one selected from the group consisting of dimethylacrylamide, diethylacrylamide, N-isopropylacrylamide, dimethylacetamide, N-ethylpyrrolidone, 1-cyclohexyl-2-pyrrolidone, 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-pyrrolidone, 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone, tetramethylurea and gamma-valerolactone; (4) a polymerizable compound having two or more ethylenically unsaturated double bonds; and (5) water having a content of 50% by mass or more with respect to the total amount of the composition.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an ink composition, an ink set, and an image forming method.
2. Description of the Related Art
Ink jet techniques allow intended image formation on a variety of recording media, and therefore are an image recording method widely promising in the field of office and home printers, as well as in the commercial field.
As ink used for ink jet recording, besides solvent-based ink, water-based ink is drawing attention from a viewpoint of considering global environment and work environment. Particularly, a technique for forming images exhibiting high rub fastness, such as resistant to scratches by curing a water-based pigment ink composition containing a polymerizable monomer component has been under investigation.
As one of such techniques for forming images, for example, an inkjet recording method has been disclosed (see, for example, Japanese Patent No. 3,642,152) in which printing is performed on a recording medium by depositing an ink composition containing an acrylate monomer and/or a resin emulsion and a reaction liquid containing a photopolymerization initiator and a reactive agent that produces aggregate in contact with the ink composition. Further, an ink of one-component type used for inkjet recording has been disclosed (see, for example, Japanese Patent No. 3,576,862) which includes a specific cationic oligomer and a photopolymerization initiator, together with a colorant and water.
Meanwhile, there are a variety of compounds currently known as initiators initiating the polymerization of polymerizable monomers. Those compounds can be appropriately selected based on needs and purposes. However, there are cases where solubility of the initiator in water-based solvents cannot necessarily be satisfactory.
The conventional techniques use a photopolymerization initiator in water-based pigment ink, in which, however, no consideration is given to the initiator solubility. Thus, when satisfactory initiator solubility is not obtained, ink stability is deteriorated and also images cannot have sufficient rub fastness. In addition, when image surfaces are in contact with each other over time, the images may partially adhere to each other and may not be able to be separated. When the ink is aged under a low temperature condition, this becomes conspicuous. Such ink is also not suitable for high-speed recording.
Furthermore, the method described in Patent Literature 1, which is a technique for immobilizing ink by reaction of a reaction solution with an ink, is also insufficient in terms of immobilization of images.
The present invention has been accomplished in view of the above circumstances. It is an object of the present invention to provide both an ink composition and an ink set that exhibit high temporal stability under various temperature conditions including a low temperature and allow to form images with favorable rub fastness, and to provide an image forming method for forming images with high rub fastness.

Ink composition, ink set, and image forming method


An air suspension system is provided with air spring devices, a pressure accumulation tank, a compressor device that supplies compressed air at least to the pressure accumulation tank, and that includes an electric motor, a pump device, and a dryer, and a control device that performs a vehicle height increase control, a vehicle height decrease control, an air suction control, and a regeneration air discharge control. The control device performs a heat accumulation control, by actuating the pump device with the communication between the compressor device and the air spring devices being blocked, supplying the compressed air discharged through the dryer to the pump device to be circulated, and accumulating heat of compression of the compressed air in the dryer, to regenerate the dryer.

As for a dryer regeneration method in a so called closed air suspension system, there is disclosed a method for determining an amount of air required for regeneration based on an amount of suction air, a temperature or humidity of the suction air, in Patent document 1 as listed below, for example. Also, in Patent document 2 cited in the Patent document 1, there are disclosed various operation modes for supplying or discharging pressurized air between air chambers and a reservoir, in a vehicle level control.

Dryer regeneration method for air suspension system


This invention relates to a process for the production of carboxymethyl cellulase and xylanase which comprises inoculating and growing Termitomyces clypeatus which has been deposited in the Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Calcutta, one of the constituent laboratories of the applicant having accession no IICB-411, and at the Microbial Type Culture Collection (MTCC) at Chandigarh, India, an International Depository under the Budapest Treaty, under the accession no. MTCC 5091, in a sterilized medium containing assimilable carbon source, assimilable nitrogen source and micronutrients at a pH between 3 to 7, incubating the Termitomyces clypeatus at a temperature in the range of 25-30xc2x0 C., separating the filtrate.

This invention relates to a process for the production of an enzyme preparation containing xylanase and carboxymethyl cellulase, from Termitomyces clypeatus having accession no IICB-411 at the Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Calcutta, India. The strain of Termitomyces clypeatus also has been deposited in the Microbial Type Culture Collection (MTCC) at Chandigarh, India, which has the status of an International Depository under the Budapest Treaty, under the accession no. MTCC 5091. The enzyme preparation is used in many industrial applications preferably for the treatment of textile, agro-products and plant biomass.
Enzyme preparations containing xylanase and cellulase activities have many commercial uses as in liquefaction of fruit, vegetables, clarification of must juices, extraction of fruit juices, treatment of oil seed for better oil recovery, improving digestibility of cattle feed, smoothing of denim cloths, etc.
Cellulose and hemicellulose are the two major components of plant biomass. The basic molecular structure of cellulose is a linear polymer of glucose linked together by 1,4 xcex2-glucosidic linkages. In mature cellulose containing 8,000 to 12,000 glucose units, the molecules are arranged in fibrils consisting of several parallel chains held together by hydrogen bonds. These fibrils are partly crystalline in nature. On the other hand, xylans are the major polysaccharide present in the hemicellulosic fraction of the plant biomass. These polysaccharides have a common backbone of 1,4 linked xcex2-D-xylopyranoside units substituted with xcex1-arabinofuranosyl, xcex1-4-O-methyl glucuronosyl or acetyl group to different extents depending on the nature and maturity of the plant.
The microbial enzyme systems capable of hydrolysing cellulose and xylan are known as cellulolytic and xylanolytic enzymes respectively. Cellulolytic enzymes mainly consist of three types of enzyme;
1. Endoglucanase (1,4-xcex2-D-glucan 4 glucanohydrolase, Enzyme Commission number 184.108.40.206) which acts on cellodextrin, substituted cellulose like carboxymethyl cellulose, swollen cellulose;
2. Cellobiohydrolase (1,4xcex2-D-glucan cellobiohydrolase, Enzyme Commission number 126.96.36.199) which acts on native cellulose releasing cellobiose from non reducing ends of native cellulose, but does not attack substituted cellulose;
3.xcex2-Glucosidase (xcex2-D-glucoside glucohydrolase, Enzyme Commission number 126.96.36.199) hydrolyses cellobiose into glucose.
The endoglucanase activity, which is also known as carboxymethyl cellulase activity, is the major enzyme present in cellulolytic enzyme complex. Cellulase activity is generally measured in terms of carboxymethyl cellulase activity.
The enzyme endo 1,4xcex2-xylanase (Enzyme Commission Number 22.214.171.124) which catalyses random hydrolysis of 1,4xcex2-D-xylosidic backbone linkages of xylan is also the major enzyme on the xylanolytic enzyme complex. Endo-xylanase activity is similarly taken as the measure of xylanolytic activity.
A large number of microorganisms including fungi, bacteria and actinomycetes produce cellulolytic enzyme which allow the them to grow on cellulose as the carbon source. But the extracellular enzyme activity liberated during growth of the cellulolytic microorganisms differs widely depending on the nature of the strain.
Among fungi, good extracellular enzyme producers are Tricoderma reesei, Tricoderma koningii, Aspergillus terrus and Pellicularia filamentosa. Bacteria like Cellulomonas uda, Ruminococcus sp, bacteriodes sp, Clostridium thermocellum are moderate producers of cellulolytic enzyme. Actinomycetes like Thermoactinomycete sp, Streptomyces sp, Thermopolyspora sp, were also reported to produce cellulolytic enzyme. Among all the strains fungi are good producers of cellulolytic enzyme, Tricoderma reesei being the best so far reported. Fungi produce both cellulolytic and xylanolytic enzymes together in media supporting either cellulase or xylanase production. Coproduction of cellulase and xylanase by bacteria or actinomycetes is rarely observed
Among the microorganisms, yeast, bacteria and actinomycetes are also producers of xylanase. But fungi produce xylanase in much higher quantities than other microorganisms and bacteria and actiomycetes usually do not produce both xylanase and cellulase in a single fermentation. Of the fungal xylanases, production of the extracellular enzyme by Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus , Penicillium funiculosum. Reference may be made respectively to Frederick, M. M., Kiang, C. H., Frederick, J. R. and Reilly, P. J. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 27, 525-532, 1985, Flannigan, B. and Sellars, P. N. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 71,353-358, 1978), and Mishra, C., Seeta, R. and Rao, M. Enz. Microb. Technol. 7, 295-299, 1985 . Among the basidiomycete, the Common Split Gill Schizophyllum conmume is a high producer of xylanase. Reference may be made to Postrochers, M., Jurasek, I. and Paice, M. G. Development Industrial Microbiology. 22, 675, 1981. Most of these organisms are highly cellulolytic in character and produce much higher amounts of cellulase than xylanase in the same fermentation. The mycelial culture of basidiomycete Termitomyces clypeatus having accession number IICB-411, developed and propagated by us and deposited at one of the constituent laboratories of the applicant is a good producer of both cellulolytic and xylanolytic enzymes in the same medium. However, the amount of xylanase and carboxymethyl cellulase produced by the strain varies depending on the composition of the medium. Reference may be made regarding the producer strain to S Sengupta, A K Ghosh, M L Jana and A K Naskar: A process for the production of xylanase solution without any detectable carboxymethyl cellulase activity (unpublished Indian patent application 353/DEL/94), S Sengupta, D. Sengupta, A K Naskar, M L Jana, A K Ghosh: An improved process for the preparation of bright juices from non-citus fruits (Indian Patent application no 365/DELI99), S Sengupta, A K Ghosh, A K Naskar, D Sengupta, M L Jana: A process for the preparation of an enzyme composition containing a mixture of pectinase and xylanase useful for clarification of non citrus fruit juice (Indian Patent application 686/DELI99), S Sengupta, D Sengupta, A K Naskar, M L Jana: A process for the preparation of a novel enzymatic formulation useful for improved leavening of bakery products (Indian Patent filed NF/403/99).
The main object of the present invention is to provide a process for the production of an enzyme preparation containing xylanase and carboxymethyl cellulase from Termitomyces clypeatus having accession no IICB-411 at the Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Calcutta, India and accession no. MTCC 5091 at the Microbial Type Culture Collection (MTCC) at Chandigarh, India, an International Depository under the Budapest Treaty.
Another object of the invention is use of enzyme preparation for many industrial applications preferably, for the treatment of textile, agro-products and plant biomass.
Accordingly the present invention provides a process for the production of xylanase and carboxymethyl cellulase which comprises inoculating and growing Termitomyces clypeatus, which has been deposited in the Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Calcutta, one of the constituent laboratories of the applicant having the accession No.IICB-411, and at the Microbial Type Culture Collection (MTCC) at Chandigarh, India, an International Depository under the Budapest Treaty, under the accession no. MTCC 5091, in a sterilized medium containing assimilable carbon source, assimilable nitrogen source and conventional micronutrients at a pH between 3-7 and incubating at a temperature in the range of 25-30xc2x0 C., separating the filtrate by known methods.
The present invention provides a process for the production of carboxymethyl cellulase and xylanase, said process comprising innoculating and growing the strain Termitomyces clypeatus which was isolated and propagated by the applicants and deposited in the Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Calcutta, one of the constituent laboratories of the applicant having the accession No.IICB-411 and at the Microbial Type Culture Collection (MTCC) at Chandigarh, India, an International Depository under the Budapest Treaty, under the accession no. MTCC 5091.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the mycelial culture of Termitomyces clypeatus was characterized by different physical and biochemical properties.
Physical properties: The strain produces a silky white colony on solid medium, frequently producing aggression of mycelia in areas to form strands and knots of mycelia. The hyphae produced are tubular undifferentiated and hyphae of subcuits with short branches are also present. The average diameter of the hyphae is between 5 to 10 micrometer and all are septed. The strain under a microscope shows absence of any sporophoric structure or any basidiospore. A few clamp connections characteristic of mushroom culture also are visible within the hyphae. Hyphae with both single and double nucleus are present. The culture remains white over a long period of growth, say 10 to 15 days without any coloration due to any sporulation. Biochemical properties: The mycelial culture is a brown-rot type and has no phenol oxidase or laccase activity. It grows well in defined medium containing carbohydrate and mineral salts. The growth is not well supported by glucose but highly stimulated by glucose polysaccharides. The strain has optimum C/N ratio at 5 and 10 for optimum growth in synthetic medium. Trace elements like Fe++, Mn++, Zn++, Ca++ and Mo++ have much influence on growth. The dry mycelia obtained in liquid medium at optimum growth phase has a composition of: protein 31.76%, carbohydrate 52.0%, fat 1.0%, fiber 10.5% and ash 2.7%. The strain in suitable medium gives positive tests for carboxymethyl cellulase, cellobiase, invertase, amylglucosidase, amylase, endo-xylanse, arabinofuranosidase, acety esterase and xylosidase activities but negative tests for laccase, phenol oxidase, chitinase and mannanase.
The strain was cultivated on a medium containing an assimilable carbon source, an assimilable nitrogen source, inorganic salts and organic nutrients. The assimilable carbon source includes carbohydrates such as glucose, xylose, mannose, arabinose, starch, dextrin, cellulose and xylan, agro-residue such as starch free wheat bran, corn cob powder saw-dust and amino acids such as aspartate, glutamate, serine and alanine. Assimilable nitrogen sources include ammonium salts like ammonium chloride, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, ammonium nitrate and ammonium chloride, organic nitrogen such as soyapeptone and bactopeptone and organic nutrients such as malt extract, yeast extract, wheat bran and com steep liquor. The fungus is maintained in agar-slant containing (w/v), malt extract 5%, potato extract 20%, glucose 5%, KH2PO40.0874% pH 5.0. In the production of the enzyme composition, cultivation was carried out at a temperature between 25-30xc2x0 C., preferably 29xc2x11xc2x0 C. under aerobic conditions in a shake flask in liquid medium on a rotary shaker at 200-300 strokes per minute. Among the assimilable carbon sources, xylan is the best carbon source with the concentration range from 0.5-2% (w/v), preferably 1% (w/v).
Among the assimilable nitrogen sources, bactopeptone, or ammonium sulphate or ammonium dihydrogen phosphate is preferred. Complex nutrients such as yeast extract (preferably from 0.5-1% w/v improves enzyme production by 2 fold) or, corn steep liquor (preferably 0.1-0.5 w/v) may be added. Presence of Tween-80 in an amount from 0.1 to 0.2% w/v improves enzyme production by 25-50%. Initial pH of the medium may be maintained from 3 to 7.0, preferably 3.5. Inoculum is developed in shake flask in a medium preferably containing (w/v) malt extract 5%, potato extract 20%, glucose 5%, KH2PO40.0874%, 5.0 for 4 days. The mycelia obtained was suspended in sterile water and blended aseptically in a waring blender. Blended culture obtained from the volume of the inoculum medium was inoculated to ten volumes of fermentation medium (1:10 v/v). Optimum enzyme production in the culture filtrate took place between 4 to 5 days after inoculation. The enzyme produced in the culture filtrate was freed from fungal mycelia by filtration or centrifugation and used as the source of the enzyme.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the assimilable carbon source used is selected from carbohydrates selected from glucose, xylose, mannose, arabinose, starch, dextrin, cellulose, xylan, amino acids selected from the group comprising glutamate, aspartate, alanine and serine and agro residue selected from corncob powder, starch free wheat bran powder and any other sources.
In another embodiment of the present invention, the assimilable nitrogen source used is selected from ammonium salts selected from chloride, nitrate, dihydrogenphosphate and organic nitrogen selected from bacto-peptone, soya-peptone, malt extract, yeast extract wheat bran, corn steep liquor.
In still another embodiment of the present invention, the cellulose or agro residue employed ranges from 0.5 to 2.0%.
In yet another embodiment of the present invention, the optimum enzyme production by the strain takes place on 4 to 5 days of fermentation.
In yet another embodiment of the present invention, carboxymethyl cellulase and xylanase in the culture filtrate are optimally active between temperature range of 50xc2x0 to 60xc2x0 C.
In yet another embodiment of the present invention, carboxymethyl cellulase and xylanase activities of the culture filtrate are optimally active at a pH ranging from 5 to 6.
In yet another embodiment of the present invention, carboxymethylcellulase and xylanase are stable up to the temperature of 60xc2x0 C.
Carboxymethylcellulase and xylanase activities present in the culture filtrate were assayed by Dinitro-salicylic acid method using caboxymethyl cellulose (soluble, sodium salt) and larch wood xylan as the substrates respectively. Reference may be made to Sumner, J. B. and Somers, G. F., 1949 in Laboratory experiments in biological chemistry, Academic Press, New York, pp.38-39
The invention is further illustrated with the following example, which should not be construed to limit the scope of the invention.

Process for the production of an enzyme preparation containing xylanase and carboxymethyl cellulase from termitomyces clypeatus having accession no 11CB-411

Council of Scientific and Industrial Research


The present invention relates to a compound of the formula: where n, R1 and R2 are those defined herein. The present invention also relates to use of a compound of Formula 1 in treating a clinical condition associated with fibrotic disorder.

Fibrotic disorders affect many organ systems, including heart, blood vessels, kidney, liver and lung. An estimated 45% of deaths in the United States are attributed to disorders that are characterized by varying degrees of fibrosis. This alarming statistic is often underappreciated since the 'cause of death' is often end-stage organ failure, although in many cases organ failure is attributed to progressive fibrosis.
The most severe and deadly fibrotic lung disease is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), characterized by progressive scar tissue formation and irreversible destruction of the lung parenchyma, resulting in gas-exchange abnormalities and ultimately respiratory failure. IPF is widely regarded as a disease of aging, as it disproportionately affects the elderly population with a mean age of 66 years at the time of diagnosis. IPF is associated with high morbidity and mortality with a median survival rate of less than three years. Further, the survival rate for IPF patients markedly decreases with age.
Although two drugs have recently gained FDA-approval for IPF, no drug treatment has been shown to definitively improve quality of life or survival for IPF patients. The current drugs only moderately slow the progression of lung decline. There are no available therapies that can 'reverse' fibrosis.
Therefore, there is a clear need for more effective treatments for IPF and other fibrotic diseases in order to improve the patient experience and outcomes.

Indoline derivatives and method for using and producing the same

Arizona Board of Regents on Behalf of the Unversit


A wireless local area network, WLAN, node determines (1120) whether one or more wireless terminals have connected to the WLAN and reports (1130) to a node in a wide-area cellular network, such as a 3GPP network, whether one or more terminals have connected to the WLAN. This report may be triggered, for example, when a terminal has connected to the WLA, or by the completion of a connection procedure, successfully or unsuccessfully, by one or a predetermined number of wireless terminals. Conditional reporting can be used to reduce the amount of signaling between the WLAN AP and the 3GPP network.

The Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN), standardized by members of the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), includes base stations called enhanced NodeBs (eNBs or eNodeBs), providing the E-UTRA user plane and control plane protocol terminations towards the UE. The eNBs are interconnected with each other using the X2 interface. The eNBs are also connected using the S1 interface to the EPC (Evolved Packet Core), more specifically to the MME (Mobility Management Entity) by means of the S1-MME interface and to the Serving Gateway (S-GW) by means of the S1-U interface. The S1 interface supports many-to-many relation between MMEs/S-GWs and eNBs. A simplified view of the E-UTRAN architecture is provided by FIGS. 1 and 2.
The eNB 110 hosts functionalities such as Radio Resource Management (RRM), radio bearer control, admission control, header compression of user plane data towards serving gateway, and/or routing of user plane data towards the serving gateway. The MME 120 is the control node that processes the signaling between the UE and the CN (core network). Significant functions of the MME 120 are related to connection management and bearer management, which are handled via Non Access Stratum (NAS) protocols. The S-GW 130 is the anchor point for UE mobility, and also includes other functionalities such as temporary DL (down link) data buffering while the UE is being paged, packet routing and forwarding to the right eNB, and/or gathering of information for charging and lawful interception. The PDN Gateway 140 (P-GW, not shown in FIG. 1) is the node responsible for UE IP address allocation, as well as Quality of Service (QoS) enforcement (as further discussed below). The reader is referred to 3GPP TS 36.300 and the references therein for further details of functionalities of the different nodes.
FIG. 2 gives a summary of the functionalities of the different nodes. The reader is referred to the 3GPP document "Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN); Overall Description; Stage 2," 3GPP TS 36.300, v. 11.3.0 (September 2012), available at www.3gpp.org, and the references therein for the details of the functionalities of the different nodes. In FIG. 2, the boxes labeled eNB 110, MME 120, S-GW 130, and P-GW 140 depict the logical nodes, which may correspond to separate and distinct physical units, in some cases. The smaller boxes within the larger boxes depict the functional entities of the control plane. The shaded boxes within the box labeled eNB 110 depict the radio protocol layers.
The wireless local-area network (WLAN) technology known as "Wi-Fi" has been standardized by IEEE in the 802.11 series of specifications (i.e., as "IEEE Standard for Information technology-Telecommunications and information exchange between systems. Local and metropolitan area networks-Specific requirements. Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications").
Using Wi-Fi/WLAN (the two terms are used interchangeably throughout this document) to offload traffic from the mobile networks is becoming more and more interesting from both the operators' and end users' points of view. Reasons for this include the additional frequency that may be obtained—by using Wi-Fi, operators can access an additional 85 MHz of radio bandwidth in the 2.4 GHz band and nearly another 500 MHz in the 5 GHz band. Cost is another factor, as Wi-Fi uses unlicensed frequency that is free of charge. On top of that, the cost of a typical Wi-Fi Access Points (AP), from both capital expense (CAPEX) and operational expense (OPEX) perspectives, is considerably lower than that of a 3GPP base station (BS/eNB).
In addition, operators can take advantage of already deployed APs that are already deployed in hotspots such as train stations, airports, stadiums, shopping malls, etc. Further, most end users are also currently accustomed to having Wi-Fi for "free" at home (as home broadband subscriptions are usually flat rate) and at many public places. Another factor is the high data rates that are increasingly demanded by customers. Under low interference conditions and assuming the user is close to the Wi-Fi AP, Wi-Fi can provide peak data rates that outshine that of current mobile networks (for example, theoretically up to 600 Mbps for IEEE 802.11n deployments with MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output)).
Still another factor in this increased interest in Wi-Fi integration, or at least in closer cooperation between WLANs and cellular networks, is the rapidly increasing support for Wi-Fi among cellular telephones. Many portable devices currently available in the market, including virtually all smartphones, support Wi-Fi. Note that in the specifications that define the Wi-Fi world, the term "station" (STA) is used instead of UE; because this document is generally considered with devices that support both a cellular technology (such as E-UTRA) and Wi-Fi, the terms UE, STA and terminal are used interchangeably in this document.
A very simplified Wi-Fi architecture is illustrated in FIG. 3 and FIG. 4, below. On the user plane, illustrated in FIG. 3, a very lean architecture is employed, where the UE/STA is connected to the Wi-Fi Access Point (AP). The Wi-Fi in turn can be directly connected to the Internet, thus providing the UE/STA access to application servers on the Internet. In the control plane, as illustrated in FIG. 4, an Access point Controller (AC) may handle the management of the AP. One AC usually handles the management of several APs. Security/authentication of users can be handled via an Authentication, Authorization and Accounting (AAA) entity, which is shown as a RADIUS server in FIG. 4. Remote Administration Dial-In User Service (RADIUS) is the most widely used network protocol for providing a centralized AAA management (RFC 2865).
The Access Network Discovery and Selection Function (ANDFS) is an entity defined by 3GPP for providing access discovery information as well as mobility and routing policies to the UE. ANDFS is a new entity added to the 3GPP architecture in Release 8 of 3GPP TS 23.402. (See "Architecture Enhancements for non-3GPP Accesses," 3GPP TS 23.402, v. 11.4.0 (September 2012), available at www.3gpp.org.) A simplified ANDSF architecture is depicted in FIG. 5. As shown in the figure, the ANDSF server is connected to the UE, and its main goal is to provide the UE with access network information in a resource efficient and secure manner. The communication between the UE and the ANDSF server is defined as an IP-based interface referred to as the S14 interface.
By supplying information about both available 3GPP and non-3GPP access networks to the UE, the ANDSF enables an energy-efficient mechanism of network discovery, where the UE can avoid continuous and energy-consuming background scanning. Furthermore, ANDSF provides the mobile operators with a tool for the implementation of flexible and efficient UE steering of access mechanisms, where policy control can guide UEs to select one particular RAN over another.
The ANDSF supplies three types of information—discovery information, inter-system mobility policies (ISMP) and inter-system routing policies (ISRP). All these are summarized and implemented via ANDSF managed objects (MO), which are communicated to the UEs via an over-the-top (OTT) signaling channel, as SOAP-XML messages.
The discovery information provides the UE with information regarding the availability of different RATs in the UE's vicinity. This helps the UE to discover available access networks, including 3GPP and non-3GPP access networks, without the burden of continuous background scanning. Inter-System Mobility Policies (ISMP) are policies which guide the UE to select the most preferable 3GPP or non-3GPP access. The ISMP are used for UEs that access a single access network (e.g., 3GPP or Wi-Fi) at a time.
The ISMP information specifies the behavior of UEs that can be connected to only one access network at a given time (either 3GPP, WLAN, WiMAX, etc.). If the UE, however, supports connection to several access networks at the same time, the operator can use the third type of information, ISRP, to increase the granularity of the RAN selection. In that case, the UEs will be provided with policies that specify how the traffic flows should be distributed over the different RAN. For example, voice might be only allowed to be carried over a 3GPP RAN connection, while Internet video streaming and best-effort traffic can be routed via WLAN. The ANDSF provides mobile operators with a tool to determine how the UEs connect to different RANs, and hence allows them to add more flexibility in their traffic planning.
As noted above, because of the proliferation of devices that have both Wi-Fi and 3GPP mobile broadband support, offloading traffic to the Wi-Fi network is becoming very interesting, both from the user's and the operator's perspectives. The main difference between traffic steering to and from Wi-Fi, as compared to steering between 3GPP networks or 3GPP-"friendly" networks such as CDMA2000 networks, is that it is generally the terminal that decides when it shall select a Wi-Fi Access Point (AP), while in wide-area networks it is the network that is in charge of the network access decisions.
For technical and historical reasons, the Wi-Fi deployment scenario is in many cases fundamentally different than the cellular deployment. For this reason, special considerations have to be made when integrating Wi-Fi to 3GPP networks. For example, with currently existing technologies the information regarding a wireless terminal's communication in one wireless network, such as a Wi-Fi, is not readily available in another wireless network. This can be especially problematic if one wireless network is controlling the wireless terminal's communication in the other wireless network. International Patent Application Publication WO 2014/084792 A1 describes a method in a mobile terminal in which the terminal transmits information to a first wireless network of the mobile terminal's connection status with respect to a second wireless network. The techniques described herein thus focus on several aspects of integrating Wi-Fi to 3GPP networks, including the problem addressed by the WO 2014/084792 A1 publication, to realize optimal steering of traffic while considering both the end user's as well as the network's performance.

Reporting wireless local-area network terminal connections to 3GPP nodes


A tool for scraping a grill of the type having a plurality of spaced apart parallel grill rods is disclosed. The scraper includes an elongated handle having a flat rectangular scraper member transversely attached to one end of the handle. The scraper member includes at least one access slot opening at one edge transversely intersected by a cross slot having ends shaped and sized to receive at least one grill rod of predetermined shape and size.

This invention relates to a tool for cleaning a grill. More particularly, the invention relates to a tool for scraping a grill of the type having a plurality of spaced apart parallel grill rods such as a barbecue grill.
Tools of this type are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,824,323, 3,820,185, 4,112,537 and 4,214,342. These tools all have certain limitations such as being effective on only one grill rod size, or shape, limits in the surface area of the grill rod that can be scraped or cleaned with a single pass of the tool over the grill rod and a high degree of manipulation of the tool to effect scraping of all surface areas of the grill rod effectively.


A method of making a water-dispersible composition comprises coprocessing a microcrystalline cellulose wetcake and at least one starch by co-attrition to form an admixture comprising colloidal microcrystalline cellulose and said at least one starch. The admixture is subsequently dried. Optionally, the admixture may be combined with an additional hydrocolloid, such as a galactomannan, before or after drying. A dried colloidal microcrystalline cellulose composition may then be dispersed in an aqueous media to form the food/beverage product. In particular, the composition may be dispersed in an aqueous media containing, for example, a protein to form a low pH beverage composition.

Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) is used in the food industry to enhance the properties or attributes of a final food product. For example, MCC has been used as a dispersion and suspension aid for suspending solids in aqueous media. In particular, MCC compositions have been developed for enhanced texture or "mouth-feel" in food applications. In U.S. Pat. No. 3,573,058, microcrystalline cellulose is co-dried with a substantial amount of protective hydrocolloid, such as gelatin, alginate, and the like to form a co-dried product that can vary the texture of mouth-feel of food products into which the product is incorporated. U.S. Pat. No. 5,192,569 describes a fat-like bulking agent for aqueous foods made from a microcrystalline cellulose intimately admixed with a galactomannan gum, such as guar gum, in an aqueous medium, which is then dried.
There has been a need, however, to obtain a microcrystalline cellulose composition which exhibits a broader range of mouth-feel properties in different food and beverage applications, such as low pH and neutral pH food applications. It is also desirable that these mouth-feel properties may be tailored based on the sensory properties desired in the final product. In addition, the microcrystalline cellulose composition should have good stability and shelf life properties.

Water-dispersible compositions for food applications


A battery cable circuit protection device and circuit for preventing fluctuations in voltage from a supply battery is provided. The device includes a terminal base having a battery cable lug member adapted for mounting to and making an electrical connection with a battery post of the battery. A battery cable mounting structure is fixedly connected to the terminal base for detachably connecting the terminal base to a battery cable. The battery cable supplies a vehicle starter motor with electrical energy. A first fuse mount supported by the terminal base provides electrical interconnection to the battery post. A second fuse mount supported by the terminal base provides electrical energy to vehicle electrical systems other than the vehicle starter motor. The first and second fuse mounts are adapted for detachable a connection to a fuse which provides electrical interconnection between the first and second fuse mounts.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to a battery cable circuit protection device and, more particularly, to a battery cable with provisions for integral circuit protection.
2. Description of the Background Art
Generally, a battery is mounted inside a vehicle as a power source of electrical power, and electronic, integrated circuits are designed to drive on voltage from the battery and through the vehicle's electric system. As used in this application, the term "vehicle" refers to any motor vehicle including, but not limited to, a car, truck, van, tractor trailer, bus, etc.
Electric system distribution lines may be affected by sharp voltage fluctuations due to sharp changes in the input current to components of the vehicle (e.g., air conditioner, lights, windshield wipers, etc.). The integrated circuits for the various electric loads may suffer damage where overvoltages or undervoltages appear at the power supply.
To obviate this problem, a prior approach consists of using integrated circuits that can withstand such voltage fluctuations. Consequently, the manufacture of these circuit types (e.g., components and processing) is expensive.
Another prior approach consists of connecting, between the integrated circuit and ground, a device which provides protection against the voltage fluctuations. One such prior art system is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,645,448 to Hill. As illustrated in FIG. 1, a battery connecting module 10 provides for electrical interconnection between a battery 70, an alternator cable 74 connected to an alternator (not shown), a starter cable 76 connected to a starter motor (not shown), and a fuse box cable 78 connected to a fuse box (not shown). A main fuse 80 can be electrically connected between the alternator cable 74 and the distributed electrical systems of the vehicle. Such system, however, also aggravates the manufacturing costs as well as add to the cost of assembling the electric system to a vehicle (e.g., costs of additional parts).
Thus, there exists a need in the art for a power conditioning between the main power source and electrical devices to either eliminate and/or to adequately control undesired power conditions.

Battery cable with provisions for integral circuit protection


In order to improve the reception capability of a portable terminal device while waiting for calls from a satellite, a small reflecting plate (9) in the form of a saucer is disposed below a rod-shaped satellite communication antenna (7) which is folded to hold downwardly when the portable terminal device is in the state of on-hook, waiting for calls.

Portable terminal devices for mobile communications generally use a rod-shaped antenna, which is of a structure convenient for portability, such that it is folded in a device housing in a state of on-hook. Many antennas for satellite communications are in the form of a rod-shaped four-wire helical antenna. (For example, see Japanese laid-open patent publication No. 10-135733.)
A four-wire helical antenna shown in FIG. 1 of the accompanying drawings has radiation elements comprising four helical conductors 71 wound around dielectric cylinder 72 and feeder circuit 73 connected to the lower ends of the radiation elements for supplying high-frequency electric energies each having phase shifted 90 degree from neighboring ones and having the same amplitude. The four-wire helical antenna can transmit and receive a circularly polarized radio wave. Generally, the four-wire helical antenna has a cross-sectional shape as shown in FIG. 2 of the accompanying drawings. Cylinder 72 with the helical conductors wound thereon is covered with radome 81 made of a dielectric material and serving as a protective cover. Radome 81 is fixed to lower cover 82. Cover 82 houses therein feeder circuit 73 connected to the helical conductors. Feeder circuit 73 has a terminal on its lower portion which is connected via rotary joint 8 to a radio unit of a terminal device. The antenna is held upwardly when in use, and downwardly when not in use.
The four-wire helical antenna is required to have a directivity pattern for radiating a radio wave uniformly to the direction above semispherical surface of the device for use in satellite communications. FIG. 3 of the accompanying drawings shows, by way of example, a radiation pattern within an elevation angle of the four-wire helical antenna. The radiation pattern is substantially rotationally symmetric with respect to a bearing direction, and is such a pattern as to give a substantially uniform gain on the upper surface of the semispherical body.
Helical antennas also include an N-wire helical antenna having N helical conductors, other than the four-wire helical antenna. Therefore, other rod-shaped antennas can be used insofar as they can form a radiation pattern similar to the radiation pattern shown in FIG. 3, regardless of the antenna types and kinds.
The rod-shaped antenna for satellite communications which has the radiation pattern shown in FIG. 3 can be held upwardly when in use, i.e., when the terminal device is used in communications, and can be folded downwardly when not in use, i.e., when the terminal device is in the state of on-hook, waiting for calls. When the terminal device is waiting for calls with the rod-shaped antenna being folded downwardly, the sensitivity of the rod-shaped antenna with respect to radio waves traveling through the air is greatly reduced, making it difficult for the terminal device to receive a radio wave indicative of a call from the satellite. Therefore, it is necessary to hold the antenna upwardly while the terminal device is in motion when the terminal device is waiting for calls.

Portable terminal device with reflection board


A connecting rod assembly for a two-stroke cycle reciprocating piston internal combustion engine has the piston pin axis slightly skewed from the crank-shaft axis to provide favorable conditions for lubricating the piston pin.

In a reciprocating piston internal combustion engine, a connecting rod transmits forces between a piston and a crankshaft. The piston and, in many cases, the connecting rod have bushings which receive a piston pin to secure the piston to the connecting rod. Since the connecting rod rocks with respect to the piston, oil is supplied to lubricate the interengaging surfaces of the pin and the bushings.
Adequate lubrication of these surfaces is more difficult in a two-stroke cycle engine than in a four-stroke cycle engine. In a four-stroke cycle engine, oil flows between the surfaces during the intake stroke when the load of the bushings on the pin reverses. In a two-stroke cycle engine, on the other hand, the bushings are continuously loaded against the pin and oil flow between the surfaces is hindered.


The temperature sensor includes an insulating film; a thin film thermistor portion which is formed on the surface of the insulating film with a thermistor material of TiAlN; the pair of interdigitated electrodes which have a plurality of comb portions and are pattern-formed on the thin film thermistor portion using a metal so as to face each other; and the pair of pattern electrodes which are pattern-formed on the surface of the insulating film and are connected to the pair of interdigitated electrodes, wherein at least a part of each of the pattern electrodes is formed of a conductive resin.

Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a temperature sensor, i.e., a film-type thermistor temperature sensor which is less influenced by heat conduction from the external wiring.
Description of the Related Art
There has been a requirement for a thermistor material used for a temperature sensor or the like to exhibit a high B constant so as to obtain a high precision and high sensitivity thermistor sensor. Conventionally, transition metal oxides such as Mn, Co, Fe, and the like are typically used as such thermistor materials (see Patent Documents 1 and 2). These thermistor materials need to be fired at a temperature of 600° C. or greater in order to obtain a stable thermistor characteristic.
In addition to thermistor materials consisting of metal oxides as described above, Patent Document 3 discloses a thermistor material consisting of a nitride represented by the general formula: MxAyNz (where N represents at least one of Ta, Nb, Cr, Ti, and Zr, A represents at least one of Al, Si, and B, 0.1≦x≦=0.8, 0<y≦0.6, 0.1≦z≦0.8, and x+y+z=1). In Patent Document 3, only a Ta—Al—N-based material represented by Mx AyNz (where 0.5≦x≦0.8, 0.1≦y≦0.5, 0.2≦z≦0.7, and x+y+z=1) is described in Example. The Ta—Al—N-based material is produced by sputtering in a nitrogen gas-containing atmosphere using a material containing the elements as set forth as a target. The obtained thin film is subject to a heat treatment at a temperature from 350 to 600° C. as required.


An angular rate sensor is disclosed. The angular rate sensor comprises a substrate and a drive subsystem partially supported by a substrate. The drive subsystem includes at least one spring, at least one anchor, and at least one mass; the at least one mass of the drive subsystem is oscillated by at least one actuator along a first axis. Coriolis force acts on moving the drive subsystem along or around a second axis in response to angular velocity of the substrate around the third axis. The angular rate sensor also includes a sense subsystem partially supported by a substrate. The sense subsystem includes at least one spring, at least one anchor, and at least one mass.

In vibratory gyroscopes with two sense peak structures, conventional designs require sense masses to be split in order to achieve two mode dynamics [Acar et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,845,669]. Additionally, in conventional systems in the two sense peak design, the sense masses are never anchored [Acar et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,845,669]. Accordingly, a problem with conventional systems is that they may not be sensitive enough in some applications and may also produce a high amount of mechanical noise to adversely affect the sensing capability of the gyroscope.
Accordingly what is needed is a vibrating gyroscope and a system that overcomes these issues. The present invention addresses such a need.

Dual mode sensing for vibratory gyroscope


A unit for feeding semifinished parts, whereby a carriage travelling along a straight slideway supports a rectangular table in turn supporting a parallelepiped stack of semifinished parts and which is floatable by means of an air cushion. The carriage presents a device for positioning the stack and comprising four articulated arms, each fitted to the carriage and having, on its free end, a locating element designed to contact the lateral walls of the stack.

The present invention relates to a unit for feeding semifinished parts to a forming machine, particularly a press.
Known feed units of the aforementioned type comprise a loading station in which a stack of semifinished parts is loaded on to a carriage; and an unloading station in which the parts are gripped and withdrawn one by one off the stack by a handling device and fed on to the press.
The efficiency of known units of the aforementioned type depends on the accuracy with which the stack is positioned on the carriage, any errors in which affect the pickup position of the handling device in relation to the part.
To overcome the above drawback, self-adjusting devices are provided for determining the position of the stack in relation to the carriage by means of a number of sensors connected to a processing unit, which recalculates the zero position of the handling robot to compensate for any error in the position of the stack.
In addition to the complex design and, hence, high cost involved, such devices are also difficult to regulate.

Unit for feeding semifinished parts to a forming machine, particularly a press


The present invention relates to production and packaging of seasoned rice rolled in laver. A laver is fixed on a long strip of packing sheet for blocking the moisture and seasoned rice of cylindrical shape is situated at the center of said packing sheet. The packing sheet is then folded back in order to pack the laver and the seasoned rice separately, preventing the direct contact of them. When eating, said seasoned rice is rolled on the laver by pulling one end of the packing sheet, stripping the seasoned rice which rolls over the laver on the packing sheet. Thus, the flavor of laver can be secured from damage by moisture of said seasoned rice even long after production. In addition, said seasoned rice rolled in laver can be packed surely and cleanly for selling at a drive-in store or at a station.

A. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to production and packaging of seasoned rice rolled in laver, or more particularly, to seasoned rice rolled in laver which is produced by packing the laver and the seasoned rice separately by a packing sheet and the seasoned rice is rolled on the laver when stripping said packing sheet by rolling the seasoned rice on the laver.
B. Description of the Prior Art
Seasoned rice, so-called SUSHI, is a food which is produced by boiling rice, adding vinegar and ingredients such as vegetables or fish or shell-fish and forming them by hand into cylindrical shape. The seasoned rice substantially contains a proper amount of moisture and is held in a hand without a fork when eating it.
A laver is a food which is made by drying a water plant in a sheetlike form such as rectangular and its natural flavour, dried taste and good smell are desirable.
Seasoned rice rolled in laver, so-called NORIMAKI, is, as shown in FIG. 1, a portable food which is produced by covering the surface of said seasoned rice with the laver. Nutrition such as the carbohydrates of said seasoned rice and the flavour, dried taste of said laver, can be appreciated at once. Said seasoned rice rolled in laver is held in a hand when eating it in hiking or so on.
In recent years, the seasoned rice rolled in laver is massproduced in food industry and sold at drive-in store or at a station. Accordingly, many problems have arisen regarding the production and packaging of said seasoned rice rolled in laver. In the first place, the laver is kept covering the seasoned rice for a long while after produced in a central kitchen. Consequently, the laver becomes damp by the moisture of the seasoned rice and the flavour as well as the taste of it is easily damaged. In the second place, it is necessary to properly pack the seasoned rice rolled in laver in order to sell them at a store. If not properly packed, the dust sticks and the moisture of the seasoned rice get away. In the prior art, seasoned rice rolled in laver is merely packed with a plastic film and these problems are left behind.


An ink handling apparatus includes an ink handling module and a base for receiving and supporting the ink handling module. The ink handling module includes a container having a discharge aperture, a moveable member with paddles for moving ink through the discharge aperture, and an ink pump connected to the discharge aperture for receiving and pumping the discharged ink through a supply hose to a desired location. The base includes a pair of motors each having releasably engageable drive connectors for releasably engaging drives on the moveable member and the ink pump. The releasable engageable drive connectors are configured so that the ink handling module can be set on the base with the releasably engageable drive connectors engaged with the drives, whereafter interlocking connectors on the base and the ink handling module can be fastened to secure the assembly together. The base further includes a control circuit for the motors, the control circuit including a timed pump actuation circuit, a manually actuated motor circuit, and a continuously actuated motor circuit.

The present invention relates to ink handling apparatus, and in particular concerns an ink handling apparatus having features which facilitate quick change of ink.
An ink handling device is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,170,710 issued Dec. 15, 1992 to Harpold et al. entitled "METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR HANDLING PRINTING INK". This ink handling device works well, however the device requires significant capital expenditure and is thus more satisfactory for large ink volume users rather than for lower ink volume users, particularly where frequent changes in ink color are required or where there are a large number of ink colors/ink types that must be periodically or intermittently supplied. Further, it is desirable to improve the compactness of the unit so that the unit can be used easily and efficiently in small areas.

Method and apparatus for handling printing ink


For use in a gravity meter, an improved gravity sensor is disclosed which, in the preferred and illustrated embodiment, balances on an axis of rotation which is perpendicular to the vertical component of gravity, thereby enabling the arm on the apparatus to respond to horizontally resolved components of gravity.

In measuring gravity, it is first defined as a vector force between the earth and a mass which is attracted to the earth. Being a vector, gravity has three components defined along mutually perpendicular directions. Co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 083,351 filed Oct. 10, 1979 is directed to an apparatus which measures one of the component vectors. This disclosure is directed to an apparatus which measures the horizontal component of gravity. By defining the coordinate system such that the major component of gravity is a vertical component along the Y-axis, there still remains a pair of horizontal components which are mutually perpendicular to one another. Assigning an arbitrary dimension in conformance with well known standards, they can easily be described as the north-south component which is perpendicular to an east-west component. For the sake of brevity, these will be referred to hereinafter as the north and east components. They are measured by the same apparatus, the apparatus being simply rotated to a different axis of rotation for the equipment.
It is perhaps somewhat simplistic to state that gravity is solely a component force acting on a mass from the center of the earth. The center of the earth is the dominant force in terms of magnitude. Gravity, however, is a three-dimensional vector. It is formed by the addition of vector forces acting on a mass from other bodies more remote than the earth. As will be recognized, the attractive force of the earth is quite large compared to other forces, but they, nevertheless, exist. Other celestial bodies contribute forces which are added as vectors so that the net force acting on a test instrument or mass of interest is the resultant vector from all of these celestial bodies acting together. This is a recognized fact from time immemorial in observation of the tides which are influenced by the moon. Thus, the moon contributes to the net gravity force acting at a given point.
This disclosure is directed to a gravity instrument which records horizontal components of gravity. The horizontal components are thus the two remaining components of the three-dimensional gravity vector which acts on a body. It has been discovered that the horizontal components are reasonably significant in geological prospecting. Consider the instance where a large metallic ore body near the surface of the earth is mapped. A vertical component gravity measuring instrument of the sort disclosed in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 083,351 filed Oct. 10, 1979 can be moved over the ore body to detect anomolies in a gravity map which are indicative of the ore body. It has been discovered, however, that mapping horizontal components of gravity at points to the side of the ore body will also indicate the presence of the ore body. In other words, the anomoly of a large ore body alters measurements in gravity in all dimensions. Needless to say, there is a scale factor involved which is dependent on the closeness of the ore body, the mass of the ore body, the specific gravity of the ore within the ore body and other scale factors. However, it is important to note that the ore body anomoly is not limited solely to vertical components of gravity.
The present apparatus is a structure which detects variations in the horizontal components of gravity. The apparatus accomplishes this result by first nulling the apparatus so that the center of gravity is on a line with the axis of rotation of the equipment. The axis of rotation is adjusted as a preliminary step to a horizontal position. Horizontal can be determined as, for instance, in the use of a bubble level. By so doing, the vertical component of gravity acts merely to keep the equipment aligned with the horizontal. The equipment, having an extended lower arm which points toward the center of the earth, is thereafter able to rotate with variations in horizontal gravity. In other words, variations in horizontal gravity are sensed by the balanced lower arm. The lower arm is closer to the center of mass of the earth and is, therefore, more susceptible to gravity force variations. As variations occur, the lower vertical arm is attracted in a measure of horizontal components of gravity. The angular deflection of the lower arm is proportionate to changes in gravity.


A centralizer assembly is disclosed that allows for the assembly to be deployed in-situ. The centralizer assembly includes flexible members that can be extended into the well bore in situ by the initiation of a gas generating device. The centralizer assembly can support a large load carrying capability compared to a traditional bow spring with little or no installation drag. Additionally, larger displacements can be produced to centralize an extremely deviated casing.

Down-the-hole (DTH) drills are used for oil drilling, natural gas, geothermal drilling, and other deep earth penetration applications. For nearly any drilling method, a casing is inserted into well bore. During cementing operations, it is desirable to centralize the casing in the well bore, assuring a competent cement seal. Bow spring centralizers are the primary method of centralizing the casing. They are designed to be easily attached to the casing as it is run, and have a limited centralizing force to because of the tradeoff required for minimizing insertion drag. The design features that make them easy to use also contribute to their limitations, namely a limit to the deflection force generating capabilities. This can compromise the cement job due to variation in cement thickness caused by a lack of concentricity between the casing and the well bore. Additionally with modern horizontal and slope drilling and casing, the centralizers must exert enough force to support the weight of the casing.
What is needed is a centralizer system and method that overcomes the limitations of the prior art.
Other features and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the following more detailed description of the preferred embodiment, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings which illustrate, by way of example, the principles of the invention.

National Technology & Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC


Disclosed are a method for transmitting a demodulation reference signal (DMRS), a base station and a user equipment, related to the LTE Advanced system. The method for transmitting the DMRS disclosed in the present document includes: a base station transmitting a plurality of demodulation reference signal (DMRS) ports through frequency division multiplexing (FDM) and/or code division multiplexing (CDM) and/or time division multiplexing (TDM). The embodiment of the present invention further discloses a base station and a user equipment. The technical scheme of the present application greatly boosts the DMRS demodulation performance, especially taking into account its use in the 256QAM modulation method in future, balances interpolation performance of various PRB Pairs in one sub-frame, and it avoids a collision between a DMRS and a RCRS, a PSS/SSS as well as a CSI-RS.

In the LTE Release R8/R9, the CRS (Common Reference Signal) is designed in order to measure channel quality and demodulate received data symbols, and a UE (User Equipment) can perform a channel measurement through the CRS to determine that the UE reselects a cell and switches to the target cell, and it measures the channel quality in the UE connected state, and when the interference level is relatively high, the physical layer cuts off the connection through a high-layer related wireless link connection failure signaling. In order to further improve the average spectrum utilization rate of a cell, the cell-edge spectrum utilization rate and throughput of each UE, the LTE R10 defines two reference signals respectively: CSI-RS (channel information reference signal) and DMRS (demodulation reference signal), wherein the CSI-RS is used for the channel measurement, and PMI (Precoding Matrix Indicator), CQI (Channel Quality Indicator) and RI (Rank Indicator) which the UE needs to feed back to the eNB can be calculated by measuring the CSI-RS. The DMRS can be used to make the UE transparently receive downlink data without having to know an appropriate precoding weight of the base station side, thus reducing the restrictions of a codebook on the weight at the same time of reducing the PDCCH load. In addition, the DMRS is used to support dynamically and transparently switching between the SU-MIMO and the MU-MIMO, support an interference estimation using the DMRS, which can greatly improve the interference cancellation performance of the receiving side.
New types of carriers are introduced in the late R11, and the newly introduced types of carriers mainly use the ePDCCH for transmitting control channels, so that the R10 is not compatible with the control channel region of the carriers. When originally designing the reference signal, it mainly considers using the first four OFDM symbols for the control channel region, and the first four OFDM symbols are not suitable for placing various reference signals (except of the CRS which is used for demodulating the PDCCH). For the DMRS enhancement, due to the restrictions of the control channel in design, it may affect the demodulation performance of the DMRS. In addition, because the PSS/SSS needs to be transmitted in the NCT sub-frame, in order to avoid a collision between the DMRS and the PSS/SSS, the enhancement design of the DMRS is required.

Transmission method of demodulation reference signal, base station and user equipment


A drone docking system is disclosed that is connected to a drone. The drone docking system has a positioning member that connects to the drone and is configured to rotate the angle of the drone from a generally horizontal position to a generally vertical position. Connected to the positioning member is a charging member, which in one embodiment has a charging prong. The charging member is configured to connect to a power source, such as one located on existing infrastructure, e.g., a street light. A connection member is connected to the charging member. The connection member engages existing infrastructure to hold the drone in place. In one arrangement, the connection member has a pair of arcuate arms that receive, retain, and hold onto the existing infrastructure. In one example, the pair of arcuate arms are spring biased to apply a gripping pressure on the existing infrastructure.

This invention is directed to a docking system for a drone and more particularly a docking system that permits the drone to recharge, monitor a situation, and/or connect to a network to transmit data.
Drones are well known in the art. Presently, because of a limited power supply, drones have a limited range. They also are required to be manually operated unless connected or tethered to a structure. These limitations make many applications such as long haul delivery, traffic monitoring and the like, difficult, if not impossible, to perform due to the finite amount of power available for flight or collection, computation, and transmission of information. Therefore, a need exists in the art for a system that addresses these deficiencies along with other objectives, features, and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the specification and claims.


A loudspeaker drive unit (1) comprises a diaphragm (2), a chassis member (3) and a surround (4) connecting the outer portion of the diaphragm to the chassis member in which (i) substantially all parts of the surround (4) located between the diaphragm (2) and the chassis member (3) and capable of radiating sound are arranged parallel or at an acute angle with respect to the longitudinal axis of the loudspeaker drive unit (1), or (ii) the surround is made of a body of foam material (30) arranged to be compressed against the chassis member (32) when the diaphragm (10) moves towards the chassis member, or (iii) the bending wave impedance of the surround (30) is matched to the bending wave impedance of the diaphragm (10).

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to loudspeaker drive units.
2. Description of Related Art
Known loudspeaker drive units comprise a diaphragm of which the outer portion is connected to a chassis member by way of a flexible surround.
The surround stops sound radiated by the rear surface of the diaphragm from passing round the outer edge of the diaphragm and thus cancelling out radiation from the front surface of the diaphragm. The surround allows the cone to move freely in an axial direction but restrains movement of a rocking kind or in a non-axial direction.
The surround thus has an important role in the operation of a loudspeaker drive unit, particularly, if the drive unit is to be used in a hi fi audio system.
In fact, both the surround and the diaphragm influence the quality of sound reproduction from a loudspeaker drive unit and it is exceedingly difficult to come close to an "ideal" loudspeaker drive unit using currently available materials.


Patients having a predisposition for thrombus formation are effectively treated with compositions of acetylsalicylic acid, citric acid, thiamine and/or a zinc salt. The combination of aspirin and citric acid has been found to be significantly more effective in inhibiting platelet aggregability than aspirin alone, and thiamine contributes to the reduction in thrombotic potential by reducing plasma fibrinogen levels. Accordingly, new methods and compositions are disclosed for reducing the thrombotic potential of human or animal subjects, such as in the prophylaxis or treatment of atherosclerosis, vascular surgery patients or other cardiovascular diseases.

At least half of the victims of cardiovascular disease (CVD) are asymptomatic until the occurrence of a major vascular obstruction. Thrombus formation frequently results in the loss of peripheral blood circulation, endangering limb viability, and potentially in the loss of life. The risk of thrombus obstruction is particularly pronounced after blood vessel surgery, where thrombus formation and vascular occlusion are relatively common.
Thrombus formation involves a complex interaction of aggregated platelets and activated coagulation factors with the damaged vessel wall. Circulating platelets are nonadherent to normal endothelium or to each other, but when the endothelial lining of a vessel is broken, the platelets adhere to exposed subendothelial collagen. This is the first step in the formation of hemostatic plugs, and requires participation of a protein made by endothelial cells called the von Willebrand (vW) factor. The vW factor is found both in the vessel wall and in plasma, and binds during platelet adhesion to a receptor present on a glycoprotein of the platelet surface membrane. Next, platelets are activated in reactions initiated by collagen and by thrombin formed at the injury site. These stimuli activate phospholipase C, an enzyme that hydrolyzes the membrane phospholipid, phosphatidyl inositol triphosphate. Products of this reaction activate protein kinase C and also increase the calcium concentration of platelet cytosol. As a result, a series of progressive, overlapping events ensue. The platelets change shape and develop long pseudopods. A receptor is assembled on the platelet surface membrane, and fibrinogen and other adhesive proteins bind to this receptor causing platelets to stick to each other. Arachidonic acid is liberated from membrane phospholipids and undergoes oxidation to products that include prostaglandin H.sub.2 (PGH.sub.2), which serves as an important cofactor for collagen-induced platelet activation, and thromboxane A.sub.2 (TxA.sub.2), which can act itself as an additional platelet activator. The contents of platelets are secreted, including adenosine diphosphate (ADP) which can also stimulate platelet activation and recruit new platelets into the growing hemostatic plug.
Subsequent to platelet aggregation, fibrinogen in the circulating blood is converted to fibrin to physically tie the hemostatic platelet plug in place. The platelet surface undergoes a reorganization that exposes procoagulant phospholipids needed for enzyme/cofactor complexes of blood coagulation to form on the platelet surface. Secretion of platelet factor V from platelet s-granules provides a key component for one of the enzyme/cofactor complexes. As a result, thrombin is generated in increasing amounts on the platelet surface, and converts fibrinogen into fibrin with the formation of fibrin strands that radiate outward from aggregated platelets helping to secure the platelet plug to the site of injury. Additionally, a mechanism within the platelets is activated which results in contraction of platelet actinomycin. This compresses and consolidates the platelet plug, further securing it to the site of injury.
In the in vivo regulation of thrombus formation, platelet aggregation is mediated by the PGH.sub.2 derivative prostacyclin (PGI.sub.2). Prostacyclin is also a vasodilator and is believed to render the vessel lining inert to platelet interactions. Thus, TxA.sub.2 and PGI.sub.2 have opposing effects on platelet aggregation, and the degree of the physiological effect of each in the cardiovascular system on the regulation of thrombus formation is determined mainly by their quantitative balance (Bush, H. L., Jr. et al., "Favorable Balance of Prostacyclin and Thromboxane A.sub.2 Improves Early Patency of Human In Situ Vein Grafts," J. Vasc. Surg. 1:149-159, 1984; Coker, S. J. et al., "Thromboxane and Prostacyclin Release From Ischemic Myocardium In Relation To Arrhythmias," Nature 291:323-334, 1981; Hunter, G. C. et al., "Arterial Wall Thromboxane: Dominance After Surgery Predisposes to Thrombosis," J. Vasc. Surg. 1:314-319, 1984; and Zmuda, A., et al., "Experimental Atherosclerosis in Rabbits: Platelet Aggregation, Thromboxane A.sub.2 Generation and Antiaggregatory Potency of Prostacyclin," Prostaglandins 14:1035, 1977).
Therapeutic treatments to alter thrombus formation have focused mainly on inhibition of the aggregation response. The most widely accepted agent for this purpose is acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), or aspirin. In the arachidonic acid cascade, aspirin acts as a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, blocking the conversion of arachidonic acid to the PGH.sub.2 precursor prostaglandin G.sub.2 (PGG.sub.2). Since PGG.sub.2 is a precursor to both TxA.sub.2 and PGI.sub.2, aspirin blocks both the aggregation inducing and aggregation inhibiting effects of these factors, respectively. As an antithrombotic agent, aspirin has had varying degrees of success. Although minimal amounts of aspirin are required for platelet inhibition, most of the clinical experience relates to relatively large doses. The nonselective, potent inhibition of high-dose aspirin on both TxA.sub.2 and PGI.sub.2 has caused investigators to consider the theoretical advantage of the use of low-dose therapy. Preferred inhibition of proaggregatory TxA.sub.2 in humans has been limited to single-dose aspirin administration or short-term cumulative effect. It has been further found that the degree and duration of aspirin's beneficial effect is highly dependent on each subject's inherent thrombotic potential (see Zammit, M. et al., "Aspirin Therapy in Small Caliber Arterial Prostheses; Long Term Experimental Observations," J. Vase. Surg. 1(6 ):839-851, 1984). For many individuals, aspirin has little or no discernable antiaggregatory activity, and is not effective in reducing a predisposition for thrombus formation.
To overcome some of the problems associated with aspirin therapy, it has been previously proposed to utilize certain thromboxane synthetase inhibitors (TSIs), which inhibit the formation of proaggregatory TxA.sub.2 without interfering with the formation of antiaggregatory PGI.sub.2. Various imidazole derivatives have been proposed for this purpose, for use either alone or in connection with low dose aspirin therapy. See, for example, Kaplan, S. et al., "A New Combination Therapy for Selective and Prolonged Antiplatelet Effect: Results in the Dog," Stroke 17:450-454 (1986). It has also been suggested that zinc ions exhibit an inhibitory activity toward collagen-induced platelet aggregation and serotonin release in vitro (Chapvil, M. et al., "Inhibitory Effect of Zinc Ions on Platelet Aggregation and Serotonin Release Reaction," Life Sciences (16):561-572, 1975) and toward platelet activating factor (PAF) in vitro (Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 272(2):466-475 (1989); Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 260(2):841-846, 1988), and that hydroxyurea, citric acid and ascorbic acid inhibit plant lipoxygenase activity in vitro (Bekheet, I.A. et al., " The Effect of Some Inhibitors on the Activity of Lipoxygenase," Alex. Sci. Exch. 7(3):389-398, 1986).
Other therapeutic treatments to alter thrombus formation have involved a reduction in fibrinogen levels, since fibrinogen levels have been shown to be significantly related to cardiovascular risk factors, including blood viscosity, coagulation and fibrinolysis (see Kannel, W. B. et al., "Fibrinogen and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease --The Framingham Study," JAMA 258 (9):1183-1186, 1987; Wilhelmsen, L. et al., "Fibrinogen as a Risk Factor for Stroke and Myocardial Infarction," N. Eng. J. Med. 311 (8):501-504 (1984); and Stone, M. C. et al., "Plasma Fibrinogen --a Major Coronary Risk Factor," J. Roy. Col. Gen Prac. 35: 565-569, December, 1985).
Plasminogen activators, such as streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator, directly reduce systemic fibrinogen levels and have been administered by intracoronary, intravenous and/or intramuscular injection for the acute phase treatment of coronary disorders, such as ischemic stroke and coronary thrombosis. In addition, fibrinogen degrading agents such as ancrod, a viper venom enzyme isolated from Agkistrodon rhodostoma, the Malaysian pit viper, have been shown to have anticoagulative and thrombolytic activity when administered by intravenous infusion (see, for example, Hossman, V. et al., "Controlled Trial of Ancrod in Ischemic Stroke," Arch. Neurol. 40:804-808, 1983; and Apprill, P. G., et al., "Ancrod Decreases the Frequency of Cyclic Flow Variations and Causes Thrombolysis Following Acute Coronary Thrombosis," Am. Heart J. 113(4):898-906, 1987). While plasminogen activators and ancrod have been shown to have some degree of efficacy when administered IV or IM in the acute phase treatment of thrombotic disorders, they are inappropriate for long term, routine administration in the chronic prophylaxis or treatment of cardiovascular disease.

Method for reducing platelet aggregation


The present invention is directed to current interrupting devices with overcurrent protection. In one embodiment, a ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI) is disclosed having both ground fault and overcurrent protection. The GFCI has a current detection circuit that includes a switch connected across the load phase terminal and the line neutral terminal of the device. A comparator compares a predefined threshold voltage to a sensed voltage based on a current through the line and load neutral terminals of the device. If the sensed voltage exceeds the predefined threshold, the comparator causes the switch to conduct thereby tripping the device, disconnecting the load from the line terminals and preventing the overcurrent condition from causing damage to the device and/or load.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to overcurrent protection for circuit interrupting devices.
2. Description of the Related Art
Circuit interrupting devices are typically designed to safely provide electrical power to an electrical circuit or system to which such devices are electrically coupled. A circuit interrupting device has line terminals that are connected to a power source and load terminals that are connected to one or more electrical devices or systems. The electrical devices and systems are commonly referred to as loads. The line terminals usually comprise a line phase terminal (Lø) and a line neutral terminal (LN). Similarly, the load terminals usually comprise a load phase terminal (LDø) and a load neutral terminal (LDN).
During operation, a circuit interrupting device provides a conductive path through which electrical current is routed from the line phase terminal to the load phase terminal and to the load. The circuit interrupting device provides a return path for the current whereby the current is routed from the load to the load neutral terminal and back to the power source via the line neutral terminal. The line neutral terminal is usually connected to a reference point commonly referred to as system ground. The circuit interrupting device is triggered when a current imbalance exists; that is, when the current into the circuit interrupting device (i.e., current through the line phase terminal) is different in magnitude than the current exiting the device (i.e., current through the line neutral terminal). The cause of such a current imbalance is typically due to leakage current at the load or leakage current somewhere along the return path of the current from the load. In other words, some of the current flowing into the load is routed to some path (i.e., leakage path) other than the return path. The leakage path can be located at the load or somewhere along the return path.
Referring to FIG. 1, there is shown a circuit interrupting device 100 having a current sensing device 102 and a switch SW1 comprising switches SW1A and SW1B. When IIN (input current) is substantially equal to IOUT (output current), the switches are closed by current sensing device 102 allowing current to flow from a power source (not shown) to circuit interrupting device 100 and onto a load 104. There are two examples of current leakages shown. As stated above, current leakage at load 104 occurs when some of the current flowing into the load returns to earth ground through an alternate path. In actual cases, the alternate path may be thru a person in which case the flow of current must be stopped as quickly as possible in order to avoid serious injury or even death to such a person. The current leakage at the load is shown as ILEAK1. Current leakage along the return path is shown as ILEAK2. Although not shown, there can be leakage current before the load.
When current sensing device 102 detects a current imbalance whereby IIN≠IOUT, it causes switches SW1A and SW1B to open thereby terminating the flow of current at the load phase and load neutral terminal. Current sensing device 102 can be designed to detect relatively small differences between the input and output currents. Current interrupting device 100, once triggered, can be reset and once again be in a state to detect current imbalances. The resetting of circuit interrupting device 100 is usually with a pushbutton switch readily accessible to a user of such a device.
Although current interrupting devices are designed to detect current imbalances, they are not designed to detect overcurrent situations. Overcurrent situations are scenarios where a device is drawing a relatively large amount of current that can cause permanent or serious damage to such device. For example, an electrical short within a load connected to the circuit interrupting device can cause a relatively large amount of current to flow through the load and also through the circuit interrupting device to which the load is connected. The large current surge not only can damage the load, but can also damage the circuit interrupting device. Typically, the load is provided with a fuse rated at a certain current value such that when the current through the load attempts to surpass the rated current value, the fuse is permanently disabled (e.g., fuse filament is burnt) preventing any further current flow from the source to the load.
The current interrupting device may or may not have a fuse. If the circuit interrupting device is designed with a fuse, the current rating of such a fuse may not match the current rating of the load. For example, if the current rating of the load is more than the current rating of the current interrupting device, the fuse of the current interrupting device may be blown for current which are acceptable to the load; this situation will cause an inefficient operation of the device. Notwithstanding the current rating mismatch between the load and the current interrupting device, whenever a fuse is permanently damaged, there may be required some physical disassembly of the load device and/or the circuit interrupting device.
Currently, the approaches to resolving overcurrent situations are inadequate and burdensome. A circuit interrupting device which can protect itself and the load from overcurrent situations is desirable. Furthermore, standards bodies and organizations such as Underwriters Laboratories (UL) are leaning towards requiring that circuit interrupting devices be designed with overcurrent protection.

Overcurrent protection for circuit interrupting devices


A method for surface treatment of wet fabric webs in a finishing machine containing an external housing, provided with an inlet zone and an outlet zone, through which a fabric web to be treated is run, and at least one grinder roller rotatably arranged inside it, against which the fabric web is caused to slide. The surface treatment of the fabric is carried out by using abrasive diamond material as the grinding material for the grinder roller.

The present invention relates to a method and an apparatus for surface treatment of wet fabric webs in a finishing machine.
At present, methods and apparatuses are known and used which, in order to carry out the surface treatment of dry fabrics, use one or more revolutionary rollers coated with a conventional abrasive tape.
Such a treatment method usually referred to as "fluffing", makes it possible for a treated fabric to be manufactured, from the surface of which some fibrous material has been partially removed. Consequently, the fabric displays a more or less marked surface fluff. In that way, a modification is accomplished in the treated fabric from both the visual and tactile viewpoints, which unfortunately causes, as a negative characteristic, a certain loss of strength of the fabric.
Furthermore, the use of the abrasive tape includes the drawback that it does not allow the surface treatment of wet fabrics to be carried out owing to the sudden degradation of the tape, which must be frequently replaced.
However, the need exists always for obtaining new "hand" and visual surface effects. For example, hand effects are required which are such as to soften the fabric while simultaneously preventing surface grind from being formed. Furthermore, visual effects are required which determine a fabric appearance which resembles a discoloration and/or ageing, as shown by an already used fabric.

Method and apparatus for surface treatment of wet fabric webs in a finishing machine


The present invention relates to a super absorbent polymer. The super absorbent polymer according to the present invention includes surface crosslinked polymer particles prepared by surface crosslinking particles of a base resin, wherein the base resin is polymerized from water-soluble ethylene-based unsaturated monomers, and a water-soluble component, in which the water-soluble component is present in an amount of 5% by weight or less based on the total weight of the super absorbent polymer, when measured after free swelling the super absorbent polymer in a 0.9% NaCl solution for 1 hour, and the super absorbent polymer has a permeability of 50 seconds or shorter. According to the present invention, provided is a super absorbent polymer having excellent liquid permeability even when swollen without a reduction in centrifuge retention capacity or absorbency under load while having improved permeability.

(a) Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a super absorbent polymer, and more particularly, to a super absorbent polymer having excellent liquid permeability without a reduction in other physical properties.
(b) Description of the Related Art
A super absorbent polymer (SAP) is a type of synthetic polymeric materials capable of absorbing moisture from 500 to 1000 times its own weight. Various manufacturers have denominated it as different names, such as SAM (Super Absorbency Material), AGM (Absorbent Gel Material), etc. Since such super absorbent polymers started to be practically applied in sanitary products, now they have been widely used not only for hygiene products such as disposable diapers for children, etc., but also for water retaining soil products for gardening, water stop materials for the civil engineering and construction, sheets for raising seedling, fresh-keeping agents for food distribution fields, materials for poultice or the like.
As a preparation process for such super absorbent polymers, a process by a reverse phase suspension polymerization and a process by a solution polymerization have been known. For example, Japanese Patent Laid-open Publication Nos. S56-161408, S57-158209, and S57-198714 disclose the reverse phase suspension polymerization. The process by the solution polymerization further includes a thermal polymerization method in which a polymerization gel is polymerized while being broken and cooled in a kneader equipped with a plurality of shafts, and a photo-polymerization method in which an aqueous solution with a high concentration is irradiated with UV rays onto a belt to be polymerized and dried at the same time. The hydrogel polymers thus obtained through the polymerization reaction are generally marketed in a powdery form after drying and pulverization processes.
Meanwhile, in the preparation process of the super absorbent polymer, a water-soluble component which is an uncrosslinked polymer is produced. A high content of the water-soluble component increases a liquid absorption property of the super absorbent polymer. However, when the super absorbent polymer is in contact with a liquid, it is easily eluted to make the surface sticky or to cause an unfavorable effect when being in contact with the skin. Further, if the content of the water-soluble component is high, the eluted water-soluble component generally exists on the surface of the super absorbent polymer and it makes the super absorbent polymer sticky, leading to a reduction in liquid permeability which is an ability to rapidly transfer a liquid to other super absorbent polymer.
Accordingly, there is a demand to develop a super absorbent polymer having excellent liquid permeability while maintaining high water absorption property.


A clockspring with a housing that includes a stationary member having a first wall and a hub member rotatably coupled to the stationary member having a second wall. A flat cable is wound between the first and second walls. The flat cable has opposite first and second ends with the first end being coupled to the stationary member at a first connection area and the second end being coupled to the hub member at a second connection area. A flexible strain relief member is integrally formed as one-piece with one of the first and second walls proximate one of the respective first and second connection areas with one of the first and second ends of the flat cable being disposed between the flexible strain relief member and the one of the first and second walls.

Clocksprings are employed in vehicles for electrically connecting steering wheel components, such as an air bag, to the circuitry of the vehicle. Conventional clocksprings include a fixed member and a rotor member with a flat cable disposed therebetween. The flat cable winds and unwinds as the steering wheel of the vehicle is turned causing strain on the cable.
Some conventional clocksprings use a separate tongue in connection with the flat cable to prevent the cable from bending or folding too far. However, these tongues increase manufacturing costs because they must be separately formed from the clockspring housing and then assembled with the housing. Due to molding limitations, forming the tongue and clockspring housing integrally has not been possible because the housing is rigid and the tongue is flexible compared to the housing.
Examples of conventional clockspring housings include U.S. Pat. No. 5,655,920 to Bannai et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,256,075 to Miyahara et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 4,696,523 to Schauer et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 4,975,063 to Ida et al.; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,925,122 to Bannai, the subject matter of each of which is hereby incorporated by reference.


A graphical display for displaying spectrum analyzer data that represents detected signal levels for frequencies in an identified frequency span includes a signal level axis that represents a range of detected RF signal levels for the spectrum analyzer data and a frequency axis that represents an identified frequency spectrum span for the spectrum analyzer data. Frequency ranges in the identified frequency span having a high concentration of detected RF energy are automatically graphically expanded and displayed on the frequency axis of the graphical display while frequency ranges having a lower concentration of detected RF energy are simultaneously, automatically graphically condensed and displayed on the first frequency axis of the graphical display.

Frequency spectrum analyzers are relatively common products with a broad range of commercial applications. Examples of such applications include, but are not limited to, commercial RF (radio frequency) technologies such, as AM, Cellular, PCS, DCS, 2G, 3G, 4G, LTE, CDMA, cdmaOne, CDMA 2000, W-CDMA/CDMA, 1× EV-DO, DECT phones, GSM, GPRS, EDGE, FM, UMTS, HSDPA, W-CDMA, TDMA, AMPS as well as 802.11, Bluetooth, Broadcast, Emergency, Fire, GPS, HDTV, IBOC, In-Building, Microwave, NPSPAC, Paging, Police, Private radio, Project 25, Public, RADAR, Safety, Telematics, TETRA, Trunking, UMTS, Utilities, WiMAX, Wi-Fi, WLAN and WLL. Spectrum analyzers are used to perform a wide variety of tasks that can occur in connection with these commercial RF applications such as installation, maintenance, troubleshooting, antenna alignment, RF measurements for radio and TV broadcasting, mobile phone base station radiation power density measurements, magnetic interference or leakage from motors and/or miscellaneous machinery, testing of wiring for RF energy, electromagnetic field strength measurement for various EMC limits, and cellular/cordless phone radiation levels.
Additional examples of the commercial use of spectrum analyzers during everyday tasks include searching for unknown RF transmissions, FCC compliance, monitoring blasting sites, identifying RF interference impacting communications systems, security surveys for corporate board rooms, VIP protection, protection of intellectual property, detection and location of magnetic fields, and detection of signal interference and undesired RF emissions from medical equipment.
Universities, community colleges, vocational schools, and high schools also use spectrum analyzers for educational labs and research. There is a similar demand from small start-up companies, hobbyists and individual inventors for a low cost spectrum analyzer that they can use in developing and exploring new product innovations. Spectrum analyzers are also often used in the home to address personal living environment RF safety concerns.
Unfortunately, many currently available spectrum analyzers are overly complicated to use, primarily adapted to sophisticated engineering use and generally ill-suited to perform the more common commercial tasks for which they are commonly used. In particular, many spectrum analyzers utilize graphical displays that make review of spectrum analyzer data cumbersome and difficult to analyze. Therefore, what is needed is an improved method of displaying spectrum analyzer data and an improved graphical display for a spectrum analyzer that is easy to use and adapted to the needs of the commercial user.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Expanded detail graphical display for spectrum analyzers