A method of migrating seismic data using offset checkshot survey measurements. The offset checkshot survey measurements involve raypaths similar to the migration raypaths for the seismic data, and are used to determine direct arrival traveltimes to receivers in a borehole. Embodiments of the invention provide for direct use of the traveltimes in migration, or indirect use of the traveltimes in migration via construction of a migration velocity model. The velocity model embodiments further provide for either traveltime error correction via use of interpolated error functions or construction of migration error tables. The invention can be employed for time, depth or Kirchhoff migration, in either two or three dimension, and in either prestack or poststack applications. The invention may be used to migrate any type of seismic data, including compressional-wave, shear-wave, and converted-wave seismic data.

In seismic exploration, energy imparted into the earth by a seismic source reflects from subsurface geophysical features and is recorded by a multiplicity of receivers. This process is repeated numerous times, using source and receiver configurations which may either form a line (2-D acquisition) or cover an area (3-D acquisition). The data which results is processed to produce an image of the reflector using a procedure known as migration.
Seismic data migration typically uses diffraction traveltimes from subsurface imaging points to the source and receiver locations to produce an image of the subsurface reflectors. The diffraction traveltimes are the seismic signal propagation times along raypaths from each imaging point to the source and receiver locations. The propagation times, which are usually plotted as diffraction traveltime curves, are used after appropriate preprocessing of the raw seismic data to generate an estimate of the correct location of the reflector. The migration process will be familiar to those versed in the art.
Incorrect diffraction traveltime curves lead to at least two undesirable migration consequences. First, the image of the reflector which results will be poorly focused, making interpretation difficult. Second, the reflector may be mispositioned, a serious drawback in oil and gas exploration where accurate mapping of the subsurface structure is important. The effects of poor focusing and improper positioning are particularly apparent when migrating steeply dipping reflectors or when migrating in areas having significant lateral velocity variations.
In conventional practice, an estimated subsurface velocity model is used to generate the diffraction traveltime curves. One common method of estimating that model is to analyze seismic data corresponding to raypaths which are inclined less than about 45.degree. with respect to the vertical. The velocities can be determined by analyzing the variation in reflection traveltime as a function of distance between sources and receivers in the surface data. Because the near vertical raypaths are shorter than more nearly horizontal raypaths, the traveltimes are less sensitive to velocity errors and to lateral or vertical velocity variation. Unfortunately, accurate migration of steeply dipping reflectors, such as salt flanks and faults, also requires accurate traveltimes for raypaths that are closer to horizontal.
Another method that is used to obtain migration velocities is to prestack migrate several subsets of the surface seismic data. This is commonly done using either common-shot, common-offset or common-depth-point gathers. The migration is performed with an initial velocity model obtained from conventional normal moveout velocity analysis. If the migrations produce images that are consistent, the initial velocity model is taken to be correct. Otherwise, the velocity model is updated to give a model that gives a better migration. Several iterations are usually required to obtain a consistent migrated image. Variations of this method include depth focusing analysis and migration velocity sweeps.
Reflection tomography can also be used to determine migration velocities from surface seismic data. Reflection events on unstacked surface seismic data are first digitized. A gridded model of the subsurface is then optimized to give the best fit to the observed traveltimes. Unfortunately, surface seismic data do not contain enough information to uniquely specify both a migration velocity model and the reflector geometries. As a result, the derived velocity model may be ambiguous or geologically unreasonable. Improvements can be made by applying constraints to the optimization process, but those constraints generally reduce or eliminate the ambiguities at the expense of poorer fits to the traveltime data.
Vertical checkshot data and well sonic logs are also commonly used for obtaining a migration velocity model. Vertical checkshot data are gathered by placing a receiver in a well and measuring first arrival travel times from a source placed vertically above the receiver. These data are typically gathered at depth intervals in the well of 250 to 500 feet. Velocities can be determined from the checkshot data by dividing the distance between adjacent receivers by their associated traveltimes. Vertical checkshots therefore measure only the vertical velocity. Migrating the seismic data with the vertical checkshot velocity guarantees that reflections from nearly horizontal reflectors will be accurately imaged at the well. Unfortunately, a velocity that gives small traveltime errors for vertical raypaths may produce much larger errors for horizontal raypaths.
Sonic logs, like vertical checkshot surveys, measure vertical velocities. As a result, steeply dipping reflectors may be mispositioned. In addition, sonic logs suffer from the additional drawback that the velocity measurements are made at higher frequencies than are normally present in seismic data. Due to velocity dispersion (i.e. the variation of velocity with frequency), those frequencies are higher than are appropriate for migrating seismic data.
None of the above methods for determination of migration velocities account for velocity anisotropy (the variation of velocity with respect to the propagation angle of a raypath). Anisotropy is frequently present in seismic data as a higher order term in the diffraction event time-offset curves. Although a reasonably good match to observed seismic data can usually be obtained from an isotropic migration velocity model, for example the migrated images may be reasonably well-focused and consistent, the reflectors may nevertheless be mispositioned. Typically, any such mispositioning results from the fact that reflections from steep features have raypaths involving a large range of propagation angles, each of which may have velocities not taken into account by the isotropic model. In such cases additional information must be used to determine an anisotropic velocity model. This is generally a difficult task, given that even in laterally homogeneous media the higher order term may be hard to separate from terms associated with vertical inhomogeneities. In addition, conventional migration software does not usually account for anisotropy even if a reasonable anisotropic velocity model were available. As a result, conventional processing often suffers from an inability to accurately image steeply dipping reflections in regions having anisotropic media.
Migration velocities can also be estimated from vertical seismic profile (VSP) data gathered with sources at a range of offsets from the well. Optimization methods referred to as traveltime tomography are used to determine a velocity model. Unfortunately, the velocity model obtained from traveltime tomography suffers from the non-uniqueness problem similar to that which occurs in reflection tomography. In addition, the model produces a good migration at the well but degrades in image quality elsewhere. As in reflection tomography, imposition of constraints during the optimization reduces the ambiguities and produces geologically reasonable models at the expense of a poorer match to the traveltime data.
Migrated images may also be of poor quality as a result of the manner in which the traveltime curves are processed by the migration routines. Many migration programs, particularly those using the Kirchhoff method, sum the seismic data along traveltime curves corresponding to the first arrival only, and ignore subsequent arrivals. However, lateral velocity gradients and some geologic structures can lead to multivalued diffraction traveltimes, each of which may be important, or any one of which may be more important than the first arrival. In particular, later arrivals may carry more of the seismic energy than does the first arrival. If the migration ignores or mishandles the later arrivals, poor quality images will result.
Another constraint of some migration routines deals with the ability to migrate all points on the diffraction traveltime curve. Some routines are limited in the capacity to accurately migrate the entire curve. In such cases, it is preferable to migrate with traveltimes that are as accurate as possible for diffraction raypaths corresponding to the reflector dips of greatest interest. Those dips are often the steeply dipping reflectors, which are more sensitive to horizontal velocity errors than are horizontal reflectors. As noted, however, horizontal velocities are generally poorly characterized in conventional velocity models.
Once a diffraction traveltime curve has been derived and the seismic data has been migrated, it is useful for the data analyst to have an estimate of the accuracy of the position of the reflector in the migrated image. Conventionally, that estimate is obtained by correlating borehole measurements, such as from sonic logs or dipmeters, with the image. High correlations indicate an accurate migration.
There are several limitations to the correlation approach however. A poor correlation with borehole data may indicate migration error, but does not quantify that error. In addition, other problems, such as inaccurate estimation of the seismic wavelet, can lead to poor correlation between well data and a seismic image. And finally, a good correlation between well data and the shallow dipping reflectors in the image does not necessarily imply that the steep dips are accurately migrated. In particular, because wells do not always penetrate steeply dipping reflectors, such as the flanks of salt domes, the correlations are not meaningful at the locations in which the greatest accuracy is desired. Because hydrocarbon reserve estimates can be quite sensitive to the position of the steeply dipping reflectors, the correlations are often of limited value to the analyst.
Fundamental to this entire discussion of conventional practice relating to the development of diffraction traveltimes is the reliance on the velocity model as the desired or preferred input to the migration process. However, velocities are neither the fundamental parameters required for migration, nor the parameters directly obtained from field measurements. Rather, traveltimes are the underlying parameters on which migration accuracy relies, and the traveltimes associated with the raypaths for a family of source and receiver configurations are the parameters directly obtained in the field. Procedures which rely more directly on traveltimes as a migration input would reduce errors deriving from the use of velocity models, and are therefore desired within industry.
From the foregoing, it can be seen that there is a need for a method of generating diffraction traveltimes for use in seismic migration which gives improved accuracy for near-horizontal raypaths, which can handle velocity anisotropy, and which takes into account multivalued traveltime curves. Preferably, the method should rely on measured diffraction raypath traveltimes to provide for accurate migration of seismic data, either directly as an input to migration or indirectly by improving the accuracy of the input velocity model. The method should also provide for a quantitative estimate of any migration error. The present invention satisfies these needs.

Seismic migration using offset checkshot data


A safety device of a battery including a pressure releasing unit provided at a cell and the battery, in which the pressure releasing unit is configured to release an internal pressure within the cell when the internal pressure of the cell exceeds a predetermined set pressure. Also included is a space member covering the pressure releasing unit and configured to form an empty space around the pressure releasing unit such that when the internal pressure of the cell exceeds the predetermined set pressure, the released internal pressure is released into the empty space formed by the space member.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a battery of a mobile terminal, and more particularly to a safety device for a battery that improves the safety of the battery by smoothly releasing an internal pressure of the battery when the internal pressure of the battery exceeds a predetermined pressure.
2. Description of the Related Art
A mobile communication terminal can be carried with a user allowing him or her to call another party while moving about. Further, the mobile terminal generally includes a detachable battery for supplying power to the terminal. The battery can also be recharged after it has been used for a certain period of time to thereby reuse the battery.
In addition, a mobile terminal battery is commonly a lithium battery. In the lithium battery, lithium ions are generated by oxidation from poles formed of lithium oxide, and the lithium ions move through an electrolyte and are reduced by reduction from a negative pole formed of material such as carbon or the like, thereby generating electric energy. The generated electric energy is then used to operate the mobile terminal.
For example, FIG. 1 is a perspective view illustrating one example of a related art battery, and FIG. 2 is a perspective illustrating the related battery without a cover member.
As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the related art battery includes a hexahedral-shaped cell 100 filled with an electrolyte or the like, and a protection circuit assembly 200 connected to one side of the cell 100. The protection circuit assembly 200 stabilizes a current within the cell 100 when electric discharge or recharge occurs within the cell. Also shown is a cover member 300 surrounding and protecting the protection circuit assembly 200 and reinforcing a coupling force between the protection circuit assembly 200 and the cell 100.
Further, the cell 100 is formed of an aluminum material and is hermetically sealed. The protection circuit assembly 200 also include terminals 210 respectively connected to a terminal portion of the cell 100. In addition, the cover member 300 is formed using a low temperature, lower pressure injection method with resin, such as a synthetic resin of a nylon series, after the protection circuit assembly 200 is connected to the cell 100.
In addition, if an overcharged state or a high temperature state of the battery is maintained while the battery is being used, an internal pressure of the cell 100 increases, which causes the cell 100 to eventually explode after the internal pressure exceeds a certain pressure. The explosion of the battery not only damages the mobile terminal but may also injure the user. Therefore, research is currently being conducted on how to prevent this from happening.
One method of providing a safe battery is shown in FIG. 3. In this method, the cell 100 is provided with a pressure releasing portion 110 for releasing the internal pressure when the pressure of the cell 100 exceeds a set pressure. As shown, the releasing portion 110 is provided on a side surface of the cell 100. Further, the releasing portion 110 is coupled with the protection circuit assembly 200, and has a certain area and a thickness that is smaller than other portions of the cell 100. Namely, the pressure releasing portion 110 is formed via a groove with a certain area and depth formed in one side of the cell 100.
In such a structure, when the internal pressure of the cell 100 is increased, the pressure releasing portion 110 having a relatively small thickness is torn. Thus, the internal pressure of the cell 100 is released before the cell 100 explodes.
However, as shown in FIG. 4, the molten injection material of the cover member 300 is filled in the groove forming the pressure releasing portion 110 and is solidified in an injection molding process to tightly couple the cell 100 and the protection circuit assembly 200 and to encompass the protection circuit assembly 200. Thus, the cover member 300 blocks the pressure releasing portion 110. Further, because the cover member 300 blocks the pressure releasing portion 110, the pressure releasing portion 110 is not normally operated (i.e., is not easily torn), which may cause the cell 100 to explode.


A sink assembly includes a basin including one or more sidewalls having interior and exterior surfaces, the one or more sidewalls defining an interior and a top opening; a layer of bonding material provided on the exterior surfaces of the one or more sidewalls and extending about the top opening; and a mounting flange coupled to the layer of bonding material and extending about the top opening of the basin.

The present disclosure relates generally to the field of sinks, and more specifically, to sinks intended to be mounted to an underside of a countertop or similar structure and provide a "seamless" appearance for users.
Conventional sinks may be "top-mounted" to countertops (e.g., "drop-in" sinks) by way of a flange that extends over the top surface of the countertop. However, these top-mounted sinks may be visually unappealing, and may contribute to additional cleaning, etc. required around the interface of the flange and the countertop.
Other sink designs may be "under-mounted" to the underside of countertops, for example, by way of an upper portion of a sink basin that has been bent so as to provide a mounting flange for the sink basin. However, such configurations may, like conventional top-mounted designs, be visually unappealing and susceptible to leakage and/or build-up of debris, etc. due to the nature of the joint, or seam, formed between the countertop and the sink basin.
Accordingly, it would be advantageous to provide an under-mount sink assembly with a more visually appealing, "seamless" design.


A method and apparatus for conserving energy in buildings consisting of an indoor temperature sensor, an outdoor temperature sensor, a programmable electronic thermostat, and a bi-directional power ventilator. The programmable electronic thermostat contains software instructions to switch on or switch off the power ventilator during pre-determined time schedules in response to changes in the indoor and the outdoor temperatures. During a summer day-time schedule, the thermostat switches on the power ventilator in the normal flow mode to exhaust the building of hot accumulated indoor air if the indoor temperature is greater than a selected set-point temperature and if the indoor temperature is also greater than the outdoor temperature by a predetermined ratio. During a summer night-time schedule, the thermostat switches on the power ventilator in the reverse flow mode to force cooler outdoor air into the warm building if the indoor temperature is greater than a selected set-point temperature and if the indoor temperature is also greater than the outdoor temperature by a predetermined ratio. During a winter day-time schedule, the thermostat switches on the power ventilator in the reverse flow mode to force warmer outdoor air into the cold building if the indoor temperature is less than a selected set-point temperature and if the indoor temperature is also less than the outdoor temperature by a predetermined ratio. The use of cooler summer night-time air to pre-cool the building during warm summer days reduces the air-conditioning energy requirements of the building during the summer. The use of warmer winter day-time air to warm the cold building during cold winter days reduces the space heating energy requirements of the building during the winter.

The invention described herein generally relates to a process and apparatus for minimizing the consumption of energy in buildings using a computer controlled ventilation system. Specifically, it relates to the operation of commonly used gable or roof ventilation systems (for example, those using a gable fan or a roof fan in a residential, commercial, warehouse or manufacturing building) for maximum energy conservation. The invention can also be applied to commonly used uni-directional and bi-directional (reverse air) window fans. The invention will be particularly useful in warm dry desert-type climates like in Southern California, Nevada, Arizona, etc. where the average summer day-time temperature is much higher than the average summer night-time temperature.

Process and apparatus for energy conservation in buildings using a computer controlled ventilation system


A pin configuration changing circuit of a base chip includes pin configuration changing register (PCCR) and a pin configuration changing logic unit (PCCLU). The PCCR stores and provides a pin connection assignment value indicating a first connection order of a plurality of pins included in a memory connected to the base chip, based on a type of the memory when the memory is changed. The PCCLU receives the pin connection assignment value and changes a second connection order of a plurality of inner pins of the base chip. Various memories can be connected to the base chip without extra wiring or a printed circuit board (PCB).

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a pin configuration, and more particularly to a pin configuration changing circuit, a base chip and a system in package including a pin configuration changing circuit.
2. Description of the Related Art
A system in package (SIP) is related to a technology where two independent chips at the wafer level are integrated into a single package, thus the SIP can have merits in view of cost and size.
In the conventional SIP, various memories having different sizes can be connected to a base chip. When the various memories having different sizes are connected to the base chip, the various memories have different pin arrangements according to the memory size. Therefore, when the base chip supports a memory interface by using a fixed pin arrangement, a particular kind of a memory can be connected to the base chip without extra effort. However, when a different kind of a memory, which has a pin arrangement different from the supported kind of the memory, is connected to the base chip, the base chip has to include complicated wiring. Therefore, a size of a printed circuit board for the SIP is increased, and thus the cost of the SIP is increased.

Pin configuration changing circuit, base chip and system in package including the same


An apparatus for inserting a thoracotomy tube in a patient without damaging adjacent lung tissues is provided. The thoracotomy tube is adapted to receive a trocar having screw threads on the distal end thereof. The proximal end of the trocar has a handle thereon to rotate the trocar so that the screw threaded distal end forms an incision within the skin of the patient and the tip end of the screw thread passes into the pleural cavity. The distal end of the thoracotomy tube is provided with screw threads on the outer surface thereof to form a continuation of the screw threads of the trocar. The distal tip or end of the trocar terminates in a short flexible tube. A hollow needle extends through a central passageway in the trocar and through the flexible tip on the trocar. The opposite end of the hollow needle is provided with a pressure chamber which is in fluid communication with the passageway in the needle. In use, the trocar and thoracotomy tube are screwed into the body tissues of the patient and when the distal end of the needle enters the pleural cavity within the body, liquid within the pressure chamber passes through the hollow needle and into the pleural cavity. The release of the fluid from the pressure chamber is an indicator to the surgeon that the end portion of the needle has entered the pleural space. The trocar and thoracotomy tube are then screwed in as the needle is withdrawn from the flexible tip on the distal end of the trocar so as to prevent damage to any body tissues.

The present invention relates generally to a method and apparatus for inserting a tube within a body cavity and more specifically to a method and apparatus for inserting a thoracotomy tube within the pleural cavity of a patient.
Whenever an invasion of the chest cavity occurs, such as by a stab wound or heart operation or the like, it is necessary to provide a thoracotomy tube which extends from the pleural cavity to a pleural drainage device. The pleural drainage device serves to remove fluid collected within the pleural cavity and to maintain the proper degree of negativity within the pleural cavity so as to provide proper functioning of the lungs. Such pleural drainage devices are well known in the art and shown, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 363,626 and 4,018,224.
Normally, the thoracotomy tubes are inserted between the ribs and frequently when the incisions are made to insert the thoracotomy tubes, lung tissue is damaged due to too deep penetration into the pleural cavity by the surgical knife. It is therefore important to limit the dept of the incision within the pleural cavity. The Baran U.S. Pat. No. 2,630,803 describes a method and apparatus for limiting the depth of the incision within the pleural cavity. Other prior art devices are shown for locating catheters and the like within the various body cavities. The Groshong U.S. Pat. No. 4,529,399, the Zorraquin U.S. Pat. No. 1,527,291, Silverman U.S. Pat. No. 3,433,214, Reif U.S. Pat. No. 3,508,545, Cimber U.S. Pat. No. 3,659,610 and Crag U.S. Pat. No. 4,772,264 are all examples of various devices for insertion of catheters or aspiration needles within body cavities. However, none of the foregoing devices meet the need of providing a simple structure which can quickly and efficiently provide an incision into the pleural cavity of a patient and locate a thoracotomy tube properly within the pleural cavity to give the patient prompt relief from a collapsing lung.
According to the present invention, there is provided a thoracotomy tube and trocar combination which enables a physician to locate a thoracotomy tube in the pleural cavity of a patient quickly and accurately without danger to lung tissues. The trocar has screw threads on the distal end thereof and is provided with an enlarged area at the proximal end to form a handle. The thoracotomy tube slidably receives the trocar and has a length such that the screw threaded distal end of the trocar extends approximately 2 centimeters beyond the distal end of the thoracotomy tube. In use, the trocar and thoracotomy tube are screwed into the body tissues of the patient and when the distal end of the needle enters the pleural cavity within the body, liquid within the pressure chamber passes through the hollow needle and into the pleural cavity. The release of the fluid from the pressure chamber is an indicator to the surgeon that the end portion of the needle has entered the pleural cavity. The trocar and thoracotomy tube are then screwed in as the needle is withdrawn from the flexible tip on the distal end of the trocar so as to prevent damage to any body tissues. The distal end of the thoracotomy tube has screw threads thereon so that after the initial incision is formed by the trocar, the thoracotomy tube may be screwed into the pleural cavity while the hollow needle is withdrawn. Thus, the thoracotomy tube may be quickly and accurately located within the pleural cavity without damage to lung tissues.
An object of the present invention is to provide a method and apparatus for accurately and quickly locating a thoracotomy tube within the pleural cavity of a patient.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a trocar having screw threads for forming an incision into the pleural cavity of a patient without damage to lung tissue.
Still another object of the present invention is to provide a trocar with screw threads thereon and a thoracotomy tube with continuing screw threads thereon to permit the trocar to form an incision and to provide a means for quickly locating the thoracotomy tube within the pleural cavity. Other objects and many of the attendant advantages of the present invention will be appreciated upon consideration of the following detailed description in connection with the accompanying drawings wherein:


A boule formed by high rate vapor phase growth of Group III-V nitride boules (ingots) on native nitride seeds, from which wafers may be derived for fabrication of microelectronic device structures. The boule is of microelectronic device quality, e.g., having a transverse dimension greater than 1 centimeter, a length greater than 1 millimeter, and a top surface defect density of less than 107 defects cm−2. The Group III-V nitride boule may be formed by growing a Group III-V nitride material on a corresponding native Group III-V nitride seed crystal by vapor phase epitaxy at a growth rate above 20 micrometers per hour.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a III-V nitride substrate boule and method of making and using the same, as well as wafers derived from such boules, and microelectronic devices and device precursor structures fabricated on and/or in such wafers.
2. Description of the Related Art
The current lack of high quality III-V nitride substrates for subsequent deposition of nitride epitaxial layers limits the performance and slows the needed and desired development of short wavelength optoelectronic and high power, high frequency electronic devices.
For example, the current approach of heteroepitaxial growth of nitride epitaxial layers on foreign substrates, such as sapphire, is deleterious to the ultimate material quality and device functionality for the following reasons:    (1) lattice mismatch between the device layer and substrate causes a high density of performance-degrading defects in the device;    (2) thermal coefficient of expansion mismatch between the device layer and substrate introduces strain, cracking and strain-alleviating defects in the device layer;    (3) electrically insulating substrates require lateral device geometry, which can impede current flow through the device (this problem is lessened, but not eliminated for devices grown on conductive substrates such as SiC where there still exists a voltage barrier between the device layer and substrate material);    (4) large area electrical contact to p-type device layers is more difficult due to substrate-mandated lateral device geometry;    (5) heat dissipation from the device is limited by the low thermal conductivity of thermally insulating substrates, such as sapphire;    (6) the electrical characteristics of foreign substrates are not readily modifiable for specific device applications, e.g., p-doped substrates for inverted light-emitting diodes (LED) or laser diodes (LD), or semi-insulating substrates for electronic devices;    (7) the cleavability of (Al,Ga,In)N on foreign substrates is complicated by non-corresponding cleavage planes between the epitaxial film and foreign substrate; and    (8) crystal orientations other than c-plane in epitaxial films or device layers are not readily achieved, as a result of which improved material and/or device characteristics for such alternative orientations are not realized.
Efforts to produce native nitride substrate boules by conventional bulk growth techniques have been hampered by several fundamental characteristics of the III-V nitrides. Foremost, the equilibrium vapor pressure of nitrogen over these compounds at moderate temperatures is extremely high. The III-V nitrides start to decompose at temperatures less than their melting temperatures, making conventional bulk growth techniques extremely difficult. In addition, the III-V nitrides have low solubility in acids, bases and other inorganic compounds. The combination of these material characteristics has made it difficult to make III-V nitride substrates.
Nonetheless, bulk growth of III-V nitride material has been attempted via sublimation and solution growth techniques (see for example G. A. Slack and T. F. McNelly, J. Cryst. Growth, 34, 263 (1974); J. O. Huml, G. S. Layne, U.S. Pat. No. 3,607,014; P. Chen, Final Report, Contract NASW-4981, (1995); and P. M. Dryburgh, The Ninth International Conf. on Cryst. Growth, ICCG-9 (1989)), as well as evaporation/reaction techniques (see J. Pastrnak and L. Roskovcova, Phys. Stat. Sol., 7, 331, (1964)). Slack and McNelly (G. A. Slack and T. F. McNelly, J. Cryst. Growth, 34, 263 (1974)) used the sublimation technique at temperatures of 2250° C. to produce small-sized AlN crystals (3 mm diameter by 10 mm long). Rojo, et al., Materials Research Society, December, 1999 ("Preparation and Characterization of Single Crystal Aluminum Nitride Substrates") reports production of 1 centimeter diameter boules of aluminum nitride, and preparation of a-face and c-face single crystal AlN substrates using chemical mechanical polishing to achieve atomically smooth surfaces, for deposition of AlN and AlGaN epitaxial layers by OMVPE. Ivantsov, et al., Materials Research Society, December, 1999 ("GaN 20 mm Diameter Ingots Grown From Melt-Solution by Seeded Technique") describes the formation of GaN ingots having a volume of 4.5 centimeters3, grown from melt solution by seeded technique at temperatures of 900-1000° C., at pressures of less than 2 atmospheres, and at a growth rate of 2 mm per hour, to provide substrates for GaN homoepitaxy. Tadatomo U.S. Pat. No. 5,770,887 discloses the formation of nitride single crystal material having an XRD FWHM of 5-250 sec and thickness of at least 80 microns on oxide buffer layers, to enable etch separation of single wafers, but the resulting wafer substrates will have a limited area due to the requirement of etching laterally through the oxide buffer layer to effect separation.
The size of bulk GaN material has similarly been limited by the thermal instability of GaN at elevated temperature and limited solubility of N in Ga melts. The high equilibrium nitrogen pressure over GaN prevents it from being grown without an extremely high pressure apparatus (see J. Karpinski, J. Jum and S. Porowski, J. Cryst. Growth, 66 (1984)). The low solubility of N in Ga, namely ˜10−5 molar at 950° C., prevents the successful solution growth of GaN (W. A. Tiller et al., Final Report, "A feasibility study on the growth of bulk GaN single crystal", Stanford U., July (1980)). Resorting to an economically unfavorable high pressure (2×104 atm.) solution growth technique has yielded very small crystals less than 70 mm2 in area and grown at growth rates of only 20 μm/hr.
The electrical characteristics of the bulk GaN material produced by conventional techniques are also limited by a high background carrier concentration in this material. The electron concentration of unintentionally doped GaN films grown by high-pressure solution techniques is greater than 1E19 cm-3 (S. Porowski J. Cryst. Growth, 189/190 (1998) 153) and prevents controllable doping of this material for specific device applications.
The lack of large, high quality seed crystals for the (Al,Ga,In)N system has led to the development of unseeded growth technologies, as described above. The small amount of work on seeded GaN growth has most commonly been accomplished on sapphire (see, for example, D. Elwell and M. Elwell, Prog. Cryst. Growth and Charact., 17, 53 (1988)) or SiC (see C. Wetzel, D. Volm, B. K. Meyer, et al., Appl. Phys. Lett., 65, 1033 (1994); and C. M. Balkas, Z. Sitar, T. Zheleva, et al., Mat. Res. Soc. Proc., 449, 41 (1997)) due to the unavailability of nitride seeds. The same problems associated with lattice and TCE mismatch, which occur for heteroepitaxy of nitrides on foreign substrates, also occur for bulk growth on foreign seeds. Cracking of the nitride during bulk growth and upon cool down to room temperature eliminates the usefulness of foreign seeds. Growth rates as high as 300 μm/hr have been reported (C. Wetzel, D. Volm, B. K. Meyer, et al., Appl. Phys. Lett., 65, 1033 (1994)) for GaN crystals produced by the sandwich sublimation technique. However, the total GaN thickness produced was only 60 μm because non-nitride seeds were employed and resulted in considerable cracking.
Single wafers of GaN material have recently been produced by growing thick GaN films on foreign substrates, which were removed after growth by heating (M. K. Kelly, O. Ambacher, R. Dimitrov, H. Angerer, R. Handschuh, and M. Stutzmann, Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 482 (1998) 973), chemical etching (wet/dry etching) of substrates and interlayer materials (T. Detchprohm, K. Hiramatsu, H. Amano, and I. Akasaki, Appl. Phys. Lett. 61 (1992) 2688; and Y. Melnik, A. Nikolaev, I. Nikitina, K. Vassilevski, V. Dimitriev, Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 482 (1998) 269) or physical grinding of sacrificial substrates or intermediate layers (S. Nakamura, M. Senoh, S. Nagahama, N. Iwasa, T. Yamada, T. Matsushita, H. Kiyoku, Y. Sugimoto, T. Kozaki, H. Umemoto, M. Sano, and K. Chocho, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 37, L309 (1998)). The costs of such labor-intensive processes inhibit their widespread application in wafer fabrication.
Accordingly, it would be a major advance in the art to provide an improved III-V nitride substrate for microelectronic device manufacture.


An authentication method and system for screening network caller ID spoofs and malicious phone calls includes a screening authentication system with a server that includes a login register interface, a data accessing interface, a data searching and comparing program, a data searching database, a labeling indication program, a registry coding module and a data searching coding module. Authentication data is generated by the registry coding module from a caller telephone number and caller login identification data input during registration. Corresponding authentication data contained in a network calling signal from a caller sending device is generated by a data searching coding module. A data searching and comparing program compares the authentication data and, if any discrepancy is found, a labeling indication program sends a “failed authentication” signal to the target network receiving callee so that a fraudulent call is detected.

Since about 2000, telephone fraud has greatly increased in Taiwan and furthermore has spread to mainland China in the last three years. As a result, total monetary loss and the number of victims of telephone fraud has consistently soared every year. In order to prevent the public from suffering telephone fraud, the superintending government agency in charge of telecommunication, the National Communications Commission of Taiwan (NCC), has promulgated a regulation that telecommunication companies and international Internet Service Providers (ISPs) are obliged to set up authenticating and blocking mechanism against overseas incoming telephone calls, for screening and blocking certain telephone numbers from specific caller identities.
However, due to the ever-changing techniques of telephone fraud, most telephone fraudsters can easily tamper with a telephone number of the caller ID device to be displayed on the callee display screen. A gangster or crime syndicate can easily cheat and evade the existing authenticating and blocking mechanisms applied to incoming overseas incoming telephone calls, which have been established by the telecommunication companies and ISPs by sending fake telephone numbers in the caller ID in order to masquerade as trustworthy entities such as a government agency, local court, regional prosecutor's office, or the like, to cause callee victims to suffer from caller ID spoofing once again.
Telephone fraud is a part of the communications fraud used to deceive users by viciously exploiting the usability of current web security technologies including the Signaling System No. 7 (SS7) telephony signaling protocol set, which is used to set up most of the world's public switched telephone network (PSTN) telephone calls. Currently, all overseas telephone transmissions carried by the telecommunication industries in every country are gradually being moved to networks for reducing transmission cost, so that the overseas telephone transmissions are blended with network transmissions. Therefore, the regulations of the National Communications Commission of Taiwan (NCC) to establish blocking technology against international telephone fraud have been ineffective in screening and blocking certain tampered telephone numbers of fraudsters, who use fake caller-ID data to give the appearance that calls come from overseas, such as from Mainland China, while actually having a domestic origin in Taiwan. Moreover, efforts at developing effective blocking technology have so far failed as a result of the following problems.
1. Invalid Filtering:
Because caller ID telephone numbers can easily be tampered with via current web technologies to allow caller ID spoofing by the fraudsters, the telephone fraud gangster or syndicate can effortlessly cheat and evade existing authenticating and blocking mechanism against incoming telephone call set up by the telecommunication companies and ISPs by arbitrarily changing the telephone number of the caller ID.
2. Undue Blocking:
Because the existing authenticating and blocking mechanism against incoming telephone call set up by the telecommunication companies and ISPs directly blocks any doubtful telephone call from any suspicious caller ID, some legal telephone calls might be wrongly blocked due to lack of a caller telephone number or an incomplete caller telephone number resulting from lack of a country code or the like, which might be misjudged as a fraudulent phone call so that it is improperly hindered.
3. Industry Protest:
As a result of the foregoing "undue blocking," some harmful effects may subsequently be incurred. First, the number of customer complaints is increased, resulting in goodwill damage and escalation of customer service costs. Second, annual revenue of telephone transmissions is decreased. Accordingly, the telecommunication companies and ISPs have no incentive to enthusiastically cooperate with the National Communications Commission of Taiwan (NCC) and are reluctant to comply with the foregoing regulation stipulated by the National Communications Commission NCC.
4. Public Confusion:
For efficiency in preventing telephone fraud, comprehensive blocking of all doubtful telephone calls from any suspicious caller ID is the most effective way. However, the inconvenience of communication incurred by the above-mentioned "undue blocking" will disturb legitimate callers and callees alike. Contrarily, the good intention of the government in urging the Telecommunication Companies and ISPs to prevent telephone fraud easily becomes a source of people's grievances.
Accordingly, since telephone fraudsters continue to be equipped with network and cyber techniques for tampering with caller ID telephone numbers by masquerading as a trustworthy entity or government agency, the ordinary callee is unable to authenticate whether an incoming telephone call is genuine or a sham. Therefore, there is an urgent need for an effective authentication method and system for screening network caller ID spoofs and malicious phone calls without any of the problems mentioned above, so that the telecommunication companies and ISPs will be happy and willing to implement the system and method to practically preventing telephone fraud.
U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/699,330 (Publication number US2008/0181379) entitled "Caller Name Authentication to Prevent Caller Identity Spoofing" discloses a separate caller name authentication mechanism to perform user name authentication. However, this authentication mechanism requires triple redundant means to implement the authentication mechanism, meaning that a telecommunication company and ISP must set up an extra authentication system in addition to the existing telecommunication facility; the telecommunication user is required to set up an extra auxiliary authentication device in addition to the existing telephone facility; and in practice, an extra auxiliary authentication channel must be set up in addition to the existing telecommunication channel. This results in extra costs and problems with system compatibility and communication efficiency, with the result that the chance of adoption is unfavorable.
Therefore, there is still a need for an effective authentication method and system for screening network caller ID spoofs and malicious phone calls, which can be constructed using existing telecommunication facility infrastructure that does not require an extra auxiliary device to be set up in addition to the existing telephone facility for the user, and that also does not require an extra auxiliary channel to be set up in addition to the existing telecommunication channel, thereby providing a favorable economic effect, system compatibility and communication efficiency, to address a critical demand for practically preventing telephone fraud.
Furthermore, during practical implementation of an embodiment of the authentication method and system, there is an urgent need to prevent related information from leaking out due to negligence or internal bad management, or as a result of invasion by an external malignant group, so as to not only protect the privacy of client users from incurred fraud but also ensure that telecommunication information is protected against any theft.

Authentication method and system for screening network caller ID spoofs and malicious phone calls


An actuator control device used for, for instance, dampers of automobile air conditioners including first and second fixed contacts which are discontinuous on a path along which a movable contact travels and third and fourth fixed contacts which are also in a discontinuous fashion on the movable contact's path. A motor, that is, an actuator, is connected to a battery and rotated forward when the movable contact is in contact with the first contact and is rotated reversely when the movable contact is in contact with the third contact, thus opening and closing the damper. A first diode is connected to the second contact so that when the damper, which is rotated in a linkage with the movable contact, is opened and the movable contact comes into contact with the second contact, the first diode cuts off the current to the motor, thus completing the damper opening action. A second diode is used so that when the damper is closed and the movable contact comes into contact with the fourth contact, the second diode cuts off the current to the motor, completing the closing action.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an actuator control device for automobile air conditioners.
2. Description of the Related Art
A device that uses transistors is known as one of the means to secure such a stopping precision. In particular, transistors are used for short-circuiting the motor and are switched on at the closed position and maximum-opened position of the damper. For example, a switch that is connected to the damper is used so that the switch is actuated respectively at the closed position and maximum-opened position of the damper. When the switch is actuated, transistors are switched on so that the motor is short-circuited, thus stopping the damper.
Meanwhile, another type of device is also known in which a damper is mechanically stopped when it is at a closed position and a maximum-opened position.
If, however, the damper is stopped by transistors as described above, the overall cost of the actuator control section is increased.
On the other hand, in the mechanism in which the damper is stopped mechanically at the closed position and at the maximum-opened position, the durability is usually low.

Actuator control device for automobile air conditioners


An array of products comprising three or more different sizes of disposable pant-type absorbent articles is provided, wherein each of first and second and third disposable pant-type absorbent articles comprises a chassis with a front portion and a back portion, and an absorbent body attached to the chassis, and a length direction and a width direction, wherein the size of the front and rear portion of the first disposable pant-type absorbent articles is smaller than the size of the front and rear portion of the second disposable pant-type absorbent articles, wherein the size of the front and rear portion of the third disposable pant-type absorbent articles is larger than the size of the front and rear portion of the second disposable pant-type absorbent articles, and wherein each of the front and back portions has a waist edge, a pair of leg edges and a pair of side edges and wherein a distance, in the length direction, between the leg edge of the front portion and the leg edge of the back portion, is common for all disposable pant-type absorbent articles of the array of packages when the disposable pant type absorbent articles are in a flat-out uncontracted state and said distance is measured by one of the side edges.

Disposable absorbent articles, for example in the form of incontinence liners, baby diapers and sanitary napkins, are well known. The general purpose of such absorbent articles is to absorb, distribute and store various types of body exudates, while providing a high level of comfort and sense of dryness to the wearer during use of the absorbent article. Also, such an absorbent article is configured to prevent the wearer from getting the clothes soiled by such body exudates.
Absorbent articles in the form of incontinence articles are used to protect a wearer against urine leakage. An incontinence article can be configured for example as a pant diaper, a sanitary pant or an incontinence pant adapted for use by a baby, child or adult, male or female user. Also, an incontinence article is designed with an absorption capacity which is adapted to absorb the discharges that is expected to be released into the article when it is worn. Incontinence articles are used to assist persons with incontinence so that they can maintain a normal lifestyle without any inconvenience caused by incontinence.
With regard to adult users of pant-type incontinence articles, there is a particular demand for such articles which are adapted to different sizes and shapes of the anatomy. Furthermore, there is a demand for incontinence articles which are designed in a manner so that they resemble regular underwear. In fact, adult persons who use incontinence articles may be reluctant to use articles which are "diaper-like" and which are perceived as bulky, uncomfortable and unattractive, and which may be visible if, for example, the user wears tight clothes over an incontinence article. This means that there is a desire to provide incontinence articles which are less bulky and which have a look and feel which is similar to traditional underwear.
Also, there is a desire to provide incontinence articles which are stylish and attractive for both men and women of various sizes and which follow the anatomy and body contour. In this manner, a more discreet article can be provided to the wearer.
In summary, there is a need for an assortment, or array, of incontinence articles which can be adapted in an optimal manner as regards the fit, comfort and function. Furthermore, there is a need for efficient manufacturing methods for producing such an array of articles, in particular time-consuming and costly adjustments or modifications of the manufacturing process need to be avoided, for example during a change from production of one size to another, and vice versa.


Various embodiments of methods and apparatuses for managing authentication key contexts are described herein. In various embodiments, the methods and apparatuses include selective purging of authentication key contexts of supplicants even if their authentication keys have not expired.

1. Technical Field
Embodiments of the present invention are related to the fields of data processing and data communication, and in particular, to wireless networking.
2. Description of Related Art
An Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) 802.11e standard (approved 2005, IEEE Standards Board, Piscataway, N.Y.), among other things, define aspects of Worldwide Inoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) for Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs). Among the functionalities supported by WiMAX is high-speed seamless handoff (HO) of Mobile Subscriber Station (MSS) from one Base Station (BS) to another, that does not compromise subscriber or network security.
In order to support high-speed secure HO model, an automatic key-derivation for HO was defined in which an authentication key (AK) for target base stations (BS) is derived prior to HO by both the target BS and MSS while still connected to the source BS. Thus, MSS can HO without the need to perform lengthy authentication, authorization and accounting (AAA) session and skipping the major time-consuming phase of connecting to a new BS, leading to the low latency HO that is both seamless and secure.
Typically, the mechanism of deriving AK automatically from a parent key (Pairwise Master Key—PMK) creates a fresh context called AK Context for this derived AK at both the BS and MSS. A fresh AK context can be derived only once (per BS and PMK) and is used until the key (PMK) is expired in order to maintain security (If a fresh context will be created twice for the same AK—it is a security hole that allows reply attacks). Per WiMAX, the default implementation is to cache the AKs and AK Contexts till the corresponding PMK is no longer valid (i.e. expired) which can be several days in most networks. This can lead to BS's caching a large number of AKs and AK Contexts belonging not only to MSSs currently active in the network but also MSS that had joined and left the network but still have valid PMKs. Since PMKs can be cached for few days, the number PMKs, AKs and AK Contexts that can be cached is potentially quite large, leading to long searches and large memory requirements in BS leading to a costly BS.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Pre-expiration purging of authentication key contexts


A method for determining a quality controlled sensor set from a redundant sensor set comprising calculating a first time correlation coefficient and a first autocorrelation coefficient based on a first sensor time series data, calculating a second time correlation coefficient and a second autocorrelation coefficient based on a second sensor time series data, calculating a first and second sensor correlation coefficient based on the first sensor time series data and the second sensor time series data, and determining the quality controlled sensor set with a highest confidence level.

Weather instrument observations provide important data that are often used to make critical aircraft safety decisions. For example, measurements of Liquid Water Equivalent (LWE) precipitation amounts and temperature may be used at an airport to determine when aircraft wings require de-icing for safe take off. Individual weather sensors can produce errors in observations and measurements, however, so redundant sensors are often used, and their data combined, to provide more accurate measurements. For example, a single precipitation gauge may include multiple internal measurement sensors. Some of those sensors may provide bad data if a sensor is experiencing an anomaly, however. Even when sensors are functioning properly, interference from other sources (i.e. power cables, radio communications, etc.) can produce faulty measurements on a short-term basis. In practice, the interference caused by these sources can cause noise in the data that can be difficult to differentiate from actual weather events.
Erroneous data from weather sensors are particularly problematic because of the impact to end users, such as establishing incorrect aircraft icing holdover times or impacting climatological observations. Erroneous data may further cause operators to lose confidence in the information they are receiving. Because data from an individual sensor are more prone to noise effects related to interference and, in some cases, a faulty sensor, it is necessary to develop techniques to flag that data and/or remove it from the data stream.
As sensors, communication, and data collection systems become cheaper, it becomes easier to purchase and/or build systems that can take advantage of redundant sensor measurements. When redundant, co-located systems/sensors are available, data from the individual sensors can be compared to evaluate whether the data from any one sensor was correlated to the data from the other sensors. Oftentimes this is done after the data was collected, making it less useful to end users who may need to know the information on a real-time basis. Applying this Quality Control (QC) process can still be useful, especially for climatological studies, but it can be labor intensive to do on a regular basis. This methodology may fail to identify when one sensor provides consistently faulty data, though. An example of this would be if the sensor is drifting out of calibration.
Thus, a more robust way to identify a faulty or noisy sensor, or a way to flag erroneous measurements from a redundant set of sensors is needed.

Method and system for providing quality controlled data from a redundant sensor system

University Corporation for Atmospheric Research


Consistent with an aspect of the disclosure, a method for controlling a hydraulic cylinder is provided. The hydraulic cylinder is provided with a chamber and configured to receive fluid from a valve. The method includes receiving a user input and determining a desired velocity of the hydraulic cylinder in accordance with the user input. In addition, the velocity of the hydraulic cylinder is measured and a position of the valve is determined in accordance with the desired velocity of the hydraulic cylinder and the measured velocity of the hydraulic cylinder. The method further includes determining a desired force to be applied to the valve in accordance with a difference between the desired and measured velocities of the hydraulic cylinder, and actuating the valve in accordance with the desired force to thereby inject the fluid into the chamber and move the hydraulic cylinder.

Electrohydraulic systems are widely deployed in earthmoving machines, and other applications requiring high mechanical power. Typically, in such systems, a pump supplies hydraulic fluid under pressure to a cylinder or other actuated device. Both the pump and cylinder operate under electronic control of the applied hydraulic fluids. In order to assure proper operation, the hydraulic fluid should be output at constant pressure.
So-called "variable displacement pumps" have been developed that can selectively increase or decrease fluid pressure so that a uniform output pressure can be maintained. The manufacturing tolerances and assembly matching requirements for such pumps, however, are typically high in order to maintain stable and precise control of the output fluid pressure.
Hydraulic cylinders are often controlled with linearized control schemes, as described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,666,806, whereby hydraulic cylinder movement and position are correlated to pump output pressure. In particular, a table is often created by selecting data related to specific pump pressure values and hydraulic cylinder parameters, and, based on such data, extrapolating further cylinder parameters with linear control algorithms. The hydraulic cylinder is thus controlled by determining the pump pressure, and then identifying corresponding hydraulic cylinder locations and velocities.
Linear control schemes, however, often require precision equipment that must be frequently calibrated, and may not perform well under extreme working conditions. Also, different linear control algorithms, as well as control elements (e.g. servos), may differ from one machine to the next, and one element to the next. Thus, an algorithm that may be suitable for one machine with particular control elements may not be suitable for another. Further, multiple high resolution sensors may be required in order to accurately detect pressures in various lines of the hydraulic system. Such sensors, however, substantially increase system cost.
In addition, linearized control schemes require accurate models of system behavior. A hydraulic system, however, cannot typically be modeled exactly, due to among other things, unpredictable system disturbances, environmental changes, and measurement noise. Thus, circumstances may arise in which linearized control schemes cannot precisely predict hydraulic cylinder movement, resulting in faulty operation.
The present disclosure is directed to overcome one or more of the shortcomings in the prior art.


A method, including receiving a sequence of events to be counted. The method further includes, in response to each event, setting a respective bit in a memory that consists of multiple words organized in tiers, such that a number of set bits in the memory is indicative of a count of the received events, and such that each set bit in a first tier corresponds to a respective word in a second tier and is indicative of whether the corresponding word is fully populated with set bits.

A one-time-programmable OTP memory, also known as a "write-once" memory is a non-volatile memory wherein an erase function is typically not possible. In other non-volatile memories, such as Flash memories, the erase function may be possible but is typically time-consuming.
Both types of memories, as well as other types, may be used for counting events. For example, as each event happens, a bit in the memory may be set. To calculate the number of events that have occurred, the number of set bits in the memory is counted.

Counter using one-time-programmable memory


An articulating surgical instrument is shown, which comprises a shaft and an end effector. The shaft has a longitudinal axis, and the end effector is operationally coupled, preferably mechanically coupled, to the shaft at an articulation pivot. The instrument also comprises a first band, and in some embodiments, a second band, each operationally connected to the end effector and extending through at least a portion of the shaft. An articulation control applies a force in a direction substantially transverse to the longitudinal axis, wherein the force, when applied in one direction, is translated through the first band to the end effector to effect rotation of the end effector relative to the shaft about the articulation pivot in a first rotational direction, and when the force is applied in the opposite direction, is translated through the second band to the end effector to effect rotation of the end effector relative to the shaft about the articulation pivot in a second rotational direction.

Endoscopic and other minimally invasive surgical instruments typically include an end effector positioned at the distal end of an elongate shaft and a handle at the proximal end of the elongate shaft allowing a clinician to manipulate the end effector. In use, the end effector is provided to a surgical site through a cannula of a trocar. At the surgical site, the end effector engages tissue in any number of ways to achieve a diagnostic or therapeutic effect. Endoscopic surgical instruments are often preferred over traditional open surgical instruments because they require smaller incisions that generally heal with less post-operative recovery time than traditional open surgery incisions. Because of this and other benefits of endoscopic surgery, significant development has gone into a range of endoscopic surgical instruments having end effectors that engage tissue to accomplish a number of surgical tasks. For example, end effectors have been developed to act as endocutters, graspers, cutters, staplers, clip appliers, access devices, drug/gene therapy delivery devices, ultrasound, RF, or laser energy devices, and other surgical instruments.
FIGS. 1 & 2 show an exemplary prior art surgical and stapling instrument 10 including an end effector 12 configured as an endocutter for clamping, severing and stapling tissue, for example, as disclosed in U.S. Application Publication No. 2004/0232196 A1, the disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. The surgical stapling and severing instrument 10 includes a handle portion 20 connected to an implement portion 22, the latter further comprising a shaft 23 distally terminating in the end effector 12. The handle portion 20 includes a pistol grip 24 toward which a closure trigger 26 is pivotally drawn by the clinician to cause clamping, or closing, of the anvil 18 toward the elongate channel 16 of the end effector 12. A firing trigger 28 is farther outboard of the closure trigger 26 and is pivotally drawn by the clinician to cause the stapling and severing of clamped tissue in the end effector 12.
Closure trigger 26 is actuated first. Once the clinician is satisfied with the positioning of the end effector 12, the clinician may draw back the closure trigger 26 to its fully closed, locked position proximate to the pistol grip 24. Then, the firing trigger 28 is actuated. The firing trigger 28 springedly returns when the clinician removes pressure. A release button 30 when depressed on the proximal end of the handle portion 20 releases any locked closure trigger 26.
A closure sleeve 32 encloses a frame 34, which in turn encloses a firing drive member 36 that is positioned by the firing trigger 28. The frame 34 connects the handle portion 20 to the end effector 12. With the closure sleeve 32 withdrawn proximally by the closure trigger 26 as depicted, the anvil 18 opens, pivoting away from the elongate channel 16 and translating proximally with the closure sleeve 32. The elongate channel 16 receives a staple cartridge 37.
With particular reference to FIG. 2, the firing bar 14 includes three vertically spaced pins that control the spacing of the end effector 12 during firing. In particular, an upper pin 38 is staged to enter an anvil pocket 40 near the pivot between the anvil 18 and elongate channel 16. When fired with the anvil 18 closed, the upper pin 38 advances distally within a longitudinal anvil slot 42 extending distally through anvil 18. Any minor upward deflection in the anvil 18 is overcome by a downward force imparted by the upper pin 38.
Firing bar 14 also includes a lower most pin, or firing bar cap, 44 that upwardly engages a channel slot 45 in the elongate channel 16, thereby cooperating with the upper pin 38 to draw the anvil 18 and the elongate channel 16 slightly closer together in the event of excess tissue clamped therebetween.
The firing bar 14 advantageously includes a middle pin 46 that passes through a firing drive slot 47 formed in a lower surface of the cartridge 37 and an upward surface of the elongate channel 16, thereby driving the staples therein as described below. The middle pin 46, by sliding against the lower surface of the cartridge 37, advantageously resists any tendency for the end effector 12 to be pinched shut at its distal end.
A distally presented cutting edge 48 between the upper and middle pins 38, 46 on the firing bar 14 traverses through the cartridge 37 to sever clamped tissue. The affirmative positioning of the firing bar 14 with regard to the elongate channel 16 and anvil 18 assure that an effective cut is performed.
The affirmative vertical spacing provided by the E-Beam firing bar 14 is suitable for the limited size available for endoscopic devices. Moreover, the E-Beam firing bar 14 enables fabrication of an anvil 18 with a camber imparting a vertical deflection at its distal end. This cambered anvil 18 advantageously assists in achieving the desired gap in the end effector 12 even with an anvil 18 of reduced thickness, which is thus more suited to the size limitations of an endoscopic device.
The E-Beam firing bar 14 further enables increased applications, especially in combination with a range of configurations of staple cartridges. For instance, a clinician may select a gray staple cartridge yielding a 0.02 mm tissue gap, a white staple cartridge yielding a 0.04 mm tissue gap, a blue cartridge yielding a 0.06 mm tissue gap, or a green cartridge yielding a 0.10 mm tissue gap. The vertical height of each respective staple cartridge in combination with the length of staples and an integral wedge sled 50 predetermines this desired tissue thickness with the anvil 18 appropriately vertically spaced by the E-Beam firing bar 14.
With surgical instrument 10 as well as other minimally invasive instruments, the positioning of the end effector at the surgical site is constrained by the trocar. Generally the elongate shaft 23 enables the clinician to insert the end effector to a desired depth and rotate the end effector about the longitudinal axis of the shaft. This allows the end effector to be positioned at the surgical site, to a degree. With judicious placement of the trocar and use of graspers, for instance, through another trocar, this amount of positioning is often sufficient. Depending upon the nature of the operation, however, it may be desirable to adjust the positioning of the end effector of an endoscopic surgical instrument. In particular, it is often desirable to orient the end effector at any one of multiple angles relative to the longitudinal axis of the elongate shaft of the instrument.
Movement of the end effector through multiple angles relative to the instrument shaft is conventionally referred to as "articulation." Articulation is typically accomplished by a pivot (or articulation) joint being placed in the elongate shaft just proximal to the end effector. This allows the clinician to articulate the end effector remotely to either side for better surgical placement of the staple lines and easier tissue manipulation and orientation. An articulating end effector permits the clinician to more easily engage tissue in some instances, such as behind an organ. In addition, articulated positioning advantageously allows an endoscope to be positioned behind the end effector without being blocked by the elongate shaft.
Approaches to articulating end effectors tend to be complicated because mechanisms for controlling the articulation must be integrated with mechanisms for operating the end effector. For example the closure sleeve, drive member and mechanisms for articulation must be implemented within the small diameter constraints of the instrument's shaft. One common design involves an accordion-like articulation mechanism ("flex-neck") that is articulated by selectively drawing back one of two connecting rods through the implement shaft, each rod offset respectively on opposite sides of the shaft centerline. The connecting rods ratchet through a series of discrete positions.
While this generally-known approach successfully articulates the end effector about an articulation pivot, it is desirable to further enhance performance. Consequently, a significant need exists for an improved articulating surgical instrument.

Surgical instrument having an articulating end effector


The present disclosure relates to a vacuum interrupter, and particularly, to a vacuum interrupter having enhanced performance of discharging air from the interior of a bellows in a breaking operation.

1. Field of the Disclosure
The present disclosure relates to a vacuum interrupter, and particularly, to a vacuum interrupter having enhanced performance of discharging air from the interior of a bellows in a breaking operation.
2. Background of the Disclosure
In general, a vacuum circuit breaker is a sort of circuit breaker is installed in a high voltage electric power system to break a circuit in a dangerous situation such as a short circuit or an overcurrent to protect the electric power system, which is designed by utilizing the fact that the vacuum circuit breaker has excellent insulating properties and arc extinguishing capability.
In the vacuum circuit breaker, a core component is a vacuum interrupter which performs a function of electrically connect a circuit or breaking the circuit within a hermetically sealed vacuum tube. The vacuum circuit breaker includes a fixed electrode and a movable electrode that can be brought into contact with the fixed electrode or separated from the fixed electrode. In particular, portions where the fixed electrode and the movable electrode are directly in contact with each other are called a fixed contact and a movable contact.
Here, in particular, since the movable electrode makes a linear movement so as to be brought into contact with the fixed electrode or separated from the fixed electrode, while the interior of the vacuum interrupter is maintained in a vacuum state, a bellows is installed around the movable electrode.
The interior of the vacuum interrupter is in a vacuum state, and atmospheric pressure or gas pressure is applied to the interior of the bellows. Since pressure of the gas applied to the interior of the bellows greatly affects operation characteristics of the vacuum interrupter, an influence of gas pressure should be taken into consideration in designing a manipulator or determining capacity. When gas pressures is increased, a self-closing force of the vacuum interrupter is increased to cause an increase in a speed in a closing operation and cause a decrease in a speed in a breaking operation, and thus, performance of the manipulator should be increased.
FIG. 1 illustrates an internal structure of a vacuum interrupter according to a related art. In the vacuum interrupter 100 according to the related art, a fixed contact 1, a fixed electrode 2, a movable contact 3, a movable electrode 5, a bellows 6, and a bellows guide 7 are installed within an enclosure formed of a ceramic container 5, an upper fixing unit flange 8, and a lower moving unit flange 9. Here, the interior of the enclosure is maintained in a vacuum state.
The fixed contact 1 and the fixed electrode 2 connecting the fixed contact 1 to a power source or a load outside of the vacuum interrupter 100 are connected to each other, and the fixed electrode 2 is connected such that it is sealed by the fixing unit flange 8.
The movable contact 3 facing the fixed contact 1 is connected to the movable electrode 4, and the movable electrode 4 is connected to a load or a power source outside of the vacuum interrupter 100. Here, the bellows 6 is installed on the movable contact 4 such that the bellows 6 can be freely moved while maintaining the vacuum state inside the vacuum interrupter 100.
The bellows guide 7 is installed between the movable electrode 4 and the bellows 6 and is fixed to be installed in the moving unit flange 9. The bellows guide 7 assists the movable electrode 4 to make a reciprocal linear movement, prevents the movable electrode 4 from being shaken to the side when making a linear movement, and enables air or a gas inside A the bellows to be discharged to the outside.
FIG. 2 illustrates a detailed structure of the bellows guide 7 according to the related art. An inner surface 7a of the bellows guide 7 is in contact with an outer surface of the movable electrode 4, and an outer surface 7b of the bellows guide 7 is installed to face an inner side of the bellows 6. Also, a protrusion 7c of the bellows guide 7 is inserted into a groove (not shown) of the movable electrode 4, guides the movable electrode 4 to make a linear movement, and is provided to prevent the movable electrode 4 from staggering to deform and damage the bellows 6.
When the vacuum interrupter 100 performs a breaking operation, the bellows 6 is compressed, and here, the groove 7d formed inside of the bellows guide 7 functions as an exit for discharging air or a gas inside A of the bellows 6 to the outside.
In the vacuum interrupter 100 according to the related art, when the bellows 6 performs a breaking operation, air or a gas inside A of the bellows 6 is discharged to the outside through the groove 7d formed in a length direction inside of the bellows guide 7.
However, when a breaking speed is fast or a gas pressure inside A of the s bellows 6 is increased, the exit of the groove 7d cannot tolerate an amount of outflow gas which is rapidly expanded, to result in an incomplete operation or to become slow in a breaking speed. In addition, since the groove 7d is formed in a narrow space between the bellows guide 7 and the movable electrode 4, there is a limitation in securing a sufficient space.


A resonant power converter as disclosed herein, e.g., an LED driver, comprises first and second switches in a half-bridge arrangement and responsive at an operating frequency to controlled drive signals. A resonant circuit is coupled between the switch output and an isolation transformer. A negative feedback control loop provides an error signal for regulation of the output current. A reference control circuit is added to the feedback control loop, and configured to sense when the error signal exceeds a threshold value, and further configured in response to control a feedback reference signal wherein the error signal is reset to a value below the threshold value. By resetting the feedback control reference value, loop runaway may be prevented, e.g., for enough time that the LED load may warm up or otherwise stabilize. As a result the LED driver will always maintain negative current closed loop control, and restore normal operating mode.

The present disclosure relates generally to power supplies that provide a DC voltage to a load, such as, for example, light-emitting diodes ("LED"s). More particularly, the present disclosure relates to an apparatus and method for regaining negative feedback control of a power supply after a temporary input voltage drop causes the power supply to transition from a normal mode to a frequency-clamp mode.
Constant-power tunable LED drivers are very popular in the lighting market because of their flexibility to drive different LED loads at different current levels. A single constant-power driver, for example, a 220-Watt constant-power LED driver can drive any load from 2-Amps at 110-Volts to 1.4-Amps at 157-Volts. The current provided by the driver is tunable using a programming tool.
One such constant-power tunable driver which may be used to drive an LED load is a half-bridge resonant type DC-DC converter. A half-bridge resonant type DC-DC converter is theoretically a very good candidate for driving an LED load because it has a high efficiency and a wide load range. When an operating frequency of the half-bridge resonant type DC-DC converter drops below a resonant frequency associated with the half-bridge resonant type DC-DC converter, the half-bridge resonant type DC-DC converter begins to operate in a frequency-clamped mode associated with a loss of negative feedback control. The half-bridge resonant type DC-DC converter has no way to automatically get from the frequency-clamped mode back to a normal operating mode. Although the half-bridge resonant type DC-DC converter can operate safely when in the frequency-clamped mode, it will have a much larger current ripple at its output than that associated with the normal operating mode. This much larger ripple current being delivered to the LED load may larger than the rated current of the LED load, and accordingly may damage the LED load.

Power control method during input line voltage fluctuation


It is intended to provide a stable sol containing zirconium oxide-tin oxide composite colloids to be used for improving the performance such as abrasion resistance, transparency, adhesiveness, water resistance or weather resistance of a dried film obtained by applying a hard coating agent containing colloidal particles to the surface of plastic lens. A production method includes the steps of obtaining a sol containing colloidal particles (A1) in which the surface of particles in a sol containing hydrothermally-processed zirconium oxide-tin oxide composite colloids (A) is coated with amine-containing Sb2O5 colloidal particles; obtaining a sol containing colloids (A2) coated with amine-containing Sb2O5 colloidal particles by performing a hydrothermal treatment at a temperature of from 200 to 350° C.; and mixing the sol containing the colloidal particles (A2) and a sol containing tungsten oxide-tin oxide-silicon dioxide composite colloidal particles (B2) and aging the resulting aqueous medium at 20 to 100° C.

For improving the surface of a plastic lens which has become frequently used in recent years, a sol of metal oxides having high refractive index is used as a component of a hard coating agent applied to this surface.
Proposed is a stable sol containing modified metal oxide colloids having a particle diameter of 4.5 to 60 nm which is formed by coating the surface of colloidal particles of metal oxides having a valence of 3, 4 or 5 which has a particle diameter of 4 to 50 nm as a core with tungsten oxide-tin oxide composite colloidal particles having a particle diameter of 2 to 7 nm in which the mass ratio of WO3/SnO2 is 0.5 to 100, in which the content of all of these metal oxides is 2 to 50% by mass (for example, see Patent Document 1).
Proposed is a stable sol of a modified SnO2—ZrO2 composite containing particles having a structure in which the surface of SnO2—ZrO2 composite colloidal particles having a mass ratio of ZrO2/SnO2 of 0.02 to 1.0 and a particle diameter of 4 to 50 nm as a core are coated with WO3—SnO2 composite colloidal particles having a mass ratio of WO3/SnO2 of 0.5 to 100 and a particle diameter of 2 to 7 nm (for example, see Patent Document 2).
Proposed is a stable sol containing: a structure in which colloidal particles of tin oxide and colloidal particles of zirconium oxide are bonded to each other in a ratio of ZrO2/SnO2 of 0.02 to 1.0 based on the mass of these oxides; and modified tin oxide-zirconium oxide composite colloidal particles having a particle diameter of 4.5 to 60 nm which is formed by coating the surface of tin oxide-zirconium oxide composite colloidal particles having a particle diameter of 4 to 50 nm as a core with tungsten oxide-tin oxide-silicon dioxide composite colloidal particles having a WO3/SnO2 mass ratio of 0.1 to 100, a SiO2/SnO2 mass ratio of 0.1 to 100 and a particle diameter of 2 to 7 nm, in which the content of all of these metal oxides is 2 to 50% by mass (for example, see Patent Document 3).
Proposed is a stable sol containing: a structure in which colloidal particles of tin oxide obtained by a reaction between metal tin, an organic acid and hydrogen peroxide and colloidal particles of zirconium oxide are bonded to each other in a ratio of ZrO2/SnO2 of 0.02 to 1.0 based on the mass of these oxides; and modified tin oxide-zirconium oxide composite colloidal particles having a particle diameter of 4.5 to 60 nm which is formed by coating the surface of tin oxide-zirconium oxide composite colloidal particles having a particle diameter of 4 to 50 nm as a core with tungsten oxide-tin oxide-silicon dioxide composite colloidal particles having a WO3/SnO2 mass ratio of 0.1 to 100, a SiO2/SnO2 mass ratio of 0.1 to 100 and a particle diameter of 2 to 7 nm, in which the content of all of these metal oxides is 2 to 60% by mass (for example, see Patent Document 4).
Proposed is a production method of a metal oxide sol, characterized in that the method includes: a step for heating a metal compound in an aqueous medium containing a carbonate salt of quaternary ammonium at 60 to 110° C.; and a step for performing a hydrothermal processing at 110 to 250° C. (For example, see Patent Document 5).    [Patent Document 1]
Japanese Patent Application Publication No. JP-A-3-217230 (claims)    [Patent Document 2]
Japanese Patent Application Publication No. JP-A-6-24746 (claims)    [Patent Document 3]
Japanese Patent Application Publication No. JP-A-2000-281344 (claims)    [Patent Document 4]
Japanese Patent Application Publication No. JP-A-2005-296940 (claims)    [Patent Document 5]
WO 06/019004 Pamphlet

Method for producing modified zirconium oxide-tin oxide composite sol


A system and method of processing a print job of a customer before submitting the print job to at least one of a plurality of print providers includes defining a network communication link between the customer and a print processing system controller. The print processing system controller receives a data file for the print job from the customer via the network communication link and processes the data file to determine at least one document type for the print job.

Typically, a party preparing a document to be printed is often concerned with specific goals and/or restrictions for the document. The party, for example, may have specific quality, cost, and/or timeliness goals or restrictions for the document. Thus, the party attempts to create the document in consideration of such goals or restrictions.
Unfortunately, when a party prepares a document, the party may not be aware of all possible options for creating and/or printing of the document. As such, the party may overlook viable options for the document or may unknowingly introduce inefficient constraints into the document. Thus, a party having specific goals or restrictions for a document may not be aware of how to create and print the document so as to best fulfill such goals or restrictions.
Accordingly, a need exists for processing a print job of a customer before submitting the print job to a print provider. More particularly, a need exists for presenting and exploring options available to the customer for the print job while the customer is preparing the print job.

Print processing system and method with document advisor service

Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.


Embodiments of this application provide a contention window management method applied to an unlicensed band. The method includes sending, by a sending device, one or more data packets to one or more receiving devices in one reference time unit or a plurality of reference time units, where the one or more data packets occupy a first bandwidth. The method further includes receiving, by the sending device from the one or more receiving devices, a hybrid automatic repeat request HARQ or HARQs for the one or more data packets. The sending device determines a contention window (CW) size of a second bandwidth with reference to the HARQ or HARQs. The CW update based on HARQ feedback improves communication efficiency.

With rapid development of wireless communications technologies, spectrum resources are becoming increasingly scarce. This encourages expansion into unlicensed bands. 3GPP Release 13 (Release 13, R-13) and Release 14 (Release 14, R-14) introduce a licensed assisted access (LAA) technology and an enhanced licensed assisted access (eLAA) technology respectively, to make full use of unlicensed spectrum resources with the assistance of a licensed spectrum.
In a communications system deployed on an unlicensed band, radio resources are usually used or shared through contention. To ensure fairness, a device that performs transmission on the unlicensed band usually needs to comply with a listen before talk (LBT) rule. In other words, the device needs to sense a channel before sending a signal, and starts transmission when the channel is idle and a channel occupancy time is obtained.
In a 5th generation (5G) new radio (NR) system, application of an unlicensed band is still a technical means of meeting a service requirement and improving user experience. In the prior art, for category 4 LBT (Cat 4 LBT, which is also referred to as type 1 LBT in some standards), after sensing a channel to be idle in a duration Td, a sending device further needs to perform random backoff for a corresponding quantity of times based on a random backoff number, to avoid collision. During initialization, a random value is usually selected from 0 to a contention window CW as the random backoff number. The CW is dynamically updated with a channel status. As transmission resource division becomes finer in 5G NR, how to determine the CW more accurately becomes an urgent problem to be resolved.

Contention window management method and sending device


Disclosed is a serial data conversion apparatus comprising: a video signal packet conversion unit for converting a characteristic signal of a video signal into a video signal characteristic packet and simultaneously converting a video signal into a video signal packet by the characteristic signal of a video signal, horizontal/vertical synchronization signals, and a video clock signal; an audio signal packet conversion unit for converting a characteristic signal of an audio signal into an audio signal characteristic packet and simultaneously converting an audio signal into an audio signal packet by the characteristic signal of an audio signal, left/right control signals, and an audio clock signal; a control signal packet conversion unit for converting a control signal into a control signal packet by an informing signal which informs a generation of a control signal; and a multiplexer for switching and selecting the video signal characteristic packet, the video signal packet, the audio signal characteristic packet, the audio signal packet, and the control signal packet by a certain format structure.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a format structure of serial data and a serial data conversion apparatus, and more particularly, to a format structure of serial data including video/audio/and control packet signals transmitted from a source device as an optical signal form through one optical cable, and an apparatus for converting the video/audio/and packet signals into serial data so that they may have the format structure.
2. Description of the Related Art
With a development of electronics technology, many flat panel display devices have been developed. Also, as a display device such as a television receiver and a monitor for displaying videos, a thin and light flat panel display device is being adopted instead of a voluminous and heavy CRT.
The flat panel display device is divided into a device using an inorganic substance and a device using an organic substance. The device using an inorganic substance includes a plasma display panel (PDP) using photo luminescence (PL), a field emission display (FED) device using a cathode luminescence (CL), and etc., and the device using an organic substance includes a liquid crystal display element (LCD), an organic electro-luminescence (EL) display device, and etc.
Among these flat panel display devices, the PDP has a high brightness, a high luminescence efficiency, a wide viewing angle, excellent heatproof, coldproof, and quakeproof characteristics, a light weight, and a cheap fabrication cost. Also, the PDP can easily realize full colors, thereby widely being adopted as a display screen of display devices such as a television receiver and a monitor. Besides, a display device using the PDP as a display screen is light and thin, thereby being much developed as a wall-mounted type.
In order to make the display device output videos and audios, video and audio signals outputted from a source device such as a set top box are inputted into the display device using the PDP. Like this, in the conventional art, plural cables were connected between the display device and the source device in order to output videos and audios of the display device. According to this, the video and audio signals of the source device were transmitted to the display device through the cables, and certain control signals were transmitted between the display device and the source device through the cables.
Hereinafter, transmissions and receptions of the video, audio, and control signals between the display device and the source device through the cables will be explained.
FIG. 1 is an exemplary view showing a connection relation between a display device and a source device in accordance with the conventional art. Herein, the reference numeral 100 denotes a wall-mounted type display device using the PDP as a display screen such as a wall-mounted type monitor or a wall-mounted type television receiver.
The reference numeral 110 denotes a digital device such as a digital video tape recorder (VTR) or a digital video disc (DVD) for outputting a transport packet stream corresponding to digital video and audio signals by reproducing certain media, and the reference numeral 120 denotes an analogue device such as a VTR or a computer system for outputting analogue video and audio signals by reproducing media such as a video tape.
The reference numeral 130 denotes a source device such as a set top box for receiving a digital broadcasting signal, receiving the transport packet stream outputted from the digital device 110 and analogue video and audio signals outputted from the analogue device 120 and thus selectively switching them, and transmitting the switched signals to the display device 100.
In the conventional device, the plural digital devices 110 and the source device 130 are connected by wire such as an IEEE 1394, and the digital devices 110 output a transport packet stream corresponding to digital video and audio signals by reproducing certain media. The outputted transport packet stream is transmitted to the source device 130 through the IEEE 1394 cable and etc.
The analogue devices 120 and the source device 130 are connected by a coaxial cable. The analogue devices 120 generate analogue video/R,G,B/audio signals by reproducing certain media, and the generated analogue signals are transmitted to the source device 130 through the coaxial cable and etc.
The source device 130 receives a digital broadcasting signal by a mounted advanced television systems committee (ATSC) tuner and etc., and converts a transport packet stream corresponding to the received digital broadcasting signal and a transport packet stream inputted from the digital devices 110 into analogue video and audio signals. Then, the source device 130 switches the converted analogue video and audio signals and analogue video and audio signals inputted from the analogue devices 120 by a user's selection, and transmits to the display device 130. Herein, the source device 130 transmits the analogue R, G, B signals and analogue audio signals of L/R channels to the display device 100 through respective cables.
Also, additional control and response cables are connected between the display device 100 and the source device 130, and through the control/response cables, certain control signals and response signals corresponding to the control signals are transmitted.
However, in the conventional art, the display device 100 and the source device 130 are connected by plural cables. Therefore, in case that the display device 100 is installed on a wall as a wall-mounted type and the source device 130 is installed on a shelf, cables for transmitting the analogue R, G, B signals and the analogue audio signals and cables for transmitting the control signals and the corresponding response signals are exposed onto the wall between the display device 100 and the source device 130. Besides, the exposed cables have thick diameters thus to have a bad appearance.
Accordingly, the display device 100 and the source device 130 can be connected to each other by one optical cable which is thin thus to be hardly noticed from a far distance, and the source device 130 can convert video/audio/control signals and video/audio signal characteristics into an optical signal thus to transmit to the display device through an optical fiber. Then, the display device 100 can receive the optical signal and process it.
In order to transmit the respective signals from the source device 130 to the display device 100 through the optical fiber as the optical signal form, 8-bit data has to be converted into 10-bit data so as to be preferably transmitted as the optical signal form, and the optical signal has to be transmitted by being converted into serial data of a certain format since it can not be transmitted as parallel data.
Therefore, the source device 130 selects the respective signals by an order of the certain format thus to encode, and converts parallel data of 8 bits into data of 10 bits. Then, the source device 130 converts the parallel data of 10 bits into serial data again, and transmits as the optical signal form through the optical fiber.
However, in case that the video/audio/control signals are converted into the serial data by the source device 130 and transmitted as the optical signal, clock signals according to the video/audio signals, horizontal/vertical synchronization signals according to the video signals, horizontal/vertical active signals according to the video signals can not be transmitted as the optical signal form due to characteristics of the optical cable. Therefore, in case that video/audio/control signals are transmitted by being converted into serial data, the display device 100 has to be able to restore the clock signals, the horizontal/vertical synchronization signals according to the video signals, and the horizontal/vertical active signals according to the video signals into serial data.

Format structure of serial data and serial data conversion apparatus