An induction charging device for a vehicle charging system may include a housing, a cooling device, a magnetic field conductor unit, at least one induction coil, and at least one heat conductance device. The magnetic field conductor unit may be configured to direct a magnetic field. The at least one induction coil may be configured to wirelessly transfer energy with a predetermined transmission power. The at least one heat conductance device may be arranged, with respect to an axial axis, between at least two components. The at least one heat conductance device may have an axial thermal conductivity with respect to the axial axis. The axial thermal conductivity of the at least one heat conductance device may vary at least partially with respect to at least one lateral axis that is aligned at least one of substantially perpendicularly and substantially transversely to the axial axis.

In order to increase the acceptance of electrically driven vehicles with end users, it can be advantageous if the energy transfer between a stationary energy source and a traction battery unit of the vehicle takes place in a contactless or respectively wireless manner. A wireless energy transfer is advantageous for end users, because for example no charging cables have to be carried or respectively inserted. In addition, stationary induction charging stations can be partly buried in the ground area, so that a better integration into a townscape or landscape is possible.
During a charging operation of an induction charging device of a vehicle charging system, power losses occur through electronic switching processes and/or through an effect of chronologically varying electromagnetic fields, which power losses thermally stress the components within the induction charging device. The resulting heat should therefore be dissipated, in order to prevent a damage to the components within the induction charging device through a thermal overload.
DE 10 2013 217 728 A1 relates to a coil arrangement, in particular for a charging device for the wireless energy-related coupling of an energy source, with a coil having a connecting area, wherein the coil has a winding having several turns, and a ferromagnetic body, which is at least partially embraced by the winding, wherein at least one region of the turn provides the connecting area, characterized by a heat-conducting element, thermally coupled to the ferromagnetic body, which heat-conducting element terminates substantially flush with the connecting area.
US 2016/0233723 A1 relates to wireless current devices for the receiving of current from a wireless current source. The devices contain a first plurality of magnetic material pieces of substantially planar form, which are arranged in a first plane, wherein the first plurality of magnetic material pieces has a first planar surface and a second planar surface.
DE 10 2010 044 999 A1 relates to an arrangement for charging a vehicle battery of a vehicle, with a secondary induction device, which is configured and/or arranged in such a way that a primary induction device, which is fed from an energy source outside the vehicle and generates an electromagnetic alternating field, can induce in the secondary induction device an alternating current which supplies charging device for charging the vehicle battery with energy, characterized in that at least one heat transport means is provided, with the aid of which thermal energy which arises through power loss in the secondary induction device and/or in the charging device is at least partially usable for heating the vehicle battery, a vehicle interior and/or a component of an air-conditioning system of the vehicle.
WO 2016/030413 A1 relates to a receiving device for receiving a magnetic field and for generating electrical energy through magnetic induction, in particular for use in a vehicle. Here, a first cooling structure is arranged between a first field-forming arrangement, which comprises magnetizable material, which is adapted in order to form magnetic field lines of the magnetic field, and a capacitor arrangement. Here, the first cooling structure can be used in order to cool both the first field-forming arrangement and also the capacitor arrangement. In particular, the first cooling structure is in direct mechanical contact with both arrangements, so that an efficient heat transfer takes place to the first cooling structure.
DE 10 2017 200 465 A1 relates to a charging contact point for an electric vehicle, comprises a cooling means arrangement, a magnet arrangement and an electronics arrangement. The electronics arrangement further comprises a thermal interface material layer. The thermal interface material layer is arranged between the PCB and the control board and the upper wall of the cooling means arrangement.
DE 695 08 133 T2 relates to battery charging equipment and in particular an inductive charging port of a high-power inductive battery charging device, wherein heat exchangers, directing cooling medium, can be connected with respective inner turns of the sets of secondary windings, wherein for example a conducting adhesive or epoxy resin is used.
DE 10 2013 217 728 A1 and US 2016/0233723 A1 have no cooling device within the coil arrangement or respectively current device. DE 10 2010 044 999 A1 does in fact have a cooling device which, however, is arranged outside the induction device. A disadvantage here is that a heat dissipation must take place via the housing sections of the devices which have a high thermal resistance or at least form an additional thermal resistance.
WO 2016/030413 A1 comprises a first cooling structure which is in direct mechanical contact with both arrangements of the receiving device. Such a direct mechanical contact is disadvantageous at least in that between the first cooling structure and the two arrangements of the receiving device, undesired air cushions form due to the surface quality, which increase the thermal resistance. Compared thereto, in DE 10 2017 200 465 A1 a thermal interface material layer is arranged between the PCB and the control board and the upper wall of the cooling means arrangement. In DE 695 08 133 T2 a heat exchanger, directing cooling medium, is connected with inner turns of the sets of secondary windings for example by means of a conducting adhesive or epoxy resin. Through an adhesive or epoxy resin, undesired air cushions can indeed be prevented, however through the use of an adhesive the overall weight and the production costs are increased.

Induction charging device for a vehicle charging system


Improved process for separating ethylsilane from silane by selective adsorption onto an effectively treated carbon bed and method of treatment of such carbon bed to enhance the selective adsorption of ethylsilane.

Various methods exist for the production of electronic grade silicon and silane, one of its precursors. These methods include processes for the purification of silane before its reaction (e.g., thermal decomposition) to produce electronic grade silicon. For example, see Walker et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 4,537,759), incorporated in its entirety herein, and the references therein.
Particular examples of silicon and silane contaminants of concern are carbon containing species such as ethylene and ethylsilane. Ethylsilane can be separated from silane by distillation, but ethylene is very difficult to remove due to the close boiling points of ethylene and silane.
Ethylene can be separated from silane by passing a mixture of ethylene and silane through molecular sieves. However, such molecular sieve process can produce ethylsilane, introducing the newly produced ethylsilane as a contaminant. Some steps can be performed to reduce ethylsilane formation. For instance, see commonly-assigned United States application, Ser. No. 07/516,315, filed by W. S. Park on Apr. 30, 1990. There still remains a need for practical separation of ethylsilane from silane.


A method of measuring of an electrical bio-impedance, the method being characterized in that a symmetrical bipolar pulse-form periodical excitation signal (electrical current or voltage) is applied to the input (11) of the bio-object (1), a corresponding reaction of the bio-object to the mentioned excitation signal is measured from the output (12), which is connected to the input (201) of the synchronous detector (200). A symmetrical bipolar pulse-form periodical signal is also applied to the reference input (202) of the synchronous detector (200), whereby both pulse-form signals are shortened by the predetermined time interval in each half period of the signal, said time intervals being different for the excitation and reference signals. The proposed method ensures an increased accuracy of the impedance analysis by decreasing the influence of the higher harmonics in the spectra of the excitation and reference signals of the synchronous detectors to the measurement result. The use of the rectangular signals ensures that the device for implementing of the proposed method has a simple design and low power consumption.

The PCT application WO 01/19426 "Implantable Device and Method for Long-Term Detection and Monitoring of Congestive Heart Failure" has been described a measuring device, which is mounted into the pacemaker, and observes over the complications appearing in the cardiac blood vessel system and in the blood circulation in lungs. The method is based on directing various types of current/voltage excitation signals (rectangular waveform signal, sine wave signal, pulse signal, signal with varying frequency) through the bio-object and measuring the inphase and quadrature components of the electrical response to the excitation. The device measures the variations in the impedance of the cardiac blood vessel system and of the blood circulation in lungs via measuring the current flow through the object, the voltage drop forming on it and the phase shift between the excitation and response signals.
In the inventions WO 00/57953 and WO 00/57954 "A Rate Adaptive pacemaker" the device for bio-impedance measurement is used for obtaining information for adaptive control of cardiac pacing rate taking into account the energetic balance of the myocardium.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,759,159 "Method and Apparatus for Apical Detection with Complex Impedance Measurement" (Jun. 2, 1998) describes the bio-impedance measurement device used for finding the apex of a dental channel. The apex can be found by measuring the amplitude and phase characteristics of the bio-impedance between the probe and biological tissue. The method is based on measuring the amplitude and phase relationships of an electrical impedance in response to a multi-frequency excitation using a digital fast Fourier transformation (FFT).
The above described devices are not suitable for implantation because their electronic circuitry is too complicated and energy consuming.
Nowadays low voltage and low power CMOS microelectronics technology is suitable for application in switching mode analogue and digital mixed signal circuits. The extremely low power consumption is crucially important for the implantable devices operating during several years with the same battery.
Unfortunately, application of the switching mode electronics operating with pulse signals results in misleading measurement errors and measurement uncertainties due to the higher harmonics present in the pulse signals. Theoretically, application of pure sine wave signals without any higher harmonics is presumed for determination of the complex impedance. Therefore, application of the simplest rectangular waveform pulses being the most suitable for use in CMOS electronics, introduces serious measurement errors [M. Min, and T. Parve, "Improvement of the vector analyser based on two-phase switching mode synchronous detection", Measurement, Vol. 19 (1996), No. 2, pp. 103-111].
To overcome the problem, usually the band-pass filters are introduced in order to filter out the fundamental and to suppress the higher harmonics. This solution helps to solve the higher harmonics problem only partly, because the highly selective band-pass filters have very unstable phase characteristics. The exact tuning of such filters is also rather complicated.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,063,937, A61B 5/05, "Multiple frequency bio-impedance measurement system", B. N. Ezenwa, W. P. Couch, Nov. 12, 1991, describes the closest reference. In this document there is described a solution for a device for noninvasive measurement of the bio-impedance of a living tissue, according to which the component of interest of the excitation response of the bio-impedance (its active or reactive part) is demodulated by a synchronous detector, the reference signal of which is a rectangular wave signal being in phase or in quadrature with the excitation signal.
The systems operation is based on the switch-mode generator generating rectangular pulses, but prior to being applied to the test objects input the excitation pulses pass the highly selective band-pass filter. The band-pass filter is tuned to the main frequency of the excitation signal, and therefore the filter suppresses the higher harmonics of the original rectangular pulses, reducing in such a way the content of higher harmonics in the signals to be detected by the synchronous detector and decreasing measurement errors, which are caused by higher harmonics.
The described above solution has the following main drawbacks.
Tuning of a highly selective band-bass filter to the fundamental frequency is a troublesome procedure with an instable result. The phase shift between input and output can be compensated using sophisticated electronic circuits, which makes the excitation generator excessively complicated and bulky.
Some problems arise also in connection with generating of the reference signals used for driving the synchronous detector. In practice the rectangular reference pulse signals have to be formed anew from the filtered out pure sine wave excitation signal in order to eliminate the phase errors caused by the highly selective filter. Thus, some additional electronic circuits are needed, but the complexity of a circuitry is extremely undesirable in implantable medical devices in connection with which the compactness and low current consumption is required.
In addition, the described solution is not suitable for implementing in modern CMOS technology because several electronic blocks operate in near to linear mode.

Method and device for measurement of electrical bioimpedance


A device for holding a boat speedometer log transmitter in a boat hull has a sleeve body fixed in a perforation in the hull with a longitudinal center opening for removably inserting and retaining the log transmitter in a watertight manner. A head part is coupled to the longitudinal opening for jointly receiving the log transmitter in a watertight manner. An axially displaceable sliding ring is located in a coaxial recess in the head part. A plane ring body supporting a sealing ring is located below the sliding ring. The sliding ring and sealing ring define a plane for guiding a transversely movable blocking slide which blocks and opens the openings for removal and insertion of the log transmitter.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a device for holding the log transmitter of a boat speedometer, comprising a sleeve body with a longitudinal center opening arranged in a fixed manner in a perforation in the hull of the boat. The log transmitter, which is equipped with a fan wheel or the like, can be inserted in and retained in said perforation in a watertight and detachable manner.
2. Prior Art
In conjunction with a known system for measuring the speed of boats, use is made of a log transmitter that is accommodated in a sleeve body that is fixed on the boat. Said log transmitter comprises a rotating fan wheel that can be influenced by the water for generating measuring pulses that are supplied to an indicator element via electrical conductors. Furthermore, it is known that substances suspended and floating in the water in many cases influence or obstruct the motion of the fan wheel particularly after the boat has been moored for longer periods of time, so that cleaning or repair work is required. The log transmitter has to be removed from the sleeve body for such work, whereby larger amounts of water flow via the center opening into the interior of the boat while the log transmitter is being removed, and in the course of the subsequent reinstallation of the latter. Such water often can be removed only in a complicated manner.

Device for holding the log transmitter of a boat speedometer


A layout structure and layout method are provided. The layout structure includes a first conductive via, a second conductive via, a die and eight pads. The first conductive via and the second conductive via pass through the die. The first conductive via has a first pad and a second pad, and the second conductive via has a third pad and a fourth pad. A fifth pad is conducted to the third pad. A sixth pad is conducted to the second pad. A seventh pad is conducted to the first pad. An eighth pad is conducted to the fourth pad. In a vertical direction of the die, the first pad and the second pad are overlapped, the third pad and the fourth pad are overlapped, the fifth pad and the sixth pad are overlapped, and the eighth pad and the seventh pad are overlapped, partially or totally.

In a present technique of manufacturing transistors on a single die, by arranging stacked dies along a vertical direction, the dies with different functions or fabricated based on different techniques can be integrated, so as to resolve a difficulty of fabricating the transistors of different functions and different types on the single die. However, regarding a signal connecting layout in the stacked dies, a conventional technique is to change positions of bond pads through redistribution layer (RDL) routing at a front side or a back side of the die, and bond the stacked dies through micro bumps. By such means, the signal can be transmitted among the dies sequentially through the routing, the bond pads, the micro bumps and through silicon vias (TSVs).
Generally, the above connecting technique probably fixes a transmission mode of the signal among the stacked dies. Namely, if the signal transmission mode of the stacked dies is required to be changed, not only a layout of the micro bumps need to be changed, but also the RDL routing at the front side and the back side of the dies have to be totally changed, so as to cope with requirement of a new design. Further, redesigning of the RDL routing can increase a fabrication cost.

Die stacking structure and fabricating method thereof

Industrial Technology Research Institute


Provided is a variable capacity swash plate type compressor. The variable capacity swash plate type compressor includes: a cylinder block; a front housing; a rear housing; a valve; a driving shaft; a rotor; a swash; an elastic; and a plurality of pistons, wherein at least one step portion perforating the rotor and the driving shaft, communicating the crank chamber and the refrigerant communication passage, and protruding toward its inner face so that a cross-section of the at least one step portion is reduced in a direction of the refrigerant communication passage from the crank chamber toward an inner face of the step portion, is provided, and at least one oil separation passage in which oil is centrifugally separated from a refrigerant gas flowing inside the driving shaft as the driving shaft rotates is formed.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a compressor used in an air conditioning system for a car, and more particularly, to a variable capacity swash plate type compressor which changes the capacity of discharge by adjusting the pressure of a crank chamber.
2. Description of the Related Art
In general, swash plate compressors include fixed capacity type swash plate compressors and variable capacity swash plate type compressors according to use. Variable capacity swash plate type compressors among them change the angle of inclination of a swash plate by using a control valve depending on a change in load and control the quantity of transportation of a piston to achieve precise control, and simultaneously change an angle of inclination continuously to reduce a rapid change in torque of an engine due to the compressor so that the feeling of smoothly riding a car can be increased.
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a conventional variable capacity swash plate type compressor.
As illustrated in FIG. 1, the conventional variable capacity swash plate type compressor comprises a cylinder block 12 in which a plurality of cylinder bores 12a are formed, a front housing 11 which is sealed and connected to the front side of the cylinder block 12, and a rear housing 13 which is sealed and connected to the rear side of the cylinder block 12 by interposing a valve unit 14 between the cylinder block 12 and the rear housing 13.
A crank chamber 15 is formed inside the front housing 11. One side of a driving shaft 16 is rotatably supported near the center of the front housing 11. The other end of the driving shaft 16 passes the crank chamber 15 and is rotatably supported by the cylinder block 12.
A rotor 23 and a swash plate 24 are installed on the driving shaft 16, and a spring 25 for elastically supporting the swash plate 24 is interposed between the rotor 23 and the swash plate 24.
A ball 26 is formed at one side of the swash plate 24. Thus, as the rotor 23 rotates, the ball 26 of the swash plate 24 is moved to be slid in a guide hole of the rotor 23, and an angle of inclination of the swash plate 24 is changed. In addition, pistons 21 are inserted by inserting a shoe 27 in the outer peripheral face of the swash plate 24 and make a reciprocating motion within each of the cylinder bores 12a of the cylinder block 12.
Each of a suction chamber 31 and a discharge chamber 32 is formed in the rear housing 13. The suction chamber 31 and the discharge chamber 32 are connected to an outside of the compressor via an external refrigerant circuit (not shown).
Meanwhile, an oil separator 39 is installed at the rear end of the driving shaft 16 and is encompassed by an oil chamber 40. A communication hole 42 connecting the crank chamber 15 and the oil separator 39 is formed in the driving shaft 16. The oil separator 39 is formed in the form of a cylindrical cap.
When the compressor operates, the pressure of the crank chamber 15 is changed (for example, from a low pressure to a high pressure) according to manipulation of the control valve 38 so that a refrigerant remaining in the crank chamber 15 is exhausted toward the suction chamber 31 via the oil separator 39 along the communication hole 42 of the driving shaft 16. A refrigerant gas passing the oil separator 39 and being near an inner circumference of the oil separator 39 rotates together with the oil separator 39. Oil in a mist phase that exists in the refrigerant gas is centrifugally separated from the refrigerant gas.
The oil that is centrifugally separated by the oil separator 39 in this manner is attached to the inner circumference of the oil separator 39 and is moved to be slid toward the rear end of the oil separator 39. The oil is exhausted to the outside through a gap between the front end of the oil separator 39 and the vale unit 14 or a trough portion 39b and stays in the oil chamber 40.
In addition, the oil is continuously induced to an air supply passage 37 through a communication passage 40a and is returned to the crank chamber 15 by using a refrigerant gas etc.
However, according to the conventional variable capacity swash plate type compressor, an additional oil separator 39 is needed, and a space for installing the oil separator 39 is required. Thus, there is a limitation in designing and assembling the compressor. Furthermore, oil passes the communication passage 40a of the driving shaft 16, the suction chamber 31, and the air supply passage 37 etc. sequentially together with a refrigerant so that loss of oil due to a long flow path occurs inevitably.


A design layout generating method is provided. A design layout including a first pattern and a second pattern is provided to a computer system, wherein the first pattern and the second pattern meet a design rule of an integrated circuit, respectively. The first pattern and the second pattern are combined into a third pattern. Next, the third pattern is checked if it meets a definition of a weak pattern, wherein the weak pattern is a pattern that meets the design rule but still forms defects. Then, the third pattern is modified and a new design layout is generated.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention is related to a design layout generating method, and more particularly, to a design layout generating method for weak pattern management.
2. Description of the Prior Art
As known, it takes multiple stages to fabricate an integrated circuit product from the beginning of designing the integrated circuit. Generally, some defects are possibly generated in any of the multiple stages. If the defect is found after the integrated circuit product is fabricated, it is necessary to identify the source of problems from the beginning. Under this circumstance, the speed of launching the product will be slowed down.
For solving these drawbacks, a simple rule (e.g. a minimum critical dimension) or a physical model is conventionally used in the circuit design layout in order to sieve out the area that is unable to tolerate the process variation. In such way, the weak patterns prone to error in mass production can be identified in the earlier stages. After the weak patterns are identified, the technician may try to improve the production process and eliminate the possible product weakness in the earlier stages. However, since the conventional method lacks systematical and hierarchical analyses, the estimated weak patterns are far from the real electrical performance of the product. Under this circumstance, the product yield is usually unsatisfied. Therefore, there is a need of providing an integrated circuit design and fabrication method in order to obviate the drawbacks encountered from the prior art.


An apparatus for receiving signals includes a receiver for receiving a time domain signal from a transmitter, wherein at least one first information bit is mapped, resulting in at least one first mapped symbol; at least one second information bit is mapped, resulting in at least one second mapped symbol; the at least one second mapped symbol is multiplied by at least one third information bit; and the time domain signal is generated from the at least one first mapped symbol and the at least one second mapped symbol.

Recently, demand for high-speed data transfer is increasing, and the OFDM suits with this high-speed data transfer and is employed in various high-speed communication systems. Hereinafter, the OFDM will be described. A basic principle of the OFDM is that a data stream having a high-rate is divided into a plurality of data streams having a slow-rate that are transmitted by a plurality of carriers simultaneously. Each of the plural carriers is called a sub-carrier. Since there is orthogonality between the plural carriers of the OFDM, a frequency component of the carrier can be detected at a receiving end even when the carriers are overlapped with each other. The data stream having a high-rate is transmitted to the receiving end by which the data stream is converted into a plurality of data streams having a low-rate by a serial-to-parallel converter, the sub-carriers are multiplied to the parallel converted plural data stream, and the multiplied converted data streams are combined with each other.
An orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) is a multiple access method of allocating the sub-carrier to entire broadband in the OFDM according to transfer rate demanded by multiple users.
There is proposed a single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) technique of adding a spreading technique by a discrete Fourier transform (DFT) spreading matrix to the OFDM technique. The SC-FDMA technique has a low Peak-To-Average power Ratio (PAPR).
The OFDM communication technique is a communication method used in various systems such as IEEE 802.11a/g, HiperLAN, IEEE 802.16, Digital Subscriber Line (DSL), Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB), Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB), and the like and is effective when a communication channel appears as a selective-fading phenomenon. The OFDM communication method uses several sub-carriers so that the selective-fading looks like a flat fading and has a merit that a technique of compensating the fading is simplified in overall system. In order to easily estimate the simplified channel, pilot sub-carrier information is used. Since a position and a value of the pilot sub-carrier are already known to a transmitting end and a receiving end, the receiving end can obtain the position and value of the pilot sub-carrier simply by carrying out division (or equivalent operation) in order to estimate the channel.
For the synchronization, a phase difference between different OFDM symbols is determined, and this is obtained by comparing a phase of a pilot signal with the different OFDM signals.
This pilot may be used in various purposes other than the above-mentioned two purposes, for example, in an encoded pilot or in a technique of reducing the PAPR.
FIG. 1A illustrates a conventional transmitting end to transmit an OFDM signal. As illustrated in the drawing, data bits are mapped into specific data symbols according to constellation mapping, and pilot bits are mapped into specific pilot symbols according to constellation mapping. The data symbol is mapped into sub-carriers after being converted into a parallel signal (a transfer symbol to be transmitted to the receiving end) through the serial-to-parallel conversion. The data symbol is transmitted to the receiving end after carrying out an inversion fast Fourier transform (IFFT). The data bits represent a bit stream indicating user data except for the pilot sub-carrier.
The operation is expressed by the formulas as follows. In the conventional OFDM transfer technique, when N sub-carriers are used, Np pilot sub-carriers among the N sub-carriers are allocated and the rest is allocated to data or a guard band. Hereinafter, for the illustrative convenience, the data (the user data and the pilot data) except for the guard band will be described. When the number of the sub-carriers allocated to the data is Nd, a relationship N=Ng+Na is established. A vector of the transfer symbol in which the user data is combined with the pilot signal, S=[S0, S1, . . . , SN−1]T is expressed by the following formula.S=PdSd+PpSp  [Formula 1]
where, Pd and Pp are matrixes of re-arranging the user data and the pilot sub-carriers at positions of the already allocated sub-carriers, and the Sd and {right arrow over (S)}p are the symbol vectors transmitted by the user data and the pilot sub-carriers respectively and the lengths thereof are Nd and Np respectively. The transfer symbol vector S in the frequency region meets with the IFFT like in the following formula.x=[x0,x1, . . . ,xN−1]T=F−1s  [Formula 2]
where, F is a Fourier transform matrix. The vector x is modulated into a carrier frequency to be transmitted through an antenna again, and the receiving end receives a signal such as r=h⊗x+w. Here, h is a response vector of a wired/wireless channel and w corresponds to a noise. The receiving end firstly carries out the Fourier transform in order to demodulate the vector r representing the receiving signal. Then, the following formula 3 is expressed.v=Fr=Hd+Fw  [Formula 3a]
where, H represents a channel response within the frequency region and Sθ represents original data. If the channel has been estimated, the transfer signal is demodulated by the following formula according to the estimated channel value.dE=(HHH)−1HHv  [Formula 3b]
where, dE is an estimated value of S. A conventional method of transmitting the OFDM signals is identical to the above-mentioned transfer method or is carried out by processes corresponding to the same.
Hereinafter, the PAPR causing a problem in the OFDM communication system will be described.
In the OFDM communication system, there occurs a problem such that a linear span of a power amplifier of an transmitting end must be wider as the PAPR is high. In general, since a power amplifier having a large linear span is expensive, in order to reduce manufacturing costs of mobile terminals, a cheap power amplifier is used in wired/wireless communication so that an output range is narrow and due to this, the OFDM signal is distorted.
Various methods have been proposed in order to solve the problems about the PAPR, and are grouped into two parts. A first method is to transmit additional information for PAPR identification (for example, a selective mapping, a partial transmit sequence, and the like), and transmit the additional information for PAPR identification through an additional channel by forming the additional channel in a way of using some of the sub-carriers. A second method does not need the additional information for PAPR identification (for example, a tone reservation), and in this case, the user consumes more electric power and a receiving end undergoes more interference.
FIG. 18 is a view illustrating a conventional transmitting end to reduce the PAPR using the additional information for PAPR identification.
In the conventional transmitting end illustrated in FIG. 1B, the OFDM signal is transmitted according to the formulas 1 and 2.
A PAPR reducing technique has a target of minimizing a difference between an average value and a maximal value of power of {right arrow over (x)} in Formula 2. The PAPR is defined by the following formula.
                    PAPR        =                                            max                                                k                  =                  0                                ,                …                                                                                ,                                  N                  -                  1                                                                                                                  x                  k                                                            2                                                                                1                                                                              N                                                                                ∑                                  k                  =                  0                                                  N                  -                  1                                                                                                                      x                    k                                                                    2                                                                        [                  Formula                                                              4                    a                ]
As shown in the above formula, when any one of the vector components has an abnormally large value, the PAPR is increased and the characteristic of the signal is deteriorated. To solve this problem, a method used in the frequency region can be expressed by the following formula.{right arrow over (u)}=MSMPs  [Formula 4b]
where Ms is a matrix of varying a phase component of the respective data components of S, and Mp is a matrix of changing order of the data components. This new modified data vector {right arrow over (u)} is transformed into a signal in a time domain through a transform such as the formula 2 and the PAPR of a signal transformed into the time domain.
Since there are several Ms and Mp, signals are made in a time domain and the smallest PAPR is selected from the signals and is transmitted. At that time, the additional information about the M3 and Mp must be transmitted and this information is called the additional information for PAPR identification.
The additional information for PAPR identification can be transmitted by generating additional channel in a code division multiple access (CDMA) communication system. The OFDM communication system adopts a method of being allocated with some of the sub-carriers to transmit the additional information for PAPR identification.
The conventional methods of transmitting the additional information for PAPR identification must use the additional channel for the transmission of the additional information for PAPR identification.
If some of the sub-carriers of the OFDM communication system are used as the additional channels, the communication system may be deteriorated.
Moreover, in the conventional methods of not transmitting the additional information for PAPR identification, the transmitting end's total power is increased and interferes with other receiving ends.
Disclosure of Invention
Therefore, the present invention has been made in view of the above problems, and it is an aspect of the present invention to provide an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing signal transmitting and receiving method of generating a new channel for data communication.
It is another aspect of the present invention to provide an information transmitting and receiving method of reducing a peak-to-average ratio (PAPR) through a new generated channel for data communication.
In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, the above and other objects can be accomplished by the provision of a method of transmitting an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing signal comprising: mapping an input bit stream into at least one transfer symbol; changing at least one of amplitudes and phases of the transfer symbols that are transmitted by a specific sub-carrier group having a plurality of sub-carriers using constellation modification information to indicate specific additional data; and transmitting the transfer symbols, to which the changing is carried out, to a receiving end by an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing data processing, the constellation modification information being identical to each other with respect to the transfer symbols that are transmitted by the specific sub-carrier group.
In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, the above and other objects can be accomplished by the provision of an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing signal transmitting apparatus to transmit a data symbol to a receiving end using a plurality of sub-carriers, the transmitting apparatus comprising: a first mapping module to map an input bit stream into at least one transfer symbol; and a second mapping module to change at least one of amplitudes and phases of the transfer symbols that are transmitted by a specific sub-carrier group having a plurality of sub-carriers, using constellation modification information to indicate specific additional data by changing at least one of the amplitudes and the phases of the transfer symbols that are transmitted by the specific sub-carrier group using constellation modification information identical to each other.
In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, the above and other objects can be accomplished by the provision of a method of receiving an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing signal transmitted by a plurality of sub-carriers, comprising: estimating at least one of amplitudes and phases of receiving symbols received by the plurality of sub-carriers by estimating at least one of modified amplitudes and phases from previously determined amplitudes and phases; acquiring additional data to indicate at least one of the estimated amplitudes and phases; recovering the amplitudes and phases of the receiving symbols using at least one of the estimated amplitudes and phases; and acquiring data contained in the recovered receiving symbols.
In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, the above and other objects can be accomplished by the provision of a receiving end to receive an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing signal transmitted by a plurality of sub-carriers, comprising: a first demodulating module to estimate at least one of amplitudes and phases of receiving symbols received by the plurality of sub-carriers by estimating at least one of modified amplitudes and phases from previously determined amplitudes and phases, and to acquire additional data to indicate at least one of the estimated amplitudes and phases; and a second demodulating module to recover the amplitudes and phases of the receiving symbols using at least one of the estimated amplitudes and phases, and to acquire data contained in the recovered receiving symbols.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Apparatus and method for transmitting data using a plurality of carriers


A hydraulic servo-control of a servo-controlled gearbox comprises hydraulic actuators defining chambers, a storing tank containing control fluid used by the actuators at room pressure, a hydraulic accumulator containing control fluid under pressure, a motor pump drawing the fluid from the tank and feeding it under pressure to the accumulator, and solenoid valves selectively connecting the chambers to the tank and accumulator. The accumulator includes an outer housing defining an inner cylindrical surface defining a first diameter, a piston arranged and axially slidable and mobile inside the housing and defining there a first variable-volume chamber for a gas and second variable-volume chamber for the fluid under pressure, and a limit stopper arranged at an open end of the housing, acting as a striker for the piston, and having an annular circlip defining an opening and overall second diameter approximating by excess the first diameter of the surface of the housing.

1. Field of Invention
The invention relates to, in general, a hydraulic servo-control and, in particular, such a servo-control of a servo-controlled gearbox.
2. Description of Related Art
Servo-controlled gearboxes have become increasingly widespread. They are structurally similar to a traditional manual gearbox, except that the clutch pedal and the gear-changing stick operated by the driver are replaced by corresponding electric or hydraulic servo-controls.
Using a servo-controlled manual gearbox, the driver only needs to send the order to shift to a higher gear or to a lower gear to a gearbox control unit. The gearbox control unit autonomously changes gear acting on both the engine and the servo-controls associated with the clutch and gearbox.
Generally, the gearbox servo-control is of the "hydraulic" type and acts on a gearbox control shaft for transmitting both an axial displacement (i.e., along a central axis) for selecting the gear range and a rotation about the central axis for engaging and disengaging the single gears to the control shaft. Accordingly, the gearbox servo-control includes a linear hydraulic actuator mechanically coupled to the control shaft for axially displacing the control shaft and a rotary hydraulic actuator mechanically coupled to the control shaft for rotating the control shaft.
The gearbox servo-control includes further a storing tank containing the control fluid used by the hydraulic actuators (typically, oil) at room pressure, a hydraulic accumulator containing control fluid under pressure, a motor pump that draws the control fluid from the storing tank and feeds the control fluid under pressure to the hydraulic accumulator, and a number of solenoid valves that are adapted to selectively connect the chambers of the hydraulic actuators to the storing tank and to the hydraulic accumulator.
Hydraulic accumulators of the known type include an outer housing that is internally divided into a first variable-volume chamber adapted to accommodate the control fluid and a second variable-volume chamber adapted to receive a gas under pressure (typically, N2).
The division between the first and second chambers is typically carried out by a partition or partitions arranged inside the outer housing and axially mobile inside the outer housing between an upper "limit stop" position and a lower "limit stop" position to vary the volumes of the first and second chambers, respectively, defined inside the outer housing. In particular, the partition(s) may include, for example, a bellows element made of a metal material, a flexible partition membrane, or even a piston.
In particular, hydraulic accumulators have become increasingly applied. They are provided with an outer housing shaped as a cup-shaped body and with a piston arranged inside the outer housing and made axially sliding and mobile inside the outer housing.
The above-described hydraulic accumulators are simple and inexpensive to be implemented. However, they have the drawback that, if traumatic and large damage occurs downstream of the hydraulic accumulator (e.g., damage of about 10 mm to piping, resulting in considerable leakage of control fluid), a depression is generated such that the partition(s) is/are removed from the dedicated seat of the outer housing and damage to the whole hydraulic servo-control is caused.
Thus, an object of the invention is to provide a hydraulic servo-control of a servo-controlled gearbox. More specifically, the object of the invention is to provide such a servo-control that overcomes the drawbacks of the related art while being simple and cost-effective to be implemented.

Hydraulic servo-control of a servo-controlled gearbox


A hot spot filter for a light guide is created by taking an image of the light output pattern of an illiuminated light guide. The hot spot filter may be a film, a layer, or an additional liquid crystal display dedicated to attenuating bright spots from the light guide. The hot spot filter may be incorporated into the image display by adjusting the grey scale of individual pixels to provide sufficient compensation.

Liquid crystal displays are often illuminated by a backlight. When developing an LCD or keypad lighting system, many challenges are encountered that limit the ability to provide a uniformly lit light source to the display or keypad. For example, constraints on the x, y, and z size of the backlight system require tradeoffs or compromises in achieving proper and sufficient optical performance. Especially in those cases where there is little space in the x or y directions (the planar extensions of the light guide), the light guide providing light to the display from a light source (e.g., light emitting diodes—LED's) or a light source directly illuminating a display may illuminate areas of the display (or keypad) more strongly than other areas. The more strongly lit areas are often referred to as "hot spots" or "bright spots." Currently, the options to compensate for hot spots in LED illuminated LCDs and keypads are 1) moving the LEDs farther away from the light guide; 2) increasing the number of LEDs; or 3) creating a complex and difficult to tool optical dispersion patterns on the light guide plastic surface. The current methods have shortcomings. If x, y space is critical, then option (1) is not possible. Option (2) may be cost prohibitive. Option (3) in which creating a complex pattern is formed on the light guide, using current techniques, may increase the price of the light guide, extend the development time, and require difficult and/or expensive tooling for manufacture. Thus, there is a need to provide an effective and cost effective method for eliminating hot spots from an illuminated light guide in a space constrained arrangement.

Method and device to improve backlight uniformity


A method is disclosed for estimating tissue velocity vectors and oriented strain from ultrasonic diagnostic imaging data. Reference points are defined from evaluation of image data derived from reflected ultrasonic beams in order to determine the direction of motion and the velocity vector of the reference points. The velocity of motion for corresponding reference points between two successive image frames is determined by applying a particle image velocimetry technique. Components of the tissue strain is then obtained from time integration of the strain-rate that is determined from the gradient of velocity estimated from the velocity data in two or more reference points.

In many diagnostic evaluations of ultrasound images, the quantitative evaluation of the tissue kinematic properties (velocity and deformation) improves the ability to identify dysfunctions. A field where this kind of analysis has a particular relevance is the field of echocardiographic diagnostic imaging. In this field, the assessment of the effective ventricular function requires the knowledge of numerous properties about the ventricular dynamics.
A recent technique for evaluating velocity is Doppler Tissue Imaging, or DTI. This technique allows the measurement of tissue velocity over all points in the ventricular wall. The measurement of velocity itself provides direct information about the wall motion and helps to uncover abnormalities not immediately observable from tissue visualisation in B-mode imaging. The velocity measurement contains information about rigid body displacement and contraction/distension, the latter being immediately related to myocardial activity. Post processing of the DTI velocity data allows evaluation of additional quantities, namely, strain-rate and strain, that are strictly related to the regional function. Segmental strain gives a direct evaluation of the degree of contractility of the myocardium during systole, as well as of its relaxation during ventricular filling.
Nevertheless, DTI suffers from a few drawbacks consisting in limitations of the technique. The evaluation of velocity, particularly when strain rate and strain are evaluated, requires a higher frame rate with respect to B-mode imaging because velocity is a more rapidly varying function than B-mode displacement. A Doppler signal requires additional processing with respect to a simple echo.
Doppler tissue imaging suffers a further intrinsic limitation due to the fact that only the component of velocity along a scanline can be measured. This limitation has several drawbacks. When tissue moves in a direction that is not aligned with the scanline, the Doppler velocity does not reflect the effective tissue kinematics. Only the component of strain and strain-rate along the scanline can be evaluated, giving a reduced view of the local deformation state. This limits the application of DTI to the anatomic sites that can be imagined aligned along a scanline. In echocardiography this corresponds essentially to the interventricular septum and to the lateral walls in apical view.
A strain rate analysis method in ultrasonic diagnostic imaging applying the above mentioned DTI technique is disclosed in WO 02/45587. According to this document, strain-rate analysis is performed for ultrasonic images in which the spatial gradient of velocity is calculated in the direction of tissue motion. Strain-rate is calculated for cardiac ultrasound images in the direction of motion which, for myocardial images, may be either in the plane of the myocardium or across the myocardium. Strain-rate information is calculated for a sequence of images of a heart cycle and displayed for an automatically drawn border such as the endocardial border over the full heart cycle. Using DTI techniques, the method of document WO02/45587 suffers the same drawbacks as the DTI technique. Furthermore WO02/45587 teaches how to carry out the automatic drawing of a border and the successive tracking of that border during its motion. In any case such a method is affected, as are all the other border detection methods that are based on arbitrary definitions of a border, by non complete reliability and thus see rare practical use in clinic diagnosis, since the imaged structures are often not so easy to be determined.
From the fluid dynamics perspective, a velocity field estimation method exists that is known as called Particle Image Velocimetry, or PIV. According to this method, a sequence of grey scale images are taken on an illuminated slice of a fluid seeded with non buoyant micro particles in order to measure the velocity of the micro-particles from the sequence of images. This method is an optical flow method and, as such, it is based on the assumption of conservation of brightness. According to this assumption, an object (i.e., a patch of brightness) displaces without local changes from one image frame to the consecutive frame. PIV is actually well suited for fluid motion where relevant deformations are present and it has been widely employed in measuring turbulent flow and shows good reliability in such extreme conditions when the explicit subject is not clearly identifiable. For better understanding of PIV, see Adrian R J, Particle-Image technique for experimental fluid mechanics, Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 1991; 23, 261; Melling A, Tracer particles and seeding for particle image velocimetry, Meas. Sci. Technol. 1997; 8, 1406; Singh A. Optic Flow Computation: A unified Perspective, Piscataway, N.J.; IEEE Comput. Soc. Press, 1992; Barrow J L, Fleet D J, Beuchermin S., Performance of optical flow techniques, International Journal of Computer Vision 1994; 12, 43-77; Hu H. Saga, T. Kobayashi, T. Taniguchi, N., Research on the vertical and turbulent structures in the lobed jet flow by using LIEF and PIV, Meas. Sci. Technolo. 2000; 1, 698 and Browne P, Ramuzat A, Saxena R, Yoganathan A P.
The present invention aims to provide a method for estimating tissue velocity vectors and deformation state, such as, for example, strain and shear, from ultrasonic diagnostic imaging data which does not need to acquire ultrasonic image data in Doppler mode and which can obviate the drawbacks of the velocity and strain evaluation carried out starting from the said Doppler mode ultrasonic data, while still furnishing a reliable and precise evaluation of the velocity vector and deformation tensor.
Furthermore the present invention aims to provide an evaluation of velocity vectors and strain data which allows the determination of velocity components which are transversal to the scanline, and all of the independent components of a two dimensional strain consisting of the longitudinal strain along two orthogonal axis, particularly along the tissue and across the thickness, and in the shear.

Method for estimating tissue velocity vectors and tissue deformation from ultrasonic diagnostic imaging data


In one embodiment, a disc has a substrate; a data layer on the substrate; an anomaly-feature in the data layer disc capable of generating a read anomaly having a predictable anomaly profile; and anomaly profile data recorded in the data layer for characterizing the anomaly-feature. A disc can be labeled by imposing an anomaly-feature in the data layer capable of generating a read anomaly having a predictable anomaly profile; and disposing anomaly profile data on the disc, wherein the anomaly profile data characterizes the anomaly-feature.

The manufacture of digital optical media (i.e., discs) for the distribution of copyrightable content such as software, music, and movies, is becoming ever more common. Such a disc typically contains a version of copyrightable content created by the original author, artist, composer, etc., that has been digitized according to a predetermined format and stored in digital form (data) on the disc. The digital content of the disc can be read and converted into an output data stream (or 'bit stream'), which, in turn, can be rendered in human-perceivable form (text, sound, images, etc.) and/or transferred to another data processing device, by a suitable read device (audio CD (Compact Disc) player, DVD (Digital Versatile Disc) player, disc drives, etc.). Thus, the output data stream represents the content stored on the disc. Some read devices may be associated with, and some include, writing capability for the writing of digital data to a writable disc. Such devices are also sometimes referred to as read/write devices or read/write drives.
Some of the most common industry standards for digitally encoding and decoding copyrightable content on optical discs are found in the 'rainbow' books, e.g., the Red Book for audio CD (Compact Disc Digital Audio System). The Red Book, initially promulgated by Philips and Sony corporations, sets forth technical specifications for CD and CD-ROM (Read Only Memory) formats, including the physical parameters and properties of the CD, the form of digital audio encoding (16-bit PCM), the optical "stylus" parameters, deviations and error rate, modulation system and error correction and other parameters. There is also a Yellow Book, which sets forth similar standards for the format of CD-ROMs, an Orange Book that defines formats for so-called writable and re-writable CDs (CD-R and CD-RW), a White Book for video CD formats, a Beige Book for photo CDs, and others. Most commercial read devices are configured to read data from, and/or write data onto, a disc in a format conforming to one or more of these standards. Such devices may be referred to as conforming devices, e.g., a conforming read/write drive, and may be said to be configured to read and/or write conforming data. Many of the physical and/or optical characteristics of the discs are tightly controlled to ensure the accurate and repeatable retrieval of the encoded digital data thereon. Variations in several of these characteristics will influence the performance of the data retrieval from the disc.
The ease with which conforming digital data can be copied has engendered a need for technological protection against unauthorized copying by copyright infringers. In particular, there is a need in the art for way to allow legitimate publishers of copyrightable content to generate identifying indicia on their discs in a manner that is not easily duplicated in copies made by infringers using conventional copying and reproducing techniques. One prior art attempt to identify legitimate discs has been to physically scribe or scratch a mark onto the disc in a predetermined place. Such markings, however, are difficult to precisely replicate on mass-produced discs and are easily detectable (and are therefore easy to counterfeit).

Method for facilitating copyright protection in digital media and digital media made thereby


A slide device includes a first body, a second body and a constraint mechanism. The constraint mechanism includes a linkage set disposed on the second body, and a first hook and a second hook respectively disposed on the first body. The linkage set includes a first rod disposed on a first side of the second body, a second rod disposed on a second side of the second body, a first bar disposed between the first rod and the second rod, and a second bar disposed between the first rod and a third side of the second body. The first hook is for hooking a hole on the first rod, and the second hook is for hooking holes on the first rod or the second rod.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a slide device, and more particularly, to a slide device utilizing one mechanism to achieve multi constraint function.
2. Description of the Prior Art
A conventional slide tablet computer includes a host module and a panel module. The panel module can slide relative to the host module, so as to stand upon a surface of the host module for providing different operation mode. Further, the panel module can rotate relative to the host module about 90 degrees after standing upon the surface of the host module, so the slide tablet computer can be switched to the different operation modes that respectively correspond to user's demand for preferable view angle. The conventional slide tablet computer further includes a plurality of fixing mechanisms disposed around the casing for preventing the panel module from sliding relative to the host module. The fixing mechanisms are respectively disposed on different sides of the casing, and can be utilized to constrain the movement of the panel module relative to the host module in the different operation modes. The conventional slide tablet computer has drawbacks of complicated structure and huge volume for accommodating the fixing mechanisms having different functions. Therefore, design of a slide tablet computer with simple structure is an important issue in the mechanical industry.

Slide device having a multi constraint function


A liquid crystal display having high brightness and high contrast and being able to achieve a paper-white appearance is provided. The liquid crystal cell is interposed between a pair of polarizing plates. The upper polarizing plate separates an incident light into a reflected light and a transmitted light. A light which would be absorbed when the dichroic polarizing plate is used, is utilized as a reflected light, so that a high brightness can be obtained. The lower polarizing plate partly transmits incident light and absorbs the remaining part. A reflected light from the lower polarizing plate is removed, so that the possible occurrence of a reduction in contrast attributed to the phenomenon that the reflected light is reflected on the upper polarizing plate is prevented. The upper polarizing plate has a flat spectral characteristic with regard to the reflected light and the transmitted light, and a* value and b* value of which plate are each smaller than 1. Therefore, no coloring occurs in the reflected light and the transmitted light at the upper polarizing plate, so that the paper-white appearance can be easily achieved.

The present invention relates to a liquid crystal display device utilizing a polarized light, and in particular, to a liquid crystal display device having high brightness and high contrast.
The liquid crystal element of the liquid crystal display device has a low consumption power because it is a non-luminous element for modulating external light. Furthermore, it can be applied to a flat display because of its thin thickness and light weight. Accordingly, taking advantage of the aforementioned merits, the liquid crystal element is used in a watch, a desk-top calculator, a computer terminal, a word processor, a television receiver or the like so as to be utilized as an information display device in a wide variety of fields.
The modern society is called the advanced information society, where an increasing amount of information is communicated and individuals have growing demands for collecting and selecting information. On such a social background, there have been an extensive recognition of a necessity for a personal use portable information terminal as well as an expectation for the implementation of it, along which the development of such a terminal has been positively pursued.
Lately, there is a demand for, in particular, a reflection type liquid crystal display device which has high brightness and high contrast and of which the background and the color of tone at the time of an off-state voltage are white like a paper and the black level at the time of an on-state voltage looks like a trace of a pencil tip on a quality paper.
However, according to the conventional transmission type, semi-transmission type and reflection type liquid crystal display devices, the incident light is made to outgo after passing through a polarizing plate at least two times as follows.
That is, the transmission type liquid crystal display device is generally constructed by arranging a liquid crystal element between a pair of polarizing plates. Then, incident light entering from one polarizing plate side is made to outgo through the other polarizing plate. The reflection type liquid crystal display device is constructed by laminating a polarizing plate, a liquid crystal element, a polarizing plate and a reflecting plate in the above-mentioned order. Then, incident light from the outermost polarizing plate is reflected on the reflecting plate and made to outgo through the outermost polarizing plate.
As both the polarizing plates that interpose the liquid crystal element between them, a macromolecular dichroic polarizing plate has been widely put into practical use. This polarizing plate transmits the incident light only in a specified direction of the polarizing plane and almost absorbs the remaining light. In this case, theoretically 50% of the incident light is lost, and this fact becomes the biggest problem in increasing the brightness of the LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) panel. Particularly, in the case of the reflection type liquid crystal display device, the incident light is made to outgo after passing through the polarizing plates four times, and therefore, the aforementioned problem becomes more serious. Furthermore, a shade is generated by a parallax due to a distance from the liquid crystal layer to the reflecting plate, consequently causing a significant reduction in visibility.
Accordingly, a variety of proposals for increasing the brightness by resolving the reduction in visibility due to the parallax of the reflection type liquid crystal display device have been made.
As a reflection type liquid crystal display device as described above, there is a one disclosed in, for example, the document of Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. HEI 6-230362. This liquid crystal display device is a reflection type TN (Twisted Nematic) liquid crystal display device.
On one side of the liquid crystal element is arranged a polarizing plate. On the other side of the liquid crystal element are provided a quarter-wave plate, a cholesteric liquid crystal polymer film and an optical absorption plate in order from the liquid crystal element side while being arranged tightly close to one another. Then, an unnecessary light entering from the polarizing plate side is absorbed by the optical absorption plate, thereby making the light in a specified range of wavelength pass again and outgo through the polarizing plate. That is, by using the aforementioned quarter-wave plate and the cholesteric liquid crystal polymer film as the polarizing plate on the other side and using the optical absorption plate in place of the reflecting plate for the absorption of the unnecessary light, only the reflected light from the liquid crystal element becomes the outgoing light. Therefore, by virtue of the removal of the shade, the reduction in visibility is eliminated, and the brightness is increased by reducing the number of polarizing plates to one.
The document of Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. HEI 1-133003 discloses a high-performance polarizing plate which prevents the absorption of light. This high-performance polarizing plate is formed by laminating the quarter-wave plate with a macromolecular liquid crystal layer comprised of a cholesteric phase.
However, the aforementioned prior art liquid crystal display device utilizing the cholesteric liquid crystal polymer film (Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. HEI 6-230362), the cholesteric liquid crystal polymer film reflects only the light in the specified range of wavelength. Although the quarter-wave plate has an ability of converting light of a specified wavelength into a linearly polarized light, it is impossible to convert light in the whole visible wavelength region into the linearly polarized light. The above results in the problem that the outgoing light is disadvantageously colored, hindering the achievement of the paper-white appearance.
Also, in the case of the liquid crystal display device (Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. HEI 1-133003) which uses the high-performance polarizing plate formed by laminating the quarter-wave plate with the macromolecular liquid crystal layer comprised of the cholesteric phase, the outgoing light is transmitted through the cholesteric liquid crystal and the quarter-wave plate similar to the aforementioned case, hindering the achievement of the paper-white appearance.
Therefore, in the liquid crystal display device disclosed in the document of Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. HEI 8-271731, a multi-phase cholesteric film is laminated with a plurality of quarter-wave plates having different wavelengths of light to be converted into a linearly polarized light, thereby allowing the light in the whole visible wavelength region to be converted into the linearly polarized light. However, this liquid crystal display device has a problem that the transmittance is reduced due to the multiplicity of the layers to be laminated.

Liquid crystal display device having high brightness and high contrast


An image processing element 9 of the present invention includes a weighting factor setting element 9a that sets up a weighting factors wnn, wbi of the weight addition combing a nearest neighbor interpolation and a bilinear interpolation based on an absolute value |Ibi−Inn| of the difference between the pixel value Inn acquired by the nearest neighbor interpolation and the pixel value Ibi acquired by the bilinear interpolation; and a weight addition element 9b that implement a weighting addition based on the set-up weighting factors wnn, wbi. A reconstructed image can be acquired by arranging the backprojection pixel value Inew every pixel following the weighting. A reconstructed image can be obtained in which any noise and artifacts are reduced by setting the weighting factor of the image processing algorithm causing a negative effect on the region of some pixel values to be minimal and setting the weighting factor of the (other) image processing algorithm causing a positive-effect on the same pixel value region to be maximum based on the absolute value |Ibi−Inn| of the difference.

Hereinafter, the inventor sets forth e.g., a reconstructed image as a radiograph. A backprojection is applied to generation methods of a number of radiation tomographic images (image reconstruction). One of general backprojection methods is a pixel driven method. According to the pixel driven method, a ray is lined from an X-ray source to an X-ray detector passing the center of the reconstructed pixels. The pixel value assigned to the reconstructed pixels is determined by the pixel value on the X-ray detector near the location at which the X-ray detector surface and the ray cross. Typically, the linear interpolation determines the pixel value assigned to the reconstructed pixels (e.g., Patent Document 1, 2). An interpolation method applied to the reconstruction includes a bilinear interpolation (method) and a nearest neighbor interpolation (method), which are listed in Patent Document 2; JP 4,293,307 (JP2005/522304).

Radiation image generation method and image processing device


A pseudo-differential signaling system uses a plurality of signal lines and a single, common reference voltage. Signal line voltages are interpreted only in comparison to the reference line voltage. Within a receiving circuit, the reference line is buffered prior to its distribution to multiple comparators. The system utilizes an active buffer having a bandwidth that is significantly greater than the resonant input frequency of the receiving circuit. In an alternative embodiment, the signal lines are also buffered. In this embodiment, the buffers are implemented with transistor-based source-followers. The buffer associated with the reference line has a larger current capacity than the buffers associated with the signal lines. In yet another embodiment, a comparator produces a correction signal that is equal to the noise present on the signal lines. This noise is then subtracted from the signal voltages.

FIG. 1 shows an electronic system that transmits data or other signals using pseudo-differential signaling. The system includes a first integrated circuit 10 that transmits the signals, and a second integrated circuit 12 that receives the signals. The signals comprise voltages that are conducted between the two integrated circuits by a plurality of signal lines 14. The signal lines are typically metallic traces on a printed circuit board.
In addition to the signals themselves, a reference voltage is transmitted from first integrated circuit 10 to second integrated circuit 12, over a reference line 16. The signal voltages represent values in terms of relationships between the signal voltages and the reference voltage. In a binary system, for example, a high voltage—one which is higher than the reference voltage—might represent a binary "1". A low voltage—one that is less than the reference voltage—might represent a binary "0".
FIG. 2 illustrates how the values of signal lines are determined within the receiving integrated circuit 12. A signal comparator 20, often in the form of a comparator, is associated with each signal voltage VSIG. Each signal line is routed to a first input of the associated signal comparator 20. The reference voltage VREF is routed in common to the second input of each signal comparator 20. The signal comparator produces a high logic level within integrated circuit 12 if the signal voltage is higher than the reference voltage. The signal comparator produces a low logic level within integrated circuit 12 if the signal voltage is not higher than the reference voltage.
This type of signaling technique reduces or cancels the effect of any electrical noise that is induced in signal lines 14 between the two integrated circuits. The technique works on the assumption that any noise induced in a signal line will be similarly induced in the common reference line. This assumption, in turn, relies on the further assumption that the signal lines are subject to the same noise inducing influences as the reference line.
These assumptions are generally correct, at least to a degree. In high-speed data transfer circuits, however, it is often desired to utilize very small differentials between "high" and "low" signal voltages. The use of such small voltage differentials accentuates the effect of any differences in induced noise between the signal lines and the reference line.
In sensitive circuits such as these, even small differences in induced noise can become significant. One reason such differences arise is that the reference line is routed to many more components than an individual signal line. Specifically, a signal line is routed (within the receiving integrated circuit) to only a single signal comparator. The reference line, on the other hand, is routed to all of the signal comparators. Each connection to signal comparator introduces a new source of noise coupling. Furthermore, additional routing lengths are usually required to reach the signal comparators, which also adds coupling capacitance.
FIG. 3 shows a simplified model of a reference line 30 and a signal line 32. The lines are driven by devices having equal output impedances, and the transmission lines are carefully designed to have the same distributed line impedances. The transmission line and driver impedances are represented as RC in FIG. 3.
At the receiving integrated circuit, the reference line and signal line are connected to a package pin. This pin introduces a parasitic inductance LI. Within the integrated circuit, both of the lines are capacitively coupled to the substrate (VSS) of the integrated circuit. This coupling is mainly through the capacitances of the input pad, existing electrostatic discharge (ESD) circuitry, and the inputs of the signal comparators. Since the reference line drives a multitude of signal comparators and has a longer routing path, its coupling capacitance CREF is significantly larger than the capacitance CIN of the signal line. Moreover, depending on the length and the resistivity of the reference routing wire, the additional capacitance of the reference line may behave as a distributed RC line.
The capacitive coupling CREF and CIN result in noise injection from the integrated circuit's power supply rails to the signal and reference lines. If CREF and CIN were equal, the noise injection would be common mode and would not affect the interpretation of the signal. But because CREF is so much greater than CIN in a pseudo-differential interface, the noise injection on the reference line is fundamentally larger than that on the signal line. This results in a reduction of common mode noise rejection by the signal comparators, especially at high frequencies.
The technique described below reduces the effect of noise injection in pseudo-differential interfaces such as shown in FIGS. 1–3.

Reducing coupled noise in pseudo-differential signaling systems


A sensing system and method for use with a gas filter in a gas conduit attached to a gas blower, having a motor for producing a first gas flow blower speed, discards readings taken when the blower is off or during blower startup and shutdown, and recalculates a clog threshold in response to changes in the fan speed of a multi-speed blower.

Embodiments described and claimed herein relate to monitoring to detect clogging in a gas filter, which is utilized in a gas conduit attached to a gas blower, the latter having a motor for producing a first gas flow. Example applications include filter monitoring for Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems. Such systems are used for a variety of functions, from simple ventilation to heating, cooling, and humidity control.
Generally, the purpose of a HVAC system is to move air for temperature and environmental comfort within a house, building, or factory (collectively referred to herein as building). The same purpose applies to automobiles and other structures in which healthy, comfortable air/gas quality is necessary or desired. In a HVAC system, a blower, having a motor for producing a first gas flow, moves air in the gaseous phase through one or more gas conduits (ducts) to different locations within a building before it exits the duct through a vent. After entering a duct through a HVAC system's air intake, air flows in response to a blower. Typical blowers have a motor that rotates a fan having a plurality of blades, in order to pull air through a duct in a direction that can be thought of as moving from upstream to downstream.
Many HVAC systems use filters to remove dust, dirt, contaminants, and other undesired particles that adversely affect air quality so they are not delivered past a certain location within the duct, and do not exit through a vent. Filters limit the progress of undesired particles through a duct, for example by physical restriction in which the small size of openings in a filter keeps particles from progressing through and past it, or by electrostatic attraction that hold particles to a filter.
As a filter collects undesired particles, it becomes discolored and dirty. Although a dirty filter does not substantially affect flow of air through a duct, over time, the accumulation of undesired particles produces clogging in a filter, which substantially decreases air flow in the building, and causes dust and dirt to accumulate inside the duct system and on the blower fan blades, all of which potentially reduces the quality of air in a building and adversely affects the performance of the HVAC system. Consequently, filters in systems such as HVAC systems, as well as automobiles, must be changed periodically.
Visual inspection is one way to determine when a filter should be changed, but it is time- and labor-intensive. Therefore, it is desirable in many situations to automatically sense whether a filter should be changed. This is often done by evaluating the condition of a filter as a function of measurable conditions that are related to air flowing through a duct. For example, one such air treatment system is described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,178,410, titled Clogging Detector for Air Filter, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. This patent discloses a filter clog detector, in which a first temperature sensor, which is coupled to a heater, and a second temperature sensor, which is unheated, are positioned in a duct. The heated sensor is kept at a temperature higher than the unheated sensor by a fixed number of degrees. If air flow velocity is greater, then more energy is dissipated away from the heated sensor. Accordingly, a measurement of the voltage required to maintain the temperature difference between the two sensors indicates the amount of air flowing through the duct where the sensors are located. Using techniques that are known to persons of ordinary skill in the art, including but not limited to those disclosed in the above-referenced patent, filter condition can be determined based on voltage readings, or similar properties having a relationship to air flow through a duct.
Other examples, regarding how filter condition is determined as a function of measurable properties or conditions within a duct, include differential pressure sensors, which respond to a pressure drop that occurs from the upstream side of a filter compared to the downstream side. Even if only to a slight degree, a new, or clean, filter restricts air flow through a duct. This restriction produces a corresponding pressure on the upstream side of the filter. Further, air passing through the filter also produces pressure on the downstream side. These pressures are measured using sensors and methods that are known to those having ordinary skill in the art. For a clean conventional filter, the differential pressure from the upstream side of the filter to the downstream side will usually be relatively small. However, as a filter becomes dirty and then clogged, the restriction on air that passes through the filter tends to decrease pressure on the upstream side. Further, because less air passes through a clogged filter, this tends to correspond to an increase in pressure on the downstream side.
Although various techniques have been disclosed for determining filter condition, as a function of measurable conditions within or related to a duct, other variables besides the extent of filter clogging may affect air flow in a duct, as indicated by measurable properties such as the voltage sensor as discussed above. For example, changes in blower speed may either increase or decrease the amount of air pulled into and through a duct. Multi-speed blowers differ from single-speed blowers and two-speed blowers, the latter of which use a two-speed motor, e.g., one speed for summer cooling and another speed for winter heating. Multi-speed blowers are capable of operating at any of a number of different speed settings. Many blowers require a period of time to stabilize and reach a consistent operating speed. For example, some blowers require approximately 60 seconds for this to occur.
Consequently, when determining when a filter should be changed, it is desirable to ascertain that readings of measurable conditions in a duct are actually indicative of a change in filter condition over time. In other words, it is desirable to prevent there from being an indication of clogging merely because of changes in blower speed.

Filter clog sensing system and method for compensating in response to blower speed changes


A pole vaulting device and method. The device includes a mat having a top side and an underside, a plurality of support poles positioned about the mat, with the plurality of support poles having a first end having a curved portion oriented in the direction of the mat, and a net having an outer periphery, and wherein the net's outer periphery is attached to the curved portion of the plurality of support poles. The pole vaulting device may further include a plurality of straps having a distal end attached to the underside of the mat and a proximal end attached to the net so that the net forms a bowl section.

Pole vaulting is an exciting, challenging sport. In the early days of the sport, the poles utilized were made of bamboo and the pit contained saw dust. Now, the poles are made of high tech synthetic plastics and the pits contain mats. The poles are longer and stronger, and the athletes are jumping ever higher distances. As those active in the sport will recognize, greater heights entail greater risk.
One of the most common injuries are those associated with the pole vaulter landing improperly onto the mat. In other words, after the pole vaulter utilizes the pole to vault him (or her) into the air, the pole vaulter may land in such a way that causes serious injuries to him (or her). For instance, the pole vaulter may land face forward in the vaulter's planting box, or the pole vaulter may completely miss the mat, or the pole vaulter may bounce off the mat and onto the ground. This list is illustrative. Since 1971, there have been at least 45 catastrophic injuries or deaths which have occurred due to pole vaulting activities.
Prior art vaulting techniques include utilization of mats. However, this safety technique requires the horizontal application of mats, which may be cost prohibitive. Additionally, many track and field areas have limited space thereby limiting the usefulness of large horizontal mats. Further, some prior art techniques use specialized mats. However, these designs still require the application of horizontal mat placement to solve the problem. Further, these prior art designs are awkward and expensive.
Therefore, there is a need for a device that will allow for safer pole vaulting. There is also a need that will allow for a netting device for use in pole vaulting. There is also a need for a pole vaulting device that can distribute the forces caused by the falling and bouncing athlete. These needs, and many others, will be met by the following disclosure.


A mobile terminal and application providing method for same are disclosed whereby the method provides a requested application using an application package installer having multiple pieces of signature information. The application providing method comprises: obtaining an application package installer containing multiple pieces of signature information; determining whether signature information corresponding to the mobile terminal is present in the multiple pieces of signature information; and generating, when signature information corresponding to the mobile terminal is present, a signed application package based on the corresponding signature information.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an application providing method for a mobile terminal and, more particularly, to a mobile terminal and an application providing method that provide an application using an application package installer having multiple pieces of signature information.
2. Description of the Related Art
With active development of applications for mobile terminals, application servers provide users with various application packages in downloadable form.
To install an application onto a mobile terminal using an application package, the mobile terminal has to receive signature information signed with a signature key suitable for the mobile terminal together with the application package.
Currently, an application package is associated with a single piece of signature information.
To provide an application to a particular mobile terminal, multiple application packages are created corresponding in number to terminal types and each such application package is associated with signature information specific to a particular terminal type.
Creating multiple application packages for different terminal types is an unnecessary use of time and effort. In addition, whenever a new type of mobile terminal is manufactured, new application packages need to be created and maintained.

Mobile terminal and application providing method for the same


A computer system has a plurality of components which can be initialized. A plurality of components can be initialized and each component is configured to produce status data from which the level of need for that component to be initialized can be inferred. At least one component is configured to: receive status data from other components; make a comparison using the status data received from respective components; in dependence on the comparison, select one or more components for initialization; and, issue initialization instructions to the selected component(s). By making a comparison between the status data from different components, the relative need for different components to be initialized can be evaluated, allowing a component with a high need for initialization to be selected over a component with a lower need.

1. Technical Field
This invention relates to a computer system, in particular to a computer system having a plurality of components which can be initialised.
2. Related Art
Despite advances in computer technology, the components of a computer system can have deficiencies which cause faults to develop over time. For example, many applications, such as those written in the language "C" contain memory leaks, wherein the application does not release memory after it has finished using it. Such faults can cause a component to hang or crash, thereby hindering the efficient operation of the system. It is know to cure or prevent a fault by initializing the faulty or potentially faulty component, for example by replacing at least some of the software from the component, by re-starting or re-booting the component, or by re-setting one or more control parameters of that component. However, the initialisation process will often disrupt the normal operation of the component, at least during the period in which initialisation is taking place. During this period, other components may be required to perform an additional number of tasks to compensate for the tasks that are not being performed by the disrupted component. Such a re-distribution of tasks may reduce the efficiency of the system as a whole.


Process for preparing N-phosphono-methyl-iminodiacetic acid by means of phosphonomethylation of iminodiacetic acid performed by reacting an aqueous solution of phosphoric acid and hydrochloric acid, obtained by hydrolysis of phosphorous trichloride, with iminodiacetic acid and formaldehyde, in which phosphorous trichloride is hydrolysed in step (a) with water or an aqueous solution or hydrochloric acid, the reaction temperature and amount of water are regulated such that an aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid and phosphoric acid in a molar ratio of 0.5:1 to 2:1 is formed, and gaseous hydrochloric acid is caused to develop from the reaction medium. The phosphonomethylation reaction is performed in the solution obtained in step (a) in the presence of iminodiacetic acid in a molar ratio of iminodiacetic acid to phosphoric acid between 1:1 and 1:1.2 with the addition of formaldehyde. The N-phosphono-methyl-iminodiacetic acid is then recovered from the reaction medium.

U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,288,846 and 3,455,675 describe a process of phosphonomethylation of IDA performed by preparing IDA hydrochloride to which there are added further hydrochloric acid and phosphoric acid, followed by formaldehyde.
Italian Patent No. IT-1 118 553 describes an alternative process in which phosphorous trichloride is used as the phosphorous source. The phosphorous trichloride is hydrolysed in water to produce a solution wherein the reaction products, phosphoric acid and hydrochloric acid, are present in a stoichiometric molar ratio of the hydrolysis reaction of 1:3. The solution obtained in this way is then reacted with iminodiacetic acid and then formaldehyde.
Although phosphorous trichloride is an economical source of phosphorous, it has been established that the hydrolysis in water of phosphorous trichloride, which is an extremely exothermic reaction, is difficult to control and easily leads to byproducts, particularly to oxidation products of the phosphoric acid.
Furthermore, the large amount of hydrochloric acid present in the phosphonomethylation product renders the recovery of PMIDA complicated and expensive, requires a high consumption of energy, does not enable commercial hydrochloric acid to be recovered by distillation since the latter is highly contaminated by formaldehyde, and produces a considerable quantity of liquid refluents which are very expensive to process.
The object of the present invention is to provide an improved process which is easier and more economical, as compared to known processes.

Process for producing n-phosphono-methyl-imino-diacetic acid


Apparatus (10) is provided for controlled delivery of gas to a patient. The apparatus is particularly useful for delivery of anaesthetic gases in circumstances where the patient is conscious and able to receive gas upon demand and also where ventilation is poor. The apparatus (10) includes an outlet duct (40) for conveying gas from a gas supply (25) to the patient. A waste gas inlet duct (60) is also provided for receiving gas exhaled by the patient. This is connectable to a suction source (at 35) for scavenging the waste gas. The waste gas inlet duct (60) is arranged so that it can receive gas exhaled by the patient with the outlet duct (via a valve or other diverting means (80)) and around the outlet duct (as guided by shroud (70)).

There is increasing concern regarding repeated exposure of medical staff to agents which are potentially harmful to them in the long term. Such agents include anaesthetic gases.
Apparatus exists for controlled supply of anaesthetic gases to a patient. Example apparatus currently available incorporates a face mask. The mask is typically constructed to overlie the patient's face around the mouth and to form a tight seal between the mask and face. Other example apparatus includes a rigid mouthpiece on the outlet of the gas supply tube. Rather than overlying the patient's face as in the previous example, the mouthpiece is retained in the patient's mouth.
Apparatus currently available is capable of supplying gas to a patient on demand, that is only as and when required by the patient. In this respect, the apparatus often includes regulator means which incorporate a valve. In use, as a patient inhales, they apply a negative pressure to the gas supply apparatus. When this happens, a valve in the regulator is opened to permit supply of gas to the patient. In the absence of this negative pressure, the valve is closed and so prevents inadvertent release of gas other than when required by the patient. Likewise, when the patient closes their mouth or exhales, the valve is also closed to cut off the supply of gas. In this way, the gas is supplied to the patient only as and when required by them.
Such systems are particularly useful in cases where the patient is essentially in control of the mouthpiece or mask. This situation typically arises in labour or maternity wards. In those circumstances, so-called "gas and air" (a mixture of equal quantities of nitrous oxide and oxygen) is available for supply to the mother-to-be (or patient).
During labour, the patient is typically given a gas supply apparatus having a mouthpiece or mask, such as described above, and is free to draw from it as and when required. For times when the patient does not require the gas, they may remove the mask or mouthpiece from their face. When this is done, the regulator recognises that there is a lack of demand and the relevant valve is closed to shut off supply of gas to the mask or mouthpiece, as appropriate.
In this way, existing apparatus limits the extent to which anaesthetic gas is leaked into the patient's surroundings. It will be appreciated that gas leaked in this way is exposed to medical staff attending the birth. In the long term, this is likely to be detrimental to the health of the medical staff.
However, additional problems also arise in that, even though it is possible to cut off the supply to the patient, gas is nevertheless exhaled by the patient. Thus, when a patient exhales, this supplies a waste mixture of carbon dioxide and some anaesthetic gas into the surrounding atmosphere. As a result, any medical staff in attendance are also exposed to undesirable amounts of waste anaesthetic gas.
This is a particular problem in labour wards which have inadequate ventilation, which reduces likelihood of the exhaled gas being exhausted from the ward.
In the light of concern for health and safety of employees in the workplace, there is a desire to reduce the extent to which medical staff are exposed to waste anaesthetic gases. Indeed, it is expected that statutory maximum limits will be introduced. For example, a possible maximum limit could be 100 parts/million for nitrous oxide as an 8 hour time weighted average.

Apparatus for delivery of gas to patients

Barnsley District General Hospital NHS Trust