The present disclosure is directed to a retail box and a method of making a retail box. Retail boxes in accordance with the present disclosure can be manufactured beginning with a moisture impermeable paper or substrate, which is rolled on a core. Two halves of the box, or “half-boxes,” are first produced, and then brought together to form a complete box. The corners of the complete box can be sealed with a caulk or other sealing material to form a moisture impermeable container.

Retail boxes are used widely by companies and individuals to package retail items for shipping to customers. Typically, the manufacture and assembly of a retail box is divided between two processes or machines that may be associated with different service providers or companies. Specifically, a retail box is first manufactured from raw materials, such as cardboard. This manufacturing process or step may occur using a dedicated machine that may be associated with a dedicated plant or company, which provides this service or manufacturing step. Secondly, the retail box is opened or assembled into a usable configuration. This step may be performed by a second dedicated machine, which may be located at a separate facility from the facility that had manufactured the retail box. This two-step process can lead to inefficiencies and added costs that may be born by companies or individuals who purchase a retail box.
Retail boxes are generally sold in an assembled condition. A purchaser of a retail box will typically purchase a particular quantity of retail boxes, which remain on hand for use in shipping. As can be appreciated, a company that ships a large volume of retail items may require a large inventory of retail boxes to be on hand to meet the needs of shipping various retail items. Maintaining a large inventory of retail boxes can have disadvantages, such as the need to pay taxes on the maintained inventory and space requirements associated with storing the quantity of retail boxes. Additionally, standard retail boxes are damaged easily when impacted by crumbling or tearing.
Containers for products that require protection from moisture generally include a moisture barrier component and a structured support component. For example, products such as cereal and printer cartridges are often packaged in a two part container that includes an inner, moisture impermeable bag, that is held within an outer cardboard box. As another example, cookies and crackers are often held in a plastic tray that is in turn placed in a moisture impermeable bag. Because these containers are formed from multiple parts, they are relatively expensive. In addition, they often incorporate non-renewable materials and can be difficult or impossible to recycle.
Accordingly, it would be desirable to have a system and method for manufacturing retail boxes that combine the manufacture and opening and/or assembly of the boxes together in one process. Additionally, it would be desirable to have a system and method of making retail boxes that allows retail boxes to be manufactured at the point of use; therefore, reducing the quantity of retail boxes that need to be maintained as inventory or substantially eliminating the need to maintain an inventory of boxes, thereby making available resources to more productive activities. Additionally, it would be desirable to have a system and method for manufacturing retail boxes that produces boxes that are more resilient to impact, having glued flaps that are able to bend or recoil and fully recover from impacts. Additionally, it would be desirable to have a system and method for manufacturing retail boxes where the box is made from substrate that is inline printable, allowing custom printing to be performed during manufacture of the box, leading to faster time to market. Additionally, it would be desirable to have a system and method for manufacturing retail boxes where the box is made from a substrate that is substantially thinner than materials used to make current retail boxes, which is a desirable economic and ecological feature. It would also be desirable to have a system and a method for providing boxes that incorporates a moisture impermeable barrier, without requiring multiple components, and/or without being formed from non-renewable materials.

Retail boxes and method of manufacturing retail boxes


An electro-magnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) having an electromagnet array is provided. The electromagnet array includes electromagnets. Each electromagnet includes a magnetic core and a wound coil wrapped around the magnetic core. The electromagnet array generates bias magnetic fields having different patterns when the wound coils are energized differently. For instance, the electromagnet array generates a bias magnetic field having a given pattern, for the EMAT to transmit a first type of ultrasonic wave such as shear-horizontal wave, when the wound coils are energized in a given manner; and generates a bias magnetic field having a different pattern, for the EMAT to transmit a second type of ultrasonic wave such as a Lamb wave, when the wound coils are energized in a different manner.

An electro-magnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) is a transducer (i.e., sensor) for non-contact, acoustic (i.e., ultrasonic) wave generation and reception in metallic targets. EMATs are used for in-line inspection and non-destructive testing of metallic targets.
An EMAT requires a bias magnetic field to operate. Particularly, an EMAT requires a bias magnetic field having a particular pattern (i.e., shape, field lines, etc.) for the EMAT to transmit a corresponding type of ultrasonic wave. For instance, an EMAT requires a bias magnetic field having a certain pattern for the EMAT to transmit a Lamb wave, a bias magnetic field having a different pattern for the EMAT to transmit a shear-horizontal (SH) wave, a bias magnetic field having a different pattern for the EMAT to transmit a shear-bulk wave, etc. An EMAT typically includes permanent magnets fixed in a specific configuration (i.e., a fixed permanent magnet array) to generate a bias magnetic field having a given pattern for the EMAT to transmit the corresponding type of ultrasonic wave.

Electro-magnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) having electromagnet array for generating configurable bias magnetic field patterns


A copolymer useful as a photoresist resin for submicrolithography, comprising glutarimide derivatives and acrylic acid derivatives as shown in Formula I and a photoresist composition comprising the same. ##STR1## wherein, R.sub.1 is a straight or branched alkyl group containing 0-30 carbon atoms; R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 independently represent straight or branched alkoxy or cycloalkoxy groups containing 1-15 substituted or non-substituted carbon atoms; R.sub.4 and R.sub.5 independently represent hydrogen or an alkyl group; and p, q and r, which may be the same or different, each is a polymerization ratio; p ranges from 10 to 90, q ranges from 10 to 90 and r ranges from 0 to 50.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a photoresist copolymer suitable for the submicrolithography to highly integrate semiconductor devices. More particularly, the present invention relates to a photoresist copolymer consisting of glutarimide derivatives and acrylic acid derivatives, which are of high etch resistance and thermal resistance. Also, the present invention is concerned with a photoresist composition comprising such a copolymer.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Recently, chemical amplification photoresist has been prevailing in semiconductor devices because it was found to be highly sensitive to DUV (Deep Ultra Violet) light, which is now recognized as a light source suitable for accomplishing the high integration of semiconductor devices. Chemical amplification photoresist consists generally of a photoacid generator and a matrix polymer having such a chemical structure which sensitively reacts with acid.
The mechanism of such a photoresist is as follows. When the photoresist is exposed through a mask to a DUV light source, protons are generated by the action of the photoacid generator and then, react with the main or side chain of the matrix polymer. This reaction exceptionally increases the solubility of the copolymer in a developing solution by converting the structure of the copolymer, e.g. by decomposing it, cross-linking it or changing its polarity. Therefore, when being treated with the developing solution, the copolymer is dissolved at exposed regions whereas it remains undissolved at un-exposed regions, leaving the shape of the mask as a positive image on a substrate.
There is a relation between a resolution and the wavelength of a light source in photolithography, as shown in the following formula: EQU R=k.times..lambda./NA
wherein R is a resolution; k is a process constant; .lambda. is a wavelength of a light source; and NA is a numerical aperture. As implicated, the smaller the wavelength of light source, the finer the pattern formed.
Accordingly, a research has been directed to find new light sources suitable to improve the resolution. In result, a DUV light was developed as a light source for the integration of semiconductor devices into 1 giga or higher scale. Examples of the DUV light source in current use include krypton fluoride excimer laser (hereinafter referred to as "KrF") and argon fluoride excimer laser (hereinafter referred to as "ArF") which are 248 nm and 193 nm in wavelength, respectively. The latter light source is used for 4G or higher scale DRAM. According to the finding of this new light source, suitable photoresist films should be developed.
In general, a photoresist is required to be of high etch resistance and thermal resistance. In order to improve the etch resistance, aromatic resins are usually sought out. However, because the aromatic resins show high absorbance at short wavelengths, the photoacid generator is illuminated with a reduced amount of light energy and thus, has a reduced opportunity to produce protons.
In the case of using a short wavelength light source, such as ArF, poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) resins, rather than aromatic resins, are used. PMMA resins, however, are difficult to apply in practice because of their poor etch resistance and thermal resistance.

Hyundai Electronics Industries, Co., Ltd.


Phase-change type, reversible optical information recording medium, being possible for recording, reproducing, erasing, and rewriting of information, by use of a laser beam. This invention consists of recording thin film of ternary elements, for example, containing Ge, Te, Sb/or Bi or quaternary elements containing the fourth element of Se with which a part of Te is replaced, which is established on such surface-flat substrates as glass or plastics. In this case, the component ratio of Te and Se is selected not to be excess for other elements, such as Ge, Sb/or Bi so as to be fixed as stable compounds of stoichiometric compositions of GeTe, Sb.sub.2 Te.sub.3 /or Bi.sub.2 Te.sub.3, or GeSe, Sb.sub.2 Se.sub.3 /Bi.sub.2 Se.sub.3 when crystallized. Strictly speaking, a concentration of each component is selected to have proper ratio of the number of atomes each other so as to represent whole composition as the sum of each component. By this treatment, it is possible to have high crystallization speed and long cyclability of recording/erasing. The effect of Se is to increase the viscosity of the system and to make easily to obtain amorphous state; and moreover, by selecting of proper amount displaced with Te, it is possible to obtain the composition of recoding film superior in both characteristics of recording (amorphization) and erasing (crystallization).

1. Field of Invention
The present invention relates to phase-change type, reversible optical information-recording medium, being possible for recording, reproducing, erasing, and rewriting of information, by use of a laser beam.
2. Description of the Prior Arts
It is well known that some kinds of Te-based alloy film produce comparatively easily reversible phase transition by irradiation of a laser beam. Since, among them, the composition rich in Te-component makes it possible to obtain an amorphous state by relatively low power of laser, the application to recording medium has been so far tried.
For example, S. R. Ovsinsky et al. have first disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,530,441 that such thin films as Te.sub.85 Ge.sub.15 and Te.sub.81 Ge.sub.15 S.sub.2 Sb.sub.2 produce a reversible phase-transition according to light with high density energy such as a laser beam. A. W. Smith has also disclosed a film of Te.sub.92 Ge.sub.2 As.sub.5 as a typical composition, and he has clarified that it could make recording (amorphization) and erasing (crystallization) runs of about 10.sup.4 times, and erasing (Applied Physics Letters, 18 (1971) p. 254). Moreover M. Chen et al. have disclosed that a film of Te.sub.87 Ge.sub.8 Sn.sub.5 as a typical composition could make repeating runs of more than 10.sup.6 times in a static test (Applied Physics Letters, 46 (1985) p. 734). Generally, in the recording medium utilizing the phase change between amorphous state and crystalline state, the procedure of the transition from crystal to amorphous state is used to recording process, attaching importance to recording speed. Since the above-mentioned compositions utilize those near eutectic mixture of Te and additives, they have lower melting points of about 400.degree. C. and can be easily amorphized. On the other hand, in erasing run, the procedure from amorphous state to crystal is used; since there exist many free Te-chain-structures inside each above-mentioned composition, progress of crystallization is obstructed by them. Therefore, as the chains at random direction remain inside even after solidification, it is necessary to keep the amorphous state for sufficiently long time and at high temperature (near Tg) in order to arrange the orientation, namely obtain the perfect crystalline state. There was a problem that the composition rich in Te could not in principle increase the erasing speed.
The existence of free Te reduces long-term thermal stability, particularly after repeating of recording/erasing run, and moreover it becomes a cause to restrict the cycling number itself. Though, it is assumed that in a thin film at "as deposited" state, Te atoms are uniformly dispersed with other atoms in a film, there occurs, during the repeating runs of recording/erasing, the separation between a part very rich in Te (relatively lower melting point) and a part rich in stable compound of Te and the additives (relatively higher melting point). Therefore, there occurs the phase separation and then the recording characteristics change. In this case, the composition with extremely abundant Te is very unstable as amorphous state with low crystallization temperature, and also gives a result to reduce the thermal stability. This phenomenon is assumed that it is mainly due to the fact that the composition near eutectic point could not exist as the stable compound and then it would transfer to more stable state in terms of internal energy. In the case of the extreme difference of characteristics, especially melting point, between Te and stoichiometric Te compound with additives produced by crystallization, the phase segregation proceeds more quickly, and it is difficult for separated phase to return again to the original uniform state. As a result, the recording and erasing could not be performed. As a way to solve the problem, it is necessary to increse the laser power, keep the film at a temperature above melting points of Te and Te compound for a long time, and quench after mixing them well again; by such treatments meaning of increasing sensitivity of recording by using excessive Te has come to be in vain. It has been impossible to realize the above treatments actually in dynamic system. Namely, in the composition excessive in Te, it could not be realized to obtain the satisfied characteristics such as the rewriting speed, thermal stability, and cyclability.

Reversible optical information-recording medium

Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.


Provided is a lane departure warning system and method. The lane departure warning system includes an edge style classification map capture module, a road marker seed region detection module, a lane detection module, and a lane departure warning module, which can detect, by using an edge style classification map, and through road marker seed region detection and lane detection, lane edge pixels and identify real road marker edge pixels under a circumstance that there is no obvious gradient change or light is reflected or an obstacle exists, thereby determining a complete lane, and effectively finding a Region Of Interest (ROI) to simplify a procedure of lane detection.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to the technical field of vehicles, and in particular, to a lane departure warning system and method for vehicles.
2. Related Art
At the present stage, a lane detection algorithm mainly includes two steps: edge detection and line detection, which are mainly applied to detecting a manual lane marker.
In a conventional edge detection algorithm, in a general case (when there is only a simple lane marker with an obvious gradient change, and there are no other complicated situations, such as vehicles, shadows, man-made objects, and trees), a lane marker may be successfully detected and determined. However, in most cases, a real lane marker cannot be detected and determined. For example, in a case where the gradient change is not obvious, the edge detection cannot effectively detect the lane marker. In addition, in a case where light is reflected or an obstacle exists, although edge pixels can be detected, it is very difficult to identify real road marker edge pixels to determine a lane.
In many cases, although the road marker edge pixels can be correctly detected, some complicated steps are further needed to infer the lane from the edge pixels. For example, as for a wider lane marker, because the edge detection can only detect the edge pixels, pixels in the lane marker may be classified as non-edge pixels, and there are some difficulties in inferring the correct lane according to edge pixels on the left and right sides of the lane marker. In addition, as for such conditions as a short lane and a channelizing line, the conventional edge detection algorithm also cannot perform effective processing.
In most cases, the conventional lane detection algorithm belongs to a pixel-based image processing technology. After operations such as the edge detection and the line detection, only pixel-based one-dimensional (1D) information can be obtained, which cannot meet demands of the lane detection needing two-dimensional (2D) information. Therefore, some complicated procedures (for example, points are assembled into a line) are needed, to obtain enough information. However, most of these complicated procedures are time-consuming. Therefore, to improve execution efficiency of a system, many experts and research and development institutions successively put forward a strategy based on a Region Of Interest (ROI), which only performs the lane detection on reserved ROI, thereby improving the efficacy. However, in many cases, the lane may often appear in the non-ROI areas. As a result, the system cannot detect the lane.

Lane departure warning system and method


Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a method and an apparatus for recognizing a medical entity in a medical text. In this method, the medical text is segmented into a plurality of words. Each of the words is used as a target word. A local and a global annotation feature of the target word are determined. The local annotation feature includes the target word. The global annotation feature includes a relationship between the target word and the recognized medical entity. Next, a label for the target word is determined from candidate labels based on the local and global annotation feature. Next, a combination relationship between the target word and a previous word of the target word is obtained based on the label for the target word. The combination relationship includes combination and non-combination. Next, the combined words are recognized as the medical entity based on the combination relationship.

The present disclosure relates to the field of medical data processing technologies, and more particularly, to a method and an apparatus for recognizing a medical entity in a medical text.
With the development of medical information technologies, a large number of available electronic medical texts (such as electronic medical records and medical examination reports, etc.) have appeared. These medical texts are used to support clinical decision systems. However, since the electronic medical texts are mostly written in natural languages, useful information in the electronic medical texts cannot be directly used by the clinical decision systems that rely on structured data. In order to make full use of the electronic medical texts, natural language processing technologies capable of extracting the structured data from the natural languages attract extensive attention in the field of clinical medicine. As a basic task of clinical natural language processing, recognition of medical entities has always attracted extensive attention by the medical community. The medical entities typically contain words related to drugs, problems (including diseases and symptoms), examinations and treatments. The medical entities include continuous medical entities (medical entities made up of continuous words) and discontinuous medical entities (medical entities made up of discontinuous words).

Method and apparatus for recognizing medical entity in medical text


Methods, systems, and computer readable media for updating sequence and acknowledgment numbers associated with replay packets are disclosed. In one example, a method includes generating, at a sending peer node, a replay packet that includes a payload associated with a capture file packet and accessing, in the sending peer node, a sequence-differential (SEQ-DIFF) list using an original sequence number associated with the replay packet. The method further includes traversing entries in the SEQ-DIFF list, wherein each of the entries includes a sequence number and a payload length differential value, applying, for each traversed entry in the SEQ-DIFF list, the payload length differential value to the original sequence number to determine an updated sequence number for the replay packet, and transmitting, from the sending peer node to a receiving peer node, the replay packet that includes the updated sequence number.

Transmission control protocol (TCP) utilizes a sequence number in a packet to identify the order and number of payload bytes communicated from one computer node to another so that data can be properly reconstructed, regardless of any fragmentation or packet loss that may occur during transmission. Notably, the sequence number is incremented to respectively represent each payload byte that has been previously transmitted by a sending node.
Replaying a capture file (e.g., a plurality of previously captured network packets that may be replayed to simulate a real world traffic environment/scenario) having TCP packets over Internet protocol (IP) (i.e. replay of an IP payload) does not require any special handling for TCP sequence or acknowledgment numbers unless the exact payload is to be replayed from a different originating host. Specifically, problems can arise when the payload is modified during replay to simulate a real world scenario. One exemplary scenario occurs when a sending peer node prepares to replay an HTTP capture file and the original host name (e.g., www.google.com) of a GET command needs to be modified to the IP address (e.g., 10.0.0.1) of the new host (i.e., the receiving host peer node) being used to replay the capture file. For example, suppose the host name of www.google.com, which may represented by a length of 14 bytes, is to be replaced with an IP address 10.0.0.1, which may have a length of 8 bytes during runtime. Thus, a differential (e.g., difference in payload length) of −6 bytes is introduced in the sequence number (or acknowledgment number) for all subsequent packets. Due to this sequence numbering discrepancy that is not accounted for by the transmitted/received packets, a receiving peer node or device under test (DUT) will not accept any subsequent packets thereby causing the replay to fail.
Similarly, additional discrepancies may be encountered when a DUT sequence number randomization feature is enabled in a DUT. With this feature activated, the DUT modifies the sequence number of any received SYN packet and maintains an internal sequencing/numbering value based on the modified value. Thus, if a sending or receiving peer node fails to account for this difference, the DUT will drop all received packets and the replay will fail.
Accordingly, a need exists for improved methods, systems, and computer readable media for updating sequence and acknowledgment numbers associated with replay packets.


An adhesive composition for a vinyl halide resin is disclosed. This adhesive composition is formed by incorporating an aliphatic polyamine having a plurality or ether bonds, an alicyclic polyamine or an alkylene diamine into a blend of an epoxy resin and a vinyl chloride copolymer resin. This adhesive composition is effectively used in the solvent-free state for a molded body of a vinyl halide type resin such as a vinyl chloride resin or a vinylidene halide resin.

(1) Field or the Invention
The present invention relates to an adhesive composition for a vinyl halide type resin such as a vinyl chloride resin or a vinylidene chloride resin.
(2) Description of the Related Art
A vinyl halide type resin such as a vinyl chloride resin is widely used in various fields as rigid products such as telephone cards, cash cards, IC cards, records, various plates and pipes and as soft articles such as agricultural films, electric wire coverings and furniture leathers.
These vinyl chloride resins are used in the state laminated with or bonded to other resins or paper according to intended uses as mentioned above. Practically, however, bonding methods for laminating or bonding resins of this type involve problems.
The following methods are often adopted as the bonding means.
(1) A method in which an adhesive of a solution type formed by dissolving a vinyl chloride/vinyl acetate copolymer resin, an acrylic acid ester copolymer, a copolycondensed polyester resin or a thermoplastic polyurethane resin in a solvent is used.
(2) A method in which the surface of a vinyl chloride resin as an adherend is dissolved and bonding is effected before complete scattering of the solvent.
(3) A method in which a dope cement (formed by dissolving a vinyl chloride resin in a solvent) is used for bonding.
In any or the foregoing methods, since a solvent is used, problems arise because whitening, embrittlement and cracking of the vinyl chloride resin are readily caused.
As the means for obviating this disadvantage, use of a solvent-free adhesive such as a solvent-free epoxy resin, a solvent-free reactive acrylic resin or a solvent-free polyurethane adhesive has been proposed. However, since large amounts of a plasticizer, a stabilizer, an antistatic agent and the like are contained in a vinyl chloride resin, a satisfactory bonding strength cannot be obtained by any of these adhesives.

Vinyl halide resin with epoxy resin and polyamine


A coupling device system for use in a motor vehicle is provided including a coupling device and a memory chip. The coupling device has an input member, an output member, and at least one modulating clutch assembly selectively coupling the input member to the output member. The modulating clutch assembly includes an electrical clutch operator and clutch plates. The clutch plates include at least one first clutch plate coupled to the input member and at least one second clutch plate coupled to the output member. The second clutch plate is disposed adjacent the first clutch plate. The memory chip is integrated with the coupling device and is configured to store data related to a measured characteristic of the coupling device. The memory chip is also configured to communicate with a vehicle controller. A method of providing a calibration curve of the coupling device to the vehicle controller is also disclosed.

Clutches which are activated or energized by electromagnetic coils are common components in rotary power transmission systems, both in stationary applications and in motor vehicles. Such electromagnetic clutches may be broadly characterized by whether they provide on-off energy transfer or modulating energy transfer. In the case of the former, dog clutches which may include auxiliary synchronizing devices are utilized whereas in the latter, friction clutch packs having a plurality of interleaved friction plates or discs are utilized. In either case, an electromagnetic operator which translates or compresses components of the clutch upon energization activates the clutch and upon deenergization deactivates or relaxes the clutch.
One type of torque transfer devices of the electrically actuated clutch type proportionally transfer torque from an input shaft to an output shaft based on the amount of current applied to an electrical actuator (applied as a constant current level based on applied voltage, or at an average level through pulse width modulation of applied voltage or some other modulation scheme). Each design requires the application of a certain amount of current to the electrical actuator to cause the clutch to transfer a given value of torque.
There is a constant drive toward reducing electric current consumption of motor vehicle components, in order to increase gas mileage, among other advantages of such a reduction. Inter-active torque management systems have provided closed loop torque feedback systems that measure the amount of torque being applied, in order to determine the minimum amount of torque required. Applying the minimum amount of torque required helps reduce electric current consumption and also may reduce wear on components. Likewise, there is also a need to provide accurate torque transfer in order to affect vehicle dynamics in prescribed fashion that promotes increased vehicle stability. In order to provide this functionality one must know the amount of torque transferred to the wheels during this maneuver, hence the need for torque feedback.
Some torque transfer devices include an electrical clutch operator having a solenoid coil. A solenoid coil is a coil of wire that provides a magnetic force when a current is passed through it. A solenoid can create controlled magnetic fields, and therefore, solenoids are often used as electromagnets to generate linear forces. Accordingly, a solenoid includes a fixed stator and a moving armature. Solenoids can be used in a variety of applications, such as in actively controlled couplings and differentials. In these types of applications, it is common to apply a known input to the solenoid to receive a predictable output force. However, one factor that affects the force output of a solenoid is the air gap present between the stator and the armature. For a solenoid used in an all-wheel drive (AWD) coupling, it has been difficult to measure or monitor the air gap directly. Therefore, is difficult to predict the input required to obtain desired outputs.
Due to manufacturing and component variations between units of a given design, the actual current required to produce certain torque transfer will vary. In other words, for a given current, the amount of torque each unit will transfer is often different. Thus, typically, the exact calibration curve of the coupling device is unknown; in other words, the exact amount of current input required to achieve a desired torque output is not exactly known. Therefore, it must be estimated, and various means have been used to do so. Still, there remains a need for a vehicle controller to be able to more accurately determine the amount of current required to achieve a given torque output.
A powertrain control unit (PCU) may be configured to apply current to engage the electrical actuator when desired. One example transfers torque from a front wheel drive transaxle to a rear axle of a motor vehicle. Since the amount of current required to transfer each of a range of desired torques will vary, existing PCUs are programmed to use average values. This results in inconsistencies between vehicles when engaging the torque transfer device. As a result, too much or too little torque may be transferred, which can lead to hard or soft engagement of, for example, the rear axle.

Integrated memory chip for a coupling device


A small-sized antenna device in which the conductor length can be reduced without encountering a reduction in gain. The antenna device is constructed by mounting a main antenna unit on a mounting substrate having a transmission line formed on the upper surface of the mounting substrate and also having a ground electrode formed on the back surface. One end of the transmission line is connected to a feeding terminal of the main antenna unit, and the other end of the transmission line is connected to a radio-frequency circuit of a radio communication device in which the antenna device is installed. The ground electrode is grounded.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an antenna device for use in a radio communication device such as a mobile radio communication system, local area network (LAN), etc.
2. Description of the Related Art
Linear antennas are known in the art. They include a dipole antenna having conductors with a total length of .lambda./2 (where .lambda. is the resonance wavelength) and a monopole antenna having a conductor with a length of .lambda./4. However, the disadvantage of these linear antennas is their large size. For example, .lambda./4 for an antenna with a resonance frequency of 1.9 GHz is about 4 cm. Such a large value of .lambda./4 results in a large size of the antenna and thus a large size of a mobile communication device.
To avoid the above problem, a dielectric dipole antenna 50 such as that shown in FIG. 10 has been proposed. The dielectric dipole antenna 50 comprises a conductor 52 formed on one principal surface of a dielectric 51 and a conductor 53 formed on the opposite principal surface of the dielectric 51 wherein one end of the conductor 52 extends across a side face of the dielectric 51 and is connected to a feeding terminal 54 formed on the opposite principal surface. One end of the conductor 53 is connected to an electrode 55 formed on the opposite principal surface of the dielectric 51. In this structure, resonance occurs between the conductors 52 and 53. Since the dielectric 51 serves to reduce the wavelength, it is possible to employ shorter conductors for the conductors 52 and 53, thus reducing the total size of the dielectric dipole antenna 50. The dielectric dipole antenna 50 is mounted, as shown in FIG. 11, on a mounting substrate 58 having a transmission line 56 formed on its upper surface and a ground electrode 57 formed on its back surface thereby constructing an antenna device 60. In this antenna device 60, one end of the transmission line 56 is connected to the feeding terminal 54 of the dielectric dipole antenna 50, and the other end of the transmission line 56 is connected to a radio-frequency circuit RF of a radio communication device on which the antenna device 60 is installed. The electrode 55 shown in FIG. 10 is connected to the ground electrode 57 via a via-hole (not shown).
However, in the conventional dielectric dipole antenna described above, although it is possible to reduce the size of the antenna by reducing the physical length of the conductors formed on the principal surfaces of the dielectric, the radiation area decreases with the reduction in the conductor length, and thus a corresponding reduction in the antenna gain occurs. This makes it difficult to reduce the size of the dielectric dipole antenna.
To solve the above problem, a principal object of the present invention is to provide a small-sized antenna device in which the conductor length can be reduced without encountering a reduction in gain.


A navigation apparatus which can preferentially recognize important information on a map hidden by buildings, mountains, etc. Which were stereoscopically displayed and enables a set route or a present position of a vehicle to be easily recognized. A navigation apparatus has: a recording medium on which at least map data having a road and shape data which is included in the map data and serves as a main landmark object to recognize a feature of a map have been recorded; an image forming unit for forming image information when the map data is seen from a desired sight point position on the basis of the map data and the shape data; a display unit for displaying on the basis of the image information formed by the image forming unit; and a control unit for controlling the recording medium, image forming unit, and display unit. The control unit controls a shape data changing unit to change at least a part of the shape data on the basis of at least the map data and also controls the image forming unit to form the image information on the basis of the map data, the shape data, and shape data changed by the shape data changing unit.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a navigation apparatus having a function to give a visual effect as if a plane-like map is looked down from an upper oblique direction and also a function to stereoscopically display buildings, mountains, and the like being displayed on a map.
2. Description of Related Art
In recent years, studies have been made for a navigation apparatus having both of a bird's eye view displaying function which gives a visual effect as if a plane-like map is looked down from an oblique upper direction and a function to stereoscopically display main target objects (buildings, landmarks, mountains, and the like) serving as a help to recognize a feature of the map.
In the navigation apparatus with the stereoscopic display function, however, there is a problem such that, since the buildings, mountains, and the like are stereoscopically displayed, the buildings, mountains, and the like hide other important information on the map or it is difficult to recognize a route which has been preset and on which a vehicle will pass and the present position of the vehicle.
For example, intersecting points are hidden as being obstructed by the building, so that information such as the shape of the intersecting point or the like, which has a high priority and is necessary for the user to utilize the navigation apparatus, drops out.
As mentioned above, in the map displayed in a state in which the building or the like hides the important information on the map, only obscure information can be derived at a corner where clear information is necessary and it is difficult for the user to arrive at a target place.

Navigation apparatus with shape change display function


Provided is a wound dressing prepared from whole blood that is clotted ex vivo to form a sheet of clotted blood that is applied onto the skin over a sight of skin injury.

The skin is the largest organ of the mammalian body and serves several critical functions. In some cases, the skin is disrupted by trauma (e.g. laceration, abrasion, burns or puncture) or by ulceration (e.g. diabetic foot ulcers). Disruptions in the skin which do not heal, or spontaneously recur, are known as chronic wounds (Fowler (1990) in Chronic wounds: an overview. In: Krasner D, editor. Chronic wound care: a clinical source book for healthcare professionals. King of Prussia, Pa.: Health Management Publications, Inc.; pp. 12-8 and Singh et al. (2004) Asian J Surg 27:326-32).
Approximately 1% to 2% of individuals will be affected by leg ulceration during their lifetime, and this figure will likely increase as the population ages (Rees and Hirshberg (1999). Adv Wound Care 1999; 12:4-7 and Callam M. (1992) Phlebology 7:S6-S12). Global wound care expenses reaches up to $13 to $15 billion annually (Walmsley (2002) In: Clinical reports. London: PJB Publications, Ltd.).
Patient groups suffering chronic wounds include, but are no limited to, diabetic patients, geriatric patients and patients with circulatory problems. Also, chronic wounds can appear as a result of acute trauma or as a post surgery symptom.
Chronic wounds may vary in size, depth and stage of healing. Wounds can contain necrotic tissue, infection, scabs, or exudates (purulent, cerotic).
Chronic wounds can be classified by their cause such as pressure, diabetic, ischemic, venous, and tear and/or by the nature of the wound itself such as its depth and/or stage of healing and/or discharge and/or infections. Burns are another wound type which is difficult to treat.
Conventional burn treatment typically relies upon a topical antibiotic cream (e.g. Silver sulfadiazine) followed by a non-stick dressing and gauze. Use of biologic dressings based upon cultured cell grafts and/or fractionated blood products has also been suggested. According to different burn management strategies, frequency of dressing changes can vary from twice per day to about once per week.
A number of non conventional burn treatment strategies have been proposed. A non-exhaustive overview of some of the art follows.
WO/2001/021195 describes a dressing including preformed fibrin that functions as a non-adhesive covering of a burned skin surface as well as functioning as a delivery vehicle for pharmaceutical compounds that are entrapped within the fibrin clot.
J. Travis (Science News Online 155 (25); Jun. 19, 1999) describes fibrin bandages produced by Martin MacPhee at the American Red Cross' Holland Laboratory in Rockville, Md. The bandages employ a cloth made of biodegradable material saturated with thrombin, fibrinogen, and factor 13 purified from human blood. The bandages are brittle until they get wet, and then they become flexible.
US 2002/0146446 describes a surgical-medical dressing which uses a sandwich of two extracellular matrices grown on a composite composed of gelatin-fibronectin-heparan sulfate. The culture medium used to grow the two cell types (dermal fibroblasts and dermal microvascular endothelial cells forming the second extracellular matrix) is the conditioned medium (CM) obtained from human umbilical endothelial cells used to form the first extracellular matrix. All cells in tissue culture are detached leaving their secreted acellular matrix behind and intact. This CM can also neutralize the enzyme DISPASE commercially used to detach cultured epithelial sheets ("Cultured epithelial autografts" (CEAs)) from the matrix on which the human epidermal cells, forming the sheets are grown. CEAs are clinically used in wound and burn management
Henderson L. et al, discloses the healing of superficial skin burns by a autologous platelet gel dressing. (Ear, Nose & Throat Journal, 2003).
U.S. Pat. No. 3,723,244 describers a method of producing fibrin in sheet form by centrifuging an aqueous dispersion of fibrin wherein monomeric fibrin molecules are combined by polymerization to form strands of fibrin. The centrifuging step is conducted in a vessel having a wall for interception of particles undergoing centrifugal acceleration therein and at a speed pelletizing on said wall the strands of fibrin resulting from polymerization, so that the pelletized strands interlock to form a sheet which is recovered from the wall. The aqueous dispersion can be blood plasma and the resultant fibrin sheets are described as useful as a dressing for burns.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,521,265 describes a method of promoting healing of a bleeding wound including mixing a substantially anhydrous compound of a salt ferrate, which hydrates in the presence of water to produce Fe+++ and oxygen, combined with an insoluble cation exchange material, with a quantity of an aqueous media such as whole blood taken directly from the wound with deionized water; aqueous sodium chloride; aqueous dissolved gelatin; aqueous carboxy methacel; and aqueous carbohydrate solution to form a spreadable paste. The paste is applied to the wound within a short working time to promote blood clotting. According to the description, the presence of oxygen, substantially reduces the level of bacteria, virus and fungus at the wound as a protective coating forms over the wound.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,347,841 describes biological dressing for burn wounds formed by removing free hemoglobin from a red blood cell concentrate which is subjected to hemolysis. The dressing contains the stroma, subcellular elements and precipitated protein from the human red blood corpuscle concentrate freed from the hemoglobin and can be used in a pulverulant or layer form with, if desired, an appropriate support.
US 2007/0275461 and US 2004/0171145 describe artificial dermis obtained from plasma with platelets and human fibroblasts. The plasma with platelets is obtained from fractionating whole blood from the patient by light centrifugation, and the human fibroblasts are obtained from a skin biopsy. Clotting is obtained by adding calcium. The artificial dermis is described as providing for rapid growth of keratinocytes seeded on its surface to build an artificial skin which can easily be transplanted. Large areas of artificial dermis are described as being obtained from a small skin biopsy and minimal quantities of plasma with platelets. The artificial skin is described as useful to treat major burns, chronic skin ulcers, or be used with genetically altered cells as a vehicle for gene therapy.
US 2004/0124564 describes a process for the preparation of a chemically modified fibrin-fibrillar protein (FFP) composite sheet for medical application and the FFP composite prepared thereby. According to the description, the FFP sheet finds potential use as a dressing aid in the treatment of various external wounds including burn wounds.
Use of purified or fractionated blood components in other medical contexts is also described. A non-exhaustive overview of some of the art follows.
Khalafi et al. (Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2008; 34:360-364.) describes application of platelet rich and platelet poor plasma to significantly reduce occurrences of chest wound infection, chest drainage, and leg wound drainage in coronary artery bypass grafts.
Medtronic, Inc., Minneapolis, MV; USA produces devices for processing autologous blood to concentrate platelet-rich plasma into an autologous platelet gel for use in surgery for improving tissue healing.
Some commercially available wound care products use blood fractions and/or factors isolated from blood.
For example, a variety of growth factors have been found to play a role in the wound healing process, including platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), epidermal growth factor, fibroblast growth factors, transforming growth factors, and insulin-like growth factor. Various wound healing technologies based on fractionated blood or blood derived growth factors are commercially available.
One commercially available technology employs recombinant DNA techniques to create purified growth factors. REGANEX™ Gel (manufactured by Systagenix Wound Management) is a topical gel, containing the active ingredient becaplermin with an activity similar to that of human platelet derived growth factor (PDGF). This recombinant growth factor is produced by recombinant DNA technology by insertion of the gene for the B chain of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) into Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Another commercially available technology employs platelet rich plasma (PRP). PRP is isolated from whole blood by centrifugation. Autologous PRP contains a mixture of activated growth factors cytokines and chemokines, with reduced potential for immune response. Exposure of PRP to a solution of thrombin and calcium chloride results in the polymerization of fibrin from fibrinogen, creating a platelet gel which can then be applied to wounds. The PRP provides the wound with growth factors, chemokines and cytokines that promote angiogenesis and regulate cell growth and formation of new tissue. AutoloGel™ (manufactured by Cytomedix, Inc.) and SafeBlood® (manufactured by SafeBlood Technologies) are two autologous blood-derived products that can be prepared at the bedside for immediate application. Both AutoloGel™ and SafeBlood® have been specifically marketed for wound healing.
Another commercially available technology employs fibrin glues or sealants with hemostasis and gluing properties which enhance wound healing. Commercial fibrin glues are created from pooled homologous human donors. TISSEEL™ (manufactured by Baxter) is an example of commercially available fibrin sealant. The action of this product allegedly simulates key features of the physiological process of wound closure. The product contains a highly concentrated fibrinogen aprotinin solution, which among other ingredients contains Factor XIII, and a solution of thrombin and calcium chloride are applied to the wound area, where the mixture coagulates. The presence of Factor XIII causes the fibrin to crosslink, which gives the coagulum additional resilience.

Wound dressings, methods and apparatus for making same and storage and use thereof


The development of polymer composite liquid oxygen (LOX) tanks is a critical step in creating the next generation of launch vehicles. A composite LOX tank will weigh significantly less than conventional metal tanks. This benefit of reduced weight is critical to enable future launch vehicles to meet required mass fractions. The high strength and low weight of a composite tank allows for a lighter weight craft and/or higher payload capacity which results in lower costs per pound to place an object in orbit. The unique, nontraditional idea described here is to use resin-based composite materials to make such a composite tank or other oxygen carrying component such as a feedline. Polymer composites have traditionally been regarded as being more flammable than metals and therefore deemed not oxygen compatible. However, several halogenated composites have been tested for their ability to withstand ignition in the presence of oxygen, and have shown to be resistant to ignition. A halogenated composite material is a fiber reinforced composite that contains an element or elements from column 7A in the Periodic Table of Elements.

Not applicable
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates in general to liquid oxygen tanks and feedline system of a composite material construction and more specifically to resins containing halogen elements or laminates subjected to halogenated treatments, either of which may be suitable for use as an oxygen tank or feedline system.
2. General Background
The development of polymer composite liquid oxygen tanks is a critical step in creating the next generation of launch vehicles. Future reusable launch vehicles need to minimize the gross liftoff weight (GLOW) by reducing the dry mass fraction. The (dry) mass fraction is the weight of the launch vehicle without fuel divided by the weight of the vehicle with fuel. FIG. 1 is graph showing the effect of mass fraction on GLOW. Indicated on the graph are the RLV mass fraction target region as well as the mass fraction of the RLV without the weight reduction that composites could provide. It is clear that the benefit of composites tanks are critical to enable future launch vehicles to meet required mass fractions.
The required mass fraction is possible due to the reduction of weight that composite materials can provide. Traditional oxygen tanks are usually made from metals. The space shuttle external tank (ET) has historically been made from 2219 aluminum and more recently 2195 aluminum/lithium alloy. FIG. 2 shows a comparison between these two aluminum alloys and a typical composite material for a liquid oxygen tank for a launch vehicle. The chart shows that a composite tank provides up to 41% and 28% weight savings when compared to 2219 and 2195 aluminum tanks, respectively.
In addition to meeting the required mass fraction, a liquid oxygen tank must be compatible with oxygen. The ASTM definition for oxygen compatibility is the xe2x80x9cability of a substance to coexist with both oxygen and a potential source(s) of ignition within the acceptable risk parameter of the user.xe2x80x9d It is imperative that materials are selected that will resist any type of detrimental, combustible reaction when exposed to usage environments. Typically, non-metallic materials are not used in these applications because most are easily ignited in the presence of oxygen. However, there are some polymeric materials with inert chemistries that may be used for this application and resist ignition. These chemistries were evaluated by fabricating coupons and testing them with various ignition mechanisms in the presence of liquid and gaseous oxygen. The testing performed reflected situations in launch vehicles that could be potential sources of ignition in composite. These tests included pressurized mechanical impact, particle impact, puncture, puncture of damaged, oxygen-soaked samples, electrostatic discharge, friction, and pyrotechnic shock. An example of a polymeric material system that resisted reaction to these mechanisms were halogenated composites.
Applications include liquid oxygen for future launch vehicles, such as the Lockheed Martin Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV). They could also potentially be used in other aerospace applications, including but not limited to, RFP (rocket fuel propellant) tanks and crew vehicle cabins. Other industries that may be interested in composite oxygen tanks include the air handling and medical industries. The ability to resist ignition may also be useful in chemical storage tanks and NGV (natural gas vehicle) tanks.
The following U.S. Patents are incorporated herein by reference: U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,056,367; 5,251,487; 5,380,768; 5,403,537; 5,419,139; and all references cited in those patents.
The following international applications published under the PCT are incorporated herein by reference: International Publication Nos. WO 97/18081 and WO 97/28401 and all references cited in those publications.
A fiber-reinforced composite is defined as a material consisting of fibers of high strength and modulus embedded in or bonded to a matrix with distinct interfaces or boundaries between them. In this form, both fibers and matrix retain their physical and chemical identities, yet they produce a combination of properties that cannot be produced by either constituent alone. In general, fibers are the principal load carrying members, while the surrounding matrix keeps them in desired location and orientation, transfers loads between fibers, and protects the fibers. The matrix material may be a polymer, a metal, or a ceramic. This patent focuses on polymer matrix composites.
The fibers can be made from a variety of materials. These materials include glass, graphite or carbon, polymers, boron, ceramics, or metals. Glass fibers include E-glass (electrical) and S-glass (structural) types. Carbon fibers include those made from different precursors,. such as polyacrylonitrile (PAN) or pitch. Polymer fibers include, but are not limited to, aramid (Kevlar((copyright)), polyethylene (Spectra(copyright), or PBO (Zylon((copyright)). Ceramic fibers may include silicon carbide (SiC) or aluminum oxide (Al203).
For cryogenic tanks, the preferred matrix material is a polymer. The preferred fiber is carbon fiber, more preferably PAN-based fibers, more preferably high strength (over 500 ksi) and high modulus (over 30 Msi) fibers. The most preferred fibers are ultra high modulus fibers (over 60 Msi), specifically M55J fiber by Toray.
Another critical parameter for a composite tank is the ability to withstand repeated temperature changes (thermal cycles) without microcracking. One factor that contributes to microcrack resistance is toughness.
The unique, nontraditional concept explored herein is to use halogenated fiber-reinforced composites to create liquid oxygen tanks. A halogenated material is one which contains one or more elements from the halogen family (column 7A in the Periodic Table of Elements) in its chemical structure. Halogens of particular interest include bromine, chlorine, and fluorine. These elements form chemically stable bonds which enhances a material""s ability to be flame resistant and compatible with oxygen and other reactive fuels. A composite material may be halogenated by incorporating halogens various stages of the fabrication process including the neat resin formulation, prepreg processing, and/or cure. A more complete definition of these processes in described in the section titled xe2x80x9cDetailed Descriptionxe2x80x9d.
Several halogenated resins and composites have been subjected to an extensive battery of tests for their sensitivity to reaction in the presence of oxygen. Historically, the approach was to test the material in the standard mechanical impact test in liquid oxygen (LOX). If the material had an impact threshold of 72 foot-pounds, it was acceptable for use in oxygen environments, such as launch vehicle LOX tanks. If the material""s threshold was less than 72 foot-pounds, it typically was not used. Due to limitations in the testing as well as differences in the material structures between metals and composites, standard high strength composite materials typically have not been able to pass at this level when tested at RLV tank wall thicknesses. The approach taken here, which was developed in conjunction with NASA, was to use the standard mechanical impact test to rank composites with respect to each other. Furthermore, an evaluation of the compatibility of composites in oxygen environments would only be determined after testing composite materials with respect to specific ignition mechanisms while in the presence of oxygen. The ignition mechanisms tested included pressurized mechanical impact, particle impact, puncture, puncture of damaged, oxygen-soaked samples, electrostatic discharge, friction, and pyrotechnic shock. If the material could withstand ignition in these environments, it could possibly be considered oxygen compatible.
Halogenated materials which have been evaluated in the standard mechanical impact test include brominated epoxy resin and composite systems as well as a fluorinated resin and composite system. In addition to these candidates, which contained halogens incorporated into the chemical structure of the resin before composite fabrication, a halogenation treatment was applied to already-cured composites and uncured preimpregnated fibers. Specifically, a graphite/epoxy system was treated in a fluorine gas chamber in both uncured prepreg and cured composite states. Many of these halogenated materials were tested in both neat resin and fiber-reinforced composite forms. FIG. 3 shows selected results for neat resins while FIG. 4 shows selected composite materials. Clearly, the halogenated materials out performed the epoxy material.
One halogenated material was also tested in each of the ignition mechanisms listed above. In each case, the materials did not react. In addition, this material was tested in a Promoted Combustion test. In this test, the composite material was deliberately ignited using a special igniter material. The time it took to completely burn in a 100% oxygen atmosphere was then measured. FIG. 5 shows the average complete burn times for 10 samples compared with the average of 10 samples of the leading epoxy candidate. This test indicated the halogenated material took significantly longer than the standard epoxy to burn, indicating another level of safety over conventional composite materials. It is believed that other halogenated materials would behave similarly.
The apparatus of the present invention solves the problems confronted in the art in a simple and straightforward manner. What is provided are composite tanks for liquid oxygen.
The composite tanks can be made in accordance with any of the methods disclosed in any reference incorporated herein by reference. The invention could be made, for example, using the method of U.S. Pat. No. 5,403,537.
The interior of the tanks disclosed herein typically have a volume of at least 1 liter, more often at least one gallon, and usually have a volume sufficient to allow their use to contain liquid oxygen for typical aerospace applications.
A mechanical impact of at least 10+ ft-lbs at around xe2x88x92300 degrees F. (at around xe2x88x92350 degrees F. when densified oxygen (slush oxygen) is contained in the tank) is preferred, but is not a requirement. Historically materials have been required to pass the Lox mechanical impact test at 72 ft-lbs or otherwise be shown to be safe for use in application. Lox compatible composite materials have demonstrated the ability to resist combustion when subjected to any potential ignition source. For a composite tank, realistic potential ignition sources were determined to include, but are not limited to mechanisms such as pyrotechnic shock, friction, puncture, electrostatic discharge, and particle impact. These tests are taken to extreme levels. For example, in the puncture test, a sharpened serrated spike pierced a composite material while submerged in Lox without igniting the composite. This same puncture test has ignited Titanium, a material that is not oxygen compatible, and does not ignite aluminum. The pyrotechnic shock test was also an extreme test in that composites were placed in Lox and subjected to shock loads equivalent to existing metallic Lox tanks such as that on the External Tank. The friction test was extreme in that the composites were abraded to dust with a drill bit in pure oxygen without ignition. In the electrostatic discharge test, composites were subjected to energies that. could far exceed any instrumentation or static build up; specifically, these composites do not ignite when subjected to 112.5 Joules from 5000 Volts.
The composite feedline of the present invention preferably has an inner diameter of around 1xe2x80x3 to 36xe2x80x3.
As used herein, xe2x80x9cform of fiberxe2x80x9d means uni-directional tape, slit tape, tow, fabric, woven fabric, chopped fiber; or felt.

Halogenated composites for oxygen systems


A digital data radio receiver and method evaluates a data signal preamble received on an antenna to determine whether the antenna should receive the data signal following the preamble. The receiver determines frequency offsets from a desired frequency for each symbol in a block of symbols in the preamble, determines the variance of the frequency offsets, determines the average magnitude of the symbols in the block of symbols, where the determination of average magnitude may be performed in parallel with the determination of variance of the frequency offsets, and evaluates the variance and the average magnitude for the block of symbols to determine whether the preamble is actually noise and to assess reception quality at the antenna. In a two antenna diversity receiver system, these steps may be performed first on a block of symbols received at one antenna and then performed on the next block of symbols received at another antenna. This provides two evaluations that may be compared to select the antenna with the best reception.

This application is related to application Ser. No. 08/509,586 entitled A Method of Estimating Signal Quality for a Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Receiver; application Ser. No. 08/509,588 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,654,911 entitled Fast Acquisition Bit Timing Loop Method and Apparatus; application Ser. No. 08/509,590 entitled Short Burst Direct Acquisition Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Receiver; application Ser. No. 08/509,589 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,675,339 entitled A/D Reference Level Adjustment Circuit to Maintain an Optimum Dynamic Range at the A/D all of which are incorporated by reference, and are filed concurrently herewith and assigned to the assignee hereof.
The present invention relates digital data radio receivers, and more particularly to a digital data radio receiver with diverse antennas and method in which a data signal preamble is rapidly evaluated to determine which of the antennas is best used to receive the subsequent data signal.
A network of digital data radios may operate as a loosely coupled network of nodes in which each receiver is required to rapidly acquire data transmissions without prior knowledge of the time of transmission, frequency offset of the transmission (from a known frequency), or the transmission mode.
A typical data transmission includes a data signal preceded by a preamble that typically consists of a scrambled all-ones pattern, followed by a unique word. The radio receiver is expected to acquire the preamble before attempting to demodulate the data signal that follows. The probability of detecting and acquiring the preamble is desirably high and the false alarm rate (declaring acquisition on noise) is desirably low, even in a noisy environment. Further, the receiver desirably is sufficiently robust to accommodate carrier frequency offsets that can create phase rotations of 45.degree. per symbol (the term symbol is used herein to refer to the units used in the preamble format, e.g., spread spectrum BPSK), and to accommodate rapid changes in noise level.
Receivers in such systems may have a single antenna, or several diverse antennas to improve reception. Receivers connected to multiple antennas are expected to identify the one of the multiple antennas that is to receive the data signal that follows the preamble, and because the preamble has a set length the receiver must attempt to acquire the preamble on all of the antennas and identity the best antenna within the limited time period of the preamble.
Prior art receivers are typically too slow to operate effectively with multiple antennas, and even with only one antenna do not operate with high probability of detection and low false alarm rate in a noisy environment. For example, typical receivers use a symbol length matched filter with the output acquired by a phase locked loop to remove the offset frequency of the carrier. Acquisition is declared based on the amplitude of the correlation peaks from the matched filter. The disadvantage of this approach is that the phase locked loop is slow and may have large amounts of the jitter if the signal level is near the noise level. To avoid this problem in multiple antenna systems, it is known to provide parallel processing paths for the antennas, with the attendant added cost and complexity of separate phase locked loop circuits for each processing path.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a novel digital data radio receiver and method that is suitable for operation with one or multiple antennas and is able maintain an acceptable probability of detection and false alarm rate, while avoiding the problems of the prior art.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a novel digital data radio receiver and method in which the variance of frequency offsets for symbols in a block of symbols in the preamble and the average magnitude of the symbols in the block of symbols are determined, and in which these values are used together to evaluate the presence and quality of a data transmission.
It is still another object of the present invention to provide a novel digital data radio receiver and method in which the variance of frequency offsets and average magnitude of symbols in several blocks of symbols in the preamble are evaluated to improve the accuracy of the evaluation of whether a detected signal is noise or a data signal preamble.
It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a novel digital data radio receiver with antenna diversity and method in which blocks of symbols from a data signal preamble are provided from alternating antennas serially to the receiver for processing and determination whether a signal is present and which antenna has the higher quality reception.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a novel digital data radio receiver and method in which the receiver has a demodulator with correlators for providing output signals and in which the correlators sample each symbol in a block of symbols in the preamble at twice a predetermined chip rate and store each of the samples, while using every other stored sample to determine correlator output signals.
It is yet a further object of the present invention to provide a novel demodulator for a digital data radio receiver in which outputs from correlators for I and Q components are combined and converted to polar coordinates, and in which the angle and magnitude in the polar coordinate signal are used to determine the variance of the frequency offset and the signal level that are in turn used to evaluate signal quality.
These and many other objects and advantages of the present invention will be readily apparent to one skilled in the art to which the invention pertains from a perusal of the claims, the appended drawings, and the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments.

Short burst acquisition circuit and method for direct sequence spread spectrum links


An arrangement includes an A/D converter and a processing circuit. The A/D converter is configured to generate digital samples of voltage and current waveforms in a polyphase electrical system. The processing circuit is operably coupled to receive the digital samples from the A/D converter. The processing circuit is further configured to combine a value substantially equal to two times the magnitude of the phase A current sample with the phase C current sample to generate a first value, and generate a VA calculation using the first value and at least one other value. The processing circuit is further configured to provide information representative of the VA calculation to one of a group consisting of a display, a communication circuit, and a billing calculation unit.

One of the goals of electricity metering is to accurately measure the use or consumption of electrical energy resources. With such measurements, the cost of generating and delivering electricity may be allocated among consumers in relatively logical manner. Another goal of electricity metering is help identify electrical energy generation and delivery needs. For example, cumulative electricity consumption measurements for a service area can help determine the appropriate sizing of transformers and other equipment.
Electricity metering often involves the measurement of consumed power or energy in the form of watts or watt-hours. Watt-hour measurements relate directly to the actual energy that the load requires. However, the amount of watts supplied to a load does not necessarily reflect the amount of energy that must be produced by the source. In particular, the amount of load watts, or load watt-hours, does not necessarily accurately relate to the size of the service (transformers size, size of power lines, etc.) needed to supply the load. This is due in part to loads that have capacitive of inductive components. In such loads, the actual energy consumption in watt-hours is significantly less than the volt-amp-hours (VA-hours) that must be produced by the energy source.
For example, consider two loads: a first load consuming 240 watts at 120 volts and which is completely resistive, and a second load consuming 240 watts at 120 volts and having a phase difference between voltage and current of 30°. Using the basic AC power consumption equationWatts=VrmsIrms cos θ,it can be seen that the first load requires 2 amps of current because I=240/(120*cos 0°), while the second load requires 2.31 amps of current because I=240/(120*cos 30°). While the actual watt-hour consumption of the second load is the same as the first load, the second load requires more current, which can affect sizing of power lines, transformers, etc. Consequently, it can be desirable to measure VA or VA-hours to determining the size of the source, i.e. transformers size, size of the power lines, etc. needed to supply the load.
To this end, in a case of a customer that consumes significantly more VA than watts, the metering of only watt-hours results in a case in which the revenue from the customer does not directly cover the customer's proportional cost of the power delivery equipment. For this reason a more complex rate structure involving VA or VA-hours is often used to recover the investment costs for such items as transformers and power lines etc. providing energy to the load. As a consequence, many electricity meters, particularly for larger non-residential loads, have at least some capability to measure VA or VA-hours.
The calculation of VA or VA-hours in single phase systems is relatively straight forward when the signals are pure sine waves. However, if harmonics are present in the power line signal, then the calculations of VA and the practical significance of the calculated VA becomes more complex.
One common method of calculating VA involves multiplying the RMS voltage by the RMS current, or in other words VA=VRMS*IRMS. Converting VA to VA-hours, as is well known in the art, merely involves integrating the VA values over time. For example, the VA value may be calculated at ⅓rd second intervals, with each calculation considered to be the VA consumption over that ⅓rd second, or 1/10,800 of an hour. These values are then accumulated to provide a running meter of consumed VA-hours. As such calculations are routine, the terms VA and VA-hours may be used somewhat interchangeably herein, with the understanding that VA-hours may always be calculated from VA values.
In any event, a second common method of calculating VA involves first determining the value of the reactive VA, also known as VAR (Volt Amp Reactive), and actual power in watts. The method then involves deriving VA using the formula VA=√{square root over (Watt2+VAR2)}. The VAR value may be calculated using the equation VAR=VRMS*IRMS*sin θ, or by sampling voltage and current and multiplying samples of voltage and current that are 90° phase separated. If harmonics are present in the power line signal, then the use of the formula VA=√{square root over (Watt2+VAR2)} to calculate VA will yield a result that is less than that calculated from the RMS values of voltage and current, VA=VRMS*IRMS. Because of this inaccuracy, sometimes a 3rd quantity, distortion power (DP) is sometimes added as follows: VA=√{square root over (Watt2+VAR2+DP2)}.
The above equations relate generally to single phase systems. In a polyphase system, the calculation of VA is more complex and the practical significance of what is calculated goes beyond that of single phase systems. In particular, the two methods of calculating VA (or VA-hours) described above for single phase systems do not necessarily yield the same results if applied to polyphase systems even under conditions of pure sine wave signals.
In one method, VA is calculated from the RMS values of the individual phase voltages and currents for each of a polyphase system, and then the VA value for the different phases is totaled. In other words, the RMS VA of each phase is determined using VA=VRMS*IRMS and then the total VA is calculated by simply adding the individual VA of each phase. This method of calculating VA is sometimes referred to as "RMS VA" (VARMS) or "arithmetic VA".
In another method, the VA is calculated using watts and VAR. In this method, the total amount of watts for all three phases is determined, and the amount of VAR for all three phases is determined. The total VA is then calculated using the formula VA=√{square root over (Watt2+VAR2)} where Watt and VAR represent the total load watt and VAR respectively. This method of calculating VA is sometimes referred to as "vector VA" (VAV). In this vector VA calculation, it is possible for the watts of any given phase to be negative and therefore subtracted from that of the other phases. This makes it possible for the total load watts to be less then the sum of the absolute value of the individual phase watts. Similarly it is possible for the total VAR value to be smaller then the sum of the absolute value of the individual phase VAR values.
The RMS method of calculating VA (i.e. arithmetic VA) is directly impacted by harmonics since the RMS value of a signal is directly impacted by harmonics. In contrast, the vector VA method of calculating VA tends to be minimally impacted by harmonics. For example, if there were only harmonics present in the current waveform and not in the voltage waveform, then the RMS value of the current would be larger than that of only the fundamental. Since the arithmetic VA (VArms) is the product of RMS voltage times RMS current, VArms would be larger than that calculated from just the fundamental. In contrast with no harmonics present in the voltage signal the value of watts and VARs would be unaffected by the harmonics in the current signal. Consequently, the vector VA value tends to be minimally impacted by harmonics.
It is possible to derive an arithmetic VA value using watt and VAR information. If, in the formula VA=√{square root over (Watt2+VAR2)}, the sum of the absolute value of watts from each phase is used and similarly the sum of the absolute value of VAR from each phase is used, then the resultant VA would be equivalent to arithmetic VA for pure sine wave signals. If it is desirable to compare arithmetic VA to vector VA with a similar influence of harmonics on both VA values, then this alternate method of calculating arithmetic VA may be desirable.
Accordingly, while metering VA or VA-hours can provide (or contribute to) a more accurate measure of the cost providing energy to a customer, there are various methods for calculating VA that provide varying measurements.


The disclosure discloses a display panel, a preparation method thereof and a display device. The display panel includes: a base substrate, a plurality of light emitting devices located on the base substrate, and a film packaging structure located on a side, away from the base substrate, of the light emitting devices, wherein the film packaging structure includes a first inorganic packaging film on the side, away from the base substrate, of the light emitting devices, a second inorganic packaging film on the side, away from the light emitting devices, of the first inorganic packaging film, and an organic packaging film between the first inorganic packaging film and the second inorganic packaging film; and the first inorganic packaging film is provided with convex structures at gaps among the light emitting devices, and the organic packaging film is disconnected at the convex structures.

Organic light emitting diode (OLED) display devices have become the most promising novel display devices in recent years due to the advantages of self-illumination, flexibility, high contrast, light weight and the like. An existing OLED film packaging structure is a three-layer stacked structure composed of two layers of inorganic packaging films and a layer of organic packaging film located between the two layers of inorganic packaging films, wherein the inorganic packaging film is used for blocking water and oxygen. However, the inorganic films for blocking water and oxygen are prone to be damaged, for example, in the case of minor damage, water and oxygen will further invade, consequently, an overall packaging failure of the OLED device is caused, the reliability is reduced, and great loss and waste are caused.

Display panel, preparation method thereof and display device

Chengdu BOE Optoelectronics Technology Co., Ltd.


The present invention is directed to protamine-reactive, IgM antibodies, and their uses in prognosis, diagnosis, and therapy. In a specific embodiment, the invention relates to low affinity binding, protamine-reactive serum IgM antibodies. In particular, such antibodies can recognize a sequence comprising four arginyl residues, including a triplet, within a six amino acid residue sequence. Such antibodies may be natural antibodies (i.e., not induced). A low affinity subset of serum protamine-reactive IgM antibodies may be assayed for prognosis or diagnosis of AIDS. Such antibodies are detectable in sera of normal subjects and HIV-infected individuals who subsequently exhibit a significant period of latency, but are absent or deficient in sera of individuals diagnosed with AIDS and sera of HIV infected individuals, who though asymptomatic at the time of the sampling, proceed to AIDS within a relatively short time. The invention provides methods and diagnostic kits for the detection and/or measurement of the low affinity subset of protamine-reactive serum IgM antibodies, for the prognosis and diagnosis of AIDS and other immune system abnormalities.

2.1. Protamines
Protamines are small highly basic nucleoproteins associated with DNA that occur in no cells other than spermatids and spermatozoa. Those proteins are synthesized de novo and incorporated into the nuclei of spermatogenic cells during spermiogenesis where they replace histones and are bound to the spermatozoal DNA, a progression that takes place in the immunologically sequestered lumena of the seminiferous tubules of the postpuberal testis (Gilula, N. B., et al., 1976, Dev. Biol. 50:142).
Protamine 1 (originally termed p15) is a human protamine that occurs in four variants. It was identified and characterized by use of a monoclonal antibody (termed HPmAb, described infra) (Rodman, T. C., et al., 1983, Gamete Res. 8:129-147).
Human protamine 2 has long been recognized and known to occur as two variants (Kolk, A. H. and Samuel, T., 1975, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 393:307-319), later designated as protamine 2a and 2b (McKay, D. J., et al., 1986, Eur. J. Biochem. 156:5-8).
Polyvalent rabbit antisera specific for the two protamines of mouse sperm chromatin have been isolated and used to characterize the protamines as to distribution and DNA association, and to recognize immunochemical cross-reactivity among mammalian protamines (Rodman, T. C., et al., 1984, Exp. Cell Res. 150:269-281).
Polyclonal rabbit antisera against human protamines have been used in immunohistochemical studies of histone to protamine transition during spermiogenesis (Roux, Ch., et al., 1988, J. Reprod. Fert. 82:35-42). The detection steps of the immunoassays in this study were carried out by use of antibodies against rabbit IgG.
Mouse monoclonal antibodies to human protamines of the IgG1 and IgG2b isotypes have been isolated and partially characterized (Stanker, L. H., et al., 1987, Hybridoma 6(3):293-303). None of the described antibodies reacted with polyarginine.
Autoantibodies against spermatozoal antigens have been detected in vasectomized males, by Western blotting procedures assaying for antibodies reactive with spermatozoal antigens separated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, or by agglutination tests (Hald, J., et al., 1987, J. Reprod. Immunol. 10:15-26). Since protamines are too basic to migrate in SDS-polyacrylamide gels, and have immunoreactive sites which are not accessible unless the chromatin is decondensed (Rodman, T. C., et al., 1970, J. Cell Biol. 80:605-620), the reported assays did not detect anti-protamine antibodies.

The Institute for Human Genetics and Biochemistry


Conventional cross-linked cyclic olefin polymers do not have a sufficiently low linear expansion coefficient. A compound having a structure represented by the following formula (a).

Although cyclic olefin polymers have high transparency and are useful as materials for optical elements, such as lenses, it is known that cyclic olefin polymers have high linear expansion coefficients.
It is known that a technique for cross-linking a cyclic olefin polymer produces a material having a low linear expansion coefficient. PTL 1 discloses the cross-link of a cross-linkable cyclic olefin polymer having the following formula (1).

In the formula (1), n1 denotes 1 or 2, n2 denotes an integer of 1 or more and 12 or less, R1, R2, and R3 independently denote a hydrogen atom or a hydrocarbon group having 1 or more and 10 or less carbon atoms, and R4 denotes a hydrogen atom or a methyl group.
However, the cyclic olefin polymer having the formula (1) disclosed in PTL 1 has a low glass transition temperature and a slightly high linear expansion coefficient.

Compound, polymer, cross-linked compound of polymer, and optical element including cross-linked compound


A lamp system used in a light string system comprises a light assembly and a socket assembly. The light assembly comprises a light source, a base in communication with the light source, and a bypass activating system. The socket assembly comprises a socket adapted to receive the light assembly and a bypass mechanism having a first position and a second position. The bypass mechanism is in the first position when the light assembly is not seated in the socket assembly. When the bypass mechanism in the first position, current flows across the bypass mechanism. When the light assembly is inserted into the socket assembly, the bypass activating system of the light assembly moves the bypass mechanism into the second position, and current flows through the light source instead of the bypass mechanism.

Embodiments of the present invention relate to a lamp system used in a light string system and, more particularly, to a socket assembly adapted to receive a light assembly, wherein the lamp system is designed such that a remainder of the lights in the light string system remain lit even when one or more individual light assemblies are broken or missing from associated socket assemblies.
Light strings are known in the art. For instance, light strings are predominantly used during the holiday season for decorative purposes, e.g., Christmas tree lights, outdoor holiday lights, and icicles light sets.
Conventional light strings typically are arranged with lights on the strings being electrically connected in series, rather than in a parallel arrangement. Unfortunately, there are disadvantages to designing a light string in series. When even a single light bulb is removed from a socket, or broken, the entire series of lights is rendered inoperable. Because each light bulb within its respective socket completes the electrical circuit, when a light bulb is removed or the filament of the bulb burns out, a gap is created in the circuit, i.e., an open circuit is formed. Therefore, electricity is unable to flow through the circuit beyond the open socket. When a "good" or operable light bulb is inserted into the socket, the light bulb completes the circuit and allows electricity to flow uninterrupted through the light string.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,533,437 to Ahroni and U.S. Pat. No. 5,702,262 to Brown et al. are two examples of attempts to overcome these issues with convention light strings. Yet, Ahroni does not disclose that insertion of a light assembly into a socket assembly forces a bypass mechanism together, and Brown discloses a "dual signal" connector configured to provide for the passage of a signal through either one of two connectors in the assembly or through a circuit including both of the connectors in the assembly.


A device for lubricating a component in a turbomachine, in particular a shaft bearing in a turbojet, the device comprising an annular support part defining a lubrication chamber around the component, an annular cover mounted in sealed manner on the part and including a lubricating oil inlet, and an annular channel for passing a flow of pressurizing and cooling air, which channel is formed between the part and the cover, and communicates with ducts in the support part and an annular enclosure formed in the cover for passing the pressurizing and cooling air.

A turbomachine comprises a gas turbine having a plurality of fixed vane stages and a plurality of moving blade stages carried by a rotor mounted on a turbine shaft. The turbine shaft is centered and guided in rotation by bearings that need to be fed continuously with oil in order to limit friction wear thereof.
A known device for lubricating a turbomachine bearing comprises:
an annular bearing support part mounted on the stator of the turbomachine and defining a lubrication chamber around the bearing; and
an annular cover having an inlet for oil for lubricating the bearing, the annular cover being mounted in sealed manner on a radial end face of the annular support part, sealing being provided by an annular gasket mounted between the support part and the cover, and said cover including an annular enclosure for a flow of pressurizing and cooling air, which enclosure is fed at its upstream end by ducts formed in the support part and opening out at their downstream ends in the radial end face of the support part around the annular gasket.
In operation of the turbomachine, the temperature of the pressurizing and cooling air flowing in the ducts of the support part and in the annular enclosure of the cover is about 200° C. This air serves essentially to pressurize the rear enclosure and also to cool the material situated close to said duct or to the annular enclosure of the cover, while portions that are further away from the support part and the cover, in particular the portions of the radial end face of the support part situated between the downstream ends of the above-mentioned ducts can reach temperatures as high as about 370° C.
The annular gasket situated close to the radial end face of the support part is thus locally exposed to high temperatures. This gasket is generally an elastomer gasket of the Viton® type with limited ability to withstand temperatures above 200° C. It is therefore not effective in sealing the lubrication chamber of the bearing, and, while the turbomachine is in operation, oil leaks can appear between the radial end face of the support part and the upstream end of the annular enclosure of the cover. These oil leaks increase the oil consumption of the lubrication device, and can also lead to coke being deposited on the components of the turbomachine situated close to the leak, which deposit can form hot points and reduce lifetime.

Device for lubricating a component in a turbomachine


A method of providing a predetermined set distance apart between two members in article manufacture. This involves clamping the members together with a mixture of an adhesive and glass microspheres between opposing surfaces of the members, the microspheres being of specific grid size. The largest diameter microspheres are gripped between the opposing surfaces thereby determining the distance between the members. The invention is particularly useful for precise location apart between members with small gaps therebetween, e.g. less than 3 mil. It is useful particularly for magnetic device cores of small dimensions.

a) Field of the invention
This invention relates to methods of controlling distance between members during article manufacture and in particular it relates to a method of making magnetic device cores.
b) Discussion of Prior Art
In certain industries where extreme minimal manufacturing tolerances are required, it is sometimes necessary to provide gaps of minimal dimensions, e.g. below 3 mil, with negligible dimensional error. Such small gaps may be required in the manufacture of for instance, magnetic device cores, capacitors or in the optical industry. In the case of magnetic device cores (e.g. as used in transformers and inductors), these comprise two axially aligned core halves formed of a material having a magnetic property, the core halves surrounding a wound magnetic core with each core half providing a radially extending core end at an associated end of the core. In this construction, each core half has at least two axially extending elements which extend from the radial core end of the core half. The first of these elements of the two core halves are axially aligned from one core half to the other and extend towards each other within a passage defined centrally of the wound magnetic coil. The second elements of the two core halves are axially aligned from one core half to the other and extend towards each other in positions outwardly of the wound magnetic coil to provide an axial space of determined size between the second elements. The distance apart of the second elements is determined so as to control the distance apart of the first elements within the wound magnetic coil so as to provide the finished product with required magnetic and electrical characteristics. Normally, the gap between the first elements is controlled by providing a specific axial length to each core half and upon assembly of the core, the core halves are disposed axially together with a non-conductive spacer of known thickness between the second elements of the core halves on the outside of the coil. The core halves are then clamped together with a magnetic coil disposed therein and the spacer with the clamps in position determines the space between the second elements and thus determines the distance between the first elements, i.e. across the gap between their confronting ends within the coil.
Problems exist however with the above conventional method of making the assembly. Spacers disposed between the core halves, which may be of Mylar.TM. or other materials are particularly difficult to locate and to hold in position between the second elements during the assembly process. Misalignment of spacers may then result. Alternatively, the spacer material may become creased thereby resulting in incorrect spacing apart of the second elements and thus of the first elements with consequent performance deviations in the finished magnetic device core. The misalignment of a spacer between the second elements may be to such a degree that the whole of the spacer is not located between the second elements. In addition, the present manufacturing processes realistically achieve air gaps between the first elements only as low as 1 mil dependent upon the thickness of the spacer material. Further to the use of spacers between the second elements, grinding of one of the ends of the first elements may be a part of the manufacturing process for determination of the air gap. However, when the grinding step is employed, the minimum air gap which may be achieved is of the order of 3 mil.
Clearly therefore with the known methods of assembly of magnetic device cores, the achievement of minimum gaps of 1 mil to 3 mil places a restriction on the minimum producible size a magnetic device core may achieve. It would be in the interest of present technology, for instance, for the use of magnetic device cores upon printed circuit boards, if such cores could be made of a suitable small size. It would also be of interest to be able to provide extremely small gaps of accurately controlled size between elements of a product generally.

Method of controlling distance between members during article manufacture and article made thereby


A polarizer module includes a polarizer substrate, an adhesive layer coated on the polarizer substrate, and a conductive layer embedded in the adhesive layer. The conductive layer includes a first conductive pattern and a second conductive pattern spaced apart from each other in the extending direction of the adhesive layer to form a sensing structure. The polarizer module can implement touch operation and output polarization light. A touch screen using the polarizer module is also provided.

The touch panel is a sensing device capable of receiving a touch input signal. The touch panel brings a new appearance for information exchange, which is a new appealing information interactive device. The development of touch panel technology has aroused widespread concern from information media on home and abroad; and the touch panel technology has become a booming high-tech industry in the optoelectronics.
Currently, an electronic product with touch control and displaying functions generally includes display screen and a touch panel added on the display screen. However, the touch panel, as an independent component from the display screen, needs to be ordered according to a size of the display screen when used in electronic product to achieve human-machine interaction, and then be assembled. There are mainly two different existed ways for the assembly of the touch panel and the display screen, i.e. a frame attach and a full attach. The frame attach is to attach the edge of the touch screen to the edge of the display screen, and the full attach is to attach an entire lower surface of the touch screen to an entire upper surface of the display screen.
The display screen, as an assembly module of polarizer, optical filter, liquid crystal module, and TFT and so on, has a great thickness. Simultaneously, the display screen and the touch panel are two independent components. During assembly of the electronic product, a complex assembly process is needed to assemble the display touch screen and the touch panel together. This further increases the thickness and the weight of the electronic products in the assembly of the touch display screen. Moreover, one more assembly process would cause an increase, of the probability of undesired products and the manufacturing cost.

Polarizer module, method of manufacturing the same and touch screen using the same

NANCHANG O-FILM OPTICAL DISPLAY TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD.