In addition to a booster power supply circuit boosting a power supply voltage to supply a boost voltage VPP to a memory core, cell capacitors composing a stabilization capacitor, and a bias generation circuit supplying a midpoint potential to a connection point of the cell capacitors, further, a clamp circuit reducing the boost voltage to a set value is provided, in which when the booster power supply circuit stops a boosting operation, the clamp circuit cramps the boost voltage to the set value, so that the midpoint potential can be prevented from largely deviating to a boosting voltage side and a ground potential side in a transition to a normal operation thereafter.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a semiconductor memory device, and particularly to, a semiconductor memory device suitable for use in a semiconductor memory device having a low power consumption state in which power consumption is lower than that in a normal operation.
2. Description of the Related Art
In semiconductor memory devices such as a DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory) and the like, a stabilization capacitor (decoupling capacitor) is provided between a power supply line and a ground line to suppress variation in power supply voltage, in general. It is under study that the stabilization capacitor is formed by a cell capacitor used for a memory cell of the DRAM. For instance, in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. Hei10-12838 (Patent document 1), there is described a capacitance element realized with good area efficiency by arranging a plurality of cell capacitors in a mutually isolated manner.
However, since the cell capacitor of the DRAM has a low limit value (capacitor withstand voltage) with respect to an applied voltage, it is unusable as it is as a stabilization capacitor for a high-voltage power supply. Accordingly, to cope with the high-voltage power supply, the plurality of cell capacitors are connected in series between a high-voltage power supply line and the ground line to thereby divide the voltage, and a circuit giving a certain midpoint potential to connection point(s) of the cell capacitors is provided to suppress the voltage applied to each cell capacitor not to exceed the capacitor's withstand voltage. For instance, in Japanese Patent No. 3399519 (Patent document 2) and Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2006-66018 (Patent document 3), there are described stabilization capacitors formed by connecting a plurality of cell capacitors in series and keeping midpoint(s) of connection point(s) of the cell capacitors.
FIG. 8 is a view showing a configuration of the conventional semiconductor memory device provided with the stabilization capacitor formed by the plurality of cell capacitors connected in series. In FIG. 8, a circuit portion related to a power supply in the semiconductor memory device is shown.
The description will be given of a case where a low power consumption state signal DPDS is low level (hereinafter denoted by "L"), namely a case other than a low power consumption mode (Deep Power Down: DPD, also called as a power down mode) being a state in which the power consumption is reduced to lower than that in the normal operation. A booster power supply circuit 101 boosts a power supply voltage VDD supplied by a not-shown external power supply to supply a boost voltage VPP to a memory core 102.
A stabilization capacitor 104 to suppress variation in the boost voltage VPP is formed by cell capacitors C1, C2. Each of the cell capacitors C1, C2 is composed of a plurality of cell capacitors. The boost voltage VPP is supplied to a first electrode of the cell capacitor C1, a midpoint potential Vbias is supplied to the connection point of a second electrode of the cell capacitor C1 and a first electrode of the cell capacitor C2, and a second electrode of the cell capacitor C2 is grounded.
A bias generation circuit 103 controls the midpoint potential Vbias to be supplied to the connection point of the cell capacitors C1, C2. The bias generation circuit 103 detects the boost voltage VPP to control the midpoint potential Vbias so that the voltages applied to the cell capacitors C1, C2 do not exceed the capacitor withhold voltages.
Subsequently, the description will be given of a case where the low power consumption state signal DPDS is high level (hereinafter denoted by "H"), namely a case it is in the low power consumption mode. In order to reduce power consumption, the booster power supply circuit 101 stops its operation of boosting the external voltage VDD and a supply line (power supply line) of the boost voltage VPP becomes floating. In the same manner, the bias generation circuit 103 stops its operation as well, and a supply line of the midpoint potential Vbias becomes floating.
The description will be given of the operation of the conventional semiconductor memory device shown in FIG. 8 in detail with reference to FIG. 9. Hereinafter, the cell capacitors C1, C2 are assumed to have the same capacitance.
In a start-up, (time period S1), the booster power supply circuit 101 and the bias generation circuit 103 receive the low power consumption state signal DPDS of "L". The booster power supply circuit 101 boosts the power supply voltage VDD supplied from the external power supply to boost the boost voltage VPP to be supplied to the memory core 102 to a predetermined voltage. The midpoint potentials Vbias at the cell capacitors C1, C2 composing the stabilization capacitor 104 of the boost voltage VPP become voltage-divided levels of the boost voltage VPP. Since the cell capacitors C1; C2 have the same capacitance, the midpoint potential Vbias increases in a following manner at the half (½) level of the increased voltage of the boost voltage VPP. The bias generation circuit 103 operates to make the midpoint potential Vbias be (VPP/2).
In a normal operation (time period S2), the booster power supply circuit 101 and the bias generation circuit 103 receive the low power consumption state signal DPDS of "L". The booster power supply circuit 101 boosts the power supply voltage VDD to keep the boost voltage VPP at the predetermined voltage. The midpoint voltage of the cell capacitors C1, C2 comes to (VPP/2) being the voltage-divided boost voltage VPP, so that the bias generation circuit 103 operates to make the midpoint potential Vbias be (VPP/2).
In a low power consumption mode (time period S3), the booster power supply circuit 101 and the bias generation circuit 103 receive the low power consumption state signal DPDS of "H". The booster power supply circuit 101 and the bias generation circuit 103 having received the low power consumption state signal DPDS of "H" stop operation to reduce the power consumption, so that the respective supply lines of the boost voltage VPP and the midpoint potential Vbias become floating. The midpoint potential Vbias of the cell capacitors C1, C2 comes to (VPP/2) being the voltage-divided boost voltage VPP.
After that, in the low power consumption mode, the boost voltage VPP gradually lowers toward the ground potential due to leak current of the memory core 102. Further, the midpoint potential Vbias gradually lowers as well at the level of (VPP/2).
In the transition from the low power consumption mode to the normal operation (time period S4) the booster power supply circuit 101 and the bias generation circuit 103 receive the low power consumption state signal DPDS of "L" to start their operations. The booster power supply circuit 101 boosts the power supply voltage VDD to increase the boost voltage VPP to the predetermined voltage. The midpoint potential Vbias of the cell capacitors C1, C2 increases in a following manner at a half (½) level of the increased voltage of the boost voltage VPP. The bias generation circuit 103 operates to make the midpoint potential Vbias be (VPP/2).
After that, when the boost voltage VPP has come to the predetermined voltage and the midpoint potential Vbias has come to (VPP/2), the normal operation starts. In this normal operation (time period S5), they operate in the same manner as in the previously described normal operation (time period S2)
In the conventional semiconductor memory devices, the midpoint potential Vbias is controlled to be kept by the bias generation circuit 103 in the start-up and normal operation. However, in the low power consumption mode, in which the bias generation circuit 103 stops and does not operate, so that the midpoint potential Vbias may come close to the boost voltage VPP as shown for example in FIG. 10. In FIG. 10, "S1" denotes the start-up and "S2" denotes the normal operation time. In addition, "S3" denotes the low power consumption time, "S4" denotes the transition from the low power consumption mode to the normal operation, and "S5" denotes the normal operation time (this applies similarly to FIG. 11, which will be described later).
After that, in the transition (S4) from the low power consumption mode to the normal operation, the booster power supply circuit 101 receives the low power consumption state signal DPDS to boost the external voltage VDD to increase the boost voltage VPP to the predetermined voltage, while the bias generation circuit 103 operates to increase the midpoint potential Vbias to (VPP/2). Therefore, the midpoint potential Vbias of the cell capacitors C1, C2 increases from the voltage in the low power consumption mode to the half (½) of the increase in the boost voltage VPP, so that the midpoint potential Vbias sometimes deviates largely from the midpoint potential Vbias at the time of the normal operation. At that time, should the voltage applied to the cell capacitor C2 come to a large voltage V1 larger than the capacitor withstand voltage, there arise problems that the cell capacitor C2 is broken, the leak current increases, and the like, affecting reliability.
Further, in the low power consumption mode, for example, the midpoint potential Vbias sometimes comes close to a ground potential as shown in FIG. 11.
After that, in the transition (S4) from the low power consumption mode to the normal operation, the booster power supply circuit 101 receives the low power consumption state signal DPDS to boost the external voltage VDD to increase the boost voltage VPP to the predetermined voltage, while the bias generation circuit 103 operates to increase the midpoint potential Vbias to (VPP/2). The midpoint potential Vbias of the cell capacitors C1, C2 increases from the voltage in the low power consumption mode to the half (½) of the increase in the boost voltage VPP, so that the midpoint potential Vbias sometimes deviates largely from the midpoint potential Vbias at the time of the normal operation. At that time, should the voltage applied to the cell capacitor C1 come to a large voltage V2 larger than the capacitor withstand voltage, there arise problems that the cell capacitor C1 is broken, the leak current increases, and the like, affecting reliability.
Thus, in the conventional semiconductor memory devices, due to the variation in the midpoint potential Vbias in the transition from the low power consumption mode to the normal operation, the voltages over the capacitor withstand voltages are sometimes applied, respectively, to the cell capacitors C1, C2 composing the stabilization capacitor 104.


A light emitting element is provided, including a first electrode layer, a second electrode layer, and an organic light emitting layer sandwiched between the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer. The organic light emitting layer is patterned to include a plurality of light emitting blocks with different densities. In an embodiment, the light emitting blocks are divided into a plurality of light emitting block groups that are arranged in an alternate manner. In another embodiment, a light emitting element includes a first electrode layer, a first organic light emitting layer, a charge generating layer, a second organic light emitting layer, and a second electrode layer sequentially stacked on one another. The first and second organic light emitting layer are patterned to form a plurality of first and second light emitting blocks with different densities, respectively. Thus, the light emitting element generates full-color, gray-scale, three-dimensional, or dynamic images.

1. Technical Field
The present disclosure relates to light emitting elements, and, more particularly, to an organic light emitting element that generates gray-scale, full-color, three-dimensional and dynamic images.
2. Description of Related Art
Organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) are regarded as the most promising light sources in the future. Compared with a conventional fluorescent lamp or a solid state light source such as a light emitting diode, an OLED has a light weight and a high color rendering index, generates low glare light, and is flexible and transparent. Therefore, the application of the OLEDs on illumination can be much diversified.
Currently, full-color images can be generated by passive matrix OLEDs (PMOLEDs) that control upper and lower electrodes of each pixel, or generated by active matrix OLEDs (AMOLEDs) that control brightness of each pixel through a thin film transistor (TFT).
However, to control the luminous intensity of each pixel so as to generate full-color/gray-scale images, the voltage applied to each pixel needs to be controlled through a thin film transistor, thus complicating the process. Further, TFT driving control circuits are costly, and hinder the development of low-cost organic light emitting elements.
Therefore, how to overcome the above-described drawbacks has become urgent.

INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH INSTITUTE


An electromagnetic stirring process for continuous casting is presented. According to the present invention, coils of inductors are supplied with a multiphase current so as to create in a molten metal at least one primary rotational movement zone which is offset with respect to a central casting axis. This primary rotational movement zone is also revolved in a secondary gyratory movement around the central casting axis by a cyclic commutation of each phase of the current.

The present invention relates to methods for stirring molten metal in a continuous casting process, and, more particularly, where, in the continuous casting process, there is induced in a metal flow, defining a central casting axis, a moving electromagnetic induction field by means of an inductor arrangement disposed around the metal flow and supplied with a multiphase current, the field generating in the molten metal at least one movement transverse to the metal flow.
It is well known to carry out electromagnetic stirring in continuous casting in order to obtain greater regularity for the cast metal, both as regards its surface state and its internal properties, such as segregation and shrinkage.
It has thus been proposed to stir the metal either in the ingot mould itself, or at different places below the ingot mould. The exact point of positioning of the various inductors producing the stirring is determined as a function of the casting speed, the casting cross-section, and also of the quality of the metal to be treated.
Two main types of stirrers have hitherto been known:
a) the rotational stirrer which surrounds as symmetrically as possible the metal which is cast or is to be cast and acts perpendicularly to the flow of the metal; such a stirrer is for example described in the printed patent specification FR-A-2,279,500 which is incorporated herein by reference;
b) the directional linear stirrer which acts most often parallel to the flow of the metal; such a stirrer is for example described in the German journal "Fachberichte Huttenpraxis Metallverarbeitung", Vol. 25, No. 7, 1987, p. 676-681 "Electromagnetic Stirring using Voest-Alpine Pulsators on the Donawitz Continuous Bloom Caster" which is incorporated herein by reference. The latter type of stirrer may act either on only one surface of the cast metal, or on two diametrically opposed surfaces, or even on the four surfaces of the metal. It has also been proposed to use the latter type of linear inductor while applying pulses to it which are intended to generate an additional stirring of the metal to be treated.
The printed patent specification FR-A-2,485,411, which is incorporated herein by reference, and U.S. Pat. No. 4,867,786, which is also incorporated herein by reference, propose using linear inductors on two opposing faces of the metal. These inductors are then electrically divided into successive elementary inductive units producing juxtaposed rotational movements, rotating pairwise in opposing directions. The method relates essentially to metal products with an elongated quadrilateral cross-section.
It has also been proposed to generate in the metal to be treated, by means of rotational stirrers, a helicoid movement in order to entrain the inclusions contained in the liquid metal upwards. Such a method has for example been described in the printed patent specification FR-A-2,426,516 (corresponding to U.S. Pat. No. 4,281,263 the disclosure of both of which are incorporated herein by reference). This method has not however found an application because it hinders correct lubrication of the ingot mould.
Printed patent specification DE-A-3,527,387, which is incorporated herein by reference, proposes using two rotating magnetic fields, working at different frequencies and amplitudes. The objective sought is to create two different coaxial rotational movements wherein the external movement has a lower speed of rotation than the internal movement It will be noted that the axis of rotation of the two movements coincides with the central casting axis. In the same way as conventional rotational stirring, this method has, among the others, the disadvantage of creating a movement similar to a vortex at the center of the internal movement, when it is desired to intensify the stirring movements.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,877,079, which is incorporated herein by reference, proposes juxtapositioning, in the molten metal flow, two rotational movements of opposite rotation directions, so as to create, at the interface of the two movements, a material flow transverse to the central casting axis. The combined action of these movements consequently leads to better movement of the bath at the center of the metal flow. The main drawback of this method is the orientation of the movement along one dominant direction, which is certainly not optimal from the point of view of cross-sectional homogeneity of the structure of the metal.
It is consequently noted that, although it is true that the various techniques hitherto employed have contributed to an improvement of the internal and external structure of the continuously cast products, it is nonetheless true that the various types of stirring used lead to new non-negligible drawbacks. Thus it has, for example, been noticed that rotational and linear stirrers, used both in the ingot mould itself and beneath the ingot mould, can at a certain moment entrain in the metal to be treated movements promoting the creation of defects, for example: the formation of inclusions and white lines, or deterioration of the internal structure at the central segregation.

Electromagnetic stirring process for continuous casting


A demodulation device (1) in semiconductor technology is disclosed. The device (1) is capable of demodulating an injected modulated current. The device (1) comprises an input node (IN1), a sampling stage (DG1, IG1, GS1, IG2, DG2) and at least two output nodes (D1, D2). The sampling stage DG1, IG1, GS1, IG2, DG2) comprises transfer means (GL, GM, GR) for transferring a modulated charge-current signal from the input node (IN1) to one of the output nodes (D1, D2) allocated to the respective time interval within the modulation period. The small size and the ability to reproduce the device (1) in standard semiconductor technologies make possible a cost-efficient integration of the device (1).

According to the theory of signal transmission, the demodulation of a signal corresponds to the mixing of the modulated signal with the sampling signal, and then the integration of the resulting product. The corresponding mixing step may be done using mixer circuits.
The basic element for many mixer circuits is a dual-gate transistor. An example of such a mixing circuit is presented by Sullivan et al. in "Doubly Balanced Dual(g)ate CMOS Mixer", IEEE Journ. Of Solid-State Circ., Vol. 34, No. 6, 1999. The combination of at least four dual-gate transistors leads to a double balanced mixer for very high frequencies in the GHz range. Another example of an electronic mixer circuit based on dual-gate transistors is presented in U.S. Pat. No. 4,603,436 A (Butler, "Microwave Double Balanced Mixer", 1986).
The above-mentioned mixer circuits have the disadvantage that several dual-gate transistors are required with additional load resistors, low-pass filters or differential amplifiers, which leads to a relatively complex circuit. Moreover, the size of the circuits does not allow the implementation as elements in a high-density array, such as, e.g., in the pixel structures of image sensors. Furthermore, for the intermediate frequency (IF) signal, an integration process of the IF signal would be required after the mixing process. As the number of phases would define the number of additional mixing elements, the required chip area increases. Furthermore, the mixing circuit is not useful for the mixing of very small modulated currents such as, e.g., photo-currents, because the mixing process is performed in the current domain instead of the less noisy charge domain.
In the publication EP-0'837'556 A1 (Wang, "Four terminal RF mixer device", 1997) a so-called four-terminal-radio frequency (RF) mixer is described based on a MOS transistor having drain, source, gate and back-gate contacts. The radio-frequency (RF) signal and the local-oscillator (LO) signal are applied to the gate and back-gate contacts, respectively. A current flowing from the source to the drain of the transistor corresponds to the mixing result delivering the intermediate frequency (IF) signal. The disclosed mixing process has been reduced to only one transistor element and an additional load circuit. Different embodiments allow for partial and double balanced/unbalanced mixing, respectively. Although the basic mixing element has already been reduced to very compact size, the double balanced mixing still needs at least four discrete transistors of which each requires a gate, a source diffusion, a drain diffusion and an additional well implant. An in-phase/quadrature (I/Q) mixing circuit would look similar with only the signals being slightly different. The complex circuit consisting of many mixing transistors implies relatively large chip sizes to be used. Additionally, the four transistors have to match with high accuracy for the demodulation of very small input signals. Hence, the requirements put on the fabrication process are demanding and may reduce the expected fabrication yield dramatically.
In the field of demodulation devices, photo-sensitive sensors are known which use a device enabling the demodulation of the light waves. Such devices are described in the publications DE-44'40'613 C1, GB-2'389'960 A (Seitz, "Four-tap demodulation pixel") and in the European patent application No. 04'405'489 (Büttgen et al., "Large-area pixel for use in an image sensor"). All these devices are directed to photo-currents with low intensities.

Device and method for the demodulation of modulated electric signals


In a dead lock preventing method for a data base system, for preventing a dead lock from being generated when a plurality of work stations, each having a data base, connected to a transmission route, perform lock reservation requests and lock requests to access a data base file of a desired arbitrary work station, a data base system including arithmetic control unit, an internal memory unit (first memory unit) having a file lock reservation list, a file lock transaction list, and a file lock transaction waiting list, and an external memory unit (second memory unit) for forming a data base constituted by a plurality of files is prepared for each work station. This dead lock preventing method includes a list judgement step of giving, when the arithmetic control unit accepts the lock request after a certain work station outputs a lock reservation request from a certain transaction, a lock permission or a lock inhibition to the certain transaction in accordance with whether another transaction is registered in the file lock transaction list and the file lock reservation list, and an aggregation judgement step of obtaining, when it is judged in the list judgement step that another transaction is registered not in the lock transaction list but in the file lock reservation list, transaction aggregations from the file clock reservation list and the file lock transaction list, and sequentially checking whether the transaction aggregation of the file lock transaction list is a zero aggregation, thereby giving a lock permission or a lock inhibition to the certain transaction.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a dead lock preventing method for a data base system, which can be used in the field of data searching control in, e.g., bank transactions, securities exchange, and medical examination facility and, more particularly, to a dead lock preventing method for a data base system, which can reliably prevent a dead lock that may be caused when a data base employed at one of a plurality of work stations (WS) arranged on a transmission route of a LAN (Local Area Network) is accessed by an arbitrary work station.
2. Description of the Related Art
In a distributed data-base-management-system (D-DBMS) in which a plurality of work stations (to be referred to as CPUs hereinafter) are distributed in a LAN and each CPU (i.e., a WS) independently has a data base, a plurality of data bases must be organically linked to each other to effectively utilize the data bases of the entire system. For this reason, serialization control is conventionally widely adopted to assure the same result of file updating between CPUs of WSs when an arbitrary CPU (WS) accesses a data base file employed in another CPU (WS) in order to perform data searching.
In addition, a prior art invention relevant to the present invention is disclosed in Published Unexamined European Patent Application No. 0278312. The following items will be described to explain one of typical conventional techniques.
(1) Serializability in file updating.
(2) General lock models for realizing the serialization control.
(3) A 2-phase lock as one of the lock models.
(4) Occurrence of a dead lock caused by the 2-phase lock.
(5) A time stamp method for eliminating the occurrence of a dead lock.

Dead lock preventing method for data base system


A display apparatus includes a display and an acceptance controller. The display displays on a display unit a list of processing images, each of which is an image representing a unit of processing. The acceptance controller restricts acceptance of an operation for a different processing image whose display position moves in accordance with an action of one processing image.

(i) Technical Field
The present invention relates to a display apparatus, an image processing apparatus, a display method, and a computer readable medium.
(ii) Related Art
In the case where a display position of information to be selected by a user changes, for example, if the display position changes immediately before the user selects the information, an erroneous operation may occur.

Display apparatus, image processing apparatus, display method, and computer readable medium for controlling an operation of a display process


The present invention provides prodrug and multi-prodrug complexes comprising drugs specifically bound to synthetic receptors in such a manner that active drug becomes available only in the presence of a targeted pathophysiologic receptor. Methods for preparation and use of these prodrug complexes in drug delivery systems are also provided.

Research in drug delivery technology continues to escalate as innovative delivery systems are found in many cases to offer advantages over conventional drug formulations. For example, alternate drug delivery systems have been shown to provide therapeutic advantages by increasing efficacy and safety, while reducing side effects. Many of these systems offer usage benefits to the patient, including more convenient dosage forms and administration schedules. In addition, alternate delivery systems enable new indications for approved drugs, including generics. Further, the development of new drug delivery systems has expedited approval and widespread use of many new drugs in development. Accordingly, the worldwide market for alternate drug delivery systems has more than doubled over the past five years to approximately $6 billion, and annual growth rates averaging 30% to 40% have been projected for the next several years. Examples of FDA-approved drug delivery systems include polymers, osmotics, liposomes, nasal and transdermal formulations, aerosols and resins. Emerging delivery systems include gels, foams, microparticles, red blood cells and prodrugs. In addition, many device technologies are being developed to improve the efficiency and/or convenience of drug administration, including controlled infusion devices (e.g., for patient-controlled analgesia), metered-dose inhalers and implantable pumps.
Alternative drug delivery systems are particularly important for emerging biopharmaceuticals, which represent the most active area of therapeutic market growth and product innovation. The vast majority of approved and pending biopharmaceuticals are recombinant peptides and proteins that cannot be efficiently administered orally and may be either ineffective, preclusively inconvenient or otherwise unacceptable as injectibles. The commercial potential of such compounds and the rate of market development will depend in large part on improved drug delivery systems.
Drug delivery systems are defined herein as dosage forms (comprising one or more drugs) that provide increased control over drug concentration and/or duration of action either systemically or at anatomically or pathophysiologically defined sites. Primary approaches being developed include controlled release formulations, local delivery of drugs in biocompatible matrices, targeted delivery using receptor- or membrane-directed agents and prodrug compositions that remain therapeutically inactive until converted to active drug in vivo.
Local delivery is intended to provide a therapeutically effective concentration of drug at the desired site of action for a clinically appropriate period of time without the toxicity and side effects that might result from systemic administration. Representative indications include periodontal diseases, ophthalmic infections and a variety of cancers. Approaches in development include bioerodable polymers, gels, foams, microparticles, microvesicles, proteinaceous matrices and implantable pumps. Most local delivery approaches include a built-in sustained release mechanism to provide prolonged action following administration. However, local delivery requires convenient access to the site of interest, preferably either by noninvasive techniques or an otherwise-indicated surgical procedure. Further, local delivery fails to provide diffuse or systemic protection, as may be important in metastatic disease, fulminant infections or other conditions prone to migration from a primary site.
Controlled release formulations are designed to maintain drug concentrations within the therapeutic range without the dramatic peak-to-trough variability that occurs with conventional administration. Elimination of peak levels improves drug safety by reducing toxicity and side effects. Avoiding troughs obviates the risk of symptoms being unmasked during periods of subtherapeutic drug levels. Most controlled release technologies incorporate a sustained release mechanism that provides for prolonged action of drugs with short half-lives, thereby increasing dosage intervals, ease of use and patient compliance. Prodrugs represent a special category of controlled release formulations, wherein the drug composition is inactive as administered, but is converted to active form in vivo through exposure to a particular physiologic environment or metabolic process. Controlled release has been successfully used to increase the bioavailability of orally administered drugs, to minimize fluctuations in systemic drug levels, to provide coarse control over biodistribution and to increase the half-life of drugs administered both locally and systemically. A major shortcoming of controlled release formulations, however, is the limited extent to which drug disposition can be practically controlled through nonselective mechanisms.
Drug targeting refers to preferential delivery of therapeutic agents to clinically relevant organs, tissues, cells or receptors. Preferential delivery is achieved either through specific molecular targeting agents or through methods that alter the physicochemical properties of a drug so as to alter its pharmacokinetic properties and biodistribution. Specific molecular targeting agents such as monoclonal antibodies, lectins, peptides and specific sugars selectively bind to pathophysiologic receptors, thereby bringing a conjugated drug into close proximity with its site of action. Altering the physicochemical properties of a drug or drug-carrier complex can nonselectively influence drug distribution through effects on binding and uptake by different cell types and transport across physiologic barriers such as the gastric mucosa, skin, capillary membrane and blood-brain barrier. Examples of targeting approaches include immunoconjugates and monoclonal antibody-modified liposomes designed to specifically bind clinically significant receptors or disease markers and drugs conjugated to carriers or delivered in vehicles that enhance membrane permeability. However, such therapeutic conjugates have yet to be widely accepted. Aside from technical challenges related to tissue penetration, stability and immunogenicity, a problem with immunoconjugates and related targeting strategies is that they do not increase the percent of administered drug that gains access to the desired site of action. Affinity-based targeting agents increase the probability that a drug near its site of action will exert an effect, but they fail to increase the percentage of administered drug that reaches the desired site. Accordingly, these agents do not provide a mechanism to sequester or concentrate drug at the desired site of action. Affinity-based delivery vehicles in development provide only for partitioning of drug conjugates between bound (e.g., to targeted receptors) and free (e.g., in extracellular fluid) phases, which partitioning is directly dependent on the bulk concentration of drug conjugate. The efficiency of delivery is therefore limited both by the affinity of the targeting agent for its receptor and by the percentage of administered drug that distributes to therapeutically relevant sites. In general, treatment of localized conditions such as cancers, infections and vascular occlusions by systemic administration of therapeutic immunoconjugates is highly inefficient. Only a small fraction (<1%) of administered conjugate interacts with targeted receptors, the remainder being metabolized and excreted.
Accordingly, there is a growing need for drug delivery systems that provide greater efficiency, safety, duration of action and convenience than current drug targeting methods.


A backplane operative to drive an array of emissive pixel elements is disclosed. Each pixel element comprises a pixel circuit drive element and an emissive element, wherein the pixel circuit drive element comprises a memory cell, a current source element, and a modulation element. The present invention improves on an emissive display by providing a backplane and modulation system that enables fabrication of multi-color or monochrome LED display systems that operate efficiently and without objectionable image artifacts. One aspect of the present invention is to realize the backplane in a single crystal silicon process with a minimum number of metal layers while providing each color with a suitable operating voltage and drive current.

Emissive displays have proved useful for a variety of applications. For example, plasma display panels (PDPs) were at one time the leading flat panel display technology. More recently, displays using organic light emitting diode (OLED) technology have gained favor, most recently as a display component for useful devices such as mobile telephones, automobile radios, and many other consumer products. Some applications that are not display oriented have been postulated, including use as a pixilated emissive device in an additive manufacturing device. Additionally, an emissive array of pixels has been proposed for use as components for an automotive head lamp system.
More recently, emissive display system developers have demonstrated emissive displays based on backplanes driving small LEDs with a pitch between adjacent pixels of 17 micrometers (hereafter microns or μm) or less. These small LEDs are commonly termed microLEDs or μLEDs. LEDs are designed to exploit the band gap characteristic of semiconductors in which use of a suitable voltage to drive the LED will cause electrons within the LED to combine with electron holes, resulting in the release of energy in the form of photons, a feature referred to as electroluminescence. Those of skill in the art will recognize that semiconductors suitable for LED applications may include trace amounts of dopant material to facilitate the formation of electron holes.
The choice of semiconductor materials to form an LED will vary by application. In some applications for visual displays one monochrome color may be desirable, resulting in the use of a single semiconductor material for the LEDs of all pixels. In other applications, a full range of colors may be required, which will result in a requirement for three or more semiconductor materials configured to radiate, for example, red, green and blue or combinations thereof. In the case of additive manufacturing, a semiconductor material may be selected such that it emits radiation at a wavelength suitable for it to act as actinic radiation on a material used in the additive manufacturing process.
All potential variations are included within the scope of the present invention.
It is well known that LEDs made of different semiconductor materials may differ from each other in a number of important manners. First, the ideal drive voltage may differ from one material to another for various reasons. Second, the required current to reach a desired emission level may differ. For a multicolor display, it is important that the LEDs for each color be driven so that the relative intensities of the color meet the color balance desired for a display. This requirement is well known in the art although means for achieving it are variously understood.
It is well known that a preferred means for controlling the apparent intensity of an LED is pulse width modulation, also referred to as duty cycle modulation. Pulse width modulation is preferred because, as is well known in that art, voltage modulation of an LED often results in a shift in the color emitted by the LED, thereby complicating the task of maintaining color balance within the display. Such pulse width modulation necessarily requires that the rate at which pulses occur must be very rapid compared to the visual characteristics of human vision. This characteristic is typically referred to as critical flicker frequency or flicker fusion frequency. It is the frequency at which a human observer perceives a flashing light as a steady light.
As a practical matter, when gray scale is created using pulse width modulation, control of the intensity of an LED through pulse width modulation should be implemented separately from the creation of gray scale through pulse width modulation in order to ensure that full gray scale capability is retained. In that case, the pulse rate of the waveform used to create the duty cycle modulation of the LED to control the overall intensity of the LED should operate at a rate that insures that even the shortest duration gray scale modulation step receives a duty cycle "on state" during its operation. Otherwise, gray scale generation may be compromised through unintended aliasing.

Backplane suitable to form part of an emissive pixel array and system and methods of modulating same


A semiconductor device comprises a substrate. In addition, the semiconductor device comprises an active region and an isolation region. The active region is in the substrate and comprises a semiconductor material. The isolation region is also in the substrate, adjacent the active region and comprises an insulating material. The active region and isolation region form a surface having a step therein. The semiconductor further comprises a dielectric material formed over the step. The dielectric material has a dielectric constant greater than about 8.

Electronic devices including mobile and portable devices such as cell phones, personal digital assistants (PDA), digital cameras, and combinations thereof, require static random access memory (SRAM) chips with low standby power and low operating power consumption. An SRAM chip may comprise millions of SRAM cells similar to the 6T SRAM cell 100 shown in FIG. 1a. Other types of SRAM cells include four transistor (4T) SRAM cells and single transistor (1T) SRAM cells, for example. Shallow trench isolation (STI) structures are commonly used to define the active areas of and to electrically isolate SRAM cells.
However, undesired recesses known as divots may form directly adjacent transistor active areas in shallow trench isolation structures during the STI manufacturing process. The conventional STI process flow includes pad oxide and silicon nitride (SiN) deposition, active area masking, nitride/oxide etching, silicon (Si) trench etching, liner oxidation, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) oxide filling, chemical mechanical polishing (CMP), and nitride and pad oxide removal. Well known issues in conventional STI processes include divot formation (i.e., oxide recess, or FOX recesses) along STI edges. The divot at the edge of the STI is formed due to the wet dip of the pad oxide and/or sacrificial oxide by a hydrofluoric acid (HF) solution.
FIG. 1b is an overhead view of the 6T SRAM cell 100 of FIG. 1a, showing transistor gate stacks 102 crossing over divots 104 formed along the boundary 106 between active areas 108 and shallow trench isolation (STI) regions 110.
FIG. 1c is a cross-sectional view of the N2 transistor in the 6T SRAM cell 100 corresponding to the reference line X in FIG. 1b. FIG. 1c shows the gate dielectric 112 and gate electrode 114 deposited with a conformity greater than about 75%. If we do not use the word conformably deposited over divots 104. STI corners 116 in the active region 108 of the N2 transistor experience undesired current leakage. Because the gate dielectric 112 does not completely fill the divots 104, the divots 104 also comprise a portion of the gate electrode 114. The undesired extension of the gate dielectric 112 and gate electrode 114 along the sidewalls of the STI corners 116 may be a source of current leakage. Particularly, the non-planar shape of the gate dielectric 112 and gate electrode 114 at the STI corners 116 produces a concentrated electromagnetic field, thus causing STI corner current leakage. Additionally, the gate dielectric 112 experiences material stress over steps 118 in the divots 104, which may have an undesired effect on transistor power consumption.

SRAM cell having stepped boundary regions and methods of fabrication

Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company, Ltd.


Spent cooling air from the internal passage(s) in a turbine blade of a gas turbine engine are judiciously located to inject air at the pressure side of the blade in proximity to or in the gap between the tip of the blade and outer air seal to reduce leakage in the gap and improve engine performance. In one embodiment, a projection at the tip of the blade on the pressure side is utilized in combination with an angled discharge passageway and in another embodiment a pair of discharge angled passages, one interconnecting an internal passage on the pressure side and the other connecting an internal passage on the suction side of the blade is utilized. A projection at the tip adjacent the pressure side may also be incorporated in the second embodiment.

As is well known, leakage flow from the pressure side to the suction side of a turbine blade across the tip (the gap between the blade tip and the outer air seal) results in a performance loss of aircraft gas turbine engines. There has been over the years a continual effort to maintain a close clearance between the tips of an axial flow turbine blades and the outer air seal surrounding these tips for the entire operating envelope of the engine. As one skilled in the art appreciates, because the rotor has a greater mass than the engine casing, the rotor will expand and contract in response to temperature changes slower than the casing. The engine is initially designed so that the tips of the blades will not rub against the outer air seal for both transient and steady-state conditions. Hence, the gap must be sufficiently large to accommodate certain transient conditions and yet be small when the engine is operating at a steady-state condition. This presents problems since the gap is designed to obviate rubbing to accommodate the transient conditions. When the engine returns to the steady-state condition the gap is generally larger than desired unless means are taken to adjust for this problem. This problem is acerbated when an engine, particularly powering military fighter aircraft, is put through extreme transient conditions such as throttle chops, rapid re-accels and the like which require the engine case and rotor components to respond more rapidly than would otherwise be the case in a commercial airline. Presently, there are two fundamental ways in which this gap is controlled, one by an active control system and the other by a passive control system. Essentially, an active control system, sometimes referred to as active clearance control, typically relies on some external heat or cooling source and the actuation of an external control system that serves to conduct the heating or cooling from the source to the component parts in proximity to the blade so as to change their temperature in order to effectuate contractions or expansion of the involved components and hence change dimension of the gap. A passive system, on the other hand, relies on the surrounding environment to effectuate the gap closure. Examples of an active clearance control can be had by referring to U.S. Pat. No. 4,069,662, granted to Redinger et al on Jan. 24, 1978 and assigned to the assignee common to this patent application. Examples of a passive clearance control system can be had by referring to U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,575,523, granted to F. J. Gross on Apr. 20, 1971; 4,534,701 granted to G. Wisser on Aug. 13, 1985 and 4,863,348 granted to W. P. Weinhold on Sep. 5, 1989.
One method of reducing the leakage of air across the tip of the turbine is to discreetly inject the discharge air from the turbine blades internal cooling passages at judicious locations at the tip of the blade adjacent the pressure side of the blade. This serves to create a buffer zone and forms a curtain of air to effectively minimize the leakage occurring across the tip of the blade from the pressure side to the suction side.

Passive clearance system for turbine blades


Techniques are described for controlling access to an online service by a one or more authentication mechanisms based on device, browser, or location, or a combination of the three. A method comprises receiving a request to access a service, receiving, in association with the request, a first access mechanism, receiving a first and second level of authentication associated with the user requesting the service, updating authenticated-mechanism data to indicate that the first access mechanism is an authenticated access mechanism for the particular user, receiving a second request to access the service, in response to receiving a second request, determining whether the second access mechanism is an authenticated access mechanism for the particular user, upon determining that the second access mechanism is not an authenticated mechanism, requesting a second level of authentication for the particular user, otherwise granting access.

One way to restrict access to online content or services is to use username/password authentication. Username/password authentication is easily thwarted, however, when unauthorized users are told or otherwise obtain the username/password of authorized users.
In some online environments, such as online education, it is particularly important to ensure that the person using log-in credentials is the actual person that was provided those log-in credentials. For example, the integrity of tests that are administered online would be compromised if one student takes the test under another student's log-in credentials. Therefore, a need exists for an additional method of authentication that helps ensure that the person using an online service is the person that the online service believes is using the online service.

Location and device based student access control


A device for activating a rear window of a motor vehicle is provided that includes a control lever designed as a 3-point link, which is pin-jointed at one end with the rear window. The device further includes a driving link, which can be driven rotatably about a first fixed bearing, and a coupling link, which is guided pivotably about a second fixed bearing. At least the first fixed bearing is arranged on a roof element of the motor vehicle, while the control lever is coupled to the driving link and the coupling link in a restricted guidance, such that a rotation of the driving link about the first fixed bearing shifts the linking point of the control lever to the rear window substantially vertically.

In particular in the case of cabriolets, it is customary practice to activate a rear window via separate link kinematics in order, when the top is closed, to permit the vehicle interior to be ventilated by opening the rear window. A separate activation of the rear window can also ensure a space-saving packing size of the top in the open state. A cabriolet-top arrangement of this type is known, for example, from DE 199 40 796 A1.
It is furthermore known from practice, in the case of motor vehicles with a cabriolet top which is designed as a fixed top, to fold the entire top and put it away in a storage compartment arranged in the region of the C-pillar. However, it is not possible here to put away part of the top in order to ventilate the interior of the motor vehicle while simultaneously retaining the rest of the top.
It is known from practice, in addition to the top kinematics driving a foldable pivoting top, to furthermore provide supporting arrangements for the rear window, which is embedded nondetachably in the pivoting top and, in particular, is made of glass, in order to avoid the top sagging due to the weight of the rear window and in order to stabilize the rear window. These supporting arrangements are only detachable if the folding top is to be put away and do not allow any possibility of ventilating the interior of the motor vehicle.
DE 36 07 650 A1 describes a cabriolet which has a rear window which is mounted in a frame, the frame together with the rear window closing the rear window opening in a raised position or opening it up in a lowered position. The change of position of the rear window takes place either via a handle or via a worm-worm gear system, with a pair of levers being fastened at one end to an upper flange of the frame and at the other end to a joint provided on the bodywork, and a second pair of levers being fastened to a lower flange of the frame and to an installation element. The pairs of levers basically define a four-bar linkage. The frame, together with the flat window fitted into it, executes a displacement essentially along a circular radius in order to be put away in a virtually vertical storage position behind the driver's seat. In order to obtain sealing contact against the roof structure, the frame, which imparts the actual rigidity to the rear window, is provided with a heavy, strip-shaped seal which is not provided in the region of the upper edge of the rear window. There is the risk that, under the dead weight of the window and due to vibrations which occur during the course of the journey, the window will gradually shift out of its position without the handle part being actuated. In the case of a motor drive, a separate brake is to be provided for this purpose, which further increases the outlay on the retractable rear window. Furthermore, it is to be noted that the lever protrudes at least partially into the passenger compartment and therefore executes annoying movements in the driver's head region, and that, due to the manner of storing the rear window, a construction of this type is basically only suitable for a two-seater cabriolet.
DE 198 04 101 C1 describes a folding top for cabriolets, in which a rear window rests on the outer side of a cabriolet top with a frame surrounding the rear window, wherein a flap which is provided on the outer frame can assume a position which leads out vertically from the plane of the window and which can be pivoted through 90° in order to be able to be folded behind the cabriolet top parallel to the frame, and therefore to hold the window together with the frame. The window is opened by the flap being pivoted up and the window being swung open outwards through approx. 135° via a piston/cylinder unit, so that the window can be put away with its outer side flat below the boot lid. For this purpose, the boot lid first of all has to be opened, to be precise about additional hinges provided on the rear side, with the rear window having to be of essentially flat design for this purpose. The result is that the rear window in particular cannot be opened during the journey and in particular cannot be partially opened.
DE 197 53 209 C1 describes, in a theoretical manner, a rear window which can be put away and, firstly, in its closed position, is connected to the C-pillars via connecting devices and can be put away into the boot via joints. The joints may involve a four-bar linkage.
DE 196 36 209 C1 describes a folding top for a cabriolet, in which a rear window made of glass or plastic is provided in the top cloth of a rear top part which can be put away independently of a front top part into a top compartment with a lid, with the two top parts, which are movable independently of each other, being mutually secured via a releasable locking arrangement (not explained in detail). Since the two top parts are cloth tops, a locking of the linkage beyond the dead centre position is to assume, in which the internal stress of the top cloth undertakes the mutual locking.
DE 197 46 569 A1 describes a cabriolet top, the rear part of which is divided into a main frame part and a rear frame part, wherein the rear frame part can be folded down in relation to the main frame part in order to provide a space-saving arrangement in the boot. The main frame part comprises the rear window. An actuation. of the rear frame part in order to open up a window opening is not described.
DE 43 20 603 C2 describes a cabriolet, in which a flat window which can be lowered by means of a hand crank or electric motor and which can be lowered and raised in an extension of its level plane is provided in the rear region.
In all of the abovementioned means of activating a rear window of a vehicle, there is the disadvantage that a corresponding kinematic articulation system is linked to the bodywork and takes up a comparatively large amount of construction space.
DE 199 57 427 C1 describes a cabriolet top comprising a fixed top part, a fixed rear part, a top compartment for receiving the top, said top compartment being arranged in a rear region of the bodywork, and a restricted guidance for opening and closing the top. In order to open the top, initially the rear part is pivoted over the top part, the top part and the above piled rear part beeing subsequently pivotable into the top compartment. The restricted guidance comprises a singe lever between the rear part and the compartment bodywork, said lever beeing pin-jointed with the rear part at its first end via a first arcticulation joint and beeing connected with the bodywork at its second end.
DE 102 43 085 A1 describes a cabriolet top comprising a first top part being formed by a fixed roof shell, a second top part being formed by a fixed roof shell, the first top part and the second top part being each pivotable with respect to the vehicle bodywork, and a restricted guidance, the first top part and the second top part being movable by means of the restricted guidance via a common force introduction unit. The flexibility of the guided movement of the roof parts with respect to each other is noticeable increased by means of a mechanic operating control comprised by the restricted guidance, whereat the movement of the second top part can be slowed down with respect to the movement of the first top part via the operating control.
DE 103 44 679 A1 describes a hardtop vehicle roof comprising three fixed roof parts which are supported by the bodywork via an kinematic articulation system and which are adjustable between a closed position, covering the inner compartment of the vehicle, and an opened storage position. The kinematic articulation system is composed by a seven-joint linkage, which connects all three roof parts and comprises three steering joints.
The three last-mentioned publications show vehicle rear windows which are liftable in a vertical direction.
Accordingly, the invention is based on the object of providing a means of activating a rear window which is constructed in a space-saving manner and with simple means.


A method, non-transitory computer readable medium, and apparatus for detecting an object in an image are disclosed. For example, the method receives the image, calculates a score for each one of a plurality of locations in the image, performs a box plot of the score of the each one of the plurality of locations of the image, identifies an outlier score that falls outside of the box plot, determines that a distance ratio of the outlier score is less than a predefined distance ratio and detects the object in a location of the plurality of locations of the image corresponding to the outlier score.

Cities are attempting to reduce the number of cars on the road and improve commuting times by creating high occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes or high occupancy tolling (HOT) lanes. For example, certain highways may have lanes dedicated for cars carrying two or more persons or three or more persons. However, some cars having only a single person may attempt to drive in these lanes creating extra congestion, which defeats the purpose of the HOV/HOT lanes.
Currently, to enforce traffic rules associated with the HOV/HOT lanes law enforcement officers must be dispatched to a side of the HOV or HOT lanes to visually examine incoming or passing vehicles. Using law enforcement officers for counting people in cars of an HOV/HOT lane may be a poor utilization of the law enforcement officers. In other words, deploying law enforcement officers to regulate the HOV/HOT lanes is expensive and inefficient.
Some facial detection methods have attempted to automate detection of people in vehicles for the HOV or HOT lanes. However, due to varying conditions or varying image quality, the currently deployed methods may not be consistent or accurate in detecting people in a vehicle.

Method and apparatus for an adaptive threshold based object detection


A mirror tilt mechanism is provided for tilting a mirror assembly to a predetermined angle with respect to a vertical axis of the wall surface upon a relatively minor force being placed on the bottom portion of the mirror assembly. This mirror tilt mechanism includes a bracket member for mounting the mirror tilt mechanism to the wall surface and an arm member for engaging the mirror assembly to be tilted. This arm member is pivotally mounted to the bracket member such that the arm member is pivotally movable between a first position, wherein the mirror is supported in a generally vertical orientation with respect to the vertical axis of the wall surface, and a second position, wherein the mirror is supported at a predetermined angle with respect to the vertical angle of the wall surface such that the mirror is angled generally downwardly. In this manner, the mirror is "accessible" for use by handicapped individuals.

Typically, in bathrooms, mirrors are either rigidly mounted to the wall surface or contained as part of a vanity such that the mirror is fixed in a generally vertical orientation with respect to the vertical axis of the bathroom wall surface. However, with the advent of federal, state and local regulations regarding rights of the handicapped, such as the American with Disabilities Act, "accessibility" of bathroom fixtures for use by the handicapped is of great importance, especially in public settings. In lieu thereof, it has been found desirable to provide a mechanism which allows the bathroom mirror to be easily tilted at a predetermined angle generally downwardly with respect to the vertical axis of the wall surface such that it is accessible for use by handicapped individuals.
In the past, in order to provide a pivotally tiltable mirror, typically, the mirror assembly has included two knobs extending outwardly from the side edges thereof. These knobs fit into generally U-shaped slots provided at the ends of upwardly extending arms of a support assembly. In order to pivotally tilt these mirrors, either the upper or lower portion of the mirror is pushed forwardly or rearwardly to obtain the desired mirror angle. These mirrors have been found disadvantageous, especially in public places, as the pivotal angular movement of the mirror is not restricted thereby leading to potential breakage of the mirror due to accidental contact of the mirror assembly with another surface as well as inconvenience in terms of the user maintaining the mirror assembly at the desired angle. Moreover, these mirror assemblies are not practical for use in bathroom settings. It has therefore been found desirable to provide a tilting mechanism for bathroom mirrors which allow the bottom portion of the mirror to be pushed inwardly such that pivotal angular movement of the mirror is restricted to thereby minimize the possible attendant chances of mirror breakage while at the same time retaining the mirror in the proper angular position.


A broadband optical fiber network for conveying signals between subscriber locations and a head end. A coherent light source is used at the head end to generate signals for transmission to the subscriber locations. Successive groups of downstream optical transmission segments followed by optical separators or splitters carry the coherent light from the head end to the subscriber locations. Non-coherent light sources providing broadband optical signals are situated at the subscriber locations. Successive groups of upstream optical transmissions segments followed by optical combiners carry the broadband optical light signals to the head end.

The present invention relates to telecommunications networks, particularly to fiber optic transmission of broadband signals, including voice telephony, in a single network.
Such systems are rapidly being installed worldwide because of fiber optic's advantages as a transmission medium, greater bandwidth and noise characteristics, as well as cost when compared to metal conductor based media. They allow the distribution to customers of both voice grade telephony and broadband services, such as CATV over the same network infrastructure.
Examples of such systems are discussed for example in an article by Don McCullough of Broadband Technologies, Inc., Research Triangle Park, N.C., entitled The Raging Technology Debate: Hybrid Fiber/Coaxial Cable vs. Fiber to the Curb, Lightwave Magazine, July 1995, pp. 36, 39, and 41.
The network types compared by McCullough, Hybrid Fiber Coax (HFC) and Fiber to the Curb (FTTC), are alike in that they employ fiber optic transmission between a central location and an intermediate node, where signals are interconverted betweeen optical and electrical form so that further transmission to and from customers is electrical. The systems differ in the distance of fiber transmission: For HFC, the fiber transmission links extend only to nodes that serve clusters of 500 to 2500 customers, while, for FTTC, the fiber links extend further, to clusters of 8 to 24. Because of this difference, the FTTC system can employ lower-cost twisted copper pair wiring between the intermediate node and the customer, while the electrical transmission medium used in the HFC system is coaxial cable.
The networks discussed by McCullough are also alike in that separate fiber links are employed for the analog radio-frequency (RF) television signals that are broadcast to customers and for the telephony signals. The analog fiber links are unidirectional, while the telephony links are bidirectional. The telephony signals are digitally encoded and multiplexed over fiber links that include optical modulators and detectors that are more expensive than those used for analog video. For the HFC system, the digital telephony signals are also transmitted over the coaxial cable portion of the network bidirectionally by digitally-modulated RF carriers.
Another type of broadband system that combines the transmission of telephony and analog video is disclosed by Beierle et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 5,351,234. This system has a basic advantage over the systems described above in not requiring any signal processing at an intermediate node in the network. If desired, the subscriber interface unit could serve a cluster of subscribers, but it need not serve more than one.
As therein described, this system employs bidirectional transmission on coaxial cable; it uses the same analog RF modulation technique as broadcast analog video. As shown by the invention such systems may advantageously be adapted to include at the central location fiber-optic links of the sort used for video in the systems discussed by McCullough; these would of course have to be bidirectional. This adaptation would introduce an intermediate node into the network, but no telephony signalling or multiplexing function would be performed there, only simple optical amplitude modulation and demodulation. It has the advantage over the HFC systems described above in not requiring separate fiber links for telephony. The reduced complexity leads to lower cost.
Nonetheless, as telecommunications becomes more competitive, it remains important to further reduce costs, particularly in all-fiber networks.

Broad band optical fiber telecommunications network


A magnetic reading and/or recording apparatus for reading and/or recording information from/on a magnetic information track on a photosensitive medium includes a magnetic reading and/or recording element connected to an edge follower having a variable tracking position. The edge follower tracks a longitudinal edge of a moving photosensitive medium by adjusting with the photosensitive medium responsive to any departures of the photosensitive medium from a defined path to effect a constant orientation of the magnetic reading and/or recording element with respect to the longitudinal edge of the photosensitive medium. The magnetic reading and/or recording apparatus further includes a member supporting the edge follower for movement by a forward leading edge of a photosensitive medium, when the photosensitive medium enters the defined path, from a normal initial position in the defined path to the variable tracking position, to effect a proper relation between the photosensitive medium in the defined path and the edge follower in its variable tracking position.

Proper registration between a magnetic reading and/or recording element and a magnetic information track on a web can be maintained by attaching the magnetic reading and/or recording element to an edge guide which follows a longitudinal edge of the web. The leading end of the web could catch on the edge guide as the web is threaded into a magnetic reading and/or recording apparatus, thus causing the web to rip or wrinkle. This deformation to the web may reduce the accuracy of the information being recorded on or read from the magnetic information track on the web.

Web guiding device for use in a magnetic reading and/or recording apparatus


A method and system are provided for cooling a heat-exchanger in a wind turbine that has an electric generator with a cooling air flow directed therethrough. Effluent cooling air flow from the electric generator is directed into an air ejector pump and acts as motive air through the air ejector pump. Cold air is drawn into the air ejector pump by the vacuum generated by the motive air moving through the air ejector pump. The heat exchanger is disposed in-line with the cold air flow so that the cold air is drawn through the heat-exchanger, removes heat from the fluid circulated through the heat-exchanger, and becomes heated air that is combined with the motive air and discharged from the nacelle.

Generally, a wind turbine includes a tower, a nacelle mounted on the tower, and a rotor coupled to the nacelle. The rotor generally includes a rotatable hub and a plurality of rotor blades coupled to and extending outwardly from the hub. Each rotor blade may be spaced about the hub so as to facilitate rotating the rotor to enable kinetic energy to be converted into usable mechanical energy, which may then be transmitted to an electric generator disposed within the nacelle for the production of electrical energy. Typically, a gearbox is used to drive the electric generator in response to rotation of the rotor. For instance, the gearbox may be configured to convert a low speed, high torque input provided by the rotor to a high speed, low torque output that may drive the electric generator.
With the exception of certain "direct drive" wind turbine designs, modern onshore wind turbine generators generally use a heat-exchanger (also referred to as a "cooler") to cool the gear oil that circulates, lubricates, and cools the gears and bearings internal to the gearbox. The heat generated in the gearbox is roughly equivalent to the mechanical losses of the gearbox. For instance, if the gearbox is 97% efficient, 3% of its rated power is converted to heat. For a 2 MW gearbox, the heat-exchanger would need a capacity for extracting around 60 kW of heat from the oil as it passes through its core.
In order to save costs, there is a trend in the industry to utilize large, passive oil coolers mounted on the roof of the nacelle. Contrary to conventional cooler designs that utilize one or more motor driven fans to move air through its core, a passive oil cooler relies solely on the wind pressure to drive air through its core. This passive design, however, requires the cooler to have a very large cooling surface (several square meters of surface) since they solely rely on the natural airflow through their core to extract sufficient heat from the oil.
Thus, the industry would benefit from a system and method that reduces the size of the gear oil cooler without the need for a fan to draw air through the cooler, which are generally noisy, consume a considerable amount of electric power, and have the added costs of the motor, fan, shrouds, etc.

Method and system for cooling a wind turbine gearbox oil heat-exchanger


A portable thermally-controlled container system includes an outer case providing a first inner chamber and configured to have an open position and a closed position, when in the open position the outer case is configured to receive items into the first inner chamber and when in the closed position the outer case is configured to inhibit heat transfer between the first inner chamber and a region external to the outer case, and an inner case configured to fit in the chamber provided by the outer case, the inner case including a first thermally-reflective layer and a first insulation layer disposed inwardly of the first thermally-reflective layer, the inner case providing a second inner chamber disposed inwardly of the first insulation layer.

Thermal controlled packaging can be utilized to store and transport materials while maintaining the materials within a desired temperature range. Various temperature conditions may affect the materials, e.g., the performance characteristics of the materials transported and the packaging preferably inhibits the outside conditions' effects upon the materials within the package. Packages may be subject to freezing and elevated temperatures during transport, e.g., through different global regions by both surface and air carriers. Transport temperatures may vary by 30° F. or more. It has been suggested to assume a transport temperature test profile range for varying ambient temperatures for refrigerated transport from about 70° F. to about 100° F., although other temperature profiles have been noted for temperature controlled packaging tests.
Many products are tested and labeled by the manufacturer with recommended storage and transport temperatures. In some instances, temperature-sensitive material can be stored frozen to preserve the material and extend the product life for an extended period of time. It has become more common in the pharmaceutical marketplace to transport and/or store medications at refrigerated temperatures, e.g., from manufacturer's distribution to vendors, during pharmacy and patient transport, etc. Temperature-sensitive products intended for storage may be in liquid or solid form and the manufacturer and/or distributor are typically responsible for the transport temperature ranges specified for the product (e.g., drug) stability and use.
For pharmaceuticals, preferred refrigerated temperatures are typically in the range of about 36° F. to about 46° F. (about 3° C. to about 8° C.) and commonly in the range of about 32° F. to about 46° F. (about 0° C. to about 8° C.), where manufacturers recommend storage without freezing. Temperatures above about 46° F. can spoil the pharmaceutical and/or significantly impair the effectiveness of the pharmaceutical. Temperatures less than 32° F. can cause some pharmaceuticals to freeze, and can spoil the pharmaceutical and/or significantly impairing its effectiveness. Indeed, many manufacturer specifications instruct not to allow the temperature of the product to fall below 32° F. Pharmaceutical manufacturers and international committees such as HACCP/Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point, FDA and IHC International Committee for Harmonization work with standards for transporting vaccines and medicines, requiring them to maintain a refrigerated temperature during transport and in many cases recommending that the materials not freeze. Temperature ranges have been suggested for general storage (between about 25° C.+/−2° C.), for refrigerated storage (5° C.+/−3° C.), and for freezer storage (−20° C.+/−5° C.). Refrigeration is commonly used to prevent products from being spoiled or to avoid potential performance issues with the products as specified by the manufacturers, regulatory agencies (e.g., FDA), and/or other entities. Some manufacturer recommendations have been noted in the general use and storage specifications not to freeze the drug and to store drugs (e.g., human growth hormone drugs, insulin vials) at a refrigerated temperature between 0° C. and 8° C.
Various devices may be used to store products at refrigerated temperatures. Some devices may use a refrigerator unit that requires electricity and a pump that can be both costly and inefficient, requiring a constant power source to operate effectively. Other devices using an ice or gel pack have been noted to have a tradeoff between portability and transportation time. Devices using apparatus to generate thermal energy to provide a temporary source of cooling (e.g., gel, ice packs, and dry ice) or a continuous source of cooling (e.g., refrigeration means powered by electricity) commonly use insulation to reduce heat transfer and improve overall product efficiency.
Temperature-controlled storage devices used for food and beverage products typically have a range of safe storage temperatures from 32-100° F. A change in temperature may not have an effect on the performance or quality of the stored product if it is cycled from a low temperature point to a high temperature point, e.g., due to changes in outside ambient conditions. These types of products may be refrigerated for consumer appeal, and/or to inhibit spoiling (e.g., of milk) if exposed to higher ambient temperature conditions. Medications and other healthcare products can be more sensitive to temperature changes, and temperature changes may affect critical performance characteristics of medications.
Temperature controlled packaging, sometimes referred to as thermal transport devices, have been developed in both a rigid and semi rigid structures. These structures provide barriers or insulation layers to reduce the effects that outside ambient temperatures may have on contents of internal compartments of the devices. The amounts of insulation thickness, material cost and desired insulation performance are common factors considered in designing an insulated package. Increasing insulation thickness may improve the thermal insulation factor to a certain degree, but also can make transport devices more costly and bulky for transportation. Devices used to transport refrigerated medications are more commonly found in rigid materials. Examples of rigid materials blow molded or roto-molded containers that are filled with insulation material or air evacuated to form a vacuum.
Soft-sided coolers are commonly designed with a resilient exterior casing material, a foam insulation barrier and a water resistant inner liner to hold or store ice and/or other cooling products. These devices typically have a limited capacity to cool in higher or elevated ambient temperatures and can be inefficient to provide a stable temperature controlled environment. Thermoelectric coolers use a power source and other electronic components to maintain a refrigerated temperature and sometimes can be quite costly compared to a soft-sided case with re-usable thermal cooling packs. Thermal insulation is one important design factor in the design of a insulated package where heat (Q, SI unit is Joule) is the amount of thermal energy transferred from one object to another due to temperature differences (in thermodynamics heat flows from a hot to a cold body). Heat can be determined according to:Q=mcΔT where m is mass in kg, c is specific heat of the material, and ΔT=Tf−Ti in ° C. (i.e., change in temperature T is the difference between the final temperature and the initial temperature). This formula can be used to calculate the transfer of heat flow from outside ambient temperature conditions, and the heat loss of thermal cooling element to the system or device. The specific heat of water is very high—higher than ice and steam. Water has a very high specific heat, meaning that it heats slowly and cools slowly. The specific heat of a material provides information about how the material heats and cools.
It is not uncommon for patients or doctors to travel for several hours and have a need for a pharmaceutical that needs to be refrigerated until it is administered. Further, products frequently need to be shipped to remote locations that require constant refrigeration with no power source or electricity available. For short travel times of a few hours, materials such as pharmaceuticals can be transported with existing devices, e.g., in a cooler with ice. Coolers or refrigeration units are typically designed for general use and driven by manufacturing costs without needing a controlled temperature range. Environmental chambers can offer a controlled temperature environment but are costly and difficult to transport. Medical or patient transport cases are typically limited to specific uses and may require custom designs to accommodate the manufacturer's recommended storage temperatures. Some transport devices are made of Styrofoam materials with multiple layers of foam and are quite bulky and possibly unsafe, some containing dry ice as the cooling agent. For travel times longer than a few hours, temperature-sensitive materials such as pharmaceutical typically needs to be obtained at the destination location, with the temperature-sensitive material being stored and refrigerated at the destination. Thus, often patients are restricted to travel due to their health conditions and the medications they are prescribed and the availability of those medications.


To prevent a defective fusing from occurring, a fusing member has a roller; a fusing belt heated and rendered to drive along a circumference of the roller; a pressure member disposed outside the fusing belt and rendered in pressurized contact with the roller through the fusing belt; and a pushing member disposed inside the fusing belt, as arranged together with and at an upstream side from the roller in a driving direction of the fusing belt, and rendered in pressurized contact with the pressure member through the fusing belt. The fusing belt and the pressure member compose a contact area for allowing a recording medium to pass through. The pushing member is disposed inside the fusing belt as arranged together with and on an upstream side with respect to the roller in a driving direction of the fusing belt, so that the contact becomes wider.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a fusing device.
2. Description of Related Art
A fusing device in an image forming apparatus such as, e.g., a printer, a photocopier, a printing apparatus, or the like, for example, a fusing device of a printer, conventionally has a fusing roller installed inside with a heating source, and a pressure roller driven to rotate in pressurized contact with the fusing roller, and in such a fusing device, a sheet carrying a toner image not yet fused is transmitted to a nipping area formed between the fusing roller and the pressure roller to fuse the toner image onto the sheet at the nipping area.
Where the fusing device of this heating roller type is applied to a multicolor printer, a predetermined thermal amount is required to fuse the toner image, and because the toner images in multiple colors need to be overlaid on the sheet to form the multicolored image, a required thermal amount undesirably increases by that much. Furthermore, where the fusing device of the heating roller type is applied to a high speed printer, since the toner image is fused at a high speed, a required thermal amount per unit time further increases compared with a case where the toner image is fused at a low speed.
The thermal amount required for fusing toner image is generally determined by a power (watt=the thermal amount/time) of the heating source at the nipping area as well as each factor such as a nipping width and duration of pressurized contact. Therefore, to increase the thermal amount given to the toner image, it is required to increase the power of the heating source, to widen the nipping width, or to lengthen the duration of pressurized contact. Furthermore, to fuse the toner image at high speed, it is required to increase the power of the heating source or to widen the nipping width by an amount corresponding to shortening of time.
To increase the power of the heating source, it is required to enhance thermal resistance of constructional components of the fusing device or to reduce power consumption thereof, and when the multicolored toner images are fused at high speed, it becomes important to widen the nipping width.
To fuse the multicolored images at a high speed, a fusing device of a belt type has been provided in which a fusing belt is used to wide the nipping width (ref., e.g., Japanese Patent Application Publication No. JA-H11-282,293).
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view showing a conventional fusing device of a belt type, and FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of a conventional fusing belt.
In FIG. 2, numeral 11 is a heating roller rendered to rotate in a direction of arrow H; numeral 13 is a fusing belt; numeral 14 is a fusing roller rendered to rotate in a direction of arrow G; and numeral 15 is a pressure roller rendered to rotate in an direction of arrow K The fusing belt 13 is arranged as tensioned between the heating roller 11 and the fusing roller 14, and driven in a direction of arrow J. The pressure roller 15 is urged with a spring 19 and made in pressurized contact with the fusing roller 14 through the fusing belt 13, and a prescribed nipping area n is formed between the fusing belt 13 and the pressure roller 15. A sheet 22 is conveyed in a direction of arrow S, transmitted to the nipping area n, and nipped between the fusing roller 14 and the pressure roller 15 through the fusing belt 13 at the nipping area n. The heating roller 11 is urged with a spring 21 in the direction opposite to the fusing roller 14 to render the fusing belt 13 tensioned.
The heating roller 11 has inside a heater 12 such as, e.g., a halogen lamp and heats the fusing belt 13. To heat the fusing belt 13 effectively, the heating roller 11 is formed of a metal having a high thermal conductivity, such as, e.g., aluminum, iron, or the like.
The fusing belt 13 provides the heat received through the heating roller 11 for the toner image 20 at the nipping area n, thereby fusing the toner image 20 formed on the sheet 22 onto the sheet 22.
As shown in FIG. 3, the fusing belt 13 is composed of an external layer 13a, an intermediate layer 13b, and an internal layer 13c, in which the external layer 13a is made of a resin having a high mold releasing property, such as, e.g., a perfluoroalkylvinylether copolymer resin (hereinafter referred to as a "PFA"), and suppresses adherence of toners to the fusing belt 13. Furthermore, the intermediate layer 13b is made of a resin having an elasticity, such as, e.g., silicone rubber, while the internal layer 13c is made of material having a rigidity as well as a thermal resistance, such as a metal, e.g., nickel, stainless steel, etc., or such as a resin, e.g., polyimide, etc. and is thinned to obtain flexibility, for example, to have a thickness of 30 to 50 microns in a case of a metal or to have a 50 to 100 microns in a case of a resin.
The fusing roller 14 is provided with a core metal 14b made of a metal such as, e.g., aluminum, iron, or the like, and an elastic layer 14a made of silicone rubber in a form of sponge, or the like, formed on a surface of the core metal 14b. The elastic layer 14a is rendered in a sponge form to take air inside, thereby having thermal insulation property to suppress an increase in temperature of the fusing belt 13, as well as enlarging the nipping area n. The elastic layer 14a furthermore pushes uniformly toner layers having different colors and thicknesses respectively, composing the multicolored toner image 20 when fusing the multicolored toner image 20.
The pressure roller 15 is provided with a core metal 15b composed of a tube of a metal, e.g., aluminum, iron, or the like, and an elastic layer 15a made of silicone rubber or the like, formed on a surface of the core metal 15b, and has inside a heater 16 such as, e.g., the halogen lamp. The elastic layer 15a pushes uniformly the fused toner layers having different thicknesses respectively at a time of double side printing.
Numeral 17 is a separation piece disposed as in contact with the fusing belt 13, and the separation piece 17 separates the sheet 22 from the fusing belt 13 in a case where the sheet 22 to be delivered from the nipping area n in a direction of arrow E wrapps around the fusing belt 13.
Operation of the fusing device thus structured is explained next.
The heaters 12, 16 are first rendered to generate heats to heat the heating roller 11 and the pressure roller 15. Next, the fusing roller 14 is rotated in the direction of the arrow G by driving a motor, not shown, so that the fusing belt 13 is driven to move in the direction of the arrow J in accordance with the fusing roller 14; the heating roller 11 is driven to rotate in the direction of the arrow H in accordance with the fusing belt 13; and the pressure roller 15 is driven to rotate in the direction of the arrow K in accordance with the fusing belt 13.
When the temperature of the fusing belt 13 heated with the heating roller 11 and the pressure roller 15 reaches the set fusing temperature, the sheet 22 is conveyed in the direction of the arrow S to fuse the toner image 20 onto the sheet 22 at the nipping area n, and subsequently the sheet 22 is delivered in the direction of the arrow E. It is to be noted that where the sheet 22 wraps around the fusing belt 13, the separation piece 17 separates the sheet 22 from the fusing belt 13.
In the meantime, a pressingly deformed amount of the elastic layer 14a of the fusing roller 14 needs to be increased to widen the nipping width at the nipping area n.
Therefore, the thickness of the elastic layer 14a is made thicker while urging force for rendering the pressure roller 15 in pressurized contact with the fusing roller 12 is made greater with the spring 19.
With the conventional fusing device, however, in a case of a small diameter of the fusing roller 14, the fusing roller 14 bends, thereby causing a difference in the nipping width between a central portion and opposite ends in a longitudinal direction of the fusing roller 14, so that defective fusing comes to easily occur.
It is conceivable to reduce hardness of the elastic layer 14a to widen the nipping width by that much, however, in that case it become impossible to pressure sufficiently the toner image 20 in which the toner layers are overlaid, so that the defective fusing easily occurs as well.
It is an object of this invention to solve the problems on the conventional fusing device as described above, and to provide a fusing roller capable of preventing occurrence of defective fusing.

Fusing device having a pressure member, pushing member fusing belt and roller


Injection devices are provided for injecting additives into a refrigeration or air conditioning systems, which include a tubular element defining an inner chamber, the inner chamber having a volume at least equal to the volume of the quantity of additive to be injected. An inlet fitting is attached to a first end of the tubular element; an outlet fitting is attached to a second end of the tubular element. The devices are also provided with an additive inlet port, distinct from the inlet and outlet ducts, fluidically communicating with the inner chamber and configured for removable connection to an additive injection device. The inlet port is engaged by a one-way valve suitable for allowing the passage of the additive only from the injection device to the inner chamber. Kits and methods are also provided.

Devices for injecting a predetermined quantity of a fluorescent tracer and/or a lubricant into a pressurised system are already known of.
For example, these devices usually comprise a cartridge containing the additive to be injected into the system and having an outlet nozzle and a plunger inserted slidingly into the cartridge and suitable to make the additive come out of the cartridge.
In some embodiments, known for example from U.S. Pat. No. 6,164,348, the outlet nozzle of the cartridge is connected to the end of a hose. The other end of the hose is suitable to be connected to a service valve of the pressurised refrigeration or air conditioning system.
In other embodiments, known for example from EP2918987A1, the outlet nozzle of the cartridge can be directly connected to the service valve of the pressurised refrigeration or air conditioning system.
In any case, to inject the additive into the pressurised circuit of the refrigeration or air conditioning system a certain force must be exerted on the plunger of the cartridge so as to overcome the pressure present in the circuit. To facilitate this operation plunger actuation devices have been proposed, of the pistol type, which are however still manually operated.
To obviate the need to exert a manual force to inject the additive by overcoming the pressure present in the pressurised circuit, an injection device consisting of a tube already filled by the supplier of the additive with a predetermined quantity of additive has also been proposed. The tube is fitted at one end with a connection fitting to the refrigeration or air conditioning system and at the other end with a connection fitting to a supply pipe of the gas used by the refrigeration or air conditioning system, coming from a tank, such as a cylinder.
This way, when the injection device is connected to the supply pipe and the service valve of the system, and the delivery of gas from the tank is enabled, it is the pressure of the gas in the tank, higher than the gas in the system, which pushes the additive into the circuit of the system. No manual action by the user is therefore required, except that of connecting the injection device to the dispensing tube and to the system.
Such embodiment of the injection device has however the disadvantage of supplying a pre-determined quantity of additive. In some situations, such amount of additive may be insufficient or excessive. In any case, once the additive has been dispensed, the injection device is no longer usable and must therefore be disposed of. To make further injections of additive new injection devices are therefore necessary.

Injection devices for injecting additives


A hybridization method of Sinocyclocheilus grahami and carp, which comprises parent fish cultivation, artificial insemination, fish egg incubating and fry feeding, strictly controls environmental parameters and feed types of parent fish cultivation, simulates good living conditions for S. grahami and carp, is beneficial for wild S. grahami and carp to adapt to the artificial breeding environment quickly, realizes natural spermatogenesis and oviposition in artificial environment without using the oxytocin, and provides sperm and eggs both in quality and quantity for artificial hybridization. At the same time, the key parameters during incubation (including incubating water level, water temperature, water flow velocity, pH, dissolved oxygen and sterilization of fertilized eggs, etc.) are also defined to provide suitable environmental conditions for the successful incubation of fertilized eggs.

Sinocyclocheilus grahami belongs to Cypriniforms, Cyprinidae, Barbinae and Sinocyclocheilus, also known as the golden thread fish. The S. grahami has the characteristics of tender meat and delicious taste, and has the efficiency of nourishing yin and regulating vital energy, warming kidney and replenishing essence. Its value has long been recorded in "Da Ming Yi Tong Zhi" and has a long-standing reputation. The S. grahami, together with Cyprinus pellegrini, Schizothorax taliensis and Anabarilius grahami, are listed as "the four famous fishes in Yunnan", and the S. grahami tops the list. S. grahami is rich in DHA, which is 7 times that of grass carp and 2.4 times that of crucian carp, and has the highest DHA among freshwater fish.
Carp is a common aquaculture fish, which is widely cultivated in various types of water because of its high adaptability to the environment. However, the fish quality of carp is far less than that of S. grahami, while the growth speed and tolerance to the environment of S. grahami are not as good as those of carp.
Compared with terrestrial animals, the breeding history of fish is very short. Although the selective breeding of ornamental fish has a long history in China, it was not until 1970s that scientific and systematic research on genetic breeding began to follow the genetic breeding of terrestrial domestic animals. With the continuous development and innovation of modern genetics and biotechnology, a series of breeding techniques, including selective breeding, cross breeding, gynogenesis, sex control breeding, polyploid breeding, whole genome selective breeding, etc., have been established and applied to fish genetic breeding practice. By 2018, 102 new national fish varieties developed by genetic breeding technology in China have been approved, including 46 hybrids, accounting for 45% of the total.
Hybridization is an effective method to prevent degradation of varieties and create excellent varieties, which can be divided into close hybridization and distant hybridization. Close hybridization refers to the hybridization between individuals of different strains and varieties within the same species, and distant hybridization refers to the hybridization between two species whose genetic relationship is between or above species, which can combine the genomes of different species together, and make the hybrid offspring significantly change in phenotype and genotype. Among 46 new hybrid fish varieties, most of them are close hybridization, and the interspecific distant hybridization mainly occurs in Carassius, Cyprinus, Channa and Siniperca. The cross-genus distant hybridization include carp-crucian hybridization and megalobrama amblycephala-culter alburnus hybridization, and the cross-subfamily distant hybridization is more rare, with only one kind of bream hybrid fish, which is a hybridization between culterinae and xenocyprininae. Compared with the other subfamily, the genetic relationship between culterinae and xenocyprininae is relatively close, so the hybridizing difficulty between the two species is high, and there is no research report on the hybridbreeding of the barbinae (Sinocyclocheilus) and the cyprininae (Cyprinus) with a relatively distant relationship.

KUNMING INSTITUTE OF ZOOLOGY, CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES