A portable terminal device, which employs a display unit utilizing a holographic screen, a main housing, a holographic screen, and an optical system. The holographic screen is disposed at a predetermined portion of the main housing while being exposed to an exterior of the main housing. The holographic screen optically displays information by means of image-light which is projected to the holographic screen. The optical system is spaced apart from the holographic screen and provides the holographic screen with the image-light.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a portable terminal device such as a cellular phone, a digital phone, a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), a Hand Held Phone (HHP), a notebook computer, a Palm PC, or a Tablet computer, which necessarily requires a data display unit, and more particularly to a portable terminal device, which employs a display unit utilizing holographic technology.
2. Description of the Related Art
In general, a portable terminal device is a portable device which performs wireless communication with a base station, thereby enabling a user of the device to communicate with another person. Portable terminal devices can be classified into various types according their shapes or functions, or the locations of the human body at which they are carried. According to their shapes, the portable terminal devices may be classified into portable terminal devices of the bar type, flip type, folder type, flip-up type, and folder type usable for both PDA and mobile phone. Further, according to their functions, the portable terminal devices may be classified into devices for voice communication, image communication, Internet surfing, Internet games, and chatting. Further, according to the locations of the human body at which they are carried, the portable terminal devices may be classified into around-the neck types, around-the wrist types, and in-the-pocket types.
All the portable terminal devices as described above must have an antenna, a data input/output means, and a data transmission/reception means, in order to perform the communication function. In general, a keypad or a touch sensitive panel is employed as the data input means. In this case, a user can input data by pressing desired keys among a plurality of keys arranged on the keypad or by touching the touch sensitive panel. As the data output means, a display unit such as an LCD module is generally used. Further, the data transmission/reception means generally includes a microphone and a speaker.
Existing portable terminal devices generally employ a display system known as an LCD which stands for a liquid crystal display, in order to optically display various data or information. In a typical LCD, a liquid crystal layer is sandwiched between two transparent glass plates, and polarizer plates are each attached to each outer surface of the upper and lower transparent glass plates. Further, a reflection sheet may be attached to the bottom of the lower polarizer plate. An LCD provided with the reflection sheet is called a reflection LCD, while an LCD provided with no reflection sheet is called a projection LCD. The construction of the existing LCD as described above can be easily understood by those related in the art.
However, the conventional LCD which has been widely used as a display system in the prior art is relatively wide and thick, which impose restrictions on the size-reduction of a portable terminal device. Especially, in the case where the LCD and a main printed circuit board mounting various circuit elements thereon are mounted to different housings such as a terminal housing and a folder housing, a portable terminal device must inevitably employ electric wires or flexible printed circuit board (FPCB) capable of establishing electric connection between the LCD and the main printed circuit board, thereby enabling signal transmission between the LCD and the main printed circuit board. In this case, the electric connection as described above may be easily broken when the portable terminal device is dropped or impacted. Moreover, since rotational force is usually applied to the connection elements, the breaking of electric connection as described above is a severe problem in the existing portable terminal device.

Portable terminal device having a display unit utilizing a holographic screen


Systems, methods, and devices are described herein for integrated circuit (IC) layout validation. A plurality of IC patterns are collected which include a first set of patterns capable of being manufactured and a second set of patterns incapable of being manufactured. A machine learning model is trained using the plurality of IC patterns. The machine learning model generates a prediction model for validating IC layouts. The prediction model receives data including a set of test patterns comprising scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of IC patterns. Design violations associated with an IC layout are determined based on the SEM images and the plurality of IC patterns. A summary of the design violations is provided for further characterization of the IC layout.

Integrated circuits (ICs) are manufactured using a number of machines and/or automated manufacturing processes. IC layouts define the design of the IC. At times, a designed IC may not comply with the design requirements. Checking or validating that the designed IC layout complies with design requirements can help avoid manufacturing and/or operational issues. The more intricate of a design, the more difficult it becomes to validate the designed IC layout.

Integrated circuit layout validation using machine learning

Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company Limited


A flat panel display device includes a pixel unit having scan-lines, data-lines, and first through third pixels that are coupled to the scan-lines and the data-lines, a scan driver that applies a scan signal to the pixel unit, a data driver that selectively applies a first data signal, a second data signal, a third data signal, and an initialization signal to the pixel unit, a demultiplexing unit having at least one demultiplexer that applies the first data signal, the second data signal, and the third data signal to the first pixels, the second pixels, and the third pixels, respectively, and that simultaneously applies the initialization signal to the first through third pixels, and a timing control unit that controls the scan driver, the data driver, and the demultiplexing unit.

1. Field of the Invention
Example embodiments relate generally to a flat panel display device. More particularly, embodiments of the inventive concept relate to a flat panel display device having a demultiplexing unit that performs a demultiplexing operation on combined signals (i.e., a data signal) output from a data driver.
2. Description of the Related Art
Instead of a cathode-ray tube (CRT) display device, a flat panel display device has been widely used as a display device of an electronic device. For example, the flat panel display device includes an organic light emitting display (OLED) device, a liquid crystal display (LCD) device, a plasma display panel (PDP) device, etc.
The organic light emitting display device displays an image using an organic light emitting diode that emits light. Thus, the organic light emitting display device is manufactured in a thinner shape because the organic light emitting display device do not include an additional light source unlike the liquid crystal display device. In addition, the organic light emitting display device has advantages of low power consumption, high luminance, fast response speed, etc., compared to the liquid crystal display device.
Generally, pixels of the flat panel display device are coupled to data-lines for applying a data signal to the pixels, and to scan-lines for applying a scan signal to the pixels. In the flat panel display device, respective pixels coupled to one data-line are coupled to different scan-lines, and respective pixels coupled to one scan-line are coupled to different data-lines.
Thus, increasing a quantity of the pixels to increase a resolution of the flat panel display device may result in increasing a quantity of the data-lines and/or a quantity of the scan-lines. As a result, a manufacturing cost of the flat panel display device may increase because a quantity of circuits included in a data driver that generates and outputs the data signal increases when a quantity of the data-lines increases.
To solve these problems, a demultiplexing-technique for reducing a quantity of circuits included in the data driver has been suggested. According to the demultiplexing-technique, a demultiplexing unit (i.e., includes at least one demultiplexer (DEMUX)) performs a demultiplexing operation on the data signal having combined signals, and then sequentially applying the combined signals to the data-lines.
Generally, in order to prevent, during a current horizontal period, a distortion of the data signal due to an influence of the data signal that is applied via the data-lines during a previous horizontal period, the multiplexing unit performs the demultiplexing operation by dividing one horizontal period into a first period during which the data signal is applied to the data-lines, and a second period during which the data signal applied to the data-lines is applied to the pixels as the scan signal is applied to the pixels.
However, one horizontal period decreases as a resolution of the flat panel display device increases. That is, a period during which the scan signal is applied to the pixels decreases in one horizontal period as the resolution of the flat panel display device increases. Particularly, when the flat panel display device includes a compensating circuit that compensates a threshold voltage in the period during which the scan signal is applied to the pixels in order to prevent an image-quality degradation of respective pixels, a Mura phenomenon may occur because the threshold voltage cannot be properly compensated as the period during which the scan signal is applied to the pixels decreases.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Flat panel display device controlling initialization of data lines supplied to a pixel unit

Samsung-ro, Giheung-Gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do


The chalk line attachment clamp is a new approach to snapping a chalk line on a flat surface such as plywood, sheetrock and other construction materials. It holds the chalk line at the specific desired location and allows one person to make an accurate straight line to cut the flat surface material at any angle, thereby saving man-hours at the same time improving the accuracy of the saw cut to allow a better fitting of the parts being cut and improving the quality of the assembled project. The old method of requiring one worker at each end of the chalk line is no longer necessary. It will not be required to damage the material by driving a nail into the material to hold a chalk line in place.

The idea of this tool came to us out of pure necessity. In the twenty odd years of framing, I have always run into the same problem when cutting plywood at angles. The problem was making an accurate angle line mark without the help of either a nail or another person. I have tried many methods, but was not pleased with the results and came to the conclusion that I had to invent something to solve that problem. Other ways of marking plywood would be a straight edge, but more often than not, the straight edge would either be too long or too short. If it was too long when the line was marked, the straight edge would move or plywood would move. If it was too short, well, it just wouldn't reach from one end to the other. I tried clamping the line to the plywood. Since I would have to roll the line on the plywood, it created other problems: (a) it would not be accurate. (b) it would slip off the clamp. A nail would split the material and it too, was inaccurate and cause the line to have a tendency to run down the edge of the plywood on steeper angles.

Chalk line or string attachment clamp for marking lines (straight angled or radius) on flat surfaces


Shaped articles having a substrate of a degradable synthetic polymeric material and a discontinuous liquid repellant hydrophobic and/or oleophobic surface layer.

This invention relates to articles fabricated from synthetic degradable polymeric materials comprising a substrate containing a degradable polymer, at least one surface of which is coated with a discontinuous layer of a repellant material.
Until recently, most polylactide processes have produced polymers that were very expensive. Because of the high price of these polylactic acid (PLA) polymers, their uses have been limited to very high value uses. Consequently, despite the recognized valuable properties of polylactic acid polymers their usage remains limited.


The present invention is directed towards a portable, activity center for providing educational and entertaining toys to children; particularly towards an activity center that releasably attaches to an adult's forearm such that the free arm of the adult securely holds the child such that the child is able to safely interact with the activity center; most particularly an activity center including a rigid support member wherein one end thereof is releasably mounted to an adult's upper forearm and the opposite end can be releasably mounted to the lower forearm, gripped by the hand or attached to a stationary object.

It is generally accepted that exposure to a multitude of visual, audio and physical stimuli during the early stages of development can enhance the learning capability of a child throughout life. Thus, numerous activity centers have been developed in order to stimulate and sharpen a developing child's physical and cognitive capacities. Typically these activity centers provide a variety of toys for visual and physical interaction specifically designed to hone the child's hand-eye coordination, range of motion, familiarity with animals, shapes, alphabet characters, numbers, and the like.
When not sleeping, small children often become easily bored or restless during lengthy plane or vehicle rides. Thus, many activity centers have been made portable and readily attach to various objects such as strollers, child carriers, car-seats, cribs, and the like to entertain and/or educate the child during such instances. However, none of the prior art teaches or suggests attachment of activity centers to the caregiver such that the child is entertained and learning while being safely held by or in close proximity to an adult. This arrangement can be especially advantageous in situations where an adult must hold the child on their lap or in close quarters for extended periods of time, such as on a plane, automobile car seat, train, boat, in a restaurant, and the like.


A method of storing surplus ADSS cable includes steps of laying out a length of cable along an aerial route defined by a series of poles and forming loops of surplus cable at occasional poles. The cable is raised to a predetermined installation height at each pole. Two dead-ends at the pole secure the ends of the loop so that the loop is substantially free of tension. The center of the loop is raised and secured to the pole while maintaining the minimum bend radius, thus forming two bights in the loop. A bend radius protector is installed in each of the bights to protect the cable. Each bend radius protector is suspended from a cable protecting sleeve placed over the taut cable, so that the cable is not damaged. An apparatus for practicing the method is also disclosed.

This invention relates to the art of data transmission and more particularly to a method and apparatus for storing surplus ADSS cable along an aerial route. ADSS is an acronym for "all-dielectric self-supporting". Such cable has a strong non-metallic sheath which supports the optical fibers making up the cable. ADSS cable may also have a reinforcing strand at its core. All-dielectric cable has the advantage that it can be used in close proximity to electrical power lines, whereas conventional communications cable are required to be run in a separate zone, usually at least forty inches below the power cables.
Optical cable is vulnerable to damage (fiber breakage) from bending and twisting, and performs best when sag and twisting are minimized. Cable manufacturers specify a minimum bend radius which must be strictly observed to avoid fiber damage. Currently, as a rule of thumb, the bend radius cannot be less than ten times the cable diameter for an unstressed cable, fifteen times the diameter for a stressed cable. This rule of thumb may change as cable construction changes; the trend appears to be toward cables having smaller minimum bend radii. In any event, devices used to store surplus cable, must protect the cable from bending too sharply, that is, at less than the specified minimum bend radius.
Fiber optic cable is typically installed on aerial routes in very long lengths so as to minimize the number of splices, each of which degrades optical signals. To allow for rerouting, such as pole movement, and for repairs, it is important to provide slack in the form of surplus lengths of cable at intervals along the route, so that entire long lengths of cable do not have to be taken down when minor repair or rerouting is required. The more frequent the storage interval, the less the probable length of cable which must be rehung if rerouting is necessary. The surplus cable may be stored either below ground, or along the aerial route.
In the underground storage method, the cable is routed from its aerial attachment location down a pole and into an underground enclosure. The cable is coiled within the enclosure, and then routed back up the pole to continue along the main cable route. This method is presently the predominantly accepted method for storing surplus ADSS cable, but it is has several disadvantages.
First, underground storage requires an expensive, watertight, underground enclosure and necessitates the expense of excavation. Moreover, an unobstructed excavation site is not always available at the exact pole location where the cable must be stored.
Second, an enclosure sometimes does not provide sufficient space to store the required length of cable in a manner that renders the cable easy to access and manage when access is necessary. If the pole has to be relocated subsequently, there is an additional moving expense of excavation at the new pole site to install the container.
Third, the fact that the cable must be routed up and down the pole from the aerial attachment location to the underground enclosure makes the cable vulnerable to damage from collisions (e.g., auto accidents, being struck by mowers, etc.) and from vandalism. Any such damage to ADSS cable would require potentially extensive and costly cable replacement attended by unacceptable loss of service. Clearly, an aerial method of storing ADSS cable would avoid the drawbacks of the underground storage method just described.
For aerial storage, it has been proposed to run surplus optical cable around snowshoe or teardrop shaped devices to avoid overbending. Prior U.S. Pat. No. 5,092,663 (Hivner) and 5,408,517 (Kaplan) exemplify prior devices. These devices, however, were designed for pre-ADSS fiber optic cable, which does not have sufficient strength to support itself, and must be lashed to or otherwise supported from a steel or metallic messenger cable. While prior inventions are acceptable for storing messenger-supported fiber optic cable, no provision has been offered which would make such inventions suitable for use with ADSS cable, which must be protected at all times not only from overbending, but also from incidental contact and abrasion.
In the installation of messenger-supported fiber optic cable, attachments of any necessary hardware such as that described in the patents mentioned above may be made directly to the steel messenger cable without any danger of damaging the fiber optic cable. In the case of ADSS cable, however, the supporting member is the outer sheath of the cable, which is subject to possible damage if any attachment which is not properly designed is made directly to the cable.
A problem related to that of surplus cable storage is that of supporting splices between cables. Splicing is usually done at ground level in a truck or trailer containing special splicing apparatus. Therefore, enough excess cable must be provided at the splice so that it can reach the ground. Additionally, once the splice has been made, it is secured in a box known as a "splice closure", which may weigh as much as 35 pounds. Because of their weight, such closures have been mounted on the pole in the past, but this creates a confusion of cables near the pole, where they might be damaged, and without any guarantee of minimum bend radius protection. It would be better to support the splice box from the cable, if one could avoid injuring the cable.

Method and apparatus for storing surplus ADSS cable


In a differential global positioning system that includes one or more base stations and rover units, a system and method for including a radio modem transceiver in the rover units, and packaging several components, including the transceiver and a radio antenna in a single package, and possibly including re-chargeable batteries, a GPS receiver, and a GPS antenna in the package, to reduce the number of external electrical connections. Several of the components may be packaged into a survey range pole. GPS satellite correction information is transmitted from a base station in response to a request transmitted from the rover unit by means of the radio modem transceiver. Automatic channel selection is performed by the base stations to select a channel having low communication traffic. The rover units scan the available channels for valid GPS correction information and, in the event that more than one such channel is located, select the channel with the strongest signal.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to an improved system and method of using corrected signals from a Global Positioning System to perform precision surveying.
2. Discussion of the Prior Art
U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,519,620 and 5,602,741 describe some prior art Global Positioning systems. The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based system that provides users with real-time position information originally intended for navigational purposes. This system is comprised of a constellation of 24 satellites with sufficient redundancy such that about 6 satellites are typically visible to users at any time or location on the planet. Transmissions from at least 4 satellites must be received in order for users to fix the latitude, longitude and elevation of their position. These satellites were launched by the United States Government Department of Defense. For national security reasons, the government purposely prevents commercial users of the system from attaining the same level of positional accuracy that government users can achieve. This is called Selective Availability (SA). With SA in place, commercial users can fix their position within a radius of 100 meters.
Differential GPS (DGPS) is a technique, enabled with the addition of a wireless data link, which improves commercial GPS positioning capability by several orders of magnitude. This capability makes DGPS technology practical for many other applications, particularly precision survey, which typically demands sub-meter accuracy. To employ DGPS in a local area, the user must position a GPS satellite receiver at a known location and leave it stationary. This set up is usually called the base (or reference) station. An example of a base station is illustrated in FIG. 1. Satellite signals are received with GPS antenna 10 and the signal is sent to the GPS base station receiver 15 through RF cable 11. Typical GPS receivers are tasked with using the satellite signals to determine their position. GPS base stations already know their position and are therefore capable of performing the traditional positioning task "backwards" in order to compute and assign a correction to individual satellite transmissions that are within the base station's field of view. These corrections are sent to the radio modem transceiver 13 through data cable 19. The radio modem transceiver 13 is connected to the radio antenna 12 through RF cable 20. Power is supplied to the base station GPS receiver and radio modem transceiver from DC battery 17 via power cables 18.
In addition to the deliberately induced SA error, satellite transmissions are also adversely affected (essentially delayed in time) by the atmosphere, ionosphere and by reflected signals that are time delayed as a result of not traveling to the GPS receiver on a straight path. All of these error sources are dynamic which means that the corrections computed by the base station are constantly changing and must be transmitted to the rover units at a continuous rate of typically once per second.
To perform precision positioning, e.g. survey activity, with DGPS, it is necessary to also have at least one rover (or mobile) GPS receiver marking the points of interest in the same local area in which the base is located. An example of a typical rover unit is illustrated in FIG. 2. These rover units simultaneously receive the same satellite signals that the base is receiving, through their GPS antennae 210. This signal is conducted to the GPS rover unit satellite receiver 216 through RF cable 211. The position capability of the rover unit is enhanced with the value of the correction to be attributed to each satellite signal that it receives. Radio modem antenna 212 receives the RF signal representing this information that was transmitted by base station radio modem transceiver 13. This signal is conducted to the radio modem receiver 214 via RF cable 220. This data is then sent through data cable 219 to GPS rover unit satellite receiver 216. The system combines the received satellite signals with the satellite corrections that are broadcast to it on the wireless link and is thereby able to compute its position to within a few centimeters. The surveyor operating the rover unit then marks this position and moves to the next.
Survey activities are conducted outdoors and sometimes under extreme environmental conditions. The equipment must be rugged, simple to operate and very reliable. Rover unit equipment must be lightweight, portable and power efficient due to the weight of batteries and the inconvenience of recharging them. The generally accepted practice involves placing the rover unit radio modem receiver, GPS rover unit satellite receiver, and DC battery in a backpack with the radio modem antenna and GPS antenna left external. The radio antenna works best when it is elevated (this increases radio range) and the GPS antenna works best when it has a maximized view of the horizon (this increases the number of satellites that can be received). Hand-held, or backpack-mounted, poles are employed to elevate these antennae as required. It is always desirable to reduce the number of cables (e.g. 211, 220, 218, 219) in the system since these are inconvenient to attach and detach and are invariably sources of reduced performance and system failure.
Base station equipment is typically stationary and mounted on a tripod on high ground for best radio range and satellite field of view. The radio modem typically has a high power transmitter since its main function is to broadcast satellite corrections to the rovers. Even though this station is set-up once at the beginning of the job and left unattended until the end of the job, users prefer this equipment to be simple and highly integrated. When a base station is moved from one location to another it will typically be tossed roughly into the back of a pick up truck which is then driven across an unpaved surface to the next site.
Using narrow band technology for the radio modem, the range of these data links can vary from 2 to 50 miles depending on the terrain and transmission power being used. Narrow band radios have longer wavelengths than most of their spread spectrum counterparts. This gives narrow band a longer line of sight range and better penetration through foliage than is realized by spread spectrum radios in the field. Narrow band radios have the disadvantage of requiring that a license be obtained from the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), or local regulatory body, prior to operation.
Surveyors using DGPS are members of the spectrum community as they share the radio waves with other licensed users, each with different communication requirements. For reasons of precedence and public safety, the FCC gives voice users priority over data (e.g. DGPS) users. To ensure this practice is followed the FCC requires data transmissions to employ Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) which is an algorithm that first senses whether another transmitter is presently transmitting before it begins its own, potentially interfering, transmission. The FCC also requires transmitters of periodic data to identify themselves every 15 minutes with a Morse code transmission of their FCC call sign. This practice facilitates the reporting of irresponsible transmitters back to the FCC. The FCC has the authority to issue substantial fines and even confiscate the equipment of illegal transmitters.
Manufacturers of GPS receiver equipment have recognized the importance of integrating the radio modem inside their GPS receiver enclosures. Thus far this integration has been limited to the rover systems only and has involved radio modems that are capable only of receiving (e.g. they have no transmitters) data transmissions. One particular example has been reduced to practice by Trimble Navigation Limited (TNL) and is illustrated in FIG. 3. It has the GPS receiver 314, a GPS antenna 310, a receive-only radio modem 316, and an internal radio modem (slot antenna type) antenna 312, all integrated into a single enclosure 321 that mounts on top of a hand-held pole with threaded insert 328. The internal antenna 312 is constructed of a lamination of polymide insulating material and electrically conductive copper tape material. FIG. 4 illustrates the internal antenna 312 in an unwrapped view. The construction of this antenna is such that the receiving elements of the antenna are the areas where there is no copper present 423 surrounded by conductive area 424 where the copper is present. A planar coaxial lead 425 allows the signal to be directed from the antenna to the RF cable 320 shown in FIG. 3. When wrapped, the antenna ends are electrically connected by conductive areas 428, 430. FIG. 5 illustrates the direction gain properties of this antenna that is seen to have 3 dB of variation in its implementation. DC Power is supplied to the system through the pole (not shown) which contains two insulated conductors that make electrical contact between the contacts 322 in the enclosure 321 and the batteries that are placed in the bottom of the pole. These batteries power both the rover GPS satellite receiver and the rover radio modem receiver and provide approximately 4 hours of usable operation in this implementation.
The TNL embodiment described above provides a level of integration that eliminates the need for the surveyor to connect external data cable 219 between the modem and GPS receiver. It additionally obviates the external RF cables 211, 220 between the two antennae and their respective receivers 216, 214. Surveyors have complained that this particular system is top-heavy and unwieldy, being placed at the top of a hand-held pole. This is at odds with the requirement that to achieve precise survey results the GPS antenna must be held stationary since all satellite measurements will be referenced to the center of the surface of the GPS antenna. If the antenna is swaying during these measurements their precision will be reduced. Surveyors prefer the use of a backpack for carrying the heavier components of the rover system.
At present, base station systems are comprised of GPS and radio modem transmitters packaged in separate mechanical enclosures and electrically connected (only) with an external serial data cable. Once set up, the base stations are programmed to transmit their corrections every one second or so continuously without any user intervention. When the radio channel is being shared among many users the DGPS corrections will be buffered up in the memory of the base station radio modem while it continues to sense for the frequency to be clear so that it may transmit the buffered data to one or more rover units. When the channel is finally sensed as clear by the base station transceiver it will transmit a long stream of data comprised of all of the corrections that were collected while the channel was occupied by another user. However, due to the temporal nature of these corrections, the only data that is of any value to the rover GPS receiver will be that set which was most recently calculated by the base GPS receiver.

System and method for using corrected signals from a global positioning system to perform precision survey


Elbow and tee fittings for joining pipe elements together include housing portions held preassembled in spaced apart relation to permit pipe elements to be inserted without disassembly of the fitting, the fittings having a receptacle of varying depth for receiving a sealing element.

Fittings, such as elbows and tees, for joining pipe elements together end-to-end, comprise interconnectable housing portions that are positionable circumferentially surrounding the end portions of pipe elements. The term "pipe element" is used herein to describe any pipe-like item or component having a pipe-like form. Pipe elements include pipe stock as well as fluid control components such as valves, strainers, restrictors, pressure regulators and the like.
An exploded view of an exemplary fitting is provided in FIG. 1. Each housing portion of the fitting has projections, also called "keys", which extend radially inwardly and engage, for example, the outer surfaces of plain end pipe elements, pipe elements having a shoulder and bead, or circumferential grooves that extend around each of the pipe elements to be joined. Engagement between the keys and the pipe elements provides mechanical restraint to the connection and ensures that the pipe elements remain coupled even under high internal pressure and thrust loads and external forces. The housing portions define an annular channel or pocket, for example, a receptacle, that receives a seal, for example a ring gasket, typically an elastomeric ring which engages the ends of each pipe element and cooperates with the housing portions and the pipe elements to provide a fluid tight seal. A tube within the fitting extends between the ring gaskets to ensure that the entire fitting remains fluid tight. The housing portions have connection members, typically in the form of lugs which project outwardly from the housings. The lugs are adapted to receive adjustable fasteners, such as nuts and bolts, which are adjustably tightenable to draw the housing portions toward one another.
The projections on prior art fittings typically have arcuate surfaces with a radius of curvature that is substantially matched to the radius of curvature of the outer surface of the pipe element that it is intended to engage. For fittings used with grooved pipe elements, the radii of curvature of the arcuate surfaces are smaller than the radii of curvature of the outer surfaces of the pipe elements outside of the grooves so that the projections fit within and engage the grooves.
Methods of securing pipe elements together comprise a sequential installation process when fittings according to the prior art are used. Typically, the fitting is received by the technician with the housing portions bolted together, the ring gaskets and tube comprising the sealing element being captured between the housing portions of the fittings. The technician first disassembles the fitting by unbolting it, removes the ring gaskets, lubricates them (if not pre-lubricated) and places them around the ends of the pipe elements to be joined. Installation of the ring gaskets often requires that they be lubricated and stretched to accommodate the pipe elements. With the ring gaskets in place on the pipe elements, the tube is engaged with the ring gasket on each pipe element. The housing portions are then placed one at a time around the ring gaskets and tube, straddling the ends of the pipe elements. During placement, the housing portions engage the ring gaskets, the keys are aligned with the grooves in the pipe elements (when present), the bolts are inserted through the lugs, the nuts are threaded onto the bolts and tightened, drawing the housing portions toward one another, compressing the ring gaskets to effect a seal between the pipe elements, the tube and the fitting. The keys are engaged within the grooves in the pipe elements to provide mechanical constraint.
FIG. 2 shows a fitting 11 having first and second housing portions 13 and 15. The housing portions 13 and 15 are attached to one another by fasteners 17 and define a first receptacle 19 and a second receptacle (not shown). The first receptacle 19 defines an opening 21 for receiving a pipe element. The housing portions 13 and 15 are supported in spaced relation from one another on the outer surface of the seal 23 captured between the housing portions. This configuration is possible because the circumference of the outer surface of an undeformed seal 23 is greater than the sum of the circumferences of the surfaces on the housing portions with which the seal outer surface interfaces. When the housing portions are supported in this manner it is possible to insert pipe elements into the opening 21 between the housing portions without disassembling the fitting. However, there are some drawbacks to this solution to the problem of installing mechanical fittings. Note in particular that the seal 23 is distorted into an oval shape by the geometry of a close-fitting housing portion riding on at least a portion of the seal before the seal has properly seated in the pocket of the housing portion. If the degree of distortion of the seal is uncontrolled, the oval shape can result in pinching and damage to the seal.
As evident from the previous description, installation of fittings according to the prior art requires that the technician typically handle as many as thirteen individual piece parts, and must totally disassemble and reassemble the fitting. Significant time, effort and expense would be saved if the technician could install a fitting without first totally disassembling it and then reassembling it, piece by piece. Additionally, there is clearly a need for a pipe fitting with which the distortion of the ring seal may be controlled so as to avoid damage to the ring seal with which it is used, yet will also allow pipe elements to be inserted reliably without disassembly of the fitting.

Fitting having receptacle of varying depth


The present invention provides a soybean based non-toxic, non-hazardous, user and environmentally friendly odor trapping composition matter as a toilet spray. This product not only limits the undesired smell from defecation and releases a desirable smell, but also has potential antimicrobial properties to sanitize the toilet bowl.

This section introduces aspects that may help facilitate a better understanding of the disclosure. Accordingly, these statements are to be read in this light and are not to be understood as admissions about what is or is not prior art.
The present invention relates to a composition matter for preventing toilet malodor. The general concept of a toilet deodorant is known. An example of such a product is sold under the trademark Poo-pourri. A primary ingredient of this existing product is polypropylene glycol and a description of such a product can be found in Carter, WO 2014113706 A1.

Eco-friendly system for preventing toilet malodor


A control method for a digital photographing apparatus is provided in which one of operating modes associated with a button is set according to the length of time the button is pressed and a digital photographing apparatus using the method. The method includes setting a next operating mode in a forward direction if a first setting signal is generated by pressing the button and setting a next operating mode in a reverse direction if a second setting signal including the first setting signal is generated by pressing the button. Also, a system for controlling the operation of a digital photographing apparatus is provided. The system includes means for a digital photographing apparatus to operate in at least two selectable operating modes, means for showing the available operating modes in both a forward and reverse direction and means for selecting one of the operating modes.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a control method for a digital photographing apparatus, a digital photographing apparatus using the method, and a system for controlling the operation of a digital photographing apparatus. More particularly, the present invention relates to a control method for a digital photographing apparatus in which one of the operating modes associated with a button is set according to operation of the button, a digital photographing apparatus using the method, and a system for setting the operating mode of a digital photographing apparatus.
2. Description of the Related Art
A conventional digital photographing apparatus was disclosed by the present applicant in U.S. Patent Publication No. 119,876, "Method of Notification of Inadequate Picture Quality." In this disclosed apparatus, one of the operating modes associated with a button, for example, a flash button, is set according to the number of times that the button is pressed. Generally, whenever the button is pressed, a next operating mode in a forward direction is displayed and set. Therefore, if the user mistakenly skips a desired operating mode, the user has to press the button as many times as the number of operating modes in order to return to the desired operating mode.

Control method for digital photographing apparatus for efficient setting operation and digital photographing apparatus using the method


Object holder for office-type chairs (13), which are used advantageously for children and/or youngsters and comprise a seat (15), a seatback (14) and a supporting base (20), at least one small object holder (10) being positioned in cooperation with a specific part (seat, seatback, arm) of the office-type chair (13) and having a retracted position (24a) within that specific part and a usage position (24b) at the side of and outside that specific part.

This invention concerns an object holder for office-type chairs.
The object holder of this invention is applied advantageously, but not only, to office-type chairs and in particular to office-type chairs used by children or youngsters. The object holder according to the invention can be fitted to all kinds of office-type chairs used by children and/or youngsters and others and equipped, or not equipped, with arms. The present applicant is not aware of object holders fitted to office-type chairs for children and/or youngsters and capable of being applied to all kinds of chairs, whether office-type chairs or not, as set forth in this invention.
U.S. Pat. No. A-3,180,680 discloses a rack located below a foldable chair and acting as an object holder for the person occupying the chair or for anyone sitting in a chair behind the chair in question.
GB-A-696,872 discloses an easy chair with an object-holder drawer positioned below and capable of being pulled open together with one arm of the chair.
U.S. Pat. No. A-3,049,374 discloses a food container which can be positioned in cooperation with the seatback of an aircraft seat.
U.S. Pat. No. A-1,375,573 discloses jutting containers which are fitted in a stationary manner to the arm of an armchair.
The above teachings of the state of the art cannot be applied to office chairs or office-type chairs since they are structurally and functionally unsuitable for the purposes and use of office chairs.


An egress VTEP device of a data center receives a first packet sent by a local VTEP device of the data center, through an intra-domain VXLAN tunnel, and sends the first packet to an egress VTEP device on an opposite end of another data center through a corresponding inter-domain VXLAN tunnel. In addition, the egress VTEP device of the data center receives a second packet sent by the egress VTEP devices on an opposite end of another data center, through an inter-domain VXLAN tunnel, and sends the second packet to a local VTEP device of the data center through a corresponding intra-domain VXLAN tunnel.

Communication process between virtual machines in a virtual extensible local area network (VXLAN) may be as follows. A source virtual machine sends packets to a VXLAN tunnel end point (VTEP) accessed by the source virtual machine, the VTEP forwards the packets to another VTEP accessed by a destination virtual machine, and the other VTEP forwards the packets to the destination virtual machine. In order to ensure communication between different virtual machines, a VXLAN tunnel may be established between each two VTEPs. In a large cloud computing scenario, as a number N of VTEPs increases, a number of VXLAN tunnels to be established exponentially increases by N2, which takes up a lot of resources to establish and maintain these VXLAN tunnels.


Embodiments of a semiconductor device capable of increasing an aperture ratio of an organic electroluminescence display device by decreasing the surface area of a capacitor in the organic electroluminescence display device and a method of manufacturing the semiconductor device are disclosed. By forming a gate insulating film of a gate electrode with a thickness different from that of a dielectric film of a capacitor, the surface area of the capacitor can be decreased without variation in capacitance, thereby increasing the aperture ratio of an organic electroluminescence display device.

This application claims the priority of Korean Patent Application No. 10-2004-0081500, filed on Oct. 12, 2004, in the Korean Intellectual Property Office, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to a semiconductor device and a method of manufacturing the same, and more particularly to a semiconductor device capable of increasing an aperture ratio of an organic electroluminescence display device by decreasing a surface area of a capacitor in the organic electroluminescence display device, and a method of manufacturing the semiconductor device.
2. Description of the Related Technology
In flat panel display devices, such as active matrix organic electroluminescence display devices, also known as organic light emitting diode (OLED) displays, each unit pixel comprises (1) a thin film transistor connected to a gate line, a data line, and a power supply line, (2) a capacitor, and (3) an organic electroluminescence element. The capacitor is formed at the same time as forming the gate line, a gate electrode, the data line, source/drain electrodes, and the power supply line. In such flat panel display devices, a method of increasing the surface area of the capacitor, a method of decreasing the thickness of a dielectric film formed between electrodes of the capacitor, or a method of employing a dielectric film having a high dielectric constant is typically used to enhance the capacitance of the capacitor. However, the method of increasing the surface area of the capacitor may lead to a decrease in aperture ratio, and the method of decreasing the thickness of the dielectric film requires an additional fabrication process, thereby increasing the number of processes required for manufacture.
FIG. 1 is a plan view illustrating an exemplary organic electroluminescence display device. Referring to FIG. 1, the active matrix organic electroluminescence display device comprises a plurality of gate lines 110, a plurality of data lines 120, a plurality of power supply lines 130, and a plurality of pixels connected to the gate lines 110, the data lines 120, and the power supply lines 130.
Each pixel comprises a switching thin film transistor (TFT) 170 connected to the corresponding gate line of the plurality of gate lines 110, and the corresponding data line of the plurality of data lines 120. Each pixel further comprises a driving TFT 150 configured to drive an electroluminescence element 160, wherein the driving TFT 150 is connected to the corresponding power supply line 130, a capacitor 140 configured to store the gate-source voltage of the driving TFT 150, and the electroluminescence element 160.
The driving TFT 150 comprises a semiconductor layer 152 having source and drain regions, a gate electrode 154, and source and drain electrodes 156a, 156b connected to the source and drain regions through contact holes 155a, 155b, respectively. The switching TFT 170 has the same structure as that of the driving TFT 150.
The capacitor 140 comprises a lower electrode 144 which is connected to one of the source and drain electrodes of the switching TFT 170 (the source electrode, for example) and the gate electrode of the driving TFT 150. The capacitor 140 further comprises an upper electrode 146 connected to one of the source and drain electrodes of the driving TFT 150 (the source electrode 156a, for example) and a common power supply line 130. Each pixel electrode 161, which is an anode electrode of the electroluminescence element having an opening, is connected to one of the source and drain electrodes 156a, 156b of the driving TFT 150 (the drain electrode 156b, for example) through a via hole 158.
In the exemplary organic electroluminescence display device described above, one pixel is divided into a non-light-emitting area provided with the TFTs and the capacitor and a light emitting area provided with the electroluminescence element. An increase in the non-light-emitting area correspondingly decreases the light emitting area. However, the capacitor occupies a relatively large area in the pixel, and a high-capacity capacitor is required for increased device integration. Therefore, with the increased area requirement for a high-capacity capacitor in a pixel, the light emitting area is reduced, thereby decreasing the aperture ratio of the organic electroluminescence display device.

Semiconductor device having variable thickness insulating film and method of manufacturing same


An information processing apparatus that acquires first information corresponding to a position of an imaging device that captures image data, and second information corresponding to a field of view of the imaging device that captures the image data, and generates tag information based on the first and second information.

Technology of augmenting real-world activities by superimposing information regarding a shooting position on a video captured by a camera using text or the like has been rapidly studied and progressed as augmented reality (AR) since the early 1990s, and AR using a head mount display has already partially started for practical use in military purposes.
Recently, AR has been realized by a terminal device having functions of a camera and a global positioning system (GPS) accompanying high performance of small-size electronic devices. In this example of AR, a user is capable of adding text to a real video and providing other users with added text information via a network using the AR technology. As described above, AR is used as a type of communication tool as well as in practical purposes of information provision. As technology regarding AR, for example, there is a landscape labeling system of Patent Literature 1.
The landscape labeling system of Patent Literature 1 superimposes a tag associated with a position of a structure shown on earth-based three-dimensional spatial coordinates in a video. Thus, it is significantly suitable when information shown on the tag is a name of a structure associated with the tag, or the like.

Information processing device, information processing system, and program


Thermally tunable optical dispersion compensation (ODC) devices are disclosed. In one aspect, an ODC device may include multiple Gires-Tournois (G-T) etalons. The etalons may be optically coupled together. The etalons may compensate for optical dispersion by collectively delaying light. At least one of the G-T etalons may have a temperature dependent partial reflector. The ODC device may also include at least one thermal device to change the temperature of the G-T etalon having the temperature dependent partial reflector. Methods of making and using the ODC devices are also disclosed, as well as various systems including the ODC devices.

1. Field
Embodiments of the invention relate to the field of optical communications. In particular, one or more embodiments of the invention relate to optical dispersion compensation.
2. Background Information
Optical dispersion may occur in optical fiber and other optical materials. A common source of dispersion in optical fibers is chromatic dispersion (CD).
Chromatic dispersion may occur due to the speed of light being dependent on the refractive index of the medium within which the light is propagating. In many materials that may be used for optical fibers, the refractive index may vary with the wavelength of the light. As a result, light with different wavelengths may be transmitted through the optical fiber at slightly different speeds. This may result in the different wavelengths of light of a transmitted pulse to spread out or disperse over time and length of transmission. Such dispersion is generally undesirable.
Various approaches for reducing optical dispersion in fibers are known in the arts. One approach includes using a dispersion compensating fiber. However, dispersion compensating fibers may tend to costly or have increased optical loss. Another approach includes using electronic dispersion compensation. However, there are known disadvantages associated with electronic dispersion compensation, such as, for example, in some cases physical size or power consumption.
Optical dispersion compensation is yet another approach that may be used.

Thermally tunable optical dispersion compensation devices


Disclosed herein is an electroslag welding wire containing, by mass % based on total mass of the wire: C: more than 0% and 0.07% or less; Si: more than 0% and 0.50% or less; Mn: more than 0% and 1.0% or less; Ni: 6.0 to 15.0%; and Fe: 79% or more. The electroslag welding wire satisfies the following relationship (1): 0.150≤C+Si/30+Mn/20+Ni/60≤0.300 (1).

9% Ni steel has high strength and excellent toughness at an ultralow temperature such as a liquid nitrogen temperature (−196° C.). The 9% Ni steel is therefore generally used as a base metal for manufacturing, by welding, storage tanks for storing liquefied natural gas (LNG) and the like at a low temperature. Those storage tanks are required to have excellent cryogenic toughness in a temperature range of −162° C. or less, which is a temperature range of liquid such as LNG. Therefore, a weld metal (i.e., weld portion) of a weld joint formed by welding the 9% Ni steel is also required to have similar excellent cryogenic toughness.
In the background art, a welding method such as coated arc welding, submerged arc welding or automatic TIG (Tungsten Inert Gas) welding using a Ni-based weld material has been used for welding of the 9% Ni steel. A weld metal obtained by these welding methods is excellent in cryogenic toughness, but lower in strength than the 9% Ni steel as a base metal. Thus, there is a problem that a design plate thickness for a structure must be increased in accordance with the strength of a Ni-based weld metal portion. On the other hand, iron and steel companies have promoted reduction of Ni amount in steel for cryogenic service, and have researched to put 7% Ni steel or 5% Ni steel into practical use.
Patent Literatures 1 to 4 propose welding solid wires or gas shielded arc welding flux cored wires for steel for cryogenic service. According to each of the present inventions, heat input is about 1.4 to 2.2 kJ/mm with efficiency improved by gas shielded arc welding using pure Ar gas or Ar gas containing 2% or less of oxygen, carbon dioxide gas or He gas, in comparison with TIG welding. However, an operation method with higher efficiency is desired.

Wire for electroslag welding, flux for electroslag welding and welded joint


A monitor having a main body displaying a picture, and a base supporting the main body, may further include: a link provided between the main body and the base; a monitor hinge interposed between the main body and the link, and pivotally supporting the main body relative to the base; a base hinge interposed between the base and the link, and pivotally supporting the base relative to the link; a cable having a first portion accommodated inside the link and a second portion exposed to the outside to transmit an external signal there throught; and a terminal assembly provided inside the link, and having a connection terminal to which the cable is connected, and a connection terminal supporter supporting the connection terminal. With this configuration, a monitor in which a terminal assembly and a cable are accommodated inside a link is provided, thereby enhancing space utilization and providing a cool outer appearance thereof.

1. Field of the Invention
The present general inventive concept relates to a monitor, and more particularly, to a monitor having an improved structure of a link to accommodate a part of a cable and a terminal assembly connected to the cable.
2. Description of the Related Art
As shown in FIG. 1, a conventional monitor 201 comprises a main body 210 displaying a picture; a base 220 supporting the main body 210; a link 230 provided between the main body 210 and the base 220; a monitor hinge 240 interposed between the main body 210 and the link 230, and pivotally supporting the main body 210 relative to the base 220; and a base hinge 250 interposed between the base 220 and the link 230, and pivotally supporting the base 220 relative to the link 230. To a back region of the base 220 are connected a data cable 265 having a connector 265a and a wire 265b and through which an external signal is transmitted, and a power cable 266 provided adjacent to the data cable 265 and through which external power is supplied to the monitor 201. Further, in the base 220 is provided a connection terminal 271 provided corresponding to the data cable 265 and connected with the data cable 265.
Here, the connection terminal 271 is connected with the data cable 265 through the connector 265a provided in the end of the data cable 265, thereby receiving the external signal such as a video signal, an audio signal, etc.
Thus, the conventional monitor 201 displays a picture with a sound by receiving the external signal through the connection terminal 271 connected with the data cable 265.
However, the conventional monitor 201 has a structure that the connector 265a of the data cable 265 is exposed externally when the data cable 265 is connected, so that an outer appearance of the monitor 201 is deteriorated. Further, when the monitor 201 is seated on a horizontal surface, the connector 265a makes the monitor 201 occupy a relatively large space.


An imaging apparatus includes an imaging unit that is provided with an image pickup device and a fixed pattern outputting section that outputs a fixed pattern set in advance and includes a control unit and a path. The control unit is electrically connected to the imaging unit and receives an image acquired by the image pickup device and a fixed pattern outputted from the fixed pattern outputting means. The path electrically connects the imaging unit and the control unit, and electrically transmits an image and a fixed pattern from the imaging unit to the control unit. The control unit controls, depending on the image, an application which requires the image as one of inputs to the application. Further, the control unit compares a specific pattern prepared in advance according to the fixed pattern, with the fixed pattern, to determine the occurrence of an anomaly in the electrical connection of the path.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to an imaging apparatus which picks up an image of a field of view and in particular to an imaging apparatus which includes an imaging unit that picks up an image of a field of view and a control unit that is electrically connected to the imaging unit to perform control according to the picked up image, the apparatus having a function of determining or detecting an anomaly in the electrical connection.
2. Related Art
Various fields of art make use of an imaging apparatus for picking up an image in accord with light that is incident from a field of view. A well-known imaging apparatus as one type of such an imaging apparatus includes an imaging unit and a control unit electrically connected to the imaging unit to perform control according to the picked up image. Recently, this type of imaging apparatus is increasingly installed in vehicles. For example, some techniques offer to pick up an image around a vehicle and process the picked up image to reflect the results of the processing to the traveling of the vehicle.
However, if any anomaly, such as disconnection, occurs in the electrical connection between the imaging unit and the control unit, the control unit cannot very often perform control according to the image picked up by the imaging unit. A measure against this problem is disclosed in Patent Document 1. Patent Document 1 discloses an imaging apparatus that picks up an image of the surroundings of a vehicle. The imaging apparatus is configured to determine the occurrence of an anomaly in signals outputted from the imaging unit when the vehicle travels during time that is estimated not to be nighttime, such as when the head lamps are turned off, but when the levels of the electric signals (intensities of a picked-up image) are not more than a predetermined value.
Patent Document 1 JP-A-2001-204012
However, there is a problem in determining the occurrence of an anomaly by comparing, as in Patent Document 1, the level of a signal corresponding to an image picked up by the imaging unit with a predetermined value. Specifically, the predetermined value has to be set to a significantly low value taking account of variations in the characteristics of imaging units or variations among individual drivers as to whether to turn on the head lamps. Therefore, the technique of Patent Document 1 does not necessarily enable, for example, determination on the occurrence of a minor anomaly, such as disconnection in a part of a parallel cable that transmits an image picked up by the imaging unit in the form of a digital signal to a control unit.


An automated clutch between the engine and the variable-speed transmission in the power train of a motor vehicle is operated by a control unit which receives signals from several circuits and/or sensors via one or more conductors. The control unit shifts from a normal operating mode to an emergency mode when one or more sensors and/or circuits and/or conductors are defective. When in emergency mode, the control unit disengages the clutch when the driver starts the engine while the vehicle brake or the parking brake is applied. This ensures that the engine can drive the vehicle as soon as the transmission is shifted into a forward gear or into reverse gear and the application of the brake or brakes is terminated because the control unit is then again free to engage the clutch. Furthermore, such mode of operation enables the driver to shift the transmission into or from a selected gear in response to the application of a relatively small force to the gear shifting lever.

The invention relates to motor vehicles in general, and more particularly to improvements in power trains for use in passeger cars, vans, trucks and/or other types of motor vehicles. Still more particularly, the invention relates to improvements in power trains of the type wherein an automated engageable and disengageable torque transmission system (such as a friction clutch, a lockup clutch, a magnetic powder clutch or the like) cooperates with a prime mover (such as an internal combustion engine) and/or with a variable-speed transmission (e.g., a manually shiftable or an automated transmission) to transmit torque, e.g., from a rotary output element (such as a camshaft or a crankshaft) of the prime mover to a rotary input element (e.g., a shaft) of the transmission.
A power train which embodies an automated torque transmission system (hereinafter called clutch for short) further comprises means for operating the automated clutch, and such operating means can comprise an electronic signal receiving, processing and transmitting control unit, at least one actuator which is responsive to signals from the control unit and can adjust the clutch to select the rate of torque-transmission, and means (such as one or more sensors, electronic and/or other circuits, and one or more conductors) for transmitting signals to the input or inputs of the control unit. Furthermore, the power train comprises means for starting or operating the prime mover (e.g., an electronic circuit which is connected with the control unit by a bus and/or other suitable signal conducting means). It is also known to cause the control unit to shift from a standard or normal mode of operation to an emergency or standby mode when one or more constituents of the signal transmitting means become inoperative or defective, either entirely or in part. For example, the condition of the control unit can be changed from the standard mode to the emergency mode in response to a breakdown of a sensor, a circuit and/or a conductor forming part of the signal transmitting means.
A control unit having standard and emergency or standby modes can be utilized in power trains which embody automated clutches and/or automated transmissions and serve to transmit motion from the prime mover (e.g., an internal combustion engine or a motor) to the driven wheels of the motor vehicle. In accordance with a presently known proposal, the control unit is set up to automatically engage the clutch if the prime mover of the motor vehicle is arrested while the transmission is in (a forward or reverse) gear. This causes the clutch to act as a parking brake when the engine is turned off while the transmission is in a gear other than neutral. Thus, the drag torque of the engine prevents the vehicle from carying out an undesired rolling movement when the engine is off, irrespective of the condition of the vehicle brake or brakes.
However, the just described conventional power trains also exhibit certain serious drawbacks. For example, if the motor vehicle is brought to a halt on a sloping surface, i.e, if the clutch is automatically engaged when the engine is off but the transmission is in a forward or rearward gear while the wheels contact an upwardly or downwardly sloping road surface, the power train is stressed so that a shifting of the transmission from a forward or reverse gear necessitates the exertion of a substantial effort or cannot be carried out at all.
Reference may be had, for example, to published German patent applications Nos. 195 04 847 and 195 48 799 which disclose that the control unit receives signals from sensors which monitor the condition of the transmission (i.e., the selected gear ratio) and/or serve to transmit signals denoting the intention by the operator of the motor vehicle to shift from a previously selected gear into a different gear. An advantage of the signals denoting the intent of an operator or driver to shift the transmission into a particular gear (e.g., as a result of the application of a certain force to a gear shifting lever or the like) is that the clutch can be intentionally disengaged in good time, for example, prior to actual shifting of the transmission into a different gear. Thus, in normal operation, the engine can be activated or actually started while the transmission is in neutral gear. However, if, in normal operation of the power train, the engine can be started only while the transmission is in neutral gear, the transmission cannot be shifted into neutral gear (from the reverse gear or from a forward gear) when the sensor or sensors which monitor the condition of the transmission and/or the operator's intent to shift the transmission into a selected gear is or are defective and/or the connection(s) between such sensor or sensors and the control unit for the clutch is or are defective. The reason is that, in the event of such defectiveness, the clutch is not automatically disengaged and, therefore, the engine of the motor vehicle cannot be activated or started for the purpose of setting the motor vehicle in motion, for example, for the purpose of causing the vehicle to perform a crawling movement. In other words, the motor vehicle is no longer capable of moving, and this solely as a result or consequence of a defectiveness or malfunctioning of one or more sensors and/or circuits and/or connection or connections between such defective or malfunctioning sensor or sensors and/or circuit or circuits on the one hand, and the circuitry of the control unit for the automated clutch on the other hand.


A transmitter apparatus capable of reducing the distortions of vector modulated waves. This apparatus includes variable coefficient filters (110,112) in a stage preceding an amplitude signal voltage generating part (104) and also includes variable coefficient filters (111,113) in a stage preceding a phase modulated wave generating part (105). These variable coefficient filters (110-113) are used to perform a pulse shaping, thereby adjusting the delay between an amplitude component modulated signal (r(t)) and a phase component modulated signal (SC(t)) whereby a resolution, which is finer than the sampling period of a signal processing, can be used to adjust the delay time difference between the amplitude component modulated signal (r(t)) and the phase component modulated signal (SC(t)). As a result, the distortions of vector modulated waves (Srf(t)) can be reduced to a sufficiently small level.

A power amplifier provided in the output section of a transmitting apparatus in a wireless communication system requires both low distortion and efficiency. Power amplifiers are classified into amplifiers using transistors for the current source or using transistors for switching operation. Amplifiers using transistors for the current source may be class A amplifiers, class AB amplifiers, class B amplifiers and class C amplifiers. Further, amplifiers using transistors for switching operation may be class D amplifiers, class E amplifiers and class F amplifiers.
Conventionally, in high-frequency power amplifiers that amplify modulation waves including envelope fluctuation components, class A or class AB linear amplifiers are used in order to linearly amplify envelope fluctuation components. However, there is a drawback that the power efficiency of linear amplifiers is inferior compared to non-linear amplifiers such as class C amplifiers or class E amplifiers.
As a result, when a conventional linear amplifier is used for a mobile type wireless apparatus such as a mobile telephone or mobile information terminal apparatus using a battery as a power source, there is the drawback that usage time is short. Further, when a conventional linear amplifier is used for a base station apparatus in a mobile communication system provided with a plurality of large power transmission apparatuses, there is a drawback of causing an increase in the size of the base station apparatus and the heating value.
Therefore, as a transmission apparatus with efficient transmission functions, there is a transmission apparatus that attaches an envelope component to a phase modulation wave by dividing a modulation signal into the amplitude component (envelope component) and the phase component, generating a phase modulation wave with constant envelope from the phase component and changing the power supply voltage of a non-linear amplifier according to the envelope component and that causes a vector modulation wave including an envelope fluctuation component.
FIG. 1 illustrates a configuration of a transmitting apparatus as a first conventional example described above. This transmitting apparatus 10 as the first conventional example is formed with transmission data signal input terminal 11, I signal generating section 13, Q signal generating section 14, amplitude signal voltage generating section 15, phase modulation wave generating section 16, power amplifying section 17 and transmission output terminal 18. I signal generating section 13 and Q signal generating section 14 form complex envelope computing section 12.
In wireless communication system, a transmission signal with information to be transmitted is transmitted as a modulation wave by means of amplitude r(t) and phase φ(t) of a carrier wave. In this case, if the angular frequency of carrier wave is ωc, modulation wave S(t) to be transmitted to a channel is expressed by the following equation.S(t)=r(t)·exp[ωc·t+φ(t)]  (Equation 1)
Here, phase modulation wave Sc(t) with a constant envelope is expressed by the following equation.Sc(t)=exp[ωc·t+ω(t)]  (Equation 2)
In the modulation step in signal processing, a transmission data signal is often processed as the I signal I(t) and the Q signal (Q) that are the in-phase component and quadrature component of complex envelope. These are collectively referred to as "IQ signals" and are expressed by the following equations.I(t)=r(t)·cos [φ(t)]  (Equation 3)Q(t)=r(t)·sin [φ(t)]  (Equation 4)
Further, if an amplitude signal r(t) and a phase signal φ(t) are expressed by IQ signals, equations are as follows.r(t)={I(t)2+Q(t)2}1/2  (Equation 5)φ(t)=tan−1{Q(t)/I(t)}  (Equation 6)
In FIG. 1, a transmission data signal inputted from transmission data signal input terminal 11 is converted into an I signal (I)t in I signal generating section 13 and a Q signal Q(t) in Q signal generating section 14.
Amplitude signal voltage generating section 15 and phase modulation wave generating section 16 generate an amplitude signal r(t) and phase modulation wave Sc(t) from the I signal I(t) and the Q signal Q(t), respectively.
Phase modulation wave Sc(t) that is a carrier wave having angular frequency ωc and phase-modulated by the phase signal φ(t), is generated in phase modulation wave generating section 16 and inputted to power amplifying section 17.
On the other hand, the amplitude signal r(t) is used to set a power supply voltage value of power amplifying section 17. The amplitude of the output signal of power amplifying section 17 changes according to the power supply voltage value. That is, the envelope of the output signal of power amplifying section 17 changes according to the amplification signal r(t).
As a result, the signal acquired by multiplying power supply voltage value r(t) of power amplifying section 17 and phase modulation wave Sc(t), which is the output signal of phase modulation wave generating section 16, is amplified by gain G of power amplifying section 17, and outputted as RF vector modulation wave Srf(t). That is, vector modulation wave Srt(t) is expressed by the following equation.Srf(t)=G·r(t)·exp [ωc·t+φ(t)]  (Equation 7)
As described above, the modulation wave to be inputted to the input terminal of power amplifying section 17 is phase modulation wave Sc(t) with a fixed envelope level, and, consequently, an efficient non-linear amplifier can be used for power amplifying section 17 as a high frequency amplifier, so that it is possible to provide a efficient transmitting apparatus (for example, see Patent Document 1).
FIG. 2 shows a configuration example of amplitude signal voltage generating section 15 and phase modulation generating section 16 of transmitting apparatus 20 in the first conventional example. In amplitude signal voltage generating section 15, amplitude signal generating section 21 computes and generates an amplitude signal r(t) by equation 5 and DA converter 22 generates amplitude signal voltage. In phase modulation wave generating section 16, phase signal generating section 23 computes and generates a phase signal φ(t) by equation 6, DA converter 24 generates phase signal voltage and phase modulating section 25 phase-modulates a carrier wave by the phase signal φ(t) to form phase modulation wave Sc(t).
FIG. 3 is a block diagram for further explanation of the first conventional example. In FIG. 3, the configurations of I signal generating section 13 and Q signal generating section 14 forming complex envelope computing section 12 are shown in detail.
Recently, many wireless communication systems employ a digital modulation scheme. In this case, information to be transmitted is a digital value, and, consequently, a transmission data signal can be expressed by a discrete-time pulse sequence. However, this pulse shape signal excessively occupies a wide frequency bandwidth and therefore is generally processed as continuous-time, smoothed waveforms I(t) and Q(t) by band-limiting discrete-time pulse shape waveforms Ip(t) and Qp(t) in filters. In this case, for the filter, a pulse shaping filter (for example, root cosine roll-off filter) that is directed to performing band-limitation while canceling the intersymbol interference between pulses, is used.
Therefore, in transmitting apparatus 30 shown in FIG. 3, when I signal generating section 13 and Q signal generating section 14 receives as input a transmission data signal from transmission data signal input terminal 11, first, pulse generating sections 31 and 32 convert the transmission data signal into an I component pulse signal Ip(t) and a Q component pulse signal Qp(t), respectively, and pulse shaping filters 33 and 34 perform band-limitation and outputs the I signal I(t) and the Q signal Q(t), respectively.
Although digital filters are generally used for pulse shaping filters 33 and 34 in most cases, analogue filters may be used.
Further, when digital filters are used for pulse shaping filters 33 and 34, although FIR filters (finite impulse response filters) are generally used in most cases, IIR filters (infinite impulse response filters) can be used as well.
For example, when an FIR filter is used and the order of transfer function is m+1 (i.e., the number of taps is m+1), if the coefficient of the transfer function (i.e., tap coefficient) is Ck (here, k is a natural number), the relationship between input signal data sequence X(n) and output signal data sequence Y(n) can be expressed by the following equation.Y(n)=C0·X(n)+C1·X(n−1)+ . . . +Cm·X(n−m)  (Equation 8)
By the way, when there is a difference between the time amplitude signal r(t) takes to reach power amplifying section 17 and the time phase signal φ(t) takes to reach power amplifying section 17, distortion occurs in vector modulation wave Srf (t), which is the output signal of power amplifying section 17. This time difference is caused by, e.g., the difference of delay time in circuits that process an amplitude signal r(t) and a phase signal φ(t).
FIG. 4 is a graph showing frequency spectrum of vector frequency Srf(t) that is the output signal of power amplifying section 17. In the paths through which an amplitude signal r(t) and a phase signal φ(t) reach power amplifying section 17, if there is no difference between delay times, the frequency spectrum shown in FIG. 4A can be acquired, and, if there is a difference between the delay times, a frequency spectrum spread (distortion of modulation wave) occurs as shown in FIG. 4B. In a frequency division multiplex communication system where a plurality of channels are arranged in the frequency domain, this frequency spectrum spread interferes with adjacent channels and therefore is not desirable.
FIG. 5 is a block diagram showing the configuration of transmitting apparatus 40 employs a configuration correcting the difference between the time amplitude signal r(t) takes to reach power amplifying section 17 and the time phase signal φ(t) takes to reach power amplifying section 17, as a second conventional example. This transmitting apparatus 40 of the second conventional example provides shift registers 41, 42, 43 and 44 in the subsequent stage of pulse shaping filters 33 and 34.
Operations of transmitting apparatus 40 of the conventional example will be explained. In addition to the same operations as in transmitting apparatus 30 of the first conventional example shown in FIG. 3, by delaying an IQ signal by given time in shift registers 41 to 44, transmitting apparatus 40 of the conventional example delays an amplitude signal r(t) or a phase signal φ(t) by given time. The delay time is set to the given time by, for example, selecting a given output stage, by a switch from a plurality of connected registers and extracting a signal. Thus, by adjusting the difference between delay times in shift registers 41 and 43 provided on the path to generate an amplitude signal r(t) and the delay time in shift registers 42 and 44 provided on the path to generate a phase signal φ(t), and by reducing the difference between the time amplitude signal r(t) takes to reach power amplifying section 17 and the time phase signal takes to reach power amplifying section 17, it is possible to reduce the distortion of vector modulation wave Srf(t) (e.g., see Patent Document 1).
Patent Document 1: Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. Hei 6-54877


Devices, systems, and methods are described for allowing rules that are applied to one device to be applied to another device based on a user's interaction with only the devices. A rule-copy action, such as simultaneous shaking of the two devices, proximity of the two devices to each other, and/or the relative positions of the two devices, may be detected at one of the devices (e.g., a first device to which the user desires the rules or a copy of the rules to apply). In response to the rule-copy action, another device (e.g., a second device configured to operate according to the at least one rule) may be identified. The at least one rule may then be caused to be applied to the first device in response to detection of the rule-copy action, so as to configure the first device to operate according to the at least one rule.

Devices exist for facilitating various user activities and, as such, come in many different sizes and shapes and have varying degrees of functionality. Some devices, such as sensors and other small form factor devices, for example, may not have an extensive user interface element. For example, in some cases, a sensor may only be equipped with a single button or a light emitting diode (LED) that function as the user interface element.
At the same time, a user may require several such devices to operate in the same manner in order to accomplish a particular task. Each device may thus be required to operate according to the same rules.

Apparatus and method for copying rules between devices


A mobile device, having a processor, includes an accelerometer configured to generate acceleration data, the acceleration data including a plurality of acceleration measurements. The mobile device also includes a memory having embodied thereon computer-executable instructions that are configured to, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to: obtain the acceleration data from the accelerometer; and generate, based on the acceleration data, heart sound data, the heart sound data including data associated with one or more heart sounds.

The opening and closing of valves, as well as aspects of the flow of blood through the heart, produce vibrations known as heart sounds (sometimes abbreviated as "HS" herein). Heart sounds may be measured and used to indicate the heart's mechanical activities. Additionally, measurements performed with simultaneously recorded ECG and heart sounds provide for quantitative indications of the electro-mechanical association.

Direct heart sound measurement using mobile device accelerometers


Systems and methods can optimize or attempt to optimize portions of scripts that might be overlooked by traditional compilers. These systems and methods can include a code analysis module that develops an aggregate execution profile for a script by aggregating individual execution profiles of a plurality of users. These systems and methods can use the aggregate execution profile to emphasize aspects of the script that can be optimized for a plurality of users, enabling improved script performance for users.

Generally described, computing devices and communication networks can be utilized to exchange information. In a common application, a computing device can request content from another computing device via the communication network. For example, a user at a personal computing device can utilize a software browser application, typically referred to as a browser software application, to request a Web page from a server computing device via the Internet. In such embodiments, the user computing device can be referred to as a client computing device and the server computing device can be referred to as a content provider.
With reference to an illustrative example, a requested Web page, or original content, may be associated with a number of additional resources, such as images or videos, that are to be displayed with the Web page. In one specific embodiment, the additional resources of the Web page are identified by a number of embedded resource identifiers, such as uniform resource locators ("URLs"). In turn, software on the client computing devices, such as a browser software application, typically processes embedded resource identifiers to generate requests for the content. Accordingly, in order to satisfy a content request, one or more content providers will generally provide client computing devices data associated with the Web page as well as the data associated with the embedded resources.
Once the client computing device obtains the Web page and associated additional resources, the content may be processed in a number of stages by the software browser application or other client computing device interface. For example, and with reference to the above illustration, the software browser application may parse the Web page to process various HyperText Markup Language (HTML) layout information and references to associated resources, may identify and process Cascading Style Sheets ("CSS") information, may process and instantiate various Javascript code associated with the Web page, may construct a native object model to represent one or more components of the Web page, and may calculate various layout and display properties of the processed content for presentation to a user.

System for enhancing script execution performance


Low molecular weight siloxane fluids are thickened by silicone elastomers. The silicone elastomers are made by combining in one pot an .tbd.Si--H containing siloxane, a mono-alkenyl polyether, an alpha, omega-diene, and a low molecular weight siloxane fluid. An elastomer, i.e. gel, with polyether groups is produced. The elastomer can be swollen with the low molecular weight siloxane fluid under shear force, to provide a uniform silicone paste. The silicone paste has excellent spreadability upon rubbing, and possesses unique rheological properties in being thixotropic and shear thinning. The silicone paste can be easily emulsified with water to form a stable uniform emulsion, without using a surfactant to allow normally immiscible materials to become intimately mixed.

This invention is directed to thickened low molecular weight siloxane fluids or solvents, in the form of silicone elastomers swollen into silicone gels and silicone pastes, which can be formed into silicone emulsions.
Cross-links are junctions of polymer strands in a three-dimensional network. They may be viewed as long-chain branches which are so numerous that a continuous insoluble network or gel is formed.
Increasingly, platinum catalyzed hydrosilylation reactions are being used to form networks. They typically involve reactions between a low molecular weight siloxane containing several .tbd.Si--H groups, and a high molecular weight siloxane containing several .tbd.Si--vinyl groups, or vice versa.
Attractive features of this mechanism are that (i) no by-products are formed, (ii) cross-linking sites and hence network architecture can be narrowly defined, and (iii) hydrosilylation will proceed even at room temperature to form the networks. In the mechanism, crosslinking involves addition of .tbd.SiH across double bonds, i.e., .tbd.SiH+CH.sub.2 .dbd.CH--R.fwdarw..tbd.SiCH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 --R; or crosslinking involves addition of .tbd.SiH across triple bonds, i.e., .tbd.SiH+HC.tbd.C--R.fwdarw..tbd.SiCH.dbd.CH--R.
I have utilized this mechanism, but by employing some unobvious and unique modifications of the mechanism, I have formulated a new range of products having new and unique properties and ranges of application. In particular, one unique aspect is that my silicone paste can be used to form an emulsion without the need of a surfactant. This can be of considerable value in the personal care arena where skin sensitivity due to the presence of certain surfactants can be an issue.

Thickening solvents with elastomeric silicone polyethers