A display apparatus includes a first pixel, a second pixel, and a dummy pixel. The first pixel includes a first light-emitting device connected to a first pixel circuit through a first node. The second pixel is in a same row as the first pixel and includes a second light-emitting device connected to a second pixel circuit through a second node. The dummy pixel includes at dummy pixel circuit with a third node. The controller outputs a first control signal having a first level or a second level based on a first pixel grayscale value corresponding to the first pixel and a second pixel grayscale value corresponding to the second pixel. A switch circuit electrically connects the first node, the second node, and a third node when the first control signal has the first level.

1. Field
One or more embodiments described herein relate to a display apparatus and a method for controlling a display apparatus.
2. Description of the Related Art
The pixels of a display apparatus consume a large amount of power. Reducing power consumption continues to be a focus of system designers. This is especially true for portable display apparatuses which are often battery driven.

Display apparatus and method of controlling the same


A method and aqueous composition are provided for removing at least a portion of a coating from the surface of a substrate. The coating comprises an insulative material, and is contacted with an aqueous composition. The aqueous composition comprises dimethyl formamide.

Copper rods that are used in generators for electric power generation are coated with an insulation material. The insulation material must be removed during servicing of the generator. Conventional methods for removing the insulative coating are time consuming, and include the use of hazardous materials, such as paint removers. Accordingly, there is a need for methods of efficiently removing the insulative material from the copper rods that does not damage the rods. It would also be desirable if the method did not involve the use of hazardous materials.

Method for the removal of an insulative coating using an aqueous solution comprising dimethyl formamide


A subject of the present invention is to reduce noise caused by ringing or the like while reducing turn-on power loss of the element and reverse recovery loss of the diode in a switching circuit of a power semiconductor element to which a SiC diode having small recovery current is connected in parallel.

Recently, silicon carbide (SiC) and gallium nitride (GaN) attract attention as wide-gap semiconductor elements. Those materials have high breakdown voltage strength which is ten times as high as that of Si, and a drift layer for ensuring breakdown voltage can become thinner to nearly one-tenth, thereby making it possible to reduce voltage when a power device is turned on. By doing so, even in a high breakdown voltage area which allows only bipolar elements to be used with regard to Si, unipolar elements can be used with regard to wide-gap semiconductor elements made of SiC and the like.
In a power semiconductor module used for an inverter circuit, a free wheeling diode is connected in parallel to a switching device. A Si-PiN diode is used as a free wheeling diode in a conventional power semiconductor module. The Si-PiN diode is a bipolar-type semiconductor element which is constructed such that voltage drop is reduced due to conductivity modulation when large forward-bias current is applied. However, the PiN diode has characteristics in that during the process from the forward bias state to the reverse bias state, a carrier which remains on the PiN diode due to conductivity modulation is turned into reverse recovery current. In a Si-PiN diode, reverse recovery current is large because life time of the remaining carrier is long. For this reason, there are problems in that the reverse recovery current increases turn-on loss and reverse recovery loss (Err) generated on the element at the time of the reverse recovery of the diode.
On the other hand, a schottky barrier diode (SBD) is a unipolar-type semiconductor element which generates almost no carriers due to conductivity modulation. Accordingly, when a schottky barrier diode is used for an inverter circuit, because reverse recovery current is very small, it is possible to keep the turn-on loss and the reverse recovery loss small. Since conventional Si has low breakdown field intensity, when an SBD is made with high breakdown voltage, high resistance is generated when electricity is applied. For this reason, the breakdown voltage of a Si-SBD is limited to approximately 200 V. However, because SiC has high breakdown field intensity ten times of that of Si, practical application of high breakdown voltage SBD becomes possible, and it is widely known that turn-on loss (Eon) and reverse recovery loss (Err) generated on the element at the time of the reverse recovery of the diode can be reduced.
Furthermore, in the main circuit of an inverter of a power module which uses a conventional Si-PiN diode, commutation surge voltage (ΔVp=L×reverse recovery di/dt) is added according to the product of the current change (reverse recovery di/dt) at the attenuation of reverse recovery current of a PiN diode and the main circuit inductance L. And, when the sum (E+ΔVp) of power supply voltage (E) and surge voltage (ΔVp) exceeds a breakdown voltage of the power semiconductor switching element, there is a possibility that the power semiconductor element may become broken. For this reason, various kinds of technologies to reduce inductance of the main circuit have been proposed.
Furthermore, in a gate drive circuit of a power semiconductor, it is well-known that gate resistance is made large in order to decrease current change (di/dt) at the attenuation of reverse recovery current of the PiN diode.
Non-patent literature: "The element marginal loss analysis method for high power density power converter by the Si-MOSFET/SiC-SBD pair" Reference by the Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan, Oct. 27, 2005, Electronic device and semiconductor power converter joint study group EDD-05-46 (SPC-05-71)

Gate drive circuit with reduced switching loss and noise

Abstract: A means for solving the problem is to detect gate voltage and/or collector voltage of the power semiconductor switching element and change gate drive voltage in several stages based on the detected value.


A brake pedal assembly for a vehicle having a brake pedal arm having an initial position and an adjustment subassembly configured to adjust the initial position. The brake pedal assembly is further provided with a preload spring configured to provide a preload force to the brake pedal arm and a preload adjustment cam in cooperation with the brake pedal arm. The adjustment subassembly and the preload spring are configured to change the preload force in response to a change in the initial position.

Brake systems in an automobile typically include hydraulically actuated wheel brakes, a master cylinder and a brake pedal assembly connected to the master cylinder via a brake booster. As an operator actuates the brake pedal assembly the brake booster/master cylinder is activated and fluid pressure is sent to the wheel brakes, such as calipers or drum brakes, which in turn applies frictional force to rotors or drums, respectively. The activation of the brake booster/master cylinder is resisted or opposed by a force attributable to fluid pressure in the hydraulic fluid channels and the brake pads or linings pressing against the rotors or drums. This resistive or opposing force increases relative to the movement of the brake pedal assembly as additional braking force is applied to the wheel brakes. Motor vehicle operators perceive this relationship between movement of the brake pedal assembly and increasing resistive force as "pedal feel" of the brake system. Drivers expect this "pedal feel" from all motor vehicle brake systems. In a motor vehicle brake system in which fluid pressure to apply a wheel brake is created independently of a direct mechanical connection between the brake pedal and the brake booster/master cylinder, i.e. a "brake-by-wire" brake system, this "pedal feel" may not be felt by the operator. Therefore it may be advantageous to provide a similar "pedal feel" of a traditional brake system in a "brake-by-wire: brake system.


A linear proportioner including a logarithmic mechanism to be used for transferring linear dimensions from an existing drawing, picture or actual scene to a new drawing or artist medium. An elongated assembly provides two indicators (one fixed and one variable) as reference pointers, two indicators (one fixed and one variable) for object pointers and an adjustment knob which, when rotated, moves the variable indicators synchronously and proportionally. By depressing the knob when transferring the first object dimension, the proportion ratio (transparent to the operator) is automatically set for subsequent dimension transfers.

1. Field of Invention
The present invention pertains to the field of Linear Proportioners. More particularly, this invention is intended to assist an artist or drawing person to easily obtain more precise proportions by transferring dimensions from an actual scene, a photograph or any reference picture to any drawing or artist medium.
2. Description of the Related Art
Linear proportioners have been known as proportional dividers, pantographs, and proportion calipers. Proportional dividers have two similar members or legs where the distal ends of both members are pointers. The two members are connected by an adjustable pivot assembly forming a scissor-like device. When the pivot is fixed in one position, the dimension between the upper and lower pointers provide a constant ratio of those dimensions independent of the scissor opening. Therefore, dimensions on a drawing can be transferred to another drawing with the same ratio or proportion.
Pantographs are four member devices designed to permit tracing lines on a reference drawing or picture in the same plane where an object drawing is generated (usually expanded). The distal end of one member is fixed to the drawing plane with a pivot. The distal end of a different member is a stylus for tracing. The distal end of another member provides a mounting for a writing implement. The object drawing is generated with a constant ratio to the reference drawing, i.e. in proportion.
One type of proportional caliper is known as the golden proportional caliper. This device is a threaded spindle having opposite end sections with reverse threads of different pitches. The ratio of these pitches is 1 to 0.618. Where the two different threads meet there is a fixed reference pointer. At each end of the spindle there is a variable pointer. The two distances between the reference pointer and the variable pointers maintain a ratio of 1 to 0.618.
Proportional dividers and calipers are well suited for there intended design in the drafting environment. Extending the application of these devices to art environments such as canvas and easel can be awkward because of the dynamic dimension range and the physical configuration of the device. Also, in a drafting environment, an expanded or reduction of a drawing is desired using a particular ratio; it is not necessary for an Artist to utilize ratios, mathematics or actual dimensions when transferring a scene or photograph to art medium.
Other devices have been developed to overcome these and similar problems associated with . . . . Typical of the art are those devices disclosed in the following U.S. patents:
U.S. Pat. No.Inventor(s)Issue Date967,267J. C. ThompsonAug. 16, 19102,560,697J. F. JoyDec. 16, 19462,645,021M. T. DiekesJul. 14, 19532,770,884J. F. EckertNov. 20, 19563,858,324M. PadowiczJan. 7, 19754,416,063J. NestorNov. 22, 19835,154,004J. AllenOct. 13, 19927,043,849D. LegerMay 16, 2006
Of these patents, Thompson, in the '267 patent discloses a "Proportional Measuring Instrument" which can be used as a linear proportioner commonly known as a "proportional divider". The object of the invention is to facilitate the operation of comparing linear dimensions, dividing lines proportionally, adding to a line a given proportion of that line and the instantaneous conversion linear units such as inches and meters. The configuration of this invention is similar to other proportional dividers. It consists of two similar legs connected in a scissor like fashion by an adjustable pivot assembly. Distal ends of both legs are pointers. By fixing the position of the pivot assembly, the distance between the upper leg pointers divided by the distance of the lower leg pointers will be a ratio independent of the angle between the legs. Given this constant ratio, this device can transfer linear dimensions of a drawing to a new drawing with respective proportions. In addition the '267 device has a third member connected near the ends of one set of pointers which is a measuring device for the distance between those pointers.
The '697 patent issued to Joy discloses a "Proportional Divider" configured with two similar legs by a slidable pivot assembly. Distal ends of both legs are pointers. By fixing the position of the pivot assembly, the distance between the upper leg pointers divided by the distance of the lower leg pointers will be a ratio independent of the angle between the legs. Given this constant ratio, the '697 device is provided for transferring linear dimensions of a drawing to a new expanded or reduced drawing.
The '021 patent issued to Diekes is also a "Proportional Divider" configured with two similar legs by an adjustable pivot assembly. Distal ends of both legs are pointers. By fixing the position of the pivot assembly, the distance between the upper leg pointers divided by the distance of the lower leg pointers will be a ratio independent of the angle between the legs. Given this constant ratio, the '021 device is provided for transferring linear dimensions of a drawing to a new expanded or reduced drawing.
Eckert, in the '884 patent, discloses a proportional divider configured with two similar legs and having a slidable pivot assembly. Distal ends of both legs are pointers. By fixing the position of the pivot assembly, the distance between the upper leg pointers divided by the distance of the lower leg pointers will be a ratio independent of the angle between the legs. Given this constant ratio, the '884 device is provided for transferring linear dimensions of a drawing to a new expanded or reduced drawing.
The '324 patent issued to Padowicz is a pantograph which is used to reproduce (usually enlarge) a picture or drawing by tracing lines on the reference drawing. The reference drawing and the object drawing are in the same plane where one member of a four-member apparatus is affixed to this plane via a pivot. The distal end of a second member has a stylus mounted for tracing. The distal end of a third member has a mounting for a writing implement. The four members are interconnected by pivots which maintain a constant proportion for reproduction.
The '063 patent issued to Nestor et al., and entitled, "Golden Proportion Calipers" discloses a device including a threaded spindle having opposite end sections with reverse threads of different pitches. As discussed above, the ratio of these pitches is 1 to 0.618. Where the two different threads meet there is a fixed reference pointer. At each end of the spindle there is a variable pointer. The two distances between the reference pointer and the variable pointers maintain a ratio of 1 to 0.618.
Allan, in the '004 patent, discloses a "Proportional Divider" configured with two similar legs and having a slidable pivot assembly. Distal ends of both legs are pointers. By fixing the position of the pivot assembly, the distance between the upper leg pointers divided by the distance of the lower leg pointers will be a ratio independent of the angle between the legs. Given this constant ratio, the '004 device is provided for transferring linear dimensions of a drawing to a new expanded or reduced drawing.
The '849 patent issued to Leger, and entitled "Multifunctional Caliper Instrument for the Arts," is similar in configuration to a pantograph in that it has four members interconnected by pivots. There are four pointers at distal ends of three members. The '849 patent describes various uses for the invention. One application is a proportional divider where two of the four members are removed. The remaining two members are functionally similar to the proportional dividers above.


A fastener (10) comprising an attachment section (30) for permanent attachment to an anchoring area, a target section (60) for permanent attachment to a landing area, and a fastening section (40) for selective attachment and detachment from the target section (60). A breakable connection (70) initially connects the fastening section (40) and the target section (60), and this connection (70) is broken to disconnect the fastening section (40) from the target section (60) when fastener (10) is converted from a closed condition to an opened condition. A single fingerlift (80) can be gripped both when converting the fastener (10) from an installed condition to the closed condition, and when converting the fastener (10) from the closed condition to the opened condition.

A disposable diaper can comprises a laminate having a liquid absorbent pad enclosed within a liquid permeable inner shell and a liquid impermeable outer shell. The diaper has a rear portion and a front portion. Fasteners can be attached to edges of the rear portion and arranged to provide closure about the wearer upon engagement with respective landing areas on the front portion of the diaper. Each diaper fastener can be convertible from an installed condition, to a deployed condition, and to a closed condition. If the diaper fasteners are reopenable, they can each also be converted from the closed condition to an opened condition, and then between a reclosed condition and a reopened condition.
A reopenable diaper fastener can comprise an outer attachment section, an inner attachment section, a target section, and a fastening section. The attachment sections are intended to be permanently attached, by the diaper manufacturer, to the outer and inner surfaces, respectively, of the edge of the rear portion of the diaper. The target section is intended for permanent attachment, by a user, to the landing area on the front portion of the diaper. The fastening section is initially releasably attached to the target section and is intended to be unattached and reattached, by a user, to open, reclose and reopen the fastener.
A diaper fastener will also typically include a first fingerlift attached to the target section and a second, different fingerlift attached to the fastening section. The first fingerlift is gripped by the user when converting the fastener from the installed condition to the closed condition. The second different fingerlift is gripped by the user when opening, reclosing, and reopening the fastener.


This disclosure describes systems, methods, and apparatus for using a NATTYPE module in a Linux kernel to carry out Full Cone NAT and address-restricted cone NAT while offloading NAT functionality to a hardware accelerator. The NATTYPE module can be configured to create a mapping between conntrack entries and NATTYPE entries and a conntrack module can be configured to update a NATTYPE entry when a conntrack entry is updated and the conntrack entry includes a mapping to a NATTYPE entry. Alternatively, a hardware accelerator controller can be configured to refresh conntrack entries as well as NATTYPE entries.

1. Field
The present disclosure relates generally to NAT, and more specifically to Full Cone NAT and address-restricted cone NAT performed on a Linux system.
2. Background
When IP addressing was originally created, the small size of the Internet at the time, led people to believe that the number of IP addresses would be more than enough to handle any need. As networks of home and business computers and other devices exploded, this view began to change. Realizing that there were not enough IP addresses to sustain this growth, network address translation, or NAT, was developed as a network protocol enabling a router or other routing device (a "NAT device") to act as a translator (think of a telephone switchboard operator) between multiple devices on a private network and devices on the public Internet, and in this way enable multiple devices on a private network to share a single, and increasingly scarce, public IP address.
In particular, a NAT device changes or translates a source IP address in a header of outgoing packets from devices in the private network so that the packets appear to be coming from the NAT device. In other words, the source IP address of outgoing packets is changed or translated from the private IP address of the originating device to the public IP address of the NAT device. The NAT device also creates a mapping of this translation so that it can guide incoming (responding) traffic to the correct device on the private network. Responding devices on the public Internet believe that they are receiving packets from the NAT device, and therefore respond by sending packets to the NAT's public IP address. The NAT device then uses the stored mapping to determine which device on the private network to forward incoming traffic to, and further changes a destination IP address in a header of incoming packets to that of the device on the private network that the packets are being forwarded to. In this way, both sending and receiving devices are unaware of the NAT's existence in the communication path.
While NAT was originally designed to enable multiple devices on a private network to share a single public IP address, more recent applications have included firewall-type purposes such as the masking of private IP addresses and filtering of incoming traffic.
Such applications are carried out via four different types of NAT: Full Cone; address restricted cone; port restricted cone; and symmetric. Systems using a LINUX kernel can perform port-restricted cone and symmetric NAT as these are supported by the LINUX kernel. However, the LINUX kernel does not support Full Cone and address restricted cone NAT. One workaround is use of the "NATTYPE module", which can be run within the LINUX kernel. The NATTYPE module adds functions to the default Linux kernel functions that further enable the Linux kernel to perform Full Cone and address restricted cone NAT translation.
While this workaround is typically effective, problems arise when used in combination with a hardware accelerator. Hardware accelerators are hardware components (e.g., integrated circuits) that are used to increase performance of computing operations where specially designed hardware can more quickly or more efficiently perform processes than a similar software component running on a general-purpose CPU. Firewall and NAT operations in software consume a large portion of processing resources (e.g., million instructions per second or MIPS) and thus to enable high data throughput, it is desirable to distribute some or all firewall and NAT operations to a hardware accelerator. This enables software components such as the kernel to perform other processing duties in parallel with the firewall and NAT operations. The problem with using hardware acceleration in the NAT context, is that if Full Cone and address restricted cone NAT are desired, and therefore the NATTYPE module is used to overcome the kernel's default inability to perform these types of NAT's, then use of hardware acceleration causes entries created by the NATTYPE module to time out. This results in dropping of packets from known connections.
In particular, the LINUX kernel typically maps private to public IP addresses and ports for incoming and outgoing packets (depending on the NAT type). These mappings are stored in conntrack entries of kernel memory. These entries include timeout values that decrement unless periodically refreshed. Once a conntrack entry is created for a new connection, subsequent packets pass through the hardware accelerator rather than the kernel, and thus the timeout values in the conntrack entries in the kernel decrement. A userspace controller of the hardware accelerator monitors packet translation in the hardware accelerator and periodically updates the conntrack entries in the kernel based on this monitoring.
Similarly, when the NATTYPE module is invoked, the kernel creates conntrack entries and NATTYPE entries for new connections, and both types of entries have timeout values that need to be periodically refreshed. Again, subsequent packets from a known connection pass solely through the hardware accelerator. The libnetfilter_conntrack is a userspace library which provides an interface to alter the conntrack entries through netlink sockets. The libnetfilter_conntrack includes a mechanism to update/alter conntrack entries but does not include a mechanism for updating/altering the NATTYPE entries. The hardware accelerator controller refreshes the conntrack entries, using this mechanism, but since it is unable to update the NATTYPE entries, they eventually timeout. When they timeout, subsequent incoming packets are no longer recognized as coming from a known external source and are thus dropped.

Systems, methods, and apparatus for full-cone and address restricted cone network address translation using hardware acceleration


A layered microwave radiation absorber comprises an absorbing layer bound to one side of a conductive layer (such as a metallic plate or foil), and an adhesive layer bound on the other side of the conductive layer. The combination may be applied directly to the surface of any object, but especially to an existing conductive object coated with an nonconductive coating (such as paint) without removing the nonconductive coating from the surface. Several types of absorbing materials may be used, and other layers may be included. The absorber has superior resistance to delamination.

Microwave radiation absorbers typically are nonconductive composites of one or more kinds of dissipative particles dispersed through dielectric binder materials. The absorption performance of the composite absorber depends predominantly on the electromagnetic interactions of the individual particles with each other and with the binder. Thickness, weight, and ease of application of the composite absorber are important practical considerations. Thus, the mechanical properties of all portions of an absorber may be as important as the electromagnetic properties of the components.

Microwave absorber for direct surface application

Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company


Systems and methods for detecting an obstruction in a detector surface fields are provided. In one respect, a set of lines may be projected over substantially a half of the detection area and may subsequently imaged and evaluated. Other embodiments may include a second set of lines that may be projected over substantially a second half of the detection area and may subsequently imaged and evaluated. The images may be evaluated to determine if there are breaks (e.g., an obstruction) in the projected set of lines. Based on the evaluation, the detector may provide dynamic feedback signals to a processor, which may adjust the position of the detector or provide a signal indicating an obstruction.

Nuclear medical imaging is widely used due to the ease of collecting multiple data sets simultaneously during an imaging period. Emissions of a distributed radioactive tracer inside an organism are collected by detectors, converted into signals, and used to generate a complete image of the organism.
Generally, in single photon emission computerize tomography (SPECT), also referred to as a gamma camera system, scintillation detectors are placed relatively close to a patient during the image acquisition process. In some respects, light rails may be placed along each side of a scintillation detector surface to provide feedback signals to a motion control system that can automatically position the scintillation detectors at the closest proximity between the detector's surface and an object being imaged, such as a patient. The placement is important as the closer the detector is to the patient, the better the image quality. Also, maintaining a patient's safety is important with respect to the detector's placement. The detectors can each weigh upwards of 1000 pounds. Therefore, the placement of the detector in proximity of the patient is such that any contact with the patient may trigger a touch sensor and shut down the motion of the detectors.
Current SPECT systems employ a two level light rail system that includes arrays of infrared light emitting diodes (IR LEDs), as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, which illustrate a profile view and a top view of existing light rails 12a and 12b, respectively. Because each IR LED transmits its beam in a wedge shape across the surface of detector collimator 16, several IR LEDs may be arranged on both sides of the light rails in light transmitter and receiver 10a and 10b such that all wedge beams can interleave and generate a continuous plane over the surface of detector collimator 16. Generally, the IR LEDS and IR photodiodes may be sequentially scanned by a microcontroller for real-time sensing response as well as well as to prevent cross-talk between each light plane.
However, component parametric variations including sensitivity of the photodiodes and light intensity of the IR LEDs require component sorting and complex calibration scheme in order to function properly. Additionally, tight tolerance is required to assemble the IR LEDs and IR photodiodes on long printed circuit boards (PCBs) to meet the specified light plane sensitivity. Further, the PCBs are difficult to manufacture and handle.
Aside from the hardware limitations of current SPECT implementations, factors such as signal connection reliability may be compromised due to a large number of signal interfaces that are needed between the light rails and the microcontroller.

Multi-level light curtain with structure light sources and imaging sensors


The invention provides compounds of the formula:

HCV is a single stranded, positive-sense RNA virus belonging to the Flaviviridae family of viruses in the hepacivirus genus. The NS5B region of the RNA polygene encodes an RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), which is essential to viral replication. Following the initial acute infection, a majority of infected individuals develop chronic hepatitis because HCV replicates preferentially in hepatocytes but is not directly cytopathic. In particular, the lack of a vigorous T-lymphocyte response and the high propensity of the virus to mutate appear to promote a high rate of chronic infection. Chronic hepatitis can progress to liver fibrosis, leading to cirrhosis, end-stage liver disease and HCC (hepatocellular carcinoma), making it the leading cause of liver transplantations.
There are six major HCV genotypes and more than 50 subtypes, which are differently distributed geographically. HCV genotype 1 is the predominant genotype in Europe and in the US. The extensive genetic heterogeneity of HCV has important diagnostic and clinical implications, perhaps explaining difficulties in vaccine development and the lack of response to current therapy.
Transmission of HCV can occur through contact with contaminated blood or blood products, for example following blood transfusion or intravenous drug use. The introduction of diagnostic tests used in blood screening has led to a downward trend in post-transfusion HCV incidence. However, given the slow progression to the end-stage liver disease, the existing infections will continue to present a serious medical and economic burden for decades.
The first generation HCV therapies were based on (pegylated) interferon-alpha (IFN-α) in combination with ribavirin. This combination therapy yields a sustained virologic response in more than 40% of patients infected by genotype 1 viruses and about 80% of those infected by genotypes 2 and 3. Beside the limited efficacy on HCV genotype 1, this combination therapy has significant side effects and is poorly tolerated in many patients. Major side effects include influenza-like symptoms, hematologic abnormalities and neuropsychiatric symptoms. The second generation of HCV treatments added the HCV protease inhibitors telepravir or boceprevir, allowing treatment times to be shortened, but generating a significant number of serious side-effects. A major improvement in treatment was possible with the introduction of the protease inhibitor simeprevir and the HCV polymerase inhibitor sofosbuvir. These were initially co-administered with interferon and ribavirin, but more recently the co-administration of simeprevir (WO2007/014926) and sofosbuvir (WO2008/121634) has allowed interferon-free and ribavirin-free HCV treatment with further diminished treatment times and dramatically decreased side effects.
An advantage of nucleoside/nucleotide HCV polymerase inhibitors such as sofosbuvir, is that they tend to be active against several of the HCV genotypes. Sofosbuvir for example has been approved by the FDA and EMA for treatment of HCV genotypes 1 and 4. However, in the Fission phase III clinical trials reported in Lawitz et al, N. Eng. J. Med. 2013; 368:1878-87, it was noted "Response rates in the sofosbuvir-ribavirin group were lower among patients with genotype 3 infection than amongst those with genotype 2 infection (56% vs. 97%)". Hence there is a need for more effective, convenient and better-tolerated treatments.
Experience with HIV drugs, in particular with HIV protease inhibitors, has taught that sub-optimal pharmacokinetics and complex dosing regimes quickly result in inadvertent compliance failures. This in turn means that the 24 hour trough concentration (minimum plasma concentration) for the respective drugs in an HIV regime frequently falls below the IC90 or ED90 threshold for large parts of the day. It is considered that a 24 hour trough level of at least the IC50, and more realistically, the IC90 or ED90, is essential to slow down the development of drug escape mutants. Achieving the necessary pharmacokinetics and drug metabolism to allow such trough levels provides a stringent challenge to drug design.
The NS5B RdRp is absolutely essential for replication of the single-stranded, positive sense HCV RNA genome which makes it an attractive target for the development of antiviral compounds. There are two major classes of NS5B inhibitors: non-nucleoside inhibitors (NNIs) and nucleoside analogues. The NNIs bind to allosteric regions of the protein whereas the nucleoside inhibitors are anabolized to the corresponding nucleotide and act as alternative substrate for the polymerase. The formed nucleotide is then incorporated in the nascent RNA polymer chain and can terminate the growth of the polymer chain. To date, both nucleoside and non-nucleoside inhibitors of NS5B are known.
As stated above, the inhibition mechanism of nucleoside inhibitors involves phosphorylation of the nucleoside to the corresponding triphosphate. The phosphorylation is commonly mediated by host cell kinases and is an absolute requirement for the nucleoside to be active as an alternative substrate for the NS5B polymerase. Typically, the first phosphorylation step, i.e. conversion of the nucleoside to the nucleoside 5′-monophosphate is the rate limiting step. Subsequent conversion of the monophosphate to the di- and tri-phosphate usually proceed facile and are usually not rate limiting. A strategy for increasing nucleoside triphosphate production is to use cell permeable nucleoside prodrugs of the monophosphate, i.e. a nucleoside carrying a masked phosphate moiety, a "prodrug moiety", which are susceptible to intracellular enzymatic activation leading to a nucleoside monophosphate. The thus formed monophosphate is subsequently converted to the active triphosphate by cellular kinases.
Chemical modifications of an active compound to afford a potential prodrug produces an entirely new molecular entity which can exhibit undesirable physical, chemical and biological properties, thus the identification of optimal prodrugs remains an uncertain and challenging task.
There is a need for HCV inhibitors that may overcome the disadvantages of current HCV therapy such as side effects e.g. toxicity, limited efficacy, lack of pan-genotypic coverage, the emerging of resistance, and compliance failures, as well as improve the sustained viral response.
The present invention provides new HCV inhibiting compounds which have useful properties regarding one or more of the following parameters: antiviral efficacy; pan-genotypic coverage; favourable profile of resistance development; lack of toxicity and genotoxicity; favourable pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics; and ease of formulation and administration. The skilled person will appreciate that an HCV inhibiting compound of the present invention need not demonstrate an improvement in every respect over all known compounds but may instead provide a balance of properties which in combination mean that the HCV inhibiting compound is a valuable alternative pharmaceutical agent.
Compounds of the invention may also be attractive due to the fact that they lack activity against other viruses, i.e. are selective, in particular against HIV. HIV infected patients often suffer from co-infections such as HCV. Treatment of such patients with an HCV inhibitor that also inhibits HIV may lead to the emergence of resistant HIV strains.

Abstract: wherein B is a nucleobase selected from the groups (a) to (d):

Abstract: and the other variables are as defined in the claims,which are of use in the treatment or prophylaxis of hepatitis C virus infection, and related aspects.


Improved systems, methods, and architectures to enhance decision making in Smart Cities and Smart Regions. A system includes an index structure including a first hierarchical data structure including a first hierarchical score based on a plurality of first-level elements, each of the plurality of first-level elements having a respective weighting, and a second hierarchical data structure including a plurality of second hierarchical scores based on a plurality of second-level elements, each of the plurality of second-level elements having a respective weighting, such that the first hierarchical score is based on the plurality of second hierarchical scores through an index factor; and a computer-implemented regional monitor engine to manage local access to a plurality of external data sources to coordinate writes to the index structure.

A Smart City is an urban area that uses different types of electronic data collection sensors to supply information which is used to manage assets and resources efficiently. The goal of the Smart City is to gather information to enhance decision making. Further, by integrating rural and urban economies, a Smart Region can be created. There is a need for improved systems, methods, and architectures to enhance decision making in these areas.
Technological developments have become ubiquitous with modern society but the integration of these advancements is often slow and cumbersome. There is a need for improved systems, methods, and architectures to better implement new technologies in Smart Cities and Smart Regions while preventing unequal access to information. To compound these needs, governments at many levels use organizational structures that encourage data silos, mitigating the spread of information and leverage of resources to address complex problems. Without proper sharing of data, both among and within governments, it can be challenging for citizenry to effectively make informed decisions for their community or to assert their role in civic leadership.

Systems and methods for improving smart city and smart region architectures


An apparatus for cleaning pasta presses, particularly for the "in situ" cleaning of the screws of screw-type machines, kneader mixers and the like in the pasta industry.. This is effected without dismantling the machine by conveying cleaning liquids through the screw-type machines which are closed in liquid-tight manner. The cleaning liquids are preferably recycled and filtered.

The invention relates to an apparatus for cleaning pasta presses, particularly for the cleaning in place of the screws of screw-type machines, kneader mixers and the like in the pasta industry, by a treatment with water, lyes and acids.
In the modern pasta industry, moistened doughs are treated with pressing and kneading screws in screw-type machines, in order to build up, with the formation of the dough, a glutinous structure and simultaneously to build up a high pressure for the moulding. Thus EP-B-351423, for example, describes a process and an installation for producing dough for pasta, wherein the installation comprises a double-shaft kneader having two shafts turning in the same direction which are, to a high extent, self-cleaning. A single-shaft press screw is employed for building up the pressing pressure. The double-shaft kneader and the single-shaft machine can be directly connected to each other, in order to prevent both an unwanted pressure build-up in the kneader and contamination due to external influences. However, despite the extensive self-cleaning of the double-shaft kneader, a high expenditure of manual labor is necessary in order to achieve satisfactory cleaning of the single- and double-shaft machines when the product is changed or for preventive cleaning. Dismantling is necessary, with subsequent cleaning (water and cleansing agent) and re-assembly.
Swiss Patent Application No. 1024/93, which has not previously been published, offers a partial approach to the solution of this problem. According to the invention, screws can be automatically ejected from screw-type machines in one stroke, and in a further development the single-shaft screw press is connected to a swivelling double-shaft kneader. Due to the swivelling capability of the double-shaft kneader, cleaning of the latter and of the connection zones to the screw press is possible in principle. However, with the exception of the screw ejection, the manner in which this is to be effected is neither disclosed nor evident.


It is the object of the invention to provide a wavelength stability circuit used in a WDM optical transmission system, in which the spacing of wavelengths between adjacent optical signals are always so controlled as to keep a prescribed value. The two optical signals with different wavelengths are respectively generated by two laser diodes and multiplexed by an optical coupler. A portion of the multiplexed optical signals is supplied to an optical heterodyne detection circuit, where the spacing of the wavelengths between the two optical signals is detected. The spacing of the wavelengths between the optical signals is converted into an electrical signal by an O/E converter and a frequency counter, and the electrical signal is compared with a standard voltage in a comparator. The spacing of the wavelengths between the two optical signals is always controlled and stabilized by a control circuit and keeps a prescribed value, where the lasing wavelength of one of the two laser diodes is controlled in accordance with the result of comparison of the comparator.

In the WDM transmission system, cross talks must be prevented by keeping the spacing of wavelengths between adjacent optical signals constant, and technologies on this subject are disclosed on Japanese Patent Kokai Nos. 2-228830 and 4-335724. In these technologies, the absolute wavelengths of the optical signals are always kept constant by separately controlling the respective wavelengths of the optical signals.
In the conventionally proposed WDM optical transmission system, in which the plural optical signals with the different wavelengths are transmitted through the common optical fiber transmission line using the conventional wavelength stability circuits, the absolute wavelengths of the optical signals to be transmitted are controlled, but the spacing of the wavelengths between the adjacent optical signals are not controlled at all.
In situations where the spacing of the wavelengths between the adjacent optical signals becomes very small in order to increase the multiplexed density by increasing the number of the optical signals, it is necessary to decrease the cross talks between the optical signals by keeping the spacing of the wavelengths between the adjacent optical signals larger than a critical value.
However, since the absolute wavelengths of the optical signals are controlled in the aforementioned conventional technologies, the spacing of the wavelengths between adjacent optical signals can not become constant, so that the generation of the cross talks can not be suppressed.


A remote survivable DHCP technique is described for facilitating communications between nodes of a computer network. According to a specific embodiment, the network include a remote survivable DHCP (RSD) system adapted to enable a DHCP relay agent to temporarily respond, during at least a portion of times when the DHCP server is down or unreachable, to DHCP-related requests from clients that have already received a valid DHCP lease offer from a DHCP server during at least a portion of times when the DHCP server is down or unreachable.

The present invention relates generally to computer network communications, and more specifically to techniques for providing remote survivable DHCP protocols implemented over to computer network.
The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) provides a framework for passing configuration information to hosts on a Internet (e.g., TCP/IP) network. Typically a DHCP server provides configuration parameters specific to a DHCP client host requesting information to participate on the Internet network. DHCP also provides a mechanism for allocation of IP addresses to hosts. Configuration parameters and other control information are carried in tagged data items that are stored in the 'options' field of the DHCP message.
DHCP is built on a client-server model, where designated DHCP server hosts allocate network addresses and deliver configuration parameters to dynamically configured hosts. Generally, DHCP is designed to supply DHCP clients with the necessary configuration parameters to enable a DHCP client to exchange packets with any other host in the Internet.
Another service provided by DHCP is the allocation of temporary or permanent network (IP) addresses to clients. The basic mechanism for the dynamic allocation of network addresses is simple: a client requests the use of an address for some period of time. The allocation mechanism (the collection of DHCP servers) guarantees not to reallocate that address within the requested time and attempts to return the same network address each time the client requests an address. The period over which a network address is allocated to a client is referred to as a "lease". The client may extend its lease with subsequent requests. The client may issue a message to release the address back to the server when the client no longer needs the address. The client may ask for a permanent assignment by asking for an infinite lease. Even when assigning "permanent" addresses, a server may choose to give out lengthy but non-infinite leases to allow detection of the fact that the client has been retired.
Details of the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol are described in RFC 2131 ("Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol", R. Droms, March 1997) and RFC 2132 ("DHCP Options and BOOTP Vendor Extensions", S. Alexander et al., March 1997), published by the Internet Engineering Task Force (www.ietf.org). Each of these references is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes.
The following description provides a brief explanation of the various communications exchanged between a DHCP client and DHCP server for allocating a network address (e.g., and IP address). Initially, the client broadcasts a DHCPDISCOVER message on its local physical subnet. The DHCPDISCOVER message may include options that suggest values for the network address and lease duration. DHCP relay agents may pass the message on to DHCP servers not on the same physical subnet. A DHCP server may respond with a DHCPOFFER message that includes an available network address. When the client receives the DHCPOFFER messages from the DHCP server, it may respond by accepting the offer by sending a DHCPREQUEST message to the DHCP server. When the DHCP server receives the DHCPREQUEST broadcast from the client, it then commits the binding for the client to persistent storage and responds with a DHCPACK message containing the configuration parameters for the requesting client. The combination of 'client identifier' and assigned network address constitute a unique identifier for the client's lease and are used by both the client and server to identify a lease referred to in any DHCP messages. Assuming that the client receives the DHCPACK message, the configuration process is complete, and the client may begin using the assigned network address for the duration of the lease.
An issue may arise, however, if the client subsequently becomes temporarily disconnected from the network before the DHCP lease expires. For example, some devices (such as, for example, DOCSIS cable modems, client machines, routers, etc.) may a attempt to reacquire the DHCP lease from the DHCP server after being temporarily disconnected from the network, even when that device's current DHCP lease has not yet expired. This may result in an unnecessary consumption of network resources. Moreover, if the DHCP server is temporarily unavailable, the device will be unable to reacquire the DHCP lease and therefore unable to access other devices in the network.
Accordingly, it will be appreciated that there exists a need for improving DHCP-related operations in order to improve network performance and reliability.

Remote survivable DHCP for a DHCP relay agent


Electrolytic process combines disinfection with removal of bromide from raw water. Current is applied to the electrodes in an electrolytic cell with raw water that has some salinity as the electrolyte. The electrodes consist of silver or dimensionally stable anodes (DSA) as cathodes and dimensionally stable anodes (DSA) arranged in parallel baffling fashion. During electrolysis chloride is converted to chlorine. The chlorine immediately effects disinfection of the water and reduction of bromide ions to bromine gas which is liberated from the cell. Aqueous bromine will remain in solution as hypobromous acid. The extent of chlorine generation and bromide loss depend upon the chloride:bromide ratio, electrical energy supplied for electrolysis, ionic strength of the water, electrode distance, cell residence time and electrode material.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention pertains to electrolysis with emphasis on treatment of drinking water. It is an electrolytic process for water treatment utilizing electrical energy directly applied to the water being treated to generate halogen ions.
2. Description
The carcinogenic effects of disinfection byproducts (DBP) in chlorinated municipal drinking water supply prompted this invention. The presence of Natural Organic Matter (NOM as Total Organic Carbon—TOC) and bromide (mainly from estuaries) in raw water, commonly known as DBP precursors, leads to the formation of carcinogenic halogenated organic contaminants in drinking water upon subsequent chlorination. The brominated species in this class of contaminants have been shown to have significantly higher health effects compared to non-brominated species. This invention substantially reduces the amount of bromide available to form brominated disinfection byproducts.
Since the discovery of chlorination byproducts in drinking water in 1974, numerous toxicological studies have been conducted that show some DBPs to be carcinogenic and/or cause reproductive or developmental effects in laboratory animals. Additionally, exposure to high levels of disinfectants over long periods of time may cause health problems, including damage to blood and kidneys. While many of these studies have been conducted at high doses, the weight-of-evidence indicates that DBPs present a potential public health problem that must be addressed. USEPA Stage 1 DBP Rule limits Total Trihalomethanes (TTHM) to 80 μg/L Running Annual Average system-wide but Stage 2 will extend that limit to individual sample locations. Surface water sources that have links to estuaries or groundwater wells subject to influence of the sea exacerbate the tendency to form DBPs upon subsequent chlorination because of the presence of bromide in the water. These salt water intrusions result in significant levels of bromide which plays an important role in the relative concentrations of disinfection by product (DBP) species formed. Several researchers have reported that speciation shifted to the bromine-substituted THMs as a function of bromide concentration when all other parameters were held constant. Under conditions of high NOM and low bromide concentrations, chlorine-substituted byproducts predominated, especially during longer reaction times as the original bromide was consumed. In the presence of chlorine and precursor, as much as 50% of the bromide ion can become incorporated into the trihalomethane (THM) species bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, and bromoform; this efficiency of bromide incorporation implies that 100 μg/L of bromide may result in up to 50 μg/L of THM-bound bromine (THM-Br). A reduction in bromide concentration will have a significant impact on the concentration and speciation of formed TTHM. Reverse osmosis and nanofiltration can reject 90% and 50% bromide respectively, but need residual handling capabilities and have low water recovery. It is also within the realm of possibilities that in the future, beyond Stage 2 DBP Rule, USEPA may set MCLs for individual DBP species that will warrant reduction in bromide concentration in the source water.
Chloramine has been employed as alternative disinfectant by many utilities to minimize the level of TTHMs formed from treating water with high concentration of precursors, however recent developments have implicated chloramine in the formation of nitrogenous DBPs like NDMA, cyanogen chloride and cyanogen bromide. Also, nitrification and the resulting odor is a common distribution system problem associated with chloramination.
Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) is effective in removing the main DBP precursor, TOC, from raw water but the replacement frequency in order to meet the DBP rule may make the cost of the process prohibitive especially when bromide is present in concentration above 100 μg/L. Electrolysis using silver electrodes and/or DSA to reduce bromide concentration in synergy with enhanced coagulation and a technology to reduce TOC will provide another option to achieve the treated water goal—less than 80 μg/L TTHM in the distribution system after 3 days—at a competitive cost.

Electrolytic cell and process for removal of bromide ions and disinfection of source waters using silver cathode and/or dimensionally stable anode (DSA): a process for the reduction of disinfectant/disinfection byproducts in drinking water


The present invention provides a monitor system for a projection apparatus which system is suitable for detecting errors in a display on a projection screen. A projection apparatus 100 comprises a projection section 120 that projects an image on a screen 110, an image pickup element 130 into which the actual projected image projected by the projection section 120 is loaded, an error detection section 140 that detects errors in the projection section 120 on the basis of the actual projected image loaded into the image pickup element 130, and a notification section 150 that carries out a predetermined notification when the error detection section 140 detects an error. The error detection section 140 detects errors in the projection section 120 on the basis of an original projected image to be projected by the projection section 120 and an actual projected image loaded into the image pickup element 130.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a system, apparatus, program, and method for monitoring a projection apparatus such as a projector, and in particular, to a monitor system for a projection apparatus, a projection apparatus, a monitor program for a projection apparatus, and a monitor method for a projection apparatus all of which are suitably used to detect errors in a display on a projection screen.
2. Description of the Related Art
For example, the video display apparatus disclosed in Patent Document 1 has hitherto been used as a technique for monitoring a projection apparatus such as a projector.
This video display apparatus comprises a video display that displays a video, a power source, a light source lighted when provided with power by the power source, to irradiate the video displayed on the video display with light to display the video on a screen, a control section which receives a power source error signal from the power source if any error is occurring in the power source and which receives a light source error signal from the light source if the light source cannot be lighted, and an error display section that indicates whether an error is occurring in the power source or light source, in response to an instruction from the control section.
[Patent Document 1] Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 11-112912
However, with the conventional video display apparatus, a user is notified of an error through a light source error signal from the light source only if the light source cannot be lighted. It is impossible to detect errors in the light source in which the light source can still be lighted or errors in the video display such as a point or line defect. That is, errors in a display on a projection screen cannot be sufficiently detected.
Thus, the present invention is provided in view of these unsolved problems of the prior art. It is thus an object of the present invention to provide a monitor system for a projection apparatus, a projection apparatus, a monitor program for a projection apparatus, and a monitor method for a projection apparatus all of which are suitably used to detect errors in a display on a projection screen.

Monitor system for projection apparatus, projection apparatus, monitor program for projection apparatus, and monitor method for projection apparatus


Among other things, one or more techniques and/or systems are provided for building an action catalogue, generating an action frame for an action within the action catalogue, and/or executing an action. In an example, an action may be included within the action catalogue based upon descriptive text associated with an application indicating that the application is capable of performing the action (e.g., a movie app may be capable of performing an order movie tickets action). A parameter (e.g., a movie name) and/or an execution endpoint (e.g., a uniform resource identifier used to access movie ticket ordering functionality) may be used to generate an action frame for the action. In this way, user intent to perform an action may be identified from user input (e.g., a spoken command), and the action may be performed (e.g., on behalf of the user with minimal additional user input) by using the action frame.

Many users utilize computing devices, such as mobile phones, tablet devices, and/or personal computers, to perform various types of actions. In one example, a user may input a speech command "what is today's news" into a mobile phone. The mobile phone may provide the user with a list of news website search results through a web browser. In another example, a user may input a search query "order movie tickets" through a search engine accessed through a tablet device. The search engine may provide a list of websites that may be tagged as relating to movie tickets. The user may manually explore a movie website that may provide movie information, such as movie reviews, movie show times, and/or a movie ticket ordering service. After discovering the ticket ordering service, the user may provide information requested by the ticket order service in order to complete an order ticket movie action. Unfortunately, completing the order ticket movie action may require extensive manual input, searching, trial and error, and/or input of redundant information. Moreover, finding a movie ticket ordering provider may be difficult, particularly if the provider is an app instead of a webpage, because search engines generally do not know the actions afforded by apps.


A new credit card system which enables improved reading and other operations. Reading can be done in the short edge of the credit card thereby shortening the aspect ratio and size of the card reader. The reader can be electrical, reading information via contacts, or can be optical readers.

Credit cards are often used in today's society for various purposes, including electronic transactions. Many credit cards are basically a flat piece of plastic with raised numbers. The raised numbers are basically for legacy purposes; i.e., an old-style credit card device that takes an imprint of the raised letters. The credit card information is also encoded on a magnetic strip on the back of the credit card. Newer machines will simply read the information from the credit card's magnetic strip.
Credit card companies assess risk from a credit card transaction in different ways and pass on charges accordingly. Risk is often increased when the credit card itself is not actually used. Credit card companies will often charge extra service fees when the card is not physically present at the time of the transaction.
It has been suggested to use additional identifying information along with the credit information. For example, some credit cards include a photograph of the owner of the authorized user of the credit card. It has also been suggested to use biometric information in conjunction with a transaction, e.g., stored in a smart chip.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.


Disclosed is a non-linear echo canceller and method for cancelling echo during full duplex communication in a hands free communication system. An input signal from a far-end talker and an input signal from the output from an echo canceller are received. K spectral subbands are created for each input signal. The spectral echo residual power at each subband is estimated and compared to a clean signal power to calculate a signal to echo ratio. Gains are calculated based on each calculated ratio and non-linear echo is cancelled based on the calculated gains.

Hands-free telephony systems are becoming increasingly popular and important in a variety of applications. For example, a hands-free telephony system in a vehicle is useful in improving safety and for complying with driving regulations in some jurisdictions where cellphone usage while driving is prohibited. Acoustic echo, which is the direct result of acoustic coupling between the microphone and speaker is the main source of distortion in hands free telephony systems. Problems caused by acoustic echo are different than those caused by noisy speech signals. To eliminate the echo while maintaining a full duplex communication, traditional echo cancellers use a linear adaptive filter to identify the acoustic path between the microphone and speaker and based on this identified path an estimate of the acoustic echo is subtracted from the microphone signal. Note that due to limited DSP engine resources (memory and MIPS) the size of adaptive filter is usually smaller than the actual size of the acoustic echo path and an exact estimate of acoustic echo cannot be made. Also in real environments, due to noise, non-linearity in echo path etc, the performance of linear adaptive echo canceller will be even more limited. As a result of all these effects linear adaptive echo cancellers cannot cancel echo completely and some remaining echo residual can be heard by the far-end listener. The remaining echo residual is even more noticeable when long transmission delays are involved which is a typical case with most mobile or voice over IP (VOIP) networks.
To improve upon this limitation of linear adaptive filters, a common approach is to use a non-linear process (NLP) at the output of the adaptive filter to further suppress any remaining echo residual. Since NLP can also suppress the near-end talker's voice, ideally NLP should be active only when far-end talker is active. During double talk periods, when both near-end and far-end talkers are speaking at same time, NLP should be turned off to prevent clipping the near end talker's voice. Note that during double talk period, since NLP is off, echo residual can still be heard by far end listener. Non-linear echo cancellation is a different problem from linear echo cancellation and requires its own set of approaches. Methods used for linear echo cancellation cannot be generalized to apply to non-linear echo cancellation.
In practice, since double talk conditions can not be precisely detected, NLP can severely disrupt the full duplex operation of echo canceller by on-and-off clipping the near-end talker's voice during periods of double talk.

Spectral domain, non-linear echo cancellation method in a hands-free device


A small illumination apparatus including an optical member less affected by heat from a light source is disclosed. The illumination apparatus has a light source and an optical member closer to a light irradiation side than the light source and having an entrance surface formed as a refractive surface. The entrance surface has a first area receiving a first light component emitting from the light source at an angle smaller than a first angle with respect to an irradiation optical axis and a second area receiving a second light component emitting at an angle larger than the first angle with respect to the irradiation optical axis. The second area is positioned closer to the light source than the first area in the irradiation optical axis direction. Each of the first and second areas is formed a flat surface or a curved surface having a concave shape facing the light source.

The present invention relates to an illumination apparatus for use in an image-taking apparatus or the like.
An illumination apparatus for use in an image-taking apparatus such as a camera is formed of a light source and optical members such as a reflective mirror and a Fresnel lens for directing luminous flux emitting from the light source toward a light irradiation side (toward a subject). A variety of small illumination apparatuses have been proposed for efficiently gathering luminous flux emitting from the light source in various directions to a necessary irradiation area.
Particularly, some of recently proposed apparatuses employ an optical member which achieves total reflection such as a prism and a light guide provided to realize uniform light distribution, improved light-gathering efficiency, and a reduced size, instead of a Fresnel lens disposed closer to a subject than a light source.
For example, Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2000-250102 has proposed an illumination apparatus having an optical prism for applying luminous flux from a light source in a light irradiation direction, in which the optical prism has a first entrance surface which receives part of the luminous flux from the light source that emits close to an irradiation optical axis, an emergence surface from which the luminous flux from the first entrance surface directly emerges, a second entrance surface which receives part of the luminous flux from the light source that emits at a larger angle than that close to the irradiation optical axis, and a total reflection surface which totally reflects the luminous flux from the second entrance surface and causes the reflected luminous flux to emerge from the emergence surface. In the illumination apparatus, the abovementioned respective surfaces are formed to have shapes in which a certain correlation is established between the angle of luminous flux emitting from the center of the light source with respect to the irradiation optical axis and the angle of luminous flux emerging from the emergence surface with respect to the irradiation optical axis.
As the material of the optical prism, an optical resin material such as acrylic resin is often used in view of the moldability and cost.
In the illumination apparatus of this type, the light source produces a large amount of heat together with light. To prevent deformation of the optical material due to the heat, it is necessary to select the optical material and define the heat radiation space in consideration of thermal energy produced in one light emission and the shortest light-emission cycle. As a result, in the illumination apparatus proposed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2000-250102 described above, a somewhat large distance needs to be ensured between the second entrance surface which receives the luminous flux emitting from the light source at a relatively large angle and the light source.
With the position of the second entrance surface set in this manner, however, the height of the optical prism is easily increased, which makes it difficult to reduce the size of the illumination apparatus.


Systems and methods for selecting a payment account for a payment transaction are provided by certain embodiments of the invention. Data may be collected from a payment device utilized for the transaction, and a plurality of payment accounts may be associated with the payment device. A personal identification number associated with the payment device may be received. At least one of the plurality of payment accounts associated with the payment device may be selected based on a portion of the received personal identification number. The transaction may be facilitated utilizing at least one of the selected payment accounts.

A wide variety of cashless transactions are completed utilizing various payment instruments associated with a consumer, such as, credit cards, debit cards, stored value cards, gift cards, etc. Typically, a payment instrument is associated with a single payment account, such as a credit card account or a stored value account. Because each payment instrument is associated with a single payment account, a consumer must often carry multiple payment instruments that the consumer may wish to utilize. The carrying of multiple payment instruments may be inconvenient and cumbersome for the consumer.
Therefore, a need exists in the art for payment instruments that may be associated with multiple payment accounts. There also exists a need in the art for systems, methods, and apparatus for selecting a payment account associated with a payment instrument in order to facilitate a payment transaction.

Systems, methods and apparatus for selecting a payment account for a payment transaction


A pillow cover has a pillow case having a pocket, a pocket opening, a cavity, and an opening, the opening configured to allow the pillow case to receive a standard-sized pillow into the cavity, a support pillow insert insertable into the pocket through the pocket opening to form a support pillow on the surface the pillow case, and an attachment to allow the pillow cover to be adjustably attached to a chair.

Pillows are a ubiquitous form of comfort. Pillows are sold in various styles, sizes, contouring and are used for travel. People are always on the hunt for a pillow that will ensure reliable comfort. There exists thousands of styles to choose from when seeking the right level of density and personal support.
Traditional pillow covers usually comprise of a front and back with either a side opening or an envelope opening in the middle of the back panel to allow the user to insert the pillow of their choice. There exists a pillow cover on the market that only has a neck support. This pillow cover adequately responds to the user's need for neck support. However, the pillow cover is to be used while sleeping in a bed in a horizontal position.
The drawback of this pillow cover is that it cannot support the head of a sleeping person when they fall asleep while sitting upright. Oftentimes, the infirmed or elderly fall asleep while sitting in geriatric chairs and their heads fall forward or to the side causing unnecessary neck strain. There is another pillow that reaches over the top of the chair but it only supports the neck of the person.
In summary, the design of existing pillow and pillow covers cannot satisfy the current needs of people who would like the comfort of knowing that their head will be supported while they rest in an upright position. The user will rest assured knowing that their favorite pillow is securely encased in the pillow cover that is also secured to the back of the chair. This assurance will give the user many hours of rest and comfort.


Systems and methods of evolving content for computer games are disclosed. One such method comprises tracking popularity according to one or more users of at least a portion of a plurality of game content items available in a game world. The game world is associated with the game. The game world also comprises evolving an additional game content item based on the popularity of the tracked game content items. The usage of each tracked game content item determines a reproduction availability of the tracked game content item. The game world also comprises inserting the additional game content item into the game world.

Video game players and developers are familiar with the concept of "game content," which are objects which players encounter, wield, and/or interact with while playing a game. Some examples of game content are levels, maps, terrain, models, textures, weapons, vehicles, objects, items, etc. Some game developers provide tools which enable players to create their own content, but these tools usually require significant effort to master and specialized knowledge beyond that of most players. Other games include a mechanism for randomizing content (e.g., a random map generator). But randomization is useful only if it is tightly constrained to avoid generating undesirable content, and provides no means to direct the new content toward the kind of content that players prefer.

Systems and methods for evolving content for computer games


The invention relates to a method of producing single-chain Fv molecules in eukaryotic cells, and to secretable sFv proteins having at least one non-naturally occurring glycosylation site. The single-chain Fv molecules produced by this method are biologically active and capable of being secreted from eukaryotic cells into the cell culture medium.

Single-chain Fv (sFv) proteins are genetically engineered molecules that consist of the two variable domains of an antibody or T cell receptor connected by a polypeptide linker and that contain the antigen binding function of the parental protein in a single 30 kD polypeptide chain. (Huston, J. S., et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85:5879-5883 (1988); Bird, R. E., et al. Science 242:423-426 (1988); Huston, J. S., et al., Meth. Enzymol. 203:46-88 (1991)).
The Fv portion of an antibody is the smallest fragment to bear the complete antigen-binding site. It is a 25 kD heterodimer consisting of the N-terminal variable (V) domains of the heavy (H) and light (L) chain. (Inbar, D., et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 69:2659-2662 (1972); Hochman, J., Biochemistry 15:2706-2710 (1976); Hochman, J., et al., Biochemistry 12:1130-1135 (1973)). More recently, a genetically engineered single-chain Fv (sFv) with antigen binding activity has been produced by connecting the C-terminus of one V domain to the N-terminus of the other with a peptide linker. Huston, J. S., et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci U.S.A. 85:5879-5883 (1988); and Bird, R. E., et al., Science 242:423-426 (1988) Since then, sFv proteins have been produced from a large number of different antibodies (Huston, J. S., et al., Intern. Rev. Immunol. 10:195-217 (1993); Winter, G. and Milstein, C. Nature 349:293-299 (1991)) and initial studies (Kurucz, I., et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90:3830-3834 (1993); Novotny, J., et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:8646-8650 (1991); Soo Hoo, W. F., et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:4759-4763 (1992); Ward, E. S., J. Mol. Biol. 224:885-890 (1992)) have described the production of sFv analogues of T cell receptors (TcR), cell surface molecules that are highly homologous to immunoglobulins (Hedrick, S. M., et al., Nature 308:153-158 (1984); Davis, M. M. and Bjorkman, P. J., Nature 334, 395-402 (1988)).
Most sFv proteins have been generated in bacteria, often as insoluble, cytoplasmic inclusion bodies. Protein from inclusion bodies is not active and must be solubilized, renatured in vitro and oxidized to form parent disulfide bonds, (Huston, J. S., et al. Methods Enzymol. 203:46-78 (1991)). Alternatively the introduction of an N-terminal leader sequence can direct sFv into the periplasmic space of bacteria by a secretion process wherein the leader sequence is removed (Holland, I. B., et al., Methods Enzymol. 182:132-143 (1990)) and protein folding is accomplished, aided by enzymes that catalyze disulfide bond formation (Bardwell, J. C. A., et al., Cell 67:581-589 (1991)) and cis-trans isomerization of proline residues (Hayano, T., et al., Biochemistry 30:3041-3048 (1991)). However, even with these enzymes, secreted sFv proteins sometimes exist as insoluble aggregates in the periplasmic space, which must be solubilized and refolded in vitro (Johnson, S. and Bird, R. E., Methods Enzymol. 203:88-98 (1991); George, A. J. T., et al., J. Immunol. 152, in press (1994)). Knappik, A., et al. (Bio/Technology 11:77-83 (1993)) have recently attempted to overcome this problem by overexpressing protein disulfide isomerase and prolyl cis-trans isomerase in the piroplasm of bacteria. However, neither enzyme induced a significant change in folding efficiency of sFv proteins when expressed either alone or together with the other enzyme.
A different approach to produce active sFv would be to use the more sophisticated refolding machinery that is located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of mammalian cells. The potential benefit of this approach could be substantial, since the ER not only contains enzymes that catalyze specific isomerization steps but it also contains a number of proteins (e.g., chaperones) that aid in the folding process and prevent the secretion of incorrectly folded proteins (Gething, M. J. and Sambrook, J. Nature 355:33-45 (1992); Pelham, H. R., Annu. Rev. Cell Biol. 5:1-23 (1989); Hurtley, S. M. and Helenius, A., Annu. Rev. Cell Biol. 5:277-307 (1989)). A number of sFv fusion proteins have been expressed in or on the surface of mammalian cells. Examples include an anti-HIV-KDEL (SEQ ID NO: 18) fusion protein, or anti-HIV sFv alone, that remains bound in the ER (Marasco, W. A., et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:7889-7893 (1993)) and anti-tumor sFv proteins fused to TcR-.zeta. or Fc.sub..epsilon. RI-.gamma. that trigger cell mediated cytolysis (Eshhar, Z., et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:720-724 (1993); Hwu, P., et al. J. ExP. Med. 178:361-366 (1993); Stancovski, I., et al. J. Immunol. 151:6577-6582 (1993)). However, production of this class of proteins by mammalian cells is generally very low, varying from a few micrograms to a few milligrams, if production is possible at all. (Davis, S. J., et al., J. Biol. Chem. 265:10410-10418 (1990); Traaunecker, A. et al., EMBO J., 10:3655-3659 (1991)).
To date, it is not certain what the rate-limiting step, or steps, in the efficient expression and secretion of sFv proteins in mammalian cells may be, nor has it been apparent how to induce, or increase existing production levels.

Method of producing single-chain Fv molecules

The United States of America as represented by the Department of Health and Human Services


A queue can store streams of data acquired from servers asynchronously based upon received data requests and subsequent subscription with respect to one or more data sources/servers. The queue can be managed for subsequent synchronous or asynchronous release of received streams of data, for example.

Web servers deliver web page content to clients through the use of a browser. A common web server hosts web page data and other included content such as images, style sheets, and the like. Moreover, the web server communicates web content upon received requests using Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) over the World Wide Web (www). A web page can include web content from multiple web servers. In other words, multiple web servers can host data for a particular web page which complicates the request/response transfer between a browser and targeted web servers. Additionally, web servers can further be associated with devices such as printers, routers, webcams, and the like serving a local network.
In a typical example, a browser can receive a Uniform Resource Locator (URL), wherein the URL can point to a web address and associated web content. The URL can be leveraged and translated into a request to a particular web server so as to receive the appropriate web content corresponding thereto. The browser can communicate this request to a target web server using, for instance, HTTP, to which the web server can respond with the requested information (e.g., web content, images, and the like). The browser can receive web content based upon the request. If the request is unable to be handled, an error message is displayed by the browser. Upon receipt of web content from the web server, the browser renders the web content associated with the URL.
In general, conventional web servers handle requests one at-a-time. For instance, a request for a web page can include a first element and a second element. The web server communicates the first element based on the request and will continue to the second element only upon completion of the first element. By way of example, a web page can include three parts, namely a header, a body, and a footer. To load the web page, interactions with one or more web servers are as follows. First, the header is requested and returned results are communicated to the client to load the header. Next, a request is issued for the body and results are returned to the client to load the body section. Finally, after the header and footer are both loaded the footer is requested and loaded. In other words, the web page is loaded synchronously.

Mixing synchronous and asynchronous data streams


Disclosed are a sandwich panel capable of being advantageously applied to a body wearable device, and a method of manufacturing the same. The sandwich panel includes: a core; and face sheets attached to both surfaces of the core, wherein the face sheet is made of a two-dimensional auxetic material. The core has a neutral surface in accordance with bending moment and is made of a porous material. The face sheet is made of metal, polymer, ceramic, or a composite material, and has higher density, strength, and rigidity than the core. The method includes: processing face sheets; and attaching the face sheets to both surfaces of a core, wherein the face sheet is processed to have a two-dimensional auxetic structure.

The present disclosure relates to a sandwich panel and a method of manufacturing the same, and more particularly, to a sandwich panel capable of being advantageously applied to a body wearable device, and a method of manufacturing the same.
It is expected in the near future that mobile devices will evolve into body wearable devices. The body wearable device needs to be light in weight, to have structural strength, to be flexible, and to be excellent in body adhesion and wearability. In particular, because most of the human body parts, such as muscles of buttocks, chests, arms, or legs, to which the body wearable device is expected to be attached, have convex shapes, the body wearable device needs to be flexibly deformed to have a shape corresponding to the convex shape of the corresponding body part in order to increase adhesion of the body wearable device to the human body.
In this case, the deformation of the body wearable device, which occurs when the body wearable device comes into contact with the convex human body part, may be recognized as deformation caused by bending moment, and the deformation characteristics resulting from the bending moment and the body adhesion derived from the deformation characteristics may vary depending on a material to be used. Specifically, FIGS. 1A and 1B illustrate two types of deformation that occur when z-directional bending moment acts on a wide plate-shaped structural material on an x-z plane. As illustrated in FIG. 1A, a general solid structural material having a positive (+) Poisson's ratio has anticlastic curvature deformation characteristics in which bending caused by bending moment occurs in opposite directions on an x-y plane and a y-z plane. When the plate-shaped structural material having the anticlastic curvature deformation characteristics is applied to the body wearable device, the adhesion to the convex body part is not good. In contrast, as illustrated in FIG. 1B, a solid structural material having a negative Poisson's ratio, such as an auxetic material to be described below, has synclastic curvature deformation characteristics in which bending caused by bending moment occurs in the same direction on the x-y plane and the y-z plane, and when the plate-shaped structural material having the synclastic curvature deformation characteristics is applied to the body wearable device, the adhesion is excellent (Y. Liu and H. Hu, Scientific Research and Essays Vol. 5, pp. 1052-1063, 2010. A. Alderson and K. L. Alderson Proc. IMechE Part G: J. Aerospace Engineering, Vol. 221, pp. 565-575, 2007).
In general, when a material is stretched, the material is contracted in a direction perpendicular to the stretching direction. On the contrary, when the material is compressed, the material is stretched in a direction perpendicular to the compressing direction. That is, the deformation (longitudinal deformation) in a direction of application of a load and the deformation (lateral deformation) in the direction perpendicular to the direction of the application of the load are opposite to each other. A general material has a positive (+) Poisson's ratio defined by adding a negative (−) value to a ratio of the lateral deformation to the longitudinal deformation and has the deformation characteristics resulting from the bending moment as illustrated in FIG. 1A. In contrast, a material having a specific structure has a negative (−) Poisson's ratio, and this material is called an auxetic material. The auxetic material may have a two-dimensional structure or a three-dimensional structure, and the structure is found in a wide range from a microscopic level such as a molecular structure to a macroscopic level of several centimeters. FIGS. 2 and 3 are a two-dimensional structural view and a three-dimensional structural view of a representative auxetic material known in the related art (Juan Carlos A' lvarez Elipe and Andre's D'iaz Lantada, Smart Mater. Struct., Vol. 21, article id. 105004, 2012).
In this case, the two-dimensional auxetic material or structure refers to a structure which is two-dimensional and deformed only in a plane, and the three-dimensional auxetic structure refers to a structure in which both the structure and the deformation are defined in a three-dimensional space.
The two-dimensional auxetic material or the three-dimensional auxetic material has an inherent name depending on a geometric structure thereof. Further, it is known that an open foam material may have characteristics of the auxetic material when the open foam material is compressed in three directions perpendicular to one another and deformed into a re-entrant structure (R. S. Lakes, Science, Vol. 235, pp. 1038-1040, 1987).
However, in order to implement synclastic curvature deformation characteristics, as illustrated in FIG. 1B, in the case of configuring the plate-shaped structural material only with the auxetic material, the three-dimensional auxetic material illustrated in FIGS. 3A-3D needs to be used, but the two-dimensional auxetic material illustrated in FIGS. 2A-2H cannot be used. This is because, specifically, as illustrated in FIGS. 4A-4C, in order to implement the synclastic curvature deformation characteristics when bending moment Mz is applied in a z-axis direction, a portion of the plate-shaped structural material having a predetermined thickness, to which tensile stress is applied in an x-axis direction at an upper side of a neutral surface, needs to be tensilely deformed even in the z-direction perpendicular to the x-axis direction, and a portion of the plate-shaped structure, to which compressive stress is applied in the x-axis direction at a lower side of the neutral surface, needs to be compressively deformed even in the z-direction perpendicular to the x-axis direction, but the two-dimensional auxetic material is deformed only uniformly in a thickness direction, and different types of deformation behavior do not occur in an upward/downward direction based on the neutral surface of the bending moment positioned in the thickness. However, even in a case in which a plate-shaped structural material for a body wearable device is manufactured only with the three-dimensional auxetic material, unit cells of the three-dimensional auxetic material need to be very finely formed in order to implement the synclastic curvature deformation characteristics by deforming upper and lower portions, which have a relatively small thickness, in opposite directions based on the neutral surface of the bending moment, which causes an increase in manufacturing difficulty, an excessive decrease in strength of the structural material, and as a result, there is a practical limitation in applying the structural material to the body wearable device.
Meanwhile, a sandwich panel refers to a structure generally made of different materials including a thick porous/low-strength core, and thin high-density/high-strength face sheets attached to both surfaces of the core. It is known that the sandwich panel is designed such that the face sheets are responsible for bending moment, and the core is responsible for relative low shearing force, such that the sandwich panel has high strength and high rigidity in comparison with a weight thereof. Recently, studies on the sandwich panel in which the core is made of the auxetic material and the face sheet is made of a conventional material have been reported as an example of applying the auxetic material to the sandwich panel. However, the sandwich panel having this structure is provided to manufacture a board having high resistance against impact or having a curved shape but is not related to improvement of deformation characteristics in accordance with bending moment.

Sandwich panel having anticlastic curvature characteristic and manufacturing method of same

INDUSTRY FOUNDATION OF CHONNAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY


A method and system for providing a modulized server-on-a-board is disclosed. The server-on-a-board is installed on a computing device. The method and system include providing bus interface logic, providing local control BIOS, a flash memory and a set of control button connectors, light emitting diodes (LED) connectors and a liquid crystal display (LCD) connector. The local control BIOS is coupled with the bus interface logic and the flash memory. The bus interface logic interacts with the computing device and allows computing device to detect the server board. The local control BIOS boots up the server and prepares the computing device for use as the server. The flash memory stores a server image for the server, which is provided to the computing device using the local control BIOS. The control button connectors allow the server to be turned on, shut down gracefully, or restored to its initial state, by a single press of buttons connected to these connectors. The LED and LCD connectors allow the system status to be displayed or shown.

FIG. 1 depicts a generalized computing device ("computing device") 10. The computing device 10 includes at least a CPU 12 and an optional mass storage 18, such as a hard disk. The computing device 10 may also include other features. The computing device depicted in FIG. 1 also includes a memory 14 such as a flash memory, a display 16, an input/output device 20 such as a keyboard, BIOS 22, a network interface 24 and a bus interface 26. Communication to a network (not shown) is carried out through the network interface 24. Similarly, communication to any attached devices (not shown) can be carried out via the bus interface 26. For example, the bus interface 26 could include interfaces for PCI, USB, SCSI, IDE, Infiniband or other connectors.
The computing device 10 is capable of performing a variety of functions. It is often desirable to utilize the computing device 10 as a server. A server would include additional hardware and/or software that allows the server to serve multiple users. Thus, the server would allow multiple users to share resources, such as printers or the optional mass storage 18 of the computing device 10.
There are a number of conventional methods for allowing the computing device 10 to be used as a server. In general, these conventional methods involve obtaining server software and installing the software on the computing device 10. The user must then manually set up the desired functions for the server. Alternatively, the computing device 10 could be specially built to function as a server. In either case, ensuring that the computing device 10 can function as a server is expensive. For example, obtaining and installing server software on the computing device 10 or specially building the computing device 10 may cost between $500 and $5,000. Moreover, installing the software and tailoring the system to provide the desired individual functions requires a substantial investment of time on the part of the user.
Accordingly, what is needed is a system and method for cheaply and easily allowing the computing device 10 to be used as a server. The present invention addresses such a need.

Method and system for providing a modulized server on board


An X-ray thin film inspection apparatus including a sample table on which an inspection target such as a product wafer or the like is mounted, a positioning mechanism for moving the sample table, a goniometer having first and second swing arms, at least one X-ray irradiation unit that are mounted on the first swing arm and containing an X-ray tube and an X-ray optical element in a shield tube, an X-ray detector mounted on a second swing arm, and an optical camera for subjecting the inspection target disposed on the sample table to pattern recognition.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an X-ray thin film inspection apparatus suitable for a technical field of manufacturing a device having a multilayer film structure achieved by laminating many thin films on a substrate, such as a semiconductor manufacturing field.
2. Description of the Related Art
With respect to semiconductor devices or other types of devices in which a multilayer film structure achieved by laminating many thin films is formed on a substrate, the characteristics of these devices are varied in accordance with the film thickness, density, crystallinity, etc. of each thin film to be formed. Recently, the miniaturization and integration of these devices have been advanced, and this tendency has been remarkable. Therefore, a thin film inspection apparatus that can accurately measure the state of each film thus formed has been required.
Direct measurement by a sectional transmission electron microscope (TEM), a film thickness inspection apparatus using optical interference or ellipsometry, an opto-acoustic type apparatus, etc. have been hitherto known as this type of inspection apparatuses. With respect to the sectional transmission electron microscope (TEM), it is an actual condition that it is impossible to install the sectional transmission electron microscope in a manufacturing process and examine a thin film as an inspection target on a real-time basis, and also a product which is taken out from the manufacturing line for an inspection is discarded after the inspection. Furthermore, the film thickness inspection apparatus using optical interference or ellipsometry and the opto-acoustic type apparatus are suitable for the in-line process, however, the measurement precision thereof is too low to measure the thin film of several nm.
Wafers for inspection (blanket wafers) which are used once for inspection and then thrown away are a large cost load for semiconductor device makers. Particularly, the diameter of semiconductor wafers has been increased, and the cost needed for one blanket wafer has been also increased.

X-ray thin film inspection apparatus and thin film inspection apparatus and method for patterned wafer


A method for producing a heat exchanger for a motor vehicle, wherein the heat exchanger has reservoirs and a bundle of flow-through fluid conduits for guiding the flow between the reservoirs. The conduits are produced together as a bundle. A heat exchanger for a motor vehicle, especially a micro-channel cooler, can be produced by this method.

The present invention relates to a method for producing a heat exchanger for a motor vehicle, the heat exchanger having reservoirs and a bundle of flow-through fluid conduits for guiding a flow between the reservoirs, and a heat exchanger for a motor vehicle, especially a micro-channel cooler, produced by such method.
It would be desirable and advantageous to provide an improved method for manufacturing a heat exchanger with a significantly improved performance and higher cooling capacity. It would also be desirable and advantageous to provide a heat exchanger with improved performance and enhanced cooling capacity.

Method for producing a heat exchanger for a motor vehicle and a heat exchanger for a motor vehicle