The invention relates to a signaling magnetic plug for a liquid circuit, the plug including a first magnetic electrode and a second magnetic electrode for coming into contact with the liquid flowing in the liquid circuit when the magnetic plug is mounted so as to detect the presence of metal particles that might be contained in the liquid. According to the invention, the plug also includes a preferably non-magnetic intermediate electrode disposed between the first and second magnetic electrodes while also being designed to be in contact with the liquid flowing in the liquid circuit when the magnetic plug is mounted, whereby said plug enables the presence of such metal particles to be detected early.

Traditionally, such a signaling magnetic plug is mounted on a casing containing rotary parts, such as gearwheels or bearings, that are immersed in said liquid.
In known manner, the function of the liquid circuit is generally to lubricate and/or cool the rotary parts.
It happens that the rotary parts suffer wear during their lifetime, which wear may be normal, e.g. resulting from contact friction between two gearwheels, or else it may be completely abnormal, e.g. as a result of impacts or intense friction between rotary parts due to intense and abnormal vibration propagating in the casing, and resulting in particular from a rotary part breaking. Degradation of an aircraft engine can also give rise to abnormal wear of component parts of the engine.
Whatever the cause, the wear of such parts leads to particles forming that detach from the part and that are entrained by the liquid in the liquid circuit.
Insofar as the rotary parts are generally made of metal, the particles that result from the parts wearing are electrically conductive and they are generally in the form of filings. Furthermore, the parts are usually made of a metal of the ferromagnetic type, such as iron, i.e. metal that is suitable for being attracted by a magnetic element such as a magnet.
In known manner, a signaling magnetic plug serves to detect the presence of such metal particles.
To do this, the first and second magnetic electrodes attract the metal particles while the liquid is flowing, and as a result particles accumulate on one and/or the other of the magnetic electrodes and tend to form a conductive bridge interconnecting the magnetic electrodes.
Once such a conductive bridge has formed, an associated electric circuit is in a position to detect that the conductive bridge has formed, thereby leading to a signal being sent to an operator, e.g. the pilot of the aircraft.
Such a magnetic plug is placed so as to detect the presence of particles, and on receiving a signal coming from the magnetic plug, which signal can be referred to as a "plug-on" signal, the operator must comply with utilization restrictions and perform a maintenance operation in order to determine the cause for the presence of the metal particles. For example, if particles are detected in the lubricating circuit of a helicopter engine, the "plug-on" signal requires the pilot to perform a safety landing as soon as possible for a single-engined machine, or in a multi-engine application to cause the engine concerned to idle. This affects the mission and the helicopter will need to be taken out of service for quite a long time for a maintenance operation.
Furthermore, it is often found that a magnetic plug delivers a "plug-on" signal for reasons other than abnormal wear of the engine (such signals are said to be "false-positives").
This applies for example during the first two hundred hours of operation of the engine, in which period it is found that metal particles accumulate on the plug even though the rotary parts are not worn abnormally. The cause of the metal particles being present at the beginning of the lifetime of the engine is generally due to a running-in effect or to incomplete cleaning of the engine parts during manufacture of the engine. Metal particles can therefore be present in the oil circuit in the absence of abnormal wear.
This can also happen after the running-in period, where in normal operation the particles that result from normal wear of the engine accumulate on the magnetic plug and end up producing the "plug-on" signal.
Although such "plug-on" signals are not caused by abnormal operation of the engine, they are handled as though they were so caused, leading to the same consequences in terms of operations and maintenance.
Traditionally, one solution for mitigating such false-positives and for avoiding taking the helicopter out of service, is to burn away the particles that have accumulated on the plug.
A drawback is that information is lost concerning the reason for the magnetic plug generating the "plug-on" signal. In other words, the method consisting in burning off the particles makes it impossible during future a maintenance operation to verify whether the presence of the particles on the plug was due to earlier pollution or indeed to abnormal wear, and makes it impossible to identify the parts concerned by analyzing the material.
Particle counter systems are also known that serve to monitor variation in the size and number of particles, however such systems present numerous drawbacks, in particular their costs and their weight. They also present the drawback of containing electronic circuits, and it is then necessary to ensure that they are operating properly under operational conditions.


Provided are an electrophotographic photoconductor being resistant to abrasion even in long-term use, having highly sensitive electric characteristics, being capable of maintaining a high retention rate, and being capable of providing a stable image without filming, a method of manufacturing the same, and an electrophotographic device. The photoconductor includes an electroconductive substrate (1), a charge generation layer (3), and a charge transport layer (4); the charge transport layer contains a hole transport material, a resin binder, an electron transport material, and an inorganic oxide; the charge generation layer contains a charge generation material; the masses of the hole transport material, the resin binder, the electron transport material, and the inorganic oxide in the charge transport layer respectively denoted by a to d satisfy 1.5≤b/a≤5.7, 0.005≤c/a≤0.35, 0.05≤d/a≤0.70, a≥c+d, and c/d≥0.01; the hole transport material contains a compound expressed by formula (A-1); and the charge generation material contains titanyl phthalocyanine having an exothermic peak at 251±5° C., a half-value width of the exothermic peak equal to or less than 15° C., and a heating value equal to or greater than 1.0 mJ/mg when a temperature rise condition is 20° C./min in differential scanning calorimetry, and having an X-ray diffraction peak at 27.2±0.3°.

A basic structure of an electrophotographic photoconductor is a structure in which a photosensitive layer having a photoconduction function is formed on an electroconductive substrate. In recent years, research and development of organic electrophotographic photoconductors using organic compounds as functional components responsible for generation and transport of charges have been actively promoted due to advantages such as diversity of materials, high productivity, and safety, and application of such organic electrophotographic photoconductors to copiers, printers, and the like is in progress.
A photoconductor is generally required to have a function of retaining surface charges in a dark place, a function of receiving light and generating charges, and a function of transporting generated charges. A photosensitive layer plays the roles. Photoconductors are classified into a so-called single-layer photoconductor and a multilayer (function-separated) photoconductor depending on a form of a photosensitive layer. The single-layer photoconductor includes a single-layer photosensitive layer having both the charge generation function and the charge transport function. The multilayer photoconductor includes a photosensitive layer in which a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer are laminated. The charge generation layer is mainly responsible for the function of charge generation at light reception. The charge transport layer is responsible for the function of retaining surface charges in a dark place and the function of transporting charges generated in the charge generation layer at light reception.
The photosensitive layer is generally formed by applying a coating liquid in which a charge generation material, a charge transport material, and a resin binder are dissolved or dispersed in an organic solvent to an electroconductive substrate. Use of polycarbonate having resistance against friction occurring with paper or a blade for toner removal, excellent flexibility, and excellent transparency in exposure as a resin binder in a layer particularly being the outermost surface of the organic electrophotographic photoconductor is often observed. In particular, bisphenol-Z polycarbonate is widely used as a resin binder. For example, a technology using such polycarbonate as a resin binder is described in Patent Document 1 and the like.
Further, with increase in a number of printed sheets due to networking in offices, rapid development of light-weight printers by electrophotography, and the like, high abrasion resistance, that is, high durability, and high sensitivity and high responsiveness are increasingly demanded of electrophotographic printing devices in recent years.
Furthermore, with recent development of and a recently increased penetration rate of color printers, acceleration of printing speed, and downsizing of and reduction in a part count of a device are in progress, and accommodation to various use environments is demanded. In such a situation, demands for a photoconductor with smaller variations in image characteristics and electric characteristics caused by repeated use and variations in a use environment (room temperature and an environment) are remarkably increasing, and conventional technologies can no longer sufficiently satisfy the demands at the same time.
In order to solve the problems, various methods for improving the outermost surface layer of a photoconductor have been proposed.
Various polycarbonate resin structures are proposed in order to improve durability of a photoconductor surface. For example, while Patent Documents 2 to 4 propose polycarbonate resins including specific structures, there is a problem that compatibility with various types of charge transport agents and additives, and solubility of resin are not sufficiently examined, and that it is difficult to stably sustain electric characteristics in long-term use. Further, while Patent Document 5 also proposes a polycarbonate resin including a specific structure, there are many spaces between polymers in a resin with a bulky structure, and a discharge substance, a contact member, a foreign substance, and the like at charging are likely to penetrate a photosensitive layer; and therefore it is difficult to acquire sufficient durability due to occurrence of a filming phenomenon being adherence of toner to a photosensitive layer, and the like. Furthermore, while Patent Document 6 proposes making a photosensitive layer contain filler particles for improvement of abrasion resistance, an effect of aggregation of particles at production of a photosensitive layer coating liquid on photoconductor characteristics and an effect of the filming phenomenon being adherence of a toner component to a photoconductor due to affinity between aggregates and the toner component are not sufficiently examined.
In order to cope with the problems, use of a combination of materials with specific structures as described in Patent Documents 7 to 9 in a photosensitive layer has been proposed.
On the other hand, Patent Document 10 proposes a method of forming, on the outermost surface of a photosensitive layer, a surface layer containing a curable resin being a curable substance containing a compound having a bridged structure and a charge transportable structure. However, in this case, the surface layer is additionally provided on the photosensitive layer, and therefore there is a risk that charge transportability decreases due to increase in a production man-hour and increase in the number of interfaces, and acquisition of sufficient sensitivity becomes difficult.

Electrophotographic photoconductor, method of manufacturing the same, and electrophotographic device


A method is disclosed for out-of-band data communication with a base station in a wireless network, the method comprising: determining, at a base station in a cellular access network, the base station configured to use a coordination server and to a first core network for providing network access to user equipments (UEs), an occurrence of an event regarding a communication problem related to the base station; sending an out-of-band message, via an embedded UE module coupled to the base station attached to a second core network, to the coordination server, based on the occurrence of the event at the base station; updating, at the coordination server, a stored status for the base station, thereby enabling a status of the base station to be updated at the coordination server via an out-of-band message.

In a wireless network, a communications channel can become unavailable for a variety of reasons. Examples of situations where a communications channel may become unavailable include a situation where power may go out unexpectedly, or where a connection may be damaged or lost. When a device within a wireless network goes down, it can be difficult to determine if there was a power failure or other failure that caused the device to go down.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.


A well bore logging tool for measuring a pore fluid property of a hydrocarbon reservoir that may include, a tool housing, a vessel containing a tracer, a launcher attached to the vessel that may be configured to inject a tracer into the hydrocarbon reservoir. The well bore logging too may further include a retrieval device configured to extract at least a portion of the tracer from the hydrocarbon reservoir. The well bore logging too may further include a storage canister may be configured to store a portion of the tracer extracted from the hydrocarbon reservoir, and a scanning device may be configured to read a value of at least one fluid saturation property detected by the tracer. The vessel, launcher, retrieval device, storage canister, and scanning device may be enclosed in a tool housing.

In the planning, construction, and operation of an oil or gas field, it is frequently important to understand the properties of the fluid within the pores of the hydrocarbon reservoir. These properties include, without limitation, the relative proportions of oil, gas, and water, as well as the presence of contaminant such as sulpher and hydrogen sulphide. This information is used when planning the type and size of surface processing and storage facilities that are required, the optimal production rates to use, and whether secondary production methods, such as downhole pumps, and enhanced oil recovery methods, such as water injection, will be necessary.
Well bore logging tools measure physical properties of the hydrocarbon reservoir, such as density, resistivity, or nuclear magnetic resonance, which may be used to infer properties of the fluid within the pores of the hydrocarbon reservoir. However, well bore logging tools typically have depths of investigation which are at most a few feet, and usually only a few inches. By depth of investigation, we mean the radial distance from the well bore wall that delimits the portion of the hydrocarbon reservoir to which the well logging tools' measurement is sensitive.
The portion of the hydrocarbon reservoir close to the well bore is frequently not representative of the whole of the reservoir. For example, the process of drilling the well bore, installing a casing to support the well bore walls, and subsequent production of hydrocarbon fluids can all alter the hydrocarbon reservoir in the vicinity of the well bore. In particular, the fluid within the pores of the hydrocarbon reservoir can be displaced by the fluid used to lubricate and cool the drill bit, and remove rock fragments, during drilling. Also, the reduction in pressure around the well bore required to produce fluids from the hydrocarbon reservoir, to suck them from the hydrocarbon reservoir, may also cause phase changes in the fluids remaining within the pores. These changes may include the condensing of crude oil from the gas originally present in the pores.

Advanced materials gun and logging bots for deep saturation measurement


Disclosed is a device for securing and lubricating a bushing. The device comprises: a first member having a first body portion, a first engaging portion extending outwardly from the first body portion, and at least one channel drilled through a lateral outer surface of the first engaging portion and extending along a complete length of the body portion; and a second member having a second body portion and a second engaging portion disposed internally and along a longitudinal axis of the second body portion. The first engaging portion mounts a bushing covering at least a portion of an opening of the channel on the lateral outer surface and engages with the second engaging portion, thereby sandwiching the bushing between the first member and the second member. Pressurizing a lubricant through the channel transmits the lubricant to an inner surface of the bushing through the opening of the channel on the first engaging portion.

In the automobile industry, the system that transmits mechanical power from an engine to an output device is referred to as the transmission. The operation of selecting the various gears in the transmission of an automobile may be manual, automatic or semi-automatic.
Generally, an engine has a flywheel with a bushing located centrally in the flywheel that is capable of receiving a pilot shaft of a transmission. The flywheel and the pilot shaft are configured and designed to have relative motion, and the bushing is configured to provide support between the flywheel and pilot shaft. More particularly, the function of the bushing is to reduce the frictional forces between the flywheel and the pilot shaft. Accordingly, for efficient functioning in the transmission, the bushing must be treated with a lubricant at the time of installation due to the inaccessibility of the bushing. Bushings are generally available as porous bushings or non-porous bushings. Bronze bushings are some of the most commonly-found porous bushings and have tiny air voids capable of receiving lubricant therein.
There are no standard methods available for lubricating a bronze bushing available in a hand tool form. Methods such as wiping a small amount of grease to an inner surface of the bronze bushing or dipping the bronze bushing in a container filled with the lubricant are commonly employed by technicians in the automobile industry such that the porous bronze bushing surface is lubricated but the porous bushing is not impregnated with the lubricant.
There have been some developments in the field of lubricating bronze bushings to improve the lubrication of such bushings. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,094,548 to Danly discloses a 'Composite and self-lubricating bushing' comprising a monolithic steel body having a machined internal cylindrical surface and a porous bearing layer applied to the surface. The steel body may also include a cavity for storing lubricant and at least one passageway extending between the cavity and the internal cylindrical surface. The bushing may be fabricated by positioning the steel body concentrically over an elastomeric plug, charging the annular cavity between the body and the plug with a sinterable particulate, expanding the elastomeric plug diametrically to compact the particulate, removing the plug and heating the bearing body and compacted particulate. The self-lubricating bushing of the Danly patent involves complex configuration of cavity and passages for storing and circulating the lubricant respectively. This requires sophisticated machining for manufacturing the self-lubricating bushing and therefore increases the cost involved in manufacturing the bushing.
U.S. Publication No. 20060257059 to Masaaki Kubota discloses 'Self-lubricating bushings, bearings and bearings assemblies' including lubricant inserts that have central axes that are aligned substantially parallel to the central axes of their respective bushings or bearings. The lubricant inserts present a side edge that is substantially flush with the corresponding bearing surface of the bushing or bearing. The exposed edges of the inserts can extend to the longitudinal edges of the bearing surface of the bushing or bearing. The self lubricating bushing of the Kubota publication contemplates sophisticated machining to make the lubricant insert.
The available art in the current domain have made an attempt to address the issue of lubricating a bushing by making structural modifications to the bushing. Such attempts are complex in nature and involve a high degree of technical skills to operate the same. Accordingly, there remains a need for a device capable of lubricating a bushing in a simple, efficient and cost effective manner without changing the structural configuration of the bushing.

Device for securing and lubricating bushings


Systems and methods that mitigate errors in positioning systems, by employing signal strength(s) of signal sources (e.g., towers adjacent to a mobile unit.) Such mitigation system verifies whether the mobile unit receiving GPS data is in static position (e.g., not moving) or is moving (e.g., dynamic position), and evaluates accuracy of the GPS reporting (e.g., discarding GPS data in static position and trusting GPS data in dynamic position).

Advances in computer technology (e.g., microprocessor speed, memory capacity, data transfer bandwidth, software functionality, and the like) have generally contributed to increased computer application in various industries. For example, today, cellular telephones running on state-of-the-art operating systems have increased computing power in hardware and increased features in software in relation to earlier technologies.
For instance, cellular telephones are often equipped with built-in digital image capture devices (e.g., cameras) and microphones together with computing functionalities of personal digital assistants (PDAs). Since these devices combine the functionality of cellular telephones with the functionality of PDAs, they are commonly referred to as "smartphones." The hardware and software features available in these smartphones and similar technologically capable devices provide developers the capability and flexibility to build applications through a versatile platform. The increasing market penetration of these portable devices (e.g., PDAs) inspires programmers to build applications, Internet browsers, etc. for these smartphones.
Moreover, the Internet continues to make available ever-increasing amounts of information, which can be stored in databases and accessed therefrom. Additionally, with the proliferation of portable terminals (e.g., notebook computers, cellular telephones, PDAs, smartphones and other similar communications devices), users are becoming more mobile, and hence, trackable with respect to buying habits and locations that they tend to frequent. For example, many devices are being designed with a geographic location tracking technology such as GPS for reasons of safety, finding travel destinations, and the like. Thus, it now becomes possible to determine the location of the user.
Location identification systems are used in many aspects of everyday life. By way of example, it has become increasingly more common for GPS to be integrated into automobiles to assist in navigation. Generally, a GPS system can, by triangulation of signals from three satellites, pinpoint a current location virtually anywhere on earth to within a few meters.
Knowledge of where the user has traveled can be of value to the user and to companies that seek to benefit economically by knowledge of the user location by providing location-based data and services to the user. As such, location-based services use knowledge of a user location to index into services and data that are likely to be useful at that location. For example, many modern handheld devices are equipped with multiple sensors (e.g., microphone, wireless transmitter, global positioning system—GPS—engine, camera, stylus, and the like), which are notified regarding local activities/services. Such can include reminder applications, which can supply user's relevant information at a given location, such as "You're near a grocery store, and you need milk at home." Other conventional applications such as geo-based reminders; and "electronic graffiti" systems can support a user who chooses to leave electronic notes (for oneself or others) that are associated with a particular location, such as "There is a better Thai restaurant one block north of here." Additionally, location-based tour guide applications offer relevant information about an exhibit or site at which the user is standing. These and most other location-based services share a need for a custom database dedicated to storing and serving data for specified locations.
GPS relies on satellite visibility to determine a user's position on the ground. Typically, for scenarios where a user is static or standing still, the portable GPS tracker devices and readers are required to indicate that they are at such static position—otherwise, substantial errors can be induced in various positioning applications such as distance and path finding calculations. Conventional corrections for such errors are typically based on multi-lateration or triangulation techniques between source positions, which determine if the movement is due to movement of the mobile unit, or whether such perceived movement indicates GPS errors. Such calculations can also become very intensive and hence employ system resources that could have been used more efficiently for other tasks.

Correcting GPS through secondary sensors and signal strength


A patient monitoring system can have a display screen or portion thereof with graphic user interface for displaying indications of a patient's oxygen state. The indications can include the patient's SpO2, dissolved oxygen index, and/or an increasing or decreasing trend of dissolved oxygen index. The displays of oxygen state indications can be compact, and/or able to provide direct visual information to a user of various aspects of the patient's oxygen state. The display elements can be used to represent any other physiological parameters.

The measurement of oxygen delivery to the body and the corresponding oxygen consumption by the body's organs and tissues is vitally important to medical practitioners in the diagnosis and treatment of various medical conditions. Oxygen delivery is useful, for example, during certain medical procedures, where artificially providing additional oxygen to the patient's blood stream may become necessary. Patients may need supplemental oxygen in surgery, conscious sedation, or the intensive care unit. For example, during an intubation procedure, the patient will stop breathing while the procedure is performed. The patient is typically provided with oxygen before the intubation procedure. However, because the patient stops breathing during an intubation procedure, the patient's blood oxygen saturation level can fall. The medical practitioner must ensure that the patient has sufficient reserves of oxygen in the system before intubation so that suffocation is avoided during the intubation procedure. At the same time, providing oxygen at a high pressure to a patient can have its own negative effects in some patients, some of which include damages to the patient's lungs, and in particular, to the alveoli structures in the lungs. In some patients, for example neonates, even oxygen levels on the high end of a normal oxygenation range can cause blindness.

System for displaying oxygen state indications


A right/left driving torque distributing device for distributing the output driving torque of a power unit mounted on a vehicle to a pair of lateral drive shafts coaxially extended in opposite directions and connected to a right wheel and a left wheel, respectively, of the vehicle. A differential gear mechanism for distributing an output driving torque of the power unit is transmitted to the pair of lateral drive shafts. First, second and third gears are coaxially arranged with their axes aligned with the axis of the differential gear mechanism. First, second and third clutch gears are coaxially arranged on a clutch axis extending in parallel to the axis of the differential gear mechanism. The first and the second clutch gear are interlocked by a first clutch, and the first and the third clutch gear are interlocked by a second clutch. The first and the second clutch are arranged coaxially with their axis aligned with the clutch axis and are united together in a single unit.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a right/left driving torque distributing device for a vehicle, such as an automobile, and, more specifically, to a right/left driving torque distributing device for a vehicle, capable of varying driving torque distribution ratio in which driving torque is distributed to a right driving wheel and a left driving wheel of the vehicle.
2. Description of the Related Art
Various right/left driving torque distributing devices for vehicles have been developed and put to practical uses in recent years to secure traction and to improve traveling stability when vehicles travel rugged roads. A recently proposed right/left driving torque distributing device is capable of positively controlling driving torque distribution ratio in which driving torque is distributed to right and left wheels to improve the turning performance of a vehicle.
A prior art right/left driving torque distributing device disclosed in JP-A No. 5-77653 comprises a differential gear unit employing a double-pinion planetary gear mechanism having a differential gear case, a ring gear formed on the inner circumference of the differential gear case, a second output shaft, a sun gear mounted on the second output shaft, a first output shaft and a planet carrier mounted on the first output shaft, and a driving torque transmission control mechanism for controlling driving torque distribution ratio in which driving torque is distributed to right and left wheels, combined with the differential gear unit.
The driving torque transmission control mechanism comprises speed change mechanisms associated respectively with the first and the second output shaft to vary the respective rotating speeds of the first and the second output shaft, auxiliary driving torque transmitting members which operate at rotating speeds controlled by the speed changing mechanisms and different from those of the first and the second output shaft, respectively, and a hydraulic multiple-disk clutch for regulating driving torque distribution to the right and the left wheel.
The differential gear unit, and the friction disk units of the multiple-disk clutch mechanism are contained in a differential gear case. The piston unit of the multiple-disk clutch mechanism is disposed outside the differential gear case.
Since the prior art right/left driving torque distributing device disclosed in JP-A No. 5-77653 comprises the differential gear case with the ring gear formed on the inner circumference thereof, the friction disk units provided with drive friction disks and driven friction disks in an alternate arrangement and disposed in a left and a right portion of the differential gear case, respectively, the double-pinion planetary gear mechanism disposed in a central portion of the hydraulic multiple-disk clutch, the auxiliary driving torque transmitting members disposed outside the differential gear case and driven for rotation at rotating speeds controlled by the speed changing mechanism and different from those of the first and the second output shaft respectively for driving the right and the left wheel, and a speed changing mechanism for changing the respective rotating speed of the right and the left output shafts, and those components are arranged in a straight arrangement, the right/left driving torque distributing device has a relatively large lateral size.
Accordingly, the length of each of the drive shafts extended between the output shafts, and the right and the left wheel for rotatively driving the right and the left wheel for rotation is inevitably relatively short and the angle of bend of constant-velocity joints attached to the opposite ends of each drive shaft is inevitably large. Consequently, strength and transmission efficiency of the constant-velocity joints are reduced, and there is the possibility that the constant-velocity joints vibrate and generate noise.
Since the auxiliary driving torque transmitting members for distributing driving torque to the right and the left wheel are disposed on the opposite sides of the differential gear case, the right/left driving torque distributing device is relatively large, has a relatively complicated construction, needs an increased number of component parts, has an increased mass and requires high manufacturing cost.
Since there is a limit to the maximum outside diameter of the friction disks of the hydraulic multiple-disk clutch, the number of the friction disks must be increased greatly or the pressure receiving area of the piston must be increased to increase the torque transmission capacity of the hydraulic multiple-disk clutch. Therefore, the right/left driving torque distributing device designed for use in combination with a high-power automotive engine requiring a large torque transmission capacity is inevitably large, has a large mass and requires a high cost.
Since the left planetary gear and the left piston, the differential gear and the hydraulic multiple-disk clutch contained in the differential gear case, and the right planetary gear and the right piston are assembled in three separate blocks, it is difficult to lubricate those components properly.
A right/left driving torque distributing device employing a double-pinion planetary gear mechanism, disclosed in JP-A No. 5-345535 has a driving torque transmission control mechanism for controlling driving torque distribution ratio in which a driving torque is distributed to the right and the left wheel of a vehicle, interposed between a pair of drive shafts for rotatively driving the right and the left wheel. The driving torque transmission control mechanism comprises a speed augmenting/reducing mechanism having, in combination, a speed augmenting mechanism which increases the rotating speed of one of the pair of drive shafts to an increased rotating speed and drives a first intermediate shaft for rotation at the increased rotating speed, and a speed reducing mechanism which reduces the rotating speed of the same one of the pair of drive shafts to a reduced rotating speed and drives a second intermediate shaft at the reduced rotating speed, a first variable-capacity torque transmitting means, and a second variable-capacity torque transmitting means. The first and the second variable-capacity torque transmitting means are disposed contiguously and united together. Each of the first and the second variable-capacity torque transmitting means comprises an electronically controlled hydraulic multiple-disk clutch.
In the right/left driving torque distributing device, the driving torque transmission control mechanism, the three-pinion speed augmenting/reducing mechanism, and the two hydraulic multiple-disk clutches are arranged in a laterally straight arrangement. Therefore, the right/left driving torque distributing device has a relatively large lateral size and has the same problems as those of the foregoing prior art right/left driving torque distributing device.
Input driving torque applied to the differential gear is distributed properly to the right and the left output shaft of the differential gear by the agency of the speed augmenting/reducing mechanism and the hydraulic multiple-disk clutches. The driving torque distribution ratio in which the input driving torque is distributed to the right and the left output shaft of the differential gear can be controlled by properly varying torques transmitted by the multiple-disk clutches.
Since the double-pinion differential gear mechanism has a large ring gear, large pinions, small pinions and the sun gear, the ring gear must be supported in bearings disposed asymmetrically with respect to the ring gear because there are restrictions on a housing space in the ring gear. Therefore, the bearings are loaded differently, which is disadvantageous in respect of durability, reliability and gear noise.
The differential gear case of this prior art right/left driving torque distributing device needs at least five highly rigid walls. Therefore, the right/left driving torque distributing device has a complicated construction, needs a high manufacturing cost, has a large mass, and is disadvantageous in the balance of lubrication, loss resulting from the stirring action of the multiple-disk clutches and such. Moreover, since the case of the right/left driving torque distributing device is divided into complex divisions, the case has many joining surfaces to be provided with oil seals to prevent the leakage of the lubricating oil, which is disadvantageous in reliability and manufacturing cost, and is able to employ only a few currently produced parts.
A right/left driving torque distributing device disclosed in JP-A No. 1-182127 comprises an input shaft, a differential gear case driven for rotation by the input shaft, pinion shafts fixed to the inner surface of the differential gear case opposite to each other, a pair of differential pinions (bevel gears) mounted on the pinion shafts, respectively, and a pair of side gears engaged with the differential pinions.
Hydraulic multiple-disk clutches are mounted on an intermediate shaft at positions on the side of a right wheel and on the side of a left wheel, respectively, a left output shaft and a right output shaft are coupled with the intermediate shaft by the hydraulic multiple-disk clutches, respectively. Driving torque distribution ratio in which driving torque is distributed to the right and the left wheel is varied according to the traveling condition of the vehicle.
Since this prior art right/left driving torque distributing device distributes driving torque to the right and the left wheel through the hydraulic multiple-disk clutches disposed separately on the intermediate shaft on the side of the right wheel and on the side of the left wheel, respectively, the prior art right/left driving torque distributing device has an increased lateral size and needs an increased number of parts.

Right/left driving torque distributing device for vehicle


The invention relates to the improvement of the resolution of regularly sampled multi-dimensional signals, where a single low-resolution signal is available. These methods are generically referred to as example-based super-resolution or single-image super-resolution. The method for super-resolving a single image comprises three stages. First, an interpolation-based up-scaling of the input image is performed, followed by an equivalent low-pass filtering operation on the low-resolution image. The second stage comprises a search for low-frequency matches between an inspected patch in the high-resolution image and patches in a local neighborhood in the low-resolution low-frequency image, including partly overlapping patches, and accumulating the high-frequency contribution obtained from the low-resolution image. The third stage comprises adding the contributions of the low-frequency band of the high-resolution image and the extrapolated high-frequency band.

Super-resolution (SR) processing is known as an improvement of the resolution of regularly sampled multi-dimensional signals. Of special interest is the case where only a low-resolution signal is available. It is a significant difference whether a single low-resolution signal is available or a plurality of similar low-resolution signals, since in the latter case it is possible to exploit richer data values by combining the contributions of the several available signals. In the image processing literature, these methods are generically referred to as example-based super-resolution or, more precisely, single-image super-resolution. Although the following remarks are general and can be applied to signals of different dimensionality, the focus will be on the case of 2D image super-resolution.
Image super-resolution techniques have been well known for many years, starting with "Super Resolution from Image Sequences" by M. Irani and S. Peleg. Most commonly, these techniques relate to the estimation of a high-resolution image, given a set of noisy, blurred, low-resolution observations, such as consecutive images in a video sequence, using a reconstruction process that reverses the image formation model. Thus, sub-pixel motion between images, camera and post-processing blur and sub-sampling are reversed in order to fuse the available data and obtain a super-resolved image. Several globally-optimal iterative techniques are available, which basically differ in the assumed image prior model. This provides unique solutions to the otherwise ill-posed problem.
In general, the limiting factors of these techniques are in the estimation of the Point Spread Function (PSF) for image deblurring (often assumed to be Gaussian) and the registration (determination of the sub-pixel motion between images). Generally, SR techniques in the literature, e.g. Lucas-Kanade or Horn-Schunck, refer to classical Optical Flow (OF) estimation techniques for obtaining the registration. These work well in quasi-synthetic examples, but in practice the known solutions in OF estimation are unable to robustly register consecutive frames in video-sequences with sufficient accuracy when more general motion appears.
In "Fundamental Limits of Reconstruction-Based Superresolution Algorithms under Local Translation", Z. Lin and H.-Y. Shum show that, under a wide range of natural conditions, this type of reconstruction-based SR algorithms have a fundamental limit in the maximal increase in resolution of around 1.6×. However, the article proves that, in synthetic scenarios, which is the commonly explored in most of the available publications, a much looser limit exists, which allows for resolution increases of up to 5.7×. This is due to the favorable conditions in terms of registration, when sub-pixel shifts are generally exact fractions of the pixel size.
An alternative type of SR algorithms attempts to increase the resolution of images by adequately enriching the input visual data (low-resolution images) with a-priori known examples of higher-resolution. These techniques are commonly referred to as example-based super-resolution (EBSR). In "Example-based super-resolution", W. T. Freeman, T. R. Jones and E. G. Pasztor obtain suitable high-resolution examples from a sufficiently generic image-patch data-base, the high-frequency contents of which are averaged and conveniently fused with the low-frequency contents of the input image. However, the performance of the algorithm worsens as the target scene deviates from the cases included in the example data-base (when none of the known patches actually resembles that of the input image). In practice, enlarging the size of the data-base would incur an excessive computational cost in the search for the best matching training patches. So, this technique is not generically usable, but is focused on super-resolving images of a certain class.
In order to cope with this problem and behave adaptively to the contents to be magnified, other EBSR algorithms extract high-resolution examples from within the single input image, for which a pyramid representation of the image at different resolutions can be obtained at small downscaling factors. Then, for every patch (e.g. 5×5 pixels) in the input image, matching patches are searched across all or part of the image at different resolutions (levels in the pyramid) in order to perform per-patch data fusion similarly to reconstruction-based super-resolution. This technique is best represented by "Super-Resolution from a Single Image" by D. Glasner, S. Bagon and M. Irani, and "Space-Time Super-Resolution from a Single Video" by O. Shahar, A. Faktor and M. Irani, which is a follow-up for video super-resolution. The authors obtain a simultaneous increase in image resolution and frame rate, including removal of temporal aliasing, at the cost of an increase of the computational complexity due to 3D spatio-temporal search across video frames at several spatial and temporal scales. This renders the approach unusable for real-time operation with current computing capabilities. This approach is also used in WO2010/122502 A1.
Other known approaches suffer also from being costly and in general not indicated for real-time approaches, or tending to produce some unrealistic-looking edges by imposing excessive contrast, or tending to generate over-smoothing in textured areas, which in a general case produces unnaturally looking images.
In "Image and Video Upscaling from Local Self-Examples" by G. Freedman and R. Fattal, the proposed strategy is to exploit self-similarity in a local neighborhood of each image patch. This is shown to provide results close to the full-image searches used in "Super-Resolution from a Single Image", with the benefit of a reduced computation time. A drawback of this approach is that the highly sophisticated design of the space-variant filters used for separating high-frequency from low-frequency in the images is not done on the fly, which results in a limited set of selectable up-scaling factors.

Method and device for generating a super-resolution version of a low resolution input data structure


A device for transmitting a reply message is provided. The device includes a communication unit configured to receive a question message from another device, a controller configured to determine a category of the question message, a display unit configured to display a user interface (UI) for selecting data to be included in a reply message to the question message, according to the category, and a user input unit configured to receive a user input of selecting data to be included in the reply message through the UI, wherein the communication unit transmits the reply message including the data to the other device.

According to developments in natural language processing technologies, devices are able to analyze meanings of messages exchanged between users. Natural language processing technologies may mean technologies capable of processing a language used by people for communication so as to be understandable to a computer, or technologies capable of expressing information processed by a computer in a language used by people for communication.
According to mobilization and miniaturization of devices, the devices are easily carried but it is becoming increasingly difficult to input letters (characters) into the devices. Thus, when a message is received, there is a greater need to transmit a reply message suitable to the received message with a minimum amount of input.
The above information is presented as background information only to assist with an understanding of the present disclosure. No determination has been made, and no assertion is made, as to whether any of the above might be applicable as prior art with regard to the present disclosure.

Method and apparatus for recommending reply message


A system for an engine, comprising a cylinder located in the engine, a turbocharger coupled to the engine, a first injector for injecting a first fuel into said cylinder, wherein said first injector is a direct cylinder injector where said direct cylinder injector delivers a liquid including an alcohol, a second injector for injecting a second fuel into said cylinder, wherein said second injector is a port injector, where said port injector delivers a liquid including gasoline, a catalytic device configured to receive exhaust gases produced by at least the cylinder, and a controller configured to vary an amount of said first and second fuel injection during engine operation based on operating conditions, where amounts of variation of said first and second fuels are set to maintain a substantially stoichiometric mixture, the controller further configured to increase a relative amount of injection of the second injector in response to an indication of engine knock during a first operating condition, decrease engine boosting in response to the indication of engine knock during a second condition; and retard ignition timing in response the indication of engine knock during a third condition.

Engines may use various forms of fuel delivery to provide a desired amount of fuel for combustion in each cylinder. One type of fuel delivery uses a port injector for each cylinder to deliver fuel to respective cylinders. Still another type of fuel delivery uses a direct injector for each cylinder.
Engines have been described utilizing multiple injector locations with different fuel types. One example is described in the papers titled "Calculations of Knock Suppression in Highly Turbocharged Gasoline/Ethanol Engines Using Direct Ethanol Injection" and "Direct Injection Ethanol Boosted Gasoline Engine: Biofuel Leveraging for Cost Effective Reduction of Oil Dependence and CO2 Emissions" by Heywood et al. Specifically, the Heywood et al. papers describes directly injecting ethanol to improve charge cooling effects, while relying on port injected gasoline for providing the majority of combusted fuel over a drive cycle.
However, the inventors herein have recognized several issues with such systems. For example, ethanol and gasoline have different power densities and different stoichiometric air-fuel ratios. Thus, if the absolute and relative amounts of fuel are varied with operating conditions during engine operation, combustion air-fuel ratio may inadvertently swing lean or rich during such operation. Further, engine torque may be affected as well due to the different power densities of the fuels. As such, degraded emissions and driver comfort may be achieved.
Thus, in one approach, a system for an engine is provided, the system comprising: a cylinder located in the engine; a first injector for injecting a first fuel into said cylinder; a second injector for injecting a second fuel into said cylinder; and a controller configured to vary an amount of said first and second fuel injection during engine operation based on operating conditions, where amounts of variation of said first and second fuels are set to maintain desired engine output and provide a substantially stoichiometric mixture.
In this way, it is possible to enable continuous variation between absolute and relative amounts of fuel from different sources with variation in operating conditions, while maintaining a desired air-fuel ratio and engine output torque.
In one particular approach, the controller varies said amounts of one of said first and second fuel injection with a fuel blend of one of said first and second fuels. In this way, it is possible to maintain accurate air-fuel ratio control by compensating the amount of fuel injections based on the blend.
In another approach a system for an engine is provided, the system comprising: a cylinder located in the engine; a first injector for injecting a first fuel into said cylinder; and a second injector for injecting a second fuel into said cylinder, said second injector sized different than said first injector.
In this way, it is possible to utilize different fuel types with different power densities, yet still provide maximum engine torque and/or minimum engine torque with either fuel.


A vehicle security system for protecting a vehicle from carjacking and from theft while the vehicle is unattended. The portion of the security system which protects the vehicle from theft while the vehicle is unattended is selectively initiated by pressing a command button on a remote control transmitter. In response thereto, a first disablement sequence is initiated which includes disabling the vehicle. The portion of the security system which protects the vehicle from carjacking is automatically initiated by the starting of the engine. A second disablement sequence is initiated upon either the sensing of a door opening while the engine is running or upon receipt of a signal transmitted by the remote control transmitter. The second disablement sequence provides a warning to persons inside and outside the vehicle prior to engine disablement and the actuation of a plurality of sirens. To enable the engine after a disablement, a simultaneous actuation of the remote control transmitter and a concealed switch is required.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates in general to vehicle security systems. More specifically, the invention relates to an electronic and mechanical system for protecting a vehicle from theft, regardless whether the vehicle's engine is running.
2. Description of the Related Art
Vehicle thefts are a major problem in today's society. In 1991, the United States alone had 1,661,738 vehicles which were reported stolen. On a smaller scale, that amounts to 1 out every 117 registered vehicles, or a single vehicle every 19 seconds. These thefts have an aggregate estimated cost of over 8.3 billion dollars.
Thefts of parked automobiles have been rapidly increasing over the last few decades. These thefts have traditionally required the thief to "hotwire" the automobile before driving away. The advent of alarm systems have typically protected the vehicle from amateur thieves, but most alarm systems have usually only provided a small obstacle for the professional thief.
Within the last decade, and more specifically within the last few years, many criminals have been resorting to a method of stealing cars commonly referred to as carjacking. Carjacking is defined as the taking of a motor vehicle from the person or presence of another by force, violence, or intimidation. In the majority of carjackings the use of handheld firearms are the weapon of choice to coerce the owner to leave the vehicle.
Carjackings most frequently occur while the owner is driving the vehicle and is temporarily stopped, e.g., at a traffic light. However, carjackings can take other forms. One such form has been to forcefully confront the car owner before the owner enters the car. Once the thief gets the owner's keys, the car is easily taken. This scenario frequently occurs in gas stations and parking lots. Other forms employ a technique of "bumping" an intended vehicle or alerting the driver to a possible vehicle deficiency, causing the driver to pull over thereby facilitating the taking of the vehicle.
Carjacking has become a very popular crime among thieves because of the lack of expertise required to successfully perform a carjacking. Stealing a parked automobile typically requires some form of "hotwiring" experience, while carjacking only requires some sort of coercion, such as with a gun or other weapon, and a propensity to place innocent persons in danger. In 1991, a total of 19,012 carjackings were reported in the United States. Of these carjackings, 6,800 were performed in Los Angeles alone.
Due to the rising value of stolen vehicles, the easy access of handguns, and troubled economic times, the number of carjackings has been rapidly increasing. This increase in carjackings has resulted in a national crisis for which the United States Congress has even considered making it a federal crime. Some states have already passed laws distinguishing it from grand theft auto in attempting to defer carjackings by the imposition of stiffer criminal sentences. While the amount of carjackings are still a small percentage of total vehicle thefts, they produce devastating effects to the victims which may not exist in the theft of unattended vehicles. Armed personal confrontations which occur during carjackings frequently leave the owner feeling helpless and violated. Further, owners under the threat of a carjacking, who refuse to leave the vehicle or leave the vehicle too slowly, may end up suffering serious bodily injury or even death.
Many attempts have been made to provide vehicle security systems to prevent automobile thefts, however, no present security system can protect a vehicle from all the above theft techniques. Further, many systems which have attempted to prevent some of the theft techniques include drawbacks. A first group of security systems attempt to solve the theft problem by including a device for disabling the engine of a car, preventing its unauthorized use. After disablement, some systems prevent subsequent starting unless the proper passcode or switch has been pressed. Other systems permit engine starting as normal, but will disable the vehicle after a period of time, if a proper switch is not pressed. However, none of these systems provide protection against carjackings.
For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,064,547 to Zagwyn incorporates a series of operator controlled switches directly connected into the electrical system. Each switch must be correctly set for enabling the vehicle's engine to start.
Other attempted solutions are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,485,887 to Morano and U.S. Pat. No. 4,302,747 to Belmuth. These patents prevent unauthorized engine running by disabling the engine after the ignition switch is turned off. In Morano, if a push button mounted on the base of the dashboard is not momentarily depressed upon engine starting, a relay will not energize and the current path for the ignition is interrupted by a circuit breaker. According to Belmuth, if a concealed switch is not pressed within forty seconds after engine starting, the engine is subsequently disabled. While these systems help in preventing the theft of unattended vehicles, they do not help protect a vehicle during a carjacking. Further, a experienced thief would probably realized that a concealed button needs to be pressed for engine operation and could possibly find the button, successfully stealing the car in a relatively short amount of time.
Use of a portable transceiver which fits into a vehicle mounted receptacle is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,646,515 to Vodehnal. Removal of the transceiver from the receptacle disables the vehicle. Any attempt to start the engine while the transceiver is not in the receptacle initiates an alarm. Although Vodehnal may provide satisfactory protection against theft of an unattended vehicle, it provides no protection against carjacking.
A second group of security systems attempt to solve only the carjacking portion of the theft problem. However, many of these device have disadvantages, in addition to not providing theft protection to the vehicle while unattended. For example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,735,346 to Fox and 3,781,789 to Caleskie et al. each disclose disabling a vehicle's engine upon opening a car door. Fox delays disablement by 15 minutes to minimize danger to the driver, but once disabled the vehicle can be restarted by closure of a single switch. A disadvantage of this resetting method is that a carjacker can restart the engine and drive away upon finding the switch. According to Caleskie et al. a vehicle engine cannot be restarted until a non-reversible timer has completed its cycle. However, using a non-reversible timer may result in instances where the rightful owner cannot reset the system and start the engine because the timer has not yet expired. Further, it may result in instances where the thief can wait out the timer period and restart the engine without difficulty. Thus, neither of these systems provide a safe resetting capability which can enable the engine instantly for an authorized user.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,665,386 to Dosch prevents a vehicle hijacking by monitoring the route of the vehicle, comparing it to an expected route, and disabling the engine if any deviation from the expected route exceeds a predetermined amount. Of course, this arrangement has many disadvantages. It is not feasible for use in any situation except for vehicles which repeatedly travel the same predetermined route, i.e. trucks from a warehouse to regular suppliers or purchasers. Additionally, such a system forces a driver to take a specific route to the destination without possible deviations for traffic conditions. Such a monitoring system would also be prohibitively costly for most vehicle owners.
A third group of security systems recognizes the need for both anti-theft and anti-carjacking systems, however, these systems do not provide complete protection from all possibilities of vehicle theft. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,892,167 to Tejeda discloses a vehicle security system having hijack and theft protection. The system includes a vehicle door switch and a door override switch. If the door override switch is "off," and a carjacker forces the owner to open the door of vehicle while it is running, the owner may freely leave the vehicle, but the electronically controlled fuel supply system shuts off and in several seconds the motor will stop and the hijacker will not be able to restart the motor. However, if the door override switch is "on," the Tejeda system provides no protection against carjacking. Further, if a thief locates a hidden switch required for restarting the vehicle, the security system can easily be defeated. Another disadvantage of the Tejeda security system is that the anti-theft system automatically engages when the engine is turned off unless the entire security system is turned off by pressing a second override switch. A carjacking attempt will be successful if the second override switch is pressed because the security system's carjacking protection system is inhibited, permitting the engine to start and the carjacker to drive away.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,884,055 to Memmola discloses a vehicle security system having a remote control device which helps to provide hijack and theft protection by selectively arming and disarming the system. Use of the remote control device when the system is armed, a door is open, and the engine running will produce an alarm condition. A major disadvantage of this system is that a carjacker will most likely close the door before the carjacked victim is capable of finding and operating the remote control device, thus not producing an alarm condition. Further, this carjacking prevention device fails to initiate a disablement sequence upon opening a door while the engine is running. Thus, many carjacking attempts will be successful in situations where the owner cannot use the remote control device, i.e., taken by the carjacker.
The present invention contemplates a new and improved vehicle security system which overcomes these problems by providing an effective anti-theft system along with an unparalleled anti-carjacking system.

Vehicle security system including an anti-carjacking system


A table selector may receive a selection of a replicated table storing data replicated from an original table of a first system, the replicated table being stored using a second system and currently executing a process of receiving the replicated data. A suspension manager may suspend the process of receiving the replicated data, and a table attribute manager may change a replicated table attribute of the replicated table, while the process of receiving the replicated data is suspended. The suspension manager may then resume the process of receiving the replicated data.

Many software applications are designed to be capable of processing large quantities of data, and may therefore be associated with one or more databases which are capable of storing such data. For example, business applications devoted to customer relationship management, enterprise resource planning, and supply chain management, may be required to store and process large numbers of customer records, financial records, supplier data, and other business data.
Such applications may be developed and deployed for execution using one or more platforms, infrastructures, and/or computing systems. However, over time, it may be desirable to utilize the stored data in the context of a separate platform, infrastructure, and/or computing system, and/or in the context of a same or different software application. For example, over time, a new, improved platform might be developed, that may be, e.g., faster and/or more cost effective, than an original or previous computing platform.
Consequently, operators of software applications may wish to transfer or otherwise replicate data from an original or current location for use in conjunction with a separate computing system. For example, such replication may be advantageous, e.g., in order to improve a processing speed at which the data is processed, and/or to take advantage of features of the separate computing system that are not available in the original/current system.
However, when an amount of data to be transferred is large, and/or when a transfer latency is high, and/or in scenarios in which new data is currently being collected at the original system, it may occur that a replication process for replicating data from the original system to a new, separate system requires non-trivial (or open-ended) transfer times. Therefore, during such transfer times, an operator may wish to make changes to a manner in which the replicated data is stored at the separate, receiving system. Unfortunately, it may be difficult and resource-intensive to make such modifications, especially without disrupting the transfer process. As a result, operators may experience frustration during the transfer process, and may lose some or all of a desired benefit of using the separate computing system.

Table attribute management for replicated data tables


A computer includes a file system that supports virtualization. A scanning module identifies a file to be scanned for malware and a virtualized file detection module determines whether the file is virtualized. A file retrieval module locates a virtualized version of the file if the file is determined to be virtualized, and a malware detection module determines whether the virtualized version of the file contains malware. If malware is found, the malware detection module takes remedial action to address any security threat posed by the malware.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention pertains in general to protecting a computer from malicious software and in particular to techniques for anti-malware scanning in a virtualized file system environment.
2. Description of the Related Art
A modern computer can be used by multiple users. The operating system running on the computer provides a file system that stores files for the users. The file system stores files in both shared and per-user locations. Some of these files can contain malicious software ("malware") such as viruses and worms that can harm the computer. An anti-malware scanning program, such as an antivirus scanner, can inspect the files to determine whether any of the files contain malware. If a file with malware is detected, a remedial action is taken such as removing the malware or alerting a user of the computer.
It is often desirable to scan only some of the files in the file system because a scan of the entire file system can require significant time and consume significant system resources. As a result, certain portions of the file system can be scanned that are likely to contain files that will be accessed or executed. These portions of the file system can include per-user locations, such as the home directories of each user, and various shared locations that are accessed by multiple users. Scanning only such portions is referred to as a "quick scan."
The operating system can provide the multiple users with varying permissions or privileges. Applications running under the control of a user generally have the same permissions as the user. A user has full read and write access to files in that user's dedicated locations but has limited access to certain files in shared locations. An administrator is a type of privileged user that has full access to all files maintained by the file system.
The operating system may support file system virtualization where files are multiplexed by the operating system. A user application attempting to access a file may be provided with a different version of the file based on the user, the rights of the user, or the type of application making the request. For example, if an application running under a user attempts to write to a shared file without having the necessary permissions to do so, the file system can make a copy of the file at another location and write to the copy, creating a different version. An application of the user that subsequently attempts to read or write to the shared file is redirected to user's version of the file. Several such per-user versions of a single shared file can exist under file system virtualization. File system virtualization enables a user application to apparently modify shared files without affecting the shared files as seen by other users of the system.
The per-user versions of shared files are stored in a particular area of the file system defined by the operating system. This area of the file system is not normally scanned during a quick scan, and as a result a quick scan may miss the per-user versions of shared files and any malware contained therein. Therefore, there is a need in the art for a way to locate and scan per-user versions of shared files in a virtualized file system environment when doing a quick scan.

Anti-malware scanning in a virtualized file system environment


An information recording disc having at least two bands of information provided thereon. Each of the bands contain at least one track with one of the at least two bands being a read-only area band or a write area band along the one track of the one band. Another of the at least two bands is a mixed area band having at least one read-only area and at least one write area at different portions along the track of the mixed area band. An information system utilizes the disc for writing and reading information to and from the disc.

The present invention relates to an information recording disc implemented as a disc type recording medium and, more particularly, to an information recording disc adapted to handle efficiently both large amounts of previously recorded data and additional information recorded thereon by a user.
One representative type of conventional optical disc is a CD-ROM (compact disc read only memory), which is a disc type recording medium. This type of disc is manufactured as follows: While an original disc is being cut, data signals are recorded thereon by use of a pit pattern of tiny bumps and dents. When finished, the original disc is copied so as to produce at low cost large quantities of optical discs containing the same data.
Recent developments in this field include writable optical discs whose contents may be deleted or overwritten with new data.
Where optical discs are used as the medium for providing users with programs or data, it takes too much time and cost to record the data on each disc one at a time for the individual users. Meanwhile, it is not a good practice of maintaining software resources if the user is to use and handle two discs separately: one being an optical disc cut from the original disc and containing the prerecorded program and/or data, and the other an optical disc on which the user records his own information.
One solution to the above dual disc disadvantage is proposed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 62-173630. The disclosure envisages one optical disc comprising both read-only prerecorded data areas and data write areas, the latter being the domain in which the user may write his own data.
On the above optical disc, data is prerecorded on the read-only areas using the pit pattern of tiny bumps and dents when the disc is cut from its original. This prior art method of recording data makes it easier to copy optical discs containing data. The method also allows the user to record his own data onto the data write areas on the disc. Thus the time and the cost required for manufacture of the optical discs are reduced, and the discs produced in this manner are easy to maintain.
The above-described conventional optical disc has inner and outer concentric band type areas on the surface thereof. The inner areas are the read-only prerecorded data areas (ROM), and the outer areas are the data write areas (RAM) to which data may be added later. When writing and reading data to and from this optical disc, the system must use the predetermined read-only and data write areas. Thus, it is difficult to use one optical disc for different purposes depending on application programs. Further, where an application program handles large amounts of data, it is important to improve the throughput or the optical disc system. With the prior art disc, however, it takes time to move the pickup over the surface thereof for access to data.


Apparatuses, methods, and computer program products are provided for automatically internationalizing grammatical output for presentation to a user of a program based on the user's locale. In particular, AST transformations are described that cause a compiler to generate a programming method during compilation of a portion of source code containing a predefined token, where the programming method is incorporated (by the compiler) into a file produced by the compiler and serves to call an instance of a message bundle file that provides translation of grammatical output without requiring the programmer/developer to manually incorporate individual message bundles into each portion of source code to be internationalized.

In computer programming, internationalization (also known as National Language Support, Native Language Support, NLS, or i18n) is a term used to describe the adaptation of computer software to accommodate different languages and regional differences. The process of internationalization during software application design allows the software application to potentially be adapted to various languages and regions without necessarily requiring engineering changes.
At its most basic level, internationalization involves the translation of words and phrases—the grammatical output of a software application that is presented to the user on a display of an electronic device running the software application. Internationalization can involve more than just translation, however, as there can be various other differences in grammatical output from one locale to the next. Such differences can include differences in dialect or word choice (e.g., considering French spoken in France versus French spoken in Canada); formatting of numbers (punctuation, date formatting, etc.); visual presentation of text considering writing direction (left to right versus right to left); capitalization, punctuation, and/or pluralization rules; units of measurement; and so on.
Considering the amount of grammatical output that is generated for certain software applications, there is a need for a more efficient, less time consuming, and more easily manageable mechanism for internationalizing grammatical output, such as for software applications used in the healthcare industry.

Apparatuses, methods, and computer program products for automatic internationalization of grammatical output


Disclosed is a resonate power generator and a resonate power receiver. The resonate power generator may include a modulator to control modulation of transmission data transmitted to a target resonator, and to control transmission of the modulated transmission data to a power carrier signal of a source resonator, a demodulator to demodulate received data received from the target resonator, and a coupling unit to couple the modulator, the demodulator, and the source resonator.

1. Field
The following description relates to a resonate power generator and a resonate power receiver, and more particularly, to a resonate power generator and a resonate power receiver that may include a modulator and a demodulator, and thus the resonate power generator and the resonate power receiver may communicate in a resonate power transmission system.
2. Description of Related Art
With the development of Information Technology (IT), a variety of portable electronic devices have been released, and distribution of the portable electronic devices has also increased. Due to various characteristics of the portable electronic devices, battery performance of a corresponding portable electronic device is becoming an issue. In addition to the portable electronic devices, various home electronic appliances have a function of wirelessly transmitting data and can be supplied with power over a power line.
Recently, research has been conducted on wireless power transmission technology that may wirelessly supply power. A wireless power transmission system may transmit a large output signal using a power amplifier, and thus attention is being paid to a method of increasing power efficiency. Improving a power transmission efficiency may be physically limited due to characteristics of the wireless power transmission technology, and thus it may be beneficial that a resonate power generator and a resonate power receiver communicate to exchange information associated with a power transmission time and a power transmission strength.
There is a desire for a method of modulating desired information to transmit the modulated information to a wireless power signal transmitted by the resonate power generator and the resonate power receiver, and a method of decoding the modulated information.

Resonance power generator and resonance power receiver for performing data communication


An automobile catalytic converter that utilizes the energy of the exothermic reactions that take place in the catalysis substrate to produce electrical energy with a thermoelectric generator. On vehicle cold start, the thermoelectric generator is used as a heat pump to heat the catalyst substrate to reduce the time to catalyst light-off. In this way, the catalytic converter comes up to operating temperature more rapidly, reducing the amount of pollutant emissions at vehicle start-up.

1. Field of Invention
This invention relates to temperature control and power generation of a catalytic converter. More particularly this invention relates to combining the preheating of a catalytic converter and with converting the heat energy of the catalytic converter to electrical energy.
2. Prior Art
In an internal combustion engine vehicle, approximately 80% of the energy consumed leaves the vehicle as waste heat in various forms. For example, heat is emitted from the tail pipe, through the radiator, convected radiated off the engine. Included with the waste heat out the tailpipe are the products of combustion which must meet strict emission standards. To meet these emission standards, the catalytic converter has been a most useful tool.
The allowable emission of pollutants from internal combustion engine vehicles has been dropping and will continue to decrease over the next five years. Some states, California for instance, have requirements that are more stringent than federal standards. Therefore the goal for the automotive industry is to meet these more stringent standards. The acceptable standards have gone from the transitional low emission vehicle (TLEV) of 0. 125/3.4/0.4 g/mile of HC/CO/NOx, instituted in 1994, to the low emission vehicle(LEV) of 0.075/3.4/0.2 g/mile of HC/CO/NOx for 75% of the vehicles sold by 2003. Also by 2003, 15% of the vehicles sold must meet the requirements of the ultra-low emission vehicle (ULEV) of 0.040/1.7/0.2 g/mile of HC/CO/NOx. It is recognized that in a cold start of an internal combustion engine, 70-80% of the hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide pollutants that the vehicle emits occur in the first 100 seconds of operation during the Environmental Protection Agency's Federal Test Procedure (FTP). The FTP is the certification procedure that all vehicles must meet for hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide and nitrous oxide pollutants at the tailpipe. The highest emission of pollutants occurs prior to the catalytic converter reaching light-off temperature, that is, prior to the catalysis monolith becoming active. With early light-off of the catalyst at engine cold start, the internal combustion engine can meet the new pollution requirements.
The objective of reducing the amount of pollutants that exit the tailpipe on cold vehicle start-up must balance between having the exhaust gases that enter the catalytic converter hot enough to expedite the catalyst light-off temperature while at the same time not getting so hot that the catalyst is aged prematurely. Therefore, although insulation of the exhaust system will reduce light-off time, the consequence of reduced catalysis lifetime is an undesirable effect. Exceeding the high temperature limit of the catalyst monolith shortens the life of the catalytic converter.
The standard four-cycle internal combustion engine, whether the mode of operation is a spark-ignition or a diesel engine, operates as an air pump or compressor during part of the cycle. The air pump mode of operation is of interest to this invention during the exhaust stroke, when the engine piston forces the products of combustion out of the cylinder and into the exhaust manifold and exhaust piping. In this portion of the cycle, the engine is operating as an air pump.
There are many prior art concepts aimed at recovering energy from the tailpipe of an internal combustion engine. However, none of the prior art concepts has been applied within a catalytic converter. In the exhaust of an internal combustion engine, there are tremendous temperature differences between a vehicle operating on the highway and a vehicle operating in stop and go traffic on a busy city street. Within a catalytic converter, exothermic reactions take place to convert the pollutants of the combustion process to harmless by-products. The exothermic reactions occur at a relatively high, constant temperature.
During cold start of the internal combustion engine, the catalytic converter is not operating. This could be on a cold winter day when the temperature is -10.degree. C. or on a summer day when the ambient temperature is 30.degree. C. The catalytic converter must be heated to approximately 250.degree. C. before it becomes operable to convert the combustion by-products of the internal combustion engine. Normal operating temperature is in the 400.degree. C. to 800.degree. C. range. For the internal combustion engine to meet the Federal Test Procedure for the new stringent exhaust requirements, the catalyst must come up to temperature as quickly as possible.
What is also needed is a device which would recover some of the waste energy that normally exit the vehicle through the tailpipe is via the conversion to electrical energy in the catalytic converter. This electrical energy would then be available to the electrical system of the vehicle to charge the battery or run any of the electrical components in the vehicle.

Thermoelectric catalytic power generator with preheat


A security system for detecting contraband such as explosives. The system has a source of radiation and a detector array. A detector array is made of many small detectors, each with a fast response time. The fast response time allows individual radiation photon interactions with each detector to be counted. By counting the number of interactions in an interval of time, the amount of radiation reaching the detector can be measured. The magnitude of the response from the detector to each radiation interaction allows measurement of the energy level of the photons interacting with the detector. Such a system provides significant flexibility in analyzing data collected from items under inspection. For example, objects such as contraband can be identified within the item under inspection by processing the data to accurately determine both the density and type of material.

Particularly at airports, it is often necessary or desirable to screen passenger baggage for potential threats or contraband items. X-ray baggage inspection systems typically operate by exposing an item of baggage to X-ray radiation and detecting the X-ray radiation that is transmitted through or scattered from the examined baggage. Some systems have used a single view source detector arrangement, while others have used dual view or multi-view arrangements. The single or dual view systems usually scan baggage as it moves on a conveyor, using a fan or scanning pencil source beam of X-ray radiation in a fixed geometry. Multi-view systems such as Computed Tomography (CT) systems usually perform a 360° scan of stationary baggage, and process data corresponding to absorption of the X-ray radiation from different scan angles to reconstruct a three-dimensional image of the baggage.
Conventional X-ray detection systems usually include an X-ray source and an X-ray detector located at an inspection region, and a conveyor which moves an object to be inspected through the inspection region. The X-ray source exposes an object under inspection to X-ray radiation at one or more energies. The X-ray detector detects X-ray radiation either transmitted through or scattered by the object under inspection to provide X-ray data. The X-ray detector may include a crystal scintillator formed of an array of cells which detect X-ray radiation and convert it to light. The array may be one- or two-dimensional, usually depending on whether the X-ray source produces a pencil beam or fan beam of X-ray radiation. Conventional dual energy X-ray detection systems require two separate X-ray detectors, one sensitive to higher energy X-rays, and another sensitive to lower energy X-rays.
Conventional X-ray systems sample the X-ray detector cells every 2-4 milliseconds (ms), and thus integrate the signal received from about 20,000 individual X-ray pulses during the sample period of approximately 4 ms. Because electronic noise is also accumulated during the sample period, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) obtained for highly attenuative objects may be too low for the system to accurately scan the objects for certain applications, such as airport security.
Cell to cell variability in an X-ray detectors is also common. This variability may be caused by flaws in the detector crystals, and differences in the decay time, light collection efficiency or temperature for the individual cells. Where these variations exist, two X-ray photons may deposit equivalent amounts of energy within the detector crystal, but the overall electrical response of the detector cell may be different. It may be desirable to be able to compensate for such variability so as to obtain better image resolution.

L-3 Communications and Security Detection Systems Inc.


Antitumor antagonists that bind specifically to immune checkpoint regulators, angiogenesis pathway regulators and/or TGF pathway regulators are disclosed. Also disclosed are methods for treating proliferative disorders, infections, and immunological disorders with the antitumor antagonists described herein.

The inability of the host to eliminate cancer cells remains a major problem. Although an increasing number of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies have been approved for treatment of various cancers, emergence of resistance to these antibodies is frequently observed, given the many different molecular pathways underlying cancer growth and progression to metastasis. Although the immune system is the principal mechanism of cancer prevention, cancer cells counteract immunosurveillance. Natural control mechanisms have been identified that limit T-cell activation so as to prevent collateral damage resulting from unrestrained T-cell activity. This process has been exploited by tumor cells to evade immune responses. Restoring the capacity of immune effector cells, especially T cells, to recognize and eliminate cancer is a major objective in immunotherapy. Both TGFβ and angiogenesis pathways have been implicated in the resistance to checkpoint inhibitors.
The need exists for improved therapeutic binding antagonists or antibodies and methods of treating cancer and chronic viral infections that can overcome resistance to checkpoint inhibitors that inhibit the TGFβ and VEGF pathways.


Coated comestibles comprising palatinose and a binding agent and processes to obtain these comestibles.

It is well know in the art to provide various comestibles which are embedded in hard or soft coatings. Coatings of such comestibles are frequently used to provide the comestibles with specific functions and properties, such as specifically desired organoleptical characteristics, technological properties and/or a particular optical appearance. It is furthermore well known to apply to sugarless or sugar-containing comestibles sugarless or sugar-containing coatings. As sugarless coatings, coatings made from polyols, such as isomalt, xylitol, sorbitol or maltitol are preferred, while for sugar-containing coatings, sucrose is preferred. In the coating processes of the art, the cores to be coated are provided, the polyol or sugar is added in a liquid medium, applied to the cores and dried. In some cases, after the application of the liquid medium to the cores, powdered dry charges are applied to facilitate a more speedy drying and a different coating characteristic.
WO 92/22217 discloses chewing gums, which comprise palatinose, which is also termed isomaltulose. Palatinose is akariogen, does not cause gastrointestinal disturbances, has a sweetening power comparable to conventional polyols and is only slowly degraded in the gastrointestinal tract. The document discloses the use of palatinose in chewing gum centers as well as in their coatings. Since palatinose tends to crystallize out, in particular in form of a monohydrate, palatinose coated comestibles tend to show the phenomenon of chipping. Chipping describes the process of a partial destruction or damage of the coating, when exposed to mechanical stress, for instance during packaging or transportation. Furthermore, known palatinose coated products which are colored display an uneven and mottled distribution of the food color in the coating.

Isomaltulose coated comestibles and processes for their preparation


A stroller includes a stroller body and a basket support mechanism. The stroller body has two front legs, two rear legs, a handle, and a seat support part. The basket support mechanism has a basket support member disposed below the rear legs of the stroller body, and a flexible member disposed between the basket support member and a front upper part of the stroller body.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a stroller on which a shopping basket can be stably mounted, while keeping a baby in the stroller.
2. Background Art
One type of conventional stroller includes a pair of right and left front legs, a pair of right and left rear legs, and a handle.
In a supermarket, a shopper carries in one hand a shopping basket containing therein items to be purchased, while operating a stroller with a baby using the other hand. It is inconvenient to carry the shopping basket in one hand when there are a lot of items in the basket, and this causes an unstable operation of the stroller. In addition, when taking an article from a shelf, the shopper must take his or her hand off the stroller, which is dangerous to the baby in the stroller.
Thus, a supermarket generally has shopping carts for common use on which a baby can be put. Various kinds of shopping carts have been proposed. For example, Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 2002-225717 discloses such a shopping cart.
However, in order to use such a shopping cart in a supermarket, one must take a baby out of a stroller and put the baby on the shopping cart. In addition, a storage space is needed for the stroller.
The shopping cart disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 2002-225717 has a shape similar to a practically used stroller. A shopping basket can be mounted on a rear side of the shopping cart. However, since such a shopping cart is designed to be used in a supermarket, it is naturally impossible to use the shopping cart as a general stroller due to issues of safety and size.
There is also a demand for a stroller that can be folded using only one hand, and have a reduced height dimension when the stroller is folded.
This patent application claims a priority based on Japanese Patent Application Nos. 2003-404743 and 2003-404772, the disclosure of which being incorporated herein by reference.
The present invention is made in view of the above problems. An object of the present invention is to provide a stroller on which a shopping basket can be stably mounted, while keeping a baby in the stroller.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a stroller which can be folded using only one hand, and have a reduced height dimension when the stroller is folded.


A multi-processor system includes a requesting node that provides a first request for data to a home node. The requesting node being operative to provide a second request for the data to at least one predicted node in parallel with first request. The requesting node receives at least one coherent copy of the data from at least one of the home node and the at least one predicted node.

Multi-processor systems employ two or more computer processors that can communicate with each other, such as over a bus or a general interconnect network. In such systems, each processor may have a memory cache (or cache store) that is separate from the main system memory. Each individual processor can directly access memory caches of other processors. Thus, cache memory connected to each processor of the computer system can often enable fast access to data. Caches can reduce latency associated with accessing data on cache hits and reduce the number of requests to system memory. In particular, a write-back cache enables a processor to write changes to data in the cache without simultaneously updating the contents of memory. Modified data can be written back to memory at a later time if necessary.
Coherency protocols have been developed to ensure that whenever a processor reads a memory location, the processor receives the correct or true data. Additionally, coherency protocols ensure that the system state remains deterministic by providing rules to enable only one processor to modify any part of the data at any one time. If proper coherency protocols are not implemented, however, inconsistent copies of data can be generated.

System and method for providing parallel data requests

Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.


Active optical alignment of plastic chip-scale-package (450) laser and photo detecting diode devices (420) is provided by use of an active probe (120) to make alignment structures (300), such as précising holes, that are used to align the optical device (420) into a transmit/receive module. An optical connector (140), such as an optical fiber, transmits light to, or receives light from, the optical device (420). Using an electrical contact (115, 120), laser diode devices are lighted or photo detecting diode devices are electrically interfaced. The optical connector (140) steps to, locates and contacts each optical device on a fabricated frame of multiple devices. The optical connector (140) is manipulated to an optimal coupling position where the best signal, either optical or electrical, is obtained. An optimal position for making the précising holes, e.g., using a machining laser, is determined as an offset from the optimal position of the optical connector.

1. Field of Invention
The invention relates generally to the field of electronics manufacturing and, more specifically, to a method and apparatus for determining optimal positions for making alignment holes in the packaging of a optical diode device, such as a laser diode or photo detecting diode.
2. Description of Related Art
Optical diode devices are semiconductor devices that are commonly used in many applications. Transmitting devices output light in response to an electrical excitation. The devices output incoherent light when the excitation is below a lasing threshold. In this case, the devices operate as light-emitting diodes due to spontaneous emission. Once the lasing threshold is reached, the devices output laser light due to stimulated emission, which can be in any spectrum, whether visible or not. Moreover, photo detecting diodes, such as p-i-n diodes, receive a light input and produce a corresponding electrical output. The photo detecting diodes, also known as pixels, measure photon flux at different spatial points.
Transmitting and receiving optical devices are therefore very useful in transmitters and receivers for fiber optic communications and many other applications. Moreover, during manufacture, 1-D and 2-D arrays of the optical devices may be produced to increase their effectiveness.
The optical device must be carefully aligned when it is installed in the end use device, such as a customer transceiver assembly. Typically, the optical device is carried in packaging in which alignment structures such as through holes are made for mating with, e.g., pins, in the end use device. The alignment structures are positioned in a specific orientation with respect to the optical device. For example, the alignment structures may be positioned so that collimating optics for an optical fiber are centered over the optical device.
However, accurately making the alignment structures is problematic. For example, making précising, e.g., alignment, holes to align optical diode devices is currently accomplished by manually aligning to each device, or to portions of a diode array. This type of alignment is very subjective and operator intensive. The quality of the hole positioning is not determined until the module is completed and a coupling test is done. If the device does not couple well enough, then it is rejected. After précising holes are drilled, a separate hole alignment measurement is made. The correlation between the alignment measurement and the coupling quality has never been made. The correlation between the two measurements has many variables and interactions such as axis skew in more than the single-plane hole alignment measurement. In the past, the resulting yield was accepted. For example, parts were rejected from processing for hole alignment errors greater than, e.g., +/−10 microns, or a coupling loss greater than a customer specification, before assembly into the transceiver module.

Active optical alignment of laser diode array for drilling precising holes