A radio frequency load for absorbing a radio frequency wave having a frequency in a predetermined frequency band and a wavelength comprises a waveguide with a portion having an opening for said radio frequency wave. In addition, the radio frequency load comprises at least one metal rod provided in said waveguide, said at least one metal rod having a length of one-half of said wavelength to damp said radio frequency wave.

High power radio frequency loads can be formed as waveguides or coaxial cables. Commonly used loads can be divided into two types: (i) loads that heat up water directly; and (ii) absorbing materials on water cooled metal surfaces. Both methods face different problems such as the necessity of using more or less fragile ceramic windows when heating water directly, or the application of ceramic layers onto cooled surfaces via soldering, brazing, press-fitting or gluing. The soldering or pressing process itself may be rather complex and critical, since the applied absorber materials are very small bits. In addition, the commonly used high power RF loads use dielectric and specific ferrite-type ceramic elements, which make them delicate in handling and manufacturing.
In addition, the absorbing materials have different coefficients of thermal expansion and face problems with inhomogeneous heat transformation caused by the different thermal expansion coefficients. In particular, interfaces between metals and ceramic materials lead to limitations of operative temperature.
In general, conventional RF high power loads are designated for an outlet water temperature of less than 80° C. and, in addition, for rather low pressure (e.g. <16 bar). The currently available dielectric free loads operating for frequencies of 7 GHz and above use a corrugated waveguide (e.g. with grooved surfaces) operating near the cut-off frequency and applying metallic loss mechanisms. An example of such a load is described in S. Matsumoto et. al. "High Power Evaluation of X-Band Power Load" (CERN-ATS-2010-217).
Further commonly used high power RF loads use relatively thick (e.g. more than 5 mm) dielectric or ferrite type ceramic elements, which are brazed to a metallic surface. Joining (brazing) ceramic type absorbing materials on water cooled surfaces is a critical and complex process. The different thermal expansion coefficients between the (thick) ceramic and metal renders such structures mechanically delicate in manufacturing and operating, usually limiting the maximal temperature and pressure rates to be below 80° C. Cooling water with those parameters has very limited economical value. Such ferrite layers are also disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,268,546 for a microwave oven to provide a browning plate by a absorbing part of the microwave radiation.
Therefore, there is a need of providing reliable RF loads that are mechanically uncritical and usable at a high temperature (e.g. up to 200° C. or even more) and are able to sustain a high pressure (e.g. pressures of up to 100 bars). Reliable and robust RF power loads permitting high outlet temperature and high pressures of the cooling water are, in particular, interesting in the context of energy saving and recovery requirements. Conventional RF power loads containing dielectric and magnetic materials as well as sensitive ceramic windows usually do not permit going much higher than 80° C. It is an object of the present invention to overcome these limitations.
Overview of the Present Invention
The aforesaid problems are solved by a radio frequency load according to claim 1, 18, 23 or 29. Claims 2-17, 19-22, 24-28 and 30-36 provide advantageous realizations of the subject matters of the independent claims.
Accordingly, the present invention provides a radio frequency load for absorbing a radio frequency wave having a frequency in a predetermined frequency band and a wavelength λ. The radio frequency load comprises a means for guiding the radio frequency wave with a portion having an opening for the RF wave, and a means for absorbing of the radio frequency wave, wherein the means for absorbing comprises metal or ceramic foam and is arranged inside the waveguide. For example, the means for absorbing is formed as a metal structure, which is configured to damp the radio frequency wave either by absorbing at least partially the radio frequency wave or by defining a means for anti-reflection of the radio frequency wave that has entered the waveguide via the opening.
According to embodiments of the present invention alternative realizations are defined for the means of absorbing so that the present invention provides two solutions for the afore-mentioned problems. In the context of the present invention the absorption of, for example, an RF wave does not need to complete (i.e. 100% absorption). Embodiments relate also to partial absorption of a wave (i.e. provide only a damping).
A first solution relates to a radio frequency load for absorbing a radio frequency wave having a frequency in a pre-determined frequency band and a wavelength λ, wherein the radio frequency load comprises: a waveguide portion having an opening allowing the radio frequency wave to enter the waveguide portion. The radio frequency load comprises moreover at least one metal rod provided in the waveguide, wherein the at least one metal rod having a length of one half or an integer multiple of the wavelength λ and, optionally, comprises a means for cooling any of these metal rod. This solution relies on the effect that the RF wave induces a current in the metal rod(s) and the current in turn heats the metal rods, thereby absorbing the energy of the RF wave. Therefore, in this solution the metal rods act as couple resonators, which absorb the RF waves. Accordingly, in further embodiments a plurality of metal rods can be provided, which have either the same length, but are arranged at different angles to each other or comprise different lengths so that a whole frequency band (e.g. the pre-determined frequency band) can be absorbed by one RF load.
A second solution relates to a radio frequency load for absorbing a radio frequency wave having a frequency in a predetermined frequency band and a wavelength λ, wherein the RF load now comprises: a coaxial TEM (TEM=transverse electric and magnetic) transmission line with a portion having an opening for the radio frequency wave, wherein the coaxial TEM transmission line comprises an inner conductor, an outer conductor, and a conductive plate arranged on an opposite side to the opening to provide a short circuit between the inner and outer conductor. The RF load comprises furthermore one or more metal structures being arranged between the inner conductor and the outer conductor. The one or more metal structures are arranged in a predetermined distance from the conductive plate to absorb the radio frequency wave. This solution relies on the effect that the space between the metal structure and the conductive plate defines a resonating region (resonator). This resonator is the actual absorbing element. The absorption heats up the metal structure itself, but also the region between the metal structure and the conductive plate i.e. the complete volume of the resonator.
In further embodiments of the second solution the one or more metal structures may, for example, connect the inner and outer conductor and may be configured to be transmissive for a part of the radio frequency wave and reflective for a remaining part of the radio frequency wave (e.g. if the RF wave consist of the part and the remaining part). The one or more metal structures may comprise a metal disc with holes arranged along a circumferential direction of the metal disc. As further possibility the one or more metal structures may comprise one or more of radial metal rods extending along a radial direction of the coaxial transmission line to connect the inner conductor with the outer conductor. Both possible configurations can also be combined, for example, in that multiple metal structures are arranged at different positions along the axial direction. By such a configuration the RF load becomes sensible for multiple frequencies of the frequency band. In further embodiments the radial metal rods can be provided with a passage for a cooling medium from the outer conductor to the inner conductor to cool the at least one radial metal rod together with the inner conductor with the cooling medium.
In further embodiments also the at least one metal rod of the first solution is hollow such as to define tubes for carrying a cooling medium allowing a temperature of more than 100° C. and a pressure of more than 20 bar. This effect can be achieved, e.g., by the concrete dimension of the tubes (e.g. the internal diameter of the tubes) and the thickness of the tube side wall, which has to be provided such that a pressure of more than 20 bars can be sustained. Also the material of the metal rods has to be chosen appropriately (e.g. stainless steel) to withstand these conditions. To provide reliability even at temperatures of more than 150° C. and pressures of up to 100 bar, the at least one metal rod in the RF load may be ceramic-free and/or dielectric-free.
The high operation temperature and high pressure provide the advantage that water can efficiently be used for energy recovery. Thus, the RF load comprises, optionally, a means for cooling which provides the cooling medium to the tubes, and the means for cooling may, for example, comprise a Stirling motor or any other energy recovery device to transform, for example, hot steam in energy.
In order to improve the conversion of the radio frequency wave into heat in the metal rods, the surface of the metal rods can be threaded or can comprise any other rough surface structure which increases the resistivity of the surface.
In further embodiments the RF load comprises a terminating surface opposite to the opening, which is provided with an electric conductive plate as e.g. made of copper or any other conductive material.
In further embodiments, the different physical parameters can be chosen as follows. The frequency of the RF wave may be for coaxial configurations between 10-3000 MHz, in particular between 100-500 MHz, or more particularly between 200-400 MHz and for waveguide configurations between 300 MHz-3 GHz. These frequency bands have the effect that the RF waves are transformed effectively into heat by inducing electric currents in the metal rods. The at least one metal rod may, for example, comprise a diameter within a range of 5-50 mm, preferably between 10-35 mm, and comprise a material with a magnetic permeability of less than 5, and, in particular, of less than 2 (as e.g. steel or stainless steel). These parameters provide an improved absorption of the RF waves of the mentioned frequencies. In addition, the at least one metal rod may comprise a material with a coefficient of (linear) thermal expansion of less than 10−5 K−1, and in particular of <10−6 K−1 as e.g. Invar. Since the operating temperature may be well above 100° C. (e.g. more than 150° C.) this property provides the advantage that the thermal expansion is rather low, thereby providing an improved frequency stability of this resonating RF load.
In further embodiments the at least one metal rod may comprise a plurality of metal rods that can be arranged in a particular pattern. For example, a first group of metal rods may be arranged in parallel within a first common plane, and a second group of metal rods may be arranged in parallel within a second common plane.
In further embodiments the waveguide comprises a rectangular cross section perpendicular to a propagation direction of the radio frequency wave such that the rectangular cross section comprise a long side and a short side, and wherein the first common plane and the second common plane are inclined with respect to the long side and with respect to the short side. Examples for the dimensions of a waveguide type 350 MHz load are: the long side may be in a range of 300-700 mm and the short side may be in a range of 150-400 mm, and the waveguide may comprise a length in the propagation direction between 1000 and 2000 mm, and in particular between 1200 and 1700 mm. These geometric dimensions of the RF load are adapted to the above mentioned frequency bands such that an effective absorption become possible.
In further embodiments each metal rod in the first group and each metal rod in the second group are arranged closer to the conductive plate (at the terminating surface) than to the opening of the waveguide.
In further embodiments the transmission line comprises a coaxial shape with an inner conductor and an outer conductor and wherein the at least one metal rod is arranged along the axial direction of the coaxial transmission line. For example, the at least one metal rod may be arranged in parallel to the outer conductor.
In further embodiments the at least one metal rod includes a plurality of metal rods being mounted equidistantly in angular direction of the coaxial transmission line on the outer conductor (or/and on the inner conductor). In addition, the electric conductive plate shall connect the outer conductor with the inner conductor such as to provide a short between the outer and inner conductor.
The dimensions of coaxial transmission line configuration may be chosen as follows. The inner conductor may comprise an inner diameter between 100-200 mm, the outer conductor may comprise an outer diameter between 250-500 mm, and the length of the coaxial transmission line may be between 170 cm to 300 cm (in particular about 200 cm). The at least one metal rod may be separated from the conductive plate by at least 40 mm (or between 20 and 70 mm). The distance of the metal rods from the metal plate can be adjusted to augment the coupling and consequently the absorption effect.
The present invention provides the following advantages. At first, the RF load provide reliability and radiation hardness and, in addition, is more robust in handling and easier to manufacture (e.g. by using metal or steel as material). In addition, embodiments withstand high temperature, fairly high pressures and can be operated to some extend in vacuum. They allow operation at lower frequencies than the conventional dielectric free loads (waveguide operating near the cut-off). Resonant structures (typically lambda over 2 resonators) made of steel can be installed in large waveguides for frequencies from 300 MHz onward. For coaxial line geometry with large dimensions resonant structures going as low as 100 MHz may take advantage of the rather high current losses of normal steel. The coaxial structure is reliable and robust even against thermo-acoustic shock waves caused by pulsed RF signals.
The maximum achievable coupling to the resonating structure is limited by mechanical constraints, which in turn dictates the Q value of the resonant circuit. To achieve a high Q value, materials with low surface impedance can be used, like good conductor materials such as cooper.
In addition, the provided loads are rather inexpensive and show good mechanical robustness. They are not critical in handling (no delicate pieces) and ionizing radiation hard. The metal tubes used can be water or oil cooled so that an efficient energy recovery is possible (following the principle of pressurized water heat exchanger).
Moreover, the loads according to embodiments can be connected to ultra high vacuum (UHV) via standard vacuum seals. The transition section between the UHV and the high power load can be done via copper plated bellow (e.g. with a copper coating thickness of 10 μm) or coaxial line with very thin walls (stainless steel for poor heat conduction less than 1 mm wall thickness and few μm copper coating inside). Such a bellow ensures good RF properties. It is furthermore capable of bridging the temperature differences from the hot high power load at, for example, more than 200° C. to the RF feeder line at ambient temperature.
Further solutions of the above mentioned problem relate also to resonant structures which by their geometry have a low Q (which may be as low as possible), but which can further be reduced by an optional coating of the inner surface or parts thereof with a ferromagnetic or ferrite layer. The quality factor Q of a resonant circuit is defined as the ratio of stored energy W over the energy dissipation P in one cycle (Q=ωres W/P).
One of these embodiments relate to a radio frequency load comprising an absorption portion having an opening for said radio frequency wave, an inlet structure and a terminating surface to provide a resonator for said radio frequency wave, and a plurality of absorber elements arranged between said inlet structure and said terminating surface and which are configured to damp said radio frequency wave.
The inlet structure and the terminating surface may optionally be spaced from each other such that an incoming radio frequency wave forms a standing wave. Alternatively, the spacing is such that a λ/4-absorber is formed (i.e. the distance is about one quarter of the wavelength inside the waveguide). In addition, the absorption portion may comprise a larger extension than the opening measured perpendicular to a propagating radio wave and the radio frequency load may further comprise a tapered portion connecting the opening with the enlarged absorption portion.
In addition, the plurality of absorber elements may be formed as a stack of metal plates comprising tubes providing a flow path for a cooling liquid and which are separated from each other. Moreover, at least one of the plurality of absorber elements and/or the inlet structure may comprise a ferrite coating. The optional ferrite may be deposited by plasma spraying, thereby avoiding thermal stresses and forming a thin layer (e.g. of less than 1 mm in particular less than 500 μm).
In further embodiments the plurality of absorber elements extend from the terminating surface to the inlet structure and each of the plurality of absorber elements comprises an optional cavity. The inlet structure may optionally be formed as a plurality of openings for providing a propagation path of an incoming RF wave into the cavity of each the plurality of absorber elements. These cavities may also optionally be coated by a thin ferrite layer to improve the absorption of the RF wave.
Yet another embodiment relate to a radio frequency load comprising an enclosure (e.g. a metal housing) with an opening for the radio frequency wave, ceramic foam may be arranged inside the enclosure such that the radio frequency wave along its propagation passes at least partly the ceramic foam. In addition, a cooling gas inlet is configured to provide the cooling gas as cooling medium to the ceramic foam, wherein the ceramic foam is configured to absorb the radio frequency wave, thereby heating the ceramic foam and, because the ceramic foam is also configured to be permeable for the cooling gas, the heated ceramic foam is cooled by the cooling gas passing the ceramic foam.
Optionally, the cooling gas inlet structure may be formed as a perforated waveguide portion (e.g. along a side wall of the wave guide). The enclosure may, for example, comprise metal and an optional thermal insulation with an optional additional cooling. The additional cooling may be coupled to the cooling gas circulation or may be cooled by cooling water flowing through separate tubes provided in the thermal insulation. This combination of thermal insulation and additional cooling may cool the outside surface of the enclosure down to ambient temperature or slightly above (e.g. at most double of the ambient temperature).
In further embodiments the RF load comprises an inlet structure and a perforated shield providing a terminating surface for preventing the radio frequency wave from leaving the enclosure. The inlet structure and the perforated shield are configured to provide a resonator for the radio frequency wave by forming a standing wave from an incoming radio frequency wave. The perforated shield may further be configured to provide an outlet for the cooling gas (e.g. by perforations) after the cooling gas has passed at least part of the ceramic foam.
Finally, in further embodiments the ceramic foam comprises one or more air passage ways providing a flow path for the cooling gas, wherein the air passage ways are free of ceramic foam to alleviate a flow of the cooling gas through the ceramic foam.
Further embodiments may comprise a radio frequency wave window provided at said opening, wherein said radio frequency wave window is configured to be permeable for said radio frequency wave and is configured to block gas.
The aforementioned embodiments or different aspects of the aforementioned embodiments may also be combined to defined further advantageous realizations of the claimed subject matter.
Advantages of the further embodiments are related to the fact that these high power loads are mechanically robust and provide either a cooling liquid with high pressure and temperature (e.g. ≦100 bar, ≧150° C.) at the outlet or very hot air (up to 800° C.). The cooling liquid (typically water) as well as the hot air could then be used for energy recovery as, for example, by using a Stirling motor or domestic heating distribution system. The RF load can be designed in a frequency range between 200-7000 MHz operating in a narrow band within this same range. The absorbing elements constitute a flat resonator and allow cooling with highly pressurized, very hot water/liquid.
FIG. 1a shows a radio frequency load 100 for absorbing a radio frequency wave having a frequency in a pre-determined frequency band. The RF load 100 comprises a waveguide 110 with an opening 112 and at least one metal rod 120. The waveguide 110 is shown in propagation direction of the RF wave and comprises a length L0 as measured between the opening 112 to a terminating surface (back surface) at the opposite end. Optionally, the RF waveguide 110 is terminated by a metal plate 114 arranged at the surface opposite to the opening 112 of the waveguide 110.
FIG. 1b shows a further cross-section of the waveguide 110, wherein the cross-section is now taken perpendicular to the propagation direction of the radio frequency wave. The metal rod 120 comprises a length L, which is equal or approximately equal to one half of the wavelength of the radio frequency wave. The length L can e.g. be arranged such that the mid-frequency λ0 of a frequency band is used for defining the wavelength λ0 for which the relation L=λ0/2 holds. In further embodiments the highest or lowest frequency in the band is used for defining the length. The metal rod 120 is provided inside the waveguide 110 and may be separated from side walls of the waveguide 110 (see FIG. 1b) such that all sides are exposed to the RF wave.
The radio frequency wave enters the waveguide 110 through the opening 112 and is at least partly absorbed by the metal rod 120 by inducing an electric current in the metal rod 120 that fluctuates with the frequency of the radio frequency wave. Because the length L of the metal rod 120 is one half of the wavelength λ of the radio frequency wave, a resonance is generated in the metal rod 120. Due to the electric resistance, the electrons will dissipate the energy into heat, thereby heating the metal rods 120 so that finally the energy of the radio frequency wave is converted into heat of the metal rods 120 thus absorbing of the radio frequency wave. Because of the resonance the induced electric current is very intense (with a high current density) and fluctuates strongly, thus providing an effective absorption.
As shown in FIG. 1b the cross-section of the waveguide 110 may have a rectangular shape with one long side having a length L1 along the x-direction and one short side having a length L2 along the y-direction as defined in FIG. 1b. In other embodiments the long direction can also be in the y-direction whereas the short direction is in the x-direction. Possible ranges are: L1 between 200 mm and 350 mm (e.g. L1=290 mm) and L2 between 450 mm and 700 mm (e.g. L2=583 mm). The length of the RF load L0 is, e.g., between 900 mm and 1700 mm (e.g. L0=1350 mm). The diameter of the metal rod is e.g. between 5 mm and 35 mm (e.g. 10 mm) and, in addition, the metal rod 120 is, for example, arranged in the back half of the waveguide 110 so that the distance from the metal rod 120 to the back surface 114 is shorter than the distance from the metal rod 120 to the opening 112.
FIG. 2a shows an RF load 200a with a coaxial transmission line 210 comprising an inner conductor 210a and an outer conductor 210b. In addition, in this embodiment the metal rod 120 is arranged along a propagation direction of the RF wave and is spaced from the back surface by a distance A. This distance A can, for example, be optimized such that reflected waves from the terminating surface 214 increases the field strength in the resonator and does leading to an increase of the absorption in metal rod (e.g. A=λ/2, i.e. also one half of the wave length of the RF wave).
FIG. 2b shows a further RF load 200b with a coaxial transmission line 210 comprising an inner conductor 210a and an outer conductor 210b, but with a metal structure 220 arranged in a distance B1 from the terminating surface 214. The metal structure 220 is configured to obtain a resonator which is the absorber element 320. The distance B1 is arranged such that a maximum absorption is reached. The distance B1 can, for example, be arranged to be about one half of the wavelength of the RF wave (i.e. B1=λ0/2) or 5% more or less of these values.
Possible dimensions of this coaxial waveguide (210a, 210b) are as follows. The outer conductor 210b may have a diameter Db=345 mm and the inner conductor 210a may comprise a diameter Da=150 mm, the distance B1 may be in the range of 40 to 60 mm, or equal to the length of the metal rods of the first embodiment (λ/2 because of the phase shift at the conductive plate 214).
Optionally, the inner conductor 210a is provided with a cooling tube, which can e.g. be combined with a hollow metal rod 120 to be cooled together.
FIG. 2c is a cross-sectional view along the line C-C′ of FIG. 2b and shows one embodiment for the metal structure 220 given by a metal disc with holes 220h surrounding the inner conductor 210a. For example, six or eight holes 220h can be arranged around the inner conductor 210a in an equidistant way and comprise a diameter Dc=86 mm. The width of the disc can be in a preferential configuration between 3 to 50 mm (e.g. 10 mm).
In further embodiments the holes 220h are replaced by other structures and also the area of the holes 220h can be modified in order to optimize the transmissive/reflective part of the incoming radio frequency wave.
FIG. 2d shows again a cross-sectional view along the line C-C′, but now for another embodiment of the metal structure 220, where the metal structure 220 is given by a plurality of radial metal rods. In detail, in this example three radial metal rods 221, 222, 223 are arranged equidistantly along the radial direction starting from the inner conductor 210a and connecting the inner conductor 210a with the outer conductor 210b.
Optionally, the inner conductor 210a can comprise a tube 211 for a cooling liquid. The tube 211 can optionally be connected with tubes of the radial metal rods 221, 222 and 223 to provide a flow for the cooling medium passing through the inner conductor 210a and the radial metal rods 221, 222, 223. Thus, a combined cooling for the inner conductor 210a together with a cooling of the radial metal rods 221, 222, 223 is achieved. In addition, also the conductive plate 214 and/or the region between the conductive plate 214 and the metal structure 220 are cooled by using the cooling medium.
FIGS. 2e-2g depict perspective views of the RF load as shown in FIG. 2b-2d. In detail, FIG. 2e depicts an embodiment for the load of FIG. 2c, wherein the number of holes 220h is now eight and the distance B1 is adjusted in accordance to the RF wave to be absorbed. FIGS. 2f and 2g depict the RF load of FIG. 2d, wherein again three radial rods 221, 222, 223 are shown, which are also spaced from the conductive plate 214 (e.g. made of copper) by the same distance B. FIG. 2h-2j depict further views of the RF load of FIG. 2b, wherein metal disc 210 comprises 8 holes 220h (FIGS. 2h and 2i). FIG. 2j shows a further embodiment with the radial rods shown from the opening 112.
FIG. 3 shows in more detail a metal rod 120 in a cross-sectional view along the length direction of the metal rod 120 with a diameter of D1. The metal rod 220 comprises a surface 122 in order to increase the resistance for the oscillating current 126 as generated by the absorption of the radio frequency wave when passing through the waveguide 110. Optionally, the metal rod 120 comprises a tube 124 to provide a passage way for the medium for cooling the metal rods 120 as indicated by the arrow. The cooling medium may be a liquid, which can evaporate due to the heat generated by the absorbed RF wave. The diameter D0 of the tube 124 and the pressure of the cooling liquid can be adjusted accordingly. The internal diameter D0 of the tubes and the thickness of the tube side wall (D1−D0) can be adjusted to achieve a desired temperature (e.g. of more than 150° C.) and allow a pressure of more than 20 bars inside the tubes. In addition, also the material of the metal rods 120 has to be chosen appropriately (e.g. stainless steel) to withstand these conditions.
FIG. 4a shows a further embodiment comprising a means for cooling 130 connected to the metal rods 120, which comprise the tube 124 for the cooling medium such that a flow for the cooling medium is provided from the means for cooling 130 passing through the metal rods 120 and returning back to the means for cooling 130. The means for cooling 130 is, e.g., a heat exchanger or a Stirling engine or any other engine to be used for energy recovery. For example, the means for cooling may be configured to use pressurized water to generate energy from the heated water. Therefore, it is of advantage that embodiments of the present invention are configured to operate with high temperatures (i.e. above 150° C.) and with high pressures (more than 20 bar and up to 100 bar), because these conditions allow an efficient energy recovery.
FIG. 4b shows a further embodiment, where the means for cooling is also provided for the coaxial transmission line such that the inner conductor 210a is cooled together with the metal rods 120 (e.g. by a single cooling circuit). A combined inlet/outlet for the cooling medium can be provided through the conductive plate 214 such that the cooling medium flows back inside the inner conductor 210a. Alternatively, an outlet may be provided at the opposite side of the metal plate 214. Optionally, the metal rod 120 can be mounted on the inner conductor 210a, thereby providing a single cooling circuit by directly connecting the tubes of metal rods 120 with a tube 211 of the inner conductor 210a.
FIG. 5 shows a perspective view of the embodiment as shown in FIGS. 1a, b. The RF load 100 comprises a rectangular cross-section, wherein a fist group of metal rods 120a is arranged in parallel within a first common plane 1200a, and a second group of metal rods 120b is arranged in parallel with a second common plane 1200b, wherein the first and second plane can have any angle between. The number of metal rods can, e.g., be six in each of the groups but can be different in other embodiments. The first group and the second group of metal rods 120a, b are provided in the back part of the RF load 100 such that all metal rods are closer to the back surface 114 than to the opening 112 (this relation holds either for any point of the metal rods or for the center of mass). IN addition, the metal rods 120 in the first and second group are all in a transversal direction of the propagating RF wave (i.e., they are arranged in parallel to the back surface 114, which may again be formed by a conductive plate).
As for the dimensions the following values define one possible configuration (the invention is not limited to these values). The waveguide for a frequency of 350 MHz (with a free space wave length λ0) may have a cross-section of 583×290 mm and a length of 1350 mm. The total number of metal rods may be 12, which are tilted, have a length L of half of a free space wavelength (L=λ0/2) and a diameter of 10 mm, and are inserted in the back half of the waveguide. Six rods are placed on one side of the waveguide, six on the other side but tilted by approximately 90°. The rods are made of stainless steel with an optional galvanic deposit of iron, nickel or some other ferromagnetic material with a high curie point on the outside (the thickness if e.g. 30 μm). The roughness of the surface is increased to provide a higher surface resistivity. Moreover, the inside of each tube can be hollow and can be used for water cooling. The waveguide itself may also be made of metal or any other conductive material.
FIG. 6 shows the S11 value (relates to the ratio of incoming to reflected radiation intensity) as measured in dB for the load as shown in FIG. 5 and with the particular dimensions as mentioned before. From this figure it is clear that the RF load provides a significant absorption for particular frequency of approximately 351 MHz.
FIG. 7 shows a perspective view of the load with a coaxial transmission line (see also FIG. 2a), wherein a plurality of metal rods 210 is provided in axial direction of the axial transmission line. A possible configuration has the following values: the length of the coaxial line is 2 m, an inner diameter Da is 150 mm and an outer diameter Db is 345 mm. Eight metal rods are symmetrically grouped around the inner conductor 210b and both the inner and outer conductor 210a, b are shortened at a distance of one half of the wavelength of the radio wave (measured from the end of the rod). Therefore, the length A as shown in FIG. 2a is equal one half of the wavelength. Because the length of the metal rods 120 is equal to one half of the wavelength, this has the effect that, when the radio wave has a maximum intensity at one end of the metal rod 120 it has also a maximum (but with opposite sign) at the other end of the metal rod 120, thereby amplifying the desired effect of absorbing the RF wave by the metal rods. This effect is also shown in FIG. 8 wherein a distribution for the magnetic field for this load is depicted (the coupling was done via electric field). In particular, FIG. 8 shows that a first maximum (black areas) for the H-field appears at a first end 121a of the metal rod 120 and, at the same time, a second maximum of the H-field appears at a second end 121b of the metal rod 120.
FIG. 9a, b show simulation results (again the S11 parameter measured in dB) for such a configuration, wherein the diameter of the rods were varied from 15 to 35 mm. The materials used for the rods were again stainless steel and iron with different magnetic permeability. Furthermore, the distance between the outer conductor and the rods were varied. The results are summarized in table 1 and table 2 as shown in FIG. 9b. The maximal absorption (S11 is maximal) is achieved, if A=50 mm, for a diameter of 15 mm and μ=5 (table 1) and, if A=60 mm, for a diameter of 15 mm and μ=10 (table 2).
In most cases the coupling was under critical. Only in the cases with very high losses, criticality was achieved. FIG. 10 shows the Smith chart displaying the resonance showing that a critical coupling can be achieved. The coupling can be improved, for example, by moving the position of the copper disk 214 (conductive plate at the terminating surface).
In general, a distance between the rods 120 and the outer conductor 210b should be between 5% to 25% of the radius of the outer conductor of the coaxial line in order to optimize the coupling to the electromagnetic field in that region. For reasons of mechanical simplicity the design was given by 30 mm rods made of stainless steel (μ=1). According to the simulations the bandwidth of the structure at −20 dB is approximately 40 KHz and the Q value is approximately 630. Moreover, the introduction of the metal rods 120 causes a detuning of the structure. The resonance is slightly shifted up to a frequency of 207 MHz.
For practical application, the metal rods 120 are made hollow and hence allow water cooling. Also the inner conductor will have to be cooled. In general, heating of the structure would cause an elongation of the rods 120 and hence a detuning of the load. The use of Invar instead of stainless steel can solve this issue since this material has a very low thermal expansion coefficient (any other material with a linear thermal expansion of the less 10−6 K−1 can equally be used).
In summary, embodiments of the present invention provide RF loads such as high power dielectric free loads with resonant metal rods/tubes of half the wavelength of a desired operation frequency. These tubes can be used for water/liquid cooling of the structure, providing a cooling liquid at a temperature of more 150° C. with a pressure of more than 20 bars. Embodiments use, e.g., stainless steel or similar materials without any ceramics that are suitable for lower frequencies of few 10 MHz up to several GHz. Possible frequency ranges depend on the configuration. For example, for the coaxial configurations the RF wave may have a frequency between 10-3000 MHz, in particular between 100-500 MHz, or more particularly between 200-400 MHz. For waveguide configurations the RF wave may have a frequency between 300 MHz-3 GHz.
It is uncritical in handling and manufacturing and capable of providing cooling liquids with high temperature and high pressure, thereby allowing an efficient energy recovery process, for example, by optionally providing a cooling using a liquid with high pressure and temperature at the outlet. For example, water can be used so that energy recovery is possible (e.g. by using a sterling motor).
For the connection of the presented high temperature and high pressure load operating in dry air to parts at ambient temperature under vacuum a transition piece is needed. This piece could be a very thin metallic tube with a small copper layer and optionally with thin gold plating to avoid deterioration deposited on the inside. This will ensure low electromagnetic losses and at the same time provide a high thermal resistance.
Embodiments of the present invention provide two alternative solutions. One solution employs metal rods 120 of a particular length in order to absorb the electromagnetic waves by currents generated inside the metal rods 120 by the radio frequency wave. In an alternative solution, the electromagnetic wave is again absorbed by a metal structure, which is now however provided in a particular distance from the end surface in a coaxial transmission line. As result, reflecting RF waves from the end surface interfere with incoming RF waves so that these waves eliminate each other (by destructive interference) at the metal structure at the particular distance. Therefore, also for this solution the RF wave is absorbed. For example, the metal structure can be provided at a distance of one half of the wavelength of the RF wave (this can again relate to any wave of the frequency band; e.g. the middle frequency). The metal structure is moreover configured, such that a part of the incoming RF wave passed through the metal structure, whereas another part is reflected at the metal structure. This reflected part of the metal structure is, e.g., eliminated by a reflective part at the terminating surface of the incoming RF waves. Therefore, this is actually an anti-reflection arrangement for incoming RF wave.
In embodiments of the present invention the metal structure 220 is, e.g., provided by one or more disc(s) with holes 220h, arranged around a circumferential direction of the outer circumference of the disc or, alternatively, by a plurality of radial rods 221, 222, . . . extending radially outwardly, starting from an inner conductor 210a of the coaxial transmission line 210. The number of rods can be different, as e.g., only one, or two, or three, or four or eight. These examples are, however, not restrictive, any other metal structure can be used, which provides a certain reflectivity and transmissibility for the incoming RF wave (in the predetermined frequency band). Therefore, the metal structure 220 can also be a means for partial reflection of an incoming RF wave such that the non reflected part of the RF wave is transmitted by the metal structure 220 and is reflected at the conductive plate 214 terminating the waveguide 210.
In further embodiments the lengths of the metal rods 120 in each group (e.g. as shown in FIG. 5) or the metal rods 120 of FIG. 7 can be different so as to configure the RF load to damp a plurality of frequencies of the pre-determined frequency band (or to absorb all frequencies of the RF band). In addition, also the distances between the metal rods 120 within each group can vary and does not need to be equidistant as shown in FIG. 5. Furthermore, the metal rods 120 can optionally also be replaced by a metal structure, which is configured to absorb the RF wave in the wave guide or the coaxial cable and may, for example, be formed as a metal ring or some other curved or star-like configuration. Thus, the metal rods do not need to have a straight line shape, but comprise instead a shape configured to absorb the RF wave efficiently.
The metal rods may be formed as follows. The diameter of the rods may range from 10 mm (smaller values are possible, but for practical reasons not advisable) to 35/40 mm. The thickness of the disk may be from 3 to 50 mm and the number of holes may be from 3 to 10. The diameter of the radial rods may be from 5 to 50 mm and the number of radial rods may be from 2 to 20. Different materials are possible, which can be grouped in three classes: good conductors (such as cooper), poor non magnetic conductors (like certain types of stainless steel) and poor conductors with magnetic properties (like ordinary iron or steel).
In yet further embodiments the metal rods are not aligned in planes, but are arranged in different angles so as to provide an optimized absorption for RF wave with different polarizations.
FIGS. 12-14 depict further embodiments of RF loads.
The RF load 300 shown in FIG. 12 comprises an opening 312, a tapered portion 311 and an absorption portion 310 (as part of a wave guide) providing a cavity within which the RF wave can be absorbed by generating heat. The absorption portion 310 comprises a larger cross-sectional area than the opening part 312 and inside the absorption portion 310 a plurality of absorption elements 320 are provided. The absorption elements 320 comprise, e.g. metal with a thickness "b" (e.g. between 4-10 mm), wherein the elements 320 are, for example, formed as plates separated from each other by a further distance "a" (e.g. between 5 . . . 15 mm or about 10 mm).
The tapered portion 311 may, for example, be configured to increase the height L2 (e.g. should not exceed one half wavelength λ0) of the opening 312 to the absorption portion 310 by 50 . . . 200% (or about 100%, but can be any value). The number n of absorption elements 320 may be such that the absorption portion 310 is filled with absorption elements 320 (dependent on the thickness "b" and the further distance "a") so that the electric field strength per cell (per absorption element) is n-times reduced, the area is increased so that the heat can easier transported and thus less thermal stress occurs. For example, 5 . . . 20 or about 10 absorption elements 320 are arranged in parallel.
The plurality of absorption elements 320 may comprise a plurality of tubes 322, which are configured to allow a liquid flow (for example of water with a temperature between 100 up to 250° C. through the plurality of elements 320, thereby cooling the absorption elements 320. In addition, the absorption portion 310 is terminated by a terminating surface 313 at the end in propagation direction of an incoming RF wave, wherein the RF wave enters the absorption portion 310 through an inlet structure 330. The inlet structure 330 may, e.g., be formed as a metal structure with one or more openings through which the RF wave can pass. The inlet structure 330 and the terminating surface 313 may both comprise metals (e.g. to reflect at least partially the RF wave) and may be configured to provide a λ/4-absorber (the distance B2 is about a quarter of the wavelength, i.e. B2=λ/4) or to support the formation of standing waves so that an incoming RF wave is trapped after passing the inlet structure 330 and can be efficiently be absorbed by the absorption elements 320.
The inlet structure 330 may, for example, comprise an opening whose size determines the input impedance of the RF load. Thus, the size (i.e. the area of the opening) may be adjusted such that a critical coupling is obtained and the power of a reflected RF wave vanishes and the incoming RF wave is completely absorbed.
FIG. 13 shows a cross-sectional view of the RF load 300 through the absorption portion 310 along the cross-sectional line CC′ (see FIG. 12). The absorption portion 310 comprises in these embodiments a rectangular cross-section (which may be different in other embodiments) and the absorption elements 320 are arranged as plates extending along one of the two main directions of the cross-sectional areas of the absorption portion 310 as a stacked configuration (only the first two plates are shown). In addition, tubes 322 (e.g. liquid tubes) are formed along the absorption elements 320 for allowing a fluid flow 340 (e.g. water) with a pressure of, e.g., up to 100 bars to cool the absorption elements 320 such that the fluid flow 340 flows perpendicular to the incoming RF waves. The tubes 322 are only schematically depicted inside the absorption elements 320, but they are also provided on the outer surface of the absorption portion 310 to cool the wave guide also from the outside. The fluid flow 340 may comprise a cooling liquid as, for example, water so that the water flow 340 enters the tubes 320, for example, on the right hand side (after splitting it) and after passing the absorption elements 320 the heated water flow exits the absorption portion 310, for example, on the left hand side.
In a further embodiment for the RF load 300 the absorption elements 320 as shown in FIG. 12 are coated with a thin (e.g. below 1 mm) ferrite layer 374 (ferrite coating) to enhance the absorption of the RF wave. Optionally, the stacked structure of absorption elements 320 can be formed by forming ferrite layers 370 on a cell made of, for example, iron (or copper or aluminium) so that the iron (or copper or aluminium) is coated with the ferrite layer 374. By using the ferrite coating also materials as aluminium or copper (e.g. to provide a good heat transfer) may be used for the absorption elements 320 and/or the inlet structure 330. All other components of the embodiment depicted in FIG. 13 are the same as in the embodiment as depicted in FIG. 12 so that a repeated description is omitted here. In addition, only two elements 320 are shown in FIG. 13 and the remaining elements are also omitted. Again, the distance between adjacent absorption elements 320 may, for example, be selected by the further distance "a" being e.g. between 5 . . . 15 mm or about 10 mm and the thickness "b" of the absorption elements 320 being e.g. between 4-15 mm or between 6-10 mm.
The ferrite layer 374 may be formed as thin layer having a thickness, e.g., between 50-500 μm or 100-300 μm and may be applied by using plasma spraying techniques. For example, a thin ferrite layer can be sprayed on metal (for example, iron) to form a microwave absorbing layer. The particular ferrite material used for the ferrite layer 374 is selected based on the particular frequency of the RF wave which shall be absorbed. For example, a list can be provided wherein for the predetermined frequency band one or more suitable ferrite materials are listed. These ferrite layers are advantageous in that they can withstand high temperatures and are robust due to their small thickness and thus minimize the mechanical and thermal stress. Optionally, also the inlet structure 330 can be coated in the same way by a thin ferrite layer.
The plurality of absorber elements 320 may also extend from the terminating surface 313 to the inlet structure 330 and each of the plurality of absorber elements 320 may comprise a cavity. In this arrangement the inlet structure 330 can be formed as a plurality of openings for providing a propagation path of an incoming RF wave into the cavity of each the plurality of absorber elements 320.
FIG. 14A depicts an RF load 400a according to a further embodiment with a waveguide 410 comprising an opening 412 for allowing an RF wave 450 to enter the RF load 400a. The waveguide 410 comprises a cooling gas (air or inert gas) inlet 441 (e.g. a perforated waveguide portion) which is configured to provide an air inlet, but is RF leak tight implying that the incoming RF wave 450 cannot leave the RF wave guide 410 through the perforated wave guide portion 441. Downstream (in the propagation direction of the incoming RF wave 450) after the perforated waveguide portion 441 the RF load 400a comprises an enclosure 430 (e.g. made of metal) comprising an optional thermal insulation 435. For cooling air at ambient temperature, but also any other cooling gas can be used.
The metal enclosure 430 is configured to withstand high temperature and extends between the perforated wave guide portion 441 and an air outlet for the hot air 440b. The metal enclosure 430 provides a housing for ceramic foam 420 arranged over a length B. A perforated shield 442 (which comprises, e.g., metal) is arranged along the propagation path of the RF wave 350. The ceramic foam 420 is configured to absorb the incoming RF wave 440 and, at the same time, to provide a passage way for incoming airflow 440a through the perforated waveguide portion 441 and exits the RF load 400a through the perforated shield 442 defining the outlet of the hot air. The perforated metal shield 442 defines an RF enclosure in that the incoming RF wave 450 cannot pass the perforated metal shield 442 at the outlet for the airflow 440b and will, for example, be reflected back to the absorbing section.
The wave guide 410 may again comprise a rectangular cross-section with a height L2 (see FIG. 1b) with a value of, for example, one half of the wavelength (λ/2) of the RF wave in the waveguide (which in general will differ from the corresponding vacuum wavelength λ0). The length B of the ceramic foam 420 as arranged in the metal enclosure 430 may comprise any value, which is sufficiently large to absorb the RF wave.
Therefore, the RF load as depicted in FIG. 14A absorbs an incoming RF wave 450 in the ceramic foam 420 which is provided within a metal enclosure 430, thereby heating up the ceramic foam 420, which in turn is cooled by an airflow 440a, entering through the perforated wave guide portion 441 with an ambient temperature and leaves as very hot air 440b the perforated metal shield 442 after having cooled the ceramic foam 420. The thermal insulation 435 provided inside or with the metal enclosure 430 is configured to provide a temperature inside the metal enclosure so that, for example, the hot air 440b leaving the RF load 400a may comprise a temperature of up to 800° C. Optionally, the thermal insulation 435 can be water cooled so that the outside of the enclosure 430 (outer surface) is at ambient or moderate temperature (below 60° C.). For the water cooling further water tubes can be arranged in the thermal insulation 435.
Optionally, the ceramic foam 420 comprises impurities to ensure that the incoming RF wave 450 is efficiently absorbed by the ceramic foam 420. In addition, the ceramic foam 420 is adapted to be permeable for the airflow such that an efficient cooling can be provided.
In this embodiment the incoming radio wave 450 is absorbed along the way through the ceramic foam.
FIG. 14B depicts a further embodiment of an RF load 400b based on ceramic foam 420, which differs by the embodiment as shown in FIG. 14A in that it defines a standing wave structure, wherein the RF wave 450 is trapped and can be absorbed by the ceramic foam. This effect is achieved in that, on the one hand, at the inlet for the incoming wave 450 an inlet structure 422 (comprising e.g. metal) is arranged, which comprises, e.g., an opening 424 for the incoming RF wave 450. This inlet structure 422 is similar to the metal structure as defined in the embodiments of FIG. 2B to 2I. In addition, the standing wave structure RF load 400b of FIG. 14B comprises a terminating structure 442 (comprising e.g. metal) at the end of the RF load 400b and the ceramic foam 420 is arranged between the inlet structure 422 and the terminating structure 442 which are spaced from each other such that an incoming RF wave 450 is trapped in the region between both structures 422 and 442 by forming a standing wave. For this standing wave the ceramic foam 420 arranged in the space of the standing wave absorbs the wave energy, thereby heating an airflow coming from the air inlet 441 (the perforated wave guide portion), entering the opening 424 and passing through the ceramic foam 420, thereby cooling the ceramic foam and leaving the RF load 400b via the terminating (metal) structure 442 as a hot airflow 440b.
The height L2 may again have a value of, for example, one half of the wavelength (λ/2) of the RF wave in the waveguide in the resonant mode (e.g. to form a standing wave). If the RF load does not operate in the resonant mode (e.g. in the travelling wave mode), L2 may have also different values.
In order to form a standing wave between the inlet structure 422 and terminating (metal) structures 442, the length B between both structures is arranged accordingly (for example a multiple of one half of the wavelength of the incoming RF wave 450) so that B may again comprise a value between 0.5 and 2 wavelengths. Alternatively, a λ/4-Absorber is formed in that B is approximately one quarter of the wavelength of the RF wave.
FIG. 14C depicts a further embodiment, which is similar to the embodiment as shown in FIG. 14A and differs from the embodiment of FIG. 14A in that the ceramic foam 420 is not arranged continuously between the metal enclosure 430, but that the ceramic foam 420 is, for example, arranged as a first part 420a at a top portion of the metal enclosure 430 and as a second part 420b arranged at a bottom part of the metal enclosure 430b. The first part 420a and the second part 420b may, for example, be spaced from each other by a length L3 which is arranged such that the incoming RF wave 450 is absorbed over the whole length B of the ceramic foam 420. Therefore, the embodiment of FIG. 14C shows a travelling wave structure with hot air not going through the ceramic foam.
An advantage of the embodiment as shown in FIG. 14C is that the air 440 can pass the region of the ceramic foam 420 with low or no resistance so that the applied pressure is lower than in the embodiment as shown in FIGS. 14A and 14B. In addition, the distance L3 can be arranged such that the incoming RF wave is absorbed continuously over the whole length of the ceramic foam, which may, e.g., be achieved in that the distance L3 may vary along the propagating wave direction (for example from a larger value towards a smaller value).
FIG. 14D depicts a further embodiment of a standing wave structure with air not going through the ceramic foam, which combines the features as shown in FIGS. 14B and 14C. Again, the ceramic foam 420 is formed, for example, in two parts 420a, 420b along the propagation direction of the incoming RF wave 450 between a inlet metal structure 422 and a terminating structure 442 which are adapted such that the incoming RF wave 450 is trapped between both (metals) structures 422, 442 by forming a standing wave between the inlet metal structure 422 and the terminating metal structure 442. Optionally, the ceramic foam may also be arranged along a circumferential direction of the metal enclosure 430, which may, for example, have a rectangular shape.
As in the embodiment of FIG. 14C, the air does not have to go through the ceramic foam, thereby decreasing the applied pressure on the air to cool the ceramic foam. The length B between the inlet metal structure 422 and the terminating structure 442 is arranged such that a standing wave is formed so that the standing wave can be absorbed by the ceramic foam arranged between both metal structures.
The cross-sectional area of the RF wave guide 410 as shown in FIG. 14A-14D may comprise a rectangular shape as it is shown in FIG. 1B with an aspect ratio of 1:c, wherein c is between 1.5 and 3 or about 2). The distance L3 may, for example, comprise a value of 0.5, 0.6 or 0.7 of the wave guide wavelength λ0.
The embodiments of an RF load 400 as shown in FIG. 14A-14D define a ceramic foam 420 either be arranged continuously between the metal enclosure 430 (i.e. the foam covers the whole rectangular area in a cross-sectional view perpendicular to the propagation direction) or, as shown in FIGS. 14C and 14D that openings are arranged along the propagation direction of the RF wave (when viewed in a cross-sectional view perpendicular to the propagation direction). As result, air coming through an air inlet 441 with ambient temperature can simply flow through the openings of the ceramic foam 420 thus providing an efficient cooling mechanism.
Although FIGS. 14C and 14D show only a single opening more openings can be provided in further embodiments. In addition, more complex air passage ways where no ceramic foam is formed through the ceramic foam may be provided. In this case, the air or gas does not need to pass the ceramic foam, but can flow along the air passage ways. The air passage ways can be formed so that they provide a path sufficiently wide so that air can pass through without applying additional pressure, but at the same time are sufficiently small so that the RF wave cannot pass through without interfering strongly with the ceramic foam. The result can be optimized by forming accordingly the one or more air passage ways to compromise between both effects.
Therefore, instead of cooling tubes this RF load 400 uses ceramic foam as absorber in the microwave range (starting from 300 MHz) making it applicable for cooling with air. The ceramic foam acts like fireclay stones in a steel/iron enclosure (oven) which can withstand very high temperatures—it can get red or even white hot glowing without being damaged.
Therefore, these waveguide structures contain a block of air cooled porous dielectric foam 420 (e.g. a block of creaming foam) and act as an actual RF/microwave absorber. The porous ceramic block 420 acts as a microwave absorber and is not brazed to the metallic enclosure 430. However, this ceramic foam 420 is adapted for good microwave absorption by using a suitable material such as silicon carbide with open porous to ensure a good air flow.
In the embodiments as depicted with FIGS. 1 to 14 a RF window (air or gas tightened) may be added at the far left of the structure (not shown in the figures), i.e. an incoming RF wave passes first the RF window before entering the various RF loads 100, 200, 300, 400. In addition, the systems including the RF loads have a temperature gradient in that ambient temperature is on the left (before the oven) and high temperature (up to 600 C) inside the RF load (or microwave oven).
The inlet (metal) structure 330, 422 may, for example, comprise an opening to provide a propagation path for the incoming RF wave whose size determines the input impedance of the RF load. Thus, the size (i.e. the area of the opening) may be adjusted such that a critical coupling is obtained and the power of a reflected RF wave vanishes and the incoming RF wave is completely absorbed. The smaller the opening the weaker the coupling and for a critical coupling the Q value becomes: Qloaded=Q0/2. Using the ferrite coating for the RF load 300 it is possible to achieve Q0 values below 20 or below 2.
The operating frequency bandwidth may be defined by the frequency range with a 20 dB attenuation, i.e. S11=−20 dB, around the resonant frequency fres or about the value given by: fres/(Qloaded·10). The resonant condition is, however, temperature dependent and depends on the concrete materials and their thermal expansion coefficients. Therefore, there might be some fine tuning needed to find a lowest possible Q value.
The hot air or the hot liquid as generated in the RF load 400 of FIG. 14 can again be used, for example, in a Stirling engine to generate electricity from the heat. Alternatively, the hot air can be used in a gas turbine to generate electricity from the heat. Here it is of advantage that the air is heated up sufficiently (i.e. up to 800° C.) so that these machines can operate efficiently.
The embodiments described above and the accompanying figures merely serve to illustrate the RF load according to the present invention and the beneficial effects associated therewith, and should not be understood to imply any limitation. In addition, features described with a particular figure or embodiment may also be combined with features as described with other figures or other embodiments. The scope of the patent is solely determined by the following claims.
CERN—European Organization for Nuclear Research

High power high frequency loads for energy recovery


A silicon rectifier semiconductor device with selectable trigger and holding voltages includes a trigger element. A first well region of a first conductivity type formed within a semiconductor body. A first region of the first conductivity type is formed within the first well region. A second region of a second conductivity type is formed with the first well region. A second well region having the second conductivity type is formed within the semiconductor body adjacent the first well region. A third region of the first conductivity type is formed within the second well region. A fourth region of the second conductivity type is formed within the second well region. The trigger element is connected to the first region and alters a base trigger voltage and a base holding voltage into an altered trigger voltage and an altered holding voltage. A first terminal or pad is connected to the second region. A second terminal is connected to the third region, the fourth region, and the trigger element. In operation, the first terminal conducts current to the second terminal during a low impedance state in response to the altered trigger voltage being applied to the first terminal.

Integrated circuits (ICs) may be severely damaged by electrostatic discharge (ESD) events, which cause relatively large voltages to be applied across devices. The applied voltages from the ESD events are generally larger or greater than operational voltages typically seen and can damage the devices when these events occur.
A typical source of ESD exposure to ICs is from the charged human body ("Human Body Model", HBM). The discharge of the human body generates peak currents of several amperes to the IC for about 100 ns. A second source of ESD is from metallic objects ("machine model", MM), which can generate transients with significantly higher rise times than the HBM ESD source. A third source is described by the "charged device model" (CDM), in which the IC itself becomes charged and discharges to ground in the opposite direction than the HBM and MM ESD sources.
ESD phenomena in ICs are growing in importance as the demand for higher operating speed, smaller operating voltages, higher packing density and reduced cost drives a reduction of all device dimensions. This generally implies thinner dielectric layers, higher doping levels with more abrupt doping transitions, and higher electric fields—all factors that contribute to an increased sensitivity to damaging ESD events.
Some common protection schemes used in metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) ICs rely on the parasitic bipolar transistor associated with an nMOS device whose drain is connected to the pin to be protected and whose source is tied to ground. The protection level or failure threshold can be set by varying the nMOS device width from the drain to the source under the gate oxide of the nMOS device. Under stress conditions, the dominant current conduction path between the protected pin and ground involves the parasitic bipolar transistor of that nMOS device. This parasitic bipolar transistor operates in the snapback region under pin positive with respect to ground stress events.
A dominant failure mechanism, found in the nMOS protection device operating as a parasitic bipolar transistor in snapback conditions, is the onset of second breakdown. The second breakdown is a phenomenon that induces thermal runaway in the device wherever the reduction of the impact ionization current is offset by the thermal generation of carriers. Second breakdown is initiated in a device under stress as a result of self-heating. The peak nMOS device temperature, at which second breakdown is initiated, is known to increase with the stress current level.
Another common ESD protection scheme employs a silicon controlled rectifier (SCR) as a protection device against ESD wherein the trigger mechanism is avalanche conduction at the interface between the n-well surrounding a portion of the protection device and the p-type substrate. A highly doped region is connected to a parasitic resistor which is then connected to the protected node. The parasitic resistor and heavily doped region at the intersection between the n-well and substrate provide an additional source of current for avalanching at a lower voltage. However, such formed SCR devices are not fast enough for many semiconductor devices.

Low capacitance SCR with trigger element


A refrigeration cycle is configured by connecting a compressor that compresses the refrigerant, a four-way valve that switches the circulation path of the refrigerant, a heat source side heat exchanger that exchanges heat, expansion valves that adjust the pressure of the refrigerant, and two or more intermediate heat exchangers that exchange heat between the refrigerant and the heat medium to heat and cool the heat medium, by piping. A heat medium circulation circuit is configured by connecting two or more intermediate heat exchangers, pumps that pressurize the heat medium, two or more use side heat exchangers that exchange heat between the heat medium and the air in the indoor space, and flow path switching valves that switch paths of the heated heat medium or the cooled heat medium to the use side heat exchangers, by piping.

In an air-conditioning apparatus such as a multi-air-conditioning apparatus for buildings, a refrigerant is made to circulate between, for example, an outdoor unit, which is a heat source apparatus, disposed outside a building and an indoor unit disposed inside of the building. Through the release or absorption of heat by the refrigerant, the heated or cooled air has performed cooling or heating of the space subjected to air-conditioning. As for the refrigerant, HFC (hydrofluorocarbon) refrigerant is often used, for example. Alternatively, a natural refrigerant such as carbon dioxide (CO2) is proposed, as well.
In an air-conditioning apparatus called a chiller, cooling energy or heating energy is generated in the heat source apparatus disposed outside the building. Then, water and anti-freezing liquid or the like is heated or cooled by a heat exchanger disposed in an outdoor unit and by carrying it to an indoor unit such as a fan coil unit and panel heater, so that cooling or heating has been performed. Some heat source apparatus called a waste heat recovery type chiller is connected with four water pipelines to supply cooled or heated water or the like simultaneously. (Refer to Patent Literature 1, for example)    Patent Literature 1 JP-2003-343936A

Air conditioning apparatus having indoor, outdoor, and relay units


A method for imaging the Earth's subsurface includes taking summed recordings of signals acquired by a plurality of seismic sensors disposed above the volume in response to repeated actuations of a seismic energy source. A travel time of seismic energy is determined from a position of the source to a selected image point in the volume and from the image point to each seismic sensor. A time-delayed scanline gather is generated from the travel times using a model of spatial distribution of acoustic properties of formations in the volume. A template image of backscattered energy from the image point is generated based on the model. The flattened scanline gather is singular value decomposed. The template image is projected onto the decomposed time-delayed scanline gather. Components from the projection are used to determine signal and interference. Weights are calculated for beamforming of the determined signal component. The weights and delay times are used to cause the focal point of the beamforming to be at the image point.

This disclosure is related to the field of acoustic imaging of the Earth's subsurface. More specifically, the disclosure relates to methods for acquiring and processing acoustic signals from an array of sensors deployed above an area of the subsurface to be imaged.
Guigné et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 7,830,748) discloses a method for acoustic imaging of the Earth's subsurface using a fixed position seismic sensor array and beam steering for seismic surveying at higher lateral and vertical resolutions than currently possible with conventional 3D reflection seismic surveys. The method of disclosed in the '748 patent is based on a multiple line sensor array with a plurality of select seismic sensors having "dense" sensor spacing of adjacent sensors, i.e., no greater than ½ wavelength of the detected acoustic energy, to eliminate spatial aliasing of received signals at all wavelengths of interest. The method and system disclosed therein includes an array of broadband sources of acoustic energy capable of low order of transmit beam steering, a stationary source-receiver geometry to facilitate a plurality of source activations and common-receiver (i.e., vertical) stacking for incoherent noise suppression, strict quality control of sensor "trace" (recording of sensor amplitude with respect to time) data prior to data processing. A method of beam steering is disclosed to define the spatial response of the sensor array to sharply focus with higher lateral and vertical resolution at a particular 3D point in the Earth's subsurface using travel-times calculated in either time-migration or depth-migration domains, shading of the steered receiver beam to suppress the side-lobe pass-band for coherent interference. Multiple applications of the above method may be used at separated times to enable 4D imaging of the subsurface.
The current art of delay-filter-sum beamforming as disclosed in the '748 patent where filter coefficients are defined to modify (or shade) the side-lobe response of the sensor array, is well understood as belonging to the class of spectral-based algorithms for spatial-temporal (Wiener) filters. The determination of optimal filter coefficients may be performed according to a number of different algorithms; for example, constrained minimum least-mean-squares optimization using the Levinson algorithm. Alternative algorithms and application-specific filter designs are generally formulated as a constrained optimization problem with different choices of cost functions and constraints on the solutions. See, Kootsookos, P. J., Ward, D. B., Williamson, R. C., "Imposing pattern nulls on broadband array responses," J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 105, No. 6, June 1999.
A general underlying requirement of Wiener filter theory is the mathematical existence of a solution, which requires that there exist a matrix of measured correlations between sensors for a sufficient range of space and/or time dimensions with a rank equal or greater than the number of filter coefficients being determined. Apart from a normalization constant, this matrix is also known in the art as a covariance matrix. For problems where the rank of this correlation matrix is less than the number of filter coefficients being sought, there is no solution. Despite the lack of a formal solution, it is sometimes proposed that a "generalized inverse" of the rank-deficient correlation matrix provides an optimal filter in a least-squares sense.
Another limitation of the present art of determining optimal filter coefficients lies in the lack of scalability of the solution methods. The time required to obtain a solution to the filter design problem scales as the cube of the number of filter coefficients using the direct covariance matrix inversion method. Iterative methods can be devised to avoid the direct inversion of the covariance matrix, but this only reduces the computational complexity to being proportional to the square of the number of filter coefficients. This again can prove prohibitively computationally costly for large sensor arrays with filter banks with large numbers of so-called "taps" (or coefficients).
Finally, the present art of delay-filter-sum beamforming as disclosed in the '748 patent of Guigné et al. does not address the mathematical and physical analysis of the acquired data set that can be applied prior to applying the filter-sum operation to generate the output image of that method. An exact decomposition of the acquired dataset using fundamental properties of physical and mathematical descriptions of the dataset can be exploited to isolate and selectively remove multiple sources of coherent interference. This capability is essential when the signals of interest are greatly diffused (e.g. non-specular returns) in relation to the dominant sources of coherent interference (e.g. specular returns and ground roll). In the hierarchy of beamforming methods, this approach can be termed a delay-classify-filter-sum beamforming method.

System and method for adaptive classification and filtering for imaging diffused energy from the earths subsurface


A phenolic binder for glass fibers is prepared using an aqueous mixture including a phenol-formaldehyde resole resin, modified with urea in the presence of ammonia. The urea and ammonia are added after the basic mixture including the resole resin has been neutralized. The urea-modified resole resin shows greater stability than urea-modified resins prepared without ammonia.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to the manufacture of fiberglass insulation materials, and more particularly to the preparation of phenolic binders for glass fibers.
2. Brief Description of the Prior Art
Aqueous dispersions of phenol-formaldehyde resole resins are frequently used in the manufacture of glass fiber insulation materials, such as insulative batts for walls, in roofs and ceilings, insulative coverings for pipes, and the like. Typically, after glass fiber has been formed, the still hot fiber is sprayed with aqueous binder dispersion in a forming chamber or hood, with the fibers being collected on a conveyer belt in the form of a wool-like mass associated with the binder. In some cases, a glass fiber web is sprayed with the aqueous dispersion. Urea-modified resole resins have been employed for this purpose, the urea contributing to the "punking" resistance of the binder (i.e., resistance to exothermic decomposition at elevated temperatures), and reducing volatiles liberated when the resin is cured at elevated temperature.
Frequently, in the manufacture of glass fiber insulation materials, the aqueous resole resin is prepared in advance of the preparation of the binder, or is supplied by a resin manufacturer, and stored until shortly before use. The resole is typically prepared by reaction of phenol and formaldehyde under basic conditions, the resulting reaction mixture being neutralized to a slightly basic pH by addition of a strong acid. Subsequently, the binder is prepared by adding to the resole resin urea, an acid catalyst for curing the resin and water to dilute the dispersion, and optionally other components, such as a silane glass-adhesion promoter and oil emulsion lubricant.
Preferably the binder is prepared by prereaction of the resole resin with urea at around ambient temperature to give a "premix" for the binder. Just before use, the binder is prepared by adding the remaining components.
The prereaction of the urea with the resole resin to form a premix presents logistical difficulties. In addition to storage facilities for the resole resin, urea and binder, additional facilities are needed for the premix. The timing of the preparation is also more complicated. In some cases, premix is preferably allowed to prereact for a minimum period after mixing and before the binder is prepared. Therefore, the demand for binder must be correctly anticipated to insure an adequate amount of premix is available, while avoiding a wasteful excess.
Ideally, all necessary urea would be added to the resole resin at the time of resin manufacture. This urea-modified resole resin would result in a simplified binder preparation without the logistical difficulties involved with premix preparation.
However, preparation of the urea-modified resole resin may result in downstream process difficulties, specifically the partial cure of the binder is manifested by reduction in the loft of the glass fiber mat just before the mat enters the curing oven and a tacky, over-dry feel to the mat. Further, the modification of the resole resin with the urea reduces the stability of the resin. There is a need for an improved process for preparing an urea-modified resole resin with greater stability, with significantly reduced precure of the resultant urea-modified resole resin-based binder, and enhanced shelf life.
The use of urea and ammonia as formaldehyde scavengers prior to neutralization of two-stage phenol-formaldehyde condensation resin is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,956,205. U.S. Reissue Pat. No. 30,375 discloses the use of ammonia to raise the pH of a binder including a resole resin, urea and an acid catalyst for elevated temperature cure of the binder. U.S. Pat. No. 4,757,108 discloses a phenolic resole-urea composition made by reaction of urea with the free formaldehyde in the phenolic resole resin under acid conditions, the composition subsequently being made neutral or slightly basic by further addition of urea.


A pointing information extraction unit extracts pointing information indicating a pointing position and a pointing time on a slide from a slide file used in a lecture and a video file of a lecture video using a pointing device. A word information generation unit analyzes a text sentence extracted from the slide file to generate a word information file indicating a word and a position thereof. A word pointing information generation unit estimates a word closest to the pointing position on the slide to generate a word pointing information file with the pointing time assigned. A fill-in-the-blank word extraction unit extracts a word having a pointing time equal to or longer than a predetermined time from the word pointing information as a fill-in-the-blank word file. A fill-in-the-blank test question is generated by setting the fill-in-the-blank word of the slide information as a blank region.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to a program, method and apparatus for generating fill-in-the-blank test questions by replacing a portion of a presentation material such as a slide used for a lecture with blanks, and more particularly, to a program, method and apparatus for automatically generating fill-in-the-blank test questions by coordinating with a video of a lecture using a pointing tool such as a laser pointer for the presentation material.
2. Description of the Related Art
In fields of in-company training and a general education, e-learning is increasingly introduced. The e-learning is a remote-area education using the internet and is often performed using a web screen. Since a lecturer cannot check reactions of students in the e-learning, a test is usually conducted on the web screen after the learning on the web screen. In order to generate the web test content, a large amount of man-hours is needed since the content is generated by an expert who understands details of the content with consideration of importance of the details. On the other hand, in the web content in the form of using a lecture video, a lecturer usually spends more time describing an important portion during shooting of the lecture. If the important portion described for a longer time can be automatically extracted from the material used in the lecture, test questions can be automatically generated.
The following is known as prior art for generating such fill-in-the-blank test questions.
(1) After any characters of a document shown on a screen are turned to unprinted characters with simple operation of a pointing device, the unprinted characters are displayed and checked with simple operation.
(2) A region of a target character string for rote learning is specified from a displayed document with a rote-learning assistance apparatus and a medium pen storing a rote-learning assistance program.
(3) With a mask edit unit, without editing (changing) an educational material which already exist, apparent changes can be made by performing mask setting to any regions of the educational material only for any time period (patent document 3). Therefore, while enhancing reusability, mask-style questions can be easily generated and a learner can make apparent changes without editing the educational material.
(4) For example, if "Succeeding Nobnaga Oda, Hideyoshi Toyotomi destroyed Hojo-shi in Odawara and dominated the whole country in 1590" is input as a learning target sentence, words with word-class information of personal names, place names and numeric characters are randomly selected from this sentence to automatically generate a question sentence, answer fields and right answers of fill-in-the-blank questions. Therefore, a workload for generating questions can be reduced and, if a learner studies using this apparatus, a practical ability can be obtained and a learning effect can be expected.
However, in such conventional fill-in-the-blank test question generation, a user specifies fill-in-the-blank portions manually while watching a screen and fill-in-the-blank test questions are not automatically generated. In (1), only the portions specified on the screen by the user with a mouse pointer and the like are switched to be displayed or not, and it takes a lot of man-hours to manually generate test questions. In (2), the fill-in-the-blank portions are instructed on the screen with a pen, and it takes a lot of man-hours since test questions are generated manually. In (3), only the portions specified on the screen by the user with a mouse pointer and the like are switched to be displayed or not, and it takes a lot of man-hours to generate test questions since the fill-in-the-blank portions are manually specified by the user. Also, in conventional fill-in-the-blank test question generation, although the fill-in-the-blank test questions can be automatically generated from a lecture material, suitable questions cannot be generated since fill-in-the-blank portions are generated from portions which is not considered as important by a lecturer. In other words, in (4), words with word-class information of personal names, place names and numeric characters are randomly selected from a text to automatically generate a question sentence, answer fields and right answers of fill-in-the-blank questions, and importance of fill-in-the-blank items considered by the lecturer is not determined. On the other hand, the applicant of the present invention has been developed an automatic generation technology for the content which synchronizes and regenerates on the web a video recording a lecture and a slide used in the lecture and a technology for automatically generating from a lecture video the content which regenerates on the web the laser-pointer information in a lecture using a laser pointer (Japanese Patent Application No. 2004-569359). In the web content in the form of using a lecture video, a lecturer usually spends more time describing an important portion during shooting of the lecture. If the important portion described for a longer time can be automatically extracted from the material used in the lecture, test questions can be automatically generated.

Program, method and apparatus for generating fill-in-the-blank test questions


An object-oriented data base management system connected to a plurality of data bases includes a class definition unit, a static inheritance processing unit included within the class definition unit, a message processing unit, a dynamic inheritance processing unit included within the message processing unit, and an object management unit. The object-oriented data base management system is of the type that defines the inheritance relationship between a plurality of classes and an arbitrary class and the inheritance priority order, the class being a basic unit of programming, and executes the data processing by solving the inheritance relationship between classes in accordance with the priority order. There is prepared, for each class, updatable inheritance solution status information which the static inheritance processing unit causes to be stored in a table. The inheritance solution status information includes status information and time information. The status information is representative of whether or not inheritance between the class and the superclasses can be completely solved, and the time information is representative of a time when the status is established. When a message processing is requested for an object of a class, the dynamic inheritance processing unit searches the method designated by the message while referring to the inheritance solution status information regarding the class and the superclass stored in the table.

The present invention relates to an object-oriented data processing technique, and more particularly to an inheritance solution processing method and apparatus for solving inheritance relationships between classes in an object-oriented data processing system.
One of the advantages of an object-oriented data processing system is a concept of inheritance between classes each constituting a basic programming unit. For example, it is possible for an "automobile class" or "ship class" to inherit, from a "vehicle class", general vehicle attributes (such as manufacturer name, weight, and etc.) and a function (such as calculation of pressure). The term "inheritance" means that a lower class inherits or merges the attribute and function of an upper class. The "vehicle class" having a higher hierarchic concept is called a "superlcass" of the "automobile class" or "ship class", whereas the "automobile class" or "ship class" having a lower hierarchic concept is called a "subclass" of the "vehicle class". In an object-oriented system, such as inheritance function of a class encourages modular design and reuse of programs.
In most of object-oriented systems, a class can have one or more superclasses, and can inherit attributes from them. Such a function is called a multiple inheritance. With multiple inheritance, the following collisions occur between names of attributes and functions to be inherited:
(1) a collision between a class and a superclass, and PA1 (2) a collision between superclasses of a class.
Such a collision is solved in accordance with particular rules provided to each system. For example, for a collision between a class and a superclass, a definition in the class is preferentially used. For a collision between superclasses of a class, a definition in the first superclass within the superclass list is preferentially selected.
Encapsulation and Inheritance in Object-Oriented Programming Languages" by Alan Snyder, 1986 ACM 0-89791-204-7/86/0900-0038 discloses a method for resolving the name conflict such as "Graph-Oriented Solutions", "Linear Solutions" and "Tree Solutions". With these solutions, if a conflict occurs, it is determined which class is adopted or not adopted and which criterion is used for such determination.
An operation of an object-oriented system corresponds to processing a message to be sent to an object. A message generally designates a method name representative of a function (hereinafter also called a method) to be applied to an object (hereinafter also called a receiver, meaning a receptor of a message) and a parameter for the method. In an object-oriented system having an inheritance function, in order to process a message, it is necessary to locate a method designated by the message from a class to which the receiver belongs or from its superclass.
In order to determine the time when a method is located, there is a dynamic inheritance processing scheme by which a search up to a superclass is executed while a message is processed, and a static inheritance processing scheme by which a class merges the attribute and function of its superclass when the class is compiled. According to the dynamic inheritance processing scheme, it is sufficient if a necessary superclass is defined at the time when a message is processed. Therefore, application development has a high flexibility. However, there is a large overhead of class search at the time of message processing. According to the static inheritance processing scheme, it is not necessary to search superclasses at the time of message processing, so that the message can be processed at a high speed. However, it is required that all necessary superclasses must be defined at the time of compiling, resulting in less flexibility.
One method of solving such problems is disclosed, for example, in Japanese Patent Laid-open Publication JP-A 1-240936 "Inheritance Solution Method". According to this method, the inheritance of a designated class is solved in advance at the time of compiling, and at the time of processing a message, the inheritance of a class not solved as yet is solved at that time. According to the prior art method, while preserving a flexibility of application development, an overhead of class search for inheritance solution at the time of processing a message can be made as small as possible at any stage of application development.
The term "inheritance solution" used in the description of the prior art method means that a class on the subclass side merges the definition of a superclass into the internal form of the class.
An object-oriented system has been expected to be applied to the technical field dealing with complex data, typically a CAD/CAM, CASE, and the like. The above-described multiple inheritance function is effective for realizing a model of complicate data presently used in the art.
In realizing the inheritance function, it becomes necessary to provide a flexibility that the function obtained by inheritance is growing as application development progresses, as pointed out by the prior art method.
A basic unit constituting an object-oriented system is a class. In actual application development, it is useful that the executable range of a function obtained by inheritance be as wide as possible to the extent sufficient for the definition contents at the intermediate stage of application development, because the debugging work of a class can be made through local verification. It is therefore necessary to efficiently execute both a partial inheritance processing in accordance with the definition contents at a certain stage of application development and an inheritance re-processing in accordance with the definition of a new class or the updated definition of an old class.
At the intermediate stage of application development, inheritance from a superclass still not defined cannot be allowed. Even if a superclass has been defined. Inheritance may not be allowed depending upon a multiple inheritance collision solution rule specific to a system. For example, if a superclass having a higher priority order is not still defined, the definition contents to be inherited from a superclass having a lower priority order cannot be determined. The reason for this is as follows. Even if the definition contents are inherited from the superclass having a lower priority order and a debugging work and the like are carried out, these operations may be made invalid depending upon the definition contents of the superclass having a higher priority order.
The above problems are related to the contents of inheritance regarding a permission/prohibition of inheritance between a class and its superclass, and are independent from the timing of inheritance processing. The above-described prior art method does not concern this issue.

System of object oriented inheritance using the temporal status of superclasses


A sports memorabilia authentication kit in which a collectable sports item is marked with an original thumbprint of the sports figure associated with the item and an authentication card having a duplicate original print together with other identifying indicia to identify the sports figure.

This invention relates to sports memorabilia and a system to authenticate or certify that the sports item is a genuine item or one that is a signatory item signed or authenticated by the sports figure to which the item is related.
Collecting sports items is a popular hobby that has financial rewards. Trading cards, including baseball cards, football cards, basketball cards, hockey cards, and other such sportscards, have for years comprised the core for a large loose-knit organization of collectors who collect sports related items. These items can typically run from printed media such as programs, posters and photographs to physical items such as balls, bats, jerseys and other sports related equipment.
The value of such items, customarily is greatly enhanced by the autograph of the player or other notable individual such as coach or team owner, to which the item is related.
However, autographs are becoming commonplace and the assurance that an autograph is a genuine signature is increasingly difficult to determine. High resolution duplication and printing and automatic signature machines make it difficult to determine if the signature is an actual signature or only a reproduction, even where the apparent autograph is authorized on an authorized product or collectable item. To the collector, who often places sentimental value on an item, the difference between an actual signature, where the notable sports individual handled the item, and one simply duplicated, even where the market value is the same, may be considerable.
There is therefore needed, a system that will provide a means for authentication of a sports item as a genuine item, and one that is likely to enhance the value of the item authenticated because of a personal touch.
The sports memorabilia authentication kit of this invention solves these problems and provides a new class of sports items that can be collected.