Methods are disclosed for non-invasive screening of the human body by rejecting the magnetic response from biological tissues in the region of interest and outputting data corresponding to the magnetic response of a ferromagnetic foreign body within the region of interest.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to an instrument using room-temperature sensors that measure magnetic susceptibility variations in the body of a patient. In particular, the instrument can noninvasively monitor ferromagnetic foreign bodies that may become lodged in a patient.
2. Background Art
There is a need for an accurate, noninvasive method to detect the presence of ferromagnetic foreign bodies in a patient who is being considered for magnetic resonance imaging.
As a matter of interest, biomagnetic susceptometry is a diagnostic procedure that involves noninvasive, radiation-free, direct, and accurate, measurement of the magnetic susceptibility of organs and tissue within a human or animal body. For instance, biomagnetic susceptometry can be used to measure human iron stores contained in the liver, see Harris, J. W., et al. (1978), Assessment of human iron stores by magnetic susceptibility measurements, Clin. Res. 26, 540A.; Brittenham, G. M., et al. (1993), Hepatic iron stores and plasma ferritin concentration in patients with sickle cell anemia and thalassemia major, Amer. J. Hematology 42, 85; Brittenham, G. M., et al. (1982), Magnetic susceptibility of human iron stores, New England J. Med., 307, 167 1.; Fischer, R., et al. (1992), Liver iron quantification in the diagnosis and therapy control of iron overload patients, Biomagnetism: Clinical. Aspects, M. Hoke, et al., eds., Elsevier, Amsterdam, p. 585., 1992; Fischer, R., et al. (1989), in Advances In Biomagnetism, S. J. Williamson, et al., eds., Plenum, New York, p. 501. Paulson. D. N., et al. (1991), Biomagnetic susceptometer with SQUID instrumentation, IEEE Trans. Magnetics 27, 3249.; and Nielsen, P., et al. (1995), Liver iron stores in patients with secondary hemosideroses under iron chelation therapy with deferoxamine or deferiprone, Br. J. Hematol. 91, 827.
Unfortunately, instruments based on Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices (SQUIDs), are complex and expensive. They also use liquid helium, leading to significant operating costs and supply problems. Only a few such devices are in use worldwide presently due to their complexity and expense.
SQUIDs based on the recently developed High-Temperature Superconductors (HTS) could, in principle, reduce the cost of magnetic suceptometry. HTS SQUIDs, which can operate at liquid-nitrogen temperatures, would reduce operating costs, and some of the equipment costs, compared to SQUID devices operating at liquid helium temperatures. However, even at liquid-nitrogen temperatures, the operating costs would be higher than those of ordinary instruments operating at room temperature. Moreover, HTS-SQUIDs are expensive to construct and use, because of the difficulty and low yield of the fabrication process. The difficulties, and the costs, are compounded because these devices are vulnerable to moisture, thermal cycling, and static electrical discharge. HTS-SQUIDs also require the same expensive electronics as conventional SQUIDs.
The present instrument obviates the need for cryogenically cooled SQUIDs by providing operational use at room temperature, making for much less expensive fabrication and use. The instrument allows, generally, for measurements of variations of magnetic susceptibility in a patient and, in particular, for an accurate and inexpensive way of detecting areas of increased magnetic susceptibility in patients. In addition, certain improvements introduced in this invention are applicable to all types of magnetic susceptibility measurements.
A key problem with the magnetic susceptibility method is that the patient""s body tissues have their own magnetic susceptibility response, which is superimposed upon the response due to the FFB. To detect the smallest possible FFBs, it would be advantageous to distinguish the signature of the FFB, in the presence of this background response due to body tissues.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,408,178 to Wikswo et. al. describes an apparatus and method for imaging the structure of diamagnetic and paramagnetic objects. The Wikswo et al. method involves applying a magnetic field to a specimen, and measuring the resulting magnetic susceptibility response. Specifically, the Wikswo method attempts to image, or map, the magnetic susceptibility variations within a specimen composed of paramagnetic or diamagnetic material. Wikswo inverts a set of equations, using the measured response as a function of sensor position as well as applied-field direction and measured-field direction, to map out the magnetic susceptibility distribution of the paramagnetic or diamagnetic material within the specimen itself.
The method of the present invention and that of Wikswo et al. make different kinds of measurements and process the data in different ways, to achieve very different results. Specifically, the Wikswo et al. method attempts to image, or map, the magnetic susceptibility variations within a specimen composed of paramagnetic, or diamagnetic material. The present method cancels out the response of paramagnetic or diamagnetic material, to more readily detect the presence of a ferromagnetic foreign body within the specimen. The present method exploits the symmetry properties of the response, as a function of the applied-field and measured-field directions, in order to cancel the response of paramagnetic and diamagnetic material within the specimen, and thus detect the presence of a ferromagnetic foreign body. Wikswo et al. invert a set of equations, using the measured response as a function of sensor position as well as applied-field direction and measured-field direction, in an attempt to map out the magnetic susceptibility distribution of the paramagnetic or diamagnetic material within the specimen itself.
This invention provides a practical method and apparatus for measuring variations of magnetic susceptibilities in a patient, and, in particular, preferably localized areas of increased magnetic susceptibility. The probing instrument""s distal end assembly includes a room temperature functioning magnetic sensor that can detect the characteristic magnetic response from tissue to a magnetic field supplied by an applied-field coil, or a permanent magnet, that is also part of the instrument""s distal end assembly. The applied field coil can be an alternating current (AC) coil. The magnetic susceptibility measurements have sufficient resolution to monitor small variations in magnetic susceptibility within the patient, when the instrument is placed external to the patient.
The applied field may be produced using an applied field coil or a permanent magnet. The use of an applied field coil is preferred for a number of reasons. First, it lends itself to the application of an alternating magnetic field. The use of an alternating magnetic field reduces sensor noise, reduces noise due to ambient magnetic fields, and facilitates the modulation of the sensor-sample distance in order to reduce the effects of temperature drift in the sensing apparatus. Also, the use of an applied-field coil, or coils, lends itself to the cancellation of the signal due to the applied magnetic field.
An alternative embodiment is to use a permanent magnet to produce the applied magnetic field. A permanent magnet produces a constant DC field, which lacks many of the advantages of an alternating field. In principle, one could produce an alternating magnetic field by appropriate movement, such as reciprocating motion, of one or more permanent magnets.
The magnetic sensor can be, but is not necessarily limited to, a magnetoresistive sensor, including giant magnetoresistive and spin-dependent tunneling sensors, a fluxgate magnetometer, or a magneto-inductive sensor. In some cases, the noise in the magnetic field measurements can be reduced by using an induction coil sensor, which detects a changing magnetic field by measuring the voltage induced in a coil of electrically conductive wire.
The applied field coil dimensions are such that an applied field is optimized for maximum response from localized areas of interest in the body. In particular, the instrument is preferably designed for detecting the presence of ferromagnetic foreign bodies (FFBs) in a patient. For this application, the applied field coil dimensions are optimized to maximize the magnetic susceptibility response from the item of interest and minimize effects caused by the overlying tissue. To minimize noise introduced in the magnetic measurements due to fluctuations in the applied field, the applied-field coil and/or magnetic sensors are configured so as to cancel the signal due to the applied field. Both the real and imaginary parts of the applied field signal are canceled. This result can be achieved by designing the applied-field coil so that the field is canceled at the position of the sensor. Alternatively, the magnetic sensor itself can be designed as a magnetic gradiometer, so as to cancel the signal due to the applied field.
The probe instrument""s distal end detector assembly includes one or more applied field coils and magnetic sensors, in a geometry designed to cancel the applied-field signal and to maximize the signal due to the objects of interest in relation to that of overlying body tissue. The magnetic sensor is preferably a magnetoresistive (MR) sensor or an induction coil. In general, MR sensors are preferred where the frequency of the AC field is low, and where it is necessary to sense the magnetic field within a relatively small volume, while induction coils are preferred where the frequency is high, and it is possible to average the magnetic field over a relatively large volume or surface area. When an MR sensor is used, a feedback coil can be mounted on the sensor, which xe2x80x9clocksxe2x80x9d the sensor at its optimum operating point by applying a compensating field to cancel changes in the ambient field, thus maintaining a constant sensitivity of the detector assembly. This feedback technique is desirable in some cases to maintain constant responsivity and high linearity, especially in instances where it is necessary to measure small changes in magnetic field in the presence of much larger background magnetic fields.
The probing instrument""s magnetic sensor control electronics, an applied field source signal generator, a lock-in amplifier, an audio amplifier, and an FFT spectrum analyzer or equivalent computer device for signal analysis can all be incorporated in a single medical instrument housing for field use. A computer can be used to perform the functions of the signal generator, the lock-in amplifier, and/or the FFT spectrum analyzer. The computer approach may reduce cost, especially in cases where measurements with multiple sensors are required.
A physician uses the probing instrument by positioning the probe""s distal end adjacent to an area of interest, such as the eye/orbit, and the probe instrument then analyzes the observed signal, and outputs data corresponding to material of interest.
Further, according to the present invention, the magnetic responses of surrounding body tissues are canceled out, allowing the presence of a ferromagnetic foreign body to be detected easily. This tissue background cancellation can be achieved by two methods. The first method determines whether the measured magnetic field response falls outside a normal range determined from a statistical analysis of measurements on a population of subjects. This analysis exploits statistical regularities in the responses of normal subjects, including, for example, the similarity in response between the left and the right sides of the patient""s head.
The second method determines whether the magnetic field response exhibits certain mathematical symmetries that reflect the weak, isotropic magnetization properties characteristic of biological tissues.
The second method applies uniform magnetic fields to the target region, in each of three orthogonal directions. For each direction of the applied field, the magnetic field response of the specimen is measured. Preferably, the magnetic field in each of three orthogonal directions is measured, for each direction of the applied magnetic field. However, useful information can be obtained by measuring the magnetic field solely in the direction of the applied field. Other combinations of applied field and measured field are possible as well. Measuring the magnetic field in all three directions maximizes the probability of detecting a ferromagnetic foreign body, regardless of its orientation, location, and shape. All of these magnetic-field measurements are made at the same sensor location. The results are expressed as a matrix or table of values, where each entry By represents the magnetic field response measured in the direction i, while applying the magnetic field in the direction j. If the specimen contains only paramagnetic or diamagnetic material, that is, material whose magnetization is proportional to, but weak in comparison to, the applied field, this matrix will be symmetric and traceless, that is, Bijxe2x88x92Bji=O, and B11+B22+B33=0. Using these symmetry properties, one can cancel out the response of the diamagnetic and paramagnetic material within the specimen, leaving only the response due to a ferromagnetic foreign body contained within the specimen. In the present method, the applied magnetic field is uniform and unidirectional, in order that the matrix By have the required symmetry properties.
Depending on the particular combination of applied and measured fields that is used, it may occur that a ferromagnetic foreign body with a particular combination of shape, orientation, and location may not be revealed by examining the quantities, Bijxe2x88x92Bji, and B11+B22+B33. In order to avoid such situations, it is desirable to repeat the entire measurement sequence described above, varying the sensor location with respect to the patient. It should be noted that this variation of the sensor location has a different purpose in the present method than in the method of Wikswo et al. Wikswo et al. measure the magnetic field response at a plurality of sensor locations, in order to derive a map of the spatial variation of magnetic susceptibility within the sampled region. In the present invention, the sensor location is varied in order to change the spatial relationship between the ferromagnetic foreign body and the magnetic sensor, or sensors, so as to ensure that at least one of the quantities, Bijxe2x88x92Bji, or B11+B22+B33, is nonzero for at least one sensor location. As indicated previously, the present invention does not rely on mapping magnetic susceptibility variations within the sampled region. Rather, the present approach is to cancel the response of the host tissue without canceling the response of the ferromagnetic foreign body. This affords a simpler solution to the problem of FFB detection than the method of Wikswo et al.
As will be discussed below under the heading, xe2x80x9cData Analysis Combining both Discrimination Techniques,xe2x80x9d the two methods described above can be combined into a single statistical analysis framework.
In addition to these background discrimination techniques, the variability of the magnetic response of the host can be minimized by inserting between the patient and the sensing instrument a bag, or other compliant container filled with water, a gel, or other material, which will conform to the shape of the sensed region, such as the eye/orbit, and which approximates the magnetic susceptibility of the sensed body region. Water-bag techniques have been used previously in the context of liver iron measurements. However, the present invention encompasses a novel water-bag method which has significant advantages when used with a room temperature sensor system.
Further, with any of these discrimination techniques, telemedicine can be employed to enhance the functionality of the techniques. The preferred vehicle for telemedicine is the Internet. Artificial intelligence modalities, including neural networks and other expert systems, such as rule-based systems, can also be employed, providing instantaneous auto-interpretation of test results. Real time interactive feedback is thus provided between a remote test instrument and a central computer processing system, thereby helping to ensure patient cooperation and reliable data acquisition.
The novel features of this invention, as well as the invention itself, will be best understood from the attached drawings, taken along with the following description, in which similar reference characters refer to similar parts, and in which:

Ferromagnetic foreign body detection with background canceling


The invention is a product that allows one to determine precisely how many times a particular garment has been worn. By removing the guesswork from the “wash-or-wear equation,” the consumer knows the garment is sufficiently clean, and will generally be able to extend the wearing of the garment between cleanings. Use of the invention will result in the conservation of resources in terms of reduced consumption of water, energy, detergent/softeners, and dry cleaning services; it will also increase the life span of garments as well as cleaning/drying appliances.

Often consumers go to their closets and are unsure as to the cleanliness of certain garments. Unable to recall how often the garment has been worn the consumer will tend to under utilize and over wash the garment. What is needed is a convenient device that serves as a "Good Steward" that promotes improved garment utilization and the conservation of resources as it relates to garments that can be worn multiple times before being cleaned. Garments for which this system is applicable include formal garments such as suites and dresses, garments worn for a short period of time, and garments worn in cool climates.


There is disclosed a method of encoding an input signal, the method comprising: receiving a base encoded signal, the base encoded signal being generated by feeding an encoder with a down-sampled version of an input signal; producing a first residual signal by: decoding the base encoded signal to produce a first decoded signal; and using a difference between the base decoded signal and the down-sampled version of the input signal to produce the first residual signal; producing a second residual signal by: correcting the base decoded signal using the residual signal to create a corrected decoded version; up-sampling the corrected decoded version; and using a difference between the up-sampled corrected decoded signal and the input signal to produce the second residual signal; wherein the up-sampling is one of bilinear or bicubic up-sampling. A corresponding decoding method is also disclosed.

There is an urgent need to create flexible solutions to signal encoding and decoding schemes, particularly in the field of video encoding and decoding. Also, it is important to provide the highest quality video output to viewers wherever possible, and to do so in a way that is backward compatible with existing technologies and decoder hardware.
It is an aim of this disclosure to provide a solution to one or more of these needs.

Upsampling for signal enhancement coding


A microprocessor (300) with a date and time clock gathers time interval data (80, 86). The duration of the time intervals in an electrocardiogram, or pulses are recorded. Stress data accumulated for the user are down loaded to a PC (301). The battery power pack (303) supplies electricity to operate the components (80-318). The user's stress status is displayed on a liquid crystal diode (302), and the voice microprocessor (318) broadcasts from a microspeaker CPR instructions. If the battery (303) has less than a 20% charge, a buzzer (304) notifies the user.

The normal heart rhythm is slightly irregular. Generally, normal irregularity of the heart's rhythm reflects the permanent adaptation of the human body to the environment. In this context the first sign of an impaired heart rhythm is either a persistent increase or a persistent decrease in the variability of the heart's rhythm. Sometimes the change in the heart's rhythm alternates between increases and decreases in the variability of the heart's rhythm, and vice versa. Prolonged increases, or decreases, and combinations thereof, can lead to cardiac ectopic events ranging from non-sustained ventricular tachycardia to cardiac arrest.
It is believed the variability of the heart's rhythm is controlled by two branches of the autonomic nervous system; the sympathetic branch and the parasympathetic branch. The sympathetic branch increases the heart rate. Its prime function is to prepare the body for stress, the so-called "fight or flight response". The parasympathetic branch decreases the heart rate as when eating or sleeping.
In the Soviet Union, Rhythmography, that is the study of normal and abnormal variations in heart rhythm, was utilized extensively to determine the condition of individuals and their stress state. This was particularly true of cosmonauts. It was determined for example, that the heart rate variability of a conditioned athlete is much greater than that of person with coronary disease, that is the histogram of heart rate variation of a well conditioned athlete exhibits a broad range of variability in the Time Intervals between heart beats and a low relative Amplitude of the Mode. That is the highest number of Time Intervals recorded in a series of Time Intervals. The histogram of a person with a coronary disease exhibits a narrow range of variability and a high relative Amplitude of the Mode, that is the peak of the histogram.
Applicant, Boris Golosarsky, previously received two patents in the Soviet Union, namely; SU-1683679 for an apparatus, which enables a physician to determine the arithmetic Mean, the Mode, the relative Amplitude of the Mode, and the range of variability of a subject. In the second patent in the Soviet Union, SU-1769894, he disclosed how these measurements may be utilized together with electrosleep to treat post myocardial infarction e.g. heart attack patients.
Polar Electro Oy of Finland has a patented apparatus comprised of a chest strap with a two lead ECO signal sensor and transmitter, which transmits the heart beat Time Intervals to a wrist mounted unit that can be conveniently used in this invention. See U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,625,733, D278,746, and D287,403.
Pulse sensors of various types may also be used to detect the Time Interval between heart beats, (Start-of-Systole to Start-of-Systole, SOS), is essentially equal to the Time Interval between RR peaks in an electrocardiogram, (ECG).

Detection of abnormal and induction of normal heart rate variability


Cartridge for holding and supplying coffee bean material. The cartridge includes a housing enclosing an interior volume. The housing has an outlet for releasing the coffee bean material from the interior volume and for supplying the coffee bean material to an external apparatus. The cartridge further includes a conveyor for transporting the coffee bean material towards the outlet. The conveyor include a moveable structure for contacting the coffee bean material. The moveable structure is, at least partly, present in the interior volume. The conveyor further include manually operable actuation component for manually actuating the moveable structure. The manually operable actuation component is, at least partly, provided outside of the interior volume.

The invention relates to a coffee beverage system. In such a known system roasted coffee beans in packaging cartridges can be connected to the coffee brewing apparatus that includes a grinding mechanism.
The present invention is concerned with a system for in a versatile way preparing a coffee beverage that enables the user more control over the supply of coffee bean material. Alternatively it is an object of the invention to at least provide the public with a useful choice in obtaining cartridges for holding and supplying coffee bean material.
Thereto the invention provides a cartridge for holding and supplying coffee bean material, including a housing enclosing an interior volume in which the coffee bean material can be held, the housing having an outlet for releasing the coffee bean material from the interior volume and for supplying the coffee bean material to a hosting external apparatus, wherein the cartridge further includes conveyor means for transporting the coffee bean material towards the outlet, wherein the conveyor means include a moveable structure that is, at least partly, present in the interior volume for contacting the coffee bean material, and wherein the conveyor means further include manually operable actuation means that are, at least partly, provided outside of the interior volume for manually actuating the moveable structure. By means of the manually operable actuation means, the moveable structure can be moved from outside the interior volume. In this way a force can be applied to the coffee bean material, e.g. for forcing the coffee bean material to the outlet. Alternatively a blockage for movement of the coffee bean material by another force, such as gravity, to the outlet can be removed by moving the moveable structure. In these ways, a user can control the supply of coffee bean material to the external apparatus, e.g. a grinder.
The term 'external apparatus' is to be interpreted broadly, and may refer to an apparatus that in use is assembled with the cartridge. However, preferably, the cartridge is removable from the external apparatus. Such removal preferably can be carried out by the user relatively easily, for example within a minute.
Unless stated otherwise, in the description and claims coffee bean material is understood to be burnt/roasted coffee beans. Coffee bean material in the description and claims may be understood to cover also fragmented coffee beans, that is, coffee bean fragments. These coffee bean fragments are still to be ground for extracting a desired coffee beverage. Coffee bean material in the description and claims may be understood to cover also grounded coffee beans that do not necessarily require grinding for extracting a desired coffee beverage. The coffee beans are for instance broken, before they are packaged in the cartridge. In an embodiment, the coffee beans of at least a part of the coffee beans in the cartridge are individually divided into about ten or less, in particular about fifteen or less, more particularly about thirty fragments or less. One coffee bean fragment then comprises for instance one-tenth part, in particular one-fifteenth part, more particularly one-thirtieth part or more of a coffee bean. For instance, the coffee bean fragments comprise at most a half or a quarter of a coffee bean. The fragments may e.g. have mutually similar weights. An advantage of the use of coffee bean fragments compared with whole coffee beans can be that coffee bean fragments can be supplied to the grinder relatively simply. This is because the coffee bean fragments are relatively small and hence can slide relatively easily through in the interior volume of the cartridge and through the external apparatus and/or will block the outlet less easily. As the coffee beans may beforehand have been divided into fragments, though not ground, in the meantime comparatively more coffee bean surface can come into contact with any ambient air than would be case with whole coffee beans. On the other hand, less coffee bean surface will come into contact with air than would be the case with ground coffee, so that coffee bean fragments can be preserved better than ground coffee beans. Only just before preparation of the coffee beverage are the coffee bean fragments ground for obtaining coffee beverage. In this description, therefore, coffee bean material may also be understood to include a plurality of fragmented coffee beans, that is, which is still to be ground for preparing the desired coffee beverage.
Compared to the canister proposed by WO 2004/023956, the cartridge shows an additional advantage. The canister proposed by WO 2004/023956 is suitable only for a single serving of coffee beans due to the uncontrolled supply of coffee beans to the grinder, so that the storage compartment of the coffee beans will be emptied completely. The present cartridge however offers the possibility of multiple servings from a single cartridge, because of the better control of supply of the coffee bean material. This may enable for example the supply of more cups of coffee from the same cartridge. It may also be more economical in terms packaging, waste control, and logistics.
In an embodiment, the conveyor means include a rotatable element, such as a rotatable axle, that is at least partly located inside the interior volume. Such a rotatable element offers the possibility to provide a compact structure inside the housing, thus substantially preventing an unnecessary increase of a volume occupied by the cartridge.
In an embodiment, the actuation means are arranged for rotating the rotatable element. Preferably, the actuation means include a crank handle connected to the rotatable element.
In an embodiment, the rotatable element is at least partly formed as a conveyor screw. Preferably, the moveable structure includes a threaded bore through which the conveyor screw is engaged. Such a structure may be compact while at the same time providing the possibility for rather accurate control of the supply of coffee bean material to the outlet.
Preferably, the cartridge includes a blocking element for substantially preventing movement of the moveable structure 18 inside the interior volume 8 in a direction transverse to an axis of rotation of the rotatable element. If the rotatable element is at least partly formed as the conveyor screw, and if the moveable structure includes the threaded bore through which the conveyor screw is engaged, the blocking element may prevent that the moveable structure rotates when the conveyor screw is rotated. The blocking element may be especially useful if the moveable structure and the housing are shaped for allowing movement of the moveable structure with respect to the housing in a direction transverse to the axis of rotation of the rotatable element, e.g. if the housing is substantially cylindrically shaped and an axis of symmetry of the cylinder extends substantially in parallel with the axis of rotation of the rotatable element. The blocking element may e.g. be rigidly attached to an interior side of the housing. The blocking element may e.g. be formed as a ridge that extends along the interior side of the housing, preferably in a direction along which the rotatable element extends. In use the ridge may engage with a notch that may be provided in the moveable structure.
In an embodiment, the moveable structure and the housing are shaped for blocking movement of the moveable structure with respect to the housing in a direction transverse to the axis of rotation of the rotatable element, e.g. if the housing is substantially rectangularly shaped. Then, the blocking element may be omitted.
In an embodiment, the moveable structure is rigidly connected to the rotatable element. As a result, the moveable element in use rotates together with the rotatable element. Preferably, the moveable structure is provided with at least one first aperture, e.g. a plurality of first apertures, for letting the coffee bean material pass there through. Preferably, the cartridge is provided with at least one second aperture, e.g. a plurality of second apertures, that is positioned, in use, above or below the at least one first aperture and that offers entrance to the outlet, wherein, as a result of rotating the rotatable element, the at least one aperture can be aligned with the at least one second aperture. As a result of aligning the at least one aperture with the at least one second aperture, a certain amount of coffee bean material may move, e.g. fall, towards the outlet and out of the interior volume. Thus, by repeatedly aligning the at least one aperture with the at least one second outlet, the supply of coffee bean material can be controlled. Preferably, the at least one second aperture is formed by the outlet. It may thus be clear that, in this or other embodiments, the outlet may comprise a plurality of apertures, e.g. comprising the at least one second aperture. The plurality of apertures that may form the outlet may or may not be mutually interconnected.
In an embodiment, the moveable structure includes a plunger.
Preferably, the cartridge is further provided with a barrier in the interior volume arranged for hindering passage of the coffee bean material towards the outlet. Such a barrier may substantially prevent uncontrolled movement of coffee bean material towards the outlet.
Preferably, the barrier includes a valve for hindering passage of the coffee bean material towards the outlet. Such a valve may substantially prevent uncontrolled movement of coffee bean material towards the outlet. Preferably, the valve includes a flexible element that is deformed when the valve is opened.
In an embodiment, the barrier includes an internal wall spaced apart from, in use, a top part of the housing, wherein the conveyor means are arranged for moving the coffee bean material through a space between the, in use, top part of the housing and the internal wall. The internal wall may, in use, form a barrier for coffee bean material to reach the outlet. By moving the coffee bean material upwards by means of the moveable structure, the coffee bean material may be transported over the internal wall. In this way, the coffee bean material may reach the outlet.
Preferably, the internal wall separates a first part of the interior volume from a second part of the interior volume, wherein the moveable structure is arranged in the first part of the interior volume, and wherein the outlet can be reached via the second part of the interior volume.
In an embodiment, the moveable structure is resiliently attached to the cartridge by means of a resilient member, so that the moveable structure is moveable by means of the actuation means repeatably between a first position and a second position while deforming the resilient member, e.g. from the first position to the second position while deforming the resilient member and vice versa. In use, deformation of the resilient member may e.g. occur during movement from the first position to the second position. During movement back from the second position to the first position, i.e. "vice versa", the deformation of the resilient member may be decreased or may even be completely cancelled. As a result, the resilient member promotes movement of the moveable structure from the second position back to the first position. As a result, a may suffice by applying a force on the actuation means substantially in only one direction. This facilitates relatively easy operation of the actuation means.
Preferably, the cartridge is provided in the interior volume with a passage for the coffee bean material towards the outlet, wherein in the second position the passage is at least partly obstructed or restricted by the moveable structure and in the first position the passage is obstructed or restricted less by the moveable structure than in the second position and optionally is not obstructed or restricted by the moveable structure. However, alternatively, in the first position the passage is at least partly obstructed by the moveable structure and in the second position the passage is obstructed less by the moveable structure than in the first position and optionally is not obstructed by the moveable structure.
Preferably, the first position is located, in use, above or below the second position. Preferably, at least part of the coffee bean material is located, in use, above, or below, the moveable structure. If the first position is located above the second position, and at least part of the coffee bean material is located above the moveable structure, moving the moveable structure repeatedly between the first position to the second position, may result in a shaking motion of the coffee bean material. During movement from the second position to the first position, the coffee bean material may move, in use, upwards, driven by the resiliently deformable member. During movement from the first position to the second position, the coffee bean material may move, in use, downwards, driven by gravity. Such a shaking motion is considered advantageous, as it may promote movement of the coffee bean material through the interior volume towards the first position.
Preferably, the resiliently deformable member is elastically resiliently deformable. The resiliently deformable member may e.g. be a spring. The resiliently deformable member may e.g. comprise an elastic material, such as a rubber material.
In an embodiment, the external apparatus is provided with an external drive member.
In an embodiment, the cartridge is provided with a recess in the housing for receiving the external drive member of the external apparatus. In this way, the cartridge, although being manually operable, can be used in combination with an external apparatus provided with an external drive member. Such an external drive member may be arranged for driving conveyor means of an alternative cartridge.
The recess may e.g. be arranged for coupling the external drive member to the cartridge for driving the conveyor means. As a result, the external drive member may be used for driving the conveyor means. E.g., the external drive member may be used for driving the conveyor means additionally to the possibility to actuate the conveyor means by means of the manually operable actuation means.
Alternatively the recess may e.g. be arranged for preventing mechanical contact between the external drive member and the cartridge. For example, the housing may be closed in the recess. In this way it is enabled that the cartridge may be used in combination with the external apparatus that is provided with the external drive member, while the cartridge can also be used in combination with another external apparatus that is not provided with the external drive member.
In an embodiment, the cartridge is provided in combination with the external apparatus, wherein the external drive member is received in the recess, wherein the recess is dimensioned for preventing mechanical contact between the cartridge and the external drive member.
Preferably, the cartridge is provided in combination with the external apparatus, wherein the conveyor means are positioned for preventing, in use, driving of the conveyor means by means of the external drive member. However, alternatively, the conveyor means may be positioned for establishing, in use, driving of the conveyor means by means of the external drive member of the external apparatus.
In an embodiment, the external apparatus is a grinder for grinding the coffee bean material.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide an improved method for holding and supplying coffee bean material that enables controlling the supply of coffee beans. Alternatively it is an object of the invention to at least provide the public with a useful choice when holding and supplying coffee bean material.
Thereto the invention provides a method of supplying coffee bean material from a cartridge to an external apparatus, including holding the coffee bean material in a housing that encloses an interior volume of the cartridge, and releasing the coffee bean material from the interior volume through an outlet of the housing, wherein the method further includes transporting the coffee bean material by means of conveyor means towards the outlet, wherein transporting the coffee bean material includes contacting the coffee bean material by means of a moveable structure of the conveyor means that is, at least partly, present in the interior volume, the method further including actuating the moveable structure by means of manually operable actuation means of the conveyor means that are, at least partly, provided outside of the interior volume. By actuating the moveable structure by manually applying a force to the actuation means at a position outside the interior volume, a force can be applied to the coffee bean material. As a result, transporting the coffee bean material to the outlet can be established. Alternatively a blockage for movement of the coffee bean material by gravity to the outlet can be removed by actuating the moveable structure. In these ways, a user can control the supply of coffee bean material to the external apparatus, e.g. a grinder.
In an embodiment, the method may be carried out by using a cartridge according to the invention. In this way, one or more advantages related to the cartridge can be realised in practice.
The invention further relates to a coffee beverage system including a first coffee bean packaging cartridge. In particular the invention relates to a system for preparing coffee wherein the first coffee bean packaging cartridge is arranged for holding and supplying multiple servings of coffee beans and wherein the system comprises a grinder for grinding the beans and a brewing device for brewing coffee on the basis of ground coffee obtained by means of the grinder.
It is known to pack roasted coffee beans in containers that can be connected to coffee brewing apparatus that include a grinding mechanism. For such systems to be efficient the containers have often been designed to hold between 1 kg and 3 kg of coffee beans.
The patent application EP 0 804 894 A2 discloses such a coffee dispensing and brewing apparatus that comprises components for dispensing a predetermined amount of coffee to a brew basket, the components including a hopper (container) for holding a supply of coffee beans and an auger device communicating with the hopper for portioning coffee beans in a predetermined amount to a coffee grinder. The apparatus further includes a brew basket holding assembly for releasably holding the brew basket in a region adjacent a passageway to the grinder and a hot water making and delivery system for distributing a predetermined volume of hot water from a hot water holding tank to the region during a brewing cycle. The grinder motor has a right angle power transmission that couples the motor to the grinder with the motor being located below the grinder and adjacent a vertical side of the holding tank. As is clearly shown in the figures of this patent application, the coffee and brewing apparatus is a rather large machine.
A coffee beverage system is known from WO 2010/095937 which discloses a coffee beverage system including a coffee bean packaging cartridge and a coffee brewing apparatus. The coffee beans packaging cartridge includes a container holding coffee beans and transportation means adapted for enabling transportation of the coffee beans towards an exit opening of the cartridge. The coffee brewing apparatus comprises a grinder for grinding the coffee beans from the cartridge and a brewing device for brewing coffee on the basis of ground coffee obtained by means of the grinder. The system is further provided with a metering chamber for receiving coffee beans which are transported with the aid of the transportation means into the metering chamber. In use the metering chamber will hold a predetermined amount of coffee beans. The coffee brewing apparatus is provided with a motor for driving the transportation means so that the dose or amount of coffee beans is determined by the operation of the motor. This dose can be set and delivered by additional means which make the coffee beverage system relatively expensive and complex. So, with this known system a user who is making coffee is not able to easily adjust an amount of beans that is supplied to the grinder assembly during grinding.
Accordingly it is an object of the present invention to propose a system for preparing coffee beverages of the above referred to kind, which may be more compact. In a more general sense it is thereby an object of the invention to overcome or ameliorate at least one of the disadvantages of the prior art. It is also an object of the present invention to provide alternative structures which may be less cumbersome in assembly and operation and which moreover can be made relatively inexpensively.
Accordingly it is another object of the present invention to provide an improved system with a device for holding and supplying coffee beans, which enables controlling the supply of coffee beans in an easy and relatively cheap manner. Alternatively it is an object of the invention to at least provide the public with a useful choice in obtaining coffee bean packaging cartridges for holding and supplying coffee beans.
Unless stated otherwise, in the description and claims coffee beans are understood to be burnt/roasted coffee beans. Coffee beans in the description and claims may be understood to cover also fragmented coffee beans, that is, coffee bean fragments, which coffee bean fragments are still to be ground for extracting desired coffee beverage. The coffee beans are for instance broken, before they are packaged. In an embodiment, at least a part of the coffee beans in the coffee bean package is divided into about thirty or less, in particular about fifteen or less, more particularly about ten fragments or less. One coffee bean fragment then comprises for instance one-thirtieth part, in particular one-fifteenth part, more particularly one-tenth part or more of a coffee bean. For instance, the coffee bean fragments comprise a half or a quarter of a coffee bean. An advantage of the use of coffee bean fragments compared with whole coffee beans can be that coffee bean fragments can be supplied to the grinder relatively simply and/or that the package can be closed off relatively simply. This is because the coffee bean fragments are relatively small and hence can slide relatively easily through openings in the package and the apparatus and/or will block the coffee bean outlet and/or closing means less easily. As the coffee beans may beforehand have been divided into fragments, though not ground, in the meantime comparatively more bean surface can come into contact with any ambient air than would be case with whole coffee beans. On the other hand, less bean surface will come into contact with air than would be the case with ground coffee, so that coffee bean fragments can be preserved better than ground coffee beans. Only just before preparation of the coffee beverage are the coffee bean fragments ground for obtaining coffee beverage. In this description, therefore, coffee bean may also be understood to include a fragmented coffee bean, that is, which is still to be ground for preparing the desired coffee beverage.
To this end according to the invention there is provided a coffee beverage system. The coffee beverage system comprises a first coffee bean packaging cartridge and a coffee brewing apparatus. The first coffee been packaging cartridge is removable connected to the coffee brewing apparatus and it is arranged for holding and supplying multiple servings of coffee beans. It includes a container comprising an interior volume and at least one exit opening defining a coffee bean outlet, the interior volume holding coffee beans and transportation means adapted for enabling transportation of the coffee beans from the interior volume towards the exit opening of the first coffee bean packaging cartridge. The coffee apparatus comprises an entrance opening for receiving coffee beans which are transported with the aid of the transportation means towards the exit opening, a grinder for grinding coffee beans which have entered the coffee apparatus via the entrance opening and a brewing device for brewing coffee on the basis of ground coffee obtained by means of the grinder. The system is further provided with a metering chamber for receiving coffee beans which are transported with the aid of the transportation means into the metering chamber. Preferably after being filled the metering chamber will hold a dosed amount of coffee beans. The metering chamber comprises a bottom portion which forms a part of the grinder. The bottom portion is arranged in the coffee apparatus for rotating around an axis extending in a vertical direction. The system is arranged such that upon activation of the grinder the bottom portion is rotating around the vertical axis for transporting the coffee beans from the metering chamber into the grinder and for grinding the coffee beans. The use of a bottom portion of the metering chamber, which is part of the grinder and which rotates for emptying the metering chamber also results in a decreased height of the system compared to the alternative option of providing a separate bottom plate of the metering chamber and a separate grinder.
The system is further provided with a second coffee bean packaging cartridge which is also removably connectable to the coffee brewing apparatus. The second coffee bean packaging cartridge is arranged for being filled with and holding and supplying coffee beans. The second coffee bean packaging cartridge includes a container comprising an interior volume and at least one exit opening defining a coffee bean outlet, the interior volume being arranged for holding coffee beans. The second coffee bean packaging cartridge further has transportation means adapted for enabling transportation of the coffee beans from the interior volume towards the exit opening of the second coffee bean packaging cartridge. The second coffee bean packaging cartridge is adapted to the coffee brewing apparatus so that, if the second coffee bean packaging cartridge is connected to the coffee brewing apparatus, coffee beans which are transported with the aid of the transportation means of the second coffee bean packaging cartridge towards the exit opening of the second coffee bean packaging cartridge can be received by the coffee brewing apparatus via the entrance opening for preparing coffee, wherein the transportation means of the second coffee bean packaging cartridge are configured to be actuated independently from the coffee brewing apparatus.
The metering chamber may be divided in a first chamber portion which is part of the respective cartridge, i.e. either the first or second one which is or has been connected to the brewing apparatus, and a second chamber portion which is part of the coffee brewing apparatus. The division of the metering chamber over the cartridge and the brewing apparatus enables to provide an even more compact coffee beverage system.
In this regard it can be advantageous for emptying the metering chamber that the bottom portion has a conical shape such that the bottom portion extends downwardly in a direction extending perpendicular to and away from the vertical axis.
It is further advantageous for the coffee beverage system according to the invention that the first chamber portion comprises the exit opening and the second chamber portion comprises the entrance opening and that the exit opening extends above the entrance opening. This provides a metering chamber which can be made relatively inexpensive.
The metering chamber may be arranged for receiving a portion of coffee beans corresponding to a dosed amount of coffee beans which is preferably necessary for preparing a single serving of coffee beverage. The transportation means may comprise a part which is movable relative to the metering chamber for effectively transporting the coffee beans towards the metering chamber upon driving of said transportation means. The coffee brewing apparatus may be provided with a motor and a vertically extending drive shaft wherein said drive shaft may be releasable connected with the transportation means of the first coffee bean packaging cartridge for driving and thereby moving the transportation means upon rotation of the drive shaft by means of the motor. The movable part may comprise a bottom and/or a plurality of vanes, which rotates around a further vertical axis upon driving the transportation means.
Furthermore, the transportation means may comprise a downwardly extending bottom wall for transporting the coffee beans towards the metering chamber under the influence of gravity. Alternatively, the transportation means may comprise a downwardly extending bottom wall for transporting the coffee beans towards the metering chamber under the influence of gravity only.
The first chamber portion may be provided with a top wall which limits the volume of the metering chamber in an upwardly vertical direction wherein the bottom portion of the second chamber portion limits the volume of the metering chamber in a downwardly vertical direction.
Alternatively or additionally, the first chamber portion may be provided with an upstanding side wall comprising an inlet opening for entering the coffee beans by means of the transportation means into the metering chamber.
It is further advantageous for the coffee beverage system according to the invention, when the transportation means are arranged for transporting the coffee beans at least in a horizontal direction for transporting the coffee beans into the metering chamber and/or towards the inlet opening of the metering chamber.
The grinder may be positioned centrically with respect to the second chamber portion. It may comprise a conical part lying in the direction of the vertical axis, wherein the conical part rotates around the vertical axis upon driving the grinder. The grinder may be driven by a motor. The drive shaft and the grinder may be driven by different motors.
The coffee brewing apparatus may comprise connection means for the removable connection to the respective coffee bean packaging cartridge. The connection means may comprise a recess at an upper side of the coffee brewing apparatus, the recess being surrounded by a side wall and being configured for receiving a corresponding part protruding from a lower side of the respective coffee bean packaging cartridge. The side wall may protrude from the upper side of the coffee brewing apparatus and be covered by a housing.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, the side wall comprises openings for receiving bayonet elements of the respective coffee bean packaging cartridge. The respective coffee bean packaging cartridge should be inserted into the recess such that the bayonet elements are inserted in the openings and then rotated in order to be connected to the coffee brewing apparatus. The side wall may comprise blocking elements for impeding a further rotation of the respective coffee bean packaging cartridge, when it has reached its final position. In this way, the user can easily and reliably mount the cartridge on the coffee brewing apparatus. Preferably, the coffee bean packaging cartridge should be rotated approximately 50 degrees in order to reach its final position. The connection between the cartridge and the coffee brewing apparatus may be a snap connection.
Furthermore, the recess may comprise rotatable protruding edges at its center, which are fixed at the end of the driving shaft.
The vertical axis around which the bottom portion of the second chamber portion is rotatable may run centrally through the bottom portion of the second chamber portion. The bottom portion may extend downwardly in a direction extending perpendicular to and away from the vertical axis all around the vertical axis.
The respective coffee bean packaging cartridge may comprise closing means for closing the coffee bean outlet when the coffee bean packaging cartridge is not connected to the coffee brewing apparatus. In this way it is avoided that coffee beans fall out of the coffee bean packaging cartridge when it is not connected to the coffee brewing apparatus.
The closing means may be configured for opening the coffee bean outlet when the coffee bean packaging cartridge is connected to the coffee brewing apparatus.
The closing means comprises a closure member at the bottom side of the container comprising the coffee bean outlet and a rotatable closing disk having an opening. In order to connect the respective coffee bean packaging cartridge to the coffee brewing apparatus the opening of the rotatable closing disk may be brought in a position aligned with the coffee bean outlet.
The closure member may comprise a pair of fletching arms and the closure disk comprises a detent, which in the closed position is caught behind the fletching arms.
The exit opening may be associated with a removable sealing element sealing the interior volume prior to activation of the respective cartridge wherein preferably said sealing element prevents gasses to escape from the respective cartridge. The beverage system may comprise means for disrupting and displacing the sealing element, preferably when the cartridge is connected to the brewing apparatus for the first time. The sealing element may be a sealing membrane.
The system may be arranged such that, in use, the grinding device is activated for emptying the metering chamber and for grinding the coffee beans collected and/or held in the metering chamber. The grinding device may be activated longer than is required for emptying or at least substantially completely emptying the metering chamber and for grinding all the coffee beans collected in the metering chamber. In this way, the emptying of the metering chamber is reliably performed. Previous to the emptying of the metering chamber and the grinding of the coffee beans, in a first step the transportation means of the first coffee bean packaging cartridge may be driven for filling the metering chamber with coffee beans. The transportation means may be driven longer than is required for completely filling or at least substantially completely filling the metering chamber with coffee beans. In this way, the dosing of the metering chamber with coffee beans is reliably performed.
The coffee brewing apparatus may be provided with a control device for controlling the first motor and/or the grinder for performing these steps. The control device may control the brewing device wherein the control device may be arranged such that, in use, in a step which follows after that the emptying and grinding step is completed the brewing device is brewing coffee based on the ground coffee and heated water heated by a heating device of the coffee brewing apparatus. The volume of the metering chamber may be such that if it is completely filled with coffee beans the amount of beans corresponds with one dose of coffee beans for preparing a cup of coffee. The one dose of coffee beans may comprise 5-11, preferably 6-8 grams of coffee beans.
According to the invention the coffee bean packaging cartridge can also be designed to be (re)fillable with coffee beans by the consumer. Preferably the coffee bean packaging cartridge is filled with coffee beans and is not designed to be refillable with coffee beans. In that case the cartridge is a packaging for the coffee beans to be sold in a shop.
According to a further embodiment, the system further comprises a sensor arranged for detecting if the respective coffee bean packaging cartridge is connected to the coffee brewing apparatus. The sensor is configured to signal a result of the detection to the controller. The sensor may be a switch, for example a micro switch. The respective coffee bean packaging cartridge comprises a protruding part for activating the switch when it is connected to the coffee brewing apparatus. The protruding part may be located below or above one of the bayonet elements and may activate the switch when the respective coffee bean packaging cartridge reaches its final position. The switch may be located in an opening in the sidewall surrounding the recess at the upper side of the coffee brewing apparatus, the protruding part activating the switch through the opening. The switch may be hidden behind horizontal wall segments in the side wall and the opening may be a slit between the horizontal wall segments, the protruding part fitting in the slit. The control device may be arranged for controlling the first motor and the grinder so that they can be activated only if it has been detected that the respective coffee bean packaging cartridge is present. In this way, it is ensured that the system works with coffee bean packaging cartridges especially designed thereto. These cartridges may be sold by the manufacturer of the system filled with coffee beans of an elevated quality, thereby guaranteeing the end consumer a good flavor coffee beverage.
The system may further comprise an insert piece that is removable connectable to the coffee brewing apparatus in lieu of a respective coffee bean packaging cartridge, preferably in a same or similar way as a respective coffee bean packaging cartridge by using means for connecting the insert piece to the coffee brewing apparatus, which are the same or similar as the means used for connecting a respective coffee bean packaging cartridge to the coffee brewing apparatus. In this case, the insert piece comprises bayonet elements and a protruding part, preferably located below or above one of the bayonet elements, for activating the switch when the insert piece is connected to the coffee brewing apparatus. Since the detection of a connected coffee bean packaging cartridge and the insert piece is executed in the same way, the control device of the coffee brewing apparatus does not see any difference between these two situations. This means that the functionality of the coffee brewing apparatus is also the same.
The purpose of connecting an insert piece to the coffee brewing apparatus may be twofold. It is usable for unlocking the coffee brewing apparatus, so that the motor(s) and the grinder(s) may be activated, also if no coffee bean packaging cartridge is connected thereto. This is useful for service and maintenance.
Alternatively, the insert piece may be used for supplying the coffee brewing apparatus with coffee beans, because the coffee bean packaging cartridges are designed not to be refillable. A favorable embodiment of an insert device for this purpose comprises a cavity having an interior volume and at least one exit opening defining a coffee bean outlet, the interior volume being arranged for receiving coffee beans. The insert piece further comprises closing means for closing the coffee bean outlet when the insert piece is not connected to the coffee brewing apparatus or not connected to the coffee brewing apparatus in its final position. The closing means are configured for opening the coffee bean outlet when the insert piece is connected to the coffee brewing apparatus in its final position. A user fills the cavity with coffee beans when the insert piece is connected to the coffee brewing apparatus in an entry position and then rotates the insert piece to its final position, resulting in the coffee beans to enter the coffee brewing apparatus to be ground.
Preferably the respective coffee bean packaging cartridge is filled with coffee beans. In particular advantageous the respective coffee bean packaging is filled with one dose of coffee beans, however, alternatively the respective coffee bean packaging may be filled with multiple servings of coffee beans.
Advantageously, the system may be arranged such that upon activation of the grinder the bottom portion is rotating around the vertical axis for transporting the dose of coffee beans from the metering chamber into the grinder and for grinding the coffee beans. The bottom part with the conical shape may lie in the direction of the first vertical axis, wherein the conical part rotates around the first vertical axis upon driving the grinder. The grinder may comprise a lower grinding disk extending around the bottom portion and an upper grinding disk extending above the lower grinding disk. The grinder may be rotationally driven by a second motor, resulting in the rotation of the bottom part with the conical shape and the lower grinding disk. Upon driving the bottom portion and lower grinding disk coffee beans are moved in an outwardly extending radial direction between the lower grinding disk and the upper grinding disk and in that the coffee beans are crunched and cut into ground coffee, because a vertical distance between the lower grinding disk and the upper grinding disk decreases in the outwardly extending radial direction.
The grinder may be a no contamination grinder, wherein after grinding the coffee beans and supplying the ground coffee to the coffee brewing device, substantially no ground coffee remains. As a result, when a cartridge is replaced by one with a different blend, the coffee of the new blend is not contaminated by the previously used blend.
The second chamber portion may comprise about 100-X % of the volume of the metering chamber and the first chamber portion may comprise about X % of the volume of the metering chamber wherein X is in the range of 2-50, preferably in the range of 5-40, more preferably in the range of 15-30. By placing a larger part of the metering chamber in the brewing apparatus a further decrease in the height of the beverage system may be obtained. This may be an issue, for example in case that the beverage system is to be placed on a kitchen sink under a cupboard.
Since in accordance with the invention the transportation means of the second coffee bean packaging cartridge are configured to be actuated manually, the user is enabled to control the amount of beans that is supplied in an easy way, by manually actuating the transportation means until the desired amount is reached.
In an embodiment the transportation means of the second coffee bean packaging cartridge include a moveable structure that is, at least partly, present in the interior volume for contacting the coffee beans, and wherein the transportation means further include manually operable actuation means that are, at least partly, provided outside of the interior volume for manually actuating the moveable structure. By means of the manually operable actuation means, the moveable structure can be moved from outside the interior volume. In this way a force can be applied to the coffee beans, e.g. for forcing the coffee beans to the outlet. Alternatively a blockage for movement of the coffee beans by another force, such as gravity, to the outlet can be removed by moving the moveable structure. In these ways, a user can control the supply of coffee beans to the coffee brewing apparatus.
In an embodiment the transportation means of the second coffee bean packaging cartridge include a rotatable element, such as a rotatable axle, that is at least partly located inside the interior volume. Such a rotatable element offers the possibility to provide a compact structure inside the container, thus substantially preventing an unnecessary increase of a volume occupied by the first coffee bean packaging cartridge.
In an embodiment the actuation means are arranged for rotating the rotatable element. Preferably the actuation means include a crank handle connected to the rotatable element.
In an embodiment the rotatable element is at least partly formed as a conveyor screw. Preferably the moveable structure includes a threaded bore through which the conveyor screw is engaged. Such a structure may be compact while at the same time providing the possibility for rather accurate control of the supply of coffee bean material to the outlet.
In an embodiment the moveable structure is rigidly connected to the rotatable element, and wherein the moveable structure is provided with at least one first aperture for letting the coffee beans pass there through, wherein the second coffee bean packaging cartridge is provided with at least one second aperture that is positioned, in use, above or below the at least one first aperture and that offers entrance to the outlet, wherein, as a result of rotating the rotatable element, the at least one aperture can be aligned with the at least one second aperture. Preferably the second aperture is formed by the outlet. As a result, the moveable element in use rotates together with the rotatable element. As a result of aligning the at least one aperture with the at least one second aperture, a certain amount of coffee beans may move, e.g. fall, towards the outlet and out of the interior volume. Thus, by repeatedly aligning the at least one aperture with the at least one second outlet, the supply of coffee beans can be controlled. It may thus be clear that, in this or other embodiments, the outlet may comprise a plurality of apertures, e.g. comprising the at least one second aperture. The plurality of apertures that may form the outlet may or may not be mutually interconnected.
In an embodiment the moveable structure includes a plunger.
Preferably the second coffee bean packaging cartridge is further provided with a barrier in the interior volume arranged for hindering passage of the coffee beans towards the outlet. Such a barrier may substantially prevent uncontrolled movement of coffee beans towards the outlet.
Preferably the barrier includes a valve for hindering passage of the coffee beans towards the outlet. Such a valve may substantially prevent uncontrolled movement of coffee beans towards the outlet. Preferably, the valve includes a flexible element that is deformed when the valve is opened.
In an embodiment the barrier includes an internal wall spaced apart from, in use, a top part of the container, wherein the transportation means are arranged for moving the coffee beans through a space between the, in use, top part of the container and the internal wall. The internal wall may, in use, form a barrier for coffee beans to reach the outlet. By moving the coffee beans upwards by means of the moveable structure, the coffee beans may be transported over the internal wall. In this way, the coffee beans may reach the outlet.
Preferably the internal wall separates a first part of the interior volume from a second part of the interior volume, wherein the moveable structure is arranged in the first part of the interior volume, and wherein the outlet can be reached via the second part of the interior volume.
In an embodiment the moveable structure of the second coffee bean packaging cartridge is resiliently attached to the second coffee bean packaging cartridge by means of a resilient member, so that the moveable structure is moveable by means of the manually operable actuation means repeatably between a first position and a second position while deforming the resilient member, e.g. from the first position to the second position while deforming the resilient member and vice versa. In use, deformation of the resilient member may e.g. occur during movement from the first position to the second position. During movement back from the second position to the first position, i.e. "vice versa", the deformation of the resilient member may be decreased or may even be completely cancelled. As a result, the resilient member promotes movement of the moveable structure from the second position back to the first position. As a result, it is sufficient to apply a force on the actuation means substantially in only one direction. This facilitates relatively easy operation of the actuation means.
Preferably the second coffee bean packaging cartridge is provided in the interior volume with a passage for the coffee beans towards the outlet, wherein in the second position the passage is at least partly obstructed by the moveable structure and in the first position the passage is obstructed less by the moveable structure than in the second position and optionally is not obstructed by the moveable structure. However, alternatively, in the first position the passage is at least partly obstructed by the moveable structure and in the second position the passage is obstructed less by the moveable structure than in the first position and optionally is not obstructed by the moveable structure.
Preferably, the first position is located, in use, above or below the second position. Preferably, at least part of the coffee beans is located, in use, above the moveable structure of the second coffee bean packaging cartridge. If the first position is located above the second position, and at least part of the coffee beans is located above the moveable structure, moving the moveable structure repeatedly between the first position to the second position, may result in a shaking motion of the coffee beans. During movement from the second position to the first position, the coffee beans may move, in use, upwards, driven by the resiliently deformable member. During movement from the first position to the second position, the coffee beans may move, in use, downwards, driven by gravity. Such a shaking motion is considered advantageous, as it may promote movement of the coffee beans through the interior volume towards the first position.
In an embodiment, the second bean packaging cartridge is provided with a recess in the container or housing for receiving the drive shaft of the coffee brewing apparatus. In this way, the second bean packaging cartridge, although being manually operable, can be used in combination with a coffee brewing apparatus provided with a drive member, such as a motor. Such a drive shaft may be arranged for driving transportation means of an alternative coffee bean packaging cartridge. Preferably the container is closed in the recess.
Alternatively the recess may e.g. be arranged for preventing mechanical contact between the drive shaft and the cartridge. In this way it is enabled that the cartridge may be used in combination with the brewing apparatus or in addition another external apparatus that is provided with the drive member, while the cartridge can also be used in combination with another external apparatus that is not provided with an external drive member.
Preferably, the transportation means are positioned for preventing, in use, driving of the transportation means by means of the drive shaft of the coffee brewing apparatus.
In an embodiment the second coffee bean packaging cartridge comprises a scooper for holding and supplying the coffee beans, the scooper, when connected to the coffee brewing apparatus, being aligned with the entrance opening thereof, the scooper being configured to work also as transportation means by turning around its axis, thereby emptying the coffee beans into the entrance opening. The dosing of the amount of coffee beans to be supplied to the coffee brewing apparatus is very simple here, it is done by filling the scooper.
Preferably the second coffee bean packaging cartridge comprises a handle for manually turning the scooper.
According to an alternative embodiment the second coffee bean packaging cartridge comprises a hopper for holding the coffee beans. The hopper preferably has an outlet, which is aligned with the entrance opening of the coffee brewing apparatus, when the second coffee bean packaging cartridge is connected thereto. The transportation means advantageously comprise a closure plate, which in a first position at least to a large extent and preferably entirely closes the outlet, thereby hindering passage of the coffee beans towards the entrance opening and in a second position does not obstruct or not substantially obstruct the outlet and wherein the transportation means further include manually operable actuation means for actuating the closure plate from the first to the second position and vice versa. The amount of coffee beans supplied to the coffee brewing apparatus may be dosed by moving the closure plate of the transportation means between the first position, wherein coffee beans are supplied to the coffee brewing apparatus and the second position, wherein this is not the case.
Preferably the closure plate in the second position at least substantially delimits a first part of the interior volume of the hopper from a second part of the interior volume of the hopper, thereby hindering the passage of coffee beans from the first part to the second part. The amount in the second part corresponds to a single dose, which when the closure plate is in the first position, is provided to the coffee brewing apparatus.
Preferably the closure plate forms the first part of a virtual cylinder, the other part of the cylinder being open, wherein the manually operable actuation means are configured for rotating the closure plate to the first and second position, respectively. With each rotation, a dose of coffee beans corresponding to the second part of the interior volume of the hopper is supplied to the coffee brewing apparatus.
At least one of the first and second coffee bean packaging cartridges may comprise a funnel shaped holder for holding the coffee beans and an outlet for releasing the coffee beans from the holder. The outlet is positioned at an upper end of the funnel shaped holder and, when the coffee bean packaging cartridge is connected to the coffee brewing apparatus is aligned with the entrance opening thereof, wherein the transportation means are spiral shaped transportation means and, in use, rotatably actuated for driving the coffee beans out of the funnel shaped holder towards the outlet The amount of coffee beans supplied to the coffee brewing apparatus is in this case dependent on the time period that the spiral shaped conveyor means are rotated with coffee beans in the funnel shaped holder.
Preferably the spiral shaped conveyor means are formed by a spiral shaped trajectory for the coffee beans on the inner wall of the funnel, obtained by a spiral shaped protruding edge on the inner wall. The spiral shaped conveyor means may comprise a non-moving block element, impeding the coffee beans to continue rotating on the inner wall, thereby driving the coffee beans to follow the spiral shaped trajectory upwards towards the outlet. As a result, the coffee beans in the funnel shaped holder are driven steadily and reliably towards the outlet thereof.
According to a still further embodiment, at least one of the first and second coffee bean packaging devices is configured for shaking or vibrating the coffee beans to encourage flow thereof towards an outlet of the coffee bean packaging cartridge for releasing the coffee beans. In this way, an alternative manner of providing the coffee beans to the coffee brewing apparatus is obtained. Preferably the coffee bean packaging cartridge comprises a first module, which is a coffee bean package and a second module, which comprises a motor, the first module being removably connectable to the coffee brewing apparatus and the second module being removably connectable to the first module, when the first module is connected to the coffee brewing apparatus. As a result of this modular structure, the coffee beans of the first module may either be supplied to the coffee brewing apparatus due to the operation of the motor in the second module or, in case that the second module is not connected to the first module, due to operation of the transportation means present in the coffee brewing apparatus.
Still further, wherein the outlet of the coffee bean packaging cartridge is open when it is connected to the coffee brewing apparatus and closed when it is disconnected, and wherein the second module, preferably in a coffee bean refill mode, is connectable to the first module in lieu of the coffee brewing apparatus. Preferably, in the coffee bean refill mode, the second module is connected in a same or similar way to the first module as the coffee brewing apparatus, resulting in the outlet of the first module being open. As a result, the first module, i.e. the coffee bean package, may be refilled with coffee beans in a user friendly way.
According to a further aspect of the invention, a second coffee bean packaging cartridge is provided for use with the inventive system, the second coffee bean packaging cartridge being arranged for holding and supplying coffee beans and including transportation means adapted for enabling transportation of the coffee beans towards an outlet of the second coffee bean packaging cartridge, in particular towards entrance opening of a coffee brewing apparatus when it is connected thereto; the second coffee bean packaging cartridge comprising bayonet elements to be inserted into the openings of the side wall, which protrudes from the upper side of the coffee brewing apparatus, in particular for connecting the second coffee bean packaging cartridge to a coffee brewing apparatus, wherein the transportation means are configured to be actuated independently from the coffee brewing apparatus.
According to a still further aspect of the invention, a coffee bean packaging cartridge is provided for use with the inventive system, said coffee bean packaging cartridge being configured for shaking or vibrating the coffee beans to encourage flow thereof towards an outlet of the coffee bean packaging cartridge for releasing the coffee beans.
According to a still further aspect of the invention, a method of preparing a beverage by means of the inventive coffee beverage system is provided, the method comprising the following steps:
connecting the first coffee bean packaging cartridge to the coffee brewing apparatus,
rotating the vertically extending drive shaft with the motor means thereby driving and moving the transportation means of the first coffee bean packaging cartridge for transporting the coffee beans towards the exit opening of the first coffee bean packaging cartridge;
grinding coffee beans which have entered the coffee brewing apparatus via the entrance opening thereof to produce ground coffee;
brewing coffee on the basis of ground coffee;
connecting the second coffee bean packaging cartridge to the coffee brewing apparatus thereof,
actuating the transportation means of the second coffee bean cartridge for transporting the coffee beans towards the exit opening of the second coffee bean packaging cartridge independently from the coffee brewing apparatus;
grinding coffee beans which have entered the coffee brewing apparatus via the entrance opening thereof to produce ground coffee;
brewing coffee on the basis of ground coffee.
Preferably the method comprises the following steps: In a filling step the metering chamber may be filled with coffee beans for collecting coffee beans in the metering chamber. The metering chamber may be completely filled with coffee beans or at least substantially completely filled with coffee beans. In an emptying and grinding step the grinding device is activated for emptying the metering chamber and for grinding coffee beans collected in the metering chamber. The grinding device may be activated longer than is required for emptying or at least substantially completely emptying the metering chamber and for grinding all the coffee beans collected in the metering chamber.
The invention also relates to a cartridge of a coffee beverage system further including a coffee brewing apparatus wherein the coffee bean packaging cartridge can be removable connected to the coffee brewing apparatus, the coffee bean packaging cartridge being arranged for holding and supplying multiple servings of coffee beans, the coffee beans packaging cartridge including:
a container comprising an interior volume and at least one exit opening defining a coffee bean outlet, the interior volume holding coffee beans;
transportation means adapted for enabling transportation of the coffee beans from the interior volume towards the exit opening of the cartridge;
wherein the coffee brewing apparatus comprises an entrance opening for receiving coffee beans which are transported with the aid of the transportation means towards the exit opening, a grinder for grinding coffee beans which have entered the coffee apparatus via the entrance opening and a brewing device for brewing coffee on the basis of ground coffee obtained by means of the grinder, wherein the system is further provided with a metering chamber for receiving coffee beans which are transported with the aid of the transportation means into the metering chamber. Preferably the metering chamber is divided in a first chamber portion which is part of the cartridge and a second chamber portion which is part of the coffee brewing apparatus. Preferably, when the system is in use the metering chamber will hold a dosed amount of coffee beans. Preferably the transportation means comprise a part which is movable relative to the metering chamber for transporting the coffee beans towards the metering chamber upon driving of said transportation means. After the grinding, the brewing device may be activated for brewing coffee based on the ground coffee and on heated water.
According to a still further aspect of the invention, a method of supplying coffee beans from an inventive second coffee bean packaging cartridge to an external apparatus is provided, the method comprising the following steps:
holding the coffee beans in a container that encloses an interior volume of the second coffee bean packaging cartridge,
releasing the coffee beans from the interior volume through the outlet of the container,
transporting the coffee beans by means of the transportation means towards the outlet, wherein transporting the coffee beans includes contacting the coffee beans by means of the moveable structure of the transportation means,
actuating the moveable structure by means of manually operable actuation means of the transportation means.
Further advantageous aspects of the invention will become clear from the appended description of preferred embodiments.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Coffee beverage system, coffee bean packaging cartridge for use with said system, method of preparing a beverage, method for brewing coffee, method of supplying coffee beans, cartridge for coffee bean material, method of supplying coffee bean material


An apparatus for blocking an external access to a browser includes an access monitor for monitoring whether a program is accessing the browser; and a document-object acquisition detector for detecting whether the program detected to access the browser by the access monitor acquires a document object of the browser; and an injection blocker for blocking the access of the program to the browser when the document object acquisition detector detects the document object acquisition by the corresponding program.

As is well known, an HTML injection of a web or WAP page (hereinafter collectively referred to as a "HTML page") refers to an action maliciously faking a file information in the HTML page or replacing the file information in the HTML page with an entirely new false information on a network. This action may be variously motivated by, e.g., making a financial profit, a pure curiosity about hacking a network, and so on.
In a prior art, an anti HTML injection, which is a technique to block the HTML injection, has been implemented in a server side and a network side. A typical example of the anti HTML injection includes an agent system installed in the server.
Such an agent system generates an agent using a java applet, which can be automatically downloaded into a browser of an approaching user, and causes the agent to transmit information about the approaching user via a socket within the agent. The server detects the original location of a trespasser concealing one's location by comparing HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) header information for the approaching user and the trespasser accessing the server to trace the trespasser. Also, the server can pursue an intermediate route through the HTTP header information. The HTTP header information received from the agent can also be used to pursue a malicious user who uploads an unfair data or reply in a storage room or a notice board. In addition, the HTTP header information can also be used to prevent the access of a user who intends to conceal his or her information by using intermediate routes.
However, the above-mentioned agent system greatly affects availability of the server. Recently, there occurs an event to attack a web page of a financial agency through the use of a separate HTML injection technique, in which it renders the HTML page to fake by accessing a client side. Nevertheless, the existing anti HTML injections cannot protect itself from the direct attack from the client side through the HTML injection.

Method and apparatus for blocking malicious access to process


A method and apparatus for imparting a predetermined contour to an ophthalmic glass lens.. The method comprises positioning a forming manifold in the base of a reshaping chamber, the upper surface of the manifold having a surface contour that is the reverse of the bottom contour surface of the reshaped lens, positioning the lens blank in the chamber, heating the lens blank to a temperature at which the blank deforms, and establishing a continuous, lateral flow of gas on the upper surface of the forming manifold whereby the glass is supported while it sags to the desired shape.. The apparatus comprises a reshaping chamber, a source of heat to bring a lens blank to its deforming temperature, a forming manifold having an upper surface contour that is the reverse of the desired contour on the lower surface of the reshaped lens blank, and means to supply a continuous, lateral flow of gas on the upper surface of the manifold whereby the glass blank is supported while it deforms to the desired shape.

Conveying molten glass on a gas cushion, such as an air film, is known in the glass forming art. It is customary to employ a carrier having numerous gas passageways, for example, pores or perforations. The cushioning gas is pumped through the passageways which open to the carrier surface. This forms a thin layer of gas between the glass and the carrier that carries the glass slightly spaced from the carrier surface.
The glass may be sheet glass on the draw, or during a processing step, such as tempering. It may also be a glass gob being delivered down a trough to a mold. In any case, the primary purpose is to avoid surface marring, contamination, or other damage from contact with the carrier.
It is also well known to reshape flat glass, for example, to form curved automotive glass. This is customarily accomplished by sagging or pressing a softened glass sheet against a form.
Ophthalmic lenses represent another product area that employs curved glass bodies. This product additionally requires an optical quality finish. To produce an ophthalmic lens, a lens blank is first pressed in a mold. At least one surface of the glass blank is then ground and polished to impart a required prescription.
Production of a multifocal lens is an even more complex operation. Traditionally, the practice has been to form a countersink in a monofocal lens blank; separately prepare a segment; fusion seal the segment in the countersink; grind and polish the blank to the required prescription.
To some extent, the segmented multifocal lens has been replaced by a progressive addition lens. Such a lens is one piece with the radius of curvature in the lower quadrant of the lens being decreased to develop additional lens power. The finished surface is an asymmetric asphere. This requires very specific, and closely controlled, grinding and polishing.
Inorganic ophthalmic lenses, because of their material density, may be of sufficient weight to cause wearer discomfort. This led to development of organic plastic lenses which have lower density, but also less scratch resistance. Further, the desirable feature of reliable photochromic behavior has only been available in glass.
This situation has led to intensive research to develop a composite lens embodying the desirable features of both plastic and glass. Such a composite is a laminated lens as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,793,703 (Fretz, Jr.). In its simplest form, this laminated lens comprises an organic lens element adhesively bonded to a thin glass cap. It is contemplated that the glass cap may be on the order of one mm thick.
Development of the laminated lens disclosed by Fretz, Jr. presented the need for a complemental multifocal construction. It has been proposed to produce a high index, organic segment and insert such segment in a countersink in the resin element of the lens. However, this segmented structure, like its counterpart in glass, involves a rather complicated method of production.
Accordingly, attention has been directed to devising a simpler means of meeting the need for a multifocal construction in a laminated lens. The thinness of the glass cap militates against the traditional segmented structure. It also further complicates the grinding and polishing steps required in either the segmented structure or the more recent progressive addition lens design.
A basic purpose of the present invention is to provide a simple method of reshaping an ophthalmic glass lens blank. A further purpose is to provide a method that maintains an optical quality surface on a lens, thus avoiding the need for grinding and polishing the reshaped blank. A specific purpose is to provide a method of producing progressive addition lenses that avoids the current grinding and polishing practice. Another specific purpose is to provide a thin glass cap in the form of a progressive addition lens that is adapted to use as a corrective lens element in a laminated, glass-plastic lens structure.

Reshaping a glass lens blank suspended on a flow of gas


An interrogator plug for interfacing with the output socket of a pulsed power system to provide external leads engagable by a volt measurement device. The interrogator plug is sized to replicate a conventional plug such that the interrogator plug can be inserted into the output plug. The interrogator plug has lead assemblies positioned to engage the contacts of the output socket ordinarily engaged by conventional plugs. The interrogator plug can also include a divider circuit linked to a coaxial output for providing a reduced voltage current having an operational voltage safely measurable by conventional voltmeters.

Pulsed power systems are electrical power systems that convert a continuous electrical current into a series of high voltage bursts of energy. These specialized power systems are commonly employed with radar systems in which large bursts of energy are used to detect aircraft. An inherent challenged of pulsed power systems is that the high voltage and discontinuous current stream make monitoring the electrical characteristics of the output from the pulsed power system difficult. Specifically, measuring the voltage outputted by the pulsed power systems in real time particularly challenging.
Typically, the voltage across an electrical circuit having a constant current is measured by attaching the electrical leads to the input and output of the circuit and measuring the change in potential across the circuit as constant current is supplied to the circuit. However, pulsed power systems do not have constant current, but rather store quantities of energy in an internal storage device, such as a capacitor bank, before discharging the energy in high voltage bursts. The discontinuous bursts of energy hinder real time monitoring of the voltage across pulsed power electrical systems through conventional means. Moreover, the high operational voltages typical of pulsed power systems often exceed the operational limits of most conventional voltmeters and similar monitoring systems.
In addition, the large quantities of energy stored and discharged by the pulsed power systems can create a substantial safety risk for operators monitoring the operating conditions and maintaining the pulsed power systems. Specifically, the significant amount of energy stored within the internal storage device of the pulsed power supply can create a substantial arcing if inadvertently discharged during testing or maintenance. In particular, attaching the leads of the voltmeter and other monitoring system can result in inadvertent discharge of energy that can resulting in damage to the power system or injury to the user.
While the benefits of pulsed power systems are substantial, a method or device for safely monitoring the electrical characteristics of pulsed power systems is required to improve the overall effectiveness of the systems.

High voltage interrogator plug with external grounding


A tool handle having a core (2) adapted to be secured to a screwdriver blade (1), and a sleeve (3) of plastics material placed around the core. The core and the sleeve have portions in relief (9, 20) for mutual positioning in rotation, and mutual positioning devices (5, 10, 11, 14, 17, 21, 22) for mutual positioning in axial translation. The sleeve (3) is a part that is distinct from the core, and is made of a semi-rigid plastics material and is engaged on the core (2) from in front.

The present invention relates to a handle for a tool, in particular for a screwdriver, of the type comprising a core adapted to be secured to a blade of the tool and a sleeve of plastics material placed around the core. The core and the sleeve having portions in relief for mutual positioning in rotation, and mutual positioning means for mutual positioning in axial translation.
This design makes it possible to implement a range of tools, in particular screwdrivers, at low cost and having different finishing layers, all starting from a single blank constituted by the core.
FR-A-2 730 658 proposes a screwdriver of the above-specified type in which the sleeve is overmolded onto the core fitted with the blade.

Tool handle in particular of screwdriver, corresponding tool, and range of tools consisting of said tools