The present invention includes forming a coding symbology by disposing a plurality of light-reflecting segments separated by spaces on a substrate. The coding symbology represents fixed information and variable information.

Various foodstuffs, liquids, and other substances can be sterilely packaged in pouch-type flexible containers made from webs of flexible film, sheet stock, or like material that is sealed together along the peripheral edges. There are a number of advantages to these pouch-type flexible containers, including low weight, durability, and low cost fabrication.
Various medical solutions are sterilely packaged in pouch-type flexible containers. The medical solutions can be pharmaceutical, flushes, nutrition, irrigating, respiratory therapy agents, dialysis, blood, blood products, plasma derivatives, plasma expanders, blood substitutes, anti-coagulants, blood preservatives, and the like. Such solutions can be delivered to a patient through an administration tubing set connected with the flexible container. Other medical solutions include enterals, anesthesia inhalants, veterinarian, media, and the like. The container may include one or more access tubes or fittings through which the liquid is pumped to fill initially the container during manufacture of the package and to which the administration set and
The use of bar coding to identify the contents of a container is widespread in the medical industry. For example, bar code identification systems allow a hospital to track electronically its inventory of pharmaceutical products, and the subsequent billing to the patient for the use thereof. Bar codes are also used in automated agent compounding systems to mix properly the correct and proper amounts of medical and therapeutic agents. More important, bar codes also allow hospitals to monitor its medications or other therapeutic fluids that are targeted for infusion into its patients by marking same with fixed information such as product code names or numbers.
Historically, a two-color system was implemented in bar coding systems. That is, a typical bar code consisted of black lines on a white background. When a bar code reader would read the bar code, the black lines would absorb the reader's laser light while the white spaces would reflect the reader's laser light back to the reader where the reflected information was translated into its corresponding analog counterpart. This two-color system naturally led to the development of a two-step process for printing the bar code.
First, the container was passed through a printing machine that applied a reflective (generally white) background field for the bar code. Next, the container was passed through a second printing machine that applied the dark, light-absorbing lines of the bar code over the top of the background field. One common printing method was the hot-stamping (die-cast) system.
In a hot-stamping system, a metal die is engraved in the desired image or bar code, heated to a pre-determined temperature, and applied under pressure to the substrate in order to transfer the image or bar code from the hot-stamp foil. The foil acts as the pigment (ink) carrier and is fed between the hot-stamp die and the substrate. One problem is that the die has sharp edges that oftentimes damage the flexible substrates heretofore mentioned, thus increasing the scrap rate. Still yet another problem is that the hot-stamp die is costly to produce, taking several hours, or even days, to manufacture. Accordingly, a hot-stamping system is unsuitable for printing images representative of variable information such as lot numbers, batch numbers, expiration dates or any other data that changes in a fixed time period, such as by the minute, hour, or day.
Consequently, the hot-stamping system can be used to print feasibly only fixed information such as a product's name, manufacturer, and the like. One method of overcoming this deficiency is to print labels and apply them to the product. Naturally, this increases costs and decreases production rates, as well as opens the possibility for the label(s) to fall off of the product.
Several other problems exist with the hot-stamping system as it relates to the readability of the bar codes on flexible, transparent containers such as those commonly used in the medical industry. The first problem with the readability of images printed by the hot-stamping system is that the transparent (light-absorbing) nature of the containers in such systems requires that a solid (light-reflecting) background block be printed on the container before the dark (light-absorbing) lines of the bar code can be printed thereon. Not only is there the increased cost associated with two printing passes to achieve the two colors, but it is also fundamentally difficult to print a solid background block using the hot-stamping method because air pockets commonly form in the ink, which cause voids in the block, resulting in an unreadable bar code. Additionally, because the background block naturally requires more pigment or ink than the contrasting bars, there is an increased risk for pigment extractives and leachables to exist in the container's solution.
A second problem is that because the hot-stamping system uses variable heat, variable pressure, and a fixed dwell time to transfer images or bar codes onto the substrate, there is a problem of the ink bleeding or growing too thick, which causes an unreadable bar code or poor edge definition of the bar code symbology. To correct this problem, the dies have to be redesigned, re-machined, or re-engraved at a reduced size so that when applied, the correct bar code size is achieved. Alternatively, the size of the bar code symbology, including bar spacing, could be increased if space limitations on the substrate so allowed. Both solutions, however, increase costs and decrease productivity. A third problem is that the inks in a hot-stamping system are designed to adhere to the underlying substrate, and not each other, further contributing to an unreadable bar code and mandating the development of inks that adhere to each other. Fourth, hot-stamping typically yields a bar code with a "D" or "F" American National Standards Institute (ANSI) scale read (with "A" being the highest resolved image). See e.g, American National Standard for Information Systems—Bar Code Print Quality Guidelines, by The American National Standards Institute, © 1990 by Information Technology Industry Council, and which is incorporated by reference as though set forth herein.
At least one attempt has been made to reduce the problems associated with a two-color, hot-stamping system, and is found in PCT patent application number PCT/US99/05614, bearing International Publication Number WO 99/49408, which is incorporated herein by reference as though fully set forth herein. The '408 application discloses a container bearing a negative image bar code generated using the above-described hot-stamping system (page 8, lines 22–24). The bar code is a negative image in that the light-reflecting segments of the underlying substrate correspond to the background spaces (generally white) of a traditional bar code, and the light-absorbing segments of the underlying substrate correspond to the light-absorbing dark segments (generally black) of a traditional bar code.
Even prior thereto, the ability to print a negative bar code image had been known in the art as evidenced in the publication Barcodes and Other Automatic Identification Systems, by Robert D. LaMoreaux at page 176, © 1995 by Pira International, which is incorporated herein by reference as though fully set forth herein. Notwithstanding the advantages of a one-color system, the remaining aforementioned problems with the hot-stamping system still exist, including the inability to print fixed and variable information in a single printing pass.
Unlike the hot-stamping system, the thermal transfer printing system uses a low level of heat that transfers images (such as a bar code) from a printing head under light contact with the substrate. Because the bar code is not printed under pressure, there is a superior bar code symbology edge definition. That is, thermal transfer printing generally yields bar codes with an "A" or "B" ANSI scale read. Furthermore, the present inventors found that when an "A" quality code is printed using the thermal transfer system, the same code produces a "C" quality read through a 10 mil high-density polyethylene overpouch, the overpouch being well-known in the medical art.
Another benefit of the thermal transfer printing system is that because the print head contains no sharp edges like the hot-stamp die, the print head does not damage the flexible substrate, thus reducing the scrap rate. Another benefit is that the thermal transfer printing system uses less pigment or ink that the hot-stamping system, resulting in a lower risk of leachables or extractables in the container's solution. Still another benefit is that the thermal transfer printing head yields a higher degree of flexibility than the hot-stamp die because the image information can be easily changed in a matter of minutes at an input terminal, as opposed to waiting hours, or even days, for a hot-stamp die to be redesigned, re-machined, or even re-created. There are a number of these thermal transfer systems commercially available from different manufacturers such as SmartDate® (MARKEM) and Jaguar J27i4 (Norwood Marking Systems).
Still yet another benefit of the thermal transfer printing system over the hot-stamping system is the ability to print smaller bar codes that will be accurately read. For example, the thermal transfer printing system requires on average approximately one-third to two-thirds of the length required for the hot-stamping system to print a code of a comparable symbol grade, depending on the substrate. In short, the thermal transfer printing system requires less space and provides superior bar code edge definition over the hot-stamping system. These advantages allow one to print fixed and variable information, including the label copy information, on pharmaceutical and medical agents, on either side, or both sides, of a container. Conversely, the size and resolution limitations of the hot-stamping method force one to print fixed information on one side of the container and variable information on the other side. These limitations add the manipulation of turning the container over and running a second printing pass, which in turn, increases costs and decreases productivity. Accordingly, the thermal transfer printing system affords improved cost efficiency, time efficiency, and bar code image resolution over the hot-stamping system. Notwithstanding, there still exists the problem of printing in a single pass a high resolution, one-color bar code that contains both fixed information and variable information.
The present invention is provided to solve these and other problems.

Coding symbology and a method for printing same


A roller hemming system for edge hemming vehicle closures from nested metal panels includes an anvil robot moveably supporting a hemming anvil having a working surface, a clamping spider cooperable with the anvil robot for clamping the nested metal panels on the working surface, an anvil register including a base and a registration feature for matingly positioning the hemming anvil thereto, a hemming robot including a multi-axis controllable arm, a roller hemming apparatus mounted on a distal end of the multi-axis arm, the roller hemming apparatus being moveable along edges of the nested metal panels on the anvil to hem the panels together.

It is known in the art relating to hemming to hem an upturned edge of one or more preformed metal panels to form a hemmed joint or closed panel assembly such as automotive vehicle closure panel assemblies including doors, hoods, deck lids, lift gates, and tailgates.
Conventional roller hemming processes typically require placement of a hemming workpiece into tooling or a fixture anvil having part locating features. For example, a hemming apparatus may be mounted to a multi-axis controllable robot and may include a hem roller carried by a support. The hemming apparatus is adapted for hemming a bent edge portion of the workpiece positioned on the hemming die, by rotating the hem roller under pressure along the bent portion. The roller type hemming apparatus can thus be used for continuous hemming along the contour of the edge of the workpiece. This process, however, requires the use of a dedicated robot to transport the workpiece to the hemming die and positioning of the workpiece in the die. For example, a robot separate from the roller hemming robot may move the workpiece to and from the hemming die.
Further, in conventional hemming processes, the anvil is stationary and typically is disposed horizontally in a generally parallel relationship with the floor of a hemming production work cell. This can increase production time as workpieces and the roller hemming robot must be brought to the anvil to complete the hemming process. Also, due to the disposition of the anvil, when a set of nested metal panels is positioned on the anvil for hemming, an outer panel of the set is disposed with its class "A" surface facing downward towards the floor, thereby limiting the flexibility of the hemming process.


A mold for forming tilt boss includes a slider part, a main part and a core pin. The slider part is formed with a tilt groove. The main part is formed with a tilt channel. When the slider part and the first main part are engaged, a tilt-boss forming cavity is formed. The tilt-boss forming cavity is communicated with the tilt channel and coaxial with the tilt channel. The core pin penetrates the tilt channel and one distal portion thereof is slidably engaged with the tilt groove, another distal portion thereof is protruded into the tilt-boss forming cavity. When the slider part is separated from the main part for allowing the core pin to be moved from a high point to a low point of the tilt groove, the core pin is downwardly moved along the tilt channel.

The housing of an electronic device is often formed with at least one boss which allows a screw to be locked therein. By the screw being locked in the boss, two housings can be combined and mutually locked.
However, as the electronic device being designed to be thinner and thinner, the vertical distance between the two combined housings for allowing the screw to be locked is obviously insufficient, and the inner longitudinal depth of the boss is also not deep enough, so as to affect the locking force between the two combined housings. As such, the skilled people in the art have developed a design of making the boss to be tilted for expanding the inner longitudinal depth.
However, because the boss is formed on the housing with a tilt manner, the mold for forming tilt boss cannot be processed with the vertical mold releasing, so that a novel mold design is required for achieving the required structure.


A motor grader has an ordinary direction of travel, has a forward end and a rearward end as defined by the ordinary direction of travel, and has two opposed sides. At least one set of front wheels is steerably mounted on the opposed sides of the motor grader adjacent the forward end, with one front wheel in each set mounted on each opposed side of the motor grader. At least one front wheel in each set of front wheels is movably mounted to the motor grader and can be selectively positioned such that each front wheel on one side of the motor grader is further away from the rearward end than the other front wheel in that set.

The present invention relates to heavy construction equipment, and more particularly to motor graders.
A motor grader is a self-propelled vehicle having a set of front wheels, a set of rear wheels, and an adjustable ground-contacting blade or moldboard disposed between the front and rear wheels. The motor grader is carried on large rubber tires that provide good traction on most surfaces while reducing scuffing or damage to the surface, which can be more prevalent with tracked vehicles such as bulldozers.
Motor graders are used in road construction and maintenance, as well as other applications, and allow an operator to perform a wide variety of tasks. These tasks vary from smoothing rough surfaces, to contouring and shaping surfaces both directly under the machine and down and up slopes on either side of the machine. In each case, it is the grader blade that is used to effect the modifications to the work surface.
One use of motor graders is to maintain or improve the surfaces of gravel roads. In many cases such surfaces are very rough due to the existence of imperfections in the road surface such as potholes and furrows, which are physical contours produced by water soaking into the road surface rather than running off the road into the ditches, and by the impact of vehicle tires over a period of time. The furrows often seen near stop signs are thought to be the result of vehicles accelerating and braking, thus forming ridges in the road surface that can stretch from one side to the other. Where a particular gravel road is travelled by large, heavy vehicles, such as gravel trucks, the situation can be even worse, and an initially smooth gravel road can become very rough in a short period of time. This can make the roads dangerous to travel on, and can also restrict the speed of travel.
Repairing these road surfaces with a motor grader is challenging because the configuration of a conventional motor grader requires the front wheels of the grader to travel over the rough surface before the grader blade makes contact and smoothes the surface. The rear tires of the motor grader then traverse the smoothed surface.
Most motor graders are configured with two sets of rear wheels, with one set of rear wheels mounted on each side of the motor grader. Typically, each set of rear wheels will comprise two rear wheels mounted on a tandem, with one tandem being connected to each side of the motor grader so that there is one set of two rear wheels disposed on either side of the motor grader. The tandems are pivotally connected to the body of the motor grader so as to be vertically pivotable, i.e. pivotable about a horizontal axis, with the pivot point of each tandem being located between its two respective rear wheels. As a result, the tandems are free to pivot vertically when the lead wheel of a tandem contacts an imperfection in the road surface. For example, when the lead wheel of the tandem contacts a depression in the road surface, the tandem will pivot so that the lead wheel rides into the depression while the following wheel rides on the surface preceding the depression. When the lead wheel begins to exit the depression, the tandem will pivot in the opposite rotational direction so that the lead wheel rides up out of the depression while the following wheel remains in the depression. Conversely, when the lead wheel contacts a raised area, the tandem will pivot so that the lead wheel rides up onto the raised area while the following wheel remains on the relatively flat preceding surface. When the lead wheel begins to descend the raised area, the tandem will pivot in the other rotational direction so that the lead wheel rolls on the flatter surface following the raised portion while the following wheel remains on the raised area. Because of this arrangement, the motor grader itself will be vertically displaced, relative to the road surface, by only about one half the height of the road surface imperfection. This reduces by about half the effect of such road surface imperfections on the position of the motor grader itself and consequently on the grader blade.
The front wheels of the motor grader typically do not use a tandem arrangement, but instead consist of only two wheels steerably mounted at opposed ends of a front axle. The front axle is secured to the motor grader frame so that it is perpendicular to the centre line of the motor grader. As a result, where a surface imperfection is wider than the span of the front axle, both front wheels will contact the imperfection at the same time, causing the motor grader frame to displace vertically and thus moving the grader blade up and down. This limits the operator's ability to smooth a rough road surface and generally requires multiple passes or very slow operation, or both, thereby reducing productivity.
While one possible solution to the problem described above is to configure the front wheels of a motor grader in a tandem arrangement similar to that used for the rear wheels, such an arrangement would be impractical for a number of reasons. Such an arrangement would increase the cost, complexity and maintenance requirements of the motor grader, because it would require two additional tires that would have to be periodically replaced, and would also increase the complexity of the steering mechanism. In addition, using a tandem arrangement would increase the length of the grader, making it more difficult to manoeuvre.

Motor grader with adjustable front wheel structure


A preferred embodiment is an uncoated, biodegradable corrosion resistant bone implant. The implant includes a body being uncoated and lacking any protective polymer, metallic or ceramic coating, the body being shaped to fix to a bone and/or bone fragment. The body is formed of a magnesium alloy. The magnesium alloy includes from high-purity vacuum distilled magnesium containing impurities, which promote electrochemical potential differences and/or the formation of precipitations and/or intermetallic phases. The impurities are such that the body has a strength of >275 MPa, and a ratio yield point of <0.8, wherein the difference between strength and yield point is >50 MPa.

Bone implants include orthopedic implants, dental implants, neural implants and implants generally to fix bones and/or bone fragments. An example is bone screw or wire for craniofacial fixations. Common prior material for bone implants include permanent (non-degradable) materials, e.g., titanium, CoCr alloys and titanium alloys. There is an interest in providing biodegradable bone implants, but known biodegradable implants can be mechanically inferior to the permanent implants.
Biologically degradable bone implants must provide load-bearing function during a physiologically required support time. Magnesium materials have been proposed as implant materials, particularly for vascular implants such as stents. However, the known magnesium materials however fall far short of the strength properties provided by permanent bone implants, such as the aforementioned titanium, CoCr alloys and titanium alloys. The strength Rm for permanent bone implants is approximately 500 MPa to >1,000 MPa, whereas by contrast that of the conventional magnesium materials is typically <275 MPa and in most cases <250 MPa.
Many magnesium materials, such as the alloys in the AZ group, also demonstrate a considerably pronounced mechanical asymmetry, which manifests itself in contrast to the mechanical properties, in particular the proof stress Rp under tensile or compressive load. Asymmetries of this type are produced for example during forming processes, such as extrusion, rolling, or drawing, for production of suitable semifinished products. If the difference between the proof stress Rp under tensile load and the proof stress Rp under compressive load is too great, this may lead, in the case of a component that will be subsequently deformed multiaxially, and can result in inhomogeneous deformation with the result of cracking and fracture.
Generally, due to the low number of crystallographic slip systems, magnesium alloys may also form textures during forming processes, such as extrusion, rolling or drawing, for the production of suitable semifinished products as a result of the orientation of the grains during the forming process. More specifically, the semifinished product has different properties in different spatial directions. For example, after the forming process, there is high deformability or elongation at failure in one spatial direction and reduced deformability or elongation at failure in another spatial direction. The formation of such textures is likewise to be avoided, since high plastic deformation increases the risk of implant failure. One method for largely avoiding such textures during forming is the setting of the finest possible grain before the forming process. At room temperature, magnesium materials have only a low deformation capacity characterized by slip in the base plane due to their hexagonal lattice structure. If the material additionally has a coarse microstructure, i.e., a coarse grain, what is known as twin formation will be forced in the event of further deformation, wherein shear strain takes place, which transfers a crystal region into a position axially symmetrical with respect to the starting position.
The twin grain boundaries thus produced constitute weak points in the material, at which, specifically in the event of plastic deformation, crack initiation starts and ultimately leads to destruction of the component.
If implant materials have a sufficiently fine grain, the risk of such an implant failure is then highly reduced. Implant materials should therefore have the finest possible grain so as to avoid an undesired shear strain of this type.
All available commercial magnesium materials for implants are subject to severe corrosive attack in physiological media. The prior art attempts to confine the tendency for corrosion by providing the implants with an anti-corrosion coating, for example formed from polymeric substances (EP 2 085 100 A2, EP 2 384 725 A1), an aqueous or alcoholic conversion solution (DE 10 2006 060 501 A1), or an oxide (DE 10 2010 027 532 A1, EP 0 295 397 A1).
The use of polymeric passivation layers is controversial, since practically all corresponding polymers sometimes also produce high levels of inflammation in the tissue. On the other hand, structures without protective measures of this type do not achieve the necessary support times. The corrosion at thin-walled traumatological implants often accompanies an excessively quick loss of strength, which is additionally encumbered by the formation of an excessively large amount of hydrogen per unit of time. This results in undesirable gas enclosures in the bones and tissue.
In the case of traumatological implants having relatively large cross sections, there is a need to selectively control the hydrogen problem and the corrosion rate of the implant over its structure.
Specifically, in the case of biologically degradable implants, there is a desire for maximum body-compatibility of the elements, since, during degradation, all contained chemical elements are received by the body. Here, highly toxic elements, such as Be, Cd, Pb, Cr and the like, should be avoided.
Degradable magnesium alloys are particularly suitable for producing implants that have been used in a wide range of embodiments in modern medical engineering. For example, implants are used for orthopedic purposes, for example as pins, plates or screws.
Conventional implants with magnesium materials include polymers, metal materials and ceramic materials as a coating. Biocompatible metals and metal alloys for permanent implants include stainless steels for example (such as 316L), cobalt-based alloys (such as CoCrMo cast alloys, CoCrMo forged alloys, CoCrWNi forged alloys and CoCrNiMo forged alloys), pure titanium and titanium alloys (for example cp titanium, TiAl6V4 or TiAl6Nb7) and gold alloys. Biocorrodible stents commonly use magnesium or pure iron as well as biocorrodible master alloys of the elements magnesium, iron, zinc, molybdenum and tungsten is recommended. Coatings are used to temporarily inhibit degradation, but cause other problems and can still fail to perform to permanent implant standards. There is still an ongoing need for biodegradable bone implants with a suitable in vivo corrosion rate and with simultaneous sufficient mechanical properties.
Magnesium alloy properties are determined by the type and quantity of the alloy partners and impurity elements and also by the production conditions. Some effects of the alloy partners and impurity elements on the properties of the magnesium alloys are presented in C. KAMMER, Magnesium-Taschenbuch (Magnesium Handbook), p. 156-161, Aluminum Verlag Dusseldorf, 2000 first edition and are illustrate the complexity of determining the properties of binary or ternary magnesium alloys for use thereof as implant material.
The most frequently used alloy element for magnesium is aluminum, which leads to an increase in strength as a result of solid solution hardening and dispersion strengthening and fine grain formation, but also to microporosity. Furthermore, aluminum shifts the participation boundary of the iron in the melt to considerably low iron contents, at which the iron particles precipitate or form intermetallic particles with other elements.
Calcium has a pronounced grain refinement effect and impairs castability.
Undesired accompanying elements in magnesium alloys are iron, nickel, cobalt and copper, which, due to their electropositive nature, cause a considerable increase in the tendency for corrosion.
Manganese is found in all magnesium alloys and binds iron in the form of AlMnFe sediments, such that local element formation is reduced. On the other hand, manganese is unable to bind all iron, and therefore a residue of iron and a residue of manganese always remain in the melt.
Silicon reduces castability and viscosity and, with rising Si content, worsened corrosion behavior has to be anticipated. Iron, manganese and silicon have a very high tendency to form an intermetallic phase. This phase has a very high electrochemical potential and can therefore act as a cathode controlling the corrosion of the alloy matrix.
As a result of solid solution hardening, zinc leads to an improvement in the mechanical properties and to grain refinement, but also to microporosity with tendency for hot crack formation from a content of 1.5-2% by weight in binary Mg/Zn and ternary Mg/Al/Zn alloys.
Alloy additives formed from zirconium increase the tensile strength without lowering the extension and lead to grain refinement, but also to severe impairment of dynamic recrystallization, which manifests itself in an increase of the recrystallization temperature and therefore requires high energy expenditures. In addition, zirconium cannot be added to aluminous and silicious melts because the grain refinement effect is lost.
Rare earths, such as Lu, Er, Ho, Th, Sc and In, all demonstrate similar chemical behavior and, on the magnesium-rich side of the binary phase diagram, form eutectic systems with partial solubility, such that precipitation hardening is possible.
The addition of further alloy elements in conjunction with the impurities leads to the formation of different intermetallic phases in binary magnesium alloys (MARTIENSSSEN, WARLIMONT, Springer Handbook of Condensed Matter and Materials Data, S. 163, Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York, 2005). For example, the intermetallic phase Mg17Al12 forming at the grain boundaries is thus brittle and limits the ductility. Compared to the magnesium matrix, this intermetallic phase is more noble and can form local elements, whereby the corrosion behavior deteriorates (NISANCIOGLU, K, et al, Corrosion mechanism of AZ91 magnesium alloy, Proc. Of 47th World Magnesium Association, London: Institute of Materials, 41-45).
s Besides theses influencing factors, the properties of the magnesium alloys are, in addition, also significantly dependent on the metallurgical production conditions. Impurities when alloying together the alloy partners are inevitably introduced by the conventional casting method. The prior art (U.S. Pat. No. 5,055,254 A) therefore predefines tolerance limits for impurities in magnesium alloys, and specifies tolerance limits from 0.0015 to 0.0024% Fe, 0.0010% Ni, 0.0010 to 0.0024% Cu and no less than 0.15 to 0.5 Mn for example for a magnesium/aluminum/zinc alloy with approximately 8 to 9.5% Al and 0.45 to 0.9% Zn. Tolerance limits for impurities in magnesium and alloys thereof are specified in % by HILLIS, MERECER, MURRAY: "Compositional Requirements for Quality Performance with High Purity", Proceedings 55th Meeting of the IMA, Coronado, S.74-81 and SONG, G., ATRENS, A. "Corrosion of non-Ferrous Alloys, III. Magnesium-Alloys, S. 131-171 in SCHÜTZE M., "Corrosion and Degradation", Wiley-VCH, Weinheim 2000 as well as production conditions as follows:
AlloyProductionStateFeFe/MnNiCupurenot specified0.0170.0050.01MgAZ 91pressure die castingF0.0320.0050.040high-pressure die casting0.0320.0050.040low-pressure die casting0.0320.0010.040T40.0350.0010.010T60.0460.0010.040gravity die castingF0.0320.0010.040AM60pressure die castingF0.0210.0030.010AM50pressure die castingF0.0150.0030.010AS41pressure die castingF0.0100.0040.020AE42pressure die castingF0.0200.0200.100
It has been found that these tolerance specifications are not sufficient to reliably rule out the formation of corrosion-promoting intermetallic phases, which exhibit a more noble electrochemical potential compared to the magnesium matrix.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Uncoated biodegradable corrosion resistant bone implants


A refrigerator having a main body with at least one storage compartment and a component compartment having a rear opening, the refrigerator including a cover to cover the opening of the component compartment, the cover provided with air inlets and air outlets which are spaced apart from each other; a compressor and a condenser provided in the component compartment respectively corresponding to the air inlets and the air outlets; and a fan provided between the condenser and the air outlets, to expel air within the component compartment through the air outlets.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a refrigerator, and, more particularly, to a refrigerator which increases thermal efficiency by forming a smooth airflow in a component compartment.
2. Description of the Related Art
Conventionally, a refrigerator comprises a refrigerator compartment, a freezer compartment, and a cooling system to cool items stored in the freezer compartment and the refrigerator compartment.
The conventional cooling system comprises: a compressor to compress a refrigerant; a condenser to condense the gaseous refrigerant compressed by the compressor to a liquid refrigerant; and an evaporator to evaporate the refrigerant received from the condenser while absorbing surrounding latent heat, thereby generating a cooling air in the surroundings.
As shown in FIG. 1, the refrigerator is provided with a main body 8 having at least one storing compartment, and a component compartment 1 provided in a lower part of the main body 8, the component compartment 1 having an opening on a back side of the main body 8. A cover 5 is detachably provided in the opening of the component compartment 1.
The component compartment is provided with components for a cooling system, for example, a compressor 2 and a condenser 3. A fan 4 is provided adjacent to a sidewall of the component compartment, blowing toward the compressor 2 and the condenser 3, to cool the compressor 2 and the condenser 3.
The cover 5 is provided with air inlets 7 which are disposed at a portion of the cover 5 corresponding to an inlet of the fan 4, and which allow outside air to be let in by driving the fan 4, and air outlets 6 which are disposed opposite to the air inlets 7, and which allow air which absorbs heat released from the components of the component compartment 1 to be let out.
A cooling process of the component compartment with the above configuration is described as follows, with reference to FIG. 2. The fan 4, which dissipates heat generated from the compressor 2 and the condenser 3, operates as the refrigerator operates. That is, if the fan is rotated in one direction by driving a fan motor, an outside air is let in through the air inlets of the cover 5. The inlet air passes through the condenser 3 and the compressor 2 in turns, absorbs the heat generated therefrom, and is let out through the air outlets 6 of the cover 5.
The conventional dissipation structure described above does not efficiently use a space of the component compartment 1, since the fan 4, the condenser 3, and the compressor 2 are disposed in a line. Also, the conventional dissipation structure does not smoothly let air in and out, since the air inlet 7 and the air outlets 6 are disposed parallel to a blowing direction of the fan 4. Thus, a portion of the air which absorbs the heat of the component compartment 1 remains in the component compartment 1, thereby lowering the efficiency of the refrigerator.


A method for producing a cutting tool, in particular a drill bit, is specified wherein the cutting tool has a front end (F) at the front and a rear end (R) toward the rear, wherein a tool tip is formed on the front end (F), a point thinning is ground at the tool tip with a grinding tool, the point thinning being ground to be narrower toward the front than toward the rear. The point thinning is ground with a constant point thinning angle (AW). Furthermore, a corresponding cutting tool is specified.

A drill bit has a number of cutting edges on its front end which during operation bite into the workpiece and remove material. Typically, at least two major cutting edges are formed which are connected in the center of the drill bit by what is known as a chisel edge. During operation, the major cutting edges in each case generate chips which are carried away via flutes which adjoin the major cutting edges. The flutes extend to a certain depth into the drill bit and thereby define a core or core region. The core has a core diameter, which accordingly results from the difference between an overall diameter of the drill bit and the depth of the flutes. The chisel edge is typically formed only in the region of the core.
In contrast to the major cutting edges, the chisel edge does not deploy a cutting effect, but rather displaces the material outwardly from the center. This results in a corresponding expenditure of energy and strong forces which act on the cutting tool, and in a corresponding wear. However, the negative effects of the chisel edge may be reduced by what is known as a point thinning of the cutting edge. The chisel edge is thereby shortened and then typically has a width which is less than the core diameter. The point thinning accordingly leads to a thinning of the core at the front end. To form a point thinning, the drill bit is typically machined at the front end with a grinding wheel. Various advantages then result depending on the specific type and geometry of the point thinning.

Method for producing a cutting tool, and cutting tool


An illumination optical system is configured to illuminate an optical modulator configured to modulate incident light and includes a condenser lens system that includes a meniscus lens with a concave on a light source side, and condenses light from a light source; and a spherical aberration corrector disposed on an optical modulator side of the condenser lens system. The illumination optical system satisfies:0.6<|f/L|<1.40.9<sin θ≦1.0where f is a focal length of the condenser lens system, L is a length from an object-side principal point of the condenser lens system to the light source, and θ is half an angle at which the condenser lens system takes in the light from the light source.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an illumination optical system and a projection-type display apparatus.
2. Description of the Related Art
A light source in a conventional liquid crystal projector makes parallel, by a parabolic reflector, light from a high-pressure mercury lamp in which a lamp tube extends in parallel to an optical axis, and emits the parallel light. However, a part of the light reflected by the reflector is blocked by the lamp, and the light utilization efficiency reduces. Accordingly, it has recently been proposed to use a light source with having a high diffusion power, such as a light emitting diode or a laser, or to dispose a lamp tube of a high-pressure mercury lamp perpendicular to the optical axis. It is thus important for an illumination optical system to effectively take in light from the light source with a high numerical aperture ("NA").
Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. ("JP") 2005-208571 proposes to collimate a diffused light flux taken from a light source by an aspherical lens. Further, JP 05-273644 proposes to condense a light flux taken from the light source by two Fresnel lenses.
It is important for a projection-type display apparatus, such as a liquid crystal projector, to have a small size with an improved light utilization efficiency. When the light flux from the light source is collimated by an aspherical lens as disclosed in JP 2005-208571, it is difficult to miniaturize the optical system in the subsequent stages. The technique disclosed in JP 05-273644 is advantageous in miniaturization in that the light flux is focused but taking in light from a light source having a high diffusing power requires a considerably large Fresnel, preventing the miniaturization. A tandem system configured to make parallel a flux (in a paraxial region) as disclosed in JP 2005-208571 is more advantageous in enhancing the light utilization efficiency than the focusing system disclosed in JP 05-273644.
For example, assume a liquid crystal projector that includes a pair of fly-eye lenses and a polarization converter array disposed just behind it. The polarization converter array includes micro polarization beam splitters arrayed at regular intervals, and a half waveplate stuck at every other pitch. The polarization converter array converts the non-polarized light flux from the light source into linearly polarized light in one direction. The polarization converter cannot provide a proper polarization conversion and its light utilization efficiency reduces, unless a light source image formed near a second fly-eye lens when it is viewed from the light source side is taken in an effective light area of every other pitch. In the second fly-eye lens, each lens cell thereof corresponds to each lens cell of the first fly-eye lens on a one-to-one basis, and thus the light source image shifted from the corresponding lens cells causes a loss of light. Accordingly, making the light source image formed near the second fly-eye lens a smaller spot improves the light utilization efficiency.
Assume that each of the optical systems disclosed in JPs 2005-208571 and 05-273644 is provided in front of the first fly-eye lens is assumed. Then, the method of JP 2005-208571 causes the later stage of the first fly-eye lens to be bigger in accordance with the angles of the light flux taken in from the light source. For example, the optical system that has an angle of 65° of the light flux taken from the light source becomes bigger by approximately 30% than that has the angle of 45°. Further, in the method of JP 05-273644, the image-side principal point of composite lenses of the Fresnel lens and the first fly-eye lens shifts closer to the light source side than that of the first fly-eye lens alone, causing a large paraxial magnification, a large light source image, and a reduced light utilization efficiency.

Illumination optical system and projection-type display apparatus


A composite knob having a plastic core with a front wall. A narrow passage or slit extends through the front wall of the core. A thin, elongated planar light pipe formed of a first piece of a clear light transmitting plastic and a second piece of a colored light transmitting plastic overlay attached to the light emitting edge or face of the first piece of clear light transmitting plastic. The colored plastic overlay is secured to the first piece of clear light transmitting plastic by pairs of notches and hooks which interlock during the molding of the overlay to the clear portion. The light pipe is positioned in the plastic core with the colored overlay located in the narrow passage and visible through the core from the exterior of the knob. In another embodiment, a window is formed in the front wall of a translucent plastic core. The light pipe is positioned in the translucent plastic core so as to transmit light through the window of said translucent plastic core.

This invention is directed to a composite knob having a light pipe with a colored face used as an indicator and to a light pipe for incorporation in such a composite knob.
Light pipes formed of light transmitting plastic are used in instrument panels and knobs of various types installed in vehicles and vessels. It is desirable in many such applications to provide light pipes of specific colors, rather than using a clear light pipe. However, the light transmitting capabilities of a colored plastic light pipe are usually less than that of a light pipe made from a clear light transmitting plastic. Thus, the visibility or uniformity of brightness of a colored light pipe may be severely diminished if the light pipe is unusually long or if the light source is particularly weak. It should be understood that the term color as used herein can mean any color of the spectrum including white and that the color can vary in any degree of transparency from almost clear to translucent to near opaque. The term xe2x80x9cclearxe2x80x9d refers to a material having the appearance of clear glass.
Previous attempts to provide colored light pipes have included the application of colored films to the light emitting edges of clear light pipes. Such attempts have been unsatisfactory due to inadequate adhesion between the color film and the plastic of the light pipe, the poor wearing qualities of the color film and the labor intensive nature inherent in attaching a film to a light pipe.
Accordingly, an object of this invention is a light pipe which emits a colored light yet has light transmitting characteristics almost equivalent to those of a clear light pipe.
Another object of this invention is a light pipe comprised of two plastics, one clear and the other colored, which are securely fastened to each other.
Yet another object of this invention is a light pipe comprised of a clear plastic and a colored plastic in which one or both of the clear or colored plastics may be varied in light transmitting distance thickness to balance the light output of the light pipe according to the characteristics which are desired.
Still another object of this invention is a light pipe of two plastics, one clear and the other colored, in which the light transmitting distance across the colored plastic is much shorter than the light transmitting distance across the clear light transmitting plastic.
Still a further object of this invention is a knob incorporating any of the aforementioned light pipes which light pipe is visible from the exterior of the knob either through an opening formed in the knob or through a transparent or translucent window formed in the knob.
An additional object of this invention is a multi-part light pipe is formed by molding the parts of the light pipe in a multi-step process or by pre-manufacturing some of the parts and overmolding the other parts on the pre-manufactured parts.
Other objects of the invention will be found in the following specification, claims and drawings.

Knob with a composite light pipe having a colored face and a light pipe


According to one embodiment, a wireless apparatus includes a mounting board, a semiconductor package and a first layer. The mounting board has a first surface and a second surface opposite to the first surface. The semiconductor package comprises at least one antenna and is mounted on the first surface. The first layer is a conductor formed on the second surface or between the first surface and the second surface, at least one portion of an edge of the first layer being concaved if the antenna is arranged closer to the edge than the center of the first layer when seen in thickness direction of the mounting board.

There is a method for providing, as a semiconductor package with built-in antenna, a metal plate functioning as a radiator connected with a semiconductor chip on a board within a semiconductor package, and providing a metal plate functioning as a reflector parallel to the radiator, thereby preventing from being radiated in different directions, and can be radiated in a desired direction.


A mask for use in an optical exposure apparatus with single wavelength light includes a light shielding film pattern having two spaced apart portions on a transparent substrate, a transparent thin film for shifting the phase of light transmitted through the mask disposed in the aperture between the light shielding film portions and spaced from the light shielding film portions. The resolution and contrast of the image of the pattern projected onto a wafer are enhanced and the resolution and depth of focus of the photoresist on which the pattern is projected are improved.

FIGS. 4(a) to 4(d) show a principle of patterning a mask pattern, which is generally used, in which FIG. 4(a) shows cross-sectional structures of a mask pattern and exposed wafer, FIG. 4(b) shows the amplitude distribution of the incident light on the mask pattern, FIG. 4(c) shows the amplitude distribution of light on a wafer transmitted through the mask pattern, and FIG. 4(d) shows the intensity distribution of the light on the exposed wafer.
In these figures, reference numeral 30 designates a mask pattern comprising light shielding films 1a, 1b, and 1c and a glass substrate 3. The light shielding films 1a, 1b, and 1c comprise metal such as Cr disposed on a first surface of the glass substrate 3. Reference numeral 4 designates monochromatic light incident on a second surface of the glass substrate 3. Reference numeral 40 designates a wafer which is to be exposed with the light 4 transmitted through the mask pattern 30 comprising a substrate 41 and a resist layer 42 disposed on the substrate 41.
In FIG. 4(a), when exposure light 4 having a single wavelength is incident on the mask pattern from above, the amplitude distribution of the incident light on the mask pattern 30 has the same phase as shown in FIG. 4(b). The amplitude of the incident light which has passed through the mask pattern 30 is distributed on the wafer 40 as shown in FIG. 4(c). In FIG. 4(c), the broken line represents the amplitude distribution of the light on the mask pattern 30 and the solid line represents the amplitude distribution of light on the wafer 40. When the light incident on the mask pattern 30 has the same phases and the light shielding film 1b provided in the aperture between the shielding films 1a and 1c is a fine pattern, diffracted diffraction occurs, thereby resulting in the amplitude distribution as shown by the solid line. Hence, the intensity distribution of the incident light on the wafer 40 is as shown in FIG. 4(d) and fine resist patterns cannot be produced on the substrate 41.
A phase-shifting method that has been developed in order to solve the above-described problems will be explained.
FIGS. 5(a) to 5(d) show a principle of patterning by using the phase-shifting method, in which FIG. 5(a) shows a cross-sectional view of a mask pattern in the phase-shifting method, FIG. 5(b) shows the amplitude distribution of the incident light on the mask pattern, FIG. 5(c) shows the amplitude distribution of light on the wafer which is to be exposed with the light transmitted through the mask pattern, and FIG. 5(d) shows the intensity distribution of light on the wafer transmitted through the mask pattern.
In these figures, reference numerals 1a, 1b, and 1c designate light shielding films, reference numeral 3 designates a glass substrate, reference numeral 2 designates a transparent thin film comprising an insulating film such as SiO or SiN for shifting the phase of exposure light (hereinafter referred to as a shifting film), and reference numeral 30 designates a mask pattern comprising the light shielding films 1a, 1b, and 1c, the glass substrate 3, and the shifting films 2. Reference numeral 4 designates monochromatic light. Reference numeral 40 designates a wafer which is to be exposed with the light 4 transmitted through the mask pattern 30 comprising a substrate 41 and a resist layer 42 disposed on the substrate 41.
In FIG. 5(a), the shifting film 2 is produced to invert the phase of the light transmitted through shifting film 2 by 180 degrees and the thickness thereof is represented by: EQU d=.lambda./2 (n-1)
where, d is thickness of the shifting film, ,.lambda. is wavelength of the light, and n is refractive index of the shifting film.
When the monochromatic light 4 is incident from above on the mask pattern 30 on which the shifting film 2 is produced to a required thickness d, the light at a places in the pattern where light shielding film is absent and where the shifting film 2 is present has a difference of 180 degrees in phase relative to the light at a place in the pattern where light shielding film is absent and the shifting film 2 is also absent. Therefore the amplitude distribution of light as shown in FIG. 5(b) appears on the mask pattern 30. The light which has passed through the mask pattern 30 reaches the wafer 40, and the light on the wafer 40 has the amplitude distribution of FIG. 5(c). In FIG. 5(c), the dotted line represents the amplitude distribution of the light on the mask pattern 30, and a solid line represents amplitude distribution of light on the wafer 40. As shown in this figure, since the amplitude of light on the mask pattern 30 varies due to inversion of the phase at opposite sides of the light shielding film pattern 1b, there is a place at the light shielding film pattern 1b where the amplitude of light is zero regardless of light diffracted where light shielding film is absent. In this way, as shown in FIG. 5(d), there is a place where the light intensity is zero where the light shielding film pattern 1b is located, on the substrate exposed with light, thereby enabling fine patterns to be produced.
The above-described phase-shifting method is effective in a repeating pattern of such as line and space.
On the other hand, in a case of a single pattern such as a space, a supplementary pattern which has an inverted phase is provided around the pattern to obtain fin patterns.
FIGS. 6(a) to 6(d) show a method of miniaturizing a single pattern using the phase-shifting method, disclosed in Japanese Patent Published Application No. 62-67514, in which FIG. 6(a) is a cross-sectional view of mask pattern, FIG. 6(b) shows an amplitude distribution of the incident light on the mask pattern, FIG. 6(c) shows the amplitude distribution of light on a wafer exposed with the light transmitted through the mask pattern, and FIG. 6(d) shows the intensity distribution of light on the wafer.
In all figures, like elements are given the same numerals, and reference numerals 1d to 1i designate light shielding films. Reference numerals 2c and 2d designate 180 degree phase-shifting films. Reference numeral 10 designates an aperture. Reference numerals 14a to 14d designate supplementary aperture patterns produced at both sides of the aperture pattern 10, the width of each of which is too narrow to be imaged by an optical exposure apparatus.
When patterns are transferred onto the resist film 42 provided on the substrate 41 using a mask pattern 30 shown in FIG. 6(a), the amplitude distribution of light on the mask pattern 30 is as shown in FIG. 6(b), the phase of light which has passed through the aperture patterns 14b and 14c is inverted with respect to that of light which has transmitted through the aperture patterns 14a and 14d. The amplitude and intensity distribution of light on the wafer 40 exposed with light are as shown in figures 6(c) and 6(d), respectively, and it is found that only the light which has passed through the aperture pattern 10 is largely transferred.
A method of producing the mask pattern of FIG. 5(a) will be described with reference to FIGS. 7(a) to 7(f).
Firstly, a light shielding film 1 comprising metal such as Cr is produced on the entire surface of glass substrate 3 by deposition or sputtering, and a resist film 11 is plated on the entire surface thereof. Next, the resist 11 is exposed with light to produce desired patterns using an electron beam exposure method. At this time, the light shielding film 1 is grounded to prevent the glass plate 3 from being charged with electric charges due to the light exposure (FIG. 7(a)).
Thereafter, resist patterns 11a to 11c are produced by development (FIG. 7(b)), and the light shielding film 1 is etched using the resist patterns 11a to 11c as a mask to produce light shielding film patterns 1a to 1c, and then the resist patterns 11a to 11c are removed (FIG. 7(c)).
Thereafter, the entire surface of the partially completed device is plated with resist 12 for producing a shifting film and exposed with an electron beam by an electron beam exposure method (FIG. 7(d)), and thereafter it is developed to produce a resist pattern 12a and 12b. Thereafter, a shifting film 2 comprising a transparent thin film such as SiO or SiN is vapor deposited to a desired thickness (d) using the resist pattern 12a and 12b as a mask (FIG. 7(e)), and then a shifting film pattern 2 is produced by lift-off (FIG. 7(f)).
Here, in the process of electron beam exposure of the resist film of FIG. 7(d), light shielding film pattern 1c is required to be grounded or a metal film is required to be formed on the light shielding film pattern 1c to prevent the substrate 3 from being charged by electric charges.
The mask pattern of FIG. 6(a) is produced by an electron beam exposure method in the same way as the above-described method.
The conventional phase-shifting methods used in the line-and-space repeating pattern and single pattern, both have problems in the method of producing the mask pattern 30.
In the prior art production method, photoresist 11 is plated on the glass substrate 3 which is covered with the light shielding film 1, the surface exposed using the electron beam exposure method and developed to produce resist pattern 11a to 11c light shielding film patterns 1a, 1b, and 1c are produced by etching using the resist pattern 11a to 11c as a mask, and further resist patterns 12a and 12b are produced by using electron beam exposure method and development, and shifting film 2 is produced using the lift-off method. When the electron beam exposure is carried out, grounding is required to prevent the substrate 3 from being charged by irradiation with the electron beam.
However, when the resist 12 is exposed, the light shielding film which is to be grounded is patterned, and light shielding film patterns 1a to 1c are discontinuous on the glass substrate. Therefore, only one pattern such as pattern 1c can be grounded, and the portion between the light shielding films 1a and 1b is not grounded, whereby electrons charge that portion of glass substrate 3.
This charging of substrate causes problems as in the following.
Firstly, in the process of FIG. 7(d), when the position of resist 12 to be exposed is mark-detected relative to the light shielding film patterns 1a and 1b, the mark-detected position is shifted due to the influence of electric charge collected at surface of glass substrate 3 at the time of electric beam scanning, which causes a deviation in the position of the shifting film.
Secondly, as shown in FIGS. 8(a) and 8(b), in a case where only a pattern 1d among light shielding film patterns 1a to 1d is grounded at the time of exposure, the surface of glass substrate 3 is not charged in the vicinity below the light shielding film 1d but is charged at the other portions of the surface of glass plate such as those between the light shielding films 1a and 1b and under the light shielding film 1c (FIG. 8(a)). When a shifting film is deposited by evaporation in this state, the shifting film 2' produced between the shielding films 1c and 1d becomes positionally deviated to the side of the light shielding film 1d, influenced by electric charges stored at a between the shielding films 1a and 1b as shown in FIG. 8(b).
That is, in the prior art mask pattern production method using the phase-shifting method, the substrate is likely to be charged by using the electron beam exposure method, and it is impossible to obtain a desired shifting film pattern just on the light shielding film with high precision. Therefore, there is a large obstacle when the mask pattern is desired to be fine.

Method of producing a phase shifting mask


Techniques for updating cyclic redundancy check (CRC) bytes for data sectors that have been reassigned to a new logical block address (LBA) are provided. The entire set of CRC check bytes is not recalculated each time that a data sector is reassigned to a new LBA. Instead, only the portion of the CRC check bytes effected by the new LBA are updated. An exclusive OR function is performed on the old LBA and the new reassigned LBA for a data sector. Galois Field multiplication is then performed on the result of the XOR function to generate updated portions of CRC bytes that correspond to the reassigned LBA. An exclusive OR function is then performed on the updated portions of the CRC bytes and the old CRC bytes to generate new CRC bytes.

The present invention relates to techniques for updating cyclic redundancy check bytes in a data storage system, and more particularly, to techniques for updating cyclic redundancy check bytes to correspond to a reassigned logical block address.
A computer host system can store bytes of data onto a magnetic hard disk using a disk drive. The disk drive writes the data bytes onto the magnetic hard disk using a write element. Disk drives systems typically write data bytes onto disks in 512 byte long sectors. Each sector is associated with a logical block address (LBA) that identifies the location of the sector on the disk. The host system transfers data bytes and corresponding LBAs for each sector to the disk drive.
The disk drive generates error correction code (ECC) check bytes and cyclic redundancy check (CRC) bytes to correct errors in the data bytes. ECC and CRC engines generate the check bytes as soon as the disk drive receives the data bytes from the host. The ECC and CRC check bytes are used to protect the data bytes from errors using well known encoding processes.
ECC and CRC engines seed both the data bytes and the LBA into the encoding processes used to generate the ECC and CRC check bytes for each sector. The LBA is not written onto the disk. However, the ECC and CRC engines treat the data bytes and the LBA for a sector as one set of bytes that is used to generate the ECC and CRC check bytes.
When the disk drive system reads data from the disk, the ECC and CRC engines decode the ECC and CRC bytes to detect and correct errors within the data bytes. The ECC engine points out which of the data bytes within a sector, if any, contain errors. The ECC engine can calculate the location and the value of errors within the sector. For example, the ECC engine may determine that one or more of the data bytes within a sector contain errors. The ECC engine can correct up to a programmable number of errors within the data bytes.
As another example, the ECC engine may determine that one or more the of LBA bytes that correspond to a sector of data contain errors. If the LBA encoded into the ECC check bytes does not match the LBA from which the data was read, the ECC engine determines that the disk drive read data from the wrong sector.
Magnetic disks often contain small defects. These defects prevent data from being accurately written onto and read from portions of the disk. Prior art systems have been developed to log the sectors of a disk that contain such defects. These logs record the logical block addresses (LBAs) of the sectors on a particular disk that contain defects. When a host computer system attempts to write data bytes to an LBA, the disk drive system checks to see if that LBA is recorded in the log as an LBA that contains a defect.
If the LBA for a sector of data is recorded in the defect log list, the disk drive system reassigns the data to a different LBA on the disk that does not contain a defect. The LBA reassignment process occurs after the CRC engine has calculated the CRC check bytes and stored the data and check bytes into DRAM. Thus, the CRC check bytes were calculated based on the old LBA. After the data bytes have been assigned a new sector with a new LBA, the CRC check bytes that were calculated based on the old LBA can no longer be relied upon to correct errors in the data.
The CRC engine can calculate new CRC bytes using the new LBA and replace the old CRC bytes with the new CRC bytes. However, this process uses a substantial amount of system time.
Also, the CRC engine must recalculate the CRC bytes based on data bytes that have temporarily been stored in DRAM before they are written onto the disk. The DRAM often introduces errors into the data bytes depending on the soft error rate of the DRAM. If the DRAM introduces errors into the data bytes, the new CRC bytes will be based on corrupted data bytes. Thus, if the new CRC bytes are subsequently used to detect errors in the sector, the CRC engine will restore the data bytes to the corrupted data values.
Therefore, it would be desirable to provide faster and more accurate techniques for updating CRC check bytes for data bytes that have been reassigned to a new LBA.

Error correction/detection code adjustment for known data pattern substitution

Hitachi Global Storage Technologies Netherlands B.V.


This hinge assembly comprises a lid with a covering web and a hinge adapted for enabling an angular movement of the lid between an open position and a closed position, the hinge including a first cam and a first counter-cam, the first cam and the first counter-cam cooperating over a first angular range. The hinge comprises an additional cam and an additional counter-cam cooperating over an additional angular range. The first angular range and the additional angular range overlap over an angular overlap range that amounts to at least 60° and over the entire range of which both the first cam and counter-cam and the additional cam and counter-cam cooperate simultaneously. The device can be used for road manholes.

Document EP 1 013 833 describes a hatch for accessing underground galleries and works provided with a frame and a lid, the lid being adapted to close an opening delimited by the frame.
The lid is hinged to the frame using a hinge that comprises a hinge pin 13 fixed to the frame and a groove 19 formed in the lid. The access hatch also has a heel 20 with a flat surface fixed to the frame and lugs 26 protruding from the lid. The lugs comprise a rounded cam surface that bears on the heel when the lid is opened (see column 5, lines 2 to 29 of EP 1 013 833).
The hinge pin 13 is fastened to the frame via tabs 12 welded to a plate, which in turn is fastened to the frame and the underground chamber by screws or bolts. Such a hinge is, however, fragile because under the force of the lid during repeated opening and closing operations, the screws or bolts for fastening the plate can loosen and cause poor positioning of the plate, and therefore of the hinge pin, thereby causing jamming and poor closing of the lid. Moreover, under the force of the lid during hinging, the tabs 12 supporting the hinge pin can fold, or even separate from the plate in the event of weld breaks, thereby again leading to a defective hinging.
Furthermore, the hinge in this document is costly and complicated to produce due to the many shaping and welding steps needed to develop the plate having the hinge pin.
Document FR 2 765 255 describes an access hatch comprising a frame and a plurality of lids. The lids can be moved from a closed position to an open position and are kept in a completely open position owing to a support piece cooperating with one edge of the lid.
This device does not allow positive guiding of the lid between its closed position and its open position and is also difficult to manufacture due to the large number of components.

Hinge assembly and corresponding road device


The textile belt (1) is made of a textile material and is used for a screen, conveyor belt or the like. The belt has attached to loops at end edges of belt ends, helical coils (4) which can be intertwined with adjacent helical coils and held together by means of an insertion wire, an insertion pin or the like which can be inserted into the intertwined helical coils. The helical coil (4) is divided at each end edge into at least three portions, namely two narrow edge portions (7) and a central portion (3), and each helical coil portion is connected to loops at the belt end edges independently of the other portions.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a textile belt, such as a screen, conveyor belt or the like, wherein attached to the end edges of the belt ends are helical coils which can be intertwined with each other and held together by means of an insertion wire, insertion pin or the like which can be inserted.
Belts of this type are particularly used in de-watering techniques, for example for de-watering sludge, for de-watering pulp or for use in paper machines. The conventional widths of such belts range between 1.5 and approximately 8m.
2. Description of the Prior art
A belt of the present type is described for example in EP 0 564 436 A1 of the applicant and still further literature is mentioned in this document.
The use of helical coils on the end edges of the belt has proven to be particularly advantageous, since the helical coils attached to opposite end edges of the belt can be easily intertwined with each other and can be connected by means of an insertion wire. Other methods of attachment, e.g. loops, which protrude from the belt fabric and lie in parallel with each other, together with an insertion wire, are in practice by far not as convenient as helical coils. It has, however, been shown in practice that even if one helical coil is damaged, this coil can easily continue to tear and to become detached from the belt. The repair work which would be necessary in such a case is extremely time-consuming and requires that the relevant machine, on which the belt, e.g. the screen is used, be closed down.


An electronic device according to various embodiments of the present disclosure includes one or more antennas, one or more communication circuits electrically connected to at least one of the one or more antennas, a processor electrically connected to the one or more communication circuits or included in the one or more communication circuits, and a memory electrically connected to the processor. The memory can store instructions which, when executed, cause the processor to identify a status of a network connected to the electronic device, to determine a communication scheme corresponding to the network status among a plurality of communication schemes which provide a tethering service, to broadcast a signal which comprises information for identifying the electronic device, using the determined communication scheme, and, based on at least part of a signal received from an external electronic device, to establish a connection with the external electronic device for the tethering service.

With development in information communication technology and semiconductor technology, a variety of electronic devices are advancing into multimedia devices which provide various multimedia services.
An electronic device can provide a tethering service which enables other electronic device to use a wireless Internet service. Tethering allows the electronic device having Internet connection functionality to provide the Internet connection service to other electronic device which requires Internet connection.
For example, the electronic device which provides the tethering service can serve as an Access Point (AP) in order to provide the tethering service to an external electronic device which receives the tethering service. The external electronic device can access a host device which serves as the AP over a wireless network and thus transmit and receive data for the wireless Internet service.
In a conventional tethering technique, the electronic device provides the tethering service without considering a status of the external network (e.g., backhaul network) connected to the electronic device, and accordingly is subject to problems such as battery consumption, heat, data charge, and resource waste.

Method for providing tethering service and electronic device supporting the same


An electrical machine has an armature with armature grooves for accommodating an armature winding and which is non-rotatably supported on an armature shaft, wherein at least one heat-conducting element is provided in the region of at least one end face of the armature.

The present invention relates to an electrical machine, in particular a universal motor.
Universal motors are used widely, e.g, in power tools. Since, with universal motors, electric current flows through the armature winding and the excitation winding, a great deal of heat is produced, which gradually heats up the entire motor. To prevent damage that could be caused by the motor heating up, it must be ensured that the motor is cooled adequately. With power tools, air is drawn in from the outside, e.g., through a fan wheel, for cooling, as described, e.g., in DE 102 56 805 A. The fan wheel is mounted non-rotatably on the armature shaft between the armature and gearbox. When the fan wheel rotates, it generates an air flow which flows axially through the power tool and carries heat to the outside.
To achieve good cooling, as much as air as possible must be transported through the power tool. High air throughput means a high flow rate, however, which can be associated with undesired fan noises under certain circumstances. In addition, when the cooling air flows through the power tool, it only passes over the surface of the armature and the stator. With universal motors with a small armature diameter in particular, the surface of the armature and the stator is correspondingly small, so that a relatively small amount of heat can be given off to the cooling air by the armature and the stator. Cooling using a fan wheel is therefore inadequate.


The present invention provides a small-sized slide adjusting device for use in a forging press manufactured by a simplified manufacturing process. An adjusting lever is provided with a nut receiving section, and a nut to be received in the nut receiving section is provided with turning shafts in axial alignment. A mounting hole is provided through two sides of the receiving section, a disc having an eccentric through hole is fitted in each mounting hole, and the turning shafts of the nut are fitted in a respective through hole. In one embodiment the nut is provided with a female screw situated at a right angle to the axial alignment direction of the turning shafts, and one end of the screw is connected to a motor mounted on a slide. In the slide adjusting device of this construction, a variation in height occurs due to the circular arc motion at the time of inclined movement of the adjusting lever making a center of a wrist pin a fulcrum followed by turning movement of the disc and turning shafts. Every slide adjusting movement which occurs is performed in a turning slide manner, whereby concentration of stress is alleviated resulting in a small-sized device.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a slide adjusting device for use in forging press.
2. Prior Arts
As is well known, generally in a forging press, the upper section of a connecting rod is placed on an eccentric part of a crankshaft from the outside, and the lower section is divided into two fork-like parts in which a wrist pin is received by the top ends of the two fork-like parts. Since the wrist pin is inserted in the slide to support the slide at two ends in a suspended manner, the eccentric motion of the crankshaft is transformed to a vertical motion of the slide through the connecting rod and wrist pin, whereby a work piece held between an upper mold attached to the lower part of the slide and a lower mold mounted on a bed, is pressed to be forged by the mold.
The shape and size of the products formed by one forging press are not always constant, and the weight and volume of the work pieces to be forged vary at all times. Accordingly, the optimum load for pressing a work piece is not constant but should be adjusted whenever required. In an automatic continuous forging system equipped with a transfer machine for transferring consecutively work pieces using a plurality of molds, appropriate adjustment of the total load applied vertically from above is required, depending upon whether every mold is charged with a work piece or only a part of the molds is charged therewith. If this adjustment is not appropriate, there may arise such disadvantages as breakdown of the molds, insufficient forging, etc. As for the method of such adjustment, it has been popularly performed by adjusting the die height position by moving the vertically position of the slide, and actually several attempts for adjusting the slide of forging presses have been heretofore proposed.
In Japanese Utility Model Registration Publication (examined) No. 32478/1984, a device for adjusting the slide position is disclosed as shown in FIG. 5, and in which an adjusting lever 3a having an eccentric center Q1 dislocated from the center Q2 of a wrist pin 6a is disposed for turning the wrist pin. An adjusting screw 7a and a nut 5a mate with each other and are fixed to the adjusting lever 3a.The vertical position of the slide may be freely adjusted by turning the adjusting screw 7a either forwardly or reversely. It is described in this publication that since one end of the adjusting screw is movably supported at a cylinder mounted on the slide, adjustment of the slide position may be carried out by the vertical motion of the slide without reducing cylinder pressure.
In Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication (unexamined) No. 75500/1990, another slide adjusting device is disclosed as shown in FIGS. 6, 7(A) and 7(B). A bearing section 32b is provided which is located in the middle part of an eccentric shaft 31b. The adjusting lever 3b is of an adjusting lever 3b disposed eccentrically from the center of two wrist pins 6b which are engaged with front end of a connecting rod 1b from the outside. Two sliders 101 are connected with each other through a link pin 102 and are received engagedly in the bearing section 32b so that a rod 9b inserted through the middle part of the link pin 102 and fixed thereto is coupled respectively with large and small cylinders 106, 104 each fixed to a slide 2b. One end of the rod 9b is fixed to a piston 105 sliding in the small cylinder 104 and the other end is fixed to another piston 107 sliding in the large cylinder 106. Accordingly, when supplying actuation oil into the large and small cylinders under equal feed pressure, a difference is produced in the force applied to the rod due to the difference between the areas of the two cylinders, whereby the rod is moved to the left, i.e., a load is applied so as to move the slide 2b downward (FIG. 6), thus enabling an adjustment which increases the load applied to a working piece (material).
Generally in the forging press of the mentioned type, slide adjustment is difficult by reason of space and, therefore, the adjustment has been preformed in most cases by providing an inclination on the lower side of a bolstar, i.e., by means of a wedge. It may be said that this well known adjustment method was largely improved by the previously mentioned prior art disclosed in Publication Nos. 32478/1984 and 75500/1990 from the viewpoint of simple operation and control. On the other hand, several disadvantages to be overcome still remain in these forging presses. That is, as shown in FIG. 5, the nut 5a performs a circular arc motion and together with the adjusting lever 3a establishes the center Q2 of the wrist pin as a fulcrum. Since the axis of the adjusting screw is linear, in order to perform such a circular arc motion, it is essential to dispose at least one universal joint 108 in the middle part of the adjusting screw to absorb a displacement between the linear motion and circular arc motion by curvature. As a result, the upper limit of the slide adjustable quantity is defined depending upon the performance of the universal joint, and the value of the upper limit is not so high at present.
Then, in the prior art shown in FIG. 6, the inclining motion of the adjusting lever is not performed by any forced drive, being different from the former prior art (FIG. 5), but the sliders 101 engagedly received in the bearing section 32b slide vertically and the link pin 102 held between the two sliders turns as it is held, moving horizontially along the straight rod 9b disposed through the link pin 102 and fixed thereto. Thus the adjusting lever 3b moves with the required inclination. In other words, as compared with the former prior art, the adjustable quantity of the slide is easily increased and therefore this latter prior art can meet large variations in the forging conditions, such as the shape of the mold. However, a still further problem to be overcome exists in manufacturing an apparatus of the mentioned construction. More specifically, the sliders 101 engagedly received in the bearing section 32b are in tight contact with the inside 32b-1 in the bearing section at four sides 101-1 thereof. The sliders 101 slide by receiving the movement of the rod through this surface contact. Accordingly, if the surface contact is insufficient at any of the four sides, looseness or backlash may arise inhibiting accurate slide adjustment. Thus, accuracy or precision in finish of such surfaces is a fatally important element in this prior art. However, it is not easy to finish internal surfaces of such a box-shaped member as used in this prior art precisely so as to achieve the mentioned slidable tight contact on each of the plural flat faces. Somewhat troublesome and high techniques are required for machining and assembling. Moreover, since bending stress is applied without fail to the rod 9b in this construction, a strength sufficient to handle such bending is required and, as a result, every component or member is obliged to be large-sized, which is a further disadvantage of these designs.

Slide adjusting device for use in forging press


The present invention relates to an improved method for treatment of feed water for swine to reduce odor and water pollution arising from lagoon slurry while at the same time improving live performance and carcass data. The inventive method comprises the steps of a) producing a gaseous mixture supply of ozone and oxygen gas from ambient air; b) effecting directing contact between said gaseous mixture derived from step (a) with a supply of water by means of a venturi injector device to produce a solution of said gaseous mixture and said supply of water; c) continuing said contact between said gaseous mixture and said water supply until the content of ozone in said water supply is within a range of from about 0.5 parts per million to about 10 parts per million, and the content of oxygen is about 80-97% saturation; and d) providing the resultant water supply from step (c) for use as feed water to swine.

The present invention relates to an improved method for treatment of swine to reduce odor and water pollution arising from lagoon slurry while at the same time improving live performance and carcass data.
In U.S. Pat. No. 4,932,400 the instant inventor disclosed a novel method and apparatus for inhibiting shipping fever in livestock which further improved digestibility of consumed feed. In more detail, the Persinger invention provided a unique method comprising the steps of producing a supply of ozone and nitrous oxide gas from ambient air; effecting direct contact between the ozone and nitrous oxide gas and a supply of water by means of a bubbler device to produce a prescribed hydrogen peroxide-nitrous oxide content; continuing such contact to a prescribed range and providing the resultant water supply for use as feed water to the livestock to be treated. Accordingly, by consumption of the unique resultant solution, the treated livestock was found to have increased digestibility of feed. Such treatment was further found to inhibit the growth of pathogenic organisms, thus inhibiting cattle disease such as shipping fever.
The virtues of treating water with ozone gas has long been recognized. For instance, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,176,061, issued to Stopka, there is described an apparatus and method for treatment of fluid with ozone. As recognized by the Stopka patent disclosure, the ability of ozone to purify drinking water has been appreciated for some time. According to Bringmann, the rate of destruction of bacteria by ozone is one to two orders of magnitude faster than chlorine. Bringmann, G., 1954 Determination of The Lethal Activity of Chlorine and Ozone on E. Coli, Zhyg. Infektionskar. 139: 130-139.
Among known treatment solutions it is generally recognized that ozone treatment of water will remove several undesirable substances: including pathogens such as fungi, mercpatans and E. coli bacteria, pesticide, etc.
A variety of apparatus is also known for such purposes.
For instance, U.S. Pat. No. 3,726,404 discloses an apparatus for purifying water wherein a batch of water is contained in a tank and fine bubbles of ozone are allowed to rise through the water. Once the batch of water is treated with sufficient amount of ozone, the batch is transferred to a storage tank.
In more detail, one suitable ozone generator means is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,308,844 issued to James Persinger on Jan. 5, 1982. The apparatus, disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,308,844, comprises an ozone generator cell which acts on ambient air supply. The generator cell produces ozone, oxygen and oxygen ions in the air supply. The generator cell comprises metallic plates and disposed adjacent to one another and separated from each other by a dialectic material and an air gap.
A potential is induced across the adjacent plates and causing ionization of oxygen and nitrogen in the air flowing through the gap which results in the production of ozone gas, nitrous oxide an ionizing air particles.
The popularity of pigs has had its highs and lows throughout history. Various societies revered pigs as godlike animals; others sacrificed them to the gods. At one time they were blamed for carrying leprosy and other diseases. To this day, some religions reject pigs as unclean.
Pigs belong to the order Artiodactyla, which includes many other even-toed animals such as deer, camels, giraffes, antelopes, goats, sheep, and cattle. Most of the animals in this order are ruminants, meaning animals that have complex stomachs and chew their cud. The pig, however, has a single stomach much like our own.
Newborn pigs are about 90% water. As they grow older, about 70% of their body is water. Water is contained in the body cells, the lymph system, joint fluid, blood, and other body fluids. Every day, the pig loses water through its urine, feces, respiration, evaporation from the skin, and sweating.
Water is necessary to dissolve nutrients so that they can be absorbed by the body. Water-soluble wastes are eliminated from the body as urine and sweat. Solid wastes are softened by water in the digestive tract before they are eliminated.
Most of the water that is lost by the body must be replenished, or the pig will become dehydrated. This water is replaced mainly by drinking. Water is also found in all foodstuffs, even grains and pellets that look dry. A pig will drink between about 7 and 20% of its body weight in water each day.
Typically in farm environments, pigs are caged or otherwise confined in pens having a floor of openwork construction to allow animal waste to pass through while maintaining the animals in a dry condition.
Elongated troughs are provided underneath the cages or pens and are positioned for receiving and collecting the animal waste passing through the floors of the cages while facilitating periodic inspection of the animal waste for locating any unhealthy animals and segregating them from the healthy animals. A water supply is provided at a corresponding end of the elongated troughs for periodically directing a stream of wash water along the troughs to flush away the animal waste from below the cages to a slurry pit or lagoon.
Preferably several times a day, valves in the flush water supply pipes are opened and the accumulated waste in the troughs is flushed from the troughs and directed out of the confinement building. A lagoon may be suitably located near the confinement building, and the flush water and waste may be directed from the building and into the lagoon along a suitable channel.
During the time that the pigs are maintained in the cage, the temperature and humidity conditions within the building are controlled and sufficient outside air is introduced into the building to replenish the oxygen supply and to remove odors.
While representing an efficient and effective means for pig rearing, the presence of slurry pits or lagoons represents significant odor and water pollution problems. It has been determined that a significant cause of this odor pollution is ammonia, nitrogen, sulfur, and volatile fatty acid content of the pit slurry waste. Accordingly, those skilled in the art have recognized a significant need to reduce odor and water contaminants in such pit slurry while at the same time improving live performance and carcass data. The present invention fulfills these needs.

Method for treatment of feed water for swine


A method of manufacturing a semiconductor device, includes forming an aluminum compound film on a surface of a process chamber by supplying an aluminum (Al) source to the process chamber, the surface contacting the aluminum source in the process chamber; disposing a wafer on a susceptor provided in the process chamber after forming the aluminum compound film; and forming a thin film for the semiconductor device on the wafer.

1. Field
The present disclosure relates to a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device, for example, to a deposition apparatus and a method of maintaining a deposition apparatus as well as a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device.
2. Description of the Related Art
Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) apparatuses are devices for forming thin films on target deposition bodies such as semiconductor wafers via a chemical reaction. A compound thin film may be grown through a chemical reaction by injecting a source gas into a process chamber under conditions of high temperature and high pressure.

Method of manufacturing semiconductor device and method of maintaining deposition apparatus


There are provided a hard-coated antiglare film with high hardness, high scratch resistance and good antiglare properties, a method of manufacturing the film, an optical element using the film, and an image display including the film or the optical element. The hard-coated antiglare film of the invention includes a transparent film substrate and a hard-coating layer that contains fine particles and is formed on at least one side of the transparent film substrate, wherein the hard-coating layer has a thickness of 15 μm to 30 μm, the fine particles have an average particle size of 30% to 75% of the thickness of the hard-coating layer, and the fine particles form unevenness with a θa value of 0.4° to 1.5° according to JIS B 0601.

As LCDs, one of many types of image displays, have been technically improved to provide wide viewing angles, high resolution, high response, good color reproduction, and the like, applications of LCDs are spreading from laptop personal computers and monitors to television-sets. In a basic LCD structure, a pair of flat glass substrates each provided with a transparent electrode are opposed via a spacer to form a constant gap, between which a liquid crystal material is placed and sealed to form a liquid crystal cell, and a polarizing plate is formed on the outside surface of each of the pair of glass substrates. In a conventional technique, a glass or plastic cover plate is attached to the surface of a liquid crystal cell in order to prevent scratches on a polarizing plate bonded to the surface of the liquid crystal cell. However, the placement of such a cover plate is disadvantageous in terms of cost and weight. Thus, a hard-coating process has gradually been used to treat the surface of polarizing plates.
When hard-coating treatment is performed on a transparent plastic film substrate to produce a hard-coated film, thermosetting resins or ionizing radiation-curable resins such as ultraviolet (UV)-curable resins are generally used to form a thin hard-coating layer with a thickness of about 2 to 10 μm on the transparent plastic film. If such resins are applied to a glass material, the resulting hard-coating layer can exhibit a pencil hardness of 4H or more. If a hard-coating layer with an insufficient thickness is formed on a transparent plastic film substrate, however, the pencil hardness of the layer can be generally affected by the substrate and reduced to 3H or less.
LCD applications have come to include home television sets, and thus it is easily expected that the users of general home television sets should handle LCD television sets in the same manner as in the case of glass CRT television sets. Glass CRTs have a pencil hardness of about 9H, which significantly differs from that of current hard-coated films. Thus, hard-coated films have been required to have higher hardness, even if it cannot reach a pencil hardness of 9H.
An increase in the hardness of hard-coated films is possible by increasing the thickness of their hard-coating layer. However, the increase in layer thickness can cause a problem in that the particles are completely buried in the hard-coating layer and cannot provide sufficient antiglare properties. The addition amount of the fine particles may be increased to improve the antiglare properties, but in such a method, the number of the particles is increased in the layering direction, which causes a problem of high haze value. Recently, therefore, methods for overcoming the drawbacks of trying to achieve high hardness of hard-coated films, such as antiglare properties and an increase in haze value, have been proposed, as disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open (JP-A) Nos. 11-286083, 2000-326447, 2001-194504, and 2001-264508.
JP-A No. 11-286083 discloses an antiglare film comprising a transparent substrate film and a hard-coating layer that is formed on the transparent substrate film and mainly composed of particles with an average particle size of 0.6 to 20 μm, fine particles with an average particle size of 1 to 500 nm and a hard-coating resin. It also discloses that the thickness of the hard-coating layer is at most the particle size of the particles, preferably at most 80% of the average particle size (specifically at most 16 μm). However, such a thickness of the hard-coating layer has a problem in that sufficient hardness cannot be provided.
JP-A No. 2000-326447 discloses a hard-coated film comprising a plastic substrate film and at least one hard-coating layer formed on at least one side of the substrate film, wherein the hard-coating layer has a thickness of 3 to 30 μm, and the hard-coating layer contains inorganic fine particles with secondary particle sizes of at most 20 μm. It also discloses that the surface of the hard-coating layer is provided with unevenness so as to provide antiglare properties. Such a structure is, however, designed regardless of surface roughness of the hard-coating layer, and the structure having inorganic fine particles completely buried in the hard-coating layer has a problem in that sufficient antiglare properties cannot be provided.
JP-A No. 2001-194504 discloses an antireflection film comprising a plastic film and a laminate that is formed on at least one side of the plastic film and comprises a hard-coating layer and a thin antireflection film layer mainly composed of a metal alkoxide and a hydrolysate thereof, wherein the hard-coating layer has an elastic modulus of 0.7 to 5.5 GPa at its breaking strain or lower. It also discloses that the hard-coating layer has a thickness of 0.5 μm to 20 μm and that the hard-coating layer contains fine particles with an average particle size of 0.01 to 10 μm. According to the technique disclosed in JP-A No. 2001-194504, although hardness and scratch resistance can be improved, there is a problem in that fine particles are completely buried in the hard-coating layer and can not provide sufficient antiglare properties, for example, when fine particles with an average particle size of about 1.8 μm are added to a hard-coating layer with a thickness of about 20 μm.
JP-A No. 2001-264508 discloses an antiglare antireflection film comprising a transparent support and a laminate that is formed on the support and sequentially comprises an antiglare hard-coating layer containing particles with an average particle size of 1 to 10 μm and a low-refractive-index layer with a refractive index of 1.35 to 1.49 produced with a composition containing inorganic fine particles with an average particle size of 0.001 to 0.2 μm, a hydrolysate of a photo-curable organosilane and/or a partial condensate thereof, and a fluoropolymer, wherein the antiglare antireflection film has a haze value of 3 to 20% and an average reflectance of at most 1.8% at wavelengths of 450 nm to 650 nm. It also discloses that the antiglare hard-coating layer has a thickness of 1 to 10 μm. The invention disclosed in JP-A No. 2001-264508 has a problem in that sufficient hardness is not provided, while it is provided for the purpose of improving scratch resistance, antiglare properties or the like.

Hard-coated antiglare film and method of manufacturing the same