The present invention relates to colorful regenerated asphalt-concrete and to a method for manufacturing same. More particularly, disclosed are colorful regenerated asphalt-concrete using recycled aggregates from waste asphalt and to a method for manufacturing same, in which products obtained from the thermal decomposition of waste asphalt are mixed with new aggregates and asphalt, and a pigment and an ultraviolet-ray blocker are mixed into the mixture, to thereby not only improve the physical properties of the regenerated asphalt concrete, but also maintain the color of the regenerated asphalt concrete over a long period of time, thus achieving improved weather resistance and durability.

Asphalt concrete is a composite material of asphalt and concrete and is importantly used in construction of roads, etc. However, because such asphalt concrete should be replaced after a predetermined period of time, social problems for treating waste asphalt concrete occur. There is thus a high interest in recycling waste asphalt concrete. Asphalt employed in the asphalt concrete is a final residue upon refining of crude oil and is regarded as a kind of pollutant. Hence, when waste asphalt concrete is discarded on the ground or buried underground, underwater and streams or rivers may be polluted by asphalt contained therein, undesirably incurring serious pollution problems. The waste asphalt concrete is classified as industrial waste, and thorough research into recycling it is ongoing. In this regard, a conventional method of manufacturing regenerated asphalt concrete includes pre-treating waste asphalt concrete through grinding and separation of impurities, heating it using an indirect heating type dryer at 130˜150° C. so as to be stored in a silo, adding a predetermined amount of novel asphalt concrete based on the waste asphalt concrete, and mixing an additive. In the conventional method as above, however, the waste asphalt concrete is not uniformly coated with the additive, and whitening may occur due to oxidation of the waste asphalt concrete. Furthermore, because the asphalt used in paved roads is exposed to air over the course its use, collected waste asphalt concrete inevitably contains partially oxidized aged asphalt. When the oxidized aged asphalt of the waste asphalt concrete is not appropriately treated but is mixed with novel materials and used for road pavement, serious cracking may take place soon after pavement.
Moreover, by virtue of changes in human lifestyles, there are many cases of colored road pavement so as for visual beauty and harmony with the surrounding areas. Such roads make the surrounding areas beautiful and harmonize with the peripheral environment and are thus intended to compliment nature, rather than just being responsible for the easy passage of vehicles and persons.
Accordingly, many attempts are being made to apply a variety of colors in lieu of the conventional asphalt concrete pavement dark gray appearance. With the recent trend of further highlighting the importance of the environment and urban aesthetics, the demand for colored asphalt concrete pavement is increasing. Colored asphalt concrete pavement increases the appearance, and also is utilized in construction of bus lanes, pedestrian crossings, bicycle lanes, etc. by various colors thereof to thereby ensure visual effects so as to be able to increase stability for drivers or pedestrians.
However, conventional colored regenerated asphalt concrete is easily discolored, undesirably deteriorating weather resistance and durability.

Method for manufacturing colorful discoloration-resistant regenerated asphalt-concrete using recycled aggregates from waste asphalt-concrete


Copolymers of ethylene and α-olefins having (a) a density in the range 0.900-0.940 g/cm3, (b) a melt index MI2 (2.16 kg, 190° C.) in the range 0.01-50 g/10 min, (c) a molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn, by conventional GPC) in the range 2.0-4.5, (d) a comonomer partition factor, Cpf>1, and (e) a melt index MI2 (2.16 kg, 190° C.) normalized Dow Rheology Index (DRI), [DRI/MI2] in the range 3-20. The copolymers may be prepared using catalyst systems containing activating supports. The copolymers are suitably prepared in the gas phase preferably in a single reactor. The copolymers exhibit unique properties in particular with respect to their rheology.

The use of the activating supports, in particular with metallocene catalysts, provide advantages for operation in both gas and slurry phase processes for the polymerization of ethylene or the copolymerization of ethylene and α-olefins having from 3 to 10 carbon atoms.
In recent years there have been many advances in the production of polyolefin homopolymers and copolymers due to the introduction of single site catalysts such as metallocene catalysts. Metallocene catalysts offer the advantage of generally a higher activity than traditional Ziegler catalysts and are usually described as catalysts which are single site in nature.
The above single site catalyst systems such as metallocene complexes may be used for the polymerization of olefins in solution, slurry or gas phase. When used in the slurry or gas phase the metallocene complex and/or the activator are suitably supported. Typical supports include inorganic oxides eg. silica or polymeric supports may alternatively be used.
Examples of the preparation of supported metallocene catalysts for the polymerization of olefins may be found in WO 94/26793, WO 95/07939, WO 96/00245, WO 96/04318, WO 97/02297 and EP 642536.
The above supported polymerization catalyst systems may in some cases lead to certain disadvantages such as cost, instabilities as well as poor morphology of the resultant polymers as well as problems with gels and the like when subsequently transformed into films and other articles.
In recent years attempts have been made to replace the activator or cocatalyst components of the supported polymerization catalyst systems by use of activating supports.
EP 906920 describes fluorine-containing activator solid supports for metallocenes wherein the surface of the support has been modified by aluminium (or magnesium) Lewis-acid sites of formula Al—F or AlF2. The supports are prepared by a method comprising reaction of the surface —OH radicals with a functionalisation agent followed by fluorination.
Our copending application EP 10195224.0 describes activating supports prepared by use of fluorinated alcohols and phenols. Such supports may typically be used in the presence of metallocene complexes for polymerisations performed in both the slurry and gas phase.


Color photographic elements, especially color photographic papers, can be more rapidly color developed (up to 25 seconds) in the presence of a color developing solution containing a selectively diffusible color development photochemical such as a development inhibitor. Despite the shortened processing time, color balance within the three color records of such elements is maintained. The selectively diffusible color development photochemical has size and structure that enables it to have sufficient solubility in the color developing composition, and to selectively diffuse into the topmost red-sensitive emulsion layers of the processed color papers only.

Multicolor, multilayer photographic elements are well known in the art. Such materials generally have three different selectively sensitized silver halide emulsion records coated on one side of a single support. Each color record has one or more silver halide emulsion layers having components useful for forming a particular color in an image. Typically, the materials utilize color forming couplers or dyes in the sensitized layers during processing.
One commercially important type of color photographic elements is what is known as color prints. These elements are used to display images captured by a camera user on photographic color negative films. There is a continuing interest in the industry to provide color print images more rapidly so the customers have a smaller wait from the time the color negative films are submitted for processing to the time they receive the color prints.
In color paper processing, the conventional order of the light sensitive color records on a support is a blue-sensitive silver halide emulsion layer nearest the support, a green-sensitive silver halide emulsion layer next to it, and a red-sensitive silver halide emulsion layer as the topmost light sensitive layer. It has been observed that the blue-sensitive emulsion layer is the slowest to achieve aim sensitometry, generally because it is the last layer to receive processing chemicals. Most color papers are designed in the various layers to take this into account and to provide desired correct color balance among the color records using standard processing conditions and times.
However, as noted above, there is a need to reduce processing time, and particularly to reduce color development time. When conventional color papers are color developed in reduced times, for example, less than 25 seconds, the red-sensitive color record is generally over developed and the blue-sensitive color record is underdeveloped. Reformulation of the conventional color developer chemicals to decrease activity in the red-sensitive color record towards the aim sensitometry only makes the blue-sensitive color record move lower and further from aim sensitometry. Reformulation of the conventional color developer chemicals to increase activity in the blue-sensitive color record towards aim sensitometry only makes the red-sensitive record move higher and further from aim sensitometry. Thus reformulation of the conventional color developer chemicals has not resulted in a solution to the problem and for short color development times, existing color papers give prints with unacceptable color balance. It is not practical to change the color papers for photoprocessing, especially since a photoprocessing customer will be processing from several manufacturers.
Thus, there is a need to provide aim color balance in color photographic silver halide papers without reengineering the color papers or adversely affecting the color developing composition, no matter what time is used for color development. In particular, it is desired to achieve aim color balance during rapid color development.

Method for rapid photographic processing with maintained color balance using diffusible photochemicals


A method for forming a straight tunnel to endosteally intersect a straight anterior cruciate ligament tunnel that utilizes a sight barrel arthroscopic instrument for use in a knee cruciate ligament procedure for forming a passage into the femoral endosteum to inersect, at an acute angle, the straight anterior cruciate ligament tunnel. The instrument references the anterior cruciate ligament tunnel to guide drilling of a passage from a point in the roof of the intercondyle notch to intersect the ligament tunnel in the femur endosteum. Which passage is for receiving a fastener, such as a set screw, interference screw, or the like, that is installed into or alongside a ligament graft that is fitted in that anterior cruciate ligament tunnel, providing an endosteal fixation of which ligament graft in the femur endosteum.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to surgical devices and in particularly to devices that are used in arthroscopic surgical procedures involving knee ligament reconstructive surgery.
2. Background
The present invention is in a arthroscopic surgical instrument for use in a surgical procedure for replacement of an anterior cruciate ligament in tibial and femoral bony tunnel sections that, with the knee bent appropriately, form a straight tunnel. The ligament graft, for example, a bone-tendon-bone graft is to have one end secured endosteally in the femur endosteum with its other end placed in tension and is secured, as by stapling to the tibia anteromedial cortex. To provide this endosteal fixation in femur endosteum, the present invention provides a drill guide instrument for enabling a surgeon to form a passage from a point on the femur medial condyle notch to intersect the ligament tunnel in the femur endosteum. A fastener is then fitted through the formed passage to intersect and turn into the ligament end, providing a set screw type mounting of the ligament in the femur tunnel section. The present invention provides for aiming that passage to drill through a point on the roof of the intercondyle notch to exactly intersect the ligament graft end at a certain acute angle.
3. Prior Art
The present invention is utilized in arthroscopic surgical procedures for replacement of a knee cruciate ligament involving forming distal femur and proximal tibia bony tunnel sections that with the knee bent appropriately form a straight tunnel that receives a ligament secured therein. Such ligament replacement surgical procedure can involve drilling, from without the knee, a tunnel to intersect the formed ligament tunnel. The present inventor is a co-inventor of several drill guide inventions that perform this function. Specifically, a U.S. Pat. No. 4,901,711 and a U.S. patent application, Ser. No. 522,743, that was filed on May 4, 1990, show drill guides for drilling from without the knee. Distinct therefrom the present invention provides for forming a passage within the intra-articular joint from a point on the roof of the intercondyle notch into the femur endosteum to intersect at a shallow acute angle, the femur section of the ligament tunnel. Wherethrough a set screw, or the like, can be fitted into a ligament end, such as a bone end of a bone tendon, bone, or the like, arranged therein, to endosteally secure that ligament end.
Additional to the patent and patent application set out above, the present inventor is the co-inventor of several patents that show a utilization of a straight bony tunnel in surgical procedures for repair or replacement of the anterior or posterior cruciate ligament. Such patents, for example include, "Ligament Anchor Attachment, Method and Apparatus" U.S. Pat. No. 4,772,286; "Ligament Attachment Anchor System" U.S. Pat. No. 4,870,957; a patent application entitled "Endosteal Fixation Stud and System" Ser. No. 465,914, filed Jan. 16, 1990. None of which patents, however, show a guide that is like the instrument of present invention.
Additional drilling systems for use in arthroscopic surgical procedures are shown in patents to: Sapeya et al, U.S. Pat. No. 4,739,751; Cho, U.S. Pat. No. 4,257,411; Hourahane et al, U.S. Pat. No. 4,535,768; Hourahane, U.S. Pat. No. 4,672,957; and a United Kingdom patent to Lovell et al, No. 2,078,528. All of which devices and arrangements provide for drilling from without the knee to a point in or around the intra-articular joint. Whereas, the present invention provides for forming a passage from a point within the intra-articular joint to intersect a ligament tunnel.
Functionally similar to the above cited patents, patents to Walt et al, U.S. Pat. No. 4,920,958; Purnell et al, U.S. Pat No. 4,781,182; and Dunbar, IV, U.S. Pat. No. 4,708,139, also show drill guide arrangements for forming a hole from without a knee to a point in the intra-articular joint, as do patents to Seadholm et al, U.S. Pat. No. 4,668,223 and a European patent application No. 0126529.
Heretofore, within the knowledge of the inventor, there has not existed an instrument for guiding drilling by a surgeon to arthroscopically form a passage from a point on the roof of the intercondyle notch to exactly intersect a femoral tunnel section, which passage is for fitting a set screw, or like fastener, therein to endosteally secure the femoral end of a ligament graft within the femur endosteum.

Method for forming a tunnel intersecting a straight cruciate ligament tunnel


An electrostatic discharge analysis method includes extracting the pads from an input layout of the semiconductor integrated circuit; extracting the nets connected to the extracted pads; extracting the protective elements connected to the extracted nets; forming connection nodes that connect the pads or the protective elements to the nets; extracting for each net, distributed resistances that distribute along the net; connecting the distributed resistances to the connection nodes in place of the nets; forming inter-resistance nodes between the distributed resistances; and calculating an inter-pad voltage when flowing electrostatic discharge current between the pads.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an analysis method for semiconductor large scale integrated (LSI) circuit electrostatic discharge and a program for the same.
2. Description of the Related Art
A shortest path determination method or a convex minimum cost maximum flow analysis has been carried out for a network of protective elements and parasitic resistances extracted from a layout of a semiconductor LSI circuit, in order to analyze semiconductor LSI circuit electrostatic discharge (ESD). Inter-pad voltages and current paths are calculated when electrostatic discharge is applied between pads of semiconductor LSI circuit.

Method of analyzing semiconductor LSI circuit electrostatic discharge


A portable, hand-held data collection terminal is of modular structure including, among other modules, multiple endcap modules and radio frequency communications pod modules, each of which may be chosen from a plurality of modules available for assembly into the terminal unit therby providing a plurality of modular combinations thereof. The functions of the multiple modular combinations are activated and controlled by a virtual trigger on a touch sensitive display. The virtual trigger may be positioned anywhere on the display to ergonomically accommodate different users. The terminal evaluates touch images retrieved from the touch sensitive display to determine whether they constitute an intentional touch. Unintentional touching will not activate the virtual button. Various other safety and power saving features are provided via orientation and motion sensors placed within the terminal.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates generally to data collection and processing systems and specifically to portable data terminals as operator manipulatable data input and output services modularly adaptable to provide multiple input and output functionality, wherein the functions of the data terminal may be user-triggered by a virtual trigger.
2. Description of Related Art:
Portable data terminals are generally known components of state of the art business systems. The data terminals may be taken to merchandise storage facilities for inventory control or customer service transactions, or may be used in any one of various other commercial applications to serve as data input or output devices for central data processing and control stations.
Central data processing and control stations are most useful when business data are always current and readily available. Prompt data entry and retrieval at the working level through the various operator controlled portable data terminals is recognized as a basis for optimizing, among various business activities, business forecasting and marketing operations, to name just a few.
Increased versatility in data input and output arrangements tend to increase power usage of the portable data terminals, therby decreasing usage periods between battery exchanges or recharging operations. Touch sensitive or pen actuated data input systems are known. However, in the past, such pen actuated data input systems were generally limited to the use of pens for digitizer boards or in conjunction with full keyboard type computer terminals. While the former devices are considered limited in their application, the latter are bulky, even as laptop computers, and are not useful for practical data entry and retrieval in shop, warehouse, store or delivery environments.
The problem to solved by the present invention relates to the placement of trigger switches on a hand-held portable data terminal which are utilized to initiate data input and output functions. A modular hand-held data terminal of the present invention is capable of adaptation to multiple modular configurations of the data terminal in order to provide various data collection and communications functions. Because the data terminal is modularly adaptable to a variety of functions through the utilization of modular components, it is difficult to design the terminal to have physical switches theron which are capable of being utilized with all of the modular attachments to the data terminal which are ergonomically placed in a position suitable for all users. Since the ideal placement of such switches on the data terminal is unique to each user of the terminal, the placement of the switches on the data terminal will always be a design compromise.
Prior art data terminals typically implement actual physical trigger switches. Often, the trigger switch is implemented as a pistol-type switch which is analogous to a hand gun in design. Such handgun styled data terminals are usually large, bulky and awkward, the inelegance of which is realized when a pistol styled data terminal is placed upon a flat surface such as a table. Further, as advancement in miniaturization of powerful electronics results in a reduction in the size of hand-held data terminals, space on the data terminal for the switches becomes limited. Ideally, the concept and utility of a small, portable, hand-held modular data terminal would be furthered by having function triggering switches that are modularly positionable at a wide range of locations such that the positioning of the trigger switch may be user customized while at the same time being adaptable to a wide variety of users.
Moreover, accidental triggering may easily occur with code readers, potentially leading to at least temporary vision impairment. Such accidents often occur when a terminal having code reading capability is overturned or in a holster or docking unit.
An object of the present invention is to solve at least the aforementioned problems. This and other objects of the present invention will become apparent from examination of the drawings and remainder of the specification which follows.

Safe, virtual trigger for a portable data capture terminal


Systems and methods for generating a three-dimensional image of a proppant-filled hydraulically-induced fracture in a geologic formation are provided. The image may be generated by capturing electromagnetic fields generated or scattered by the proppant-filled fracture, removing dispersion and/or an attenuation effects from the captured electromagnetic fields, and generating the image based on the dispersion and/or attenuation corrected fields. Removing the dispersion and/or attenuation effects may include back propagating the captured electromagnetic fields in the time domain to a source location. The image may be generated based on locations at which the back propagated fields constructively interfere or may be generated based on a model of the fracture defined using the back propagated fields.

Hydraulic fracturing is a process of initiating and subsequently propagating a fracture in a geologic formation through utilization of fracturing fluid. To create the fracture in the geologic formation, a drill is employed to create a well bore that reaches depths of several thousand feet (until a desired geologic formation is reached). A well casing is placed in the well bore. The well casing is typically composed of steel and is cemented in place to stabilize the well casing with respect to the Earth.
Hydraulic fracturing is commonly employed to enhance the fluid flow permeability of shale geologic formations for petroleum (oil and/or natural gas) and geothermal energy production. Subsequent to the well casing being cemented in place, a fracturing fluid is pumped down the well bore and through perforations in the well casing at a pressure that is in excess of the fracture gradient of the geologic formation. Such pressure causes the geologic formation to fracture. Pumping of the fracturing fluid down the well bore is continued to extend the fracture further into the formation. As the fracture extends, a proppant is added to the fracture fluid and pumped down the well bore and into the fracture, thereby propping the fracture open when pumping of the fracture fluid ceases. This causes the geologic formation to become permeable via the fracture, thereby allowing natural gas or oil to be extracted from the geologic formation. Hydraulic fractures can be induced using, vertical, horizontal and/or slanted wells. This process is commonly referred to as hydraulic fracturing.
Because a typical fracture and proppant placement occur thousands of feet beneath the surface of the Earth and because a propped fracture can extend from the well bore in a variety of directions and orientations, it is difficult to determine the location of a fracture and proppant within the geologic formation. Modeling techniques have been developed that attempt to use electromagnetic fields generated in the fracture and measured at the surface of the Earth to locate the proppant and fractures. Although these modeling techniques have been successful in helping to locate induced fractures and proppant, they can be limited by the dispersion and attenuation of the electromagnetic waves (e.g., electromagnetic waves having a frequency of less than 100 kHz) as they pass from the fracture, through various geologic media, to the surface of the Earth.
In particular, absorption of some of the generated fields can attenuate the signal that is eventually received at the surface. Because waves at different frequencies in a wave packet travel with different velocities, dispersion can cause an input signal to spread so that relatively high frequency input signal components are indistinguishable when detected at the surface. If care is not taken, dispersion and attenuation of electromagnetic signals from a fracture can negatively affect the accuracy with which the location of the fracture and proppant can be determined.
It would therefore be desirable to provide improved systems and methods for evaluating well hydraulic fracturing and completion techniques useful in extracting natural gas, oil and geothermal reserves from a geologic formation and specifically determine within reasonable error the spatial extent of proppant placed in the fracture under a specific set of hydraulic fracturing operating parameters.

Systems and methods for removal of electromagnetic dispersion and attenuation for imaging of proppant in an induced fracture


A well pumping system for pumping a fluid having a liquid and a gas is disclosed which system includes a well casing and a production tube set within the well casing so as to define an annular space between the production tube and the well casing, the production tube including a shoe comprising a hollow tubular article having a substantially cylindrical wall defining a first flow passage, a second flow passage being formed within the wall of the shoe, the first flow passage having a first inlet for the liquid and a first outlet to the annular space, the second flow passage having a second inlet for the gas and a second outlet to the production tube, whereby the liquid is produced through the annular space and the gas is produced through the production tube. The pumping system preferably includes a pump for pumping the liquid to the first inlet, and a rod string for actuating the pump, the rod string being disposed within the production tube, whereby the rod string is substantially isolated from the liquid.

The invention relates to the field of pumping fluids and, more particularly, to a system for pumping oil and gas from a subterranean well.
Conventional pumping systems utilize reciprocating subsurface pumps in order to produce fluids, namely oil and entrained and/or free gas, from a subterranean well to the surface. FIG. 1 illustrates a typical conventional system wherein fluids are passed through a downhole separator, separated gas is produced through the annular space defined between a production tube and a well casing of the subterranean well, and separated oil is produced through the production tube.
Reciprocating subsurface pumps are actuated by a rod string which passes through the production tube for connection with the subsurface pump. In situations where the oil produced is a viscous crude oil, the rod string is subjected to excessive friction and fatigue due to the viscous crude oil, which may cause rod failure and other serious problems such as damage to the pump, the production tube, the gear box and/or the surface stuffing box. Further, the increased friction on the rod string necessitates extra force to drive the rod string which in turn contributes further to the excess wear on the rod string. Additionally, viscous oil has the tendency to reduce the falling speed of the rod string due to flotation or buoyancy effects. This, of course, results in a decrease in pumping speed and a decrease in production and efficiency.
Numerous proposals have been made for dealing with the problem of reducing the friction and fatigue to which the rod string is subjected. FIG. 2 illustrates one proposed solution wherein low viscosity fluid is pumped down through the annular space to mix with heavy crude oil being produced through the production tube. The mixture has a reduced viscosity which results in less friction on the rod string. Nevertheless, this system requires the additional power required to pump the low viscosity fluid down the annular space, and also results in the production of an oil/low viscosity fluid mixture which must be separated at the surface. Additionally, typical subsurface pumps suffer from a decrease in pumping efficiency when operated on a mixture of liquid and gas. In the system of FIG. 2, the pump must act on oil, entrained gas, and the low viscosity fluid which may be additional gas, resulting in a loss of efficiency of the pump.
FIG. 3 illustrates another proposed solution wherein a low viscosity fluid is pumped through the production tube to mix with pumped oil and pass through a slotted pipe section to be produced through the annular space. As with the proposal of FIG. 2, however, additional power is required to pump the low viscosity fluid. Also, produced oil/fluid mixtures must be separated, and the subsurface pump must still act on oil and any entrained and/or free gas carried with the oil, thus reducing the efficiency of the system.
FIG. 4 illustrates another proposed solution wherein a shoe is disposed within the production tube and is sealed with a stuffing box so that oil and free and/or entrained gas produced through the pump are passed to the annular space for production. In the meantime, a low viscosity fluid is circulated through the production tube. This provides a reduction of the friction to which the rod string is subjected. However, the pump must still act on an oil/gas mixture resulting in a reduction in pumping efficiency. Further, fluids produced must still be separated at the surface.
It is desirable, therefore, to provide a system for pumping fluids wherein the rod string is not subjected to excessive friction, and wherein the subsurface pump does not suffer a loss in efficiency due to the pumping of gas along with oil, and further wherein produced oil, gas, and other fluids do not need to be separated at the surface.
It is, therefore, a principal object of the present invention to provide a pumping system wherein oil is produced through the annular space and gas is produced through the production tube so as to reduce or eliminate the effects of friction on the rod string.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide such a system which does not require the pumping of additional fluids into the well.
It is a still further object of the invention to provide a pumping system wherein oil and gas are separated downhole and produced separately so as to avoid the necessity of surface separation.
Other objects and advantages will appear hereinbelow.

Pumping system including flow directing shoe


This disclosure describes a method and system to perform object detection and 6D pose estimation. The system comprises a database of 3D models, a CNN-based object detector, multiview pose verification, and a hard example generator for CNN training.

It has become common to have multiple video cameras, such as surveillance cameras, in rooms, buildings, and open spaces, both public and private. While in the past, humans watched these images to look for dangerous behavior, today there are many more uses for the information they provide, and many more ways to collect and process it.
It would be desirable to estimate the precise position of objects within some physical space. Many advanced visual recognition systems use Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), however today's object detection systems only locate an object to within a general rectangular bounding box on a 2D image. Even systems which can generate a per-pixel label for the class of the object do not reveal the object's 6D pose (the 3D location of the object in real-world coordinate system and the 3D rotation of the object). Another hindrance to accurate object detection is that CNNs require large amounts of annotated training data.
Further, although there exist systems with multiple cameras with partially overlapping views, it is extremely difficult to incorporate their joint information into a unified view of a physical space.

Abstract: The accuracy of that detection and estimation can be iteratively improved by retraining the CNN with increasingly hard ground truth examples. The additional images are detected and annotated by an automatic process of pose estimation and verification.


A system, devices, and methods for providing a personalized search library based on continual concept correlation include a client computing device and a personalized content server. Content events representing content accessed or manipulated by a user of the client computing device are continually generated. Content associated with the content events is continually parsed and analyzed to extract main concepts. The extracted concepts are correlated and weighted into a concept model, based on the order of the content events. The concept model parallels the structure of the user's memory. Data sources are continually searched for content relevant to a current context of the concept model. Relevant content is indexed according to the concept model. The relevant content may be made available to the user upon request or proactively. Relevant content may be cached for future use by the user. Other embodiments are described and claimed.

Networks, especially publicly available networks such as the Internet, often contain a vast amount of human knowledge embodied as content distributed in an unstructured network of remote hosts. The amount of content available on the Internet and other networks increases constantly. However, individual users are generally interested in only a small subset of content available on the entire Internet or other networks. Users typically access such content through a search engine. A search engine must maintain an index of the entire Internet/network (or a large subset of such networks), and this index of the Internet/network is used for processing search requests from all users. Further, each search engine maintains its own search index and related search algorithms. Locating relevant content, therefore, requires the user to adapt his or her search strategy to the particular search engine or search engines being used. Thus, the user must craft a single search statement that returns relevant results using the capabilities of the particular search engine. After issuing the search, the user typically must manually winnow search results to remove irrelevant results, and may manually revise the search statement.

Personalized search library based on continual concept correlation


A stringed instrument tuner that senses the vibration of all the strings of the instrument independently and simultaneously via ultraviolet reflective light sensors that are immune to interference from ambient alternating-current lighting. The pitches of the strings are then measured continuously in real-time and transmitted wirelessly to a receiver that simultaneously graphically displays how far out-of-tune all of the strings are so that the musician can instantly see which strings need tuning and tune them quickly. The receiver may be a smartphone, smartwatch, smart glasses, computer, self-tuning system, or a dedicated wearable receiver-display unit.

Stringed instruments, such as guitars, violins, banjos, etc., are often tuned with the aid of an electronic device such as an electronic tuning device (e.g., electronic tuner). A conventional electronic tuning device is usually a self-contained device that detects the vibration of a single string of the instrument when plucked by the musician, measures its pitch, calculates the error of this pitch based on what the correct frequency for that string should be, and then displays the error information in some fashion so that the musician can manually turn tuning pegs of the instrument being tuned so as to bring the instrument into tune.
The vibration of the string is usually detected in one of several ways: with a microphone by listening to actual sound in the air, through vibration detection from the body of the instrument, or by tapping an analog electronic signal directly from an electronically amplified instrument. The physical embodiment of such conventional electronic tuning devices usually comprises of an enclosed electronic circuit with an integral display for a user to view if a particular string needs to be tuned.
Each of the above-noted conventional electronic tuning devices has respective limitations. If the electronic tuning device uses a microphone for sensing, it must be located close enough to the instrument or, in the case of an electronically amplified instrument, close enough to the speakers of its amplifier to detect the sound. Further, the environment must be relatively quiet to avoid interference from background noise, crowd noise and/or other instruments. This is particularly difficult to achieve when a musician is on stage. This method also requires that individual strings be plucked one at a time, as only one string can be evaluated at a time. Multiple strings played together would be difficult or impossible to evaluate. They could be separated by electronic filters, but would still have to be evaluated one at a time. In addition, to tune the entire instrument, all of the strings must be plucked individually to determine whether they need tuning or not. Having to evaluate strings that are already in tune wastes time.
If the electronic tuning device operates by detecting vibrations, it must be physically connected to the body of the instrument. Devices like this are often clamped or otherwise attached to the instrument to leave the musician's hands free to pluck a string and turn the corresponding tuning peg while watching the display of the device. However, as in the case of microphone-detected sound, the musician can thus only observe or display the pitch information for one string at a time. Such a vibration-detecting device must be attached to the instrument to function correctly and is best located at the top of the instrument head so that it can be seen clearly while tuning. The device must be attached and removed with each tuning, or left attached to the instrument while playing where it is distracting, disrupts the balance of the instrument and renders the device susceptible to inadvertent damage, loss, etc., and, as with the microphone-detected devices, only one note at a time may be tuned.
If the device taps the signal from an electronically amplified instrument, it must be connected via an electrical cord or cords to the instrument and/or its amplifier. This limits where the device can be located, since it is tethered by the cord(s) yet must be large and bright enough and in close enough proximity to the musician that the musician can see its display. Devices like this are usually located on the floor, near the musician's feet and among the various other electronic cords, with the display facing upward. This puts the device in a high-traffic area where the unit is more likely to become damaged or lost from view.

Wireless multi-string tuner for stringed instruments and associated method of use


A method of providing information indicative of network coverage by one or more wireless service providers in a geographic area may include obtaining, at an information provider, performance indicators for a plurality of accesses to the information provider by a plurality of wireless devices. The performance indicators may be correlated with one or more network service areas. Related performance indicators may be aggregated to produce one or more aggregated performance indicators. A human-discernible representation of network performance for one or more network service areas may be produced.

As the number of features available in wireless communication devices has increased, user expectations have increased that wireless access will be available wherever they may be. People now expect to have access on the road, in coffee shops, at home and in the office, through wireless communication devices, to information previously available only from a personal computer that was physically connected to an appropriately provisioned network. They want stock quotes, weather reports and directions to the nearest seafood restaurant from their cell phones, email from their personal digital assistants (PDAs), up-to-date documents from their smartphones, and timely, accurate search results from all their devices. They may also want networked, real-time, interactive, multi-user gaming. They also want voice communications with a high level of service quality.
To keep up with wireless device users' insatiable appetite for more features in more locations, wireless service providers continually assess their wireless service performance and quality and regularly expand their wireless coverage to new areas or improve their coverage within their current network. To assess performance, a wireless service provider may regularly analyze quality from a number of test units. The test units could be fixed or mobile. For example, use of mobile test units to assess wireless service performance is reflected in one carrier's "Can you hear me now?" marketing campaign, showing a technician touring the countryside. A wireless service provider may also assess performance by simulating wireless signal quality or coverage based on, for example, geography, atmospheric conditions, volume of wireless service traffic, or other parameters.
These techniques for assessing performance may be cumbersome and expensive. They may only capture information for a small number of locations at particular times. Moreover, they may only capture information for a single wireless service provider or a small number of wireless service providers. The information that is captured may only be available to the entity that collected it, even though other entities, such as other wireless service providers or consumers, may benefit from the information.
Therefore, there is need for a method of assessing quality of wireless service of a plurality of wireless service provider networks in a more convenient and more flexible manner that also can provide additional helpful information to wireless users, carriers, and others.


A system and method in a radio telecommunications network of utilizing a plurality of telephone numbers with a single mobile telephone by changes to the network rather than the mobile telephone are disclosed. The system provides a mobile subscriber with an indication of the directory number dialed by the calling party. A plurality of directory numbers, a plurality of mobile identification numbers (MINs), and a plurality of alpha-numeric strings are stored in a database in the network such as a home location register (HLR). Several directory numbers are associated with the mobile telephone's MIN, and then each directory number is associated with an alpha-numeric string. When a directory number is dialed, an associated MIN and alpha-numeric string are identified. The MIN and alpha-numeric string are then transported through the network to the mobile telephone while the mobile telephone is being alerted. The called subscriber is informed of the dialed directory number either by a short message service (SMS) message carrying the alpha-numeric string, or by substituting the dialed directory number for a calling line identification (CLI) number in an Alert With Info signal sent to the mobile telephone.

1. Technical Field of the Invention
This invention relates to radio telecommunication systems and, more particularly, to a system and method of calling a single mobile telephone through multiple directory numbers without modifing the mobile telephone.
2. Description of Related Art
Many mobile subscribers utilize their mobile telephones for more than one purpose, and desire to answer incoming calls differently, depending on the nature of the call. They may accept both business and personal calls on the same telephone, or they may have more than one business or more than one source of incoming business calls. A mobile plumber, for example, may have calls coming in on both his own business telephone number as well as on a 800-number from a referral group. The plumber may answer the calls differently, depending on which number was called.
For different callers, or calls to different numbers, the subscriber may wish to answer the call in different ways, ignore the call, or choose to have the call transferred in different ways. Currently, the only way for a subscriber utilizing a standard mobile telephone to distinguish between incoming calls is through a distinctive alerting feature which alerts the subscriber through a series of ringing pulses that an incoming call is, for example, a call to a group of mobile telephones. Other than this limited capability, however, mobile subscribers utilizing standard mobile telephones currently do not have any way to know the nature of an incoming call.
Although there are no known prior art teachings of a solution to the aforementioned deficiency and shortcoming such as that disclosed herein, there are a number of references that discusses subject matter that bears some relation to matters discussed herein. U.S. Pat. No. 4,677,653 to Weiner et al. (Weiner) discloses an adaptor for a cellular mobile telephone unit that converts the unit to include a plurality of telephone numbers. A plurality of ROMs, configured as Number Assignment Modules (NAMs), are connected through a multi-position switch to the unit's microprocessor. Thus, the telephone may be configured to operate, one at a time, with a different telephone number by selecting a different NAM with the multi-position switch. Weiner thus requires modification of the mobile telephone itself, and does not teach or suggest a method of simultaneously utilizing multiple telephone numbers with a single mobile telephone by changes to the cellular network rather than the mobile telephone. In addition, Weiner does not teach or suggest a network implementation that provides the mobile subscriber with an indication of the directory number dialed by the calling party. The present invention discloses a network implementation that associates multiple Directory Numbers (DNs) with a single Mobile Identification Number (MIN) in a Home Location Register (HLR) to enable several directory numbers to reach a single mobile telephone, and then passes the dialed DN to the mobile telephone.
European Patent Application EP 0,378,450 A2 discloses a cellular telephone containing several different telephone numbers. Also described is the transfer of a telephone number from a portable radio telephone to a mobile radio telephone which results in the mobile telephone simultaneously having two or more telephone numbers. However, EP 0,378,450 A2 does not teach or suggest a method of utilizing multiple telephone numbers with a single mobile telephone by changes to the cellular network rather than the mobile telephone. In addition, EP 0,378,450 A2 does not teach or suggest a network implementation that provides the mobile subscriber with an indication of the directory number dialed by the calling party. The present invention provides such a network implementation.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,742,560 to Arai (Arai) discloses a mobile cellular telephone which has different telephone numbers for different service areas stored in a Number Assignment Module (NAM) in the mobile telephone. The telephone numbers are stored in the telephone in conjunction with the telephone's MIN and with a respective service area identification code. Thus, Arai requires modification of the mobile telephone itself, and does not teach or suggest a method of utilizing multiple telephone numbers with a single mobile telephone by changes to the cellular network rather than the mobile telephone. In addition, Arai does not teach or suggest a network implementation that provides the mobile subscriber with an indication of the directory number dialed by the calling party. The present invention provides such a network implementation.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,448,622 to Huttunen (luttunen) discloses a cellular radio telephone converted to operate with a plurality of telephone numbers. All of the telephone numbers may be concurrently enabled for incoming calls, and the telephone may indicate on a visual display, the telephone number which is being called. However, Huttunen requires modification of the mobile telephone itself, and does not teach or suggest a method of utilizing multiple telephone numbers with a single mobile telephone by changes to the cellular network rather than the mobile telephone. In addition, Huttunen does not teach or suggest a network implementation that provides the mobile subscriber with an indication of the directory number dialed by the calling party rather than through changes to the mobile telephone. The present invention provides such a network implementation.
Review of each of the foregoing references reveals no disclosure or suggestion of a system or method such as that described and claimed herein.
In order to overcome the disadvantage of existing solutions, it would be advantageous to have a system and method of utilizing multiple telephone numbers with a single mobile telephone by changes to the cellular network rather than the mobile telephone. In addition, it would be advantageous for such a network implementation to provide the mobile subscriber with an indication of the directory number dialed by the calling party without any changes to the mobile telephone. The present invention provides such a system and method.

System and method of calling a single mobile telephone through multiple directory numbers in a radio telecommunications network


A vertically polarized traveling wave antenna forms peanut-type directional lobes without significant nulls between the lobes. A self-supporting coaxial line feeds quad-dipole bays coupled around the coaxial line, with opposed dipole pairs spaced along the coaxial line. Matched-layer spacing provides substantial cancellation of the reactive components of the loads. Dipoles are oriented parallel to the coaxial line axis, with opposite “hot” (center coupled) elements oppositely oriented. Radiated signals have rotating phase. Changing the spacing within quads from a quarter wavelength or rotating the second dipole pair of each quad away from a right angle causes the antenna to radiate strongly on one axis and weakly at right angles thereto, without the nulls of back-to-back panel antennas.

There has recently been an industry focus on digital streaming of content to mobile, portable, and handheld receivers through terrestrial broadcast systems. This type of broadcasting is being developed for implementation in licensed UHF frequency bands such as 0.7 GHz to 1.0 GHz (upper L-Band: TV channels 52 and above; mobile radio) and 1 GHz to 2 GHz (lower S-band).
At L-Band frequencies, the preferred method of transmission is vertical polarization. There are at present two styles of vertically polarized antennas that are readily available for commercial use in transmission at these microwave frequencies, namely panel and whip antennas. Panel antennas are intrinsically directional in nature and are typically used to cover sectors of space. Whip antennas are nominally omnidirectional and are used preferentially in applications requiring substantially equal radiation in all azimuths.
The shortcomings of a vertically polarized collinear dipole antenna include limited capacity to realize beam tilt. Increased input loading with additional dipoles constrains input transformer performance for both power and bandwidth. Structural support is provided largely by the radome.
The shortcomings of panel antennas include requirements to provide extensive systems of power dividers and feed lines where multiple panels must transmit carefully phased inputs, a panel or an array of panels pointing in each direction (typically four quadrants for omnidirectional capability, with overall antenna gain dependent on array size), use of a tower with multiple discrete units mounted thereon, and accommodation of wind loading from multiple units.
The vertically polarized traveling wave antenna apparatus, means, and design methods disclosed in the '644 application permit production of an omnidirectional antenna that permits simplicity in its mechanical construction, minimal design adaptation to vary beam tilt and null fill, matched input impedance substantially independent of the number of elements, excellent azimuth pattern circularity, and moderate power capability.
Some omnidirectional antennas are useful in many but not all applications. For example, in an open environment in a city, need for mobile broadcast service may surround a transmitter site, so that an omnidirectional antenna is appropriate. However, in other environments, such as along highways, it may be preferable to supply service only or primarily in line with the roadway, which can allow narrower focus of the same energy, permitting fewer or less power-consuming devices to achieve a level of coverage.
The known antennas for providing such patterns are largely limited to the above-referenced panel radiators and arrays thereof. Such panels are effectively unidirectional, with a single beam having breadth that depends on the intrinsic gain of the individual panel, increasingly narrow as the number of cofiring panels in an array increases. If a single site is intended for placement midway along a substantially straight section of road, for example, it is necessary to place two panels (or stacks of panels) back-to-back to provide a so-called "peanut" propagation pattern. This produces deep nulls to the sides, which are potentially unacceptable for mobile coverage, and may necessitate adding one or more auxiliary panels oriented in the short-range directions.
As the desired gain/range/beam narrowness of the transmitter site increases, and thus the number of panels, complexity increases. Each panel must be fed, so the original signal must be split using power dividers and feed lines. Each added connection has the potential to reduce system reliability. Feed for auxiliary panels must be provided at power levels suited to the desired azimuth pattern.
Panel antennas may also be more configurationally complex than traveling wave dipoles in some embodiments. Thus, there are significant limitations in some antenna types when considered for the power, economy, and coverage of broadcasting applications to which the invention is directed.

System and method of producing a null free oblong azimuth pattern with a vertically polarized traveling wave antenna


A system for navigating large bodies of content is provided. The system includes an interface component configured to generate a user interface for navigating a body of content on a display device, the interface comprising a display area, a scrollbar comprising a plurality of segments, a scroll box and an exit command widget attached to the scroll box. Each of the plurality of segments are associated with respective portions of the body of content and the scroll box is configured to move over the plurality of segments to navigate through the body content and cause a respective portion of the body of the content to be displayed in the display area when the scroll box is positioned over a segment associated with the respective portion, and wherein the scroll box is configured to move to the exit command widget directly from a segment to focus on the exit command widget.

Navigating extensive bodies of text, such as those found in multiple page (e.g., 10-100 pages) "Terms of Service" documents, can be extremely difficult for users when text is displayed on a user interface of a device that does not provide for input using a traditional keyboard or keypad (e.g., a television screen and associated remote). For example, such large documents can be difficult to navigate through and/or "get in and out of," especially when using a basic remote controller having only up, down, left, right, select and cancel buttons. Users are often required to linearly "page through" or "scroll through" an entire body of text to reach the end to exit out of the large body of text and/or to re-navigate to a preferred area of the user interface.

Graphical input display having a segmented scrollbar and escape hatch to facilitate navigating large bodies of content


A pneumatic compressor for the compression of waste comprising a cylinder (1) with a piston (2), which via a piston rod (4) activates a compression plate (3), which is slidably mounted in a compression chamber (5) which has a top door (6) through which waste paper is thrown into the compressor, and a bottom door (7) through which a finished bale can be taken out, which compression takes place in a series of compression cycles, which each time is charged with a new portion of waste, until the waste offers a counter pressure corresponding to the pressure which the piston (2) can exert at a pressure of 8 bars. In 80-90% of the compression cycles necessary for the compression of a bale, the piston (2) reaches its bottom position in the cylinder, and each time the pressure reaches a pressure of 8 bars in the cylinder (1).

In the known waste compressors the waste is compressed by means of compressed air. The compressed waste is subjected to a constant state of compression, and this pressure is maintained, even when the waste becomes exposed to further compression. In 80-90% of the compression cycles required for the compression of a bale, when the piston is in its bottom position, before the resistance of the compressed waste exerts a counter pressure corresponding to the pressure, which the piston can exert at an air pressure of 8 bars. When the piston is in its bottom position the compressor continues to work, until the pressure in the cylinder is 8 bars, at which the compressor stops. The pressure in the cylinder remains at 8 bars, until a new portion o waste is to be compressed. When a filling door opens, a fast air-escape valve opens, which causes the compression cylinder to be emptied of air, and the piston—which is spring-loaded—moves upwards to its top position, whereby a pressing plate coupled to the piston also moves upwards and thereby makes room for a new portion of waste on top of the already compressed material. Consequently, the known waste compressors are very energy consuming.
It is a purpose of the invention to describe a partial control system by means of which the consumption of energy can be considerably reduced.
This is achieved by the control system described herein. This arrangement stops the air supply to the compressor, when the piston is in its bottom position.
The compressor according to the invention operates from 1 to a maximum of 8 bars in the cycles, where the bottom position of the piston is reached, before the quantity of waste is sufficiently compressed to be able to exert a counter force corresponding to the compression power of the cylinder.
The noise level will be reduced, because it is proportional to the air pressure and the volume of air.
Because the air consumption is lower, it is possible that the compressor can work faster, and it is possible to employ a compressor with a lower capacity. This also means lower maintenance costs and a longer life of the compressor.

Partial control system for a pneumatic waste compressor


A leakage preventing system of confidential information, for example, for CBT (Computer Based Training), prevents leakage of highly confidential education and training information. The system includes a manager terminal unit having an authentication server, an educator/trainer terminal unit for holding confidential information for CBT in the encrypted form and operated by a specific user, and a communication network for exchanging from time to time data between these terminal units. Authentication is given to the educator/trainer terminal unit only when an authentication request from the educator/trainer terminal unit satisfies predetermined authentication granting requirements, and a prescribed limited using time is set so as to make it possible to peruse the confidential information decoded in the educator/trainer terminal unit, only within the limited time.

Along with the recent wide popularization of personal computers and Internet, computer based remote educating techniques known as e-learning and WRT (Web Based Training) are rapidly diffusing.
The above-mentioned remote educating techniques generally adopt a system which provides education information only to specific users who satisfy prescribed requirements for being educated and trained, and various security measures are taken to prevent persons concerned including the aforementioned users from recklessly accessing the education information.
The security measures are taken in such a case from the point of view of preventing hackers to make an illegal access or leakage of information and keeping stability of systems. More specifically, it is the general practice to take measures by appropriately adopting encryption technology or authentication technology.
However, leakage of information is not limited to illegal accesses, but an internal party (on user's side) may leak the information. Particularly, when the terminal unit is a portable personal computer such as a laptop type or a notebook-sized computer, the terminal unit itself may be easily carried out.
On the assumption that education information provided to a user terminal unit by using a remote education technique has highly confidential contents to outsiders, therefore, takeout of the terminal unit by the user may result in outside leakage of the confidential information, and no particular counter-measure is taken against this inconvenience.

Outside leakage preventing system of confidential information


A self-tuning vibration absorber including a carrier rod assembly having operatively connected thereto a mounting mechanism for mounting the carrier rod assembly to a primary system and a hollow shafted motorized tuning mechanism for tuning a phase difference between vibration of the primary system and vibration of the carrier rod assembly to 90 degrees, the carrier rod assembly further including a detecting mechanism for detecting the vibration of the primary system and the vibration of the carrier rod assembly, and a controller in electrical connection with the detecting mechanism and the tuning means for controlling the tuning mechanism based on the vibration of the primary system and the vibration of the carrier rod assembly detected. A method of vibration dampening, a method of controlling a self-tuning vibration absorber, and a method of reducing hunting motion in railcars.

1. Field of the Invention
Generally, the present invention relates to a self-tuning vibration absorber. More specifically, the present invention relates to a self-tuning vibration absorber for the vibration suppression of mechanical systems.
2. Description of the Related Art
Vibration suppression of mechanical systems has many applications in various mechanical structures such as, but not limited to, machines, tall buildings, bridges, offshore platforms, pipelines, and aircraft cabins. A dynamic vibration absorber (DVA), otherwise known as a tuned mass damper, is a device that is placed within mechanical structures in order to prevent damage or structural failure due to vibrations within the mechanical structures. In general, a small DVA can offset the vibration of a large mechanical structure by moving in opposition to the natural resonance frequency of the mechanical structure.
DVAs can be classified into three main types: passive, active, and semi-active. A passive vibration absorber, shown generally in FIG. 1, is a single degree of freedom system, which consists of a mass, a spring and a damper and was first patented by Frahm. Passive DVAs are relatively simple devices and very cost effective. They have a wide range of applications, among them are structures and buildings, rotating machinery, mechanical devices, ships, and antennas.
Optimal tuning of absorber parameters has been the subject of intense research. For a passive absorber to be effective, its natural frequency should be tuned to the excitation frequency. The performance of a passive DVA deteriorates significantly if the excitation frequency deviates from the absorber tuned frequency. Adding damping to the absorber will enlarge its bandwidth at the expense of its effectiveness. This is the primary motive for developing active and semi-active DVAs. In an active DVA, shown generally in FIG. 2, a force-generating device is added to a passive DVA. Then, the active component is controlled to achieve a higher level of vibration suppression and bandwidth. In semi-active DVAs, one of the absorber parameters (effective inertia, damping, or stiffness) is tuned online for a more effective vibration suppression. A semi-active system only requires signal processing and a low level of power signals as opposed to full power electronics in an active system.
A variable stiffness vibration absorber was developed by Slavicek and Bollinger (1969) using nonlinear stiffness characteristics of plastic elements. Wang and Lai (1993) developed a control theory during rotational system startup using variable stiffness. Ryan (1993, 1994) presented a preliminary study of an adaptive-passive approach to reduce vibration using a variable stiffness DVA by changing the spring length. Buhr and Franchek (1997) developed a control law for tuning a variable stiffness vibration absorber to attenuate a single frequency excitation in a non-collocated case. Williamas, et al. (2002) used shape memory alloy to construct and test a variable stiffness DVA. FIGS. 3A and 3B show two methods that can be employed to change the stiffness of the absorber.
Changing the damping of the absorber is another alternative for vibration suppression that can be achieved in two ways—(1) by varying the size of an orifice or (2) by changing the viscosity of magneto- or electro-rheological fluids. The third alternative is to change the effective inertia of the absorber. Jalili, et al. (2001) proposed the concept of a variable inertia vibration absorber (VIVA), as shown in FIG. 4. The change in absorber effective inertia is achieved by moving a sliding mass on a hinged rod. Fallahi, et al. (2003) examined the dynamics of this new class of semi active vibration absorber and its tonal tuning, shown in FIG. 5. Fallahi, et al. disclosed a linearized model that is derived and used for tonal tuning. A comparison of tuned and de-tuned responses is also reported.
Megahed, et al. (2004) proposed a different configuration for VIVA, shown in FIG. 6. In this configuration, the end of the spring is pivoted to a sliding block on the absorber arm. This keeps the spring and damper parallel to excitation force and hence increases the effectiveness of the DVA. Megahed, et al. developed the non-dimensional models of the three different designs of VIVA.
El-Kabbany (2006) disclosed a different configuration of this type of vibration absorber using a torsion spring and a torsion damper instead of linear springs and dampers, see FIG. 7. El-Kabbany does not disclose the physical construction of the device or the improvements of the present invention.
Semi-active vibration suppression is an important class of vibration control techniques whereby a physical parameter of the vibration absorber is changed to achieve the desired performance.
Koo, et al. (2004) reported a control method for tuned semi-active vibration absorbers. Koo, et al. considered four control policies and reported that on-off groundhook control performs the best. Hu Haiyan (1996) presented a study on a semi-active control strategy based on an adjustable clearance in an elastic component. The control law is derived by using harmonic balancing. The results of simulations are reported that confirms the efficacy of the implemented method. Shen, et al. (2006) studied three semi active control methods for use in a suspension system using magnetorheological fluids. The performance of these methods is investigated experimentally under sinusoidal and random excitation. It is shown that Rakheja-Sankar control and modified skyhook control methods outperform limited relative displacement controller.
Despite the large amount of work currently being performed, there is still a need for a system of vibration dampening that is both effective and can be easily adjusted.


A semiconductor integrated circuit device which guarantees the characteristics of writing to and reading from the built-in memory even when the manufacturing process conditions are varied, a method of manufacturing the device, and a medium for storing a processing procedure for deciding the number of delay circuits built in the device used for designing. The semiconductor integrated circuit device is provided with a cache memory which includes a BIST circuit composed of a pattern generator, a pattern comparator, an output register, a register controlled by a register control a register write signal; a variable delay circuit controlled by the register; word lines, and a sense amplifier enable signal line. The timing for enabling the sense amplifier is changed and the memory is measured by a BIST circuit at the timing, thereby deciding the optimal timing.

In the case of conventional cache memories, data is read from the bit lines driven with a weak current of each memory cell and the weak signal is amplified by a sense amplifier.
Usually, when a potential difference between two bit lines is 100 mV, the sense amplifier is enabled. However, because the time of reading from such a cache memory is less when the sense amplifier is enabled with a potential difference lower than 100 mV, the performance of the cache memory is improved. If the sense amplifier is enabled with an extremely small potential difference, however, the amplification will malfunction; a correct value is not amplified and a wrong value is output if the current in a memory cell is reduced with a process variation or if an offset occurs in the threshold voltage of an input MOS transistor of the sense amplifier. More concretely, it is very important to decide the time for enabling the sense amplifier when in designing.
Conventionally, the timing for enabling the sense amplifier is changed and measured, thereby deciding the optimized timing by processing the metallic line of the sense amplifier with the use of a focused ion beam (FIB) after a trial cache memory is formed on a silicon wafer. If the FIB is used, however, only one timing is set for one chip. In addition, a whole day is required for the processing.
On the other hand, a conventional well-known technique for such a timing decision is disclosed in ICCSS Digest of Technical Papers (pp. 236-237) 1998. This document describes that the timing of the object programmable cache memory is changed after the manufacturing.
Although conventional example publicly known is only in theory and unworkable in practice, the present inventor et al has found, as a result of a preliminary examination that a long time is required for testing the memory from external in the on-chip timing adjustment on the basis of the conventional technique and this causes many processes to be needed for finding operation conditions of the object LSI.
More concretely, there has been no well-known means for operating an LSI provided with an on-chip memory using an element whose process condition is uncertain so as not to be controlled (or to be controlled less) from external (ex., an IC tester).
Furthermore, there is no well-known method for adjusting such a timing to a production variation after the chip is manufactured if a CPU, a cache memory, and a DRAM used as a secondary cache are used together.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Semiconductor integrated circuit device, method of manufacturing the device, and computer readable medium


A thin film transistor may include an active layer formed on an insulating substrate and formed with source/drain regions and a channel region; a gate insulating film formed on the active layer; and a gate electrode formed on the gate insulating film. The gate electrode may be formed of a conductive metal film pattern and a conductive oxide film covering the conductive metal film pattern. The source/drain regions may include an LDD region, and the LDD region may at least partially overlap with the gate electrode.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a thin film transistor (TFT), a method of fabricating the same and a flat panel display using the TFT. More particularly, the invention relates to a TFT having a gate overlapped lightly doped drain (GOLDD) structure, a method of fabricating the same and a flat panel display using the TFT.
2. Description of the Related Art
An active-matrix flat panel display can use a TFT as a switching element. TFTs may be used, for example, as pixel-driving TFTs formed in each pixel and driving the pixels, and as driving-circuit TFTs driving the pixel-driving TFTs and transmitting a signal to a scan line (gate line) and a signal line (data line).
Among various TFTs, a polycrystalline silicon TFT can be fabricated at a temperature similar to that for fabricating an amorphous silicon TFT due to technological advances. In particular the advance of crystallization technology using lasers may permit this relatively low temperature fabrication of TFTs. Polycrystalline silicon may allow electrons or holes to have high mobility as compared with amorphous silicon in a TFT. It thus may be possible to realize an improved complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) TFT having n- and p-channels. Accordingly, polycrystalline silicon can be used to form pixel-driving TFTs and driving-circuit TFTs on large-sized insulating substrates.
In a polycrystalline silicon CMOS TFT, an n-channel metal oxide semiconductor (NMOS) TFT generally uses phosphorus (P) as a dopant. Phosphorus (P) has an atomic weight greater than boron (B): the dopant generally used in a p-channel metal oxide semiconductor (PMOS) TFT. One reason for this choice is so that a silicon crystal lattice thereof is less likely to become damaged at a predetermined region and remain unrecovered in a sequential activating process.
Such damaged region decreases the mobility of electrons. This decrease in electron flow into a gate insulating film or a metal-oxide semiconductor (MOS) interface, when the electron is accelerated from a source region to a drain region, is called hot carrier stress. Therefore, the damaged region may have a deleterious effect on circuit operation of the flat display panel, and may increase the off-current.
To solve the foregoing problems, various structures such as an off-set structure, a lightly doped drain (LDD) structure, and the like have been proposed. In the case of the off-set structure, an off-set region may be provided to form an imperfect doping region on a predetermined region between the gate and the source/drain regions, so that an electric field applied to a junction area is reduced by great resistance due to the off-set region, thereby decreasing the off-current. In the case of the LDD structure, an LDD is formed by lowering the doping concentration applied to a predetermined region between the source and drain regions, so that the off-current is decreased and the reduction of the on-current is minimized.
However, as low temperature poly silicon (LTPS) technology is highly integrated, the conventional off-set and LDD structures provide limited enhancement to the reliability of a short channel device. One way to overcome that limit may be to implement a thin film transistor with a gate overlapped lightly doped drain (GOLDD) structure.
FIGS. 1A, 1B, 1C, and 1D are cross-sectional views for illustrating a fabrication process of a conventional thin film transistor with a GOLDD structure.
As shown in FIG. 1A, a buffer layer 110 may be formed on an insulating substrate 100. Then an amorphous silicon film may be deposited on the buffer layer 110 and crystallized into a polycrystalline silicon film. Thereafter, an active layer 120 may be formed by patterning the polycrystalline silicon film.
After forming the active layer 120, a gate insulating film 130 may be formed on a substantial portion of an entire surface of the insulating substrate 100 formed with the active layer 120.
After forming the gate insulating film 130, a first photoresist pattern 140 may be formed for doping low-concentration impurities having a predetermined conductive type (i.e., for LDD doping).
After the first photoresist pattern 140 is formed, the low-concentration impurities may be doped using the first photoresist pattern 140 as a mask, so that low-concentration source/drain regions 123S, 123D may be formed on the active layer 120. A region between the low-concentration source/drain regions 123S and 123D may be used as a channel region 121 of the TFT.
As shown in FIG. 1B, after forming the low-concentration source/drain regions 123S, 123D on the active layer 120 through the light doping, the first photoresist pattern 140 may be removed, and a gate electrode material film 150 may be formed on the gate insulating film 130. Then, a second photoresist pattern 160 is formed for forming a gate electrode.
Here, the second photoresist pattern 160 is formed, partially overlapping with the low-concentration source/drain regions 123S and 123D. Further, the width of the overlapped region is limited to a minimum of about 0.5 μm or more depending on resolution of a stepper.
As shown in FIG. 1C, a gate electrode 155 may be formed by patterning the gate electrode material film 150 using the second photoresist pattern 160 as the mask. In this situation, the gate electrode 155 may be formed partially overlapping the respective low-concentration source/drain regions 123S and 123D due to the second photoresist pattern 160.
After forming the gate electrode 155 to overlap with the respective low-concentration source/drain regions 123S and 123D, high-concentration impurities may be doped onto the active layer 120 through the gate electrode 155 used as the mask, thereby forming high-concentration source/drain regions 125S and 125D.
As shown in FIG. 1D, an interlayer insulating film 170 having contact holes 171, 175 through which the high-concentration source/drain regions 125S, 125D are partially exposed is formed on the entire surface of the insulating substrate 100 with the gate electrode 155. Then, source/drain electrodes 181, 185 are formed to be electrically connected to the high-concentration source/drain regions 125S, 125D through the contact holes 171, 175, thereby finally forming a thin film transistor with the GOLDD structure.
However, in a conventional thin film transistor with GOLDD structure, it may be difficult to reduce the low-concentration source/drain regions overlapping with the gate electrode. That is, it may be difficult to reduce the width of an LDD range to about 0.5 μm or less because of the resolution of the stepper used in the fabrication process.
Further, in a conventional thin film transistor with GOLDD structure, the low-concentration impurities may be doped using a photoresist mask. Then, after the gate electrode is formed, high-concentration impurities may be doped. Thus, an additional mask is needed to dope the low-concentration impurities. Another problem that can occur is that the gate electrode can be defectively aligned.

Thin film transistor, method of fabricating the same, and flat panel display using thin film transistor


A catalyst is provided which contains 1 to 99 wt. % of an inorganic binder and 99 to 1% of a zeolite consisting of a faujasite having an Si:Al synthesis ratio at least equal to 3 and 30 and the compensation cations of this zeolite consist partly or wholly of cations of one or more elements chosen from H, B, Al, Ga, In, rare earth metals and transition metals. The catalyst can also contain up to 15%, referred to the total weight of the binder and zeolite, of a catalytically active metal of the noble, non-noble transition or other type which is not already present in the compensation cations of the zeolite. The catalyst can be used in acid catalysis reactions carried out on hydrocarbon feedstock, in particular in fluidized bed catalytic cracking.

1) Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a catalyst based on a zeolite of the faujasite type and with a high synthesis Si:Al ratio. It also relates to the application of the said catalyst to acidic catalysis reactions carried out on hydrocarbon feedstocks.
2) Background Art
Zeolites have many industrial applications. They are employed in particular in the field of adsorbents, detergents or industrial catalysis. In this last field, most of the applications such as catalytic cracking of vacuum distillates or of residues to petrol or the hydrocracking of vacuum distillates to diesel fuel are satisfied by catalysts containing a zeolite of the faujasite type, called zeolite Y and having a synthesis Si:Al ratio of between 1.5 and 3.
Thermal and hydrothermal stability of this zeolite and consequently of the catalysts which contain it remains low and the said zeolite must be subjected to post-synthesis treatments to improve the said stability and more generally the performance of the said catalysts. To obtain an increase in the thermal and hydrothermal stability of the said zeolite it is advisable to increase its lattice Si:Al ratio and for this purpose it is possible to use various treatments, among which there may be mentioned techniques such as steam treatment optionally followed by washing of the aluminium-containing debris with acid (US-A-3,493,519, US-A-3,506,400), treatment with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (G. T. Kerr, J. Phys. Chem., 72 (1968), p. 2594), treatment with SiCl.sub.4 (H. K. Beyer, I. M. Belenykaja, F. Hange, M. Tielen, O. J. Grobet and P. A. Jacobs, J. Chem. Soc., Farad. Trans. 1, 81 (1985), pages 2889 to 2901) or treatment using ammonium fluorosilicate (NH.sub.4).sub.2 SiF.sub.6, (US-A-4,503,023).
All these treatments are troublesome, and this results in an increase in the cost of the final catalyst. Furthermore, such treatment give rise to structural changes in the treated zeolites, resulting in the appearance of faults which can impair the performance of the catalysts including these treated zeolites.
It has been found that zeolites of the faujasite type which have a synthesis Si:Al ratio higher than 3 can form the basis of excellent catalysts for acidic catalysis reactions of hydrocarbon feedstocks, in particular for cracking, hydrocracking, isomerisation or disproportionation reactions, these zeolites exhibiting, inter alia, a high density of acidic sites of intermediate or high strength and an excellent thermal and hydrothermal stability and being also capable of undergoing, with much fewer inconveniences than zeolite Y, owing to their higher lattice Si:Al ratio, the optional post-synthesis treatments intended, if need be, to increase the said ratio.

Catalysts based on a faujasite and its application


A method for formatting a magnetic recording disk with patterned nondata islands having alternating magnetization polarity in the along-the-track direction involves clocking write pulses to switch the magnetization direction of alternate, i.e., every other, nondata island. The clocking is controlled by the previously determined phase of the regions containing the nondata islands and the known offset along-the-track between the read head and write head. In each nondata region, every other nondata island in the along-the track direction has the same magnetization direction, with adjacent nondata islands having antiparallel magnetization directions. The disk may be either a horizontal magnetic recording disk, wherein the antiparallel magnetization directions are in the plane of the recording layer and parallel to the along-the-track direction, or a perpendicular magnetic recording disk, wherein the antiparallel the magnetization directions are “into” and “out of” the recording layer.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to patterned-media magnetic recording disks, wherein each data bit is stored in a magnetically isolated data island on the disk, and more particularly to a patterned-media disk with patterned nondata islands for head-positioning and data synchronization.
2. Description of the Related Art
Magnetic recording hard disk drives with patterned magnetic recording media have been proposed to increase the data density. In patterned media, the magnetic recording layer on the disk is patterned into small isolated data islands such that there is a single magnetic domain in each island or "bit". The single magnetic domains can be a single grain or consist of a few strongly coupled grains that switch magnetic states in concert as a single magnetic volume. This is in, contrast to conventional continuous media wherein a single "bit" may have multiple magnetic domains separated by domain walls. To produce the required magnetic isolation of the patterned islands, the magnetic moment of the spaces between the islands must be destroyed or substantially reduced so as to render these spaces essentially nonmagnetic. In one type of patterned media, as described for example in U.S. Pat. No. 6,440,520, the islands are elevated regions or pillars that extend above the spaces and magnetic material covers both the islands and the spaces, but the spaces are far enough from the read/write head to not adversely affect reading or writing, so the spaces can be considered essentially nonmagnetic. Alternatively, the patterned media may be fabricated so that that there is no magnetic material in the spaces between the islands. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,820,769; 5,587,223; and 6,383,598 are representative of various types of patterned media and their methods of fabrication.
Like conventional non-patterned or continuous-media disks, patterned-media disks also have nondata regions that are used for read/write head positioning and data synchronization. The nondata regions in patterned-media disks contain nondata islands separated by nonmagnetic spaces. The proposed method for formatting this type of disk is to DC "erase" the disk during manufacturing with a large magnet, leaving all of the nondata islands magnetized in the same direction. Thus for a patterned-media perpendicular magnetic recording disk, all of the nondata islands would have a magnetization direction either "into" or "out of" the surface of the disk. However, because only a single polarity of magnetization is used with this method, half of the available signal amplitude from the nondata islands is sacrificed and thus the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is less than optimum.
What is needed is a patterned-media magnetic recording disk with nondata islands that have alternating polarity of magnetization to provide optimal SNR, and a relatively fast and low-cost method for formatting the disk.

Method for formatting a magnetic recording disk with patterned nondata islands of alternating polarity

Hitachi Global Storage Technologies Netherlands B.V.


A device for attaching to a shank of a planting unit. The device may include liquid delivery tubing for delivery fertilizer to a planting furrow and a forming bar configured for securing to the shank. The forming bar may include a passageway extending therethrough for receiving and passing through fertilizer or other liquid that is delivered to the liquid delivery tubing. The forming bar may include a shank connecting portion, a rib portion, and a foot portion. The rib and foot portions may define the passageway. Further, the foot portion may protect the tubing. A method for using the device to deliver fertilizer to a seed furrow is also described.

Seed planters, particularly row crop planters, often include several seed planting units transversely arranged relative to a travel direction of the planter. The seed planting units commonly include a pair of furrowing discs that create a furrow as they move across the ground. The seed planting units may also include a hopper for carrying seeds to be planted. The seeds may be selectively released from the hopper and passed through a seed tube extending down between or slightly behind the furrowing discs. As such, the seed in the seed tube may be passed to the furrow created in the ground by the furrowing discs. To better prepare the furrow for passage of the seed tube and placement of the seed, the planting unit may also include a leading device that extends into the furrow between or slightly behind the furrowing discs, but ahead of the seed tube. In some cases, fertilization tubing, for example metal tubing, may be provided that is connected to a source of liquid fertilizer or other liquid on the planting unit. The tubing may be attached to the leading device to place liquid starter fertilizer in the furrow ahead of the seed. Additionally, this allows for the liquid to be placed beneath the seed and not on top.
Problems with current systems can occur due to engagement of the fertilization tubing with the ground. In some cases, the unprotected tubing may be agitated due to dragging along the ground causing the released fertilizer to splatter. In other cases, while metal tubing may be provided, the fertilization tubing may experience wear as it passes through the furrow ultimately leading to a leak in the tubing. In both cases, the fertilizer may spray or splatter on components of the planter. For example, the fertilizer may splatter onto the furrowing discs causing it to be further spread onto other portions of the planter due to the spinning motion of the furrowing discs. The liquid splatter on the disc can also cause seeds to adhere thereto. In addition to wasting fertilizer, this splattering fertilizer can be corrosive to equipment requiring difficult cleaning or accelerated deterioration of equipment.

Forming bar with liquid distribution passageway


A pharmaceutical composition of the eutomer of a chiral drug is disclosed whereby the eutomer has a clearance value greater than that of the racemic mixture of the chiral drug. The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention allow the delivery of therapeutically effective levels of drugs at doses much lower than would be required when the drug is delivered by conventional injection methods.

When a drug is administered intravenously or orally, the initial level of drug in the blood rapidly rises to a maximum. This initial level of drug is generally much higher than the therapeutically effective level. For example, FIG. 1 shows that sometimes initial levels of drugs administered orally may reach toxic concentrations resulting in undesirable side-effects. This is known as "overdosing." After the drug is administered and rises to a maximum level in the blood, the level then falls slowly as the drug is distributed, metabolized, excreted, or degraded. Eventually, the level of drug in the blood falls below the therapeutically effective level (i.e., there is "underdosing"). At this point, the drug needs to be re-administered to achieve effectiveness. Maintaining the concentration of drug in the blood between the minimum therapeutically effective level and toxic levels is important. One way to achieve this is to administer lower drug doses to the patient more frequently. This, however, is an unacceptable alternative in most instances.
Transdermal delivery of drugs offers a means of circumventing the problems of overdosing and underdosing that are associated with conventional drug delivery methods. The transdermal delivery of drugs can be designed so that the rate of delivery of the drug closely follows the rate of the clearance of the drug from the environment, thus keeping constant levels of drug in the blood, and reducing drug waste and overdosing problems. FIG. 1 displays the blood levels from transdermal and conventional oral delivery of drugs over a period of time.
In addition to the advantage of being able to control drug delivery rates, transdermal drug delivery also provides a comfortable, convenient and noninvasive way of administering drugs. Gastrointestinal irritation and other side-effects, often associated with oral drug delivery, are eliminated.
However, the amount of drug that can be delivered to a patient transdermally has limitations. Many drugs are poor candidates for transdermal delivery due to limitations on the permeability of the drug through the skin, or the large dose of the drug required for therapeutic efficacy. A partial solution to the dose problem associated with transdermal delivery can be employed when the drug to be delivered is a racemic mixture and most or all of the biological activity of the drug is associated with one enantiomer of the drug.
Delivery of eutomers rather than racemic mixtures to reduce the dose of drug to be delivered is known. For example, the drug Naproxen is manufactured as the racemic mixture and then resolved and sold to patients as the eutomer to reduce the size of the tablets to be used from 1000 mg tablets for the racemic drug to a more practical 500 mg tablets for the eutomer. The maximum reduction in dose that can be achieved when the eutomer is used is 50% since the racemic mixture consists of a 50:50 mixture of the two enantiomers.
Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to provide a pharmaceutical composition for the transdermal delivery of the eutomer of a chiral drug where the clearance value of the eutomer is greater than that of the racemic mixture.
It is another object of this invention to provide a transdermal patch for the delivery of S(-) ketorolac.
These and other objects and features of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description and appended claims when taken in conjunction with the figures.

Transdermal delivery of the eutomer of a chiral drug

Pharmetrix Division Technical Chemicals & Products, Inc.


A lacrosse stick including a lacrosse head attached to a handle, wherein the lacrosse head has a taller, or thicker, ball stop, wherein a portion of the ball stop portion is lowered with respect to the immediately adjacent portions of the sidewall portions relative to a centerline of the handle. The net securing structures in the ball stop are preferably located in the lowered portion and therein provides increased ball retention characteristics. The lower portion of the ball stop portion includes a concave inner surface that is preferably flared, or sloped, slightly outwardly along its interior surface from its front side to its back side. The openings for attaching the netting in the ball stop are preferably slightly recessed with respect to the upper surface.

Current women's lacrosse heads are typically constructed of an open frame having a bail stop portion with a concave interior surface that defines a bail stop, a pair of sidewall portions that generally extend from the ball stop portion, and a lip or scoop portion that interconnects the sidewall portions remotely of the ball stop portion. Openings or other attachment structures are carried by the frame for securing a lacrosse netting around the backside of the frame, leaving the opposing front side of the frame open for receiving lacrosse balls. A throat or other structure generally exteriorly projects from the ball stop portion of the frame and is intended to engage or secure a handle to the head.
The ball stop area of a lacrosse head, in conjunction with the netting attached thereto, provides the user with an area to hold and cradle the lacrosse ball during play. The ball retention characteristics of the ball stop area are thus dictated by such factors as the height of the ball stop, the location of the openings, or stringing holes, in the ball stop for attaching the netting, any flaring in the ball stop portion, and the relative tautness or looseness of the netting attached to the stringing holes.
It is highly desirable to provide a lacrosse head having increased ball retention characteristics in the ball stop portion. Moreover, it is highly desirable to provide a lacrosse head having decreased netting wear in the bail stop area. It is further desirable to provide a lacrosse head with these characteristics that is intended for use by women.

Lacrosse head having a ball stop portion with lowered bottom surface