A modular power and cable distribution system includes an elongate member having a top flange which is configured to be mounted to a worksurface, a vertical web extending downwardly from the top flange, and a bottom flange which includes a connector configured to detachably support at least one of a trough mounted laterally adjacent to the elongate member, a closure panel which together with the elongate member defines an enclosed powerway, and a modesty panel depending from the elongate member. The disclosed power and cable distribution system includes alignment members for facilitating and maintaining proper alignment of adjacent elongate members mounted on connected worksurfaces, gap trim pieces for covering gaps between adjacent, aligned powerways and/or cableways, and an infeed trim piece for feeding conduits or cables into the distribution system.

It is known to provide furniture with raceways adapted to receive cables to allow routing of cables from a worksurface to a wall or floor outlet. It is also known to provide movable wall partitions with raceways adapted to receive electrical powerways. However, the known furniture raceways are generally integrally formed with the furniture, are generally not adapted for receiving an electrical powerway to provide convenient positioning of electrical outlets at desired locations on the furniture, and do not allow separate routing of power and communication cables to provide adequate isolation therebetween. Additionally, the known raceways do not generally allow reconfiguration as desired, and are not adapted to be easily mounted, demounted and remounted as desired to provide a powerway, a communication wireway, or both, as needed. Likewise, partition raceways are generally integrally formed with the partitions and do not generally allow separate routing of power and communication cables, nor do they allow reconfiguration as desired to provide a powerway, a communication wireway, or both, as desired.
There also remains a need for a modular power and cable distribution system which is adapted to be mounted to generally any connected or ganged worksurfaces to provide means for distributing power and communication cables along a series of connected worksurfaces. Further, there is a need for providing a modular power and cable distribution system which is adapted to distribute power and communication cables along a series of connected worksurfaces which includes means for concealing or covering gaps or joints between adjacent aligned powerways and/or cableways. There is also a need for providing modular power and cable distribution systems for distributing power and/or communication cables along a series of connected worksurfaces with aesthetically acceptable means for feeding cables into the power and cable distribution system, and for providing aesthetically acceptable means for capping the ends of the power and cable distribution system.

Modular power and cable distribution system


An electrical apparatus can be used to modulate an apparent intensity of a vehicular braking indicator according to a specified pattern. When a duration of an initial brake application exceeds a specified initial modulation duration, the apparent intensity can continue to be modulated, but in a manner suppressing apparent variation in intensity until at least one of a release of brake application or until a specified timeout duration lapses. In an example, upon lapse of the timeout duration, modulation can be re-established to vary the apparent intensity of the vehicular braking indicator according to the specified pattern for another modulation duration corresponding to the initial modulation duration. The pattern can be customizable, such as provided to the electrical apparatus digitally, before installation. The customizability of the specified pattern can be inhibited, such as after installation by an installer or seller.

Distracted driving contributes significantly to vehicular accidents, and instances of distracted driving are increasing. Availability of technologies such as "smart" mobile phones including text messaging capability, or in-vehicle navigation systems or entertainment devices such as digital video or audio players can significantly contribute to such distraction, and such new technologies are likely to remain as persistent distractions. A distracted driver may have insufficient time to react or even perceive an approaching hazard, such as slow or stopped traffic ahead.
For decades, passenger and commercial vehicles such as cars and trucks have been equipped with tail-mounted brake indicator lights or "stop lamps." Generally, the tail-mounted light assemblies included two (or a multiple of two) light housings mounted symmetrically at the rear of the vehicle. The brake indicators are generally illuminated brightly and continuously in response to brake application by the driver of the vehicle. Control of such illumination is generally performed through actuation of a switch coupled to the brake applicator (e.g., a switch coupled to a brake pedal, brake pedal linkage, or other portion of the braking system). Upon application of the brake sufficient to actuate the switch, the brake indicators illuminate brightly and continuously until the brake application is released sufficiently to de-actuate the switch, such as when brake application is almost entirely or entirely released.
In the mid-1980's, a "third" brake indicator became required in the United States, to improve redundancy and to provide enhanced visibility of indication of braking action, such as in slow or stopped traffic where existing indicators may be obstructed. Generally, the third brake indicator was visible to the rear of the vehicle and mounted centrally and at a higher elevation on the vehicle than the existing symmetrically-mounted brake indicators. Such a third brake indicator is generally illuminated at the same time as the symmetrically-mounted brake indicators (e.g., continuously upon application of the brake). The third braking indicator can be referred to as a "center high mount stop lamp" (CHMSL).

Customizable modulator for vehicular braking indication


A display panel manufacturing method includes forming a gate electrode on a substrate and a gate insulator, a semiconductor layer, and an etch stop layer covering the gate electrode. A photoresist layer covering on the etch stop layer is pattern from two opposite side of the substrate by two photolithography processes to form a photoresist pattern. The etch stop layer is dry etched to form an etch stop pattern via the photoresist pattern. The photoresist pattern is formed again by two photolithography processes. The semiconductor layer is wet etched to form a semiconductor pattern via the photoresist pattern. A source electrode and a drain electrode is formed corresponding to two opposite sides of the gate electrode to orderly cover the etch pattern, the semiconductor pattern, and the gate insulator.

An liquid crystal display (LCD) panel employs a number of thin film transistors (TFTS) to control light transmittance of pixels of the LCD panel. Each TFT usually includes a channel layer and an etch stop layer formed on the channel layer. The etch stop layer is used to prevent the channel layer from being etched. However, a specific mask is need to make the etched layer and the specific mask must be precisely aligned with the channel layer, which increases LCD panel cost.

Display panel and manufacturing method thereof


An electricity generation system according to the present invention comprises a first electric generator designed to generate electricity by rotation of a high-pressure shaft of a compressor constituting a jet engine, a second electric generator designed to generate electricity by rotation of a low-pressure shaft of the compressor, a power distributor for distributing power generated by the first and second electric generators among a multiple loads, a first power regulation device for regulating power output of the first electric generator, a second power regulation device for regulating power output of the second electric generator, and a power control device which manipulates the first and second power regulation devices to ensure a specified amount or greater of jet engine surge margin.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an electricity generation system for an aircraft or the like equipped with a jet engine.
2. Description of the Related Art
Jet engines including a compressor are known as propulsion devices for aircraft and the like. In the aircraft or the like equipped with this type of jet engine, a fuel pump, a hydraulic pump, a lubricant pump and other devices equipped to the jet engine are commonly driven by a rotating high-pressure shaft of the compressor, via an accessory gearbox, while electric power required for the aircraft or the like is commonly supplied from an electric generator driven by the rotating high-pressure shaft of the compressor, via the accessory gearbox. The configuration that the mechanical pumps as well as the electric generator is driven by the high-pressure shaft of the compressor has a problem such that an increase in power consumption in the aircraft or the like increases a load on the high-pressure shaft of the compressor, which leads to reduced surge margin, and thus, increased possibility of surge (see JP 2002-70585 A). Particularly with a great increase in power demand in aircraft and the like in recent years, reduction of surge margin has becoming a problem. Here, the "surge" means a phenomenon that the jet engine does not operate properly due to stall of the compressor or the like. The "surge margin" is a measure of how close an operating point is to surge, and corresponds to a region between the operating line and the surge line on the map of low-pressure compression part entry air flow rate versus pressure ratio of the compressor.
To deal with the above problem, an electricity generation system configured to generate electricity by being driven by both the high-pressure shaft and the low-pressure shaft of the compressor has been proposed (see non-patent document: Christian Zaehringer and two others, "Towards the Powerhouse for More Electric Aircraft Dedicated Engine Concepts", http://www.mtu.de/en/technologies/engineering_news/development/Zaehringer_Towards_the_Powerhouse_en.pdf, pages 3 to 4, FIG. 2).
The aforementioned non-patent document, however, only discloses the concept of an electricity generation system including electric generators driven by the high-pressure shaft and the low-pressure shaft of the compressor, respectively, to generate electricity. In other words, the aforementioned non-patent document only shows the theoretical possibility of supplying increased power while maintaining the performance, operability and surge margin of the jet engine, provided by configuring an electricity generation system to generate electricity by being driven by both the high-pressure shaft and the low-pressure shaft of the compressor; it hardly discloses how to realize the concept, technically.


An organic electroluminescence device which exhibits an excellent purity of color and a high efficiency of light emission, has a long life and emits reddish light and a novel compound having these characteristics. The organic electroluminescence device comprises an organic layer disposed between at least one pair of electrodes, wherein the organic layer comprises a compound represented by general formula [1]:

The present invention relates to an organic electroluminescence device which is used as a light source such as a planar light emitting member of televisions and a back light of displays, exhibits an excellent purity of color and a high efficiency of light emission, has a long life and emits reddish light and to a novel compound having these characteristics.
Electroluminescence (referred to as EL, hereinafter) devices using organic compounds are expected to be used for inexpensive full color display devices of the solid light emission type which can display a large area and development thereof has been actively conducted. In general, an EL device is constituted with a light emitting layer and a pair of electrodes faced to each other at both sides of the light emitting layer. When a voltage is applied between the electrodes, electrons are injected at the side of the cathode and holes are injected at the side of the anode. The electrons are combined with the holes in the light emitting layer and an excited state is formed. When the excited state returns to the ground state, the energy is emitted as light.
Although the practical application of organic EL devices has started recently, devices for full color displays are still under development. In particular, a material for organic EL devices which exhibits an excellent purity of color and a high efficiency of light emission, has a long life and emits reddish light has been desired.
In an attempt to satisfy the above desire, a device emitting red light in which a derivative of naphthacene or pentacene is added to a light emitting layer is disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. Heisei 8(1996)-311442. Although this device exhibits an excellent purity of red light, the device exhibits an efficiency of light emission as low as 0.7 lm/W and has an insufficient average life which is shorter than 150 hours. An average life of at least several thousand hours is necessary for practical applications. A device in which a compound derived from dicyanomethylene (DCM) is added to a light emitting layer is disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. Heisei 3(1991)-162481. However, this device exhibits an insufficient purity of red light.
The present invention has been made to overcome the above problems and has an object of providing an organic EL device which exhibits an excellent purity of color and a high efficiency of light emission, has a long life and emits reddish light and a novel compound having these characteristics.
As the result of extensive studies by the present inventors to develop the organic EL device having the above advantageous properties, it was found that the object can be achieved by using a compound represented by the following general formula [1], [2] or [2xe2x80x2] as the light emitting material.
The organic EL device of the present invention comprises an organic layer disposed between at least one pair of electrodes, wherein the organic layer comprises a compound represented by general formula [1]:
wherein R1 to R14 each independently represent hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an aryloxy group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms, an arylalkyl group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, an arylamino group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, an alkylamino group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms or an arylalkylamino group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, the groups being substituted or unsubstituted; and at least one pair of R among R1 to R14 which are adjacent to each other do not represent hydrogen atom but represent groups which form a cyclic structure in combination.
The organic EL device of the present invention may also comprise an organic layer disposed between at least one pair of electrodes, wherein the organic layer comprises a compound represented by general formula [2]:
wherein R15 to R26 each independently represent hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an aryloxy group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms, an arylalkyl group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, an arylamino group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, an alkylamino group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms or an arylalkylamino group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, the groups being substituted or unsubstituted; at least one pair of R among R15 to R26 which are adjacent to each other do not represent hydrogen atom but represent groups which form a cyclic structure in combination; and Ar1 and Ar2 represent a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms or a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group having 5 to 30 carbon atoms.
The novel organic compound emitting red light which is useful for the organic EL device of the present invention is represented by general formula [2xe2x80x2]:
wherein R15 to R26 and Ar1 and Ar2 are as defined above in general formula [2], excluding the case in which Ar1 and Ar2 both represent phenyl group.
In the organic EL device of the present invention, an organic layer is disposed between at least one pair of electrodes and the organic layer comprises at least one of the compounds represented by general formula [1] and general formula [2] shown above.
R1 to R14 in general formula [1] shown above each independently represent hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an aryloxy group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms, an arylalkyl group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, an arylamino group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, an alkylamino group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms or an arylalkylamino group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms. These groups may be substituted. At least one pair of R among R1 to R14 which are adjacent to each other do not represent hydrogen atom but represent groups which form a cyclic structure in combination.
It is preferable that R1 to R14, except the pair of R which are adjacent to each other and represent groups forming a cyclic structure in combination, represent an alkyl group, an aryloxy group, an arylalkyl group, an aryl group, an arylamino group, an alkylamino group or an arylalkylamino group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms.
R15 to R26 in general formula [2] shown above each independently represent hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an aryloxy group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms, an arylalkyl group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, an arylamino group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, an alkylamino group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms or an arylalkylamino group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms. These groups may be substituted. At least one pair of R among R15 to R26 which are adjacent to each other do not represent hydrogen atom but represent groups which form a cyclic structure in combination. Ar1 and Ar2 represent a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms or a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group having 5 to 30 carbon atoms.
The novel organic compound emitting red light which is useful for the organic EL device of the present invention is represented by general formula [2xe2x80x2] shown above.
In general formula [2xe2x80x2], R15 to R26, Ar1 and Ar2 are as defined above in general formula [2], excluding the case in which Ar1 and Ar2 both represent phenyl group.
The above organic layer comprises a light emitting layer which comprises at least one of the compounds represented by general formula [1] and general formula [2] shown above.
It is preferable that the light emitting layer comprises 0.1 to 20% by mole and more preferably 1 to 5% by mole of at least one of the compounds represented by general formula [1] and general formula [2].
The light emitting layer may be a light emitting layer having an electron transporting property. A layer of an inorganic compound may be disposed between the organic layer and the electrode.
The organic EL device of the present invention emits reddish light.
Examples of the compounds represented by general formula [1], general formula [2] and general formula [2xe2x80x2] of the present invention include (A-1) to (A-26) which are shown in the following. However, the present invention is not limited to these compounds shown as the examples. In the formulae shown in the following, Me means methyl group.
In the compound used in the organic EL device of the present invention, at least one pair of R among R1 to R14 which are adjacent to each other do not represent hydrogen atom but represent groups which form a cyclic structure in combination as described above. It is preferable that an unsaturated ring structure is formed in addition to the pentacene structure. Due to this structure, the organic EL device using this compound exhibits a more excellent efficiency of light emission and has a longer life than conventional devices do.
The organic EL device of the present invention is a device in which one or a plurality of organic thin films are disposed between an anode and a cathode. When the device has a single organic layer, a light emitting layer is disposed between an anode and a cathode. The light emitting layer contains a light emitting material and may also contain a hole injecting material to transport holes injected at the anode to the light emitting material or an electron injecting material to transport electrons injected at the cathode to the light emitting material. It is preferable that the light emitting layer is formed with a light emitting material having a very high quantum efficiency of fluorescence emission and excellent ability to transfer holes and electrons and a uniform thin film is formed. The organic EL device having a multi-layer structure has a laminate structure such as: (an anode/a hole injecting layer/a light emitting layer/a cathode), (an anode/a light emitting layer/an electron injecting layer/a cathode) and (an anode/a hole injecting layer/a light emitting layer/an electron injecting layer/a cathode).
In the light emitting layer, where necessary, conventional light emitting materials, doping materials, hole injecting materials and electron injecting materials may be used in addition to the compound represented by general formula [1], [2] or [2xe2x80x2] used in the present invention. Deterioration in the luminance and the life caused by quenching can be prevented by the multi-layer structure of the organic EL. Where necessary, light emitting materials, other doping materials, hole injecting materials and electron injecting materials may be used in combination. By using other doping materials, the luminance and the efficiency of light emission can be improved and red light and white light can be emitted. The hole injecting layer, the light emitting layer and the electron injecting layer may each have a multi-layer structure having two or more layers. When the hole injecting layer has a multi-layer structure, the layer into which holes are injected from the electrode is referred to as the hole injecting layer and the layer which receives holes from the hole injecting layer and transports holes from the hole injecting layer to the light emitting layer is referred to as the hole transporting layer. When the electron injecting layer has a multi-layer structure, the layer into which electrons are injected from the electrode is referred to as the electron injecting layer and the layer which receives electrons from the electron injecting layer and transports electrons from the electron injecting layer to the light emitting layer is referred to as the electron transporting layer. These layers are each selected and used in accordance with factors such as the energy level, heat resistance and adhesion with the organic layers or the metal electrodes of the material.
Examples of the material which can be used in the organic layer as the light emitting material or the host material in combination with the compound represented by general formula [1], [2] or [2xe2x80x2] include anthracene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, pyrene, tetracene, coronene, chrysene, fluoresceine, perylene, phthaloperylene, naphthaloperylene, perynone, phthaloperynone, naphthaloperynone, diphenylbutadiene, tetraphenylbutadiene, coumarine, oxadiazole, aldazine, bisbenzoxazoline, bisstyryl, pyrazine, cyclopentadiene, metal complexes of quinoline, metal complexes of aminoquinoline, metal complexes of benzoquinoline, imines, diphenylethylene, vinylanthracene, diaminocarbazole, pyrane, thiopyrane, polymethine, merocyanine, chelates of oxinoid compounds with imidazoles, quinacridone, rubrene, stilbene derivatives and fluorescent pigments. However, the above material is not limited to the compounds described above as the examples.
As the hole injecting material, a compound which has the ability to transfer holes, exhibits an excellent effect of hole injection from the anode and an excellent effect of hole injection to the light emitting layer or the light emitting material, prevents transfer of excited components formed in the light emitting layer into the electron injecting layer or the electron injecting material and has excellent ability to form a thin film is preferable. Examples of the above compound include phthalocyanine derivatives, naphthalocyanine derivatives, porphyrin derivatives, oxazole, oxadiazole, triazole, imidazole, imidazolone, imdazolethione, pyrazoline, pyrazolone, tetrahydroimidazole, oxazole, oxadiazole, hydrazone, acylhydrazone, polyarylalkanes, stilbene, butadiene, triphenylamines of the benzidine-type, triphenylamines of the styrylamine type, triphenylamines of the diamine type, derivatives of these compounds and macromolecular compounds such as polyvinylcarbazole, polysilane and conductive macromolecules. However, the above compound is not limited to the compounds described above as the examples.
Among the hole injection materials which can be used in the organic EL device of the present invention, aromatic tertiary amine derivatives and phthalocyanine derivatives are more effective.
Examples of the aromatic tertiary amine derivative include triphenylamine, tritolylamine, tolyldiphenylamine, N,Nxe2x80x2-diphenyl-N,Nxe2x80x2-(3-methylphenyl)-1,1xe2x80x2-biphenyl-4,4xe2x80x2-diamine, N,N, Nxe2x80x2,Nxe2x80x2-(4-methylphenyl)-1,1xe2x80x2-phenyl-4,4xe2x80x2-diamine, N,N,Nxe2x80x2,Nxe2x80x2-(4-methylphenyl)-1,1xe2x80x2-biphenyl-4,4xe2x80x2-diamine, N,Nxe2x80x2-diphenyl-N,Nxe2x80x2-dinaphthyl-1,1xe2x80x2-biphenyl-4,4xe2x80x2-diamine, N,Nxe2x80x2-(methylphenyl)-N,Nxe2x80x2-(4-n-butylphenyl)phenanthrene-9,10-diamine, N,N-bis(4-di-4-tolylaminophenyl)-4-phenylcyclohexane and oligomers and polymers having a skeleton structure of these aromatic tertiary amines. However, the aromatic tertiary amine derivative is not limited to the compounds described above as the examples.
Examples of the phthalocyanine (Pc) derivative include H2Pc, CuPc, CoPc, NiPc, ZnPc, PdPc, FePc, MnPc, ClAlPc, ClGaPc, ClInPc, ClSnPc, Cl2SiPc, (HO)AlPc, (HO)GaPc, VOPc, TiOPc, MoOPc, GaPc-O-GaPc and corresponding derivatives of naphthalocyanine. However, the derivatives of phthalocyanine and naphthalocyanine are not limited to the compounds described above as the examples.
As the electron injecting material, a compound which has the ability to transport electrons, exhibits an excellent effect of electron injection from the cathode and an excellent effect of electron injection to the light emitting layer or the light emitting material, prevents transfer of excited components formed in the light emitting layer into the hole injecting layer and has excellent ability to form a thin film is preferable. Examples of the above compound include fluorenone, anthraquinodimethane, diphenoquinone, thiopyrane dioxide, oxazole, oxadiazole, triazole, imidazole, peryleneteteracarboxylic acid, fluorenylidenemethane, anthraquinodimethane, anthrone and derivatives of these compounds. However, the above compound is not limited to the compounds described above as the examples. The charge injecting property can be improved by adding an electron accepting material to the hole injecting material or by adding an electron donating material to the electron injecting material.
In the organic EL device of the present invention, more effective electron injecting materials are metal complex compounds and five-membered derivatives containing nitrogen.
Examples of the metal complex compound include 8-hydroxyquinolinatolithium, bis(8-hydroxyquinolinato)zinc, bis(8-hydroxyquinolinato)copper, bis(8-hydroxyquinolinato)manganese, tris(8-hydroxyquinolinato)aluminum, tris(2-methyl-8-hydroxyquinolinato)-aluminum, tris(8-hydroxyquinilinato)gallium, bis(10-hydroxybenzo-[h]quinolinato)beryllium, bis(10-hydroxybenzo[h]quinolinato)zinc, bis(2-methyl-8-quinolinato)chlorogallium, bis(2-methyl-8-quinolinato) (o-cresolato)gallium, bis(2-methyl-8-quinolinato)(1-naphtholato)aluminum and bis(2-methyl-8-quinolinato)(2-naphtholato)gallium. However, the metal complex compound is not limited to the compounds described above as the examples.
Preferable examples of the five-membered derivative containing nitrogen include derivatives of oxazoles, thiazoles, thiadiazoles and triazoles. Specific examples include 2,5-bis(1-phenyl)-1,3,4-oxazole, dimethylPOPOP, 2,5-bis(1-phenyl)-1,3,4-thiazole, 2,5-bis(1-phenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole, 2-(4xe2x80x2-tert-butylphenyl)-5-(4xe2x80x3-biphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole, 2,5-bis(1-naphthyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole, 1,4-bis[2-(5-phenyloxadiazolyl)]benzene, 1,4-bis[2-(5-phenyloxadiazolyl)-4-tert-butylbenzene], 2-(4xe2x80x2-tert-butylphenyl)-5-(4xe2x80x3-biphenyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole, 2,5-bis(1-naphthyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole, 1,4-bis[2-(5-phenylthiadiazolyl)]benzene, 2-(4xe2x80x2tert-butylphenyl)-5-(4xe2x80x3-biphenyl)-1,3,4-triazole, 2,5-bis(1-naphthyl)-1,3,4-triazole and 1,4-bis[2-(5-phenyltriazolyl)]benzene. However, the five-membered derivative containing nitrogen is not limited to the compounds described above as the examples.
In the organic EL device of the present invention, the organic layer may contain at least one of light emitting materials, doping materials, hole injecting materials and electron injecting materials in the same layer in addition to the compound represented by general formula [1], [2] or [2xe2x80x2]. In order to improve stability of the organic EL device of the present invention with respect to temperature, humidity and oxygen, a protecting layer may be formed on the surface of the device or the entire device may be protected with silicon oil or a resin.
As the conductive material used for the anode of the organic EL device, a material having a work function of 4 eV or greater is suitable. Examples of such a material include carbon, aluminum, vanadium, iron, cobalt, nickel, tungsten, silver, gold, platinum, palladium, alloys of these metals, metal oxides used for ITO substrates and NESA substrates such as tin oxide and indium oxide and organic conductive resins such as polythiophene and polypyrrol. As the conductive material used for the cathode, a material having a work function smaller than 4 eV is suitable. Examples of such a material include magnesium, calcium, tin, lead, titanium, yttrium, lithium, ruthenium, manganese, aluminum and alloys of these metals. However, the materials used for the anode and the cathode are not limited to the materials described above as the examples. Typical examples of the alloy include alloys of magnesium and silver, alloys of magnesium and indium and alloys of lithium and aluminum. However, the alloy is not limited to these alloys described as the examples. The composition of the alloy is controlled by the temperature of the source of vapor deposition, the atmosphere and the degree of vacuum and can be adjusted suitably. The anode and the cathode may have a multi-layer structure having two or more layers, where necessary.
In the organic EL device, to achieve efficient light emission, it is preferable that at least one face of the device is sufficiently transparent in the wave length region of the emitted light. It is preferable that the substrate is also transparent. The transparent electrode is disposed in accordance with vapor deposition or sputtering using the above conductive material in a manner such that the prescribed transparency is surly obtained. It is preferable that the electrode disposed on the light emitting face has a transmittance of light of 10% or greater. The substrate is not particularly limited as long as the substrate has sufficient mechanical strength and strength at high temperatures and is transparent. Glass substrates or transparent films of resins may be used. Example of the transparent films of resins include films of polyethylene, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymers, polypropylene, polystyrene, polymethyl methacrylate, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl butyral, nylon, polyether ether ketones, polsulfones, polyether sulfones, tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether copolymers, polyvinyl fluoride, tetrafluoroethylene-ethylene copolymers, tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymers, polychlorotrifluoro-ethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyesters, polycarbonates, polyurethanes, polyether imides, polyimides and polypropylene.
Each layer of the organic EL device of the present invention can be formed suitably in accordance with a dry process of film formation such as vacuum vapor deposition, sputtering, plasma plating and ion plating or a wet process of film formation such as spin coating, dipping and flow coating. The thickness of the film is not particularly limited. However, it is necessary that the thickness be set at a suitable value. When the thickness is greater than the suitable value, a high voltage must be applied to obtain a prescribed output of light and the efficiency decreases. When the thickness is smaller than the suitable value, pin holes are formed and a sufficient luminance cannot be obtained even when the electric field is applied. In general, the suitable range of the thickness is 5 nm to 10 xcexcm. A thickness in the range of 10 nm to 0.2 xcexcm is preferable.
When the device is produced in accordance with a wet process, materials forming each layer are dissolved or dispersed in a suitable solvent such as ethanol, chloroform, tetrahydrofuran and dioxane and a film is formed from the solution or the suspension. The solvent is not particularly limited. In any organic thin layer, suitable resins and additives may be used to improve the property to form a film and to prevent formation of pin holes. Examples of the resin which can be used include insulating resins such as polystyrene, polycarbonates, polyarylates, polyesters, polyamides, polyurethanes, polysulfones, polymethyl methacrylate, polymethyl acrylate and cellulose, copolymers derived from these resins, photoconductive resins such as poly-N-vinylcarbazole and polysilane and conductive resins such as polythiophene and polypyrrol. Examples of the additive include antioxidants, ultraviolet light absorbents and plasticizers.
As described above, when the compound of the present invention is used for the organic layer of the organic EL device, the organic EL device exhibiting an excellent purity of color and a high efficiency of light emission, having a long life and emitting red light can be obtained.
The organic EL device of the present invention can be used for a planar light emitting member such as a flat panel display of wall televisions, a back light for copiers, printers and liquid crystal displays, a light source of instruments, display panels and a marker light.


A developer includes a developer frame in which a developing agent is contained, a development roller that is rotatably disposed inside the developer frame. Coupling means couples the development roller to the developer frame. The coupling means includes a gear member that is rotatably mounted to the developer frame and engages a first gear disposed outside the developer to transfer a rotational force. A development roller end portion rotates with the gear member in the same direction about the same rotational shaft as the gear member. An image forming apparatus includes a photosensitive medium on which an electrostatic latent image corresponding to an image to be printed is formed through light scanning and the developer, which applies a developing agent to the photosensitive medium to develop the image into a visible image.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an electrophotographic image forming apparatus. More particularly, the present invention relates to a developer having a development roller with an improved rotational structure, and an electrophotographic image forming apparatus including the developer.
2. Description of the Related Art
Generally, image forming apparatuses, such as laser printers and digital copying machines, are devices that scan light to a photosensitive medium that is charged at a predetermined potential to form an electrostatic latent image on an outer peripheral surface of the photosensitive medium. A developing agent, such as toner, is applied to the electrostatic latent image to develop the latent image into a visible image. The image is transferred and fixed to a sheet of paper to print the image. An electrophotographic image forming apparatus includes a developer that is detachably mounted inside a body. The developer includes the photosensitive medium, which has the electrostatic latent image formed on the outer peripheral surface thereof, and a development roller, which conveys the toner to the outer peripheral surface of the photosensitive medium. The developer is replaced with a new developer when the toner contained therein is depleted.
Power for rotating the photosensitive medium or the development roller during the printing process is transferred from a motor disposed inside the body. If the developer is mounted inside the body for the power transfer, the motor and the developer are coupled to each other using predetermined coupling means. FIG. 1 is an exploded perspective view of coupling means for coupling the developer to the motor in a conventional electrophotographic image forming apparatus.
Referring to FIG. 1, the coupling means includes a triangular protrusion 11, which extends in a longitudinal direction of a photosensitive drum 5 from a front end portion of a rotary shaft 10 of the photosensitive drum 5. A power transfer shaft 20 that is rotatably connected to a motor (not shown) has a triangular groove 22 facing the triangular protrusion 11. The power transfer shaft 20 is operatively connected to a door (not shown) of the image forming apparatus that is opened to allow a developer including the photosensitive drum 5 to be installed in or removed from the image forming apparatus therethrough, such that the power transfer shaft 20 moves forward and backward in a direction indicated by the arrow when the door is opened and closed. The rotary shaft 10 of the photosensitive drum 5 is inserted into an aperture 17 formed in a developer frame 15 such that the photosensitive drum 5 is rotatably mounted to the developer frame 15. Accordingly, the triangular protrusion 11 is exposed outside of the developer frame 15.
If the door is opened to mount the developer in a body of the image forming apparatus, the power transfer shaft 20 moves rearwardly. If the developer is inserted in the body of the image forming apparatus and the door is closed, the power transfer shaft 20 moves forwardly, thereby inserting the triangular protrusion 11 of the photosensitive drum 5 in the triangular groove 11 such that the motor inside the body is connected to the photosensitive drum 5 inside the developer. Consequently, if the motor rotates according to a printing order, the power of the motor is transferred to the photosensitive drum 5 to rotate the photosensitive drum 5.
Alternatively, a gear portion 7 is disposed on an outer peripheral surface of a longitudinal end of the photosensitive drum 5. A corresponding gear portion (not shown) meshing with the gear portion 7 of the photosensitive drum 5 is disposed on an outer peripheral surface of a longitudinal end of each of a development roller, a supply roller, and an agitator inside the developer. Accordingly, if the photosensitive drum 5 rotates, the development roller, the supply roller, and the agitator rotate subsequently.
As described above, since the power transfer shaft 20 is operatively connected to the door and thus moves forwardly and rearwardly when the door is opened and closed, the power transfer shaft 20 has a complex structure and requires many components, thereby increasing manufacturing costs and increasing the difficulty of manufacturing the power transfer shaft 20. The rotational speed of the development roller, which is geared with the photosensitive drum to rotate, may vary according to a degree to which teeth of the gear portion 7 of the photosensitive drum 5 and teeth of the gear portion of the development roller are processed. This may result in a jittery printed image.
Further, the development roller engaged with the photosensitive drum 5 is forced to be farther from or closer to the photosensitive drum 5 as the photosensitive drum 5 rotates. Accordingly, a gap between an outer peripheral surface of the photosensitive drum 5 and an outer peripheral surface of the development roller may be different from a preset value, which adversely affects the quality of the printed image.
Accordingly, there is a need for a developer having an improved rotational structure for an electrophotographic image forming apparatus to improve print quality.

Coupling means for development roller of developing unit and electrophotographic image forming apparatus having the same


A layer 2 switch enables communication between different layer 2 networks by rewriting an expansion VLAN tag according to a network of a frame transfer destination, as well as producing the same effect, by rewriting an expansion VLAN tag, as that obtained by applying expansion VLAN tags to the third and the following stages.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a layer 2 switch (hereinafter referred to as L2SW) which terminates a layer 2 frame (hereinafter referred to as Ethernet frame) and, more particularly, to improvement in a method of processing an expansion VLAN tag applied to an Ethernet frame for expansion.
2. Description of the Related Art
Expansion VLAN technique is a technique developed for employing VLAN techniques used in a conventional L2SW to individually separate users in a wide area Ethernet for the use as VPN. With a local area network divided into segments, VLAN has been originally used as a means for shutting up an Ethernet broadcast frame or a means for ensuring security. In order to meet a demand from communication service providers for making use of the VLAN techniques for VPN for the purpose of individually separating users accommodated in a network in wide area Ethernet service, communication apparatus manufactures have developed the techniques on their own. In addition, while IP-VPN techniques have been conventionally used, wide area Ethernet service is attracting more and more attention because of apparatus introduction costs, operation costs, facility of introduction and the degree of freedom to make the communication service providers consider introduction of various kinds of services using the VLAN techniques.
In wide area networks provided by communication service providers, one communication service provider's network is divided into a plurality of small areas.
This arrangement is made, in order to avoid a problem that an expansion VLAN is capable of accommodating 4096 users at the maximum because the expansion VLAN employs the same tag format as that of a common VLAN, for the purpose of ensuring expandability in a provider's network as a whole by dividing one area into small units to limit the number of users accommodated in each area.
As shown in FIG. 8, the entire network is structured to have Ethernet networks each set up in each area connected with each other through an L2SW. Each area is an independent LAN in which as many as 4096 VLAN can be set. When transmitting and receiving data to bridge the areas, once delete an expansion VLAN tag at an exit of each area and add, at an entrance of a next area, an expansion VLAN tag inherent to the area.
In addition, as shown in FIG. 9, another method is considering each area as a layer to sequentially add/delete an expansion VLAN tag when moving through the layers. In this case, the higher a layer goes up in hierarchy, the more are applied the expansion VLAN tags.
One of conventional art similar to the present invention is that recited in Kohyo (National Publication of Translated Version) No. 2001-500345.
With a system shown in FIG. 9, because an expansion VLAN tag is inserted every time a layer goes up in hierarchy, an overhead in an Ethernet frame (other part than data) is increased. This results in having a compressed band in the network to adversely affect L2SW processing performance.
In addition, since many of communication service providers set the maximum frame length allowed by an L2SW in a network to be 1522 or 1526 bytes, setting of all the L2SW in the network should be changed. Furthermore, because old type devices fail to cope with such an expansion VLAN system, setting change is not enough to be adapted to the system, so that replacement of the apparatus will be required.
With the system shown in FIG. 8, it is necessary to arrange L2SW for gate way at each of an entrance and an exit of each area to connect the areas.
As a result, the number of L2SWs is increased in the entire network to invite an increase in operation costs of the apparatus.

Layer 2 switch and method of processing expansion VLAN tag of layer 2 frame


A memory cell array in a semiconductor device includes a semiconductor substrate having active areas and isolation areas in parallel, a plurality of select lines having generally a U like shape and is configured to cross over the active areas and the isolation areas, and a plurality of word lines formed between the select lines. In view of the select line being formed in U like shape, an occurrence of a punch through phenomenon is prevented by a junction area formed between the select lines. As a result, a margin for reducing a width of the select line is increased.

The present invention relates to a memory cell array. More particularly, to a memory cell array in a semiconductor memory device wherein a width of a select line having a source select line SSL and a drain select line DSL is reduced.
Generally, a semiconductor memory device includes a volatile memory device where data are extinguished when a power is not supplied and a non-volatile memory device where data are maintained though the power is not supplied. The volatile memory device has a dynamic random access memory (DRAM) and a static random access memory (SRAM).
The non-volatile memory device includes an electrically erasable and programmable ROM (EEPROM) where data may be inputted or outputted electrically and a flash memory device, etc.
Especially, the flash memory device is a device improved compared to the EEPROM, and controls electrically an input/output of data by using Fowler-Nordheim tunneling (F-N tunneling) phenomenon or a hot electron injection phenomenon.
In addition, the flash memory device is divided into a NAND flash memory and a NOR flash memory.
The NAND flash memory includes a cell string where memory cell transistors are connected in series one another and with word lines. The word lines are connected in parallel between a bit line and a common source line.
In the NOR flash memory, each of memory cell transistors is connected in parallel between a bit line and a common source line.
The NOR flash memory has an excellent fast-operation characteristic because data are inputted/outputted in an unit of a memory cell transistor. However, the characteristic is not good in view of degree of integration. Whereas, the NAND flash memory has an excellent integration characteristic because data are inputted/outputted in an unit of a word line.
The NAND flash memory has a select line included in a memory cell array, wherein select transistors are connected in series with the select line. Here, the select line is formed at both terminals of a cell string where memory cell transistors are connected in series to one another. Additionally, the select line selects the cell string for inputting/outputting data or interrupts a cell string that has not been selected.

Memory cell array in a semiconductor memory device with select lines formed in a U-like shape


A synchronous rectifier control circuit improves energy conversion efficiency and uses a signal produced by a secondary winding of a transformer in a rectifier circuit to control a low-impedance and a low power consuming current switch such as a JFET and a MOSFET in a synchronous rectifier circuit to substitute a high power consuming diode rectification and appropriately rectify and extend the ON time of the current switch to prevent the positive and negative phases of the current switch to be turned on simultaneously, which will cause a large current to burn the current switch. The invention includes a protection circuit having an under voltage lock out circuit for an interrupt output function, so that if an insufficient instant power voltage occurs, the power is turned on or off to interrupt all outputs and force the current switch of the rectifier circuit to turn off, and prevent the output of an unstable working voltage of the rectifier control circuit or the abnormal operation of the current switch.

As the operations of internal components of most electronic appliances (such as television, stereo, computer, etc) require the use of a direct current power supply, and thus a rectifier is needed to convert the alternate current power into a direct current power of various different voltages and maximize the functions of these electronic appliances. The rectifier can be divided into a linear rectifier and a switching rectifier according to different circuit structures, and the simple linear rectifier is consisted of a transformer, a diode, and a capacitor filter, and its advantages include simple circuit, high stability, quick responses to pause, high reliability, small ripple, and small electromagnetic interference. Since the linear rectifier adopts a low-frequency silicon steel transformer, therefore the linear rectifier has the shortcomings of large volume, heavy weight, low conversion efficiency (approximately 30% to 50%) and incapability of having a direct current input. To overcome the shortcomings of the linear rectifier, a switching rectifier is introduced. The switching rectifier has the advantages of high conversion efficiency, small power consumption for idle runs, light, and capability of having a direct current input, etc. Therefore, the current power supply market still uses the switching rectifier as the mainstream product. To cope with various different output powers, the following topologies for the rectifier circuits are developed for the switching rectifier, and these topologies include flyback, forward, full bridge, half bridge, and push-pull, etc.
Referring to FIG. 1 for the schematic view of a prior art half-bridge circuit, the half-bridge circuit comprises a main transformer T1, a power terminal B+of a direct current power supply connected to a preamble circuit, a pulse width modulation controller (PWMC), an isolation driven transformer T2, a DC isolation capacitor CBL, two input filter capacitors C10, C11, a current detection resistor RS, two current switches Q3, Q4, two output rectification diodes D1, D2 installed at the secondary winding of the main transformer T1, an energy storage inductor L1, an output filter capacitor C1, and a feedback control circuit Feedback-Control that feeds the signal of the output terminal OUTPUT back to the pulse width modulation controller PWMC. In the foregoing half-bridge circuit, the two current switches Q3, Q4 are N-channel field effect transistors, and the pulse width modulation controller PWMC produces a high/low pulse voltage level control signal to open/close the two current switches Q3, Q4 through an isolation driven transformer T2. The dots shown in all figures indicate the positive half cycle of the control signal corresponding to the polarity of each winding inductor voltage. In the positive half cycle, the control signal from the isolation driven transformer T2 maintains the current switch Q3 in the ON status and the current switch Q4 in the OFF status; in the negative half cycle, the control signal from the isolation driven transformer T2 maintains the current switch Q4 in the ON status and the current switch Q3 in the OFF status. For the operations of a half-bridge circuit, it is very important not to open the two current switches Q3, Q4 at the same time to avoid excessive current passing through and burning the current switches. To assure that this principle is followed, the pulse width modulation controller PWMC will close the two current switches Q3, Q4 simultaneously by the control signal within a short time between the positive half cycle and the negative half cycle, and this period of time is called the fly wheeling time. The outputted energy within the fly wheeling time is released by an energy storage inductor L1 and rectified by a diode D1, D2 circuit for the power supply. From the description above, the overall output rectifier circuit must pass through the rectifier diode D1 or D2 regardless of being in a positive/negative half cycle or a fly wheeling time, and the voltage of the rectifier diode will be dropped approximately to 0.4˜1.0V. Therefore, there will be a large energy loss for a large current output. The prior art full-bridge circuit is operated by the method similar to the foregoing half-bridge circuit, except that the primary winding uses four current switches, and thus the output power is twice as much as that of the half-bridge circuit. However, the arrangement of the secondary winding is identical to that of the half-bridge circuit.


An object of the present invention is to provide an exposure apparatus which is capable of obtaining high illumination efficiency and performing uniform exposure. In accordance with the exposure apparatus that includes a light source, an optical integrator to which light is supplied from the light source and a two-dimensional spatial light modulator illuminated by light which has transmitted the optical integrator, an optical fiber bundle end portion for emitting light to the optical integrator is provided in the light source, and the light-emitting area of the optical fiber bundle end portion is, as seen from the light-emitting side, substantially similar to the contour configuration of light-emitting surface of the optical integrator. Thus, most of the light emitted from the optical fiber bundle end portion can be illuminated onto a set illumination area. As a result, high illumination efficiency can be obtained and uniform exposure can be realized.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an exposure apparatus, and in particular to an exposure apparatus which is capable of improving illumination efficiency and performing uniform exposure.
2. Description of the Related Art
An exposure apparatus is known, which has an illumination optical system for illuminating a two-dimensional spatial light modulator (which hereinafter is referred to as a two-dimensional SLM) such as an LCD (liquid crystal display) or a DMD (digital micromirror device; trademark) with light from a light source, and which exposes an optical image controlled by the two-dimensional SLM onto a photosensitive material. The two-dimensional SLM must be uniformly illuminated in such an exposure apparatus. An optical integrator is used for the illumination optical system. The optical integrator is generally used for a projector as well as an exposure apparatus (e.g., see Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open (JP-A) No. 3-111806).
The optical integrator divides a luminous flux, passes the divided luminous fluxes through different paths and then re-couples the fluxes in order to eliminate a correlation between intensity and position (distribution of intensity) and to uniform the intensity. There provided two systems for the optical integrator in accordance with a system for dividing a luminous flux. (1) One is a fly-eye type for spatially dividing a luminous flux by using a lens array (fly-eye lens) in which lenses are two-dimensionally arranged. (2) The other is a rod type for angularly dividing a luminous flux by multiple reflection by using a glass rod or a hollow rod with its inner surface being a mirror.
In the fly-eye type, two fly-eye lenses are used. A first fly-eye lens converges light onto lens cells of a second fly-eye lens. A light source image is imaged on the lens cells of the second fly-eye lens. The second fly-eye lens images the images which are on lens cells of the first fly-eye lens onto a two-dimensional SLM. In the rod type, a light source image is imaged on an incident surface of a rod, and an image at the exit surface of the rod is imaged on a two-dimensional SLM.
When a lamp such as an ultrahigh pressure mercury-vapor lamp is used for a light source, the configuration of light-emitting portion of the lamp is totally different from the configuration of an illumination area of a two-dimensional SLM (i.e., the configuration of an area of the two-dimensional SLM to be illuminated). Nevertheless, the above-described integrator enables uniform illumination only on a required area on the two-dimensional SLM to be used.
In actuality, in the case that Etendue is large and the configuration of the light-emitting portion is different from the configuration of an area illuminated by the light reaching a two-dimensional SLM as in the case of a lamp, entire light emitted from the lamp cannot be effectively utilized, resulting in a decreased illumination efficiency.
A description will be given with a specific example. When a lamp and a fly-eye type integrator are used, an arc image of the lamp is imaged by a first fly-eye lens onto cells of a second fly-eye lens. When an area to be used on a two-dimensional SLM is formed in a rectangular, the lens cells of the fly-eye lens are formed in a similar configuration to the area to be illuminated in order to image images which are on the lens cell. It is designed so that the size of the arc image of the lamp is equal to or smaller than the size of the second fly-eye lens. Actually, however, it is difficult for all light source images to enter the lens cells because of the size of light source (the size of light-emitting portion of the lamp, i.e., the arc size), spread of light and aberration of lenses. For this reason, there arise problems in that an optical performance is deteriorated, illumination efficiency is decreased and uniformity of illumination is deteriorated.
In view of the above-described facts, an object of the present invention is to provide an exposure apparatus which is capable of obtaining high illumination efficiency and performing uniform exposure.

Exposure apparatus with efficient uniform light output


A system for producing an oscillating signal to be used for jamming signal for a band of CATV has a voltage producing circuit for producing a control voltage corresponding to the band, a first oscillator circuit for producing a first oscillating signal having a frequency dependent on the control voltage, and a second oscillator circuit for producing a fixed second oscillating signal. The frequencies of the first and second signals are combined to produce a final oscillating signal. A deviation of the frequency of the actual final oscillating signal from a desired final oscillating is detected, and the deviation is corrected with a correcting value corresponding to the deviation.

The present invention relates to an oscillator system for producing a jamming signal in a CATV (cable television) system or an intermediate frequency signal in a double superheterodyne receiver.
A system for producing a jamming signal for preventing nonsubscribers from poaching pay television programs is explained as an example.
A subscriber who contracted with a center of a CATV must pay a fee monthly or a fee for every program in order to receive television programs from the CATV. Accordingly, it is necessary to be able to prevent the cheating of pay television programs. There are some scrambling systems where the television signal is processed at the center so that the television signal can not be received through an ordinary television set.
In a jamming method as one of the scrambling systems, an interference wave or noise is inserted in a band of the CATV signal.
FIG. 3 shows a conventional jamming signal producing system. The system is provided in a distributor unit 2b provided out of doors of a home of a subscriber.
A TV signal from a center is applied to a distributor 2a of the system through a transmission line 1 and a directional coupler 2. The TV signal is distributed and applied to individual television sets of subscribers through respective distributor units 2b each having a directional coupler 3 for distributing the TV signal.
The jamming signal producing system has a jamming signal producing circuit comprising a PLL circuit including a voltage controlled first oscillator 6 which produces a first jamming signal. The system further has a second oscillator 7 which comprises, for example, a surface acoustic wave (SAW) resonator to produce a second jamming signal at a fixed frequency of 668 MHz.
The PLL circuit comprises a 1/N divider 14 for dividing the output frequency of the first oscillator 6, a programmable divider 13b, a phase comparator 13c, a low pass filter (LPF) 13d, and the first oscillator 6. The programmable divider 13b is provided to produce a plurality of signals of different frequencies. Each frequency corresponds to a frequency of a channel. The output of the programmable divider 13b is connected to an input of the phase comparator 13c. The phase comparator 13c compares the output of the programmable divider 13b with a reference frequency from a reference frequency generator 13a. The output of the oscillator 6 is connected to a mixer 8 to which the oscillator 7 is connected. The mixer 8 is connected to a combiner 5 through an RF switch 12 and a low pass filter 9. The combiner 5 is fed with the TV signal from the directional coupler 3 through a buffer amplifier 4.
The system has a data signal detector 10 to which the data signal from the directional coupler 3 is fed and a control unit 11 connected to the detector 10. The control unit 11 is operatively connected to the programmable divider 13b and the RF switch 12. In operation, the data signal detector 10 derives a data signal from the TV signal applied from directional coupler 3. When the data signal represents a TV signal of a channel which is not contracted by the subscriber, the control unit 11 applies a control signal to the RF switch 12 to close it. The control unit 11 applies a control signal to the programmable divider 13b so that the programmable divider produces a signal of a frequency corresponding the frequency of the channel. The phase comparator 13c produces an output necessary for producing a control voltage corresponding to the channel to be scrambled. The oscillator 6 accordingly generates a first jamming signal. On the other hand, the second oscillator 7 generates a second local signal of a fixed frequency. The first jamming signal and second local signal are mixed by the mixer 8 to produce a second jamming signal which is fed to the combiner 5.
The resultant second jamming signal is combined with the carrier signal at the combiner 5 so that neither the video signal nor the audio signal of the scrambled channel can be reproduced. When the TV signal is that of a channel which is under contract with the subscriber, the control unit 11 opens the RF switch 12 so that the channel is not scrambled. Furthermore, when a free of charge program is included in a TV signal, the control unit 11 opens the switch 12 only the period of the free program so that nonsubscribers can watch the program.
Experience has shown that the most effective jamming signal combined with a TV signal by the combiner 5 is a signal, the frequency of which is deflected from the picture-carrier frequency of the TV signal by about 250 KHz to the sound-carrier frequency. For instance, in Channel 2 of the United States CATV system through which pay TV programs are transmitted, the frequency of the TV signal is 55.25 MHz. Hence the preferable jamming signal is 55.5 MHz. For example, since the frequency of the signal from the second oscillator 7 is 668 MHz, the desired frequency of the signal from the first oscillator 6 is 723.5 MHz, thereby providing a final jamming signal of 55.5 MHz which is equal to the difference between the signals.
A TV signal of Channel W of the U.S. CATV is 295.25 MHz. In order to produce a desired final jamming signal of 295.5 MHz, the first oscillator 6 is controlled so as to generate a signal of 963.5 MHz (668+295.25+0.25) MHz.
Considering the stability of frequency and variations in characteristics of the oscillator caused by change in temperature and humidity, it is generally thought that the above-mentioned SAW resonator is the best choice as the second oscillator. However, due to the manufacturing variance and mounting conditions at assemblage of the system, the resonant frequency may vary in a range of .+-.150 KHz. Thus the final jamming signal to be combined with the carrier signal is deviated by 100 to 400 KHz from the desired jamming signal. Although the systems which generate a jamming signal having a frequency deflected from the picture-carrier frequency by 250 KHz has very good scrambling effect, if the jamming frequency deviates from the desired frequency, the scrambling effect cannot be obtained.


[Problem] To provide a substrate treatment device which can more efficiently heat and more efficiently use a treatment solution to treat the surface of a plate-shaped substrate.

In the past, a substrate treatment device has been provided which removes the resist which is formed on the surface of a semiconductor wafer by a treatment solution which is comprised of, for example, a mixture of sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide (see Patent literature 1). In this substrate treatment device, a heater is embedded in a holding plate. The surface of the semiconductor wafer which is held on the holding plate is sprayed with a treatment solution. Since the surface of the thus heated semiconductor wafer is fed with a treatment solution, the treatment solution is heated through the semiconductor wafer and is raised in the resist removal ability. As a result, it is possible to reliably remove the resist from the surface of the semiconductor wafer.

Substrate treatment device and substrate treatment method

Abstract: [Solution] A substrate treatment device which is provided with a treatment solution feed mechanism 50 and feeds a treatment solution S to the surface of a plate-shaped substrate that is held on the substrate holding part 10 and which uses the treatment solution S to treat the surface of the plate-shaped substrate 100, which substrate treatment device has a treatment solution holding plate 15 which is arranged facing the surface of the plate-shaped substrate 100 that is held at the substrate holding part 10, across a predetermined distance, and which holds the treatment solution with the surface of the plate-shaped substrate 100 and a heating part 30 which contacts a predetermined region of the treatment solution holding plate 15, including a position corresponding to the axis of rotation of the substrate holding part 10, to heat the predetermined region and which treatment solution feed mechanism feeds the treatment solution S to the clearance between the surface of the plate-shaped substrate 100 which rotates together with the substrate holding part 10 and the treatment solution holding plate 15 which is heated by the heating part 20.


Embodiments of an obturator are provided herein. In some embodiments, an obturator includes an annular body having an inner surface configured to interface with a projectile, an outer surface configured to interface with a gun bore, and geometric features disposed in the annular body to create regions of localized stress and strain upon discharge from a weapon.

Many munitions employ obturators that are design to discard, i.e., separate from the main projectile, at muzzle exit. An obturator is typically disposed around an exterior of a projectile so that the obturator interfaces with both the projectile and a gun bore. The primary function of an obturator is to provide a seal for propulsion gases. The inventors have discovered that at certain environmental conditions, an obturator can fail to discard.
Accordingly, the inventors have provided an improved obturator that can more reliably and uniformly discard from the main projectile at muzzle exit.

Obturator for robust and uniform discard

The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Army


A method for identifier management for user devices operating in an inactive mode includes receiving a first uplink transmission including a user device identifier associated with a user device, transmitting a first downlink transmission including an indication of an ephemeral identifier assigned to the user device, transmitting a second downlink transmission including data associated with the ephemeral identifier, and discarding the ephemeral identifier.

In wireless systems, an INACTIVE mode of operation is characterized by a low duty cycle (similar to legacy IDLE state) but the user equipment (UE) context is maintained in the radio access network (RAN) in a manner similar to legacy CONNECTED state.
The INACTIVE mode can support small data transmissions in the uplink while the communications device remains in the INACTIVE mode. As an example, the INACTIVE mode is useful for a device with a need to communicate only a minimal amount of data, such as heartbeat or keep-alive packets generated by an application and for aperiodic reports from machine-type communications devices.

System and method for user equipment identification and communications


The magnetic chip detector system can have a first conductor member and a second conductor member both exposed to a liquid flow path and separated from one another by gap, each one of the conductor members having a magnetic field oriented into the liquid flow path, at least a first one of the magnetic fields being actively modifiable; an electrical energy source configured to induce a current circulation across the gap; and a meter configured to measure a response of the gap to the induced current circulation.

The presence of metallic particles in a liquid flow in an engine, such as the oil flow or coolant flow, for instance, can be an indication of component wear, malfunction, or impending failure, this can be the case for components such as engine gears or bearings for instance. To this end, metal particle detectors have been used to detect the presence of such metallic particles. While known metal particle detectors have been satisfactory to a certain degree, there always remains room for improvement. For instance, some known metal particle detectors were prone to false indications (such as false positive detection of metal particle), and as a result, engine checks and/or engine maintenance was performed more than necessary, representing an undesired source of cost, and a source of frustration, to the operator.

Magnetic chip detector and method of use


Lubricating oil compositions are provided herein that comprise a mixture of: (A) a hydrocarbon as a low-viscosity constituent, (B) a polyalkylene glycol (PAG) as a high-viscosity constituent wherein the oxygen/carbon weight ratio is in the range of from 0.450 to 0.580, and (C) a compound as a control constituent wherein the oxygen/carbon weight ratio is in the range of from 0.080 to 0.350. Methods of lubricating a surface using such lubricating compositions are also provided herein.

Normally, the viscosity of a lubricating oil decreases as the temperature rises. For this reason, the viscosity is generally high at low temperatures and low at high temperatures. The types of lubricating oils even differ according to the environment (especially temperature) in which they are used. In the case of lubricating oils used in both low-temperature environments and high-temperature environments, if they are low-viscosity types, loss of oil film may occur because the viscosity is too low at high temperatures, and they may not serve their function as a lubricating oil. On the other hand, if they are high-viscosity types, the viscosity at low temperatures may be too high and churning losses may increase, and pump feeds of oil may not work, giving rise to problems of seizure and wear.
It is important that viscosity is low at activation start-up times (when switching from a stopped state to a working state, that is, at low temperatures). This is because, if viscosity is high at such activation start-up times, an initial starting force is necessary to go from the stopped state to the working state. On the other hand, once the machinery has started working, viscosity becomes irrelevant. If the machinery continues working, the machinery acquires heat, and its temperature rises (for example, to about 100° C.). When a high temperature is reached, there is a possibility, as mentioned above, that the viscosity falls too much and the oil film is broken.
It is difficult to maintain the necessary viscosity in wide-ranging temperature conditions with just a single lubricating oil. WO96/11244 has therefore disclosed a lubricating oil which, by virtue of combining a low-viscosity lubricating oil and a high-viscosity lubricating oil, uses only the characteristics of the low-viscosity lubricating oil at low temperatures and makes use of the feature that viscosity rises by having a high-viscosity lubricating oil mix with the low-viscosity lubricating oil at high temperatures, so that it functions at both low temperatures and high temperatures.
However, in the method described in WO96/11244 there is an issue in that the separation temperature and the kinematic viscosity are undoubtedly determined by the kinds and ratios of the oils combined and it can be hard to produce the characteristics required by the application.


Method and apparatus that uses dual-chamber (RA-RV), three-chamber (BiA-RV, or RA-BiV), or four-chamber (BiA-BiV) implantable cardiac devices including pacemakers, defibrillators and cardioverters, which stimulate cardiac tissue electrically to control the patient's heart rhythm. The method and apparatus are further configured to create a far-field intra-atrial electrogram (AEGM) and a far-field intra-ventricular electrogram (VEGM) that are independently filtered, scaled, and then summed to form a composite far-field electrogram.

1. Field of the Invention
Embodiments of the invention described herein pertain to the field of medical devices. More particularly, but not by way of limitation, one or more embodiments of the invention enable a method and apparatus for generating a composite far-field electrogram.
2. Description of the Related Art
During pacemaker or ICD follow-up, the surface ECG (SECG) is routinely measured to examine the status of the electrical conduction system of the heart, and to confirm the normal functionality of the implant device, for instance, to verify pacing capture control and ensure proper arrhythmia detection. However, measuring SECG is associated with several drawbacks. First, it increases the duration of the follow-up time and adds to the overall cost. Second, skin preparation and electrode handling may bring considerable inconvenience to the patient, particularly for the females. Third, from one follow-up session to another, the electrodes may not be placed at the exact same locations on the patient, thus resulting in somewhat different SECG. Fourth, externally attached electrodes are subject to motion artifacts from postural changes and the relative displacement between the skin and the electrodes. Finally, the SECG is known to be susceptible to interference such as muscle noise, power line interference, baseline drift from respiration or motion, etc.
Therefore, there is a need to provide the implant device Lead-Free ECG feature, that is, to provide a means to generate the SECG-like signal without the need for attaching the skin electrodes to the patients.
One method for Lead-Free ECG is based on subcutaneous electrodes or subcutaneous electrode array (SEA). For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,331,966 issued to Bennett et al. discloses a method and apparatus for providing SECG-like signals via an array of relatively closely spaced subcutaneous electrodes located on the body of an implanted device. In a typical embodiment, an array of three electrodes disposed orthogonally on the surface of the pulse generator and connector block and facing outwardly towards the patient's skin is employed to develop the far-field IEGM signal comprising the PQRST signals that are similar to the SECG.
Several patents were issued to further improve the design of the SEA. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,522,915 discloses an alternate method and apparatus for detecting electrical cardiac signals via a SEA located on a shroud circumferentially placed on the perimeter of an implanted pacemaker. U.S. Pat. No. 6,512,940 by Brabec et al. disclosed the use of a spiral electrode using in conjunction with the shroud described in the Ceballos et al. disclosure. In addition, U.S. Pats. Nos. 6,564,106 and 6,631,290, both issued to Guck and Donders, disclosed the use of sensing electrodes placed into recesses incorporated along and into the peripheral edge of the implantable pacemaker.
Furthermore, U.S. Pat. No. 6,505,067 issued to Lee et al. discloses a system and method for deriving a virtual SECG based on the signals recorded by the SEA. The SEA consists of at least three (preferably 3 or 4) subcutaneous electrodes located on the surface of the implant device. The signals recorded between these electrodes form independent directional vectors. The method used to determine the virtual SECG is based on vector arithmetic principles.
Although the far-field IEGM recorded by the SEA may approximate the SECG, the disadvantage is the need for special design, fabrication, and manufacture of the SEA and the associated circuits, which add to the hardware complexity.
A different approach for Lead-Free ECG is based on far-field IEGM recorded by existing implant device and the lead system. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,265,602 issued to Anderson et al. disclosed a pacemaker, which has a special sense configuration that records the IEGM between the RA ring and the RV ring electrodes. The 'RA ring-RV ring' far-field IEGM is relatively unaffected by the after-potentials and polarization effects, but its morphology is generally quite different from SECG.
Similar approach is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,658,283 issued to Bornzin et al. According to this disclosure, far-field IEGM is recorded from various lead configurations between wide spaced electrodes including RA tip, RV tip, RA ring, RV ring, and case (including the 'RA ring-RV ring' configuration). The recorded far-field IEGM is further processed by a cascade of linear filters with designed output frequency band to generate the Lead-Free ECG, which according to our experience, is not satisfactory in terms of signal amplitude and morphology.
Another approach is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,740,811 issued to Hedberg et al. This invention also disclosed multiple lead configurations for measuring the far-field IEGM. One or more channels of the far-field IEGM are first pre-processed (amplified, filtered, blocked, transferred), then post-processed by a pre-trained artificial neural network or fuzzy logic to generate the Lead-Free ECG. However, the artificial neural network or fuzzy logic trained from one dataset may not be applicable to another dataset.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,813,514 issued to Kroll et al. discloses a method to emulate the multi-lead SECG by solving the forward problem. Each channel of SECG or IEGM is converted into a time-varying vector. The SECG matrix (containing multiple SECG vectors) is linearly linked to the IEGM matrix (containing multiple IEGM vectors) by a transfer matrix, which can be pre-calculated by solving the inverse problem. However, this method requires multi-channel IEGM recordings. Moreover, calibration of different transfer matrices is needed to account for different factors affecting the relative locations of the internal leads, such as respiration and posture.

Method and apparatus for generating a composite farfield electrogram


A mechanism is presented for detecting overflow in an interlock collapsing hardware apparatus that simultaneously executes two instructions. The overflow is determined as if the second instruction executes by itself using results from execution of the first instruction. Overflow detection is accomplished by using only values input into, and generated within, the interlock collapsing apparatus.

This invention relates to digital computers and digital data processors, and particularly to digital computers and data processors capable of executing two or more instructions simultaneously.
Traditional computers which receive a sequence of instructions and execute the sequence one instruction at a time are known. The instructions executed by these computers operate on single-valued objects, hence the name "scalar" for these computers.
The operational speed of traditional scalar computers has been pushed to its limits by advances in circuit technology, computer mechanisms, and computer architecture. However, with each new generation of competing machines, new acceleration mechanisms must be discovered for traditional scalar machines.
A recent mechanism for accelerating the computational speed of uniprocessors is found in reduced instruction set architecture that employs a limited set of very simple instructions. Another acceleration mechanism is complex instruction set architecture which is based on a minimal set of complex multi-operand instructions. Application of either of these approaches to an existing scalar computer would require fundamental alteration of the instruction set and architecture of the machine. Such a far-reaching transformation is fraught with expense, down-time, and initial reduction in the machine's reliability and availability.
In the co-pending patent applications, a scalable compound instruction set machine (SCISM) architecture is described in which instruction level parallelism is achieved by statically analyzing a sequence of scalar instructions one at a time prior to instruction execution in order to generate compound instructions formed by adjacent grouping of existing instructions in the sequence which are capable of parallel execution. Relatedly, when used herein, the term "compounding" refers to the grouping of instructions contained in a sequence of instructions, the grouping being for the purpose of concurrent or parallel execution of the grouped instructions. At a minimum, compounding is satisfied by "pairing" of two instructions for simultaneous instruction. Preferably, compounded instructions are unaltered from the forms they have when presented for scalar execution.
Parallel or simultaneous execution of scalar instructions poses certain hazards which must be accommodated in a SCISM machine. Such hazards are also called "interlocks". More particularly, a data dependency hazard, also called a "write-read hazard" or "write-read interlock" exists when two instructions of a serial sequence of instructions are executed simultaneously or in parallel. In this regard, the hazard arises when the second instruction must read the result of the first instruction in order to execute. See, for example, FIG. 1 where a first instruction 10 precedes a second instruction 12 in an instruction sequence. Both instructions require access to a set of general purpose registers (GPR) 14 where operands for instruction execution are stored. The first instruction 10 requires two operands which are stored in register locations 15 and 16, respectively. Assume that instruction execution requires that the result be written back into the GPR at register location 16. The second instruction 12 also requires two operands for execution, the operands stored at register locations 17 and 16. In order for the second instruction 12 to produce reliable results, its execution must be delayed until the results of executing the first instruction 10 have been written to register location 16.
A mechanism, illustrated in FIG. 2, has been proposed for collapsing the data dependency illustrated in FIG. 1. FIG. 2 shows that two instructions, for example, instructions 10 and 12 in FIG. 1, may be compounded into a unit that is to be considered as a single execution unit. If the first and second instruction 10 and 12 were compounded, the compounding would result in their being issued and executed in parallel. In the structure of FIG. 2, the compounded instructions are executed simultaneously, with the first instruction being executed by a two-to-one ALU 19, and the second instruction by a three-to-one ALU 21. The ALU 21 is designed to collapse write-read interlocks that might occur between the two instructions. In the example of FIG. 1, the ALUs 19 and 21 execute the instructions 10 and 12 in parallel with the ALU 19 operating on the operands in register locations 15 and 16, and the ALU 21 operating on the operands in register locations 15, 16, and 17. The operation of the ALU 21 implicitly combines the operands in register locations 15 and 16 as required by the first instruction to obtain a result necessary for execution of the second instruction.
Since the ALU 21 is designed to collapse write-read interlocks that might occur between two instructions being executed in parallel, the ALU is designed to execute the functions that arise for all instruction sequences whose interlocks must be collapsed. The operation of the ALU 21 is not the subject of this patent application, but is explained in detail in co-pending U.S. patent application 07/504,910.
The interlock collapsing hardware of FIG. 2 computes correct results for a compounded instruction when the individual instructions both specify valid ALU operations and contain a write-read hazard. However, such an apparatus will produce erroneous results when two invalid operations are specified. This constitutes a major difficulty which must be resolved in order to achieve compliance between the SCISM architecture and the architecture of the scalar machine which executes instructions sequentially.
The ALU 19 generates results for the execution of a first instruction, performing this execution as a "normal" two-to-one ALU operation. The determination of condition codes, CCs, and detection of overflow, OF, from the operation can be obtained using existing techniques.
Since the ALU 19 will set CCs and OFs resulting from the execution of the first instruction, the ALU 21 should limit its determination of these conditions only as if executing the second instruction by itself. In particular, the detection of overflow, OF, in the ALU 21 should be performed in parallel with a computation of its result and made as if the result of the ALU 19 was available and only the second instruction was being executed. To make this possible, certain information relating to the execution of the second instruction alone must be ascertained during the execution of this instruction by the ALU 21.
Therefore, there is a significant need for OF detection in a data dependency collapsing hardware apparatus such as in an apparatus which executes a pair of compounded instructions simultaneously. The detection of overflow must be specific to the execution of only the second instruction, yet must be gleaned from the execution of the three-to-one operation in the dependency collapsing hardware apparatus.

Overflow determination for three-operand alus in a scalable compound instruction set machine which compounds two arithmetic instructions

International Business Machines Corporation


A lance of a gas turbine burner includes an inner duct having inner nozzles; an annular outer duct encircling the inner duct and having outer nozzles; and a spacer disposed between a terminal portion of the inner duct and a terminal portion of the outer duct, the spacer being fixed to both the inner duct and the outer duct.

Burners of the kind described usually have a cylindrical body into which a lance projects.
The lance is L-shaped and is usually provided with two or also more than two (i.e. three) coaxial ducts having nozzles at their ends.
During operation the nozzles must have substantially coaxial axes; this feature is of great importance, because through the inner duct a fuel (either liquid or gaseous fuel) passes through, to be injected through the nozzles, and through the outer duct air passes through, to be injected together with the fuel (this is the so called shielding air).
It is clear that in case the axes of the nozzles are not correctly aligned, fuel and air are not injected correctly and fuel penetration into the hot gases could be negatively affected.


Methods and systems to dynamically control state-retention strengths of a plurality of memory cells during a write operation to a subset of the memory cells. Dynamic control may include weakening state-retention strengths of the plurality of memory cells during a write operation to a subset of the memory cells, while preserving state-retention abilities of remaining ones of the plurality of memory cells. Weakening may include adjusting one or more resistances between one or more power supplies and the plurality of memory cells. Dynamic control may be selectively performed on portions of each of the memory cells in response to an input data logic state. Dynamic control may reduce a write contention within the subset of memory cells without disabling state-retention abilities of remaining ones of the plurality of memory cells, and may improve write response times of the memory cells.

A memory system may include a plurality of memory cells having a common data input. Each memory cell may include first and second storage nodes, a first pass transistor to write a logic state from the common data input to the first storage node, and a second pass transistor to write an opposite sense of the logic state to the second storage node. Each memory cell may include first and second inverters opposingly coupled between the first and second storage nodes to maintain opposite-sense logic states at the first and second storage nodes.
When a logic state is written to the first or second storage node, over an opposite-sense of the logic state, a write-contention in one or both of the inverters may delay completion of the write operation. Write contention may be overcome by using larger pass transistors, which may consume more area and power.
In the drawings, the leftmost digit(s) of a reference number identifies the drawing in which the reference number first appears.

Methods and systems to improve write response times of memory cells


A process is provided to produce non-aqueous electrolytic solution for use in batteries having low acid content and low water content. The invention involves removing acids and water from non-aqueous electrolytic solutions typically found in lithium or lithium-ion batteries by using nitrogen-containing compounds such as triazines. After treatment by a triazine such as melamine, the concentrations of acids and water in the electrolytic solutions are substantially decreased. The present invention provides a process to prepare extremely pure electrolytic solutions having low (<20 ppm) concentrations of both water and acids.

1. Field of Invention
The present invention relates to non-aqueous electrolytic solutions and electrochemical cells that contain such solutions. More particularly, this invention pertains to non-aqueous electrolytic solutions having a very low content of water and acids, and the preparation of such solutions. The invention further relates to a method of reducing at least one of the acid content and the water content in a non-aqueous electrolytic solution for use in an electrochemical cell.
2. Description of Related Art
Electric current producing cells such as batteries consist of pairs of electrodes of opposite polarity separated by electrolytic solution, which includes a solvent and a solute. The charge flow between electrodes is maintained by an ionically conducting solute, i.e., a salt. The non-aqueous electrolytic solutions, which are used in lithium and lithium ion batteries, are made by dissolving lithium salts in a variety of organic solvents. In particular, nonaqueous electrolytes comprising lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) exhibit very good electrochemical stability and conductivity. However, LiPF6 is not thermally stable and readily decomposes by hydrolysis, as set forth in the following well-known reactions:LiPF6→LiF+PF5  (1)LiPF6+H2O→2 HF+LiF+POF3  (2)
Thermal decomposition of LiPF6 occurs at elevated temperatures (Reaction 1), and is accelerated in solution due to the reactions of PF5 and solvents. Hydrolysis (Reaction 2) generally occurs due to moisture and acidic impurities in the lithium salt and electrolytic solution. Accordingly, both water and hydrogen fluoride (HF) are undesirable in lithium and lithium-ion battery systems. The strong acid HF is especially harmful to batteries because it reacts with electrode active materials and corrodes the solid electrolyte interface (SEI), which results in poor battery performance. Thus the performance of such an electrolytic solution, and hence of a battery made therewith, is not optimal.
One method of removing acidic impurities in the electrolytes is to treat the electrolytes with a strong base and then maintain the electrolytes under basic conditions. U.S. Pat. No. 5,378,445 to Salmon et al. (hereby incorporated by reference into the present disclosure) describes the use of ammonia to prevent the acid-catalyzed decomposition of LiPF6. However, the presence of both ammonia and reaction products of ammonia, e.g. NH4F formed by the reaction of hydrogen fluoride and ammonia in the electrolytes may be detrimental to battery performance.

Triazine compounds for removing acids and water from nonaqueous electrolytes for electrochemical cells


Disclosed is a lamp, including a lamp body in a trough shape, a light source assembly, and a heat dissipation assembly; where, the heat dissipation assembly includes an aluminum plate, a heat dissipation fin and a glass radiator; the aluminum plate is disposed on a trough wall of the lamp body; the heat dissipation fin is disposed on a side of the aluminum plate; the glass radiator is disposed on a side of the aluminum plate; the light source assembly includes a PCB board and a plurality of LED lamp beads; the PCB board is disposed on a side of the glass radiator; and the plurality of LED lamp beads are arranged on a side of the PCB board forming a light emitting surface.

LED street lamp is one kind of lighting equipment installed on roadsides. Since a large lighting area is required, it is generally suspended in high space. When a malfunction or damage is occurred, the lifting equipment is needed in general to facility the maintenance and replacement, leading to inconvenience in operation.
It is well-known that the malfunction is frequently occurred due to the poor heat dissipation performance when a LED lamp is in use. As a consequence, in order to avoid frequent maintenance and replacement of the LED street lamp, a LED street lamp structure with high heat dissipation performance is needed to be proposed.


A lever type connector includes a lever which includes a pair of parallel plates and a grip portion connecting parallel plates each other and is attached to a connector housing. Each of the parallel plates is formed with a reception hole into which one of shafts is inserted and a cam groove. First and second retaining projections which retain the lever by engaging with a retaining portion provided on the lever are provided at opposite ends of the opposite sides of the connector housing. The lever is retained by the first retaining projection so as to be located at a position where a rear face is exposed so that a terminal connected with a wire can be inserted through the rear face, and is retained by the second retaining projection so as to dispose the cam groove at a position where the cam groove can receive a cam pin of a mating connector.

This invention relates to a lever-type connector in which a force for fitting connectors together is lowered.
There is known a lever-type connector in which a force for fitting connectors together is lowered (see, Patent Document 1). In this lever-type connector 500, as shown in FIG. 10, a lever 507 of a gate-shape having an operating portion 503 and a pair of arm portions 505 is pivotally attached to a connector housing 501 in straddling relation thereto, and cam pins for being engaged respectively in cam grooves of the lever 507 are provided at a mating connector housing 509. The cam pins are engaged in the cam grooves, respectively, and in this condition the lever 507 is pivotally moved, and by a cam action achieved by the cam pins engaged in the respective cam grooves, the two connector housings 501 and 509 are drawn toward each other, and are properly fitted together. A notch portion 513 for avoiding connection wires 511 is formed in the lever 507, and with this construction the pivotal movement of the lever 507 will not be prevented by the connection wires 511.
In the conventional lever-type connector 500, however, the lever 507 prevents the insertion of terminals, and therefore it was necessary to ship the lever 507 separately from the connector housing 501. As a result, it was necessary to pack the lever 507 separately from the connector housing 501, and the amount of packing materials increased, and it is feared that the increased amount of packing materials may affect the environment. In addition, the lever 507 must be attached to the connector housing 501 after the insertion of the terminals into the connector housing 501, and therefore the efficiency of the assembling operation was lowered.    [Patent Document 1] Japanese Patent Publication Number 2008-108467 A

Lever-type connector with a housing with plurality of projections for engaging a retaining portion of a lever