A cleaning apparatus for an object lens which can provide a sufficient cleaning effect without affecting the supporting mechanism of an objective lens. The cleaning apparatus is inserted into a disk loading portion and cleans the object lens incorporated in an optical disk apparatus. The cleaning apparatus has a housing having approximately the same shape as the cartridge type optical disk. A brush protrudes from the housing and slide on the object lens when the cleaning apparatus in inserted into the optical disk apparatus. A sliding direction of the brush is set to be a predetermined direction between the inserting direction of the cleaning apparatus and a direction perpendicular to the inserting direction. Only components of force due to the sliding of the brush against the object lens, which components of force are smaller than the sliding force, are exerted to the object lens in a movable direction of the object lens for tracking adjustment and a direction perpendicular to the movable direction.

The present invention relates to a cleaning apparatus for an object lens, and more particularly to a cleaning apparatus for an object lens used for gathering a laser beam in an optical disk apparatus.
Generally, in an optical disk apparatus, a laser beam is irradiated onto a surface of a disk through an object lens so that the laser beam is gathered into a spot having a diameter of approximately 1 .mu.m, and information is reproduced by utilizing a reflection of the laser beam. A laser beam reflected by the disk is incident upon an optical processing system through the object lens. In such a system, when dust is accumulated or adhesive material is attached to the object lens, an amount of beam transmitted in the object lens is decreased. Additionally, a beam spot on a focus point may be distorted or blurred. As a result, a laser is not focused, and thus a tracking servo system may not function normally. This causes an occurrence of a problem in that errors frequently occur in a reproducing operation.
In order to eliminate the above-mentioned problem, eliminating the dirt on the object lens is effective. However, it is difficult for a user to disassemble an optical disk apparatus to clean off an object lens. Cleaning apparatuses are supplied for cleaning off a surface of an object lens by inserting them into a disk loading part in the same manner as an usual optical disk.
A description will now be given of conventional supporting mechanisms of an object lens. FIG. 1A shows a wire suspension type supporting mechanism, and FIG. 1B shows a shaft sliding type supporting mechanism. In FIGS. 1A and 1B, a focusing direction, that is, a direction of a rotational axis of an optical disk loaded in an optical disk apparatus is indicated by an arrow FO, a tracking direction, that is, a radial direction of the optical disk is indicated by an arrow TR, and a tangential direction of the optical disk is indicated by an arrow TA. It is understood that the focusing direction is perpendicular to a surface of the optical disk. The tracking direction is perpendicular to the surface of the optical disk. The tangential direction is tangential to a track formed on the optical disk. The focusing direction FO is perpendicular to both the tracking direction TR and the tangential direction TA.
In the supporting mechanism shown in FIG. 1A, a holder 11 provided with an object lens 10 is attached to a base 12 fixed on a portion of a head carriage (not shown in the figure) via four suspension wires 21. The suspension wire enables the holder 11 to be elastically supported in the tracking direction TR and the focusing direction FO. Additionally, the holder 11 is driven by an actuator including coils and magnets, and is movable in the tracking direction TR and the focusing direction FO.
In the supporting mechanism shown in FIG. 1B, a holder 11 provided with an object lens 10 is elastically supported by two elastic members 22. A shaft 31 extended in the focusing direction FO penetrates through the center of the holder 11. A bearing 32 is provided on the holder 11 to slide along the shaft 31. Either end 22a of each of the elastic members 22 and one end of the shaft 31 are fixed to a head carriage (not shown in the figure). The holder 11 is driven by an actuator (not shown in the figure) similarly to the mechanism shown in FIG. 1A so as to be movable in the focusing direction and a rotational direction with respect to the shaft 31.
It should be noted that the focusing of the object lens 10 onto a surface of an optical disk is performed by the movement of the holder 11 in the focusing direction FO, and a laser spot is accurately positioned on a track formed on the optical disk by the movement of the holder 11 in the tracking direction TR or the rotational direction with respect to the shaft 31.
A description will now be given of a conventional cleaning method for an object lens. The conventional cleaning apparatus cleans off dust accumulated on a surface of an object lens by means of a brush (or a pad). That is, the brush makes contact with a surface of an object lens and is slid on the surface of the object lens.
In either type of the above-mentioned supporting mechanism for an object lens, the holder 11 provided with the object lens is movable in the tracking direction TR. Accordingly, if a sliding direction of a brush corresponds to the tracking direction, which is a movable direction by an actuator, the object lens is moved by a sliding force exerted by the brush, and thus there is a problem in that an effective cleaning cannot be performed.
Additionally, if the sliding direction of the brush corresponds to the tangential direction TA which is perpendicular to the tracking direction TR in the supporting mechanism shown in FIG. 1A, an excessive load is applied to the wires 21 in a longitudinal direction thereof. In such a case, there is a possibility that a deformation of the wires 21 or an exfoliation of adhesion applied for fixing the wires 21 occurs. Additionally, in the case the supporting mechanism shown in FIG. 1B is used, dust on the surface of the object lens flies in a direction where the shaft 31 is located and the dust is trapped in a space between the shaft 31 and the bearing 32; results in rough slide or rotation of the holder 11 and thus there is a problem that a stable control of the movement of the holder 11 is not achieved.


A system for transferring interleaved data objects in mass storage devices into separate destinations in a system memory is described. The method includes the steps of determining for each of the data objects a destination address and a size; one time seeking of a data object from a location of the mass storage means; transferring data from the data object into the destination address, wherein the data has a size equal to the size for the data object; and repeating the transferring step for subsequent data objects.

The present invention relates generally to the field of data storage. More particularly, the invention relates to data transfer from computer storage media, such as CD-ROM optical storage disks.
Optical storage media in the form of disks are well known as an alternative to magnetic storage media. The disks, commonly known as "compact disks" or "CD's," have a substrate containing pits for storing data. A pit is about 0.5 .mu.m wide, and a disk can hold billions of pits. The pits are aligned in a spiral track similar to the spiral groove in a conventional record. The CD pit track, however, runs from the inside diameter of the disk to the outside.
Information is stored in binary form by the particular arrangement of pits on the plastic substrate. Binary data are encoded in the transitions from the pits and the flat areas ("land") between the pits. The surface is metallized to reflect a laser beam used to read the data.
A specially-designed compact disk player is used to retrieve data stored on a compact disk. The player operates by focusing a laser beam on the reflective metal through a substrate and then detecting the reflected light. The pits increase the optical path of the laser beam by an amount equivalent to one-half wavelength, thereby producing destructive interference when combined with other (non-shifted) reflected beams. Data are read from the disk as a change in intensity of reflected laser light. The reflected light is detected by an optical pick-up or stylus, and the data carried on the beam are converted to digital electrical signals. Further description of the pits and how they function is generally available; see, e.g., Watkinson, The Art of Digital Audio, Focal Press, Chapter 13.
Several different CD formats exist. Perhaps the best known is the CD-Digital Audio (CD-DA) format used for musical recordings. Despite the general association of CD's with music, the media is well suited for other applications. Computer software or other published materials can be stored in a read-only format and delivered as data or video signals in addition to just audio signals.
One such format is CD-ROM which is set forth in Philips/Sony Yellow Book of October 1983. Additional specifications for CD-ROM may be found in the High Sierra specification (from the High Sierra Conference, November 1985) and the more recent ISO (International Standards Organization) 9660 format. While the CD-ROM data format is similar to that of CD-Digital Audio, the disks are not compatible. Other popular formats include the CD-I format (Green Book) which is an interactive, multi-media format and the DVI format which stores full-motion video and audio.
The compact disk is a remarkable storage medium capable of holding over half a gigabyte of storage. However, with this massive storage capability comes the increased difficulty of retrieving the data--metaphorically, locating a kilobyte needle in a gigabyte haystack. Particularly, optical disk systems suffer from slower data access, due in large part to the increased time required for seeking out given data (seek time). As a result, data transfer times for optical disks are substantially longer than for their magnetic counterparts.
Several factors contribute to longer seek times. Part of the problem is due to the design of current optical pickups. For example, moving a head mass of 100 g across a disk in 20 ms has proved difficult. Tracking difficulties also increase the access time. Since the track pitch on an optical disk is so small, the servo must be extremely precise. The required precision is more easily achieved at slower disk rotation. Unlike standard LP records, the rotational rate for CD's is radially dependent, thus the drive motor must also change speed during a seek operation--further adding to seek time. With longer seek times and hence total transfer times, current optical disk systems do not provide access to their data on a real-time basis.
While current mass storage media, such as CD-ROM, provide exceptional storage capability, they cannot be thought of as truly random access media. What is needed is a system which improves data transfer for these media. It is particularly desirable to have a system capable of providing full-color video and stereo sound in real-time. The present invention fulfills this and other needs.

Apparatus and method for transferring interleaved data objects in mass storage devices into separate destinations in memory

400;425
FSS 200 MS File;900 MS File
FSS 49


There is provided a method for a multimedia broadcast/multicast service (MBMS) announcement to provide a service announcement document in a broadcast multicast service center (BM-SC) of a MBMS system, including the steps of: generating a service announcement document; searching a service announcement area; setting a session for providing the service announcement document to the searched service area by setting a MBMS multicast bearer; transmitting a corresponding service announcement document to the service announcement area, wherein the service announcement document includes an announcement area directories according to service announcement areas, and the announcement area directory includes service directories according to services provided to corresponding service announcement areas as a lower directory.

A multimedia broadcast/multicast service (MBMS) transmits a multimedia contents packet obtained from a data source such as a contents provider (CP) or a multicast broadcast (MB) source server to a plurality of user equipments through a mobile communication network using a broadcasting scheme or a multicasting scheme.
In more detail, the contents providers interact with a broadcast and multicast service center (BM-SC) for managing and controlling MBMS. The BM-SC interacts with a gateway general packet radio service (GPRS) supporting node (GGSN) in order to transmit multimedia contents through a mobile communication network.
Since such a point-to-multipoint service transmits MBMS contents from a CP or a MB source server at once using a broadcast channel or a multicast channel which is shared by a plurality of user equipments, mobile communication network resources can be saved.
The MBMS is mainly used in the wireless communication network systems of a wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) network and a European mobile phone, for example a GSM equipment. The MBMS simultaneously transmits contents to a plurality of equipments using a packet core network for providing a typical packet service with a BM-SC as a center and a bearer provided from a UMTS terrestrial radio access network (UTRAN). Herein, the BM-SC is a network element defined to manage the MBMS.
In order to provide a MBMS in a mobile communication network, a user equipment must have information about available services according to corresponding service areas. The BM-SC must perform service announcement to user equipments to enable the user equipments to receive information about a list of available multicast services and related services. The user equipments set an environment and provide the list of available services to a user using the received information, thereby allowing a user to select a desired MBMS.
In the mobile communication environment, the service announcement can be performed using a MBMS broadcast bearer or a MBMS multicast bearer. Also, the service announcement can be performed using service frame works provided from a mobile communication network such as a multimedia messaging service (MMS), a short message service (SMS), a call broadcast service (CBS), and a wireless application protocol (WAP). Furthermore, the service announcement may be performed using a service method used for transmitting a document between a web service and a client browser in a wired Internet network.
However, the above conventional methods excepting CBS use a unicast mode communication scheme. It is very ineffective to use a unicast channel to obtain service information in an environment where all of equipments must receive identical information in a corresponding area.
Therefore, it is reasonable to use a MBMS bearer to enable equipments to receive same information at the same time with one time data transmission.
Meanwhile, when a broadcast bearer is used, a MB-SC transfers service information to a mobile communication network using a broadcast mode. Since the mobile communication network transfers the service information to all of equipments through a broadcast channel available to all areas, all of equipments receive the same information.
Therefore, a user equipment receives all of service information including information about services not available at corresponding area. Then, the user equipment summarizes the received information only with available services at the corresponding area and provided the summarized information to a user. Since such a service announcement procedure is performed regularly, unnecessary information is regularly transmitted to the user equipment through a wireless resource, thereby wasting wireless resources.
That is, since the service announcement regularly transmit service information, the limited wireless resources are wasted to transfer information about services not available at a corresponding area. It may degrade the quality of a real MBMS. Therefore, it is preferable to reduce the amount of data transmitted through a wireless region by transmitting information of available services only according to a corresponding service area, thereby enabling a user equipment to use the announced information without additional processing.
The MBMS service announcement transfers different service lists and service information about contents transferred by a corresponding service according to a service area. However, if a broadcast bearer is used, all of equipments receive service information through only one broadcast channel although the equipments are located at different areas. Therefore, the BM-SC must use a corresponding broadcast channel to transmit information about the MBMS lists and contents transferred by each service. It requires an equipment to perform an additional process such as selecting services available at own area, and unnecessary information is transferred through a wireless resources.
In order to overcome the problems of the conventional method using the broadcast bearer, there is a demand for a service announcement method for selectively announcing services available according to a service area if services received according to geometrical areas are different.
Meanwhile, a MBMS multicast channel for service announcement is allocated to each of unit areas, and a BM-SC manages information to be provided to an equipment through service announcement according to unit areas, thereby providing only corresponding information to related areas. Such a procedure requires a MBMS multicast bearer setting step for service announcement. This procedure occurs when an equipment receives an Internet group management protocol (IGMP) or a multicast listener discovery (MLD) for IPv6 to register to a MBMS multicast service group.
However, since the service announcement must be always available regardless of the intention of equipment to receive service announcement, an IGMP or a MLD cannot be expected from the user equipment.

Method and system for service announcement using MBMS multicast bearer

Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute


A method and system to produce and train composite similarity functions for record linkage problems, including product normalization problems, is disclosed. In one embodiment, for a group of products in a plurality of products, a composite similarity function is constructed for the group of products from a weighted set of basis similarity functions. Training records are used to calculate the weights in the weighted set of basis similarity functions in the composite similarity function for the group of products. In another embodiment, a composite similarity function is applied to pairs of training records. The application of the composite similarity function provides a number that can be used to indicate whether two records relate to a common subject. The composite similarity function includes a weighted set of basis similarity functions. A perceptron algorithm is used to modify the weights in the weighted set.

Record linkage is the problem of identifying when two (or more) references to an object are referring to the same entity (i.e., the references are "co-referent"). One example of record linkage is identifying whether two paper citations (which may be in different styles and formats) refer to the same actual paper. Addressing the record linkage problem is important in a number of domains where multiple users, organizations, or authors may describe the same item using varied textual descriptions.
Historically, one of the most studied problems in record linkage is determining whether two database records for a person are referring to the same real-life individual. In applications from direct marketing to survey response (e.g., the U.S. Census), record linkage is often seen as an important step in data cleaning in order to avoid waste and maintain consistent data.
More recently, record linkage has become an issue in several web applications. For example, the task of determining whether two paper citations refer to the same true publication is an important problem in online systems for scholarly paper searches, such as CiteSeer (http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu) and Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com).
A new record linkage problem—called product normalization—arises in online comparison shopping. Here, two different websites may sell the same product, but provide different descriptions of that product to a comparison shopping database. (Note: Records containing product descriptions are also called "offers" herein.) Variations in the comparison shopping database records can occur for a variety of reasons, including spelling errors, typographical errors, abbreviations, or different but equivalent descriptions that are used to describe the same product. For example, in online comparison shopping, shopping bots like Froogle (http://froogle.google.com) and MySimon (http://www.mysimon.com) merge heterogeneous data from multiple merchant websites into one product database. This combined product database is then used to provide one common access point for the customer to compare product specifications, pricing, shipping, and other information. In such cases, two websites may have two different product offers that refer to the same underlying product, e.g., "Canon ZR 65 MC Camcorder" and "Canon ZR65 Digital MiniDV Camcorder."
Thus, a comparison shopping engine is faced with the record linkage problem of determining which such offers are referring to the same true underlying product. Solving this product normalization problem allows the shopping engine to display multiple offers for the same product to a user who is trying to determine from which vendor to purchase the product. Accurate product normalization is also important for data mining tasks, such as analysis of pricing trends.
In online comparison shopping, the number of vendors and the sheer number of products (with potentially very different characteristics) make it very difficult to manually craft a single function that can adequately determine if two arbitrary offers are for the same product. Moreover, for different categories of products, different similarity functions may be needed that capture the notion of equivalence for each category. Hence, a method and system that provide for efficient production and training of similarity functions between offers and/or between product categories is needed.
Furthermore, in many record linkage tasks, such as product normalization, the records to be linked actually contain multiple fields (e.g., product name, description, manufacturer, price, etc.). Such records may either come in a pre-structured form (e.g., XML or relational database records), or such fields may have been extracted from an underlying textual description. Hence, a method and system that provide for efficient production and training of similarity functions between offers with multiple fields is also needed.
Another consideration in record linkage problems like product normalization is the fact that new data is continuously becoming available. As a result, a learning approach to the linkage problem in such settings should be able to readily use new training data without having to retrain on previously seen data.
Thus, it would be highly desirable to develop methods and systems that efficiently produce and train composite similarity functions for record linkage problems, including product normalization problems.

Method and system to produce and train composite similarity functions for product normalization


A hub-driveshaft assembly comprises a hub and driveshaft with a flat portion having a width. The hub comprises a body having an axial bore therethrough, a set screw hole extending radially through a wall of the body and communicating with the axial bore, and an alignment feature positioned near an entrance to the axial bore, wherein the alignment feature substantially aligns the flat portion of the driveshaft with the set screw hole when the driveshaft is inserted into the axial bore. In another embodiment, the hub comprises an alignment feature to promote proper alignment of the driveshaft with respect to the hub when the driveshaft is inserted into the axial bore, wherein the alignment feature is eliminated under load. In yet another embodiment, the hub comprises an alignment feature that flattens in response to loading from the driveshaft.

A typical fan assembly includes a cylindrical hub body with an axial bore therethrough, a spider with a plurality of arms extending outwardly from a cylindrical central portion connected to the hub body, and a plurality of blades attached to the spider arms. One end of a cylindrical rod, or driveshaft, is disposed within the axial bore in the hub and coupled to the hub body using a set screw or other connection device. In particular, the driveshaft is first inserted into the axial bore of the hub, and a set screw is inserted through a threaded hole in the wall of the hub that communicates with the axial bore. The set screw is then tightened against the driveshaft to prevent relative movement between the driveshaft and the hub. A drive unit, such as an electric motor, is coupled to the other end of the driveshaft and operates to transfer power to the hub in the form of torque by rotating the driveshaft. Due to the coupling of the driveshaft and the hub, the hub rotates, and the blades create movement of the surrounding air.

Alignment feature for hub and driveshaft assembly


An apparatus for reproducing data includes a branch metric computation unit and a plurality of parallel computation units. Each parallel computation unit includes path metric computation units that compute path metric values based on branch metric values. Path metric memories store the path metric values to be used in a next following path metric computation, and reliability computation units compute path reliability. Modified-path generating units generate an inverted path that is inverse to a path indicated by an output of the reliability computation units as having low reliability. If any one of the modified-path generating units generates the inverted path, a corresponding one of the path metric computation units stores a path metric value corresponding to the inverted path in a corresponding one of the path metric memories as a path metric value to be used in a next following path metric computation.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to data reproducing apparatuses that reproduce data recorded on a record medium such as an optical disk, and particularly relates to a data reproducing apparatus that reproduces data recorded on the record medium by use of a partial response (PR) method.
2. Description of the Related Art
Magneto-optical recording/reproducing apparatus, for example, is one type of data reproducing apparatus, and is used in various fields for the purpose of recording/reproducing image information, recording/reproducing various code data for computers, etc., because of its large capacity, exchangeability, high reliability, etc. Year after year, there has been an increasing demand for the provision of a larger capacity for such magneto-optical recording apparatus.
To satisfy such demand, data needs to be recorded on a record medium at high density, and the recorded data needs to be reproduced from the record medium with high precision. As a method of performing high-density data recording and high-precision reproducing, there has been proposed a method that modulates a record data signal into a partial response (PR) waveform for recording on an optical disk record medium, and samples a signal reproduced from the optical disk record medium at predetermined intervals, followed by detecting most likely data by use of a Viterbi detector (maximum likelihood data detector).
FIG. 1 is a drawing showing an example of a conventional Viterbi detector. A Viterbi detector 100 of FIG. 1 includes a branch metric computation unit (referred to as BM) 101, an add/compare/select unit (referred to as ACS) 102, a path metric memory (referred to as PMM) 103, and a path memory (referred to as PM) 104.
When the Viterbi detector 100 is applied to the data reproducing system of a magneto-optical disk apparatus, the BM 101 receives a sampling value yt with respect to a signal reproduced from the magneto-optical disk, and computes a branch metric value (BM value) that is a difference between the sampling value yt and an expected value. This expected value is dependent on a partial response waveform used at the time of data recording, and is the value that the reproduced signal is supposed to assume. The BM value is computed separately for each expected value when one sampling value yt is supplied to the BM 101.
The ACS 102 adds the BM value to a path metric value (PM value) of a preceding clock cycle stored in the PMM 103, and compares every two of the added PM values. Based on the result of this comparison, the ACS 102 selects a smaller one of the PM values as a new PM value, and stores the selected PM value in the PMM 103. As a result of such processes, the PM value becomes a cumulated sum of the BM values. The selecting of a smaller one as describe above is equivalent to the selecting of a state transition path. Namely, the ACS 102 always select a state transition path for which the PM value becomes minimum.
The PM 104 receives, from the ACS 102, data (binary data) corresponding to the selected path as described above. The PM 104 successively shifts the data corresponding to each selected path. While doing so, the PM 104 successively discards data corresponding each path if the path is decided not to be selected in view of the continuity of state transitions. The PM 104 outputs the data corresponding to the survived paths as detected data.
As described above, record data is modulated into a record signal having a partial response waveform, and the record signal is recorded on the magneto-optical disk, followed by detecting the most likely data by use of a Viterbi detector. This achieves highly-precise data reproduction with respect to a magneto-optical disk on which high-density recording was performed. Such recording/reproducing method is referred to as partial-response/maximum-likelihood decoding (hereinafter referred to as PRML).
FIG. 2 is a drawing showing an example of the operation of the conventional Viterbi decoder 100 shown in FIG. 1. At a time sequence 0, there are a branch 201 for transition from state 0 to state 0 and a branch 202 for transition from state 0 to state 1. In state 1, the computation as described above to select a smaller one of the PM values discards the branch 202 for transition from state 0 to state 1 at the time sequence 0, so that the branch 201 for transition from state 0 to state 0 survives. Then, there are a branch 203 for transition from state 0 to state 0 and a branch 204 for transition from state 0 to state 1.
In this manner, surviving paths are successively selected, resulting in the survival of a path 220. The PM 104 then outputs the data corresponding to the surviving paths as detected data.
During the computation of the BM values and PM values, however, there may be a branch having low reliability. Here, "low reliability" refers to a state in which the actual sample value is far away from any expected values. On the other hand, "high reliability" refers to a state in which the actual sample value is close to some expected value. Namely, the closer the actual sample value to some expected value, the higher the reliability of the sample value is. A sample value having low reliability has a high possibility of being incorrect.
There are various methods for improvement with respect to the Viterbi decoding method based on the Viterbi detector.
As an expanded configuration, for example, information about the position of a possibly incorrect branch according to the branch metric value of the ACS unit is recorded. At the time of selecting this possibly incorrect branch path, data obtained by selecting the other path is set aside as the second option for reproduction, the third option for reproduction, the fourth option for reproduction, etc. The individual options are compared and analyzed to select a right option, thereby reducing the possibility of error.
In this method, however, FIFO memory needs to be provided in large amount to store data for the data processing. Since the FIFO memory stores selected paths (Dm), other options (Rm), parity information (Pk), and option 1 (x1) for N bits, large circuit size becomes a problem.
In consideration of this problem, there is a method that obviates this problem by modifying the selected paths according to ACS.
FIG. 3 is a drawing showing an example of a conventional Viterbi detector 300 that modifies selected paths. The Viterbi detector 300 mainly includes the BM 101, the ACS 102, the PMM 103, a reliability computation block 301, a modified-path generating block 302, the PM 104, a parity computation block 303, and a correct-data selecting block 304. In FIG. 3, elements having the same numerals as those of FIG. 1 represent the same elements.
In the Viterbi detector 300 of FIG. 3, provision is made to cope with other options in numbers as many as the predetermined number. To this end, the reliability computation block 301 computes the degree of reliability based on the results of ACS within the data length defined by the path metric computation (i.e., within the data group to which parity is added). Based on this degree of reliability, the modified-path generating block 302 detects a branch path having lower reliability. The path that is inverted at the position of this selected path Dm is treated as an inversion option path.
FIG. 4 is a drawing showing the operation that inverts such inversion option. When FIG. 4 is compared with FIG. 2, a low reliability path 210 shown in FIG. 2 is a path for transition from state 0 to state 0 at a time sequence 9. In FIG. 4, on the other hand, an inversion is performed to take a path 401 for transition from state 1 to state 0 at the time sequence 9. Then, surviving paths are successively selected, resulting in the survival of the path 410.
Thereafter, a plurality of inversion option paths generated in this manner are stored in the PM 104. At the end, the parity computation block 303 checks errors, followed by the correct-data selecting block 304 outputting correct data among the plurality of inversion option paths.
The technology preceding the present invention may include the following Patent Documents.
[Patent Document 1] Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 10-209882
[Patent Document 2] Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2002-50134
[Patent Document 3] Japanese Patent Application No. 2001-336802
The method of selecting a correct path from a plurality of inversion option paths has problems as follows.
The method of selecting a correct path from a plurality of inversion option paths checks reliability at the time of path metric computation, and generates an inversion option based on the computation results. If there is an inversion option, a corresponding portion in the path memory (PM) 104 is inverted.
Under normal circumstances, a path selected through computation by the ACS 102 matches the state of the path memory. When the method of selecting a correct path from a plurality of inversion option paths is used, the value computed by the ACS 102 after the inversion of an inversion option does not necessarily match the state of the path memory PM 104.
As a result, on the paths following the point where an inversion option is inverted, a path that is supposed to be selected may end up being not selected.
FIG. 5 is a drawing showing a case in which on the paths following the point where an inversion option is inverted, a path that is supposed to be selected ends up being not selected. When FIG. 2, FIG. 4, and FIG. 5 are compared, the low reliability path 210 at the time sequence 9 in FIG. 2 is inverted into the inversion path 401 at the time sequence 9 as shown in FIG. 4, resulting in a path 402 for transition from state 0 to state 0 at a time sequence 14 in FIG. 4 being inverted into a path 501 for transition from state 1 to state 0 at the time sequence 14 in FIG. 5. Then, surviving paths are successively selected, resulting in the survival of the path 510.
As such phenomenon occurs, if the decoded data includes 2-bit errors, for example, the parity computation block 303 may not be able to detect the errors by performing parity checks. Consequently, erroneous data may be output from the correct-data selecting block 304 as correct data, which contributes to an increase in the number of errors at the time of read operation.
The reason why the path metric computation value after inversion does not match the state of the path memory is as follows.
The formula for path metric computation is as follows.PMm=Min{PMi+BMj, PMk+BMl}  (1)
Conventionally, data stored in the path memory PM 104 is such that the selected path Dm becomes 1 if the value of PMi+BMj, which is the first one of the contents of the parentheses "{ }", is selected as PMm in the above formula, and such that the selected path Dm becomes 0 if the value of PMk+BMl, which is the second one, is selected.
In the method of selecting a correct path from a plurality of inversion option paths, if the first value "PMi+BMj" and the second value "PMk+BMl" are close to each other, it is ascertained that reliability is low. In this case, "1" is stored in place of "0" in the path memory, and "0" is stored in place of "1".
In the method of selecting a correct path from a plurality of inversion option paths, no exchange is performed with respect to the path metric feedback values to be used next in order to compute the next path metric PMm.
Accordingly, if the first value "PMi+BMj" and the second value "PMk+BMl" are close to each other in the above formula (1), a path such as the path 501 at the time sequence 14 of FIG. 5 as described above may be selected due to the influence of path metric computation error generated by the lack of exchanging operations. This results in an increase in error.

Data reproducing apparatus avoiding selection of incorrect path


In one aspect, a vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) is operable to generate single-mode laser light at an operative wavelength. The VCSEL includes a light-emitting surface and a monolithic longitudinal stack structure. The longitudinal stack structure includes a first mirror, a second mirror, and a cavity region. The cavity region is disposed between the first mirror and the second mirror and includes an active light generation region and a cavity extension region. The longitudinal stack structure further includes an ion-implanted current confinement region. A VCSEL array incorporating the above described VCSEL and a method of making the above-described VCSEL also are described.

A VCSEL is a laser device formed from an optically active semiconductor region that is sandwiched between a pair of highly reflective mirror stacks, which may be formed from layers of metallic material, dielectric material or epitaxially-grown semiconductor material. Typically, one of the mirror stacks is made less reflective than the other so that a portion of the coherent light that builds in a resonating cavity formed between the mirror stacks may be emitted preferentially from one side of the device. Typically, a VCSEL emits laser light from the top or bottom surface of the resonating cavity with a relatively small beam divergence. VCSELs may be arranged in singlets, one-dimensional or two-dimensional arrays, tested on wafer, and incorporated easily into an optical transceiver module that may be coupled to a fiber optic cable.
In general, a VCSEL may be characterized as a gain-guided VCSEL or an index-guided VCSEL. An implant VCSEL is the most common commercially available gain-guided VCSEL. An implant VCSEL includes one or more high resistance implant regions for current confinement and parasitic reduction. An oxide VCSEL, on the other hand, is the most common laterally index-guided VCSEL. An oxide VCSEL includes oxide layers (and possibly implant regions) for both current and optical confinement.
VCSELs and VCSEL arrays have been successfully developed for single-mode operation and multi-mode operation at a variety of different wavelengths (e.g., 650 nm, 850 nm, 980 nm, 1300 nm and 1550 nm).
In general, it is desirable for single-mode VCSELs to exhibit single-mode behavior within a range of specified operating conditions, while complying with other performance specifications. In general, it is desirable to increase the single-mode optical power produced by a VCSEL. In addition, it is desirable to reduce the series resistance of a VCSEL and the divergence of the output optical beam produced by the VCSEL. It also is desirable to reduce the susceptibility of a VCSEL to damage by electrostatic discharge (ESD). In some prior approaches, both high series resistance and low ESD thresholds have been linked to small current apertures.
A high injection current is needed to generate high output power from a VCSEL. A higher injection current, however, causes the output beam to diverge through a well-known beam-steering effect that results from the interaction between the lateral modes of the VCSEL and current-induced changes in the refractive index in the wave guiding structure of the VCSEL. At low injection current, a VCSEL typically operates in the fundamental (i.e., lowest order) lateral mode, and the refractive index in the wave guiding structure remains substantially constant. At higher injection current, however, the mode structure becomes unstable due to ohmic heating and spatial hole burning effects. These changes allow higher order lateral modes to propagate with higher divergence angles, resulting in less efficient coupling between the VCSEL and the associated optical fiber used to transfer light from the VCSEL. For implant VCSELs, the mixing between different lasing modes often is detected as a kink in a graph of optical power plotted as a function of the injection current (often called the "L-I" curve) for the VCSEL.
The size of the current aperture of a VCSEL has been increased to increase the output optical power of the device. A larger current aperture also reduces the series resistance of the VCSEL. Larger current apertures, however, increase the likelihood that higher order lasing modes will propagate and mix with the fundamental mode. Extended cavity structures and optical anti-guiding structures have been introduced into the wave guiding cavities of VCSELs to suppress higher order lasing modes. Oftentimes, the introduction of such structures increases the complexity and reduces the reliability of the VCSEL manufacturing process.

Single-mode vertical cavity surface emitting lasers and methods of making the same

Avago Technologies Fiber IP (Singapore) Pte. Ltd.


An electro-optical apparatus includes a first and second data lines that intersect with scanning lines. A first and second pixel electrodes are positioned at opposite sides of the corresponding scanning line. A first signal electrode is formed on the electrode forming surface at a position adjacent to the first pixel electrode and is connected to the first data line. A second signal electrode is formed on the electrode forming surface at a position adjacent to the second pixel electrode and is connected to the second data line. The second signal electrode includes an interline electrode portion formed in a gap between the second pixel electrode and the first pixel electrode positioned at the second side with respect to the second pixel electrode.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to a technology for driving electro-optical materials, such as liquid crystals.
2. Related Art
In an electro-optical apparatus, such as a liquid crystal device, many pixels are disposed in a matrix, and each row of pixels is selected by multiplex driving so that an image signal is supplied to each of the selected pixels. In this configuration of the electro-optical apparatus, if, in particular, the total number of pixels is increased to achieve higher precision, the duty ratio (reciprocal of the total number of scanning lines) is decreased, and the time for supplying an image signal to each pixel cannot be sufficiently ensured. To solve this problem, a so-called "multiple matrix technology" has been proposed in, for example, JP-A-2002-90765 (FIG. 10).
An electro-optical apparatus (liquid crystal device) using this multiple matrix technology includes a first substrate and a second substrate between which a liquid crystal is sealed. As shown in FIG. 9, a plurality of scanning lines 91 extending in the X direction are formed on the surface of the first substrate, a plurality of first data lines 921 and a plurality of second data lines 922 extending in the Y direction are formed on the surface of the second substrate. Many pixel electrodes 93 are disposed on the second substrate in a matrix. The pixel electrodes 93 in the odd-numbered rows are connected to the adjacent first data lines 921, and the pixel electrodes 93 in the even-numbered rows are connected to the adjacent second data lines 922. As shown in FIG. 9, two pixel electrodes 93 adjacent to each other in the Y direction oppose the same scanning line 91. Accordingly, two rows of pixels are formed for each scanning line 91. With this configuration, the duty ratio can be increased by about twice (assuming the same number of pixels) compared to that in an electro-optical apparatus in which only one pixel is formed at each intersection between a scanning line and a data line.
It is known that the application of DC components of a voltage deteriorate optical characteristics of electro-optical materials, in particular, liquid crystals. AC driving is required to suppress such deterioration in the optical characteristics. In AC driving, a positive voltage and a negative voltage relative to a predetermined voltage are alternately applied to pixels for the alternating rows. However, if this AC driving is applied to a multiple-matrix electro-optical apparatus, display irregularities occur in the shape of strips in the X direction in units of two rows of pixels corresponding to one scanning line 91. This problem is discussed in detail below.
When AC driving is applied to a multiple-matrix electro-optical apparatus, the polarity of the voltage applied to two rows of pixels corresponding to one scanning line 91 becomes opposite to that applied to two rows of pixels corresponding to the adjacent scanning line 91. That is, if, as shown in FIG. 9, a positive (+) voltage is applied to two rows of pixels corresponding to the k-th (k is a natural number) scanning line 91, a negative (−) voltage is applied to two rows of pixels corresponding to the (k+1)-th scanning line 91. The relationship of the positive and negative polarities is changed in, for example, every vertical scanning period.
Let us focus on each pixel of the i-th (i is a natural number) row to which a positive voltage is applied. Each pixel of the i-th row is adjacent to a corresponding pixel of the (i+1)-th row on the positive Y direction side and to a corresponding pixel of the (i−1)-th row at the negative Y direction side. The pixels of the (i+1)-th row are applied with a negative voltage and the pixels of the (i−1)-th row are applied with a positive voltage. Since the same polarity of the voltage (positive voltage) is applied to the pixels in the i-th row and the pixels in the (i−1)-th row, horizontal (i.e., in-plane direction in which pixels are disposed) electric fields are not generated between the pixels of the two rows. In contrast, since different polarities of voltages are applied to the pixels in the i-th row and the pixels in the (i+1)-th row, horizontal electric fields are generated between the pixels of the two rows (in particular, at interfaces between the two rows). Accordingly, liquid crystals of the pixels in the i-th row adjacent to the corresponding pixels in the (i+1)-th row are aligned in a direction different from a desired direction. As a result, the grayscale of a portion C1 shown in FIG. 9 becomes different from that of a portion C2 shown in FIG. 9 adjacent to the pixels in the (i−1)-th row. This difference in the grayscale is observed as display irregularities by users.
In an electro-optical apparatus in which only one pixel is disposed at each intersection between a scanning line and a data line, horizontal electric fields are also generated in adjacent pixels in the Y direction. In this configuration, however, display irregularities equally occur to all the pixels, and thus, this does not present any problem in the visual sense. In contrast, in a multiplex-matrix electro-optical apparatus, although horizontal electric fields are generated in a portion adjacent to the pixels in one adjacent row (i.e., pixels to which a voltage having the opposite polarity is applied), horizontal electric fields are not generated in a portion adjacent to the pixels in the other adjacent row (i.e., pixels to which a voltage having the same polarity is applied). Because of this non-uniformity, display irregularities occur.

Electro-optical apparatus and electronic device


An information processing apparatus in which main information is stored in a first storage unit and subinformation associated with the main information is stored in a second storage unit. The user selects the sub-information to retrieve the corresponding main information that is then transmitted to the user and the user is billed for the transmitted main information. In some instances the billing amount can be reduced.

Previously, an information distribution system has been proposed by the present applicant, such that, for example, a plurality of musical pieces data (audio data), video data and the like are stored in a server as a data base and at the same time, out of these plurality of information, necessary data is distributed among a plurality of intermediate server apparatus and out of the intermediate server apparatus, designated information can be down-loaded to a portable terminal apparatus personally owned by a user.
For example, in the above-mentioned information distribution system, when a thought is given to a case where a user having a portable terminal apparatus carries out a retrieval to down-load a desired piece of music from the server apparatus or the intermediate server apparatus, the user needs to input information to specify the piece of music such as the name of the piece of music, the name of a player and the like out of the data on the piece of mucic to be downloaded.
However, it does not always happen that the user has accurately knows about the name of the piece of music and the like to be downloaded. For example, in an environment where the user leads an ordinary life, on many occasions, the user takes notice of some pieces of music as when he listens to the pieces of music used as commercials broadcast by a radio and a television and when he listens to some pieces of music inserted in television dramas, movies and so on. In these circumstances, it naturally happens that the user, although he remembers the names of the merchandise of the commercials, the sponsor's names, the titles of the dramas, the movies and the like, does not accurately knows about the information such as the names of the commercials used therein, the player's names and the like or does not entirely knows about them.
Here, if the information distribution system does not adopt a retrieval system which can carry out a retrieval based on only information directly concerning the piece of music such as the name of the piece of music, a player's name and the like, when the user does not have an accurate knowledge of the name of the piece of music and the player's name of the piece of music he wants to download, a retrieval can not effectively be carried out.

Information processing apparatus and information processing method


The present disclosure provides a method, apparatus, and device for charging a battery, and storage medium. The method for charging a battery includes acquiring a battery temperature; determining a charging current value In for the nth charging stage of the battery, according to the battery temperature and a mapping relationship between different temperature ranges and charging current values I, wherein a preset charging cut-off voltage value Vn for the nth charging stage is greater than Vn−1; charging the battery with Ij in the jth charging stage; acquiring a voltage value of the battery at the current time; if the voltage value is less than Vj, continuing to charge the battery with Ij; if the voltage value is not less than Vj and j<N, charging the battery with Ij+1; if the voltage value is not less than Vj and j=N, stopping charging the battery.

At present, with the gradual consumption of non-renewable energy such as oil and with the urgent need for environment protection, the development of new energy industry has drawn great attention. One of the key and core technologies of the new energy industry is the battery. New energy vehicles which use rechargeable batteries as power source have achieved rapid development in recent years, the proportion of new energy vehicles in the vehicles all over the world is gradually expanded, and they are widely used in large and medium-sized cities, which is an important part of developing the electric vehicle industry and realizing advanced manufacturing in our country.
Most of the current electric vehicles use charging piles to charge a battery at a constant current. When adopting the charging method, since under different states of charge (SOCs), a rechargeable battery can actually bear different charging currents, resulting in that the charging efficiency of constant current charging is relatively low. In addition, if the rechargeable battery is charged under too high or too low a temperature, the method of constant current charging may have a negative effect on the service life of the battery.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Method, apparatus, and device for charging a battery and storage medium

Contemporary Amperex Technology Co., Limited


A camera apparatus includes a lens module, an image detecting module, a shutter and a shutter control apparatus. The shutter is disposed between the lens module and the image detecting module. The shutter control apparatus has a switch for controlling the lens module and the shutter. The switch has a first trigger status and a second trigger status. While the switch produces the first trigger status, the lens module automatically focuses. By contrast, while the switch produces the second trigger status, the shutter control apparatus turns on/off the shutter, so that the image detecting module detects an image through the lens module.

1. Field of Invention
The present invention relates to a shutter control apparatus of a camera apparatus. More particularly, the present invention relates to a shutter control apparatus, which turns on/off the shutter with a single switch, and the method thereof.
2. Description of Related Art
The design of mobile communication apparatuses or consumer electronic products (for example, digital camera) is usually towards lightness and smallness, and along with the increase of additional functions, the space in the device for circuit is getting smaller and smaller. Thus, how to accomplish the same functions with least circuit components or structure design within a limited space is the major subject of the development of mobile communication device.
Nowadays, the function of digital camera has become an important additional function on mobile apparatuses. However, the shutter of a general digital camera is usually controlled by 2-step switch. FIG. 1 is a diagram of a conventional shutter control circuit. As shown in FIG. 1, the switches S1 and S2 respectively control the output voltage levels of the output terminals OUT1 and OUT2. While the switch S1 is turned on, the voltage level of the output terminal OUT1 is high voltage level, and here the digital camera focuses. While the switch S2 is turned on, the voltage level of the output terminal OUT2 is high voltage level, and here the digital camera takes a picture.
However, since the circuit illustrated in FIG. 1 requires many components, a lot of space is needed if this circuit is adopted for the shutter control of a mobile communication device. If the shutter control with the same function can be achieved with fewer components or with the help of software, the space efficiency of mobile communication device can be increased and the manufacturing cost can be reduced.

Camera apparatus having shutter control apparatus


The invention relates to a pedal boat drive comprising at least one pedal crank and a drive train for transferring drive energy produced by the pedal crank to a means of propulsion, e.g. a propeller. At least one flywheel, which is mounted on a free-running axle, is placed in the drive train between the pedal crank and the means of propulsion. Drive energy produced by the pedal crank is transferred from the pedal crank to the flywheel, which is mounted in a free-running manner, and is transferred from said flywheel to the means of propulsion. The aim of the invention is to further develop a pedal boat drive of this type that enables a pedal boat to be used as an item of sports equipment. In doing this, the pedal boat should behave in water similar to a bicycle on land with regard to the feeling of riding. To this end, a switching mechanism for reversing the running direction of the means of propulsion while the direction of rotation of the pedal crank remains unchanged is placed in the drive train, and the pedal boat drive has two flywheels, which are mounted parallel to one another on the free-running axle while leaving an intermediate space therebetween. A take-off element is placed inside said intermediate space. This take-off element is connected to the means of propulsion, serves to transfer the drive energy and can be coupled as desired to one of the inner faces of both flywheels in order to transmit drive energy. The invention also relates to a pedal boat comprising a pedal boat drive of the aforementioned type.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a pedal boat drive according to the generic clause of the claims in the present application. It further relates to a pedal boat equipped with a pedal boat drive of the aforementioned type.
2. Description of the Prior Art
A pedal boat drive is known from U.S. Pat. No. 6,165,029 as is a pedal boat equipped with such a drive. Although the prior art pedal boat permits storage of energy transmitted to the transmission train in a flywheel, it is not suited for a sports-related, flexible application.
Pedal boats are water borne vessels which have been known for a long time, serving primarily for pleasure. The pedal boats are in this context equipped with pedal boat drives, which by means of one or a plurality of pedal crank(s) transmit energy to a propulsion means, normally one or a plurality of propeller(s) or paddle wheel(s). The transfer of the drive energy takes place directly, i.e. the power is transferred to the propulsion means by the pedal crank(s) by way of a transmission means, e.g. a chain drive and/or a cardan shaft. In this way, in particular advancing and reversing of the pedal boat is controlled by the direction of rotation of the pedal cranks.
Examples of such pedal boats are known from the German utility model specifications DE 298 20 184 U1, DE 81 17 770 U1 and DE 84 04 297 U1.
In addition, a pedal boat comprising a drive means is known from DE 101 37 662 A1, wherein, in support of the propulsion means, an energy storage means, fed by the pedal drive, is provided in the transmission train, from which drive energy may be withdrawn, if so required, in order to bring about propulsion with reduced use of force. However, in this case as well the drive continues to be a direct one, the driving direction being determined by the direction of rotation of the pedal crank.


A device temperature regulator is provided with a gas passage part that guides a gaseous working fluid evaporated in a device heat exchanger to a condenser, and a liquid passage part that guides a liquid working fluid condensed in the condenser to the device heat exchanger. The device temperature regulator is provided with a supply amount regulator that increases or decreases a supply amount of the liquid working fluid supplied to the device heat exchanger. The supply amount regulator decreases the supply amount of the liquid working fluid to the device heat exchanger such that a liquid surface is formed in a state where the gaseous working fluid is positioned at a lower side lower than a heat exchanging portion exchanging heat with a temperature regulation target device in the device heat exchanger, when a condition for keeping the temperature regulation target device at a temperature is satisfied.

In a cooling device of a loop type thermosiphon system, an opening/closing valve is provided in a liquid pipe between an evaporator and a condenser and is opened or closed based on a temperature of air passing through the evaporator.
According to an aspect of the present disclosure, a device temperature regulator includes a device heat exchanger configured to absorb heat from the temperature regulation target device and to evaporate a liquid working fluid, a condenser that is disposed above the device heat exchanger to condense a gaseous working fluid evaporated in the device heat exchanger, a gas passage part configured to guide the gaseous working fluid evaporated in the device heat exchanger to the condenser, a liquid passage part configured to guide the liquid working fluid condensed in the condenser to the device heat exchanger, and a supply amount regulator configured to increase or decrease a supply amount of the liquid working fluid supplied to the device heat exchanger.
The supply amount regulator is configured to decrease the supply amount of the liquid working fluid to the device heat exchanger, such that a liquid surface is formed in a state where the gaseous working fluid is positioned at a lower side lower than a heat exchanging portion exchanging heat with the temperature regulation target device in the device heat exchanger, when a condition for keeping the temperature regulation target device at a temperature is satisfied.
As a result, it can efficiently suppress the temperature regulation target device from being excessively cooled when the condition is satisfied.


Applicants have discovered that glass optical waveguides subject to hydrogen-induced loss increases can be passivated by treating the glass with deuterium. The deuterium-treated glass not only exhibits a lower rate of loss increase when later exposed to environments containing H2, but also retains high transmission of light in the 1.55 and 1.31 micrometer wavelength regions immediately after the deuterium heat treatment. The method applies to Er-doped fiber, transmission fiber and planar waveguides. Under some circumstances, hydrogen can be substituted for deuterium.

This invention relates to glass optical waveguides such as optical fibers and planar waveguides and, in particular, to such waveguides passivated against hydrogen-induced loss increases.
While optical waveguides, such as optical fibers, can carry optical signals over remarkably long distances between repeater stations, it has been observed that such fibers suffer long-term increases in loss, particularly for transmission of light in the 1.55 and 1.31 micrometer wavelength regions. One type of loss increase is attributed to the reaction of hydrogen with defects in GeO2-doped waveguides containing alkali impurities such as Na and Li. Another type occurs when H2 reacts at defect sites in undoped silica areas. The rate of loss increase of the latter type can be reduced by treating the fiber with hydrogen during the draw process (U.S. Pat. No. 5,059,229 issued to M. G. Blankenship et al. on Oct. 22, 1991). But this rate reduction is obtained only at the cost of increased loss at the outset. Such increased loss is undesirable for many high performance applications such as long distance transmission.
Hydrogen-induced loss is particularly a problem in erbium-doped (Er-doped) amplifier fibers. Accelerated hydrogen aging tests have shown that Er-doped amplifier fibers react quickly with even trace levels of H2, causing spectrally broad loss increases that can influence signal and pump wavelengths. See P. J. Lemaire et al., Prediction of Long-Term Hydrogen-Induced Loss Increases in Er-Doped Amplifier Fibers, 5 IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 214 (Febrary 1993) and P. J. Lemaire et al., Hydrogen-induced loss increases in erbium-doped amplifier fibers: Revised Predictions OFC Technical Digest Feb. 20-25 (1994), Paper FF1. U.S. Pat. No. 4,685,945 to Friedemann Freund describes a method of enhancing long-term stability in high purity vitreous silica optical fiber by permeating deuterium molecules into the fiber and then propagating through the fiber high intensity light with a wavelength less than about 650 manometers. The difficulty with this process is most useful fibers absorb heavily at such short wavelengths, making uniform treatment difficult. Accordingly, there is a need for improved glass waveguides passivated against hydrogen-induced loss increases.
Applicants have discovered that glass optical waveguides subject to hydrogen-induced loss increases can be passivated by treating the glass with deuterium. The deuterium-treated glass not only exhibits a lower rate of loss increase when later exposed to environments containing H2, but also retains high transmission of light in the 1.55 and 1.31 micrometer wavelength regions immediately after the deuterium heat treatment. The method applies to Er-doped fiber, transmission fiber and planar waveguides. Under some circumstances, hydrogen can be substituted for deuterium.

Glass optical waveguides passivated against hydrogen-induced loss increases


Disclosed are a media file processing method for a display device and the display device. The method includes receiving, by the display device being in a standby mode, a wakeup signal broadcasted from a mobile device through a wireless module of the display device; and triggering, according to the wakeup signal, an electrical level change so that the display device is configured to enter into a customized mode where the display device is started but a screen of the display device is not lighted. The display device in the customized mode is discoverable by the mobile device. The method includes receiving, by the display device in the customized mode, a push instruction for playing a media file transmitting from the mobile device, lighting the screen, and playing the media file according to the push instruction so as to make the display device enter a normal operating mode.

In order to meet individual demands of users and improve the experience of the users, there are more and more scenes for interaction between a mobile device and a display device. For example, a user may select to push a group of photos on the display device to browse the photos on a full screen when browsing the group of photos on the mobile device, and the display device has a relatively larger display screen compared with the mobile device, so that the photos on the larger screen may provide better browsing experience, and it is convenient for multiple users to watch the photos together.
In the interaction scenarios between a mobile device and a display device, for example, in a scenario where a mobile device pushes a group of photos to a display device, it is required the display device is required to be in a work state instead of a standby state to show the photos. It should be noted that, for the display device in the work state, the user may press a power key on a remote controller to shut down the display device so that the display device enters the standby state; and for the display device in the standby state, the user may press the power key on the remote controller so that the display device is woken up from the standby state to the work state.

Media file processing method for display device and display device


The present invention provides a storage subsystem accessing a storage resource efficiently to thereby enhance throughput. The storage subsystem adopts a configuration where respective processor packages have ownership of the respective LDEVs, wherein an I/O command from a host specifying an address extending over a division position within a single LDEV is divided, and the I/O processing is executed in a shared manner by multiple processor packages. The I/O processing is executed by allocating a processor package that processes a specific storage area with priority.

In prior-art storage subsystems, volumes used as storage areas adopting RAID (Redundant Arrays of Independent (Inexpensive) Disks) technique are provided to host computers using multiple hard disk drives as storage resources. In prior-art storage systems, processor packages are multiplexed to enhance access efficiency, and multiple processors are loaded in each processor package. The operations of the multiple processors are controlled via internal control information.
Patent Literature 1 discloses an art for improving the access efficiency. The disclosed technique provides ownership for accessing the respective storage resources to each processor package, based on which access competition and access arbitration among processor packages can be reduced. Further, Patent Literature 2 discloses an art for dynamically changing the processing target based on the load of each processor package to realize load distribution, to thereby improve the processing performance.

Storage subsystem and method for controlling the storage subsystem


A grounding circuit for a backup power source used to power a pitch motor of a pitch system in a wind turbine is provided. The grounding circuit includes one or more switching elements configured to selectively couple the backup power source to a charging circuit based on a state of a first interface element. The grounding circuit further includes one or more switching elements configured to selectively couple the backup power source to ground based on a state of a second interface element. The grounding circuit includes at least one circuit protection device coupled between the backup power source and the charging circuit. When the backup power source is coupled to the charging circuit and subsequently coupled to ground, the at least one circuit protection device is configured to decouple the backup power source from the charging circuit.

Ultracapacitors can be used to power a load in a pitch drive system of a wind turbine system during adverse conditions, such as a grid fault. The ultracapacitors can be stored in a pitch cabinet of the wind turbine. In some instances, a user (e.g., maintenance personnel) may need to perform maintenance on the ultracapacitors or other components located within the cabinet. However, before the user can perform maintenance on the ultracapacitor or the other components in the cabinet, the ultracapacitors must be grounded.

Grounding circuit for a backup power source


The emulsification grinder includes a feeder module, a grinding wheel assembly and a driver module. The grinding wheel assembly separately connects the feeder module and driver module and includes an upper grinding wheel, a lower grinding wheel and a turntable. The upper grinding wheel is radially formed with knives. The lower grinding wheel corresponds to the upper grinding wheel at an interval and has a receiving room and knives. The turntable is received in the receiving room.

1. Technical Field
The invention relates to grinders, particularly to grinders which can grind fluid material into emulsion.
2. Related Art
To satisfy demands of users, the particle size of ground material becomes smaller and smaller. For example, in cosmetics, the particles must be ground to be the finest and emulsifiable so as to be easily absorbed by skin without harm. Thus the grinders must be very precision.
To achieve such grinding precision, conventional grinders add multiple knives, which are axially connected in series. By means of the centrifugal effect of rotation, the material to be ground are flung to the knives and then cut and ground. The axially arranged knives, however, cannot be reduced in volume. This will cause a problem of space utilization. Furthermore, because the material is flung by the centrifugal force, but the centrifugal force is hard to be controlled, the material is hard to be equably flung to the knives and to be equably ground. Finally, the grinding effect cannot satisfy the demand.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,250,573 provides a process and device for the dispersion of a fibrous paper material. '573 uses a gap between the teeth 7, 9 on the upper and lower grinding wheel to grind the material between the teeth. Although the teeth 7, 9 are radially arranged on the wheels to reduce its volume, the material flung by the turntable 5, especially liquid materials, tend to flow back due to the resistance of the teeth. The flow-back material will further resist the newly input materials. This causes a serious problem of material flow and grinding efficiency. This problem will become more serious if the material is syrupy.


A sheet for forming a hard coating having outstanding low-temperature formability and slip properties and a composition for hard coatings used therefor are disclosed. The sheet for forming a hard coating includes a coating layer formed on one side thereof and containing a hard coating composition prepared by blending a UV curable resin having a (meth)acryloyl functional group with a bi- or higher valent polycarbonate.

For various molded articles including resin molded articles, surface hard coating is performed to provide scratch resistance, chemical resistance, and other properties to surfaces of the molded articles. Surface hard coating generally employs a sheet for forming a hard coating. The sheet for forming a hard coating is generally coated with UV-curable resin composition.
A typical sheet for hard coating can improve scratch resistance and thermal resistance, but has a drawback of film brittleness.
As a result, the sheet causes failure such as breakage, fragments, and the like due to lack of formability upon injection molding. Moreover, a typical sheet for hard coating has insufficient slip properties, thereby causing scratches in a post-process after injection molding.

Composition for hard coating and sheet for forming hard coating having superior low-temperature formability and slip properties


The present invention provides a method, system, and computer program product for reflection space image based rendering of an object at an interactive frame rate. A set of source radiance environment maps associated with a set of source viewing vectors are warped to create a destination radiance environment map associated with a destination viewing vector in a current frame. Blending and weighting operations can also be applied in creating the final destination radiance environment map. An object is then rendered with texture environment mapped from the destination radiance environment map.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to the field of computer graphics.
2. Related Art
Offline rendering algorithms have to a great extent conquered physically accurate photo-realism and complex synthetic shading. A result of over twenty years of research, these techniques all solve the lighting or rendering equation in some manner. See, the techniques in Blinn, J. F. and Newell, M. E., Comm. ACM 19:542–546 (1976); Cook, R. L., et al., "The Reyes image rendering architecture," in Computer Graphics (SIGGRAPH '87 Proc.), vol. 21, Stone, M. C., ed., (July 1987), pp. 95–102; Debevec, P., "Rendering synthetic objects into real scenes: Bridging traditional and image-based graphics with global illumination and high dynamic range photography," in SIGGRAPH 98 Conf. Proc., Cohen, M., ed., Annual Conference Series, ACM SIGGRAPH, Addison Wesley (July 1998), pp. 189–198; He, X. D., et al., "A comprehensive physical model for light reflection," in Computer Graphics (SIGGRAPH '91 Proc.), vol. 25, Sederberg, T. W., ed. (July 1991), pp. 175–186; Jensen, H. W. and Christensen, P. H., "Efficient simulation of light transport in scenes with participating media using photon maps," in SIGGRAPH 98 Conf. Proc., Cohen, M., ed., Annual Conference Series, ACM SIGGRAPH, Addison Wesley (July 1998), pp. 311–320; Miller, G. S. and Hoffman, C. R., "Illumination and reflection maps: Simulated objects in simulated and real environments, in SIGGRAPH '84 Advanced Computer Graphics Animation seminar notes (July 1994); Poulin, P. and Fournier, A., "A model for anisotropic reflection," in Computer Graphics (SIGGRAPH '90 Proc.), vol. 24, Baskett, F., ed., (August 1990), pp. 273–284; Veach, E. and Guibas, L. J., "Metropolis light transport," in SIGGRAPH 97 Conf. Proc., Whitter, T., ed., Annual Conference Series, ACM SIGGRAPH, Addison Wesley (August 1997), pp. 65–76, and the rendering equation in Kajiya, J. T., "The rendering equation," Computer Graphics (SIGGRAPH '86 Proc.), vol. 20, Evans, D. C. and Athay, R. J., eds., (August 1986), pp. 143–150.
A trade-off between speed and quality exists in off-line rendering and interactive rendering. The outstanding rendering challenge now becomes how to increase the performance of sophisticated shading algorithms without losing the advancements made in quality. This implies that many orders of magnitude in performance improvements must be found. Traditionally, this has been accomplished by vastly simplifying the approximations used in the shading and lighting equations—resulting in a significant loss in complexity and quality.
Environment mapping is one method used to improve the realism of interactive rendering. As originally described by Newell and Blinn (Blinn, J. F. and Newell, M. E., Comm. ACM 19:542–546 (1976)), a simple environment map is used to quickly find reflections of distant objects from a perfectly mirrored surface. Other researchers refined this notion by generalizing the BRDF used, though some of these refinements lost the interactivity of simple environment mapping. See, Cabral, B., et al., "Bidirectional reflection functions from surface bump maps," in Computer Graphics (SIGGRAPH '87 Proc.), vol. 21, Stone, M. C., ed., (July 1987), pp. 273–281; Greene, N., "Applications of world projections," in Proc. Graphics Interface '86, Green, M., ed. (May 1986), pp. 108–114; Miller, G. S. and Hoffman, C. R., "Illumination and reflection maps: Simulated objects in simulated and real environments, in SIGGRAPH '84 Advanced Computer Graphics Animation seminar notes (July 1994); Poulin, P. and Fournier, A., "A model for anisotropic reflection, " in Computer Graphics (SIGGRAPH '90 Proc.), vol. 24, Baskett, F., ed., (August 1990), pp. 273–284.
Another method used to bridge the gap between realism and interactivity is image based rendering (McMillan, L. and Bishop, G., "Plenoptic modeling: An image-based rendering system," in SIGGRAPH 95 Conf. Proc., Cook, R., ed., Annual Conference Series, ACM SIGGRAPH, Addison Wesley (August 1995), pp. 39–46). Image based rendering (IBR) avoids solving the lighting equation during interactive rendering by warping existing photographs or images. These images can be thought of as radiance maps (Gershbein, R., et al., "Textures and radiosity: Controlling emission and reflection with texture maps," in Proc. SIGGRAPH '94 (Orlando, Fla., Jul. 24–29, 1994), Glassner, A., ed., Computer Graphics Proceedings, Annual Conference Series, ACM SIGGRAPH, ACM Press (July 1994), pp. 51–58), and generalized to light fields (Levoy, M. and Hanrahan, P., "Light field rendering," in SIGGRAPH 96 Conf. Proc., Rushmeier, H., ed., Annual Conference Series, ACM SIGGRAPH, ACM Press (August 1996), pp. 31–42) and lumigraphs (Gortler, S. J., et al., "The lumigraph," in SIGGRAPH 96 Conf. Proc., Rushmeier, H., ed., Annual Conference Series, ACM SIGGRAPH, ACM Press (August 1996), pp. 43–54). This works well for predefined scenes or images, but not for dynamically changing synthetic objects.
Recently, Debevec (Debevec, P., "Rendering synthetic objects into real scenes: Bridging traditional and image-based graphics with global illumination and high dynamic range photography," in SIGGRAPH 98 Conf. Proc., Cohen, M., ed., Annual Conference Series, ACM SIGGRAPH, Addison Wesley (July 1998), pp. 189–198) combined captured environment maps and synthetic objects to produce compelling renderings with both synthetic objects and image based environments. His techniques do not work at interactive rates since he computes the lighting equation integration as he renders using RADIANCE (Ward, G. J., "The RADIANCE lighting simulation and rendering system," Proc. SIGGRAPH '94 (Orlando, Fla., Jul. 24–29, 1994), Glassner, A., ed., Computer Graphics Proceedings, Annual Conference Series, ACM SIGGRAPH, ACM Press (July 1994), pp. 459–572).
What is needed is an interactive photo-realistic rendering algorithm or system.


A device for covering at least part of a container using a tarpaulin, comprising: a rod for rolling the tarpaulin thereonto and unrolling of the tarpaulin therefrom; a support arm mountable to the container for rotatably supporting the rod, the support arm being pivotally movable relative to the container; a rod actuator for selectively rotating the rod; and an arm biasing element for biasing the support arm towards a predetermined position. Rotating the rod using the rod actuator to roll the tarpaulin therearound moves the support arm towards a support arm first position to move the tarpaulin to a tarpaulin retracted configuration and rotating the rod using the rod actuator to unroll the tarpaulin therefrom moves the support arm towards a support arm second position to move the tarpaulin to a tarpaulin extended configuration.

There are many systems for covering top apertures of truck-movable containers, such as open top truck trailers and the bin of dump trucks. Many such systems conveniently roll a tarpaulin covering the top aperture around a rod when the top aperture is uncovered.
A disadvantage of many such systems is that they require relatively complex and/or heavy components to operate the rod, which adds costs to the systems. For example, many such systems have their rod, which is located on top of the container, rotated by an actuator that is located closer to the ground, for example adjacent the bottom part of the container.
Against this background, there exists a need for an improved tarpaulin extension and retraction device. An object of the present invention is to provide such a device.

Tarpaulin retraction and extension device


A fluid treatment device, particularly useful for ultraviolet radiation treatment of fluids such as water. The device comprises a housing for receiving a flow of fluid. The housing has a fluid inlet, a fluid outlet, a fluid treatment zone disposed between the fluid inlet and the fluid outlet and at least one radiation source having a longitudinal axis disposed in the fluid treatment zone substantially transverse to a direction of the flow of fluid through the housing. The fluid inlet, the fluid outlet and the fluid treatment zone are arranged substantially collinearly with respect to one another. The fluid inlet has a first opening having: (i) a cross-sectional area less than a cross-sectional area of the fluid treatment zone, and (ii) a largest diameter substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the at least one radiation source assembly.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a fluid treatment device. More particularly, in its preferred embodiment, the present invention relates to an ultraviolet radiation water treatment device.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Fluid treatment devices and systems are known. For example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,482,809, 4,872,980, 5,006,244 and 5,590,390 (all assigned to the assignee of the present invention) all describe gravity fed fluid treatment systems which employ ultraviolet (UV) radiation to inactivate microorganisms present in the fluid.
The devices and systems described in the ""809, ""980 and ""244 patents generally include several UV lamps each of which are mounted within sleeves extending between two support arms of the frames. The frames are immersed into the fluid to be treated which is then irradiated as required. The amount of radiation to which the fluid is exposed is determined by the proximity of the fluid to the lamps. One or more UV sensors may be employed to monitor the UV output of the lamps and the fluid level is typically controlled, to some extent, downstream of the treatment device by means of level gates or the like. Since, at higher flow rates, accurate fluid level control is difficult to achieve in gravity fed systems, fluctuations in fluid level are inevitable. Such fluctuations could lead to non-uniform irradiation in the treated fluid.
However, disadvantages exist with the above-described systems. Depending on the quality of the fluid which is being treated, the sleeves surrounding the UV lamps periodically become fouled with foreign materials, inhibiting their ability to transmit UV radiation to the fluid. When fouled, at intervals which may be determined from historical operating data or by the measurements from the UV sensors, the sleeves must be manually cleaned to remove the fouling materials. Regardless of whether the UV lamp frames are employed in an open, channel-like system or a closed system, cleaning of the sleeves is impractical.
In open, channel-like systems, the modules comprising the sleeves are usually removed from the channel and immersed in a separate tank containing a suitable cleaning fluid. In closed systems, the device must be shut down and the sleeves are thereafter cleaned by charging with a suitable cleaning fluid or by removal of the lamps in the manner described for the open, channel-like systems. In either type of system, the operator must accept significant downtime of the system and/or invest significant additional capital to have in place sufficient redundant systems with appropriate control systems to divert the flow of fluid from the systems being cleaned.
The system described in the ""390 patent is a significant advance in the art in that it obviates a number of disadvantages deriving from the devices and systems ""809, ""980 and ""244 patents. Unfortunately, the system described in the ""390 patent is ideally suited for use in an open, channel-like system and is not readily adaptable to be used in a completely closed system where the flow of fluid is fed under pressure in a pipe.
Closed fluid treatment devices are knownxe2x80x94see, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,504,335 (assigned to the assignee of the present invention). The ""335 patent teaches a closed fluid treatment device comprising a housing for receiving a flow of fluid. The housing comprises a fluid inlet, a fluid outlet, a fluid treatment zone disposed between the fluid inlet and the fluid outlet, and at least one radiation source module disposed in the fluid treatment zone. The fluid inlet, the fluid outlet and the fluid treatment zone are in a collinear relationship with respect to one another. The at least one radiation source module comprises a radiation source sealably connected to a leg which is sealably mounted to the housing. The radiation source is disposed substantially parallel to the flow of fluid. The radiation source module is removable through an aperture provided in the housing intermediate to fluid inlet and the fluid outlet thereby obviating the need to physically remove the device for service of the radiation source. A disadvantage with this kind of closed fluid treatment device is that the seal between the radiation source module and the housing must be broken each time the former is to be serviced. This confers additional cost and complexity to the servicing needs of the device.
Further, FIG. 1 of the ""335 patent teaches a conventional closed fluid treatment device in which the inlet, outlet and fluid treatment zone are not in a collinear relationship with respect to one another. In the FIG. 1 embodiment, the lamp end connections extend out of the housing.
It would be desirable to have a fluid treatment device which can be readily adapted to treat a flow of fluid fed under pressure in a pipe or like enclosure. It would be further desirable if such a device was relatively easy to clean or keep clean during use. It would be further desirable if the radiation source in the device could be serviced while avoiding the problems associated with servicing the radiation source in the device taught in the ""335 patent.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a novel fluid treatment device which obviates or mitigates at least one of the disadvantages of the prior art.
Accordingly, in one of its aspects, the present invention provides a fluid treatment device comprising a housing for receiving a flow of fluid, the housing comprising a fluid inlet, a fluid outlet, a fluid treatment zone disposed between the fluid inlet and the fluid outlet, and at least one radiation source having a longitudinal axis disposed in the fluid treatment zone substantially transverse to a direction of the flow of fluid through the housing;
the fluid inlet, the fluid outlet and the fluid treatment zone arranged substantially collinearly with respect to one another,
the fluid inlet comprising a first opening having: (i) a cross-sectional area less than a cross-sectional area of the fluid treatment zone, and (ii) a largest diameter substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the at least one radiation source.
In another of its aspects, the present invention provides a fluid treatment device comprising a housing for receiving a flow of fluid, the housing comprising a fluid inlet, a fluid outlet, a fluid treatment zone disposed between the fluid inlet and the fluid outlet, and at least one radiation source having an arc length and a longitudinal axis disposed in the fluid treatment zone substantially transverse to a direction of the flow of fluid through the housing;
the fluid inlet, the fluid outlet and the fluid treatment zone arranged substantially collinearly with respect to one another;
the fluid inlet comprising a first opening having: (i) a cross-sectional area less than a cross-sectional area of the fluid treatment zone, and (ii) a diameter less than the arc length of the at least one radiation source.
Thus, the present fluid treatment device and method relate to a closed system for treatment of a fluid. As used throughout this specification, the term xe2x80x9cclosed systemxe2x80x9d, in relation to treatment of a fluid, is intended to encompass a system in which the flow of fluid is pressurized and substantially completely contained in an enclosure throughout treatment. Thus, open, channel-like systems are outside the scope of the present invention since, in the operation of such systems the level of water in the channel and/or treatment zone can vary. The source of pressurization of the flow of fluid is not particularly restricted. For example, the pressure can be generated by a pump or by the action of gravity.
Ideally, the present fluid treatment device and method may be used xe2x80x9cin-linexe2x80x9d in conventional water piping. Depending on the particular application, the piping can be up to 4 in. diameter for domestic applications, or 1 ft. to 3 ft. diameter or more for municipal applications.

Fluid treatment device and method for treatment of fluid


A network management system which allows handling of data having a large data size without making changes to a management apparatus. In the system, the prefix is set to a value for identifying a table object containing image data, and the suffix is set to “0” (S110). A piece of data specified by the prefix and the suffix is obtained using a GET_NEXT command. If the prefix indicated by the received GETREPLY is identical with the prefix specified by the transmitted GET_NEXT command, the received data is added to image data being formed in a data combining portion. Then, the suffix indicated by the GETREPLY is set as the suffix of the GET_NEXT command to be transmitted next, and the same operation is repeatedly performed. On the other hand, if the two prefixes are different, the received data is discarded and the present process is terminated (S120-S160).

(1) Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a network management system in which a management apparatus collects management information stored by an apparatus to be managed, an apparatus to be managed for use in the network management system, a management apparatus and a program.
(2) Description of the Background Art
In a known network management system, network apparatuses (apparatuses to be managed) such as a printer, a scanner, a fax machine and an MFP (Multifunction Peripheral) are collectively monitored and controlled by a management apparatus provided separately from the apparatuses to be managed through a network using a Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP).
FIG. 4 is a block diagram showing the software structure of a network management system constructed in the network using the UDP/IP.
In an apparatus to be managed TNi (i=1-4), as shown in FIG. 4, a Management Information Base (MIB) 111 comprising a group of objects 111a which are a group of management information (objects) about the apparatus to be managed TNi and a MIB tree dictionary 111b which is information for specifying the management information, a communication controller 113 for controlling communications in accordance with the UDP/IP protocol and an SNMP agent 112 which is a program for performing the process of reading and updating the information of the MIB 111 in accordance with a request message (i.e. GET command, GET_NEXT command, SET command) received from a management apparatus TC through the communication controller 113, and of transmitting a reply message (GETREPLY) to the management apparatus TC through the communication controller 113 are packaged.
In the management apparatus TC, on the other hand, an input portion 121 for inputting an instruction from an operator, a display portion 122 for displaying various kinds of information, a group of image data 123 which is a group of image data for use in displaying the outline view of the apparatus to be managed TNi on the display portion 122, a communication a controller 126 for controlling communications in accordance with UDP/IP protocol, an SNMP manager 125 which is a program for obtaining and setting management information using the SNMP agent 112 packaged in the apparatus to be managed TNi by transmitting/receiving the above mentioned request message and reply message (hereinafter collectively referred to as "SNMP messages") through the communication controller 126, and a controller 124 for performing, in accordance with the instruction input through the input portion 121, the process of, for instance, displaying the information obtained from the apparatus to be managed TNi using the SNMP manager 125 and the outline view of the apparatus to be managed TNi obtained from the group of image data 123 on the display portion 122 are packaged.
In a network management system 100 constructed as above, when the management apparatus TC is started, a list of the apparatuses to be managed TNi which are connected to the network is displayed on the display portion 122. When one of the apparatuses is selected in accordance with the instruction from the input portion 121, the indication on the display portion 122 is switched to a management screen with respect to the selected apparatus to be managed TNi, and then it becomes possible to confirm or change the operating state or the setting state of the apparatus to be managed TNi on the management screen.
FIG. 5 shows an example of the initial screen to be first displayed when the indication on the display is switched to the management screen. The initial screen is designed to indicate the capabilities W1 and the outline view W2 as well as the current operating state W3 and set values W4 of a variety of management information with respect to the apparatus to be managed TNi.
In this case, the outline view W2 is indicated by selecting and using the corresponding image data of the apparatus to be managed TNi from the group of image data 123 stored in the management apparatus TC. The rest of the data W1, W3 and W4 are indicated using the values obtained from the apparatus to be managed TNi by means of SNMP messages.
The reason that the image data concerning the outline view W2 is stored in the management apparatus TC is that since SNMP has a limitation to the maximum length (e.g. 255 bytes) of data that can be obtained by a single message, data of a large size exceeding the maximum length, such as the image data concerning the outline view W2, cannot be obtained by means of SNMP.
In the above described network management system 100, however, the management apparatus TC is required to have as many outline views as the number of the apparatuses to be managed TNi. Accordingly, the more the number of the apparatuses to be managed TNi becomes, the larger storage capacity must be secured for the group of image data 123. Moreover, if a new model apparatus to be managed TNi is connected to the network, the management apparatus TC, in which the corresponding outline view of the new model apparatus to be managed TNi has not yet been stored, cannot indicate the outline view. Therefore, every time a new model apparatus to be managed TNi is connected to the network, the group of image data 123 must be updated.
An object of the present invention is to make it possible to handle data of a large data size without making any changes to the management apparatus in order to solve the above described problems.

Network management system, apparatus to be managed, management apparatus and program