A high speed radial tire has a carcass and a belt layer, wherein; in the state of inflated with a standard internal pressure on a standard rim, a equator height H1 defined as a height of crossing point at which the inner surface of the belt layer intersects the surface of the tire equator is larger than an outer end height H2 defined as a height of the outermost end of the inner surface of the belt layer. Furthermore, a belt camber quantity H defined as a difference between the height H1 and the height H2 is set at 6% or more of the belt width W.

The present invention relates to a high-speed radial tire for heavy load which improves the critical speed of generating standing waves and the durability of a bead part.
Since the size and the flight speed of aircraft have been increased, the operating speed and the acting load of tires have been increased, and therefrom, a larger durability is required in high-speed radial tires for heavy load, especially in tires for aircraft, for a safe take-off and landing.
A tire for aircraft must meet various characteristics as mentioned below as well as tire durability, including every part of the tire such as wear resistance, resistance to rolling, low heat generating characteristics and the like.
1. To possess a resistance against a succession of large deformations, since the deformation quantity of the tire is significantly as large as 28 to 38%, for example, in a loaded state, in order to effectively lower the shock when an aircraft takes off or lands on a lading strip. PA0 2. To possess a resistance against a high-speed rotation in a heavy load and a large deformation, since the take-off and landing speed has been increased due to the flight ability of aircraft at higher speed. PA0 3. To be able to resist taxiing conditions when moving between the landing strip and the gate, where a large load acts for a relatively long time in spite of lower speed. PA0 4. To posses resistance against a load of approximately 130 to 360 times (approximately 50 times in normal tire) per unit weight of tire due to lightening of the aircraft, and a significantly high internal pressure such as 10 to 16 kg/cm.sup.2 created thereby.
On the other hand, as such a tire for aircraft, having a cross-ply construction in which carcass cords are placed to mutually cross between the plies are widely used. However, due to their smaller rigidity in tread part and heavier weight as well as wear resistance and heat generating characteristics, such tires are not preferable, and those having a cross-ply construction are limited in their use because of a remarkably improved performance of recent large-sized jet-propelled aircraft.
Therefore, recently, radial tires having a belt layer composed of belt cords with a high elasticity inclined at a small angle against the equator of the tire placed outside in the radial direction of the carcass in so-called radial or semi-radial construction where carcass cords are placed in a row in the radial direction of the tire are gradually used.
However, it has been found that such tires for aircraft with a radial construction have a relatively lower durability in the bead part compared with the durability of the entire tire. It has also been found that standing waves tend to be generated at a relatively high rate.
In regard to the durability in the bead part, since deforming quantity in the radial direction of the tire upon loading is as large as approximately 28 to 38%, as mentioned before, compressive stress acts on the carcass cords of the carcass A in the bead part, and in the folded part about the bead core B, as shown in FIG. 8, and it is evident that in the inside, in the direction of tire's axis, a tension which tenses the carcass cords is generated.
On the other hand, it has been found that damage to the bead part occurs near the top end of the rim flange C. From the results of a drum test, it was found that as the bead part bends to the top edge D in the top end of the rim flange C extending outward to the tire's axis, a compression is created by the rapid bending in this part, which generates a centralized compressive stress such that the part is broken by fatigue accompanied by a succession of compressive strains caused by the large compressive stress which acts on the carcass cords of the part, and that as the broken end promotes the centralization of compressive stress in a specific part, damage to the bead part is generated. This bending increases the contact pressure of the bead part in the top edge D, and as the contact pressure increases, the compressive stress and the damage increases.
Moreover, the standing wave is a wave phenomenon in the tread part of a tire while driving, and such waves in the tread part cause a deterioration in the tire's durability, especially by exciting the bead part through the side-wall part of the tire.
In a heavy-loading, high-speed radial tire for aircraft, as mentioned before, since the deformation is significant and the take-off and landing speed is high, exceeding 300 km/h, such standing waves tend to be generated. As generally known, standing waves in a radial tire can be obtained from the following formula (1). ##EQU1## where Vc: critical speed of standing wave generation;
m: mass of unit length in the tread part; PA1 EI: bending rigidity in the tire's surface, in the tread part; PA1 T: tension of belt; and PA1 k: spring constant of carcass.
The formula (1) was obtained by supposing the belt layer as an infinite beam supported elastically by the carcass, and it is known that in order to improve the critical speed Vc of generating standing waves, the mass m should be lowered and the rigidity EI, tension of belt T and spring constant of the carcass k should be increased.
Meanwhile, in order to increase the specified frequency of the belt and to improve the critical speed Vc of generating standing waves without decreasing the mass m, it was proven that a larger tension T should be applied to the belt by filling the tire with an internal pressure, and thereby the apparent bending rigidity EI in tire's surface in tread part is increased and the critical speed Vc is improved.
In addition, while in the formula (1), it is supposed that an equal tension T acts on the belt layer, it was also found by experiments that by applying a larger expansion especially in the equatorial part of a tire, that is, the crown part of the tread part, it is effective to improve the critical speed of the standing waves and that the tension of the belt T in this part is relatively increased.
For this purpose, the radius of the inner circumference of the tread part, especially that of the belt layer is preferably set at a smaller length and the belt camber quantity at a larger quantity compared with conventional tires. In the case that the radius of the side-wall part is mainly set approximately at the same length as in conventional tires, this helps to lower the contact pressure with the flange of the bead part, and it is also proves that this improves the durability of the bead part.
Moreover, in addition to the above, it was found that an increase in expansion in the crown part helps to standardize the distribution of ground contact pressure in the tread surface.

High-speed radial tire for heavy load with specified belt camber quantity


A technique facilitates combined drilling and coiled tubing operations from a single bed of a rig. A mast is mounted to the bed, and a coiled tubing injector is connected to the mast. The coiled tubing injector is able to move coiled tubing into and out of a wellbore. A starter head also is mounted to the mast. The starter head is rotatable to make and break connections of tool string components. However, the starter head generally is rotationally stationary during drilling operations.

A variety of drilling rigs are used in the formation and preparation of wellbores for production of well fluids or for other well related procedures. Drilling rigs have been designed to selectively drill using coiled tubing and jointed pipe. In one example, a rig includes a base, a mast and a tubing injector used to inject coiled tubing into the wellbore and to withdraw coiled tubing from the wellbore. The rig also includes a top drive mounted to the mast to perform a variety of drilling related operations.
The top drive is functional to provide drill stem rotation for both drilling and tool string make-up. The top drive also supports the rotating pipe load and provides a sealed swivel arrangement for conveying drilling fluid. Top drives can also be used to handle drill string components and to torque connections between drill string components. However, top drives are relatively expensive devices that have high hydraulic power requirements and pose substantial risk to the drilling operation in the event of top drive failure. The potential for top drive failure also is of concern, because top drives tend to be relatively complex devices that are required to provide rotational motion for a variety of tasks.


Two-component adhesives (K), which includes two components K1 and K2. Component K1 includes at least one epoxy resin A with more than one epoxy group per molecule on average; at least one epoxy adduct B with more than one epoxy group per molecule on average that is an epoxy adduct of type B1 and optionally combined with an epoxy adduct of type B2; at least one reaction product F between an epoxy adduct B and a compound C, which has at least two isocyanate groups, in addition to at least one curing agent D for epoxy resins, which is activated by increased temperature. The component K2 comprises a compound E, which includes at least two isocyanate groups.

DE 199 19 783 A1 describes a manufacturing method for deep-drawn sheet metal composite parts with at least two layers. The adhesive used for this purpose in particular is an epoxy hot melt adhesive that is partially crosslinked by application of heat at a specific temperature and then formed after cooling down, and finally the crosslinking is completed by another application of heat. However, this method has the considerable disadvantage that it is very difficult to control the extent of partial crosslinking. We can also expect that during long storage times, such a partially crosslinked part will crosslink further so that after a long storage period, forming is no longer possible or else can be done only very poorly.
WO 00/21747 describes a method for fabrication of a baked enameled molded component. A hot melt epoxy adhesive is used for this purpose, which is crosslinked after deep drawing by application of heat. However, the described method leads to poor adhesion, which is why it is necessary to use a primer. Also the cooled hot melt adhesive cannot be plastically shaped and so during forming, in particular during deep drawing, leads to cracks in the molded part.
EP 0 343 676 A2 describes a reactive hot melt adhesive based on a polyurethane-epoxy adduct for use as a hem flanging adhesive in automotive assembly. But according to this method, folding is done immediately after sticking together the steel plates. However, the disclosed adhesive cannot be used for fabrication of a storable semifinished product, since the strength achieved (10 psi) is too low to prevent the adhesive from being squeezed out from between the plates by compressive forces during storage or during other forming methods.

Two-component adhesive for producing semi-finished products and composite sandwich materials


The present disclosure relates to an anti-acne formulation comprising at least one active ingredient selected from the group consisting of coumarin based compounds of Formula I and Formula II;

Acne is a common human skin disease, which is characterized by areas of skin with seborrhea (scaly red skin), comedones (blackheads and whiteheads), papules (pinheads), pustules (pimples), nodules (large papules) and possibly scarring. Acne affects mostly skin with the densest population of sebaceous follicles. These areas include face, upper part of chest and the back. Severe acne is inflammatory, but acne can also manifest in non-inflammatory forms.
Acne occurs most commonly during adolescence and affects more than 96% of teenagers which often continues into adulthood. In adolescence, acne is usually caused by an increase in male sex hormones, which people of both genders accrue during puberty.
Acne scars are the result of inflammation within the dermis brought on by acne. The scar is created by the wound trying to heal itself resulting in too much collagen in one spot. Physical acne scars are often referred to as "Icepick" scars. This is because the scars tend to cause an indentation in the skin's surface.
Pigmented scars are usually the result of nodular or cystic acne (the painful 'bumps' lying under the skin). They often leave behind an inflamed red mark. Often, the pigmentation scars can be avoided simply by avoiding aggravation of the nodule or cyst. When sufferers try to 'pop' cysts or nodules, pigmentation scarring becomes significantly worse and may even bruise the affected area. Pigmentation scars nearly always fade with time taking between three months to two years to do so, however it can also persist.
Causes of Acne:
Acne develops as a result of blockages in follicles. Hyperkeratinization and formation of a plug of keratin and sebum (a microcomedo) is the earliest change. Enlargement of sebaceous glands and an increase in sebum production occur with increased androgen (DHEA-S) production at adrenarche. The microcomedo may enlarge to form an open comedone (blackhead) or closed comedone (milia). Comedones are the direct result of sebaceous glands' becoming clogged with sebum, a naturally occurring oil and dead skin cells. In these conditions, the naturally occurring largely commensal bacterium Propionibacterium acnes can cause inflammation, leading to inflammatory lesions (papules, infected pustules, or nodules) in the dermis around the microcomedo or comedone which results in redness and may result in scarring or hyperpigmentation.
Hormonal
Hormonal activity, such as menstrual cycles and puberty, may contribute to, the formation of acne. During puberty, an increase in male sex hormones called androgens causes the follicular glands to grow larger and make more sebum. Use of anabolic steroids may have a similar effect. Several hormones have been linked to acne: the androgens testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), as well as insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-I).
Development of acne vulgaris in later years is uncommon, although this is the age group for rosacea, which may have similar appearances. True acne vulgaris in adult women may be a feature of an underlying condition such as pregnancy and disorders such as polycystic ovary syndrome or the rare Cushing's syndrome. Menopause-associated acne occurs as production of the natural anti-acne ovarian hormone estradiol fails at menopause. The lack of estradiol also causes thinning hair, hot flashes, thin skin, wrinkles, vaginal dryness, and predisposes to osteopenia and osteoporosis as well as triggering acne.
Genetic
The tendency to develop acne runs in families. For example, school aged boys with acne often have other members in their family with acne, as well. A family history of acne is associated with an earlier occurrence of acne and an increased number of retentional acne lesions.
Psychological
While the connection between acne and stress has been debated, scientific research indicates that "increased acne severity" is "significantly associated with increased stress levels. The National Institutes of Health (USA) list stress as a factor that "can cause an acne flare.
Infectious
Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) is the anaerobic bacterium which may be involved in formation of acne.
Diet
A high glycemic load diet and cow's milk have been associated with worsening acne.

Method of treatment for acne and an anti-acne formulation

Abstract: or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, polymorphs and derivatives thereof, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. The present disclosure also relates to its application for preventing/curing/treating various acne conditions.


An apparatus may include a processor and a device state management module. The device state management module may be operative on the processor to receive a trigger signal from a motion sensor in a remote control, to determine the device state of one or more controlled devices and send state management instructions to be transmitted to the one or more controlled devices. The state management instructions may control a set of initial default operations that comprises altering one or more device states in the one or more controlled devices. The apparatus may further include a memory that is arranged to store the determined device state of one or more controlled devices. Other embodiments are described and claimed.

In many instances, the use of present day remote controls in a home environment entails an extensive and often intricate series of "startup" operations that are needed to enable the desired external devices to power on and reach a desired state. This may often entail a routine sequence that includes turning on the remote control itself (in the case of high-end, universal remotes with an onboard display) and/or powering on a home entertainment system, television and a stereo. The repetitive nature of this task may prove a source of frustration to many users, who may prefer a system that can automate these operations to reduce the amount of operations the user has to perform. Many present day universal remotes may allow a user to program "macro" sequences of commonly executed commands. But even in these devices, the user must still power on the universal remote and execute the macro command—a task that may itself require several key presses.
A further problem encountered by users of present day remote controls is that the remote controls may operate in the same manner regardless of the state of the device or devices the remote control is meant to control. For example, a remote control for an audio amplifier may not in any be sense "aware" of the power state of the amplifier. In particular, present day remote controls are not designed to sense the power state of each device being controlled ("controlled device"). This is true of both original equipment manufacturer (OEM) remotes that may be designed by the same vendor that provides the controlled device, and of "universal" remotes that are designed to emulate the IR command signals of several OEM remote controls, allowing for simultaneous control of multiple devices. Moreover, present day remote controls are not designed to explicitly direct a controlled device into an "on" or "off" state, but only to toggle from one state or another, without explicit knowledge of the present state of the controlled device. The consequences of the remote control not having awareness of the state of a controlled device and only being able to toggle between states, can be particularly bothersome when multiple devices need to be placed on at the same time. In one scenario when a user first desires to enable a set of controlled devices, the user may find that some devices are in an "on" state while others are in an "off" state. In another scenario, the user may attempt to turn on multiple controlled devices simultaneously that are all initially in an "off" state. If one or more of the controlled devices do not successfully receive and interpret the "power-on" command signal transmitted by the remote, the device will not respond. This can result in the scenario where some devices successfully power on while others remain in an "off" state. In either scenario, once the state is reached where some controlled devices are in an "off" state and others in an "on" state, once the attempts to remedy the situation by performing the "power-on" command, those devices that were initially on may power off, while those that were off may power on. In this manner, a series of control signals sent from a remote control to multiple controlled devices may toggle the respective devices back and forth between states without ever achieving the goal of powering all controlled devices on simultaneously.
Accordingly, there may be a need for improved techniques to solve these and other problems.


Disclosed is an apparatus for stabilizing a transmission power of a CDMA mobile communication terminal which adaptively stabilizes the transmission power according to a data rate. In case of transmitting the transmission signal having the maximum data rate with the maximum power, the variation of the transmission power is minimized by driving the stabilizing apparatus, and in other cases, the transmission power is controlled so as to keep a constant power without driving the stabilizing apparatus.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a code division multiple access (CDMA) type mobile communication terminal, and more particularly to an apparatus for stabilizing a transmission power of a CDMA mobile communication terminal.
2. Description of the Related Art
In case of a CDMA type mobile communication terminal, the dynamic range of a transmission section is wide, and thus it is very difficult to implement a transmission power stabilizing circuit. This is because a transmission power detector does not have the dynamic range of about 90 dB that is required in the CDMA mobile communication terminal.
Generally, the transmission power stabilization implemented in the CDMA mobile communication terminal is performed in two ways. First is a method whereby an automatic gain controller reads an output of the transmission power detector for a period of 1.25 m, and reflects this on the transmission power. Since this method cannot perform the power stabilization when it is actually implemented, a compensation method using an average value in an RAS (Radio Frequency Analog Subsystem) table is employed. However, this compensation method using the average value in the RAS table has problems in that it greatly suffers from variations of power, cannot perform an accurate compensation according to deviations in temperature and frequency, and has a large load on a radio frequency task. Further, it can be applied only for a transmission power of about −20 dBm due to the limited dynamic range of the transmission power detector.
Second is a method that monitors in real time the output of the transmission power detector, and if the transmission power is varied from a determined power, returns the transmission power to the determined power by adjusting the gain of an automatic gain control amplifier through a feedback loop. Since this method enables a real-time process, the power stability becomes high with a rapid response. However, it also has problems in that it can be applied only for a transmission power of about −20 dBm due to the limited dynamic range of the transmission power detector.
Since the above-described two power stabilizing methods are applicable only in a state that the data rate of the transmission signal is maximum, it is difficult to apply the methods to the CDMA mobile communication terminal whose data rate is frequently changed, and thus whose detected power is also changed.

Apparatus for stabilizing transmission power of broadband code division multiple access type mobile communication terminal


Disclosed is an electrostatic discharge (ESD) protecting circuit, capable of consuming a high voltage or overcurrent applied to a semiconductor circuit device and thereby protecting the circuit device from the instant ESD impact. The ESD protecting circuit according to this invention has only two wells and a highly doped region which brings an N-well into an electrical connection with the P-well. Accordingly, the present invention provides effects of reducing the area of the ESD protecting circuit and removing an instant ESD impact.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an electrostatic discharge protecting circuit in a semiconductor device, and more particularly to an electrostatic discharge protecting circuit capable of protecting an internal circuit in a semiconductor device, by minimizing the occupying area thereof.
2. Brief Description of Related Arts
In general, an electrostatic discharge protecting circuit has been widely used to prevent overvoltage from being applied to the internal circuit in the semiconductor device. FIG. 1 is a schematic view illustrating the configuration of a conventional electrostatic discharge protecting circuit. As shown in FIG. 1, the conventional electrostatic discharge (referred to herein as an ESD) protecting circuit is connected to an input/output (I/O) pad which is formed between the ground voltage level Vdd and the power supply Vss in the semiconductor device. To discharge overcurrent from an external circuit, the ESD protection circuit has three current discharging paths provided by a P+/N-well diode 18 and N+/P-well diodes 20 and 22. The first and second current discharging paths are provided by the P+/N-well diode 18 and the N+/P-well diode 20, respectively. The P+/N-well diode 18 is formed between the power supply Vdd and the I/O pad, and the N+/P-well diode 20 is formed between the I/O pad and the ground voltage level Vss. Also, the third current discharging path is provided by the N+/P-well diode 22 formed between the power supply Vdd and the ground voltage level Vss.
FIG. 2 is a sectional view illustrating the detailed structure of the ESD protecting circuit shown in FIG. 1. As shown in FIG. 2, the conventional ESD protection circuit includes a plurality of P-well regions 26, 32 and 34, which are formed by implanting P-type impurity ions into a semiconductor substrate 24, a plurality of N-well regions 28 and 30, which are formed by implanting N-type impurity ions into the semiconductor substrate 24, and a plurality of field oxide layers 360 to 371 spaced apart from one another in order to define active and non-active regions in the semiconductor device 24. Further, the conventional ESD protection circuit includes P+-type impurity regions 381 to 386 and N+-type impurity regions 401 to 405 which are formed between the field oxide layers 360 to 371, respectively. The concentration of the P+-type impurity regions 381 to 386 is higher than that of the P-well regions 26, 32 and 34 and also the concentration of the N+-type impurity regions 401 to 405 is higher than that of the N-well regions 28 and 30.
The P+-type impurity regions 381, 382 and 384 to 386 formed in the P-well regions 26, 32 and 34 are connected to the ground voltage level Vss, and the N+-type impurity regions 402 to 404 formed in the N-well regions 28 and 30 are connected to the voltage supply Vdd. Furthermore, one of N+-type impurity regions 401 and 405 in the P-well regions 26 and 34, for example, the N+-type impurity region 401 and the P+-type impurity region 383 formed in the N-well region 30 are connected to the I/O pad. On the other hand, the N+-type impurity region 405 in the P-well region 34 are connected to the power supply Vdd.
As described above, between the I/O pad and the power supply Vdd, the first current discharging path is formed by the P+/N-well diode due to the junction of the P+-type impurity region 383 and the N-well region 30. The second current discharging path, between the I/O pad and the ground voltage level Vss, is formed by the N+/P-well diode due to the junction of the N+-type impurity region 401 and the P-well region 26, and, between the ground voltage level Vss and the power supply Vdd, the third current discharging path is formed by the N+/P-well diode due to the junction of the N+-type impurity region 405 and the P-well region 34.
However, because the conventional ESD protecting circuit has a plurality of well regions forming the current discharging paths, it has problems in that the lay-out is very complicated and it is in need of a large area in the semiconductor device.

Electrostatic discharge protecting circuit formed in a minimized area


The present disclosure provides one embodiment of an IC method. First pattern densities (PDs) of a plurality of templates of an IC design layout are received. Then a high PD outlier template and a low PD outlier template from the plurality of templates are identified. The high PD outlier template is split into multiple subsets of template and each subset of template carries a portion of PD of the high PD outlier template. A PD uniformity (PDU) optimization is performed to the low PD outlier template and multiple individual exposure processes are applied by using respective subset of templates.

In integrated circuit (IC) manufacture, it is common to utilize optical proximity correction (OPC) to improve an imaging resolution of an IC pattern during a lithography patterning process. However, along with the progress of semiconductor technology, the feature sizes are continually getting smaller. The existing OPC methods to add various dummy features have a limited degree of freedom and effectiveness to tune the pattern density and poor uniformity of the pattern density. This presents issues such as space charge effect and micro-loading effect when an electron-beam lithography technology is used to form the IC pattern. Furthermore, during the process to insert dummy features, various simulations and calculations associated with the dummy features take more time, causing an increase in cost. Therefore, what is needed is a method for IC design and mask making to effectively and efficiently adjusting an IC pattern to address the above issues.

Method of fabricating an integrated circuit with a pattern density-outlier-treatment for optimized pattern density uniformity

Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company, Ltd.


A display device has a predetermined display region and includes an array substrate equipped with a drive circuit, and a light sensor for measuring outside illuminance and a temperature sensor both installed on the array substrate. A control method for the display device includes using the light sensor to measure outside illuminance and using an output of the temperature sensor to correct an output of the light sensor, thereby adjusting luminance in the display region. The display device may further include an opposed substrate in opposition to the array substrate, a liquid crystal layer sandwiched between the two substrates to form the predetermined display region, and a backlight, thereby constituting a liquid crystal display device. Another configuration of a display device has a predetermined display region and includes an array substrate equipped with a drive circuit for display, and a light sensor installed on the array substrate for measuring outside illuminance, a filtering circuit for filtering a signal output from the light sensor and a processing circuit for processing the signal output from the light sensor and then filtered with the filtering means.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a display device, such as a liquid crystal display device, and to a control method therefor and particularly to an improvement in a display device equipped with a light sensor for monitoring outside illuminance.
2. Description of the Related Art
As display devices for information equipment including personal computers and word processors and for image equipment including television sets, camcorders and car navigation systems, liquid crystal display devices having features of lightweight, small thickness and low power consumption have widely been used. In the liquid crystal display devices, in order to realize a bright display screen, major devices adopt a configuration having a built-in backlight irradiating illuminating light from behind a display element.
One of the merits the liquid crystal display devices have is the property of low power consumption. Generally, electric power consumed by a backlight is greater than that consumed by a liquid crystal display panel. On the other hand, in the liquid crystal display devices, it is ordinarily necessary to heighten the display luminance as much as possible in order to sufficiently acquire visual discernibility and correspondingly thereto, when the backlight is set brightly, the property of low power consumption will possibly be diminished.
In view of the above, studies have been made on adjusting the brightness of a backlight in accordance with the environmental illuminance (outside illuminance) to suppress the power consumption as much as possible. The luminance required for acquiring sufficient visual discernibility in the case of low environmental illuminance as at night differs from that in the case of high environmental illuminance as out of doors in the fine daylight. It is conceivable that the illuminance of the backlight is adjusted to requisite minimum in accordance with the above difference, thereby enabling suppression of power consumption.
In order to realize the above, it has been proposed that in a liquid crystal display device, a light sensor (photosensor) is disposed outside the display region of a substrate and the output thereof is utilized to adjust the brightness of a backlight (refer, for example, to Japanese Patent No. 3015400, JP-A HEI 4-174819 and JP-A HEI 9-146073).
Japanese Patent No. 3015400 discloses a liquid crystal display device comprising first and second substrates, a liquid crystal layer sandwiched between the first and second substrates, a liquid crystal display panel having first and second photo acceptance units formed at the periphery of at least one of the first and second substrates, a backlight installed adjacently to the liquid crystal display panel, wherein the first photo acceptance unit detects the surrounding outside light and the second photo acceptance unit detects the light from the backlight, and means for adjusting the amount of light output from the backlight based on the results of detection by the first and second photo acceptance units.
JP-A HEI4-174819 discloses a liquid crystal display device comprising a liquid crystal display panel, a backlight for irradiating light from the back surface of the liquid crystal display panel, a controller for adjusting the amount of light from the backlight and a photodetector disposed abeam of the liquid crystal display panel, wherein the photodetector detects the surrounding brightness on the front surface of the liquid crystal display panel and the controller is adjusted to adjust the amount of light from the backlight.
JP-A HEI9-146073 discloses a backlight light-adjusting circuit for supplying luminance adjustment voltage to a backlight drive circuit of a liquid crystal display device having a backlight, comprising plural light sensors that detect the surrounding brightness on the front surface of a liquid crystal display panel and output outside illuminance signals, average value calculating means that calculates the average value of all or part of the outside illuminance signals output from these light sensors and luminance adjusting means that adjusts the luminance of the backlight drive circuit based on the average value of the outside illuminance calculated by the average value calculating means and the amount of the adjusted light set manually.
According to each of the related art references, it is made possible to adjust the display luminance in accordance with the outside illuminance and suppress the power consumption of mobile telephones or Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs). In each of the related art references, however, a configuration having a discrete light-adjusting sensor is installed independently of the liquid crystal display panel. This is contrary to the demands of the miniaturization and small thickness of liquid crystal display devices. Particularly, in the mobile telephones and PDAs, these demands are made severe. Thus, the prevention of the miniaturization and small thickness poses a serious problem.
It is conceivable that in order to solve the above problem a light sensor is integrally formed with one of the substrates (array substrate, for example) of a liquid crystal display panel using a low-temperature polysilicon technique, for example. However, the light sensor having been integrally formed with the array substrate using the low-temperature polysilicon technique has a problem that its characteristics vary depending on the surrounding temperature. Electric current flowing the light sensor includes a thermocurrent increasing or decreasing depending on the temperature besides a photocurrent proportional to incident light. For this reason, even when an output corresponding to 500 lx is obtained from the light sensor, it is difficult to adequately distinguish whether the output obtained is in fact 500 lx or the result that a great amount of photocurrents have flowed due to high temperatures in spite of 300 lx. Thus, a problem is posed in that light-adjusting performance fluctuates depending on the surrounding temperature.
The related art references do not sufficiently take measures to meet the situation with respect to variation or instability of an output from the light sensor and have a problem of difficulty in accurate luminance adjustment.
Since an illuminator, such as a fluorescent, emits light at a prescribed frequency, it induces so-called flicker, and the illuminance thereof varies with time. Therefore, a light sensor possibly detects light brighter or darker than actually detected. The error in such detection poses a serious problem in adjusting the luminance and possibly poses a problem of the display luminance failing to comply with the actual surrounding brightness.
The present invention has been proposed in view of the conventional state of affairs. One object thereof is to provide a display device capable of coping with the demands of the miniaturization and small thickness thereof, accurately measuring the illuminance with no temperature-dependency and appropriately controlling the luminance (the amount of light of a backlight, for example). Another object of the present invention is to provide a display device capable of accurately grasping the outside illuminance even when the illuminance varies with time, for example.

Display device and control method therefor

Toshiba Matsushita Display Technology Co., Ltd.


A real-time digital quadrature demodulation method and device for the ultrasonic imaging system are disclosed in this invention. In addition to a multiplying step and a filtering step, the method further comprises a sine and cosine table generating step for generating the sine and cosine table in real time, and a filter parameter generating step for generating corresponding filter parameters in real time to filter signals from the multipliers. The device comprises two multipliers, two filters, a sine and cosine table generating module, a filter parameter generating module, and two parameter memories. The real-time digital quadrature demodulation method and device for the ultrasonic imaging system according to the invention are capable of effectively saving the storage resource, and are easily controllable.

The digital quadrature demodulation device is an indispensable part of an all-digital ultrasonic imaging system, and in particular an all-digital color Doppler ultrasonic imager.
FIG. 1 shows a typical ultrasonic imaging system (the emission part is not shown because of little relevance to this invention). A conventional imaging process is as follows. The probe emitting a pulse, each matrix element used for receiving receives the echoes, which, having been amplified and A/D converted, are then added in different time-delay amount to obtain the radio frequency(RF) data in the beam former. The RF data (i.e., x(t) hereinafter), divided into path I and Q, enters into the quadrature demodulation device, and then to B signal processing module, Color(or Colorflow) signal processing module or Doppler signal processing module depending on different imaging modes. Having been processed and converted by a digital scanning converter(DSC), they will be displayed on the screen in the form of comprehensible images. The master CPU is responsible for updating the parameters of each module.
FIG. 2 is a conventional quadrature demodulation device in the ultrasonic imaging system, in which I1, Q1 and I, Q have the same indications as those in the equations (1) and (2) hereinafter. The RF signal output by the beam former is synchronously assigned to two multipliers to be multiplied by the sine table value and cosine table value respectively. The sine table and cosine table values are obtainable from the sine table memory and cosine table memory. The output signals of the multipliers enter low-pass filters, which then pick up corresponding filter parameters from the filter parameter memory based on the depth represented by the input signals The input signals are then filtered by the low-pass filter with selected filter parameters. Thus, the outputs are the quadrature demodulation results.
The ultrasonic wave in the medical equipment is characterized in that the center frequency varies with respect to the depth, so does the signal bandwidth. Corresponding to such characteristics, such a digital quadrature demodulation device is in need that supports the demodulation of signals of which the center frequency and bandwidth are variable. General digital ultrasonic equipments all realize the digital quadrature demodulation by using hardware (i.e., FPGA), and therefore in order for both the center frequency and the bandwidth to vary with respect to the depth (or time), large numbers of parameters need to be stored, which increase the overhead of the memory.
Assuming that the ultrasonic echo signal is expressed as: x(t)=A(t)cos(ω(t)*t+Φ(t)), wherein A(t) is a low frequency signal, representing the amplitude variation of the echo with respect to different depth, Φ(t) represents the frequency of echo, also variable with time, the quadrature demodulation process is realized in two steps:I1(t)=x(t)×cos(ω)t)×t)=A(t)/2(cos(Φ(t))+cos(2ω(t)×t+Φ(t)))  (1)Q1(t)=x(t)×sin(ω(t)×t)=−A(t)/2(sin(Φ(t))−sin(2ω(t)×t+Φ(t)))  (1)
(2) As seen from the above two equations, I1(t) and Q1(t) each consist of two parts of signals, that is, a low-frequency signal with the frequency close to 0 and a high-frequency signal with the frequency close to 2 ω(t). The I1(t) and Q1(t) are respectively sent to low-pass filters to filter out high-frequency components. If the unit impulse response of the filter is represented as h(t), the following expressions are obtained:I(t)=I1(t){circle around (x)}h(t)=A(t)/2×cos(Φ(t))Q(t)=Q1(t){circle around (x)}h(t)=A(t)/2×sin(Φ(t)).   (2)
I and Q are the quadrature demodulation results. That is, after quadrature demodulating, the signals are divided into paths I and Q orthogonal to each other, wherein I and Q represent in-phase and quadrature respectively, and these two paths of signals mainly contain the low-frequency components of the original signals.
The modulus of I and Q, apparently A(t)/2, i.e., the amplitude information(envelope) of the original signal, is the base of type B imaging. With different calculations on the basis of I and Q, blood stream information concerning the diagnostic object will be obtained.
In an all-digital ultrasonic equipment, the quadrature demodulation is typically implemented by means of digital processing methods, wherein the equations employed to describe the above principle are expressed in digital form. As seen from above, the parameters concerning the quadrature demodulation include a sine table, a cosine table, and low-pass filter parameters. In an ordinary system, these parameters are all stored in a memory, and much more parameters are demanded because the demodulation frequency as well as the bandwidth should be variable.
Assuming that the AD sampling rate of the system is 40M; the desired detection depth is 30 cm; the sine table and cosine table length needed to store are approximately 16000 points; and the quantization precision of the quadrature demodulation, which generally should be higher, is 16 bit, then the memory space of the sine and cosine table should be 16000×2×16=512 Kbit. Assuming that the low-pass filter used for demodulating is 100 orders (higher orders may be desired in actual conditions); the bit width is 12 bit; and a set of filter parameters should be switched once every 64 sampling points (for meeting the bandwidth variable with respect to the depth), then a memory space of (16000/64)×50×12=150 Kbit is desirable. On one hand, such a design asks for additional memory chips in the system, and meanwhile increases the cost. On the other hand, the control thereof is rather complicated.

Real-time digital quadrature demodulation method and device for ultrasonic imaging system

Shenzhen Mindray Bio-Medical Electronics Co., Ltd.


An improved catalyst for the production of lube oil blending components, and lube oils, from waxy, paraffinic feeds, a process for producing such catalyst, and a process utilizing this catalyst in the production of lubes. The catalyst is a unitized mixed powder pellet catalyst constituted of a dehydrogenation component, or components, suitably a catalytically active Group VIB, VIIB, or VIII metal, or metals, an isomerization component, suitably an amorphous acidic solid support, and a small pore molecular sieve dewaxing component. The dewaxing component is characterized as a small pore molecular sieve wherein the pore windows are formed by 8 oxide atoms which form the limiting edge of the pore window, each of the oxide atoms constituting one of the four oxide atoms of a tetrahedrally coordinated cluster around a silicon or aluminum framework ion, or atom, each oxide ion is coordinated to two framework ions in these structures, and the pore size of the sieve ranges between about 6.3 .ANG. and 2.3 .ANG.. In preparation of the catalysts, the isomerization component, or the dewaxing component, or both, may provide the dehydrogenation function due to the presence of a catalytic metal, or metals, deposited thereon, in which case the components are powdered, the powders mixed together, compressed and formed into solids catalyst shapes comprised of these components. Alternatively, the dehydrogenation function can be added to preformed solids shapes made from powdered dewaxing and isomerization components.

It is known to isomerize or crack paraffinic, or waxy feeds to produce liquid products in the lubricating oil boiling range. Various catalysts have been used for this purpose, preferred catalysts generally being constituted of Group VIII noble metals composited with an acidic support. Catalytic dewaxing using small pore crystalline zeolites has also been used to remove paraffins, or waxy hydrocarbons from a feed; the waxy components being recovered from the feed via selective adsorption onto the zeolite rather than by chemical conversion. A method using a small pore zeolite catalyst to chemically convert, selectively dewax and recover a paraffinic, or waxy hydrocarbon from a feed however is known, and is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,684,691.
In accordance with the process disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,684,691, a preheated n-paraffin-containing petroleum feed, and hydrogen, are passed downflow and contacted with a fixed bed of a crystalline alumino-silicate zeolite of average uniform pore size below about 6, particularly from 4 to less than 6 angstrom units, ion-exchanged with either hydrogen or a Group IIB metal, and reacted at conversion conditions to selectively convert the n-paraffins of the feed on entry into the pores to a lower boiling gaseous material which is evolved as an effluent. The more valuable branched and cyclic hydrocarbons, because they are incapable of entering the zeolite pores, are selectively passed downstream with the dewaxed liquid effluent.
In U.S. patent application Ser. No. 343,387, filed Nov. 22, 1994 by Brandes, Zinkie and Alward, now abandoned, of which the present Application is an improvement, there is disclosed a catalyst, and process utilizing this catalyst for the catalytic upgrading of paraffinic, or waxy feeds by selectively dewaxing these materials to produce lube oil products, or lubricants. The catalysts employed in this process are characterized as unitized mixed powder pellet catalysts constituted of both a dewaxing component and an isomerization component. The dewaxing component is a molecular sieve or zeolite of intermediate pore size; specifically, a zeolite having a 10 membered ring unidirectional pore material which has oval 1-D pores having a minor axis between 4.2 .ANG. and 4.8 .ANG. and a major axis between 5.4 .ANG. and 7.0 .ANG. as determined by X-ray crystallography. The dewaxing component is preferably impregnated with at least one Group VIII metal, most preferably a Group VIII noble metal such as platinum or palladium. In the preparation of the catalyst, the zeolite dewaxing component is powdered and mixed with the powdered isomerization catalyst component, characterized as a refractory metal oxide support, e.g., alumina, silica-alumina, zirconia, titanium, etc. on which has been deposited a catalytically active metal, e.g., a Group VIB, VIIB, or Group VIII metal, or mixture thereof, suitably platinum or palladium. This mixture of components is formed into a homogeneous mass, and the mass is compressed, extruded or pelletized to produce the unitized powder pellet catalyst. Whereas, this process and catalyst performs admirably, there nonetheless remains need for further improvements in both the process, and catalyst.

Processes an catalyst for upgrading waxy, paraffinic feeds


A fuel composition comprises farnesane and/or farnesane derivatives and a conventional fuel component selected from diesel fuel, jet fuel, kerosene or gasoline. The farnesane or farnesane derivative can be used as a fuel component or as a fuel additive in the fuel composition. The fuel composition may further comprise a conventional fuel additive. Methods of making and using the fuel composition are also disclosed.

Biologically produced fuels ("biofuels") have received considerable attention over the past few decades due to concerns over rising oil prices, impending supply constraints, and increasing global carbon dioxide emissions. In contrast to non-renewable natural energy sources such as petroleum and coal, biofuels are derived from renewable naturally sources, typically living organisms and their metabolic byproducts.
To date, biofuels that are suitable for internal combustion engines such as diesel engines are generally derived from vegetable oils. The so called first generation "biodiesels" are typically C16-C18 fatty acid methyl esters formed from the transesterification of vegetable oil. More recently, a second generation "biodiesel" is being produced by new processes such as the NExBTL process, as disclosed in WO2006/075057, which hydrogenates vegetable oils or animal fat to yield the corresponding alkanes or paraffins. Because of the nature of the starting materials, both methods yield a complex and heterogeneous mixture of products that may vary from batch to batch. This product variability can complicate making a fuel with defined specifications or requirements. As a result, there are needs for fuel additives and fuel components for making fuel compositions and needs for fuel components which can be made reliably and reproducibly for use in internal combustion engines such as diesel engines and jet engines.

Fuel compositions comprising farnesane and farnesane derivatives and method of making and using same


Methods, systems, and devices for wireless communications are described. A communications device may receive a downlink control message that supports indicating multiple modes for reporting hybrid automatic repeat request feedback, including a first mode for reporting hybrid automatic repeat request feedback and channel information according to a bundled configuration and a second mode for reporting hybrid automatic repeat request feedback according to a standalone configuration. The communications device may use the downlink control message to determine a mode for transmitting hybrid automatic repeat request feedback. The communications device may also transmit either bundled hybrid automatic repeat request feedback and channel information or standalone hybrid automatic repeat request according to the determined mode.

Wireless communications systems are widely deployed to provide various types of communication content such as voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, and so on. These systems may be capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing the available system resources (e.g., time, frequency, and power). Examples of such multiple-access systems include fourth generation (4G) systems such as Long Term Evolution (LTE) systems, LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) systems, or LTE-A Pro systems, and fifth generation (5G) systems which may be referred to as New Radio (NR) systems. These systems may employ technologies such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA), or discrete Fourier transform spread orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (DFT-S-OFDM). A wireless multiple-access communications system may include one or more base stations or one or more network access nodes, each simultaneously supporting communication for multiple communication devices, which may be otherwise known as user equipment (UE).
In some cases, a base station communicates with a UE by transmitting control information and user data over a wireless channel between the base station and UE. To increase a reliability of subsequent transmissions from a base station to a UE, the UE may report feedback indicating whether a prior data transmission was successfully received and/or decoded by the UE. This feedback may be referred to as HARQ feedback.

Identifying a hybrid automatic repeat request mode


An apparatus for the operation of the pedals of a motor vehicle including a first telescoping member, a second telescoping member, a brake handle in threaded connection to an end of the first telescoping member and having an opening allowing the second telescoping member to extend therethrough, a first pedal mount pivotally connected to an end of the first telescoping member opposite the brake handle, and a second pedal mount pivotally connected to an end of the second telescoping member opposite the brake handle. The brake handle extends outwardly transverse to a longitudinal axis of the first telescoping member. The second telescoping member has one end extending through the opening of the brake handle. The second telescoping member extends downwardly in generally parallel relationship to the first telescoping member. Each of the first and second telescoping members includes four interconnected sections in telescoping relationship. A lock collar is provided on each of the first and second telescoping members so as to secure the telescoping sections in fixed position.

For many years, people who have limited use of their legs and feet have had difficulty during the operation of a motor vehicle. To reduce these difficulties, various devices have been proposed to allow operation of the brake and accelerator pedals with one hand. However, all of the devices known are bulky and complicated, and are unsuited for use by a traveler. Such devices are either permanently mounted to the car, or are too large to fit in a bag under the seat of an airplane, requiring that the device be checked as baggage. Other devices only operate on one pedal or simply function as a crude cruise control.
There is one device known that breaks down into multiple pieces that fit into a dedicated case for travel. This was disclosed in a Contact Technologies brochure for the CT-901 portable automobile hand controls. However, that device takes at least thirty minutes to assemble, and each piece is dedicated to a particular function. Therefore, the device is unsuitable for applications where lighting is poor or the weather is bad. For example, a device that takes thirty minutes to assemble in lighted conditions can be difficult to use and assemble in the dark, especially for someone who has limited mobility. Such a device is so cumbersome that it does not provide a practical means by which a person with limited mobility can travel alone, without checking baggage, rent a car at a destination, and to be able to use the car.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a device that will break down into a small number of basic pieces.
It is another object of the present invention to provide an apparatus that will fit into a briefcase or other container so as to be appropriate as a carry-on bag for air travel.
It is another object of the present invention to provide an apparatus that can be quickly and easily installed on the pedals of a motor vehicle, preferably in less than ten minutes.
It is still a further object of the present invention to provide an apparatus that is relatively easy to understand, easy to use, and relatively inexpensive.
These and other objects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from a reading of the attached specification and appended claims.

Portable device for hand operation of motor vehicles


A system and method are disclosed, which can detect and process a position of at least one storage space device moving a bulk material. A first storage space device can have a gantry having two gantry legs, each of the two gantry legs supported on a linearly displaceable foot element. The system can include at least one first non-contact distance sensor, which is fitted on one of the two foot elements to measure a first relative distance between the one foot element and a first fixed reference point. A second non-contact distance sensor is fitted to the other of the two foot elements in order to measure a second relative distance between the other foot element and a second fixed reference point, and an evaluation unit is configured to determine rotation of the first storage space device about a central vertical axis and control the movement of the foot elements.

A system in which the relative distance between a gantry device and a measuring point located outside the gantry device is determined is described, for example, in the datasheet from Symeo in relation to the sensor system LPR-1 DX, wherein the datasheet can be found online at    http://www.symeo.com/Deutsch/Downloads/Download-Symeo-Datenblaetter.html. The designation LPR stands for Local Positioning Radar. The radar sensor system LPR-1 DX is based on the principle of transit time measurement of radio waves and can serve to determine distances, for example, relative distances, between two objects. The radar senor system is a contactless system for measuring distances. For example, in the specified datasheet there is a graphic illustration of a gantry crane, for example, in container ports. A radar sensor can be mounted on the gantry crane. A crane bridge can be arranged in such a way that the crane bridge can move in relation to the gantry crane and a radar sensor. The two radar sensors can determine the distance from the respective other sensor, for example, the distance between the gantry crane and the crane bridge can be determined in a redundant fashion. The datasheet proposes use of the radar sensor system LPR-1 DX to help avoid collisions and prevent the gantry crane and crane bridge moving unacceptably close to one another.
Furthermore, on the Internet page www.symeo.com/Deutsch/Schuettgut, the page recommends that the LPR sensors can be used to locate and measure movement when handling bulk material. Bulk material can be understood below to mean loose material which can be acquired by removal processes, and is then intermediately stored at what can be referred to as bulk material storage spaces, these materials being, for example, coal, ore, sand or gravel. The transportation of the bulk material to the storage location and the storage of the bulk material in heaps of bulk material, and the removal from storage and transportation away can be performed by what can be referred to as storage space devices, such as, for example, cranes, excavators, spreaders and conveyor belts. Symeo determines the movements of the storage space devices at such bulk material storage spaces by means of linear distance measurement using radar sensors, or an absolute position determining process by means of a combination of GPS with radar sensors. The combination of GPS with radar sensors can be used in the case of automated machine movements to help avoid collisions between the storage space devices.
In the dissertation by Sergiy A. Kaverynskyy, "Zustandsorientierte Instandhaltung und Teleservice für Schüttgut-Materialflusssysteme" [State-oriented maintenance and teleservice for bulk material flow systems], ISBN-10: 3930385422, ISBN-13: 978-3930385423, a coal-handling system is described, which can continuously supply a coal power station. The coal can be intermediately stored at a bulk material storage space before being transported on in the direction of the power station, and can be mixed at the bulk material storage space such that the ash content and the heating value of the coal introduced into the power station corresponds to predefined values. The bulk material storage space can also be referred to as a coal mixing and storage yard. For example, two storage space device types can be active at the coal mixing and storage yard. A spreader for piling up one or more heaps of coal and a gantry scraper for removing the coal from storage, for example for conveying the coal from the coal heap to a conveyor belt. As described, the spreader and the gantry scraper travel on rails, which can be laid parallel to the heap of coal. The gantry scraper can have for this purpose, geared motors as running gear drive in the running gear of its two leg elements and associated foot elements, for example, combinations of the electric motor and gear mechanisms. Absolute rotary encoders can be used to determine the position of the gantry scraper, and the position can be in turn used to avoid collisions and to detect skewed running. Skewed running can be understood to mean that the two sides or legs of the gantry move at different distances along the rails, with the result that stresses can occur in the gantry structure and there can be an undesired application of force into the tracks of the rail lines. In order to avoid these stresses when a predefined deviation from the straight running is reached the speed of one of the running gear drives is changed in the downward or upward directions by negative or positive set point value implementation until the straight running can be restored.

System and method for detecting and further processing the position of at least one storage space device moving bulk material


Embodiments herein disclose techniques for apparatuses and methods for making a slot antenna on a PCB with a cutout. A PCB may include a metal layer. The metal layer may include a cavity to be a first radiating element of an antenna, and a slot to be a second radiating element of the antenna. In addition, the cavity may extend to be the cutout of the PCB through other layers of the PCB. The first and second radiating elements may provide a determined transmission frequency for the antenna. The metal layer may further include a portion of a transmission line of the antenna, and the transmission line is in contact with the cavity and the slot. A package may be affixed to the PCB, where a portion of the package may be within the cutout of the PCB. Other embodiments may be described and/or claimed.

The background description provided herein is for the purpose of generally presenting the context of the disclosure. Unless otherwise indicated herein, the materials described in this section are not prior art to the claims in this application and are not admitted to be prior art by inclusion in this section.
Electronic components, e.g., integrated circuit (IC) chips or dies, may be placed into protective IC packages to allow easy handling and assembly onto printed circuit boards (PCB) and to protect the electronic components from damage. Components within a package may have different heights. For example, a package may have some tall components and some low components, such as components within a central processing unit (CPU) package or a magnetic inductor array (MIA). To accommodate tall components in a package, a cutout may be made on the PCB so that the tall components of the package may be physically placed within the cutout, to reduce the overall height of the package on the PCB. The so formed cutout of the PCB may potentially cause electromagnetic interferences to the adjacent circuitries in the package. In practice, such cutouts may be covered with an electromagnetic shield which may add cost to the system.

Slot antenna on a printed circuit board (PCB)


A method is provided which trains acoustic models in an automatic speech recognizer ("ASR") without explicitly matching decoded scripts with correct scripts from which acoustic training data is generated. In the method, audio data is input and segmented to produce audio segments. The audio segments are clustered into groups of clustered audio segments such that the clustered audio segments in each of the groups have similar characteristics. Also, the groups respectively form audio similarity classes. Then, audio segment probability distributions for the clustered audio segments in the audio similarity classes are calculated, and audio segment frequencies for the clustered audio segments are determined based on the audio segment probability distributions. The audio segment frequencies are matched to known audio segment frequencies for at least one of letters, combination of letters, and words to determine frequency matches, and a textual corpus of words is formed based on the frequency matches. Then, acoustic models of the automatic speech recognizer are trained based on the textual corpus. In addition, the method may receive and cluster video or biometric data, and match such data to the audio data to more accurately cluster the audio segments into the groups of audio segments. Also, an apparatus for performing the method is provided.

In conventional methods for training acoustic models in an automatic speech recognizer ("ASR"), the ASR must be trained before it can recognize random acoustic data (i.e. spoken words and phrases). In order to train the ASR, a correct script must be manually created by a user and input to the ASR. The user must generate acoustic data by physically and sequentially saying hundreds of sentences. After uttering each sentence, the user must input transcribed data corresponding to the sentence by typing the words of the spoken sentence. As a result of the operation above, the ASR learns what voice patterns of the user correspond to the sounds and phonemes of the words relating to the transcribed data. In other words, the ASR learns the sounds of particular words by aligning the acoustic data (i.e. the correct script) with the transcribed data.
After the ASR has been trained, it is capable of decoding randomly spoken words into a decoded script based on the voice patterns it learned while it was trained. Since the ASR can only understand random acoustic data based on the learned voice patterns, the accuracy of the ASR is proportional to the amount of acoustic data and corresponding transcribed data that it received when it was trained. Naturally, a very large amount of acoustic data and transcribed data are needed to train speaker-independent and continuous ASRs or telephone ASks. However, manually generating the acoustic data and inputting the corresponding transcribed data is time consuming and expensive, and thus, training an ASR so that it can accurately produce decoding scripts from randomly spoken acoustic data is likewise expensive and inefficient.
Alternative training methods, such as unsupervised training methods, do not rely explicitly on transcribed data. Instead, the unsupervised training methods update acoustic model parameters via optimization criteria functions that are computed over non-transcribed acoustic data. These methods are less efficient than the supervised training methods that try to explicitly relate spoken words to the previously stored transcribed words.
In light of the above disadvantages of conventional ASRs, a need exists for a training method which eliminates the requirement of generating acoustic data and manually inputting corresponding transcribed data to the ASR. Specifically, what is needed is a method which automatically transcribes a large amount of acoustic data by repeatedly comparing and refining the acoustic data via an iterative procedure.

Training speech recognition by matching audio segment frequency of occurrence with frequency of words and letter combinations in a corpus

International Business Machines Corporation


A solid state image sensing device in which many pixels are disposed in a matrix on a two-dimensional plane comprises a plurality of light receiving devices disposed in such a way that a center interval may periodically change in a column direction and/or a row direction, and a plurality of micro-lenses, for collecting an incident light of each light receiving device, wherein a center interval periodically changes in accordance with the periodic change of the center interval of the light receiving device.

1. Field
The embodiments discussed herein are directed to a solid state image sensing device, for example a CMOS image sensor, on which a plurality of pixels are disposed in a matrix, which may relate to a solid state image sensing device using a shared type pixel in which a part of a transistor or the like for pixel data read is shared by a plurality of pixels.
2. Description of Related Art
A video camera or a digital camera uses a CCD or CMOS solid state image sensing device. In such a solid state image sensing device, a plurality of pixels each having, for example, a photo diode are disposed in a matrix as a light receiving unit and an incident light into each pixel is converted to electron by the photo diode to generate charge signal. The generated charge signal is outputted to the outside via a signal line.
FIG. 1 shows a pixel disposed in such a matrix and a prior art read circuit for reading the data of the pixel. FIG. 1 shows an example of the CMOS image sensor, which is an active photo sensor (APS) comprises a photo diode corresponding to the pixel and four transistors for pixel data read.
In FIG. 1 light received by a photo diode (PD) 101 is converted to electron and transferred to a floating diffusion layer (FD) by a transfer gate transistor (TG-Tr) 102. The FD converts charge signal transferred from PD 101 to a voltage. The voltage is inputted to a source follower transistor (SF-Tr) 103 and a drive capability is amplified. Then, the voltage is outputted to the outside via a select transistor (SL-Tr) 104 for selecting a row. A voltage of the FD can be reset by a reset transistor (RS-Tr) 105.
As shown in FIG. 1, in an APS, which comprised four transistors for data read that are provided for a photo diode, a shared type pixel, in which at least a part of a transistor or the like for data read is shared by a plurality of pixel for the purposes of miniaturization of device, scaling down and a low cost, is became to used. FIG. 2 shows a prior art transistor sharing method in such a shared type pixel. In FIG. 2 although a transfer gate transistor TG-Tr is provided for each of four photo diodes (PD1˜PD4), respectively, the other three transistors of a reset transistor, a source follower transistor and a select transistor are shared.
Such shared type pixel as shown in FIG. 2 is formed, for example, by disposing a photo diode layer and transistors on a silicon substrate, in such a shared type pixel is it difficult to dispose them on the substrate at perfectly equal intervals (center pitch) between pixels, especially photo diodes as a light receiving unit compared with the case where all the transistors for data read are provided for each pixel. Although the circuit shown in FIG. 2 corresponds to FIG. 4 of Patent Document 1 as the prior art of a solid state image sensing device, in FIG. 4 too it is clear that intervals between light receiving areas are not perfectly the same, intervals between at least some light receiving areas are shorter.
In order to improve a light receiving efficiency of a light receiving device corresponding to each pixel in an image sensor, generally an on-chip micro-lens (hereinafter omitted as "micro-lens") is provided on the surface of a photo diode. Generally all the intervals (center pitches) between micro-lenses are the same like the case where all of the transistor for data read are provided for each pixel.
In the case when all the intervals between micro-lenses are the same, and intervals between light receiving devices, for example photo diodes corresponding to pixels are not the same, there is a problem that a light receiving sensitivity differs by pixels in which, for example a deviation occurs between the center position of the light receiving area of the photo diode and the center position of the micro-lens.
For example, if three transistors are disposed between the disposition area of PD2 and that of PD3 as in the circuit shown in FIG. 2, there is a problem in which periodic stripes occur on the screen due to the difference in sensitivity between pixels since these three disposition areas are connected in a traverse direction, i.e., a horizontal direction.
Patent Document 2 as the prior art of such a solid state image sensing device and the like discloses a technology for reducing the amount of shading by deviating the center positions of a micro-lens and a color filter away from the center position of a light receiving unit in the circumference of the screen in order to prevent color shading caused by the oblique direction of an incident light in the circumference of the screen, specifically the color imbalance of RGB between the center and the circumference in a solid state image sensing device provided with a color filter between the micro-lens and the light receiving unit.
The similar Patent Document 3 discloses the forming method of a micro-lens in which there is design constraint and less forming difficulty and in which the amount of light received by a light receiving device in the circumference can be effectively prevented from decreasing.
However, the problem that the center position of the photo diode as a light receiving unit deviates away from that of the micro-lens the intervals between which are almost perfectly uniform in an image sensor using a shared type pixel in which the intervals between micro-lenses are not perfectly uniform and quality as the output of the image sensor deteriorates cannot be solved.    Patent Document 1: Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2001-298177, "Solid State Image Sensing Device and Image Sensing System"    Patent Document 2: Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2001-160973, "Solid State Image Sensing Device and Electronic Camera"    Patent Document 3: Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2004-296590, "Micro-lens Forming Method in Image Sensing Device"


A method for creating a caricature image from a digital image is provided. The method initiates with capturing digital image data. The method includes locating a facial region within the captured image data. Then, a facial feature template matching a facial feature of the facial region is selected. Next, the facial feature template is substituted for the facial feature. Then, the facial feature template is transformed into a caricature or non-realistic image. A computer readable medium, an image capture device capable of creating a caricature from a captured image and an integrated circuit are also provided.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to rendering systems and more particularly to a method and apparatus for generating a caricature of a digital image.
2. Description of the Related Art
Currently, if a consumer would like to generate a caricature image from a picture taken from a digital camera or a cell phone camera, the user must transfer the image to a desktop computer for processing. The computing resources required to develop the caricature image are not available with the current hand held electronic devices. As a result, a user has no alternatives to immediately create a caricature image from a digital image captured by a handheld device. With the proliferation with cell phone cameras and other hand held devices with camera capability, along with the ease with which captured images may be shared, users are constantly seeking devices with enhanced functionality. Thus, if a user had the capability of creating an image from the handheld device, the user will then be able to email the caricature image to a recipient, e.g., with a cell phone camera application or just view the image with the subject of the photo.
As a result, there is a need to solve the problems of the prior art to enable automatic generation of a caricature image from a digital image in a manner that is compatible with the limited computing resources of a handheld electronic image capture device.

Method and apparatus for converting a photo to a caricature image


A bidet for a portable commode. The bidet can include a sprayer coupled to a bucket of the portable commode, a water basin fluidly coupled to the sprayer, an electrically motorized pump disposed in the water basin to pump water from the basin to the sprayer, and a control module to control a flow of water from the basin to the sprayer.

Portable commodes are often used in hospitals and nursing homes with low-mobility patients. A low-mobility patient may have a portable commode placed adjacent to their bed to enable the patient to use the commode with little assistance. Other low-mobility patients may require assistance to use the portable commode. In either case, the low-mobility patient may struggle in cleaning their own perineal area. Assistance is often required to ensure the perineal area is sufficiently clean.
Bidets are a known solution to cleaning the perineal area. Typically, bidets are fixedly installed and incorporated into the water supply lines of a toilet system, often positioned adjacent a toilet for cleaning the perineal area of the body. The flow, temperature and pressure of water flow can be regulated for discharge from nozzles mounted on the front and/or rear. Unfortunately, installed systems have various drawbacks for individuals in hospitals and nursing homes as they require the user to be mobile, and require the assistance of a caregiver.
Retrofit devices are also known, however, such devices typically require complex attachment mechanisms and still must attach to an existing toilet. Portable wand type devices are also known, however such devices require the user to be able to operate the device and have sufficient mobility to hold and move the wand, as well as operate the water spray.
Accordingly, a need exists for a commode bidet that provides a user of limited mobility the ability to use the device with minimal assistance, and which is adaptable to users of differing levels of mobility.


A system capable of supporting secure communication over a packet-based network is provided. The system includes a transmit terminal adapted to transmit information. A secure terminal relay is coupled to the transmit terminal and configured to receive the information. The information is then converted into baseband information. A communication gateway coupled to the secure terminal relay is configured to receive the baseband information from the secure terminal relay. The baseband information is then packetized for transmission over the packet-based network.

The present invention generally relates to a system for supporting secure communication of information and more specifically to a system for conducting the U.S. Government's Secure Terminal Unit-III (STU-III) and the NATO version STU-IIb communications over packet networks.
For certain applications, it is necessary to be able to establish secure communications between multiple terminals. The U.S. Government's Secure Terminal Unit-III (STU-III) and the NATO version STU-IIb are examples of such systems. The secure communications are typically realized by the use of encryption technology within the terminals. In a standard network connection, two terminals are connected together across a telephone network. Typically, the telephone network is digital and converts the analog transmissions from the terminal to a digital stream at, e.g., 64 kb/s using Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) techniques for the digitization. Once a connection is established between the two terminals, the call switches from a regular voice call to a modem (modulator-demodulator) call. Basically, STU works by establishing a special modem call between the terminals. Over the modem call, the encrypted voice communications are sent. The analog modem signal is captured, digitized at the start of the digital circuit using PCM, and within certain parameters, faithfully reproduced at the other end.
A technique has been previously introduced to reduce the amount of bandwidth required in the digital network to carry the STU call. This technique, called a STU relay, demodulates the STU call that entered the digital network, and only transmits the baseband data. At the other end of the network, the baseband data is re-modulated so as to transmit the expected signal to the other terminal. This demodulation and re-modulation by the relay is transparent to the terminals. This approach reduces the required bandwidth to transmit the baseband data to between 2.4 and 9.6 kb/s, which is considerably less that the regular 64 kb/s bandwidth used for calls that are not demodulated. Hence the value of the STU relay.
STU relay communications transfer data in a synchronous data stream. Thus, STU relay communications have been limited to synchronous networks, such as public switched telephone networks (PSTNs) and low-rate digital networks. In a synchronous network, data, whether it be idle bits or data, have to be sent at all times through a dedicated connection. Also, data is received exactly as it is transmitted. Thus, if data is sent from time, t=0 to t=100, idle bits from t=100 to t=500, and data from t=500 to t=600, the data and idle bits will be received by a receiver with the same time intervals although there may be a delay for transmitting the data from the transmitter to the receiver. Accordingly, if the first bit of data is received at a t=1000, the receiver receives data from t=1000 to t=1100, idle bits from t=1100 to t=1500, and data from t=1500 to t=1600. From the above, the data is received exactly as transmitted and the gap where idle bits were sent is the same as transmitted. Thus, STU relay communications have the advantage that data is received as it is sent; however, the communications are limited to synchronous networks.
Accordingly, there is a desire for developing a system for supporting secure transmission of information over asynchronous networks, such as packet-based networks.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

System and method for secure communication over packet network


Array antennas include a plurality of lensed multi-beam sub-arrays, where each lensed multi-beam sub-array comprises a RF lens and a plurality of radiating elements that are associated with the RF lens and that are orbitally arranged about the RF lens.

A wide variety of wireless communications systems are in use today including, for example, satellite communications systems, radar systems, microwave communications systems, aviation communication systems and cellular communications systems. All of these systems use antennas to transmit and receive the wireless signals.
Antennas can be designed to exhibit directivity, meaning that the antenna may be designed to focus the transmitted signal energy in a certain area/direction and likewise may be designed to focus received signal energy that is incident on the antenna from a certain area/direction. The more directive an antenna is the higher its "gain," which is a measure of the ability of the antenna to focus the transmitted signal energy in a specific direction. The higher the gain of an antenna, the lower the transmit power requirements to achieve a specified level of link performance. The amount of focusing that an antenna provides is often quantified by specifying the half power beamwidth of the antenna in the azimuth (horizontal) and elevation (vertical) directions. In particular, the more an antenna beam is focused, the smaller its azimuth and elevation beamwidths will be, and the higher its gain.
Unfortunately, providing a more focused, higher gain antenna beam typically requires the use of larger antennas. For example, microwave communications systems typically use parabolic reflector antennas, that use a parabolic dish to focus the transmitted (and received) signals. The gain of such antennas increases with the size of the parabolic dish. Likewise, the gain of a phased array antenna will be a function of, among, other things, the aperture size of the phased array. Increasing the size of an antenna may present various problems including increased costs, weight, and wind loading, and in many instances local ordinances may place limits on the sizes of certain types of antennas.
Additionally, the more focused the beam produced by an antenna is smaller azimuth and elevation beamwidths), the less area that, the beam produced by the antenna will cover at any given time. This may raise issues in wireless communications systems having mobile users, as such communications systems typically must provide coverage to any location where the mobile user may be. In some wireless communications systems, phased array antennas are used that may electronically move or "scan" the direction in which the antenna beam points by manipulating the phase of the signals provided to individual radiating elements of the antenna. When such phased array antennas are used, the antenna beam may be scanned as the mobile user moves in order to keep the antenna beam pointed toward the mobile user. Unfortunately, however, as, the antenna beam is electronically scanned, the maximum gain of the antenna beam may be reduced and the antenna beam may become asymmetrical, which is generally undesirable. In addition, when the antenna beam is scanned by relatively large amounts, undesired radiation beams known as grating lobes may be generated that appear well away from the intended direction of the antenna beam. The generation of these grating lobes may reduce the gain of the antenna in the desired direction and may also result in interference with other antenna beams used in the communications system.
Consequently, it may be challenging to provide high gain antenna beams that have good beam characteristics that can be steered over a wide coverage area.

Lensed antennas for use in wireless communications systems


In a bookbinding apparatus, an adhesive applying portion applies an adhesive to an end face of a sheet bundle allowed to stand in the substantially vertical direction, a storage portion that gathers and stores the sheet bundle which is applied with the adhesive and bound in the adhesive applying portion while letting the sheet bundle stand in the substantially vertical direction, transport means for conveying the sheet bundle while letting the sheet bundle stand in the substantially vertical direction from the adhesive applying portion to the storage portion along a substantially vertical transport path, and a cutting portion which is provided on the transport path between the adhesive applying portion and the storage portion, and which cuts an end face of the sheet bundle while letting the sheet bundle stand in the substantially vertical direction.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a bookbinding apparatus for placing a sheet with an image formed thereon on a tray and binding a bundle of placed sheets, and to an image formation processing system provided with such bookbinding means.
2. Description of Related Art
In a conventional bookbinding apparatus for image formed sheets, a plurality of sheets is gathered in the shape of a bundle to form a sheet bundle, an adhesive is applied to one end face of the formed sheet bundle, and a front cover is bonded to the end face of the sheet bundle applied with the adhesive. Further, the bookbinding apparatus is usually provided with a cutting portion that cuts the end face of the sheet bundle to a predetermined size, and a storage portion that stores bound sheet bundles while stacking the bundles (for example, see Patent Documents 1 and 2).
Further, an image formation processing system has conventionally been known for forming an image on a sheet, placing the sheet with the image formed thereon on a tray, and performing the aforementioned bookbinding processing on a bundle of placed sheets. As an example of such an image formation processing system, Patent Document 3 discloses an image formation processing system integrally provided with an image formation portion that forms an image and transfers the image to a sheet, a post-processing portion that performs predetermined post-processing on the sheet with the image transferred in the image formation portion, and a gluing processing portion that performs gluing processing on the sheet with the image transferred thereto.
[Patent Document 1] JP2001-240301
[Patent Document 2] JP2002-326473
[Patent Document 3] U.S. Pat. No. 5,540,421
However, in such a conventional bookbinding apparatus, the sheet bundle is conveyed in various directions and bound. More specifically, for example, the sheet bundle is conveyed while lying (in the direction along the end face of the sheet bundle), and/or conveyed in an oblique direction, thereby achieving application of adhesive, cutting and storage. Therefore, various problems have occurred as described below.
When a sheet bundle is conveyed in various directions such as vertical, horizontal and oblique directions in the bookbinding apparatus, the need arises for securing space to convert a posture of the sheet bundle in the bookbinding apparatus, and further, an area increases occupied by transport paths for sheet bundles in the bookbinding apparatus. In other words, it is necessary to secure a large volume of space for transport paths of sheet bundles in the bookbinding apparatus, and the bookbinding apparatus is increased in size, resulting in a problem of increasing manufacturing cost of the bookbinding apparatus.
Further, when an adhesive is applied to an end face of a sheet bundle in a state where the sheet bundle is lying (horizontal state), the adhesive needs to be applied from the side to the end face of the sheet bundle, and it is required to improve the structure to apply the adhesive uniformly with excellence. For example, when an adhesive is applied from the side to the end face of the sheet bundle from an adhesive applying device provided with a container that stores the adhesive, in order to prevent the adhesive to apply from leaking from the container due to the effect of gravity, it is necessary to provide the container with a sealing structure. Therefore, the adhesive applying device in the conventional apparatus has been complicated in structure.
Furthermore, in conveying the sheet bundle applied with the adhesive while letting the sheet bundle lie, when the sheet bundle has been applied with a large amount of the adhesive, or conveyed while being inclined, there is the fear that such a problem may occur that the end face of the sheet bundle comes into contact with various members including a side wall of the transport path while being conveyed, and the adhesive coated on the end face of the sheet bundle is thereby removed. In order to prevent such a problem, devices are considered such as securing sufficient space between the end face of the sheet bundle applied with the adhesive and the transport path, and providing specific equipment for precisely controlling an application amount of the adhesive. However, these cases result in increases in size and cost of the apparatus.
Moreover, when an adhesive is applied to a sheet bundle, a front cover is bonded thereto, and the end face of the sheet bundle is cut while letting the sheet bundle lie, since the direction (vertical direction) in which the adhesive spills and drips from the front cover due to gravity agrees with the direction in which a cutting blade moves, the spilled adhesive is apt to adhere to the cutting blade, and there has been the fear that the adhered adhesive degrades subsequent cutting function of the cutting blade.
Further, in the case of storing bound sheet bundles while letting the bundles lie (horizontal state), since the direction (vertical direction) in which the adhesive drips due to gravity agrees with the direction in which the sheet bundles are stacked, such a problem has occurred that the dripped adhesive bonds sheet bundles.
Furthermore, in the image formation processing system as described in Patent Document 3, transport paths are provided to convey a sheet between processing portions. However, a transport path to convey a sheet from the image formation portion to the gluing processing portion is provided independently of a transport path to convey a sheet from the image formation portion to the post-processing portion via the gluing processing portion, and further, a transport path for a sheet to undergo processing in the gluing processing portion functions independently of a transport path for a sheet to undergo processing in the post-processing portion. Therefore, transport paths are complicated, and the ratio of transport paths occupying in the space is large in the apparatus. Thus, in the conventional system, the internal mechanism is complicated, the entire size is large, and it is extremely difficult to reduce manufacturing cost of the system.

Bookbinding apparatus, bookbinding system and image formation processing system


A hung window includes upper and lower sashes that may operate simultaneously. Two or more pulleys or rollers are mounted at each lateral side of the window frame. A cable interconnects each lateral side of the upper and lower sashes. The cables are routed over the pulleys thereby suspending the sashes and allowing simultaneous movement of the upper and lower sash when force is applied either to raise the lower sash or lower the upper sash. This arrangement allows the hung window to be self-balancing thereby eliminating special hardware typically needed to balance the window. Simultaneous movement of the upper and lower sashes also enables the upper and lower sashes to create openings for increased air circulation within an adjacent room.

In the construction industry, there are a great number of window designs which can be used for various manmade structures. For windows that are intended to be manually operated in order to open and close, there are also numerous available designs. For windows that are manually operated, consideration must be given as to providing a user the ability to operate the window without exerting an unnecessary amount of force.
One type of window design that is commonly used in residential and commercial structures is the hung window. A hung window typically includes two or more sashes arranged in a vertical orientation, i.e., one sash above and the other sash below. One of the sashes may typically be operated to open or close. Because of the weight of the operable sash that must be overcome in order to move the operable sash, a number of designs have been developed in order to mechanically assist the user thereby reducing the amount of force necessary to operate the sash in order to maintain the sash in any desired position.
Two very common ways to mechanically assist in operation of the lower sash includes spiral balances or block and tackle balances. In most cases, both the spiral balances and the block and tackle balances are spring assisted. There are numerous disadvantages to both spiral and block and tackle balances. For such spring assisted balances, they are difficult to repair because the window must be disassembled in order to access the working parts for replacement. Spring assisted balances easily wear out and there are limits as to the weight of an individual sash that can be operated with such balances.
Despite the numerous designs that exist for hung windows, there still exists a need for a hung window which has a simple yet reliable construction, and allows a user to operate the sashes with a minimum effort, regardless of the size or weight of the sashes.

Simultaneously operating self balanced hung window