The invention relates to an improved high frequency filter (high pass filter) that is characterized by the following features: in addition to the at least both capacitively coupled inner conductor front faces (5b) or the capacitively coupled inner conductor end segments (5c) of two coupled inner conductor segments (5a), at least one further inner conductor coupling device (15) or at least one further inner conductor coupling element (115) is provided, the at least one further inner conductor coupling device (15) or the at least one further inner conductor coupling element (115) is arranged in an at least partially overlapping manner with the inner conductor end segments (5c) of the coupled inner conductor segments (5b), and the branch line (7) runs between the inner conductor coupling device (15) or the inner conductor coupling element (115) and the outer conductor (1).

In radio systems, for example in the mobile communication field, it is often desirable to use only one common antenna for transmitted and received signals. Transmitted and received signals use different frequency ranges. The antenna which is used must be suitable for transmitting and receiving in both frequency ranges. To separate the transmitted and received signals, suitable frequency filtering, which ensures that on the one hand the transmitted signals are passed on from the transmitter only to the antenna (and not in the direction of the receiver), and on the other hand the received signals are passed on from the antenna only to the receiver, is necessary.
For this purpose, a pair of high frequency filters can be used, both of them letting through a specified (i.e. the desired) frequency band (band pass filter), or a pair of high frequency filters, which both block a specified (i.e. the not desired) frequency band (band stop filter), or a pair of high frequency filters, consisting of one filter which lets through frequencies below a frequency between the transmission and reception bands and blocks those above it (low pass filter), and a filter which blocks frequencies below this frequency between the transmission and reception bands and lets through those above it (high pass filter). Other combinations of the above-mentioned filter types can also be used.
High frequency filters of the described type can be differently structured. A known high pass filter can consist of a hole or a channel in a milled or cast housing, inner conductor sections being arranged in the channel or hole and connected galvanically via so-called stubs to the outer conductor. The inner conductor sections (if the whole arrangement is to have a compact size) usually have interruptions of very small dimensions, so that the corresponding inner conductor sections are capacitively coupled on their faces. The size of the capacitive couplings between the wire sections is inversely proportional to the change of distance. The face-side capacitive coupling between the inner conductors rises further with increasing cross-section surface of the wires and increasing dielectric constant of the material which can be in the gap between the wires. Since, in the case of coaxial high pass filters which are known in the prior art and in corresponding form, relatively high capacitances are usually necessary, the gap between the faces of the inner conductor sections, which are positioned in axial extension to each other (if, as mentioned, comparatively compact outer dimensions are to be maintained), is usually less than 0.5 mm (e.g. when installed in a base station or other antenna facility). The gap is often around 0.1 to 0.2 mm.
On the basis of FIG. 12a, a corresponding coaxial high pass filter is shown in schematic axial longitudinal section (e.g. in plan view, without showing the cover which seals the outer conductor), and in FIG. 12b it is shown in axial cross-section (with a cover which seals the outer conductor), as it is known from the prior art. Differently from this form, the housing can also be divided into two or more parts, e.g. include two housing sections or housing halves which can be joined together. Similarly, the outer conductor housing can also be completely closed, so that the inner conductor arrangement is only pushed axially into this outer conductor housing. In this respect there are no restrictions.
From this it can be seen that such a coaxial high pass filter includes an outer conductor 1, which—as mentioned—usually consists of a milled or cast housing (metal, metal alloy), in which an axial hole or axial channel 3 is formed. Along this hole or channel 3, an inner conductor arrangement 5, consisting of multiple inner conductor sections 5a, is then provided. The inner conductor sections end with their inner conductor faces 5b at a short distance A, so that between the inner conductor faces 5b and thus the inner conductor sections 5a the result is a capacitive coupling. Also, for example, between these inner conductor faces 5b a dielectric D can be inserted.
The individual inner conductor sections 5a are galvanically coupled (usually centrally) to the outer conductor 1 via a branch wire 7 which runs transversely or perpendicularly to the associated inner conductor section 5a, the corresponding branch wires 7 running in lateral branch wire channels 9 (i.e. branch wire recesses 9) in the material of the outer conductor 1, and being connected galvanically to the branch wire channel floor 9a with the above-mentioned outer conductor 1 (the outer conductor 1 virtually representing the housing of the thus formed high pass filter).
Such a high pass filter in coaxial structure is to be taken as known, for example through Matthei, Young, Jones: "Microwave Filters, Impedance-Matching Networks, and Coupling Structures", McGraw-Hill Book Company 2001, namely on page 414 (FIG. 7.07-3).
On the basis of FIG. 12c, a corresponding equivalent circuit diagram for the high frequency filter which is known according to the prior art and FIGS. 12a and 12b is reproduced. From it, it can be seen that a single inner conductor 5 is provided with individual inner conductor sections 5a, a capacitance C1 being formed between two inner conductor sections 5a, and the branch wire 7, running from the inner conductor sections 5a, which are continuous in themselves, to earth or the outer conductor 1, being connected in the form of an inductor I.
By the paired capacitive coupling of multiple wire sections or wire parts (in which the coupling can take place via a dielectric consisting of air or another material) and its galvanic connection to the outer conductor, the desired response behaviour of the thus formed high pass filter is generated. The extent of the capacitive coupling is determined by the size of the two opposite faces of the inner conductor sections which are coupled via them, by the distance A between the two face-side inner conductor sections, and the dielectric which is used between the two face-side inner conductor sections.
A comparable solution to the prior art corresponding to the representation according to FIGS. 12a and 12b has also become known from US 2009/0153270 A1, which corresponds to DE 10 2007 061 413 A1. A high pass filter with an inner conductor which comprises individual inner conductor sections is shown. Two successive inner conductor sections in axial extension to each other are arranged at a distance from each other, the faces facing each other and a subsequent inner conductor section, in a partial length, dipping into a tubular intermediate piece, which in the centre, between the two faces of the successive inner conductor sections, has a closed wall section. In this way, in the signal direction, a first coupling between the inner conductor end section, which dips into the tubular intermediate section, and the thus formed first tubular capacitor is generated, a second tubular capacitor being formed at the opposite end of the tubular intermediate piece between the tubular jacket section and the end section, which dips in there, of the nearest adjacent inner conductor section. At the face-side boundaries of the tubular intermediate piece, a spiral wire section then runs from the inner conductor to the outer conductor, so that coils are formed.
The result of this construction is an inner conductor section with, in contrast to the embodiment according to FIG. 12a, an inserted and successive doubled capacitive coupling from the end of one inner conductor section to the tubular intermediate piece and from the tubular intermediate piece to the next inner conductor section.
However, with increasing requirements for the blocking characteristics of high pass filters, multiple such inner conductor sections must be connected one behind the other to generate corresponding stop band attenuation.
The disadvantage of the high pass filters which have become known until now in corresponding coaxial structure is that correspondingly many wire sections must be arranged one behind the other to be able to implement the corresponding requirements for high pass filters, above all in the field of mobile communications. As mentioned, very small gaps must be maintained between the wire pieces to ensure sufficiently high capacitive couplings. The result of this is that the tolerance sensitivity of the structures is very high.
In contrast, it is the object of the present invention to create an improved high frequency filter (a so-called high pass filter) which, with a preferably more compact design, makes it possible to steepen the stop band.
It can and must be called quite surprising that compared with the prior art, a clearly improved high pass filter, which makes improved electrical properties and space-saving construction possible, is achievable within the invention. Additionally, the high pass filter according to the invention is distinguished by clearly improved tolerance sensitivity compared with the prior art.
The high pass filter according to the invention can also be used as a single filter, but also connected to one or more similar or different high frequency filters. The result, as a favourable application case, is also the use of the high frequency (HF) filter according to the invention in mobile communications, and there in particular in duplex filters, which—as explained above—are required in order to separate the transmitted signals which are fed into an antenna from the received signals which are received via the same antenna, and which are transmitted or received in offset frequency ranges.
The solution according to the invention consists substantially of fitting an additional inner conductor coupling element into the high frequency filter track, this additional inner conductor coupling element either being metallic and thus electrically conductive, or consisting of a metallically and/or electrically conductively coated dielectric, or including the latter. The additionally applied inner conductor coupling element according to the invention is provided in the region of the face-side coupling of the inner conductor sections. If this inner conductor coupling element is in the form of a hollow cylinder, for example, or in general provided with an inner recess, in this inner conductor coupling element the ends of the adjacent inner conductor sections, i.e. the relevant inner conductor faces, can be fully or at least partly opposite each other within the inner conductor coupling element. However, it is also possible that the inner conductor coupling element is arranged overlapping with the inner conductor sections which work with it only in a partial peripheral region, thus for example overlaps only over an axial length of the relevant face of the inner conductor section with the end region of the associated inner conductor section, in order to achieve the additional coupling here.
Also, in contrast to the prior art, the inner conductors are connected electrically to the outer conductor not by the inner conductor sections, but by corresponding branch wires from the inner conductor coupling elements.
Within the invention, by constructing a high pass filter which is structured in this way, a series of surprising advantages can be achieved.
Within the invention, it is possible to generate, below the frequency pass band, blocking poles which thus contribute to considerable steepening of the filter characteristic below the frequency pass band.
With every high pass filter according to the invention, a blocking pole can be achieved by using a corresponding inner conductor coupling element. In other words, multiple such structures can be connected one behind the other (in series), in which case multiple additional blocking poles can be generated by corresponding tuning. For completeness only, we mention here that the high pass filter according to the invention, while generating one or more blocking poles, can also be combined with other, conventional high pass filter structures. In this respect too there are no restrictions.
Within the invention, the structure of the high frequency filter can also be significantly shortened compared with the prior art. The overall result is more compact overall dimensions.
The sensitivity of the capacitive electrical coupling is also reduced by using the inner conductor coupling element.
The invention also results in a cost advantage, since the invention means that there is only a relatively small additional expenditure for the additionally provided inner conductor coupling elements, these additional costs being less compared with the additional costs of the serial circuit of additional inner conductor sections, such as are necessary today according to the prior art.
Finally, within the invention, the mechanical stability can also be increased using the inner conductor coupling elements. Above all, this applies in the case of corresponding use of a dielectric in solid form, i.e. not in air, because in this way the inner conductor sections, the inner conductor coupling elements and/or the branch wires can also be stabilised and held.
In other words, the dielectric, which is at least partly in the inner conductor coupling element in which the inner conductor sections end, can take an additional positioning function of the inner conductor coupling element and thus also of the inner conductor sections, above all when the dielectric is provided outside the inner conductor coupling element in the corresponding receiving space (hole, channel) of the outer conductor arrangement. Also, further dielectrics for mechanical stabilisation within the structures are possible, e.g. also coated dielectrics.
The structures according to the invention make it possible to transmit high powers. The result is also—which in particular is very important in mobile communications—altogether good intermodulation behaviour.
Finally, it can and must be noted that furthermore, within the solution according to the invention, good heat dissipation via the inner conductor coupling elements and for example the galvanic coupling to the outer conductor is achieved.
A further possible improvement within the invention is that the coupling of the inner conductor structures between the inner conductor coupling elements and the outer conductor does not necessarily have to be by the corresponding branch wires being connected galvanically to the outer conductor. It is also possible that the branch wires are capacitively coupled to the outer conductor. In this case too, the fixed dielectric which may exist in the outer conductor interior can also be used for positioning and fixing the branch wires which are capacitively coupled to the outer conductor.
Summarising, therefore, it can be recorded that within the invention, a high frequency filter is created, namely a so-called high pass filter, in which, by targeted addition of a structure, also called an inner conductor coupling element below, a blocking pole below the pass band can be generated. If multiple such structures are connected in series, in this way multiple blocking poles below the pass band can be generated. Such an inner conductor coupling element can be electrically conductive, e.g. because it consists of a metal or a metallic structure, or it can be formed from or include a dielectric, which for example has an electrically conductive coating. Such a version according to the invention of one or more additional blocking poles results in a clear steepening of the stop band and a shortened design, with simultaneous tolerance insensitivity of the high pass filter compared with previous solutions. The invention can be used both as an individual filter and in connection to one or more similar or different high frequency filters. One of the main applications, in addition to the single filter, is in the use with so-called duplex or, for example, triplex filters.


The present disclosure provides a process. The process includes (i) melt blending, in an extruder, (a) a polyolefin phase and (b) an aqueous phase in the presence of (c) at least one dispersant selected from an acrylic dispersant, a poloxamer dispersant, and combinations thereof; (ii) producing an interfacial tension from 0.1 dynes/cm to 25 dynes/cm; (iii) forming a polyolefin aqueous dispersion having from 25 wt % to 90 wt % solids content of dispersion; and (iv) removing the water from the polyolefin aqueous dispersion to form a powder. The powder has a mean volume average particle size from 10 μm to 300 μm, a sphericity from 0.92 to 1.0, a particle size distribution from 1 to less than 2, and a particle density from 98% to 100%.

The present disclosure relates to a process for forming a powder.
Polyolefin powders having a small mean volume average particle size are useful in 3D-printing techniques such as powder bed fusion, where successive layers of powder are laid down and sintered to form a 3-dimensional end product. Powder bed fusion requires flowable powders to enable easy transport of the powders. Powder bed fusion also requires powder having a small mean volume average particle size. A polyolefin powder having a small mean volume average particle size is conventionally formed in one of three ways: (i) spray drying an aqueous polyolefin dispersion with small particle size to remove water and obtain aggregated dry powder; (ii) coagulating or aggregating a small particle size aqueous polyolefin dispersion and filtering the aggregate to remove water; or (iii) mechanically grinding the polyolefin to the desired size, such as through cryogrinding. When produced via spray drying and/or the coagulating or aggregating process, the resulting powder contains agglomerates with voids that are not fully dense, which deteriorates the mechanical properties of an end product formed from said powder. When produced via mechanical grinding, the resulting powder has a broad particle size distribution and the particles have irregular shapes (compared to spherical shapes).
The art recognizes the need for a process for producing a powder that has a small mean volume average particle size, has a narrow particle size dispersity, is fully dense, and is spherical.


A method of fabricating a gate electrode used for more flexible device design and higher device integrity is disclosed. A disclosed method comprises: forming a first gate electrode by etching the first insulating layer and the first polysilicon layer; forming a second insulating layer and a second polysilicon layer on the resulting structure; forming a second gate electrode by etching the second polysilicon layer, wherein the longitudinal axes of the first and second gate electrodes cross each other at a predetermined angle; forming a third insulating layer on the resulting structure; and forming source and drain regions by an ion implantation.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method for fabricating a gate electrode of a semiconductor device and, more particularly, to a method for fabricating a gate electrode in which source and drain regions can be used independently in need by overlapping a first gate electrode with a second gate electrode.
2. Background of the Related Art
FIG. 1a and FIG. 1b are cross-sectional views illustrating a process of fabricating a gate electrode in accordance with conventional methods.
Referring to FIG. 1a, a gate insulating layer 11, a first conducting layer 12, a first insulating layer 13 and a second insulating layer 14 are sequentially formed on a substrate 10. A gate insulating layer 11 is formed on a substrate 10 with predetermined devices, a first conducting layer 12 for a floating gate electrode is deposited and then a first insulating layer 13 and a second insulating layer 14 are formed to insulate a control gate electrode and the floating gate electrode. Though the gate insulating layer 11 can be made of oxide only or nitride only, the ONO_(Oxide-Nitride-Oxide) structure of upper oxide/nitride/lower oxide is preferably used for the gate insulating layer. Also, the first conducting layer 12 is deposited with silicon, crystallized into polysilicon or single-crystal silicon and etched in a later process to form a floating gate electrode. The first insulating layer 13 is preferably made of oxide and the second insulating layer is preferably made of nitride.
Referring to FIG. 1b, the second insulating layer 14, the first insulating layer 13 and the first conducting layer 12 are sequentially etched to form a gate electrode. The upper part of the second insulating layer 14 is coated with photoresist and a photoresist pattern is formed through exposure and development processes. By using the photoresist pattern as a mask, a floating gate electrode 15 is formed by etching sequentially the second insulating layer 14, the first insulating layer 13 and the first conducting layer 12. The gate insulating layer 11 made of oxide can be used for an etch stop layer during the etching process.
However, the above-described conventional gate forming method has a problem that locations of a source, a drain and a channel are fixed by patterns and locations used for etching a gate insulating layer and a gate electrode. Therefore, types of device designs are limited.

Method for fabricating semiconductor device having first and second gate electrodes


A ventilating fan, includes a frame provided with an opening, a fan disposed in the frame, a panel covering the opening of the frame and allowing air passing through and a lighting device disposed in the panel. The lighting device includes a lampshade, in which a lighting part is placed, and a circuitry box of a controller for controlling the lighting part. A gap is formed in a connection between the circuitry box and the panel such that a water discharge structure communicated with outside of the circuitry box is formed. Advantages of the present invention includes that a gap communicated with outside of the circuitry box is provided in a connection between the circuitry box and the panel, which allows water to be discharged through the gap from inside of the panel, even water would enter into inside of the circuitry box, thus safety operation of the product is ensured.

1. Field of the Disclosure
The present Invention relates to a ventilation device, and particularly, to a ventilation device with a LED lighting device.
2. Description of the Related Art
FIG. 1 shows a schematic view of a conventional ventilation device. A ventilation device 10 includes a frame 12 with an opening 11, a fan 13 placed in the frame 12, and a panel 14 fixed to the frame 12 and provided with a lighting device 15. The lighting device 15 comprises a fluorescent lamp 16, a ballast (not shown), a lamp base 17, a PCB box (not shown) and a lampshade 18. The lampshade 18 is integrally formed with PCB box and made of metal or resin.
In the above mentioned ventilation device 10 of the prior art, the lighting device 15 of the ventilation device 10 is provided with a fluorescent lamp 16 where a ballast is needed. Thus, the entire volume of the ventilation device 10 becomes large. Furthermore, the cost of manufacturing and using the ventilation device 10 increases.
In order to achieve miniaturization of the lighting device 15, it is desirable to arrange the ballast adjacent to the fluorescent lamp 16. Thus, the ballast is fixed in the prior art inner side the lampshade 18 of the ventilation device 10.
When the ventilation device 10 operates, indoor air is sucked in through the lampshade 18 and passed around the lighting device 10. However, water droplets or vapor may enter inside of the lighting device 15 when the ventilation device 10 is used to discharge the air having high humidity, such as, in a bathroom. As such, it causes potential risk during operation of the ventilation device.

Panasonic Ecology Systems Guangdong Co. Ltd.


A multi-light-emitting diode (LED) display for a USB flash drive produces a visually dazzling display. When accessed, a USB flash controller drives pulses onto an activity signal that increments a counter on a pattern-decoding generator. The pattern-decoding generator decodes the count and drives signals to data outputs. The data outputs connect to LED's, turning LED's on and off according to a display pattern. The pattern can be programmed by the USB flash controller into the pattern-decoding generator, or can be a hardwired pattern. Marquee patterns having a lit LED appearing to move down a line of LED's have more visual appeal than single LED indicators. Each data line can drive two LED's in different parts of a dual display, reducing costs. Multi-color LED's can be used to improve variety. The multiple LED's and the pattern-decoding generator can be mounted on a flexible PCB.

This invention relates to indicator displays, and more particularly to a light-emitting diode display for a Universal-Serial-Bus (USB) flash-memory device.
Electronic storage drives often have indicator lamps. For example, a hard-disk drive on a personal computer (PC) may have a single light-emitting diode (LED) that is illuminated while the disk is being accessed. An external flash-memory peripheral drive may have an LED that is illuminated while being written. The user can safely remove the flash-memory drive or its media once the light goes out, indicating that the writing operation is completed.
Flash memory has gained wide acceptance for its non-volatile storage, which is ideal for portable devices that may lose power, since the data is not lost when stored in the flash memory. Flash memories are constructed from electrically-erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) cells.
Universal-Serial-Bus (USB) has become a popular standard interface for connecting peripherals to a host such as a personal computer (PC). USB-based flash-memory storage devices or "drives" have been developed to transport data from one host to another, replacing floppy disks. While large external flash drives may be used, smaller USB flash drives known as key-chain or key drives have been a rapidly growing market.
A USB flash-memory device can be constructed from a microcontroller, a flash-memory controller or interface, and one or more flash-memory chips. A serial interface on the microcontroller connects to the USB bus to the host, and data from the serial interface is transferred through the microcontroller to the flash controller and is written to the flash-memory chips.
The microcontroller can drive an output port that connects externally to a LED. The microcontroller can then turn the LED on or off by writing a zero or a one to the output port. The microcontroller can set the output port to a one when activity is occurring on the drive, such as any access of the flash memory, such as read, write and erase.
While such an LED activity light is useful, the LED is often small and barely noticeable to the user. A more elaborate display is desired to better capture the user's attention. A display for a USB flash drive is desired that has multiple LED's. A more dazzling display on a USB flash drive is desirable that can noticeably tell the user when data is being transferred to and from the flash drive. A display that could also be a selling point for the USB flash drive is desired, since the dazzling display could be made to flash on the display model in a store.

USB flash-memory drive with dazzling marquee-pattern driver for multi-LED display


A device for changing reels of strip material on a production machine, whereby a traction device unwinds a first strip off a runout reel on a supporting spindle and feeds it to the production machine along a given path; a standby reel is supported on edge on a saddle defined by two rollers; and a swing arm supports a powered disk with suction cups and a locating spindle. As the first strip runs out, the standby reel is made integral with the disk by the suction cups; the disk is accelerated so as to wind a second strip, identical to the first, off the standby reel and through a guide device by which the second strip is inserted into the traction device; and the swing arm loads the standby reel on to the axially-sliding supporting spindle in place of the empty reel.

The present invention relates to a device for changing reels of strip material on a production machine.
The present invention is especially suitable for use on packing machines, particularly cigarette packing machines, to which the following description refers purely by way of example.
For special purposes, such as inner wrappings, cigarette packing machines employ a strip of foil fed off a reel and subsequently cut into portions from which the inner wrappings are formed. As it is about to run out, the reel is changed as described, for example, in Italian Patent Application N. 3473A/90, the content of which is included herein as required by way of reference.
According to the above method, a strip feed device is provided whereby the runout reel, supported on a spindle, is wound off by a traction device by which it is guided along a path comprising a first and second branch forming a given angle of other than 180.degree.; and a second identical strip is wound off a standby reel along the first branch of said path by means of a centerless unwinding device on which the standby reel is arranged on edge. As the first strip is about to run out, the unwinding device rotates the standby reel so as to accelerate the second strip up to the speed of the first; the first strip is cut upstream from the traction device; the second strip is cut along the first branch and fed on to the traction device; and the tail end of the first strip is discarded.
At this point, a transfer device provides for removing the empty reel and replacing it with the standby reel being unwound, e.g. by means of a swing arm with a spindle for unloading the standby reel off the centerless unwinding device, which may thus be loaded with a new standby reel.
The above system presents several drawbacks, foremost of which is the difficulty encountered in picking up the standby reel as it is being unwound, due to possible misalignment of the swing arm spindle and the reel. Secondly, to pick up the standby reel, the swing arm spindle must be fitted through practically the whole length of the core on the reel, so that it is substantially impossible to guide the standby reel on to the unwinding spindle, the function of which must therefore be performed by the swing arm spindle of the transfer device itself. As a result, the transfer arm is not freed until the reel runs out, thus complicating the design of the transfer device. Lastly, unless the standby reel is wound tightly, the turns in the strip may slip when accelerated up to the speed of the runout reel, thus resulting in "bags" forming in the strip and, particularly in the case of narrow reels, in oscillation of the reel in turn resulting in fallout and tearing of the strip, etc.

Device for changing reels of strip material on a production machine


A block synchronization detection apparatus and method. Block synchronization for discriminating one error correction code (ECC) block from another is detected, even when a first sector of the ECC block is not detected in a system having a decoder that decodes an ECC in units of ECC blocks. The block synchronization detection apparatus includes an operator performing an operation on a predetermined last sector number, an n-th sector number, and an (n−1)-th sector number contained in a block, based on a predetermined operation relation; and a comparator comparing a result of the operation output from the operator with a predetermined threshold value and outputting the result of the comparison as a block synchronization signal.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a block synchronization detection apparatus and method, and, more particularly, to a block synchronization detection apparatus and method for detecting a block synchronization by which an error correction code (ECC) block is discriminated from another ECC block in a system having a decoder for decoding an ECC in units of ECC blocks, each block including a plurality of sectors.
2. Description of the Related Art
Systems having a decoder for decoding an ECC in units of ECC blocks, where each block includes a plurality of sectors, include drivers for driving a disc, such as a DVD-ROM, a DVD-R, a DVD-RW, a DVD+R, a DVD+RW, a DVD-RAM, or a blu-ray disc (BD). Each sector contained in an ECC block is allocated a number so that the sectors can be discriminated from one another. For example, when one ECC block contains 16 sectors and the sector number is sequentially increased from 0, the sectors are numbered as 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . , 14, and 15.
Thus, a decoder of a conventional disc driver performs block synchronization using sector numbers. That is, the conventional decoder detects a sector number of input data and generates a block synchronization detection signal if the detected sector number is a first sector of an ECC block. When one ECC block contains 16 sectors and the sector numbers are sequentially increased from 0, a sector number indicating the first sector of the ECC block is represented as 0 (0000 in the binary number system), and when the sector numbers are sequentially decreased from 15, the sector number indicating the first sector of the ECC block is represented as 15 (1111 in the binary number system).
However, if due to defects of the input data or other reasons, the first sector number of the ECC block is not detected, the conventional decoder cannot detect block synchronization for the currently-input ECC block. For example, when one ECC block contains 16 sectors and a sector number is sequentially increased from 0, if an (n−1)-th sector number is 15 and an n-th sector number is 1, the conventional decoder cannot detect block synchronization.
Block synchronization is used to control a buffer memory for storing data in units of input ECC blocks or to correct data errors. However, if block synchronization of an m-th ECC block cannot be detected, the buffer memory is overwritten with data of the currently input m-th ECC block in a region in which an (m−1)-th ECC block is stored. Thus, errors occur in the number of reproduced ECC blocks such that normal data processing cannot be performed.
In addition, if block synchronization for the m-th ECC block cannot be detected, error correction for the (m−1)-th ECC block is not performed. This is because if block synchronization for the m-th ECC block is detected, error correction for the (m−1)-th ECC block is performed.

Block synchronization detection apparatus and method


Provided is a filter used for an equalizer, the filter including: a first low-pass filter unit receives an input signal and performs low frequency band filtering on the input signal; and an equalization unit that receives an output signal from the first low-pass filter unit. The equalization unit may comprise a plurality of serially connected biquad low-pass filter units, and may control a value of a capacitor that is used to control a group delay value that is generated during equalization. Thus, the filter can compensate for group delay without including a separate all pass filter, thereby reducing surface area and power consumption.

Equalizers are widely used in many electronic devices. For example, FIG. 1 illustrates an optical recording/reproducing apparatus 100. As shown in FIG. 1, the optical recording/reproducing apparatus 100 includes an optical recording medium 101, an optical pick up unit 103, an analog front end (AFE) unit 120, a digital signal processor (DSP) 107, a decoder 109, a host interface (I/F) 111, and a host 113.
The optical recording medium 101 may be any medium capable of storing data and of having data read therefrom. There are various kinds of optical recording media including, for example, compact disc-recordable (CD-R), compact disc-rewritable (CD-RW), digital versatile disc-recordable (DVD-R), and so forth.
The optical pick up unit 103 may include laser diodes for respective wavelengths, a plurality of passive optical devices, a plurality of light receiving devices, and a plurality of passive optical device control operating devices. The optical pick up unit 103 is used to reproduce data stored in the optical recording medium 101, or is used as a signal sensor or control device for recording data transmitted from the host 113 onto the optical recording medium 101.
The AFE unit 120 records data in the optical recording medium 101, and then converts the data recorded in the optical recording medium 101 into radio frequency (RF) data signals.
The DSP 107 converts the RF signals into digital signals. The decoder 109 encodes the digital signals in such a manner that the error rate of the converted data is minimized. The host I/F 111 functions as an interface between the host 113 and the decoder 109. The host 113 may be, for example, a personal computer (PC).
The reproduction operation of the optical recording/reproducing apparatus 100 may proceed as follows.
First, the optical pickup unit 103 irradiates light onto the optical recording medium 101, and light that is reflected is received by the optical pickup unit 103. RF signals are then generated by reading mark and space patterns on the optical recording medium 101 by using a diffraction optics phenomenon. The AFE unit 120 amplifies and standardizes the RF signals. By passing through the DSP 107, the RF signals are converted into square wave signals. By passing through the decoder 109, the RF signals are encoded and are converted into data that can be recognized by the host 113.
The AFE unit 120 converts the data read from the optical recording medium 101 into RF signals. The data read from the optical recording medium 101 is converted into RF signals by passing the data through a filter that is included in the AFE unit 120. As the RF signals pass through the filter, a time delay occurs. In other words, after passing through the filter, an input signal is output such that the waveform of the input signal is delayed a little on a time axis, as if having a phase shift. The time delay that is caused by passing a signal through the filter is called group delay.
In addition to delaying a signal, group delay may also distort the signal. If the group delay is large, the phase of the frequency band through which signals pass may also be distorted. Irregular phase shift in the frequency band causes signal distortion. For example, when group delay is generated in the filter, an input RF signal having a mark length of 5 T may be output as a signal having a mark length of 4 T. Such a signal distortion may result in incorrect data being output from the optical recording/reproducing apparatus 100.

Equalizer filters including a low-pass filter unit and an equalizer having a group delay control unit and related methods


The present invention provides a radio communication device, a transmitter and a receiver capable of handling a plurality of signal waves. A radio communication device has a millimeter-wave transmitter (15) and a millimeter-wave receiver (29). Millimeter-wave transmitter (15) includes a multiplexing circuit (1), a millimeter-wave up-converter (4) and an antenna (3), and the millimeter-receiver includes an antenna (31), a millimeter-wave down-converter (32) and an output processing circuit (45). The signal waves dedicated to the user are modulated by a modulation circuit (121 to 124) so as to be allocated between the ground broadcast waves and satellite broadcast waves. The frequencies are multiplexed in an intermediate frequency band, after that, the multiplexed frequencies are converted into a millimeter-wave band and the resultant is transmitted. On the reception side, the multiplexed waves are down-converted, separated to signal waves and demodulated.

As an example of a millimeter-wave band transmitter/receiver for transmitting and receiving signals in a millimeter-wave band, there is a video transmission system of a 50 GHz band described in "New Version of 50 GHz Simple Radio Equipment" (The 1997 IEICE General Conference C-2-123, pp. 178) (Literature 1).
The millimeter-wave band transmitter/receiver in Literature 1 includes a transmitter 1100 shown in FIG. 10A and a receiver 1150 shown in FIG. 10B. As will be described below, each of transmitter 1100 and receiver 1150 is constructed by a baseband section (indoor section) and a radio section (outdoor section).
Transmitter 1100 has: a baseband section including a modulator 1103 (indicated as "MOD for sound" in the diagram), a bandpass filter 1104 (indicated as "FIL" in the diagram), and analog/digital (A/D) converters 1109L and 1109R; and a radio section including a frequency modulator 1105, a frequency doubler 1107a (indicated as "x2" in the diagram), a frequency quadruplet 1107b (indicated as "x4" in the diagram), an amplifier 1108, and an antenna 1106.
The baseband section in transmitter 1100 multiplexes a video signal and a sound signal. Sound stereo signals (R and L) inputted from sound signal input terminals 1102L and 1102R are converted into digital signals by analog/digital converters 1109L and 1109R and the digital signals are modulated by modulator 1103. An output of modulator 1103 is combined with a video signal received from a video signal input terminal 1101 via bandpass filter 1104. In such a manner, a video transmission signal of one channel in the baseband is generated.
The generated video transmission signal is modulated by frequency modulator 1105 of a 6 GHz band included in the radio section. An output of frequency modulator 1105 is frequency-modulated by being multiplied by eight times via frequency doubler 1107a and frequency quadruplet 1107b and, further, the modulated signal is amplified via amplifier 1108. From antenna 1106, the generated millimeter-wave video transmission signal is radiated.
Receiver 1150 includes: a radio section including a local oscillator 1151, a down-converter 1152, an antenna 1156, and a frequency demodulator 1153 (indicated by "DEM" in the diagram); and a baseband section including a filter and distributor 1154 (indicated as "FIL" in the diagram), a sound demodulator 1155 (indicated as "DEM for sound" in the diagram), and digital/analog (D/A) converters 1157L and 1157R.
Down-converter 1152 down-converts a received video transmission signal on the basis of an output of local oscillator 1151 in the 50 GHz band. An IF (Intermediate Frequency) signal outputted from down-converter 1152 is demodulated by frequency demodulator 1153. A baseband signal is outputted from frequency demodulator 1153. The generated baseband signal is demultiplexed into a sound signal and a video signal via filter 1154. The sound signal is demodulated by demodulator 1155, thereby generating sound stereo signals (R and L). The video signal and sound stereo signals are supplied to a display device having a video terminal 1160 and sound terminals 1161L and 1161R.
Another example of the millimeter-wave band transmitter for transmitting signals in the millimeter-wave band, there is a transmitter for an HDTV (High Definition TV) adapted to the 60 GHz band described in "60-GHz-Band Ultracompact Transmitter for HDTV (1997 IEEE MTT-S Digest, pp. 1143-1146) (Literature 2). A transmitter 1200 of Literature 2 will be described by referring to FIGS. 11 and 12.
Transmitter 1200 in Literature 2 has three kinds of millimeter-wave transmitters 1210, 1220 and 1230. Transmitter 1200 receives video component signals (Y, Pb and Pr) as input signals. A luminance signal Y is inputted to millimeter-wave transmitter 1210 via an input terminal 1211, a color difference signal Pb is inputted to millimeter-wave transmitter 1220 via a terminal 1221, and a color difference signal Pr is inputted to millimeter-wave transmitter 1230 via a terminal 1231.
Millimeter-wave transmitter 1210 has a video amplifier 1212, a temperature compensator 1217, a frequency modulator 1213, a frequency quadrupler 1214 (indicated as "x4" in the diagram), a power amplifier 1215, and an antenna 1216. Millimeter-wave transmitter 1220 has a video amplifier 1222, a temperature compensator 1227, a frequency modulator 1223, a frequency quadrupler 1224, a power amplifier 1225 and an antenna 1226. Millimeter-wave transmitter 1230 has a video amplifier 1232, a temperature compensator 1237, a frequency modulator 1233, a frequency quadrupler 1234, a power amplifier 1235 and an antenna 1236.
Millimeter-wave transmitters 1210, 1220 and 1230 generate radio signals modulated in the millimeter-wave band and radiate the generated radio signals from antennas 1216, 1226 and 1236, and radiated signals Y, Pb and Pr are multiplexed in a space.
More specifically, millimeter-wave transmitters 1210, 1220 and 1230 amplify input video component signals to proper levels by video amplifiers 1212, 1222 and 1223, respectively. Outputs of video amplifiers 1212, 1222 and 1223 are inputted to frequency modulators 1213, 1223 and 1233 and frequency-modulated. The frequency of the frequency-modulated signal is multiplied by four by frequency quadruplers 1213, 1224 and 1234, thereby increasing frequency shift and modulated frequency of frequency modulation.
The modulated signals up-converted into millimeter waves are amplified by power amplifiers 1215, 1225 and 1235 and radiated from antennas 1216, 1226 and 1236. Millimeter-wave band modulated signals Y, Pb and Pr are combined to a video signal in space.
In the system of Literature 1, information which can be transmitted by a single transmitter/receiver is only one channel including a video image and sound. Therefore, in a house, video signals from a plurality of electronic devices and broadcast wave signals cannot be radio-connected. Specifically, TV (television) broadcast waves and video and sound signals from electronic devices such as a video, a DVD (digital versatile disc), a TV camera and a personal computer cannot be radio-connected simultaneously and independently in a house. Further, a plurality of such electronic devices cannot be carried to different rooms and used simultaneously at the different places.
Transmitter 1200 of Literature 2 transmits a video component signal for high definition TV. From transmitter 1200, video signals of three channels of the NTSC system can be transmitted. However, transmitter 1200 needs three kinds of transmission units. In the configuration of using three kinds of transmission units, when stability of the frequency of the frequency modulator fluctuates, stable demodulation cannot be performed on the reception side. Therefore, extremely stable frequency modulation is required.
In the configuration of transmitter 1200, however, a frequency modulator of a wide range is necessary for video signals and the frequency has to be shifted. Consequently, an oscillator of high stability cannot be used.
In transmitter 1200, temperature compensators 1217, 1227 and 1237 for frequency modulation of a broadband are provided. However, the frequency is basically stabilized by a dielectric resonator of 15 GHz band, and it is difficult to realize stable oscillation.
Further, to convert the modulation wave into millimeter-wave radio frequencies, the frequency is multiplied by four. As a result, frequency fluctuation in the modulation wave increases by four times, so that frequency stability is worsened in the radio frequency band of the millimeter waves. In addition, the electronic devices are vulnerable to mechanical fluctuations and power source voltage fluctuations, so that it is difficult to carry the devices to different rooms and use them.
The present invention therefore has been achieved to solve the problems and its object is to provide a radio communication device, a transmitter and a receiver corresponding to millimeter waves, capable of stably transmitting/receiving a plurality of different signal waves.

Radio communication apparatus, transmitter apparatus and receiver apparatus

National Institute of Information and Communications Technology


An organic light-emitting display panel includes a pixel unit including a plurality of pixels respectively located at intersections between scan lines and data lines and displaying different colors; a plurality of pads respectively coupled to ends of the data lines; and a test unit selectively performing an array test to detect a defect of a pixel circuit of the pixels or a cell test to detect a defect of a light-emitting device of the pixels.

1. Field of the Invention
Embodiments of the present invention generally relate to an organic light-emitting display panel, and more particularly, to an organic light-emitting display panel capable of performing a defect test.
2. Description of the Related Art
Organic light-emitting display apparatuses display images by using organic light-emitting diodes that are self-emission devices. As the luminescence and color purity of such apparatuses are excellent, they have received attention as the next generation display apparatuses.
In the case of typical organic light-emitting display apparatuses, high-density integrated circuits including driving circuits that generate and apply scan signals and data signals to pixels are manufactured and coupled to array substrates on which pixels are arranged by using tape automated bonding (TAB) techniques. However, an organic light-emitting display apparatus in which a driving circuit is coupled to a pixel array substrate by using a TAB technique needs a plurality of leads for coupling the pixel array substrate to the driving circuit, and thus, the manufacturing process thereof is difficult and the reliability and yield of the manufacturing process is low. Also, since the price of a high-density integrated circuit is generally high, the price of the organic light-emitting display apparatus increases.
In order to overcome such limitations, a chip-on-glass (COG) or system-on-panel (SOP) type organic light-emitting display apparatus has been used. This apparatus is manufactured by directly integrating a driving circuit into a pixel circuit array substrate in which a pixel circuit is arranged. As such, the COG or SOP type organic light-emitting display apparatus does not require a separate process to couple the driving pixel to the pixel circuit array substrate, and accordingly, it is possible to increase the reliability and yield of the manufacturing process.

Samsung-ro, Giheung-Gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-Do


In accordance with one or more embodiments data may be encoded into a code word that meets run length constraints and has a reduced running digital sum by encoding (N−y)−1 data bits and y flag bits into m first n-bit patterns that form a first N-bit code word, producing a second N-bit code word by encoding the (N−y)−1 data bits and the y flag bits into m second n-bit patterns in which corresponding first and second n-bit patterns combine to meet a first predetermined running digital sum threshold, and selecting the code word that satisfies selection criteria. The selection criteria may, for example, be the word with the fewest transitions, the word with the smallest running digital sum, and so forth.

The invention relates generally to encoding using codes that satisfy run-digital-sum and run length limited conditions.
Before recording or transmission, data are typically encoded in accordance with a modulation code, to modify bit patterns in the data that may adversely affect the demodulation and decoding of the data. Certain bit patterns, for example, long runs without transitions, may adversely affect timing recovery, while other patterns may affect signal to noise ratios, and so forth. Accordingly, the modulation codes generally include run length constraints, and are often also referred to as run length limited ("RLL") codes.
High rate codes, that is, codes that produce a code word with a small increase in overall bit count, are desirable for their efficiency. To avoid adversely affecting the rate of transmission, it is desirable to encode long data sequences with high rate codes. However, there is a trade off between efficiency and the complexities associated with manipulating the large sequence of data bits into correspondingly wide code words. Further, code complexities may increase when ran length constraints must be considered. A system that efficiently encodes data using a high rate RLL code is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,839,004, which is hereby incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.
Low DC content is also important for perpendicular bipolar storage systems. Thus, it is also desirable to utilize a modulation code that produces code words that have relatively low running digital sum ("RDS") values. The RDS values are the sums produced by adding together the +1 and −1 values that correspond to the ones and zeros in the code words. Further, it is desirable to keep the overall number of magnetic transitions low, in order to avoid adversely affecting the signal to noise ratios.

Code design with decreased transition density and reduced running digital sum


Apparatus and methods for managing power consumption of a data-path in a computer system are provided, the data-path comprising a first port and a second port, the first port comprising a high-speed and the second port comprising a low-speed port. The disclosed method including connecting a device to the data-path, determining that the connected device is to communicate using the second port and turning off an active circuit associated with the first port of the data-path.

Current industry trends are towards the provision of smaller, lighter and thinner computer systems. In particular, mobile devices, including laptop computers, tablet computers, etc. continue to be reduced in size. Batteries may represent a significant proportion of the bulk of a device in order to provide sufficient useful operating time. Reducing the power consumption of components of the computer system may allow increased operating time or for the battery size to be reduced.

Power management of discrete communication port components


An adapter panel has an adapter where a connector including a wireless IC tag in a side surface is inserted or removed. The adapter panel includes a booster antenna placed in a position facing the wireless IC tag of the adapter when the connector is inserted to the adapter, and an equipment antenna placed in a surface of the adapter panel which is a reverse side of the surface where the connector is inserted or removed in a position corresponding to the booster antenna. The adapter panel is applicable to electronic equipment and a cable connector identification system.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to adapter panels, electronic equipment, and cable connector identification systems, and particularly to an adapter panel where a cable with a connector having an IC device is inserted and removed, electronic equipment having the adapter panel, and a cable connector identification system identifying the connector of the cable.
2. Description of Related Art
Various electrical equipment input or output information by a cable. For example, an oscilloscope has a connector jack to connect a removable cable integral with a connector, thereby inputting waveform information.
If such a conventional oscilloscope measures the waveform with a relatively high frequency wave, the measurement waveform fluctuates due to fluctuation in the impedance of a probe, which may result in inaccurate measurement. Further, the electrical equipment where a plurality of plugs are inserted or removed such as a telephone switching device is subject to insertion mistake.
Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2003-229215 (Nakagawa et. al.) describes a cable connector identification system to overcome the above problems. This cable connector identification system attaches a wireless IC tag to a connector of a cable that is connected to electrical equipment. This cable connector identification system allows correction of fluctuation in the measurement waveform of an oscilloscope and detection whether a correct cable is inserted or not by reading various information stored in the wireless IC tag.
Nakagawa et. al. teaches a case of applying this cable connector identification system to a circuit switching device. In this case, an optical cable is inserted to an adapter panel and the adapter panel is mounted to the circuit switching device. This adapter panel is described below with reference to FIGS. 13 and 14. FIG. 13 is a diagrammatic perspective view showing a structural example of the adapter panel. The adapter panel 900 in FIG. 13 has an adapter 901, an attachment 902, a connector housing 903, a Coil-on-Chip Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) 904, and a reader/writer (R/W) antenna 905.
The adapter panel 900, the adapter 901, the attachment 902, and the connector housing 903 respectively correspond to the optical cable socket base 410, the relay socket 411, the relay socket attachment 413, and the optical cable connector 10 in the above related art.
As illustrated in FIG. 13, a plurality of adapters 901 are arranged on the adapter panel 900, and the connector housing 903 is inserted to each adapter 901. The adapters 901 are fixed to the attachment 902. The connector housing 903 is mounted to the adapter panel 900 by the attachment 902. Further, the Coil-on-Chip RFID 904 is attached to placed in the connector housing 903. The R/W antenna 905 is placed in the adapter 901 to wirelessly communicates with the Coil-on-Chip RFID 904.
FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional view showing an example of the connection structure of an optical cable. This cross-sectional view illustrates the connector housing 903 in the operating side being inserted to the adapter 901.
As shown in FIG. 14, the adapter 901 is mounted to the adapter panel 900 as penetrating between the outside (operating side) and the inside (equipment side) of a case. The connector housings 903 and 906 are inserted to the adapter 901 from the operating side and the equipment side, respectively, thereby allowing optical communication between both optical cables in the operating and equipment sides.
The Coil-on-Chip RFID 904 is placed in the lower side part of the connector housing 903 in the operating side. The R/W antenna 905 is embedded in the lower side part of the adapter 901 projecting from the equipment. The Coil-on-Chip RFID 904 is placed in the position to face the R/W antenna 905 when the connector housing 903 is inserted to the adapter 901. In this position, the R/W antenna 905 wirelessly communicates with the Coil-on-Chip RFID 904. The R/W antenna 905 is connected to a reader/writer (R/W) circuit, not shown, to output the data input from the Coil-on-Chip RFID 904 to the R/W circuit.
The R/W circuit is placed inside the equipment. On the other hand, the R/W antenna 905 is placed in the adapter 901 which projects from the circuit switching device. Thus, it is necessary to place the R/W circuit in the equipment side that is the inner than the adapter panel 900 and draw a connection line between the R/W antenna 905 and the R/W circuit from the inside of the adapter panel 900 to the outside thereof. In this case, a printed circuit board is produced by using a substrate in which a place to form the R/W antenna 905 projects. The printed circuit board with such a special shape is difficult to form and causes low yield.
Further, in this printed circuit board, the R/W circuit is placed inside the equipment, and the R/W antenna 905 is mounted to the adapter panel 900 as drawn to the outside of the adapter panel 900. Thus, it is required to make a slit in the attachment 902 to allow the R/W antenna 905 to pass through. Since the adapter panel 900 is assembled by inserting the R/W antenna 905 to the slit of the attachment 902, it impedes efficient assembly of the adapter panel 900.
As described above, a conventional adapter panel is not easy to manufacture and assemble, which results in high manufacturing costs.

Adapter panel, electronic equipment, and cable connector identification system


A CMP slurry is provided comprising polishing particles, the polishing particle comprising organically modified colloidal silica. Also, a method of preparing a CMP slurry is provided, comprising the steps of: preparing polishing particles comprising organically modified silica; converting the polishing particles into an aqueous state; and adding pure water, a hydrophilic additive and a dispersing agent to the polishing particles. The polishing particles can be synthesized using a sol-gel process. According to the invention, a slurry having excellent polishing properties can be prepared, in which the surface properties of colloidal silica are changed to control the physical properties of the polishing particles and which can ensure a desired CMP removal rate while minimizing the occurrence of scratches.

CMP is a semiconductor processing technology in which mechanical processing, which is performed using polishing particles present between a pressed wafer and a polishing pad, and chemical etching, which is performed using a slurry, are simultaneously conducted, and has been an essential process in global planarization technology in the production of submicron-scaled semiconductor chips since IBM Corp., USA, developed it at the end of the 1980's.
A description will be given of a CMP process and the slurry needed for this process, with reference to FIGS. 1a to 1c. The CMP process, in which an uneven portion of the surface of a wafer is smoothed in a semiconductor process, is a process where, after the surface of the wafer is chemically transformed by an acidic or basic solution of the slurry to instantaneously form a layer weakly bonded to the surface, the layer thus formed is mechanically removed using particles in the slurry. In other words, the wafer is pressed while the slurry is provided on the surface of the wafer, thereby mechanically polishing the surface of the wafer using the particles in the slurry.
To conduct the CMP process, a head 3, on which a wafer 1 is to be mounted, a pad 4, rotating in the same direction as the head, and a slurry 2, provided therebetween and containing nano-sized polishing particles, are prepared. The wafer 1 is mounted on a wafer chuck 7 of the head 3 by surface tension or vacuum pressure. In the CMP process, the wafer 1 is polished by the pad 4 and the slurry 2. A polishing table 5, to which the pad 4 is attached, only rotates, but the head 3 simultaneously rotates and reciprocates while deviating from the center of rotation of the polishing table 5. At the same time, the wafer 1 is pressed toward the polishing table 5 with a predetermined pressure. The surface of the wafer 1 comes into contact with the pad 4 due to the weight of the head and the applied pressure, and the slurry flows into fine gaps in the interface, that is to say, the pores 8 of the pad. Mechanical polishing is achieved by polishing particles of the slurry and surface protrusions 9 of the pad 4, and chemical polishing is achieved by chemical components of the slurry. Furthermore, upper sides of projections of the wafer 1, in which devices are formed, first come into contact with the polishing particles or the surface protrusions, and pressure is concentrated on the projections of the wafer. Accordingly, the projections are removed at relatively high surface removal speed, resulting in uniform removal of the projections.
The types of slurry are roughly classified into a slurry for oxide, a slurry for metal, and a slurry for poly-silicon according to the type of object to be polished. The slurry for oxide is used in a CMP process which is applied for a metal wiring layer formed in an integrated circuit, and as the fabrication of integrated circuits using a copper wiring layer has recently been suggested, studies on a slurry for Cu CMP are ongoing. Several hundred active devices formed in an integrated circuit are interconnected to form a functional circuit and are connected in a multi-level manner. Metal interconnects, including a first metal layer, a second metal layer and a third metal layer, are electrically insulated by a dielectric material such as silicon dioxide. In particular, as copper has been used as each of the metal wiring layers in an integrated circuit, and a low-k material has been used as an insulating material, the rate of occurrence of scratches in a CMP process has greatly increased. Although copper has an electrical conductivity higher than that of aluminum wiring and is highly advantageous for high integration, it is softer than other metals, and thus can be easily scratched. Also, because the low-k material which is used as an insulating material is a soft material, it is easily broken and damaged. For this reason, in polishing of the copper wiring metal and the insulating film, polishing particles having a spherical shape and a narrow particle size distribution must be used.
The prior fumed silica and ceria particles have a wide particle size distribution and an irregular shape, and thus have a problem in that these particles can cause numerous scratches when used to polish films made of soft materials such as copper and low-k material. To improve this problem, nanosized colloidal silica particles have recently been frequently used. The colloidal silica particles have a particle size distribution that is narrower than that of other particles, and are uniformly spherical in shape, and thus entail a very low rate of occurrence of scratches when used to polish the surface of films. However, the colloidal silica particles still cause scratches on the surfaces of a copper film and an insulating film, and need be improved to reduce the occurrence of scratches.
In the prior art for preparing such Cu-CMP slurry, Japanese Patent Publication No. JP-2000-00161519 (JSR Co., Ltd.; Japan) and U.S. Patent Publication No. 60/142,706 (Cabot Corp., USA) disclose polishers and methods for preparing slurries having a low rate of occurrence of scratches using the same. In these patent publications, the properties of particles required for Cu-CMP slurry, the kind of additives, including polymers, and a method and process for preparing Cu-CMP slurries using these additives, are described over a very complex and broad range.
Most inventions utilize soluble metal silicates in the synthesis of colloidal silica or silica particles, however, if the synthesis is performed using such metal silicates, it will be difficult to control the shape and particle size of colloidal silica, and the addition of impurities will be caused in subsequent semiconductor processing, because the metal silicates contain salts such as Na.
Also, the prior art discloses the kind of slurry particles and the control of scratches according to the range of the slurry particles or additives, and these prior preparation methods have a problem in that they can cause numerous micro-scratches according to CMP process conditions. Also, the prior art does not mention the modification of the particle surface or the effect thereof on scratches.

CMP slurry, preparation method thereof and method of polishing substrate using the same


A DC commutatorless motor in which one pulse is generated per one revolution is disclosed. The motor comprises: three-phase stator windings; a rotor having 2n magnetic poles (where n is a natural number of 2 or more), a portion of one of the magnetic poles having a magnetic property different from that of said one magnetic pole; three detection devices disposed in the vicinity of said rotor, the detection devices being responsive to a magnetic field generated by the magnetic poles and the portion; first to third amplifiers for amplifying respectively the outputs of the three detection devices; first to third subtracting circuits for obtaining respectively the difference of the outputs of two of the first to third amplifiers; an adding circuit for adding the outputs of the first to third subtracting circuits; and a signal circuit for generating a pulse per one revolution of he rotor on the basis of the output of the adding circuit.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a DC commutatorless motor, and more particularly to a DC commutatorless motor which is useful as a motor for driving a cylinder-drum of a video tape recorder (VTR) or a spindle motor of a floppy disk drive apparatus.
2. Description of the Prior Art
In recent years, DC commutatorless motors are widely used in VTRs and floppy disk apparatuses. When used for driving a cylinder drum in a VTR, such a motor is required to generate a signal having one pulse for every rotation of the rotor coupled to the cylinder drum, so that the rotating position of a rotary magnetic head of the drum can be detected. Hereinafter, such a signal is referred to as "a PG signal". When used as a spindle motor of a driving unit of a floppy disk, such a motor is also required to generate one PG signal (in this case, called an index pulse) for every rotation, thereby defining a write start position of a floppy disk.
FIG. 7 shows a conventional DC commutatorless motor comprising means for generating a PG signal. The motor of FIG. 7 includes a rotor 51 and a stator 52. The rotor 51 comprises a rotor yoke 34, rotor magnets 40 fixed to the rotor yoke 34, and a PG magnet 41 fastened on the periphery of the rotor yoke 34. The stator 52 comprises a stator plate 37, stator windings 35 disposed on the stator plate 37, a stator base 36, a bearing boss 43, and a bearing 39 mounted to the bearing boss 43. A Hall IC 42 is mounted to the stator plate 37 so as to oppose the PG magnet 41, and rotation detecting elements 44 are disposed on the stator plate 37 so as to face the rotor magnets 40. A shaft 38 is attached to the bearing 39. The rotor yoke 34 is fixed to the shaft 38 to rotate thereabout. In the motor having this structure, the Hall IC 42 detects a magnetic flux generated by the PG magnet 41 to produce a PG signal for every rotation of the rotor. The rotation detecting elements 44 detect the rotation of the rotor yoke 34, thereby enabling the control of driving the motor. The rotation detecting elements 44 may be Hall ICs.
In a conventional DC commutatorless motor having a structure as described above, the PG magnet 41 is fixed to the rotor yoke 34 by means of an adhesive agent or the like, thereby increasing the production steps and also the number of components. Moreover, the use of the Hall IC 42 and the magnet 41 for activating the Hall IC causes a considerable rise of the material cost and a further increase of the production steps. Since a usual ferrite magnet cannot generate a magnetic flux sufficient for activating the Hall IC 42, it is necessary to use a rare-earth magnet, which is expensive, as the PG magnet 41 so that a magnetic flux sufficient for activating the Hall IC 42 can be generated, resulting in a further rise of the material cost.

Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.


An air conditioner includes a body installed at an outdoor space, and an air discharge tube to guide cold air discharged from the body to an indoor space. An evaporator and a condenser are installed in the body. The evaporator is disposed at a higher level than the condenser. Accordingly, it possible to transfer condensed water generated from the evaporator to the condenser by gravity.

1. Field
Embodiments disclosed herein relate to an air conditioner in which all constituent elements of a refrigeration cycle are installed within a single body disposed entirely in an outdoor space such that no refrigerant is transferred to an indoor space, and only air generated by the refrigeration cycle is transferred to the indoor space.
2. Description of the Related Art
Generally, an air conditioner may include constituent elements of a refrigeration cycle such as a compressor, a condenser, an expansion device, and an evaporator, to cool or heat an inner space using the constituent elements of the refrigeration cycle.
Air conditioner types may include a separated (sometimes known as a split system) air conditioner and an integrated air conditioner. The separated air conditioner may include an indoor unit installed in an indoor space, and an outdoor unit installed in an outdoor space. The indoor unit of the separated air conditioner may include only some of the constituent elements of a refrigeration cycle (e.g., the evaporator and expansion valve), while the outdoor unit includes the other elements (e.g., the compressor and condenser). An integrated air conditioner may include constituent elements of a refrigeration cycle such as a compressor, a condenser, an expansion device, and evaporator which are installed within a single body.
In the separated air conditioner, which includes an indoor unit and an outdoor unit, as mentioned above, the indoor and outdoor units are connected via a refrigerant tube for transfer of a refrigerant. The refrigerant tube may be lengthened in accordance with the installation positions of the indoor and outdoor units. When the refrigerant tube has a long length, the performance and efficiency of the refrigeration cycle may be degraded.
One example of an integrated air conditioner may be a window air conditioner. In the window air conditioner, which is installed at a window of a building, a portion of a body of the window air conditioner is disposed in an indoor space, and the remaining portion of the body is disposed in an outdoor space. In such a window air conditioner, noise generated from a compressor or other constituent elements, during operation of a refrigeration cycle may be directly transmitted to the indoor space because a portion of the air conditioner is disposed in the indoor space.


A particle deflector for a gas turbine engine deters accumulation of particles in cooling passages of nozzle vanes of the engine. The particle deflector is arranged to be disposed around a turbine housing over cooling passages that supply cooling air to nozzle vanes within the housing. The particle deflector includes circumferentially distributed mounting holes for mounting the particle deflector to the turbine housing. The particle deflector also includes circumferentially distributed spacers to space the particle deflector from the housing.

Gas turbine engines include compressor, combustor, and turbine sections. Portions of a gas turbine engine are subject to high temperatures. In particular, the first sections of the turbine section are subject to such high temperatures that these sections are often cooled by directing relatively cool air through internal cooling passages.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,820,123, to K. Hall, describes a dirt removal means for air cooled blades of a gas turbine engine. The dirt removal means uses louvers stamped out of sheet metal that overlie the inlets of the blades' internal cooling passages. The louvers deflect dirt entrained in cooling air through a high velocity air stream and allow a cleaner portion of the cooling air to flow through the cooling passages of the blades.

Nozzle particle deflector for a gas turbine engine


Communication methods, buffer management methods, communication systems, and communication devices for mobile communications using acknowledgement-based protocols, such as TCP. Communication buffer memory includes free and committed memory, with copies of transmitted messages awaiting acknowledgement stored in committed memory of transmit buffer. Memory controller monitors communication buffer state and, if free memory is less than a memory threshold, controller extracts TCP ACKNUM from a received host message. The TCP ACKNUM acknowledges transmitted message copies having ACKNUMs of lesser ordinality, and memory controller identifies and denominates the committed memory storing acknowledged messages as free memory, potentially avoiding deadlock.

Increasingly, mobile wireless devices communicate messages over heterogeneous connections, in which one or more constituent links include a public network, such as the Internet. The Internet is a loosely-organized international collaboration of autonomous, interconnected, packet-based networks, including wireless networks, which can be represented by a hierarchical, multilayer architecture, service descriptions, and protocols. Communication endpoints, or hosts, can be interconnected over a network using intermediate packet-switching computers called routers. To communicate using the Internet, a host typically implements a protocol from at least one layer of a hierarchical Internet protocol suite. Each host and router executes one or more programs, or processes, which perform various tasks including information communication, processing, and display. An application can be a process that often operates at the topmost layer of the Internet protocol suite, and that may use a lower-layer transport protocol to provide transport layer communication services across distinct, but interconnected, networks. In turn, a transport protocol typically employs a network protocol to facilitate message transfer over a network between communicating processes. At the lowest layers, messages can be logically and physically transformed, and transported as electromagnetic or electro-optic signals through the networking media.
Numerous communication protocols exist, with some protocols being well suited for use with inter-networked communicating processes. For example, a full-duplex protocol can be advantageous because it permits essentially concurrent communication between connected hosts. Another protocol distinction may lie in whether a protocol is connection-oriented (end-to-end) or connectionless (stateless). In an end-to-end protocol, a connecting circuit, or bidirectional logical connection, typically is established prior to communication between the endpoint hosts. Also, connection-oriented protocols typically invest responsibility for communication integrity, security, and flow management in the communicating hosts, and not in intermediate computers or routers. Nevertheless, such protocols can be disrupted by delays or interruptions in one of the intermediate links or routers, which connect the hosts. To improve robustness of the communication system, routers often use connectionless network-layer protocols, which forward each message, or data unit, independently of others. In general, a stateless protocol offers no end-to-end message delivery guarantees. Independently transmitted messages may be forced to contend for the use of network resources as they are routed through the network. These messages may arrive at the destination host damaged, duplicated, out of order, or not at all. Thus, higher-layer processes, such as an application or a transport-layer process, typically would assume responsibility to correctly receive, reorder, repair, acknowledge receipt of, and request re-transmission of, the segments, or messages, conveyed by the connectionless protocol.
A connection-oriented protocol may be described as "reliable" if it includes a mechanism by which sender and receiver exchange information, directly or indirectly, about a communication state, such as a message delivery. Generally termed an "acknowledgement," or ACK, the mechanism may involve a variety of techniques, such as a formatted response, to convey the information desired for a given protocol. In sender-initiated acknowledgement protocols, each communicating host, whether client or server, may retain a copy of transmitted messages for possible re-transmission until the corresponding receiving endpoint ACKs the particular message. When the recipient acknowledges receipt, the sender may release the memory locations in which the retained copies are stored. If a proper acknowledgement is not received, the sending endpoint may retransmit messages beginning at the point of the last proper ACK. In typical communications, multiple messages may be transmitted, with each host accumulating copies of sent messages until corresponding ACKs are received. There may be a risk that either, or both, host may temporarily become overwhelmed by the number of segments being stored, processed, received, and transmitted at a given time. This risk may be grounded in numerous sources, for example, the bursty nature of Internet communications, the ACK-related retention of previously transmitted messages, and the ability of hosts to transmit multiple messages.
A popular group of protocols used on the Internet is the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) protocol suite. The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is an end-to-end, full-duplex, transport protocol providing reliable inter-process communication between pairs of host computer processes. Using TCP, a message can be communicated using one or more formatted data units, called TCP segments. In addition to being a connection-oriented protocol, TCP further assures message delivery by employing message error detection and message receipt acknowledgements. Error detection can be in the form of a checksum, which usually corresponds to the data of, and can be incorporated into a respective TCP segment. Internet Protocol (IP) is a robust, connectionless network protocol, in which each message segment can incorporate identification information, including IP addresses for source and destination hosts. Using a destination host address, the IP protocol may route subsequent segments over multiple paths to increase the likelihood that a message, which includes one or more TCP segments, will reach the destination host intact, on time, and in order. TCP-like protocols may be used in conjunction with IP-like protocols to add a mechanism by which sender and receiver exchange information about the segments conveyed by the connectionless protocol, and by which reliable message exchange can be established. TCP message receipt acknowledgement generally uses positive acknowledgement-based, sender-initiated controls, which also may provide the communicating hosts with message sequencing information, host message or channel capacity, and so on. Implicitly, although TCP/IP can be a reliable, robust communication protocol suite, the actual flow of segments during communications may be bursty, that is, subject to wide variations in the volume of packets being transmitted at a given moment.
When an application program, or process, (e.g., HTTP) communicates with another host using TCP/IP-like protocols, the transport-layer processes (e.g., TCP) on either endpoint connect with the respective application using a logical device called socket. A TCP socket may include an IP address and a TCP port number. Typically, the IP address can be associated with the host, and the TCP port number can be associated with a particular communication function of the particular process invoking the host transport process. By directing messages through a specific local host socket to a specific remote socket, a local host may be capable of communicating across a network with the remote host. A communication buffer may be allocated at each endpoint of a TCP connection, as a TCP connection is established. Each communication buffer on each host may include one or more transmit buffers and receive buffers. An exemplary BUFFER READ can be an operation in which data is transferred from a buffer to an executing application (process). An exemplary BUFFER WRITE can be an operation in which data is transferred from a process to a buffer. During a communication, a remote host can function as a server to a client local host, and vice versa, with roles changing during the course of a communication. With full-duplex communications, hosts may communicate messages concurrently. However, a client or a server often cannot perform two transactions internally at once—for example, a BUFFER READ cannot be performed on a host buffer concurrently with a BUFFER WRITE, and vice versa. This aspect also may lend to a host being temporarily overwhelmed, for example, during a period of high message volume.
Relative to other communication systems, mobile devices often can be memory-constrained, with limited available communication memory space. Such constraints may adversely affect flow control and buffer management under some conditions. For example, memory-constrained devices may be susceptible to message flow anomalies such as buffer deadlock and buffer starvation. Buffer deadlock may arise when only one process at a time can use a buffer; when the process holding a buffer will release it only voluntarily, and after it has completed its task; when a first process holding a buffer is waiting to acquire additional buffers held by a second process; and when the second process is waiting to acquire additional buffers held by the first process. Buffer starvation may occur where an active, or high priority, first process consumes nearly all available buffers, thereby blocking a temporarily inactive, or low priority, second process, which waits for the buffers held by the first process to be released.
Certain mobile device processes may be configured to defer performing a BUFFER READ operation on a communication buffer until an in-progress BUFFER WRITE operation has completed. As such application processes execute, stored TCP segments can accumulate in both transmit and receive buffers of the mobile device, leading to exhaustion of the available communication memory space. With the memory space exhausted, the process may be unable to complete an in-progress BUFFER WRITE while, at the same time, it awaits the completion of the BUFFER WRITE to perform a BUFFER READ operation. Also, a mobile device process may execute a high message volume operation, which temporarily exhausts available communication memory space, and which leads other processes and operations to face buffer starvation. Typically, for some period after a buffer deadlock or a buffer starvation develops, the mobile device halts communication, while keeping open the TCP connection. Many TCP protocols and processes can provide timeout mechanisms, in which the TCP connection between the mobile device and the server can be closed after a predetermined timeout period.
This recovery technique can be inefficient because the timeout period may be on the order of several seconds. For a mobile user, buffer deadlock, buffer starvation, default TCP recovery mechanisms, and host overload during a period of high message volume, may lead to a reduced, and unsatisfactory, perceived Quality of Service. In the aggregate, these factors are of a type that can waste substantial mobile system resources. Thus, it is desirable to manage host resources, such that the impact of such factors may be reduced, or substantially eliminated.

Differential ack processing buffer manager and method therefor


A filter for filtering a three-phase electrical power waveform produces a three-phase output power waveform. The filter has an inductor with three sets of first and second coils, each having a capacitor connected in series therewith. Each of the three sets of first and second coils has a tap intermediate the first and second coils where the output waveform is present, each tap capable of being connected to a load. In some embodiments, the inductor is passive adaptive and includes resistors for reducing current in-rush.

Circuits for altering electrical power waveforms are known. For example, L-R-C (inductor-resistor-capacitor) low pass filters and sine wave filters are known for use in altering a power output from a variable speed drive for an electric motor, e.g., for conditioning a pulse width modulated output in order to supply the motor with a more sinusoidal power waveform. Notwithstanding, improved and/or alternative power conditioning circuits remain desirable.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Drive output harmonic mitigation devices and methods of use thereof


A configuration and a method for capacitive sensing of the rotatory motion of a rotary member are described. The configuration has four electrodes located in one plane, an analysis unit connected to the electrodes and an electrically conducting coupling surface, which is located at the rotary member opposite to the electrodes. The electrodes comprise a central excitation electrode, surrounded by the other electrodes. The coupling surface is opposite to the surface of the excitation electrode in each rotary position and covers a part of the surface formed by the remaining electrodes and passes over the surface formed by the remaining electrodes during a rotation of the rotary member. The remaining electrodes are formed by two sensor electrodes and a joint reference electrode, whereby at least the joint reference electrode is designed different than the sensor electrodes.

The invention relates to a configuration and a method for capacitative sensing of the rotatory motion of a rotary member, whereby the configuration has four electrodes located in one plane, an analysis unit connected to the electrodes and an electrically conducting coupling surface. The coupling surface is mounted at the rotary member, opposite to the electrodes, and is used for the capacitive coupling of the electrodes.
The electrodes include a central excitation electrode which is surrounded by the other electrodes, whereby in every position of rotation, the coupling surface is opposite to the surface of the excitation electrode and substantially covers such. Further, the coupling surface covers a portion of the surface formed by the remaining electrodes and during a rotation of the rotary member it sweeps over various sections of the surface formed by the remaining electrodes. As a result, in every position of rotation of the coupling surface, a capacitor with identical effect is formed between the excitation electrode and the electrically conducting coupling surface, on which the electric charge distributes after the excitation electrode is coupled in. This electric charge that is distributed over the coupling surface is transmitted to the electrodes surrounding the excitation electrode opposite to the coupling surface, depending on the position of rotation. As a result, a capacitor is formed between the electrodes that are opposite to the coupling surface in a certain rotatory position of the coupling surface. Electrons are induced that can be identified by a voltage signal at the electrodes.
To be able to identify the rotary position of the rotary member relative to the coupling surface time-resolved, the analysis unit has an excitation circuit connected to the excitation electrode for generating excitation pulses having a specified frequency (frequency circuit) and an analysis circuit connected to the remaining electrodes to detect the voltage signals applied to the electrodes and to compare these voltage signals.
These types of configurations for capacitative sensing are frequently used in supply meters, in particular, water flow meters, but also for voltage or gas meters in which the consumption of the consumed medium is transformed into a rotatory motion by a sampling element. This rotatory motion is then transmitted to the rotary member of the configuration by a coupling, a transmission and/or a spindle, to which the coupling surface is mounted.
In a water flow meter, an impeller wheel is most often used to capture the flow rate. The rotatory motion of the impeller wheel in the flow rate measuring device is a measure for the volume stream and can be detected by electrical properties of the rotary member in the configuration according to the invention. This is accomplished by a half-sided electrically conducting metal coating of the rotary element, which is an especially suitable coupling surface and couples capacitative with the electrodes of the sensor configuration, which are fixed.
An example for such a capacitative sensing process is described in EP 1 785 732 A1, which shows a configuration for detecting a rotation of a rotary member with an electrically conducting partial surface provided in an essentially planar surface of the rotary member and with a fixed sensor element having an excitation electrode and at least two receiving electrodes adjacent to the excitation electrode. The electrodes are opposite to the electrically conducting partial surface at a distance and can be coupled capacitative with the excitation electrode upon rotating the rotary member over the electrically conducting partial surface.
The detection tools provided in the configuration include a voltage tool for charging the excitation electrode with a voltage pulse that has a voltage greater than the voltage made available by the battery providing the operating voltage of the configuration, as well as an evaluation tool for picking up receiver signals of at least two receiver electrodes that are generated as a result of capacitive coupling because of the voltage pulse. Further, a comparison tool for generating a signal indicating the position of the partial surface relative to the receiver electrodes is provided. As a result of the intensity of the voltage pulse with which the excitation electrode is charged, interference effects from external electrical fields or field oscillations can be reduced. This makes it possible to dispense with the corresponding electronics in a capacitor electrode that is described in a similar configuration according to EP 1 033 578 81.
According to the teaching of EP 1 785 732 A1, two different positions of the rotary member can be detected with two electrodes. To be able to detect the direction of rotation, however, four different positions of the rotary member must be identified. For this, four receiver electrodes are required.
The detection of the voltage signals of these four electrodes requires a higher degree of complexity of the electronics and a comparably large installation space for the electrodes and the connection lines leading to the evaluation electronics. But precisely this installation space is often not available when using the configuration according to the invention in a supply meter, because the installation space in supply meters is limited.

Arrangement and method for capacitive sensing of the rotary movement of a rotary element


Apparatus for progressive blind broaching has an indexing table which carries a load station, a unload station and several tool stations. Broaches are mounted on the table at the tool stations. Rams on opposite sides of the table move workpieces up and down to be broached between intermittent indexing of the table. The load station has a workpiece holder to deliver unbroached workpieces to the rams. The unload station has a workpiece holder to receive broached workpieces from the rams. A transfer mechanism moves workpieces from a exchange depot at the rear of the table to the load station and moves workpieces from the unload station to the exchange depot. This transfer mechanism moves across the top of the table and does not occupy or obstruct any space along the sides or front of the table.

When broaching is done by an automatic broaching machine, mechanism is usually provided to load workpieces into the machine and also to unload the workpieces after broaching. It is important to accomplish loading and unloading efficiently and rapidly without taking up too much space or involving unnecessary equipment.
In the present invention, a loader/unloader mechanism is provided to place workpieces into a dual ram blind broaching machine, and after the workpieces are broached the same mechanism will remove the workpieces from the machine. The loader/unloader mechanism is specially designed for blind spline broaching machines equipped with index tables. The index table has a circle of broaches which move step-by-step under the workpiece-carrying rams to broach workpieces in a progressive manner.
The loader/unloader of this invention features single side loading whereby the workpieces for both rams enter and exit the mechanism from one side only of the machine. The loader/unloader is capable of loading and unloading workpieces for both rams in a minimum amount of time without increasing the broaching cycle.
In the machine about to be described, an indexing table is mounted for intermittent rotation and has a load station, an unload station and several tool stations arranged on the table in circumferentially spaced relation in a circle about the axis of rotation. Broaches are mounted on the table at the tool stations. Two rams are mounted on opposite sides of the table. Each ram is adapted to releasably support a workpiece to be broached above the circle of stations. The rams are moved toward and away from the table at intervals between intermittent table indexing to cause the broaches to perform a material removing cut on the workpieces. The load station delivers unbroached workpieces to the rams for broaching and the unload station receives broached workpieces from the rams after broaching. The loader/unloader comprises a shuttle for transferring unbroached workpieces from an exchange depot at the rear of the table to the load station and for transferring broached workpieces from the unload station to the exchange depot. The shuttle is supported on a stand at the rear of the table and moves through the open space above the table. No space is required at the front of the table for loading or unloading.
It is a primary object of this invention to provide loader/unloader for a broaching machine having the foregoing features.
Other objects are to provide a loader/unloader for a broaching machine which is composed of a relatively few simple parts, is rugged and durable in operation, and is relatively easy to operate and maintain.
These and other objects of the invention will become more apparent as the following description proceeds, especially when considered with the accompanying drawings.