The invention provides a plant EPSPS mutant (i.e., 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase mutant), which is derived from a plant and is mutated to have glyphosate resistance. Also provided is an encoding gene, which can encode the plant EPSPS mutant. In addition, a vector containing the encoding gene and a cell containing the vector is provided by the invention. Further, a use of the plant EPSPS mutant is provided.

Glyphosate is one of the herbicides currently most widely used in the world, which has been used for nearly 40 years. Glyphosate inhibits the activity of 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS). EPSPS catalyzes the synthesis of EPSP from PEP and shikimate-3-phosphate in the shikimate pathway, and finally aromatic amino acids, e.g., tryptophan, phenylalanine, and tyrosine are synthesized. Glyphosate blocks the synthesis of the aromatic amino acids, which in turn affects the normal growth of a plant and eventually leads to death of the plant.
In the current methods of cultivating (or breeding) glyphosate-resistant varieties, glyphosate-resistant genes from bacteria are introduced into crops by using genetic engineering means so as to cultivate new varieties of transgenic (or genetically modified) glyphosate-resistant crops. Since widespread planting in 1996, the glyphosate-resistant transgenic crops have been planted over a rapidly increasing area. By 2015, the glyphosate-resistant transgenic crops have been planted over an area of 150 million hectares in the world, which accounts for 83% of the total area of the planted transgenic crops and by which huge benefits have been brought to the agriculture production and environment.
However, the glyphosate-resistant gene currently most widely used in agriculture is CP4 EPSPS derived from Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain CP4. Although many EPSPS genes resistant to glyphosate have been successively found from microorganisms, these genes have not been widely used in crops. Use of these glyphosate-resistant genes from microorganisms in crops involves expression of these genes such as CP4 EPSPS in the crops by a transgenic method. Although the resulting transgenic crops have been planted widespread over a quite large area, public acceptance of transgenic crops is still a major issue around the globe. Even in the Americas with the largest area of planted transgenic crops, the transgenic crops are limited mainly to several crops such as corn, soybean, and cotton.

A138T mutation-containing plant EPSPS mutant, and encoding gene and application thereof


A channel resource utilization level associated with a particular cell area is continuously evaluated against a predefined threshold value. The imposed threshold value indicates the minimum level of channel resource utilization desired by the serving mobile telecommunications network. In response to a determination from the evaluation that a particular cell area is being under-utilized, a message indicating that a reduced air-time rate is being offered is broadcast to all mobile stations currently traveling within the affected cell area.

1. Technical Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a mobile telecommunications network and, in particular, to the provision of variable charging rates within such a network.
2. Description of Related Art
A "radio interface" or "air interface" provides the connection between a particular mobile station traveling within a particular cell area and the base transceiver station (BTS) providing radio coverage for that particular cell area. Within both analog and digital communications systems, the number of frequency channels allocated for effectuating air-interfaces with mobile stations traveling within a particular cell area is fixed. Because of this limitation, mobile service providers often employ a number of channel resource management schemes to better utilize and to manage these valuable channel resources. One such scheme includes imposing different tariffs or charging rates for calls depending on the time of the day or day of the week. For example, during business hours a larger number of mobile subscribers tend to use their mobile stations, and the use of channel resources is maximized. As a result, the air-time is considered as "peak" hours and mobile subscribers are charged at a higher rate. After business hours, a lesser number of mobile subscribers tend to utilize their mobile service. The air-time is then considered as "off-peak" hours and mobile subscribers are charged at a lower rate. The main rationale behind these charging plans is based on a predicted or estimated intensity of the usage of the finite number of radio channels available within the coverage area. Accordingly, the serving mobile service provider utilizes the differences in charging rates to discourage the use of valuable channel resources during peak hours and to encourage the use of under-utilized channel resources during off-peak hours.
However, it has been shown that such a prediction or estimation of channel utilization is not always accurate or uniform. As an illustration, a first cell covering a mostly residential area might have a lower load even during the peak hours. A second cell covering a mostly business area might have a high-fluctuation load level throughout the day. Therefore, even in periods with a low resource utilization level, subscribers are discouraged by the associated high air-time rate from using otherwise idle resource channels. Furthermore, after implementing such a system, all cells associated within a particular serving area are globally affected by the imposed system regardless of their individual call load. However, a charging plan affecting all of the associated cell areas globally when each individual cell has a different load and resource utilization level does not provide an optimum channel resource management scheme.
There is a need then for a mechanism to selectively provide different charging rates or plans per each cell depending on the associated call load.

Load based charging within a mobile telecommunications network


A new and distinct hybrid of Heuchera plant characterized by shiny, deep maroon colored leaves with undulate margins.

Heuchera hybrid.
xe2x80x98Black Beautyxe2x80x99.
The present invention relates to a new and distinct cultivar of the herbaceous perennial, Heuchera, of the family Saxifragaceae, which originated from a cross between unknown parents. This new Heuchera was selected from seedlings grown from select interspecific hybrids that were open pollinated in the field in Canby, Oreg. Given its characteristics we know that Heuchera americana is in its parentage.
Deep maroon, glossy, ruffled leaves distinguish this new Heuchera hybrid from all others.
This new cultivar has been reproduced only by asexual propagation (division and tissue culture). Each of the progeny exhibits identical characteristics to the original plant. Asexual propagation by division and tissue culture as done in Canby, Oreg., shows that the foregoing characteristics and distinctions come true to form and are established and transmitted through succeeding propagations. The present invention has not been evaluated under all possible environmental conditions. The phenotype may vary with variations in environment without a change in the genotype of the plant.

Heuchera plant named xe2x80x98Black Beautyxe2x80x99


Provided are an apparatus and method for generating an acceleration structure in a ray tracing system. The method of generating an acceleration structure includes splitting, at an acceleration structure generator, a space comprising a three-dimensional (3D) object into a plurality of sub spaces, calculating costs for traversing the plurality of sub spaces based on occlusion information of primitives in the plurality of sub spaces, selecting the plurality of sub spaces that minimize the costs for traversing, and generating an acceleration structure based on setting the selected plurality of sub spaces as nodes.

1. Field
The following description relates to methods and apparatuses for generating an acceleration structure in a ray tracing system, which are capable of minimizing costs for detecting an acceleration structure.
2. Description of Related Art
Three-dimensional (3D) rendering refers to image processing for synthesizing 3D object data to be viewed at a given viewpoint of a camera. Examples of rendering methods include a rasterization method of generating an image while projecting 3D objects on a screen, a ray tracing method of generating an image by tracing the path of incident light by using a ray of each of pixels of the image at a camera viewpoint, etc.
When the ray tracing is used, a high-quality image may be generated by reflecting the physical properties of light (reflecting, refracting, penetrating properties, etc.) into a rendering result but the amount of computation is relatively high, thus making it difficult to perform rendering at high speeds. In ray tracing, generating an acceleration structure (hereinafter referred to as 'AS') by spatially splitting a scene object to be rendered, traversing the AS (hereinafter referred to as 'TRV'), and conducting an intersection test between a ray and a primitive (hereinafter referred to as 'IST') require large amount of calculation.

Method and apparatus for generating acceleration structure in ray tracing system

Industry-Academic Cooperation Foundation, Yonsei University


Methods and systems for performing a convolution transpose operation between an input tensor having a plurality of input elements and a filter comprising a plurality of filter weights. The method includes: dividing the filter into a plurality of sub-filters; performing, using hardware logic, a convolution operation between the input tensor and each of the plurality of sub-filters to generate a plurality of sub-output tensors, each sub-output tensor comprising a plurality of output elements; and interleaving, using hardware logic, the output elements of the plurality of sub-output tensors to form a final output tensor for the convolution transpose.

A Deep Neural Network (DNN) is a form of artificial neural network comprising a plurality of linked layers that enable the DNN to perform signal processing tasks, including, but not limited to, computer vision tasks. Each layer receives input data, processes the input data in accordance with the layer to produce output data, which is provided to the next layer as the input data or is output as the final output of the DNN. Accordingly, the first layer receives the original input data to the DNN (e.g. an image) as the input data. All other layers receive the output data from a previous layer (which may also be referred to as intermediate data) as the input data.
The processing that is performed on the input data of a layer is based on the type of layer. For example, each layer of a DNN may be one of a plurality of different types. Example DNN layer types include, but are not limited to, a convolution layer, an activation layer, a normalisation layer, a pooling layer and a convolution transpose layer. It will be evident to a person of skill in the art that these are example DNN layer types and that this is not an exhaustive list and there may be other DNN layer types.
For a convolution layer the input data is processed by convolving the input data with weights associated with that layer. Specifically, as shown in FIG. 1, the input data A to a convolution layer is typically arranged as a tensor of P planes p of input elements (which may be referred to as neurons or activations), where each plane p has a dimension X×Y. Each plane may be referred to as an input channel. A convolution layer is associated with one or more trainable filters or kernels W formed by a plurality of weights w0 . . . wn. Each filter Wi has a dimension m×n×P and is convolved with the input tensor A by sliding the filter W across the input tensor in the x and y directions at steps s and t respectively, as illustrated in FIG. 1. The size of the steps in a particular direction is referred to as the stride in that direction. At each step, the dot product of the input elements and filter weights is calculated to produce an output element (which may be referred to as an output neuron). The input elements that are applied to the filter weights at any step are referred to as a window of the input tensor A. Each filter Wi thus produces an output plane B (i.e. a two-dimensional set of output elements or output neurons, which may be referred to as an activation map or an output channel) of the output. For example, a convolution layer with 12 filters W will produce an output comprising 12 planes.
Generally, a convolution operation produces an output tensor B that is smaller, in the x and/or y direction, relative to the input tensor A. For example, as shown in FIG. 2 a 5×5 input tensor A 202 convolved with a 3×3 filter W 204 with a stride of 2 in the x and y directions will produce a 2×2 output tensor B 206.
FIG. 3 illustrates the output (i.e. output tensor B 306) of an example two dimensional (2D) convolution operation between a 5×5 input tensor A 302 and a 3×3 filter W 304 with a stride of 2 in the x and y directions. Each output element bi,j (where i represents the row and j represents the column in the output tensor) is equal to the dot product of the input elements a and filter weights w when the first filter weight w1,1 is aligned with the input element a2i-1,2j-1. For example the output element b1,1 is equal to the dot product of the input elements a and filter weights w when the first filter weight w1,1 is aligned with the first input element a1,1. Specifically, the output element b1,1 is equal to a1,1*w1,1+a1,2*w1,2+a1,3*w1,3+a2,1*w2,1+a2,2*w2,2+a2,3*w2,3+a3,1*w3,1+a3,2*w3,2+a3,3*w3,3 which is equal to 6 in this example. Similarly, the output element b2,2 is equal to the dot product of the input elements a and filter weights w when the first filter weight w1,1 is aligned with the input element a3,3. Specifically, the output element b2,2 is equal to a3,3*w1,1+a3,4*w1,2+a3,5*w1,3+a4,3*w2,1+a4,4*w2,2+a4,5*w2,3+a5,3*w3,1+a5,4*w3,2+a5,5*w3,3 which is equal to 8 in this example.
A convolution operation can typically be represented as a matrix multiplication between an input vector XV and a sparse matrix C as shown in equation (1) where the non-zero elements of the sparse matrix C are the weights w of the filter W. The input vector XV is the elements of the input tensor unrolled from left to right and top to bottom (and front to back if 3D). For example, the input vector AV 402 for the 5×5 input tensor A 202 of FIG. 2 is a flattened 25-dimensional vector as shown in FIG. 4. Similarly the output vector BV is the elements of the output tensor B unrolled. For example, the output vector BV 406 for the 2×2 output tensor B 206 of FIG. 2 is a flattened 4-dimensional vector as shown in FIG. 4. An example sparse matrix C 404 for the convolution example of FIG. 2 is also shown in FIG. 4.BV=AV*C  (1)
In contrast, a convolution transpose layer (which may also be referred to as a deconvolution layer, a transpose convolution layer, or a fractionally strided convolution layer) performs the reverse operations of a convolution. Specifically, in a convolution transpose layer the input tensor A is processed by transposing the sparse matrix C for the corresponding direct convolution to generate a transposed sparse matrix CT and performing a matrix multiplication between the input vector AV and the transposed sparse matrix CT as shown in equation (2).BV=AV*CT  (2)
As is known to those of skill in the art, a matrix is transposed by converting the rows of the matrix into columns and converting the columns into rows. For example, FIG. 6 illustrates the transposed sparse matrix CT 604 of the sparse matrix C 404 of FIG. 4. It can be seen that the first row of the sparse matrix C 404 of FIG. 4 has become the first column of the transposed sparse matrix CT 604 of FIG. 6, the second row of the sparse matrix C 404 of FIG. 4 has become the second column of the transposed sparse matrix CT 604 of FIG. 6 and so on. FIG. 6 also shows the output vector BV 606 and the input vector AV 602.
Where a convolution operation generally produces an output tensor B that is smaller, in the x and/or y direction, relative to the input tensor A, a convolution transpose operation generally produces an output tensor B that is larger, in the x and/or y direction, relative to the input tensor A. For example, as shown in FIG. 5 a convolution transpose operation between a 2×2 input tensor A 502 and a 3×3 filter W 504 with a stride of 2 in the x and y directions, produces a 5×5 output tensor B 506. Accordingly, a convolution transpose layer is often used in a neural network to perform up-sampling. However, a convolution transpose layer may also, or alternatively, be used in a neural network to perform image segmentation, image super-resolution, and/or objection detection.
A convolution transpose operation is equivalent to padding the input tensor A with (i) zeros between each element so that the input elements are spaced apart by the stride in the x and y directions (ii) filter_width−1 columns of zeros on the left and right edges; and (iii) filter_height−1 rows of zeros on the top and bottom edges; and convolving the padded input tensor AP with a reflected version of the filter WR. An example of the convolution transpose of FIGS. 5 and 6 implemented as a direct convolution is shown in FIGS. 7-8. Specifically, the 2×2 input tensor A is padded with (i) zeros between elements (since the stride is 2 in both the x and y directions one zero element is inserted between elements in the x direction and y direction so that the original input elements are 2 elements apart in both directions); (ii) two columns of zeros on the left and right edges since the filter width is 3; and (iii) two rows of zeros on the top and bottom edges to generate a 7×7 padded input tensor AP.
A reflected version of the filter WR is also generated. As is known to those of the skill in the art, a reflected version of a matrix is generated by reversing the order of the columns and the rows. For example, the element in the last column of the last row of a matrix becomes the element in the first column of the first row of the reflected matrix. FIGS. 7-8 illustrate the reflected version WR 704 of the filter W 304 of FIG. 3. It can be seen in FIG. 7-8 that the weights that were in the first row of the filter W 304 of FIG. 3 are now in the last row of the reflected filter WR of FIGS. 7-8 and in the reverse order. Similarly, the weights that were in the last row of the filter W 304 of FIG. 3 are now in the first row of the reflected filter WR 704 of FIG. 7-8 and in the reverse order.
The output tensor B 706 is then generated by convolving the padded input tensor AP 702 with the reflected filter WR 704. Specifically, in the example of FIGS. 7-8 each output element bi,j (where i represents the column and j the row) is equal to the dot product of the elements of the padded input tensor AP and the weights of the reflected filter WR when the first weight w1,1 of the reflected filter WR is aligned with element ai,jP of the padded input tensor AP. FIG. 7 illustrates the calculation of output element b1,1 and FIG. 8 illustrates the calculation of the output element b3,3.
A convolution transpose layer is typically implemented by transposing the convolution filter(s); performing matrix multiplications between the transposed convolution filter(s) and each element of the input tensor; and summing the results of the matrix multiplications to calculate the final output elements. For example, the convolution transpose of FIG. 3 is typically implemented by (i) multiplying the first input element a1,1 by each of the weights wi,j of the transposed filter WT, (ii) multiplying the second input element a1,2 by each of the weights wi,j of the transposed filter, etc. and then combining the results of the multiplications to generate the output elements. For example, the output element b1,3 is calculated as the sum of a1,1*w1,3 and a1,2*w1,1.
The problem with implementing a convolution transpose operation in this manner is that it cannot be performed efficiently in hardware, especially in hardware, such as a neural network accelerator, designed to implement a neural network. This is because implementing a convolution transpose operation in this manner requires the calculation of intermediate results in a first step and accumulation of the intermediate results in a second step. Accordingly, it is desirable to be able to perform a convolution transpose operation in a more hardware efficient manner.
The embodiments described below are provided by way of example only and are not limiting of implementations which solve any or all of the disadvantages of known methods and systems for implementing a convolution transpose operation.

Methods and systems for implementing a convolution transpose layer of a neural network


Methods of managing application resources in a computer system. The methods may comprise the steps of determining a configuration of the computer system and receiving a request to access an application resource. The methods may also comprise the step of directing the request to a data file. The data file may include a plurality of streams, and each of the plurality of streams may comprise a configuration-specific version of the application resource. In various embodiments, the methods may also comprise the step of directing the request to a first stream of the plurality of streams. The first stream may comprise version of the application resource specific to the configuration. Various system embodiments are also provided.

Computer systems with different hardware and software configurations have different requirements for resources. For example, different computer processor families utilize different, and usually incompatible, instruction sets to perform their operations. Accordingly, applications designed to run on more than one processor family must include distinct binary instruction sets for each processor family. Also, various system resources (e.g., shell scripts, configuration data, etc.) are specific to a particular operating system, application, or other system parameter. For example, applications tailored to an APPLE MACINTOSH computer system will not run on an MICROSOFT WINDOWS machine, and visa versa. Because of these system differences, software packages, such as operating systems, word processing applications, spreadsheet applications, etc., must be produced with different versions for different system configurations.
Understandably, this creates a great deal of cost and administrative complexity. For example, software developers and manufacturers are required to create individual versions of their software for each hardware and software configuration that they want to support. Software distributors and retailers are also required to stock multiple versions of each software product, one for each architecture and system configuration to be supported. At best, this increases the stocking and administrative costs of the retailers. At worst, it can create confusion among consumers and may cause some consumers to purchase the wrong software version.
Software compatibility issues also add to the cost and complexity of administering a computer or computer system. For example, a software application may be designed and/or installed with particular software components (e.g., the DLL's, the drivers, etc.). Oftentimes, new versions of the software components are not backward compatible with the software application. When the non-backward compatible new versions are installed, for example, during the installation of another software application, the original software application installation may be rendered non-functional. It will be appreciated that this can create a great deal of expense and headache for system administrators.


An electronic device includes a display panel including a plurality of sub-pixels, a distance sensor which senses a viewing distance between the display panel and a user, and a control unit which compares the viewing distance with a first critical distance and controls the display panel based on a result of comparison between the viewing distance and the first critical distance, where when the viewing distance is less than the first critical distance, the control unit controls the display panel such that all of the sub-pixels are activated and the display panel displays an image at a basic resolution, and when the viewing distance is greater than the first critical distance, the control unit controls the display panel such that a first number of sub-pixels are inactivated and the display panel displays an image at a first resolution lower than the basic resolution.

1. Field
Exemplary embodiments of the invention relate to an electronic device including a display panel and a display method thereof.
2. Description of the Related Art
A portable electronic device, such as a smartphone or a tablet computer, typically includes a display device. In recent, not only the size but also image quality of such a display device for maximizing realism and the concentration of a user when using the display device such as a resolution or color representation of the display device, are regarded as important factors for evaluation of display technology.
For televisions ("TV"s), ultra high definition ("UHD") (3840×2160 pixels) exceeding full high definition ("FHD") (1920×1080 pixels) has been introduced, and for smartphones, FHD exceeding wide video graphics array ("WVGA") (800×480 pixels) is commonly used and the commercialization of smartphones having a quad high definition screen ("QHD") (2560×1440 pixels) is also near. In addition, tables computers having a wide quad extended graphics array ("WQXGA") (2560×1600 pixels) screen have been developed. Also, pixels per inch ("PPI"), indicating a pixel density of a display, has now exceeded 300 and reached up to 500 or more, and thus the competition for high image quality displays has accelerated.

Electronic device and display method thereof


A steering control device suppresses response delay to stabilize a behavior of a vehicle during turning braking. The steering control device includes a steer-by-wire system that controls an actuator that detects displacement of a steering angle when a steering wheel is steered and operates a turning mechanism that turns a turning wheel separated from the steering wheel based on a detection result; a vehicle yaw angle detector; a steering angle detector; a turning state detector that detects a turning state of the vehicle based on the yaw angle; a braking state detector that detects a braking state of the vehicle; and a yaw angle controller that controls the actuator to suppress a yaw angle deviation before and after braking when the turning state of the vehicle is detected by the turning state detector and when the braking state of the vehicle is detected by the braking state detector.

In the related art, a steering control device of a vehicle that employs a steer-by-wire (SBW) system in which mechanical connection between a steering wheel and turning wheels is separated has been proposed.
The vehicle that employs the steer-by-wire system includes an actuator capable of adjusting a steering torque for turning the turning wheels based on a steering input to the steering wheel. The actuator needs to maintain a stable behavior of the vehicle according to a steering state of the steering wheel.
For example, JP 2008-30591 A discloses a technique that calculates a braking force of each wheel based on a deviation between a target yaw angle calculated based on a steering angle and an actual value, and controls the braking force of each wheel based on the calculated braking force to stabilize the behavior of the vehicle, in the steer-by-wire control system.
However, in the related art technique disclosed in JP 2008-30591 A, the behavior of the vehicle during turning braking is stabilized by controlling the braking force of each wheel in the steer-by-wire control system, but it is necessary to control a braking pressure of an actuator that generates the braking force for stabilizing the behavior of the vehicle by controlling the braking force of each wheel, which causes response delay in a pressure control system.


A secondary battery is provided. The secondary battery includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an electrolytic solution. The electrolytic solution includes at least one of a first heterocyclic compound and a second heterocyclic compound.

The present technology generally relates to an electrolytic solution which can be used in a secondary battery; a secondary battery prepared using the electrolytic solution; and a battery pack, an electric vehicle, an electric power storage system, an electric power tool and an electronic device each provided with the secondary battery.
Various electronic devices such as a mobile phone and a personal digital assistant (PDA) have been widely spread, and it has been demanded to reduce the sizes of the electronic devices and to prolong the lives of the electronic devices. In response to this demand, the development of a battery, particularly a secondary battery that has a small size and a lightweight and can achieve a high energy density has been advanced as a power supply.
The application of a secondary battery to the above-mentioned electronic devices as well as other use applications has been studied. Examples of the other use applications include a battery pack which can be installed removably in an electronic device and the like, an electric vehicle such as an electric car, an electric power storage system such as an electric power server for home use, and an electric power tool such as an electric drill.
The secondary battery is provided with a positive electrode, a negative electrode and an electrolytic solution. The chemical composition of the electrolytic solution can largely affect the battery characteristics of the secondary battery. Therefore, the chemical composition of the electrolytic solution has been studied extensively.
More specifically, a thiophene derivative or the like is added to the electrolytic solution for the purpose of improving the battery characteristics including charge-discharge cycle characteristics.

Electrolytic solution for secondary battery, secondary battery, battery pack, electric vehicle, electric power storage system, electric power tool, and electronic device


A hose coupling member comprises a housing with a through opening and with grooves oriented obliquely along the inner surface of the housing, a piston arranged in the housing to seal the through opening, a shaft attached to the piston, and an actuator arranged inside housing. Upon relative rotation between housing and the actuator shaft will run in grooves and establish a linear relative movement between the housing and the piston, the actuator being arranged and shaped so that the actuator acts directly upon the shaft. Rolls are preferably mounted on the shaft.

Couplings of this type are above all used for filling tank lorries and the like from the bottom, the male portion as well as the female portion then having self-closing valve which are opened upon interlocking of the two coupling members, generally by means of a locking device of the bayonet catch type. In previously known couplings during a locking phase rolls are caused due to the relative rotation to run in inclined cam grooves arranged in the inner surface of the female member. The rolls are mounted on a transversal shaft in the female member housing, said shaft being connected to the valve piston in the female member. In this way that valve piston is urged into the male member whereby there is formed a through opening so that liquid or gas can freely flow through the coupling.
Especially in the above-mentioned use where the male member is located at the bottom of the tank, the interconnection of the two coupling members must often take place in narrow spaces calling for a sharp bending of the thick hose which in most cases has a diameter of 6-8 cms and thick walls in order to withstand the rather high pressures--often of the size of magnitude 0.7-1.0 Pa. This results in the coupling often being exposed to very powerful breaking stresses acting upon the connection between the male and the female members.
In known hose couplings these stresses cause problems involving inter alia material friction, especially between the rolls and the shaft on which said rolls are mounted, and between the rolls and the cam grooves. This problem is amplified by the fact that, in prior art embodiments, it was necessary to use a short actuator acting upon the piston resulting in an unsatisfactory stability in the coupling. For that reason certain couplings comprise a spring package making the structure stiffer.
A further example of the standing of the art is described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,441,055 (Pickell).


There are provided a first storage section that stores text files each including at least text data, and a second storage section that stores registration data including predetermined performance environment setting information and text file selection information specifying a text file associated with a performance environment set on the basis of the performance environment setting information. Registration data is selected from the second storage section, and the text file associated with the performance environment is selected, in accordance with the text file selection information of the selected registration data, from among the text files stored in the first storage section. The text data included in the selected text file is displayed on the basis of the selected text file. In an alternative, control is performed to display lyrics data included in currently-reproduced automatic performance data or text data included in the text file stored in the first storage section.

The present invention relates generally to electronic music apparatus, methods and programs capable of displaying various information, such as lyrics, in response to reproduction of performance data. More particularly, the present invention relates to an improved electronic music apparatus, method and program which allow a user to readily select a user-created text data file containing various information. The present invention also relates to an improved electronic music apparatus, method and program which, during reproduction of performance data, can display lyrics based on a lyrics data file and display various information based on a user-created text file while switching as necessary between the lyrics and the text-file information.
Apparatus have been known which are constructed to prestore lyrics data along with performance data forming a basis of an automatic performance and display lyrics of a music piece, to be automatically performed by reproduction of the performance data, on the basis of the lyrics data. One example of such apparatus is disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-open Publication No. HEI-9-152876 corresponding to U.S. Pat. No. 5,808,223. In the disclosed apparatus, lyrics data are embedded in performance data so that lyrics corresponding to a currently-automatically-performed music piece can be displayed in accordance with reproduction of the performance data. The disclosed apparatus is also constructed to, instead of embedding lyric data in performance data, prepare in advance a lyrics data file separately from a performance file with a same file name, but different file extensions, allocated to both of the files so as to associate the performance data and lyrics data with each other, so that the apparatus can read out lyrics corresponding to a currently-automatically-performed music piece by reading out the lyrics data associated with the currently-reproduced performance data.
However, the prior art publication merely discloses lyrics data for displaying lyrics corresponding to a currently-automatically-performed music piece, and it does not contain any particular disclosure of, or give any particular consideration to, non-lyrics data for displaying various other information than lyrics (e.g., memos about how to operate an electronic music apparatus and how to play music, and what is to be the by a singer on the stage). Thus, it is conceivable to prepare in advance a non-lyrics data file separately from a performance file similarly to the above-mentioned lyrics data file (or previously embed non-lyrics data in performance data), and display for example various other information than lyrics, pertaining to a music piece automatically performed by reproduction of the performance data, on the basis of the prepared non-lyrics data file (or embedded non-lyrics data). However, each conventionally-known lyrics data file is in a dedicated format where combinations of "time data" indicative of timing for displaying individual words and "lyrics event data" indicative of words to be displayed are arranged in time series. Thus, it tends to be very difficult for a user, who is unfamiliar with such a dedicated format, to create a non-lyrics data file (or embed non-lyrics data) with similar arrangements to a lyrics data file using a personal computer or the like. Further, because, in order to associate non-lyrics data with performance data, there is a significant constraint that the non-lyrics data file be assigned a file name having some relationship with a file name assigned to the performance file, the user can not create in advance a non-lyrics data file with a desired file name assigned thereto. Further, the conventional technique could not display various other information than lyrics on a display of the electronic music apparatus although the user so desired; thus, for display of various other information than lyrics, there was no choice but to, for example, take notes of the information on a piece of paper or the like and attach the paper or the like to the electronic music apparatus.

Electronic music apparatus and music-related data display method


An apparatus for graphics software development for execution in a graphics processor. The graphics processor resides in a host computer, which has a system bus and a video graphics array (VGA) for video enhanced display. The apparatus comprises a memory mapper coupled to the system bus for providing interface between the host computer and the apparatus, and a memory storage circuit coupled to the graphics processor for providing local memory space for storing data and access of the stored data. A video pass through multiplexer allows either the output of the memory storage circuit or the output of the VGA to be viewed on one monitor.

The computer age has brought forth microprocessors that can be accommodated in one integrated circuit package or on a chip. Some of these microprocessors serve general purpose functions that are capable of executing a myriad of software, such as a central processing unit in a personal computer. Certain other microprocessors have specialized applications, such as those which compute the Fourier Transform and the like.
One specialized microprocessor is the processor dedicated to generation of graphics. It may have a particular architecture, specialized logic, or micro instructions that facilitates the production and display of graphics designs.
One such graphics processor is the TM34020 manufactured by Texas Instruments Incorporated of Dallas, Tex. The TM34020 features specialized hardware and an instruction set that provide special graphics operations. However, in order to thoroughly exploit the features of the TM34020, a software development support tool must be provided to users who wish to develop application graphics software for the TM34020 graphics system processor.
Accordingly, a need has arisen for apparatus and method for graphics software development in support of a specialized graphics processor.

Memory mapped interface between host computer and graphics system


A valve device for electrically regulating a pressure in a hydraulic fluid flow through the valve device in response to an actuating force during a normal operation and mechanically regulating said pressure during a fail-safe operation when no actuating force is present is disclosed. The valve device has a valve chamber. A first valve member is movable within the valve chamber in an axial direction to interact with a first valve seat in response to the actuating force in order to restrict the hydraulic fluid flow into the valve chamber during normal operation. The first valve member is spring-loaded away from the second seat in a direction opposite that of the actuating force such that the first valve member is movable in the axial direction. A second valve member forms a movable chamber wall portion defining a part of the valve chamber. The second valve member is spring-loaded in the direction of the actuating force. The second valve member has a through hole for allowing hydraulic fluid flow out of the valve chamber during normal operation. The spring-loaded first valve member is arranged to close the flow passage during fail-safe operation such that the pressure is mechanically regulated by the second valve member acting on the second valve seat.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to the field of valve devices. More specifically, the present invention relates to a valve device for electrically regulating a pressure in a hydraulic fluid flow through the valve device in response to an actuating force during a normal operation and mechanically regulating said pressure during a fail-safe operation when no actuating force is present. In particular, the valve device is used in pilot valve assemblies in electrically controlled hydraulic damper devices.
2. Description of the Related Art
Electrically controlled hydraulic damper devices or shock absorbers may comprise pilot valves electrically actuated by, for example, a solenoid. The pilot valve is used to control a main valve, which in turn adjusts a flow of hydraulic fluid or damping medium between the working chambers, i.e. the rebound and compression chambers, of the shock absorber and thereby the damping characteristics. Such a shock absorber should preferably be able to handle electrical or mechanical malfunction of the solenoid or the control system without leaving the valves in an open state. Leaving the valves in an open state may result in a substantially unrestricted flow of hydraulic fluid between the damping chambers and consequently a lack of damping force.
A shock-absorber involving a fail-safe operation or mode in order to handle above mentioned malfunctions is presented in EP0400395 where a valve arrangement with two valve seats is suggested. In a normal operation or mode, a valve body is actuated by the solenoid in order to variably adjust a first valve restriction area when a first portion of the valve body interacts with a first valve seat. In a fail-safe operation mode or fail-safe mode, i.e. during fail-safe operation, a second portion of the same valve body is forced by spring means against a second valve seat thereby blocking the flow between the second portion of the valve body and the second valve seat. The valve arrangement also includes a through hole or passage with a fixed or constant restriction area to allow a small flow there through during fail-safe operation or the fail-safe operation mode. However, during the fail-safe operation mode, a high pressure difference over the through hole or passage can easily be generated due to the fixed restriction area. In other words, in the case of an increase in the amount of hydraulic fluid that needs to be displaced between the compression and rebound chamber, the fixed restriction area is unable to compensate for the change in the flow volume or amount of the flow. Thus, in addition to force exerting spring means, the pressure difference forces the second portion of the valve body against the second valve seat even further thereby generating an increase in the force that the second portion of the valve body exerts against the second valve seat. Thereafter, when the solenoid becomes active again the valve arrangement returns to its normal mode or operation. However, due to the increased force exerted on the valve body, the force required to transition from fail-safe operation or mode back to normal operation or mode during a pressurized state, i.e. during a driving state, may be difficult to generate by the solenoid. The valve arrangement is also likely to cause an abrupt transition with undesired pressure shocks in the system.
One attempt to solve the problem of transitioning between the two modes or operation modes is presented in EP0708268 where a disc-shaped member is used to block the radially arranged pilot passages in fail-safe operation mode. Due to through holes or passages in the disc-shaped member, the pressure acting on both sides of the member is essentially the same, and thereby the transition from fail-safe operation mode to normal operation mode does not require overcoming a force generated by a pressure difference as in EP0400395. However, one problem with the approach in EP0708268 is that relatively large plays or scopes (a gap between the disc-shaped member and the sliding surface of valve chamber walls and/or clearance in the interface between the plunger and the valve body) may be required in order to achieve smooth sliding operation. Such large plays or scopes are negative with respect to leakage in the interface between the disc-shaped member and the radial pilot passage(s). In particular, the large plays or scopes pose problems with the embodiment where an inclined surface is used to receive the disc-shaped member in fail-safe operation or mode. In this embodiment, there is a risk that the disc-shaped member is received in an inclined position, resulting in unpredictable closing of the pilot passage(s) and difficulties when returning to normal operation or mode.
Another solution is presented in EP1759256 which discloses a valve arrangement with two valve bodies arranged to adjust two cross sections arranged in series and which are opened and closed in a reciprocally proportional fashion. Similar to the problem above, there is a risk in this solution that the disc-shaped valve body may be positioned in an inclined position relative the other valve body resulting in an unwanted and unpredictable valve function.


New active compound combinations of valinamide derivatives of the formula (I)

The present application relates to new active compound combinations composed of, on the one hand, valinamide derivatives and, on the other hand, of other, known fungicidal active compounds, and which are highly suitable for combating phytopathogenic fungi.
It is already known that valinamide derivatives has fungicidal properties (cf. EP-A 472,996). The activity of this substance is good; however, it leaves something to be desired in some cases when low application rates are used.
Furthermore, it is already known that a large number of azole derivatives, aromatic carboxylic acid derivatives, morpholine compounds and other heterocycles can be employed for combating fungi (cf. K. H. Bxc3xcchel xe2x80x9cPflanzenschutz und Schxc3xa4dlingsbekxc3xa4mpfungxe2x80x9d [Crop Protection and Pest Control] pages 87, 136, 140, 141 and 146 to 153, Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart 1977). However, the activity of the substances in question is not always satisfactory when low application rates are used.
It has now been found that the new active compound combinations of valinamide derivatives of the general formula (I)
in which
R1 represents i-propyl or s-butyl and
R2 represents chlorine, methyl, ethyl or methoxy, and
(A) dichlofluanid, of the formula
and/or
(B) tolylfluanid, of the formula
and/or
(C) tetrachloro-isophthalo-nitrile of the formula
and/or
(D) propineb, of the formula
and/or
(E) tetramethyl-thiuram-disulphide, of the formula
and/or
(F) mancozeb, of the formula
and/or
(G) dyrene, of the formula
and/or
(H) copper oxychloride
and/or
(I) captan of the formula
and/or
(K) a morpholine derivative of the formula
and/or
(L) dithianon, of the formula
and/or
(M) Phaltan, of the formula
and/or
(N) cymoxanil, of the formula
and/or
(O) propamocarb, of the formula
(CH3)2NCH2xe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94NHCOxe2x80x94OCH2CH3xe2x80x83xe2x80x83(XIII)
or its hydrochloride
and/or
(P) fosetyl, of the formula
or the aluminium adduct thereof
and/or
(Q) metalaxyl, of the formula
and/or
(R) oxadixyl, of the formula
and/or
(S) fluazinam, of the formula
and/or
(T) methoxyacrylates, such as
methyl (E)-2-{2-[6-(2-cyanophenoxy)pyrimidin-4-yloxy]-phenyl}-3-methoxyacrylate, of the formula
and/or
(U) methoximinoacetates, such as
methyl (E)-methoximino[xcex1-(o-tolyloxy)-o-tolyl]acetate of the formula
and/or
(V) furalaxylxcex9methyl-N-(2-furoyl)-N-(2,6-xylyl)-alanit
and/or
(W) azoles of the formula
I XCl, Y=xe2x80x94(CH(OH)xe2x80x94(Triadimenol)

III X=Cl, Y=xe2x80x94CO-(triadimefon)
IV tebuconazole of the formula
and/or
(X) etridiazole=3-trichlormethyl-5-ethoxy-1,2,4-thiadiazole
and/or
(Y) pencycuron=1-(4-chlorbenzyl)-1-cyclopentyl(-3-phenylurea
have very good fungicidal properties.
Surprisingly, the fungicidal activity of the active compound combinations according to the invention is substantially greater than the total of the activities of the individual active compounds. This means that a true synergistic effect, which could not have been predicted, is present, not merely a complemented activity.

Abstract: in which

Abstract: R1 and R2 has the meaning given in the description, with known fungicidal active substances, and their use for combating phytopathogenic fungi are described.


A semiconductor device designing method includes calculating capacitance. The semiconductor device has a semiconductor substrate, an insulator formed on the semiconductor substrate, and an electrode formed on the insulator. The capacitance is calculated under an approximation assuming a portion of the semiconductor substrate, the insulator and a portion of the electrode to be one of a conductor and a dielectric depending on electric characteristics thereof, respectively.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method of designing semiconductor devices and a method of manufacturing semiconductor devices using the designing method, and particularly to a method of designing semiconductor devices taking account of parasitic capacitance and a method of manufacturing semiconductor devices using the designing method.
2. Background Art
A memory cell of a nonvolatile semiconductor device has a floating gate formed on a semiconductor substrate through a gate insulating film, and a control gate formed on the floating gate through an insulating film. The both gates are electrostatically coupled with each other, and when a voltage is applied to the control gate, the voltage is applied to the floating gate through the insulating film. An electric field generated between the floating gate and the silicon substrate (Si) in response to the voltage applied to the floating gate brings about a tunnel effect in the gate insulating film, causing an injection or emission of electrons into or from the floating gate. In this way, a nonvolatile semiconductor device enables writing and deleting operations by injecting or emitting electrons into or from the floating gate.
Therefore, in designing the structure of a memory cell, it is necessary to accurately estimate the effect of the electrical potential from adjacent cells, and to keep it below a certain level. For example, Japanese patent laid-open publication JP-A 2006-196114(Kokai) discloses a method providing a reference transistor to calculate the coupling ratio of gate capacitances, and then to set the control gate voltage by accurately evaluating the coupling ratio.
Various simulations have been also applied. For example, Japanese patent laid-open publication JP-A 2001-28405(Kokai) discloses a method to combine process simulation and device simulation to execute more accurate capacitance simulation.
However, since process simulation and device simulation takes enormous amount of time, it is difficult to feedback the design values to the products without delay.

Method of designing and manufacturing semiconductor device


Conic Section Compass (CSC) is a hand-held drawing device. It applies a mathematics concept. CSC can be used to draw circles, ellipses, parabolas, hyperbolas or make surface curvatures of these types. Given a specific mathematics formula of the mentioned curves, users can draw a well defined curve with CSC (just like a compass to drawing a circle).

When drawing ellipses, parabolas and hyperbolas, people usually 1) calculate several obvious points first, 2) plot the points on a coordinate axis, and 3) try to eye-ball-fitting these points to form the curve.
There are several downfalls to this procedure. First, people need to calculate at least 4 points on the curve (usually the vertex or foci). And if a better drawing must be obtained, it requires more than just 4 points. Calculating these other points often requires using a calculator; it takes time and is inconvenient. Second, drawing axis and plotting spacing and points can very easily build up errors. Before you know it, the axial unit is not equally spaced, and the points are off. Finally, people rarely draw the curve or connecting the points just once--it never looks good at the first try and often takes several practices. People end up tracing the curve over and over, and the line just becomes very thick. When it becomes messy, people need to erase the curve and start over. And erasing usually makes paper wrinkled or messier. To summarize, it is difficult to obtain a satisfactory graph quickly and conveniently.
In general, free-hand sketching has a negative impact on the quality of a graph. This is why a compass is used to draw circles, and an ellipsograph is used to draw ellipses. These two devices help people to draw very well-defined curves.
Another subject is that telescope mirror-makers use a spherical surface to approximate the ideal parabolic surface. This approximation leads to a poorer image quality.


Methods for removing vertical and horizontal lines from a document image. The horizontal line removal method includes: for a column of black pixels at each horizontal position along the line, removing them if their maximum stroke width is less than the median value of maximum stroke widths in a small window centered at that horizontal position; Remove connected components remaining in the horizontal line bounding box that do not extend significantly above or below the bounding box boundaries; and Perform closing operation to join broken pieces of character strokes caused by underline removal. This method preserves character strokes while removing underlines. The vertical line removal method includes: for vertical lines that have large height to width ratio, remove parts of such lines that are not at intersection of with horizontal or near-horizontal lines; remove all remaining connected components that touch neither left nor right boundary of the bounding box.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to document image processing, and in particular, it relates to methods for detecting and removing horizontal and vertical lines in a document image.
2. Description of Related Art
Document images typically refer to digital images representing pages of documents which contain significant amount of text. Document images often contain lines, in particular horizontal and vertical lines, such as table lines, underline for text, etc. As characters (letters and other symbols) are typically the focus of document image analysis, such as optical character recognition (OCR), document authentication, etc., it is often desired to remove the lines. These lines are usually long in one direction and may cause errors and mistakes in the connected component analysis that followed if they are not removed clearly. Various methods for line detection and removal have been proposed, such as Hough transform, run length coding, morphology analysis, etc. However, when these methods are applied on real documents, they are often affected by the image quality and how well the image is binarized. Furthermore, in known line removal methods, removal of text underlines can often change the features of the characters that intersect with the underlines. Many known methods also suffer from incomplete line removal.

Horizontal and vertical line detection and removal for document images


The invention describes the use of an antibody specific for serum amyloid P component, for the treatment or prophylaxis of amyloidosis, and the use of a compound which depletes serum amyloid P component from the circulation in combination with an antibody specific for serum amyloid P component.

Amyloidosis is a serious and usually fatal disease caused by accumulation in the tissues of abnormal insoluble protein fibres known as amyloid fibrils1. These are derived from different proteins in different forms of the disease but all amyloid fibrils share a common cross-β core structure and all are derived by misfolding of normally soluble precursor proteins. In addition to the amyloid fibrils themselves, amyloid deposits are always rich in proteoglycans, some of which are tightly bound to the fibrils2. A normal non-fibrillar plasma protein, serum amyloid P component (SAP), is also always present in amyloid deposits by virtue of its avid specific calcium dependent binding to all types of amyloid fibrils3,4.
Human SAP is a constitutive protein in the plasma5, at a concentration of around 20-40 mg/l and with a total of about 50-100 mg of SAP in the combined plasma and extravascular compartments both of normal individuals and patients with diseases other than amyloidosis6. In contrast, in patients with amyloid, SAP is also specifically concentrated in the amyloid deposits and in an individual with extensive systemic amyloidosis there may be as much as 20,000 mg of SAP in the amyloid7.
Amyloid deposits are extracellular and they cause disease by progressive accumulation until they damage the structure and thus the function of whatever tissue they occupy1. There is very rarely any inflammatory or 'foreign body' response to amyloid deposition, either seen locally in the tissues or suggested by systemic markers of inflammation. In so called systemic amyloidosis the deposits can be present in any tissue or organ in the body but deposits are never seen within the brain substance in these forms of the disease. Systemic amyloidosis is the cause of about 1 per 1000 of all deaths in developed countries, and is always fatal unless the abundance of the protein which is the precursor of the amyloid fibrils can be sufficiently and persistently reduced. This is difficult to achieve in many forms of amyloidosis and may be impossible, and there is thus a major unmet medical need1,8. Local forms of amyloidosis, in which the deposits are confined to a single anatomical site or a single tissue or organ system also occur and may cause serious disease1,8.
In amyloidosis the damage to the structure and function of tissues and organs which leads to clinical disease is unequivocally caused by the progressive accumulation of the amyloid deposits themselves. However there are other conditions in which amyloid deposits are always present, most importantly Alzheimer's disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus, in which the contribution of the amyloid deposition to the pathogenesis of disease, specifically loss of cognitive and pancreatic islet function respectively, is not known1. However, amyloid deposits anywhere else in the body are demonstrably pathogenic and it is likely that the cerebral amyloid deposits of Alzheimer's disease and the islet amyloid deposits of type 2 diabetes are also harmful. Since treatment which clears amyloid deposits in systemic and local amyloidosis will certainly be therapeutic1, removal of the amyloid deposits in Alzheimer's disease and type 2 diabetes should also be clinically beneficial.
Systemic amyloid A protein (AA) amyloidosis is readily induced in mice by chronic inflammation following intravenous injection of an extract of amyloidotic tissue containing amyloid fibrils, and known as amyloid enhancing factor9. This model very closely resembles human AA amyloidosis with major amyloid deposition in the spleen and liver10. With the relatively brief period of amyloid induction, for example as used in the experiments described herein, there is very little amyloid deposition elsewhere. The AA protein which forms the amyloid fibrils is derived from its circulating precursor, serum amyloid A protein (SAA), which is an acute phase protein. The plasma concentration of SAA rises sharply from its normal trace value of less than 5 mg/l in response to almost any form of inflammation and tissue damage and can persist at values up to 1000 mg/l, or even more, in the face of persistent stimulation. This increased production of SAA is a necessary precondition for development of AA amyloidosis, and both in humans and in mice, when the SAA concentration falls to normal, amyloid deposition stops and existing amyloid deposits can regress10-12. In the absence of continued SAA production, spontaneous regression of AA amyloid deposits is universal in the mouse model11 but proceeds at a variable rate which must be appropriately accommodated in the design of therapeutic experiments.
European patent application EP 0 915 088 discloses compounds which are competitive inhibitors of binding of SAP to amyloid fibrils, as well as methods for their manufacture. A preferred compound disclosed in EP 0 915 088 is (R)-1-[6-[(R)-2-Carboxy-pyrrolidin-1-yl]-6-oxo-hexanoyl]pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid (CPHPC), however, any of the compounds described therein, or any other compound which depletes circulating SAP can be used in the practice of the present invention. International Patent Application WO 2004/099173, incorporated herein by reference, also describes palindromic compounds that could also be used in the practice of the present invention.
In human SAP transgenic mice, human SAP is present in both the circulation and the amyloid deposits. The drug (R)-1-[6-[(R)-2-Carboxy-pyrrolidin-1-yl]-6-oxo-hexanoyl]pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid (CPHPC) is specifically bound by human SAP in a complex composed of two native pentameric SAP molecules and 5 CPHPC molecules16. This complex is recognised as abnormal by the liver and is very rapidly taken up by the hepatocytes and degraded, thus efficiently clearing SAP from the circulation16. Plasma SAP concentrations remain very low for as long as the drug is administered16. CPHPC is extremely well tolerated and neither the drug itself nor the SAP depletion it produces have caused any adverse effects16. There is evidence of clinical benefit from CPHPC treatment in human systemic amyloidosis patients, especially with respect to preservation of renal function in individuals with predominantly renal amyloidosis.
However, despite these promising observations with CPHPC, swift and optimal therapeutic efficacy capable of preserving organ function and prolonging life in patients with systemic amyloidosis will require substantial or complete clearance of the amyloid deposits.
International patent application WO04/059318 describes methods which are asserted to enhance fibrocyte formation which comprise the provision of compositions which bind SAP. Such compositions include anti-SAP antibodies and CPHPC. However, WO04/059318 does not describe the treatment of diseases associated with amyloid deposition. Moreover, WO04/059318 does not describe the specific combination of an anti-SAP antibody and CPHPC. Furthermore, recent data indicate that SAP is not associated with fibrocyte inhibition, and thus that SAP depletion does not enhance fibrocyte production20.
Accordingly, there is a need in the art for improved therapeutic efficacy in patients with systemic amyloidosis to preserve organ function and prolong life.
Citation or identification of any document in this application is not an admission that such document is available as prior art to the present invention.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Combinations of SAP depleting agents and anti-SAP antibodies


A weather radar system can be utilized on-board an aircraft. The weather radar system includes processing electronics for sensing weather. The processing electronics is configured to utilize sensed weather data to generate a vertical weather prediction for a given altitude in response to a range and an azimuth. The system can also include a display. The display provides visual indicia of the vertical weather prediction in response to the processing electronics.

The present application relates to weather radar systems. More particularly, the present application relates to a weather radar system that displays the presence of weather on a screen configured to provide vertical depictions of the weather.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,424,288 invented by Daniel L. Woodell and assigned to the assignee of the present application discloses systems for and methods of displaying radar information using weather radar systems. Weather radar systems generally include an antenna, a receiver/transmitter circuit, a processor, and a display. The processor is coupled between the display and the receiver/transmitter circuit. The receiver/transmitter circuit is coupled between the processor and the antenna.
The processor provides transmit signals through the receiver/transmitter circuit to the antenna to transmit radar beams. The processor receives radar return signals derived from radar returns received by the antenna. The radar return signals are provided to the processor via the receiver/transmitter circuit.
Conventionally, pilots use weather radar systems to detect and avoid hazardous weather. The radar return signals are processed to provide graphical images to a radar display. The radar display is typically a color multi-function display (MFD) unit that provides color graphical images to represent the severity and location of weather. Conventional weather radar systems include those manufactured by Rockwell Collins, Inc., Honeywell International, Inc. and others.
Conventionally, radar systems processed and displayed data real-time. Each time a pulse was transmitted, the reflected echoes were immediately processed. The echoes were displayed as a single radial line on the indicator at an azimuth angle corresponding to an antenna beam direction. In modern radars such as the Collins MultiScan, instead of immediately displaying data corresponding to reflected echoes, the data is stored in memory for later processing. This memory system has proved sufficient to allow processing of horizontal or vertical scan data.
Aircraft manufacturers desire airborne weather radar systems that may adapt to display not only traditional horizontal plan views of weather but also vertical views. A vertical view correlates weather returns not only with range and azimuth angle but also with altitude.
What is needed is a system and method for efficiently displaying weather data in a vertical view. What is further needed is such a system and method configured to generate weather data for a vertical view based on one or more detected values.
It would be desirable to provide a system and/or method that provides one or more of these or other advantageous features. Other features and advantages will be made apparent from the present specification. The teachings disclosed extend to those embodiments which fall within the scope of the appended claims, regardless of whether they accomplish one or more of the aforementioned needs.

System and method for generating weather radar information


Assessment of de-interlaced video quality is determined automatically by de-interlacing interlaced video content using a reference de-interlacer and a test de-interlacer. The reference de-interlacer produces a result of known quality and the test de-interlacer is one which is being assessed. The result from each de-interlacer is compared to reference video content to derive a signal-to-noise ratio for each relative to the reference video content. The difference in the signal-to-noise ratios is compared against a predefined threshold. If the difference is within the range defined by the threshold, the test de-interlacer is determined to produce an acceptable product.

As the role of the personal computer (PC) becomes more prominent in the multimedia space, PC-based applications will potentially substitute consumer grade dedicated components, such as DVD players, television tuners and video processors. Video content is commonly available in an interlaced format. In systems that utilize a non-interlaced video display device, interlaced video content is de-interlaced before it is displayed. De-interlacing is a process that attempts to synthesize data that is missing from an interlaced representation. The quality of de-interlaced video content is directly related to the quality of the means by which interlaced video content is de-interlaced. Evaluation of de-interlaced content has historically been subjective in nature, i.e. video quality is judged by the human eye. This makes it burdensome and difficult to assess relative quality of de-interlaced content produced by several unique de-interlacing methods.

Automatic assessment of de-interlaced video quality


An arrangement for the articulated connection of wagons of a multiple-element vehicle with the aid of joint having spherical bearing faces, wherein comprising a radial pivoting bearing having an inner ring with a convexly curved spherical bearing face and an outer ring with a concavely curved spherical bearing face, the radial pivoting bearing being installed with a vertical bearing axis Z and the inner ring and the outer ring each being held by one connecting construction, the bearing of asymmetric configuration, the inner ring and the outer ring being arranged offset with respect to one another in the direction of the bearing axis Z, and, that in relation to a center point (M) of the inner ring, the bearing faces are larger in the direction of a negative Z axis extending downwards from the center point along the bearing axis, than the bearing faces in the direction of a positive Z axis extending upwards from the center point along the bearing axis.

A pivoting arrangement of the generic type for connecting wagons of a multiple-element rail vehicle has been disclosed previously in EP 0 559 635 B1. It comprises two axial pivoting bearings which are arranged concentrically inside one another, the outer axial pivoting bearing functioning as the main bearing and the inner axial pivoting bearing functioning as an anti-lifting means. In order that no constraining forces can be introduced into the system, it is necessary for the bearing centre points of the two bearings to coincide. As a result of the construction of this bearing arrangement, axial forces (spreading forces) are produced, in the event of radial loads, counter to the weight of the housing lying on top by the compression angle of the axial pivoting bearings used. In particular in the event of accidents, the weight of the wagon part lying on top is not sufficient to compensate for the axial lifting force (spreading force) which is oriented in the opposite direction. For this lifting case, the inner pivoting bearing has to prevent the inner ring of the main bearing from jumping out of the outer ring and the pivoting connection therefore being released. For this purpose, the shaft plate of the inner bearing is connected to the housing by means of bolts or screws. Depending on the bearing construction, these screws have to absorb continuous dynamic or static loads.
The disadvantages of a bearing arrangement which is configured according to the generic type lie in the following areas:                As a result of the complex construction, a large number of bearing constituent parts have to be manufactured and assembled.        As the two bearing centre points have to coincide for the satisfactory functioning of the bearing arrangement, high manufacturing outlay is required.        Axial lifting forces (spreading forces) on account of radial forces which occur have to be absorbed by additional components (threaded bolts).        A complicated surrounding construction is also required on account of the complexity of the bearing arrangement.        The bearing arrangement takes up a considerable amount of installation space on account of its complexity.
Similar bearing arrangements for the articulated connection of wagons of a multiple-element vehicle are described in DE 101 39 970 A1 and in WO 03/09265 A1. However, the abovementioned disadvantages apply here too, that is to say they consist of many individual constituent parts and require great accuracy in terms of manufacturing technology.
Although, in this context, applications of radial pivoting bearings in the coupling of vehicle units for rail vehicles are also known to the person skilled in the art, they differ substantially from the solution according to the invention. Thus, for example, DE 195 43 183 A1 describes a coupling between two railway wagons, which comprises a tie rod which is connected to one wagon and is held by an adjacent wagon. This is done in such a way that a connecting pin has a spherical outer face which is in turn held by a likewise curved bush. The bush is manufactured from an elastic material, with the result that the curved bush is deformed in the event of a pivoting movement of the tie rod in the horizontal direction. This in turn means that, in the strict sense, there is no radial pivoting bearing in which the two bearing rings can be pivoted with respect to one another without deformation. Moreover, this coupling is constructed in such a way that, via a connecting pin, a coupling fork passes through the curved bush which is arranged in the tie rod, the connecting pin being fixed in two fork cheeks which are spaced apart from one another in the axial direction. This means in turn that a connection of this type takes up a large amount of installation space in the axial direction.
Similar solutions, that is to say in which an elastic material is deformed in the event of the coupling fork and the coupling bracket pivoting, are apparent from DE 199 19 536 A1 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,485,743. A likewise negative aspect is the complicated attachment to the connecting constructions, that is to say a coupling fork is connected to a coupling bracket, with the result that a large amount of installation space is required in the axial direction.


The bottom fish rig 12 has a strong leader 13 with a removable sliding c-weight 25 and a horizontal unilateral three-pronged hook 41 that resists snagging and reduces possible injuries. A horizontal unilateral three-pronged hook 41 differs from the standard treble hook by having all three barbs oriented upwards in a 180-degree plane and the hook 41 is designed to lie flat on the surface. An elongated leader 13 has a hook end 14 and a line end 16. The hook end 14 has a leader hook loop 18 and the leader line end 16 has a leader line loop 20. A first movement stop 22 is crimped to the leader 13 before the leader line loop 20. A second movement stop 24 is crimped to the leader about two-thirds of the length. A sliding c-weight 25 connects to the leader 13 between movement stops.

1. Field of the Invention
The present embodiment of the invention relates to a bottom fish rig for use in connection with fishing tackle. The bottom fish rig has particular utility in connection with fishing tackle by having a strong leader with a notable new removable sliding weight and a horizontal unilateral three pronged hook that resists snagging and reduces possible injuries. A horizontal unilateral three pronged hook differs from the standard treble hook by having all three barbs oriented upwards in a 180 degree plane and that the horizontal unilateral three pronged hook is designed to lie flat on the surface.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Bottom fish rigs are desirable for fresh water and salt water fishing. Carp and other bottom dwelling fish typically tap bait with their nose several times before picking it up. If the fish feels tension in the line when it bumps the bait, it may not strike. The following invention allows the fish to tap and pull the bait and have the leader freely move through the sliding c-weight until the leader end hits a movement stop when the bait on the hook is set. Different c-weights and horizontal unilateral three pronged hooks could be removed and also reinserted onto the leader without cutting the line.
The use of fishing tackle is known in the prior art. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,914,852 to Hnizdor discloses a tandem double offset fishhook includes first and second hooks, each having a shank, an offset bend curving concavely from one end of the shank and a point at the end of the bend. The shank of one of the first and second hooks is longer than the other shank with respect to the eye formed at one end of one of the shanks so as to space the points of the first and second shanks apart. The offset bends of the first and second hooks are disposed at equal inverted angles on opposite sides of a vertical plane through the first and second shanks to generate forces which cause the fishhook to rotate and spin as it is drawn through the water while being reeled in. In one embodiment, the first and second shanks are integrally formed from a single elongated wire, with the eye disposed between the ends of the shank at one end and the shanks being disposed side-by-side in parallel. In another embodiment, the shank of one hook is rigidly connected to the shank of the other hook adjacent the bend of the other hook to form a co-linear extension of the other hook. However, the Hnizdor '852 patent does not have a removable sliding weight with movement stops and a horizontal unilateral 3-prong hook that resists snagging.
Similarly, U.S. Pat. No. 2,703,947 to Petrasek discloses a fish lure comprising a concavo-convex spoon member with slightly upwardly curved sides. The spoon member being substantially tear-drop shaped in outline and having a substantially rounded front end and an elongated tail end. The spoon member having an elongated depression formed therein and located centrally and symmetrically to the longitudinal axis thereof. A readily removable elongated weight member is located within the depression. A first screw connects the weight member to the spoon. A hook member comprises a shank extending in a continuation of the longitudinal axis and has an end extending through an opening formed in the tail end. At least one hook upon the other end of the shank and another screw connects the first mentioned end of the shank to the spoon. The first screw associates the spoon member with weights having different masses. However, the Petrasek '947 patent does not have a removable sliding weight with movement stops and a horizontal unilateral 3-prong hook that resists snagging.
Additionally, U.S. Pat. No. 5,022,178 to Carlson discloses a fishing rig for live or artificial bait has a bendable member mounted between at least two hooks, particularly treble hooks, the hooks being mounted with respect to a leader such that when one hook is set in a fish, the bendable member bends upon a pull of the leader and the other hook moves toward the set hook. The bending of the bendable member forces the other hook into a set condition and enlarges the transverse width of the rig within the fish so that a double hooking action is guaranteed. However, the Carlson '178 patent does not have a removable sliding weight with movement stops and a horizontal unilateral 3-prong hook that resists snagging.
Further, U.S. Pat. No. 4,888,910 to Lewis discloses an adjustable snelled hook assembly comprises a fishing line with a trailing hook secured thereto. An auxiliary hook has a shank, a barb and an eye loosely and slidably mounted upon the fishing line adjustably spaced from the trailing hook. A coil spring is mounted upon the shank and is generally parallel to the fishing line. A plurality of continuous windings of the line extend around and snugly engage the spring and shank to anchor the auxiliary hook upon the fishing line. However, the Lewis '910 patent does not have a removable sliding weight with movement stops and a horizontal unilateral 3-prong hook that resists snagging.
Yet further, U.S. Pat. No. 5,673,508 to Snyder discloses a beaded fishing lure having a weighted body molded to a fish hook and including a beaded trailer hook. A flapper piece oscillates with lure movement about a projecting extension of the hook shank to strike the body and produce audible sound. The flapper is secured to the body with a split ring at aligned apertures and from a slot which mounts about the hook extension. The eye of the trailer book is secured to the shank of the primary hook and a bead is molded to the trailer hook. A variety of dressings mount to the bead including multi-filament skirts and molded plastic tails. However, the Snyder '508 patent does not have a removable sliding weight with movement stops and a horizontal unilateral 3-prong hook that resists snagging.
Lastly, U.S. Pat. No. 5,386,660 to Levin discloses a fishing hook with curved barb that is resistant to accidental dislodgement from the mouth of a fish, yet which does not pose a snagging hazard to persons handling it. The hook comprises a shank portion, at least one bent return portion, and a barb at the upper end of the return portion. The return portion of the hook has a longitudinal axis which is generally parallel to the longitudinal axis of the shank. The barb terminates in a sharply pointed free end contiguous with a generally semi-tear-drop shaped, relatively blunt, edge surface. That edge surface includes a curved portion spaced laterally of the longitudinal axis of the return portion of the hook and a contiguous undercut portion merging with the return portion of the hook. The curved portion of the edge surface may be directed toward or away from the shank of the hook. However, the Levin '660 patent does not have a removable sliding weight with movement stops and a horizontal unilateral 3-prong hook that resists snagging.
While the above-described devices fulfill their respective, particular objectives and requirements, the aforementioned patents do not describe a bottom fish rig that allows fishing tackle having a removable sliding weight with movement stops and a horizontal unilateral 3-prong hook that resists snagging. The Hnizdor '852, Petrasek '947, Carlson '178, Lewis '910, Snyder '508 and Levin '660 patents make no provision for a removable sliding weight with movement stops and a horizontal unilateral 3-prong hook that resists snagging.
Beside the prior art and aforementioned patents, the present invention has components that are nonobvious, novel, useful, and an improvement over other inventions in the field. A removable sliding weight and a horizontal unilateral 3-prong hook are novel by themselves individually and when used as an element in the bottom fish rig.
A removable sliding c-weight has an appearance and features different from other fishing tackle, such as egg-sinkers, triangular weights, one-eyed sinkers, and elongated salt-water lead sinkers with two bronze eyelets on the opposite ends, and the like. These commercial weights are usually attached to a fishing line by passing the line through an opening, as in the egg-sinkers, while the others are usually intended to be stationary by tying a square knot while the line is wrapped around the eyelet. To remove these weights a fisherman usually has to cut the line. Other lighter weights such as split shots have to be crimped with a tool, such as pliers, to be effective stationary weights.
A removable sliding c-weight in this invention is installed without any tool and is removed quicker than the common fishing tackle weights without cutting the fishing line or the leader to which it is attached. A removable sliding c-weight is installed by passing the line through a first slot and into a first bore, then on the opposite side by passing a leader through a second slot and into a second bore. A removable sliding c-weight would also be made stationary by passing a leader through a first slot and into a first bore, then by running a leader in a longitudinal groove from a first end to a second end, and thirdly on the opposite side passing the leader through a second slot and into a second bore. Another feature that is novel and useful in another embodiment of a removable sliding c-weight is to store fish attractant or inject other sinkable substances into a hollow hull through a hull hole and sealing it with a plug.
A horizontal unilateral 3-prong hook has an appearance and features different from other fishing tackle, such as commercial treble hooks, and other combination hooks. In the present invention a horizontal unilateral 3-prong hook is quickly attached and removed by opening and closing the snap and swivel which runs through the eye of the a horizontal unilateral 3-prong hook. In comparison to the commercial treble hook, one obvious feature that is different is its appearance and shape. A treble hook stands vertically; a horizontal unilateral 3-prong hook is almost unable to stand vertically. It is off-balanced since the eye and shank are bent toward the barb of the middle hook, and a horizontal unilateral 3-prong hook has a tendency to fall onto its horizontal side. Conversely, when a treble hook lays horizontally on its side, two of its barbs have a tendency of catching and snagging objects. In contrast a horizontal unilateral 3-prong hook has barbs that are parallel to the surface and are resistant to snagging onto objects. When the leader of a horizontal unilateral 3-prong hook is jerked, the force toward the eye causes a horizontal unilateral 3-prong hook to flip upright.
Therefore, a need exists for a new and improved bottom fish rig which can be used for fishing tackle having a removable sliding weight with movement stops and a horizontal unilateral 3-prong hook that resists snagging. In this regard, the present embodiment of the invention substantially fulfills this need.
In this respect, the bottom fish rig according to the present embodiment of the invention substantially departs from the conventional concepts and designs of the prior art, and in doing so provides an apparatus primarily developed for the purpose of fishing tackle having a removable sliding weight with movement stops and a horizontal unilateral 3-prong hook that resists snagging.


In an exhaust gas processing device wherein in order to efficiently outwardly discharge heat at high temperatures of about 90-150° C. released from a GGH reheater during the shutdown of a desulfurizer, to prevent damage to equipment and corrosion preventive lining material, and to ensure long-term stabilized use of the exhaust gas processing device, at least a GGH heat recovery unit, an absorption tower, a mist eliminator (M/E), and the GGH reheater are placed in a duct for exhaust gases discharged from a fire furnace, in the order named as seen from the upstream side of a flow of exhaust gases, an exhaust gas duct between the M/E and the reheater is provided with a heat radiation device or the like having a heat suppression function for suppressing dissipated heat from the reheater.

For prevention of air pollution, as devices for eliminating sulfur oxides in exhaust gases, wet-type limestone-gypsum desulfurizers have been widely put into practical use. A systematic diagram of a prior art (such as Japanese Published Unexamined Patent Application No. H06-238127), which is major equipment of exhaust gas processing devices including desulfurizers, is shown in FIG. 6.
Unprocessed exhaust gas g1 containing sulfur oxides and soot and dust generated from a thermal power plant or the like passes through a desulfurizer inlet duct 2 with an inlet damper 3 from a boiler duct 1, is pressurized by a desulfurization fan 4, and is led to an absorption tower 6 of the desulfurizer through a GGH heat recovery unit 5. The unprocessed exhaust gas g1 makes, in the absorption tower 6, gas-liquid contact in a countercurrent or parallel current with a sprayed adsorption liquid, whereby the sulfur oxides in the exhaust gas are absorbed and eliminated via the surfaces of adsorption liquid droplets, and the soot and dust is physically eliminated by a collision with the liquid droplets. Here, for the boiler duct 1, a duct part to directly pass through the inlet duct 2 and an outlet duct 7 is provided, and bypass dampers 17 and 17 are arranged at this part, and the bypass dampers 17 and 17 are opened when the unprocessed gas g1 is made to bypass the absorption tower 6 and directly flow to a chimney 13.
The minute liquid droplets accompanying the exhaust gas flow pass through the desulfurizer outlet duct 7 and are eliminated by a mist eliminator 8 installed at an outlet of the absorption tower 6, and purified processed exhaust gas g2 is discharged from the chimney 13 into the atmospheric air. At this time, in order to realize an improvement in atmospheric diffusibility of the smoke exhaust and white smoke prevention and in order to realize prevention of low-temperature corrosion of the inner surfaces of the outlet duct 7 and chimney 13, the gas is raised in temperature by a GGH reheater 9, and is then discharged from the chimney 13.
Here, between the nonleak-type GGH heat recovery unit 5 and nonleak-type GGH reheater 9, a heat medium pipeline 21, an opening/closing valve 22 of this pipeline 21, and a heat medium feeding pump 23 are provided.
In the prior art, when operation of the desulfurizer is stopped and the inlet damper 3 of the inlet duct 2 and an outlet damper 10 of the outlet duct 7 are closed, since heat released from the GGH reheater 9 has no escape, the ambient air temperature of the inside of the outlet duct 7 is raised to approximately 90-150° C., and inconveniences such that a resin element of the mist eliminator 8 present at an upstream side of the GGH reheater 9 is deformed by high heat and a thermal degradation occurs on a corrosion preventing lining of the inner surface of the outlet duct 7 have existed.

Exhaust gas processing device, and method of using the same


Disclosed is a semiconductor micro-emitter array for use in a full-color microdisplay. Each pixel includes three vertically-stacked red, green, and blue micro-emitters which minimizes pixel size. The microdisplay may be exclusively based on Group III-nitride semiconductors, with differing indium concentrations in three respective InGaN/GaN active regions for emitting the three RGB colors. Alternatively the microdisplay may be based on hybrid integration of InGaN based III-nitride semiconductors for blue and green emissions, and AlGaInP based (e.g., Group III-V) semiconductors for red emissions.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates generally to the field including microdisplay devices and the methods of making them. More specifically, the invention relates to the fabrication of RGB pixels for use in microdisplays.
2. Description of the Related Art
Microdisplays have many military and civilian applications, for example to provide head-mounted displays, hand-held projectors, heads-up displays, and other near-to-eye applications. Microdisplays with high resolution, power efficiency, reliability, and other merits may enable various high-performance portable applications. One category of microdisplays is modulating microdisplays, such as liquid crystal or digital mirror device (DMD) based displays. These are relatively mature in terms of technology, driven by the commercial markets of projection TV and other applications. These modulating microdisplays are blanket illuminated by separate light sources and modulate incident light on a pixel-by-pixel basis, with intrinsically low power efficiency. Due at least in part to this mode of operation, the field-of-view, brightness, and contrast of these modulation-based microdisplays are limited. Another category is emissive microdisplays, which should provide high power efficiency—a critical requirement for portable near-to-eye (NTE) head mounted systems or dismounted mobile systems, especially for field applications. Currently, emissive microdisplay technology is typically based on color-filtered organic light emitting diode (OLED) technology. Although dramatic progress has been made in the OLED field in the last 20 years, the electro-optical performance, power efficiency and lifetime of OLEDs themselves are still inferior to their inorganic counterparts, LEDs. OLED microdisplays suffer not only from a shorter life span but also from nonuniform degradation of luminance for various colors over their lifespan. Furthermore, because of technical difficulties such as conflicting temperatures that may be required for growth of different color organic thin films, and incompatibility with conventional photolithography micro-patterning processes, full-color OLED microdisplays with high resolution based on side-by-side patterned RGB sub-pixels have not been demonstrated. Present day, technically mature approaches utilize filtering of broadband white emitters. For example, a white light-emitting OLED may be grown on a pre-patterned substrate without the necessity for post-deposition patterning, but approximately ⅔ or more of the white light source output must be removed by a filter to obtain the required RGB primary colors. For example, up to 90% of optical power from a white OLED may have to be filtered out in order to obtain a sufficiently saturated red sub-pixel. In such a case, the OLED must be driven up to ten times brighter than the required pixel brightness, which substantially shortens a lifetime of the microdisplay. Degradation is further enhanced by the heat generated when the filters absorb light at wavelengths other than the intended color. Even with its inherent power inefficiency, color filtering OLED microdisplays represent the most widely commercialized emissive microdisplay technology used in military and commercial systems.
In U.S. Pat. No. 6,410,940, the entire contents of which are herein incorporated by reference, a monochrome microdisplay based on semiconductor micro-size emitters is disclosed that can provide high brightness and efficiency, high reliability and long lifetime. The '940 display is not full-color, however. Furthermore, since the fabrication of certain semiconductor emitters may not be compatible with the silicon integrated circuits that provide the current needed to light up, or drive an LED, a/k/a "driver" IC chips, microdisplays formed from such emitters cannot be directly constructed on such IC chips.

Micro-emitter array based full-color micro-display


A method is provided of simulating a system. The method defines equations modeling the system using terms having characteristics encapsulated within the term. Next, the method performs symbolic processing on the established equations for simplification. Additionally, the method performs system processing on the established equations for efficient simulation. Aspects of some embodiments of the described invention include a method of symbolically processing a set of equations, a method of eliminating an integral in a Pantelides algorithm, and a method of tearing block equation blocks.

A simulation application provides a computer-based method of analyzing and predicting the behavior and performance of a system. A typical application will require a user to construct a model of the system by adding and connecting components. These components provide a mathematical representation of simple or complex physical phenomena in the form of equations. The application will collect and process the equations to a form that can be readily simulated using a numeric integration technique.
Typically, time domain systems are used to model systems by performing a numeric analysis of the system, with very little manipulation performed symbolically prior to simulation. This set of equations is put together in the form of ordinary differential equations or differential algebraic equations. Unfortunately, because little manipulation is done symbolically prior to simulation, the simulation is not optimized for speed. In other words, current systems fail to optimize for improved execution time, and in some cases may not be solvable at all.
Constantinos C. Pantelides in "The Consistent Initialization of Differential-Algebraic Systems" describes a method of analyzing differential equations. The method identifies equations that constrain integrated variables. These equations are differentiated a number of times to determine the complete set of system constraints. While Pantelides simplifies the differential equations, the algorithm fails to identify variables that are to be constrained by the additional differentiated equations resulting from Pantelides. Sven E. Mattson and Gustaf Soderlind in "Index Reduction in Differential Algebraic Equations Using Dummy Derivatives" describe a method of dynamically selecting the constrained variables. The dynamic selection results in substantial performance degradation due to the overhead of the selection process and because the solution must be restarted whenever the constrained variables change.
The prior art does not provide a simulation application that increases the ease of constructing a model, while minimizing the computational effort required to simulate it. The present invention is directed to overcoming one or more of the existing disadvantages in prior art systems.

Symbolic evaluation engine for high-performance simulations