A method of providing an integrated graphical user interface can include responsive to executing a host computer program, displaying, within a graphical user interface of the host computer program, a visual element of a plug-in that executes in cooperation with the host computer program without loading a functional component of the plug-in within program execution memory of a computer system executing the host computer program. At least a portion of the functional component of the plug-in can be loaded within program execution memory responsive to a selection of the visual element.

Modern computer programs can provide a complex graphical user interface (GUI) that may be formed from one or more plug-ins. Generally, a plug-in refers to a computer program that interacts with a host computer program to provide a particular function. In some instances, a plug-in executes cooperatively with the host computer program, but need not execute within an execution environment or framework provided by the host computer program. In other cases, the plug-in does execute within an execution environment provided by the host computer program.
For example, a GUI for an electronic design automation (EDA) computer program may utilize one plug-in to provide users with the ability to edit text documents and another plug-in to provide users with the ability to edit schematic diagrams of circuits. Plug-ins also are utilized within Internet browsers and electronic mail clients to expand functionality of the host computer program. Within browsers, for example, plug-ins are used to play particular types of digital content or files.
A plug-in typically is executed as a binary file at startup of the host computer program. Once the plug-in is executing, the plug-in can provide different visual elements that may be integrated into the GUI of the host computer program. These visual elements can include menus items, toolbar buttons, preference controls, or the like. Accordingly, a plug-in must be executed, and therefore loaded into memory of the computer system executing the host computer program (host computer system), for visual elements of the plug-in to be incorporated or displayed within the GUI of the host computer program. Thus, whether or not the functionality provided by the plug-in is utilized within the host computer program, the plug-in still consumes memory of the host computer system. Depending upon the number and complexity of the plug-ins within the host computer program, the amount of memory of the host computer system consumed by the plug-ins may be significant.
In addition, the process of loading and initializing each plug-in within the host computer program requires time. This increases the amount of time needed for the host computer program to finish loading and initialization, thereby increasing the amount of time that a user must wait prior to using the host computer program after launch.
In other cases, the plug-in may not be loaded until such time that the plug-in is needed. For example, when opening a particular type of file within a browser, the plug-in may not be executed until such time that a request to open or otherwise process the type of file handled by the plug-in is issued. Still, because the plug-in is not executing, controls, settings, and other visual elements of the plug-in are not displayed within the GUI of the host computer program and are, therefore, not available to the user until the plug-in is executed. There is no visual integration of the controls or settings, for example, of the plug-in within the GUI of the host computer program until the plug-in is executed.

Dynamically loaded plug-ins to provide an integrated graphical user interface


An insulating substrate (1) is a laminate of a first insulating substrate (1a) and a second insulating substrate (1b) on which wires and electrodes are formed previously. In this case a concavity is formed on the insulating substrate (1) by a hollow part (4) of the first insulating substrate (1a) and an upper surface of the second insulating substrate. Metallic wires are also arranged on an area corresponding to a bottom surface of the concavity of the second insulating substrate. As a result, space for arranging metallic wires expands and a space between metallic wires can be widened. Further, metallic wires which bypass areas corresponding to external electrodes formed on a lower surface of the second insulating substrate can be formed. This results in smaller stray capacitance between an electrode and a wire and between wires.

In recent years, surface mounted piezo-electric transducer units which can be easily mounted on a surface of a printed-circuit board are used for piezo-electric transducers such as crystal oscillators for clocking sources of personal computers, communication devices, and the like. In these surface mounted piezo-electric transducers, the following attempted improvements are publicly known:
(1) improving the oscillation characteristic of a piezo-electric transducer corresponding to a change in temperature by changing double and support into cantilever-like support or reducing stress caused by the difference in thermal expansion between the transducer and its container. PA1 (2) improving piezo-electric transducer production efficiency by forming on its longer sides two pairs of electrodes for connecting it to a container and thus enabling the transducer and container to be assembled regardless of the directions of their longer sides when the transducer is automatically fitted into the container.
A conventional piezo-electric transducer unit will be described below with reference to the drawings.
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of components of a conventional piezo-electric transducer unit. A piezo-electric transducer unit 100 comprises a substrate 101 of ceramic insulating materials, a thickness-mode crystal oscillator 102 (hereinafter referred to as "AT crystal oscillator 102"), and a ceramic cap 103. On an upper surface of the substrate 101, there are a rectangular concavity 104 for housing the AT crystal oscillator 102 and separating grooves 105 and 106 for separating conductive adhesives. Each of the separating grooves 105 and 106 is on opposite sides of a centerline of the substrate 101 parallel to its shorter sides. The AT crystal oscillator 102 is of the so-called convex type and has an excitation electrode 121 and outgoing electrodes 122 and 123 connected thereto, which are mounted fast on its upper and lower surfaces by vacuum evaporation, sputtering, and so forth. The AT crystal oscillator 102 may be a rectangular AT plate of uniform thickness. The AT crystal oscillator 102 is housed in the concavity 104 on the substrate 101, and the outgoing electrodes 122 and 123 are fixed, with conductive adhesives, onto connecting electrodes 107 and 110 or 108 and 109 respectively. Then frequency adjustment is performed as necessary and the cap 103 is joined onto the substrate 101, which completes the crystal oscillator unit 100.
FIGS. 2, 3, and 4 are diagrams showing the state of metallic wire on the substrate 101. FIG. 2 is a front view, FIG. 3 is a view from the direction of an arrow 130 in FIG. 2, and FIG. 4 is a rear view.
A surface (hereinafter referred to as "the mounting surface") of the substrate 101 shown in FIG. 2 is where the AT crystal oscillator 102 is mounted, and is nearly square. For convenience of the following explanation, it is assumed that a centerline of the near square parallel to its longer sides is an X-axis and that a centerline of the near square parallel to its shorter sides is a Y-axis. The concavity 104 is also nearly square and its center lines are identical to the above X- and Y-axis respectively. There are connecting electrodes at positions contiguous to four corners of the concavity 104. An X-Y plane formed by the above X- and Y-axis has four quadrants each of which has one connecting electrode. That is, the first quadrant has a first connecting electrode 107; the second quadrant has a second connecting electrode 108; the third quadrant has a third connecting electrode 109; and the fourth quadrant has a fourth connecting electrode 110.
The separating groove 105 lies both on the first quadrant and on the fourth quadrant, and is arranged between the first connecting electrode 107 and fourth connecting electrode 110 for preventing these electrodes from short-circuiting. The separating groove 106 lies both on the second quadrant and on the third quadrant, and is arranged between the second connecting electrode 108 and third connecting electrode 109 for preventing these electrodes from short-circuiting.
On the reverse of the substrate 101, as shown in FIG. 4, there are a first external electrode 111, a second external electrode 112, a third external electrode 113, and a fourth external electrode 114, the locations of which correspond to the first, second, third, and fourth quadrant on the upper surface of the above substrate 101 respectively.
The first connecting electrode 107 and second connecting electrode 108 are connected by a first metallic wire 115 and the first metallic wire 115 is connected to the second external electrode 112 by a second metallic wire 116. The second metallic wire 116 reaches from the mounting surface of the substrate 101 to the second external electrode 112 on the reverse through a side of the substrate 101 corresponding to the longer side of the mounting surface. The second connecting electrode 108 is connected to the third external electrode 113 by a third metallic wire 117. The third metallic wire 117 extends from the second quadrant having the second connecting electrode 108 to the third quadrant and reaches the third external electrode 113 through a side of the substrate 101 by bypassing the third connecting electrode 109. As described above, the first and second connecting electrodes 107 and 108 and the second and third external electrodes 112 and 113 are connected by the first, second, and third metallic wires 115, 116, and 117, which form a first group of the wiring pattern.
The third connecting electrode 109 and fourth connecting electrode 110 are connected by a fourth metallic wire 118 and the fourth metallic wire 118 is connected to the fourth external electrode 114 by a fifth metallic wire 119. The fifth metallic wire 119 reaches from the mounting surface of the substrate 101 to the fourth external electrode 114 on the reverse through a side of the substrate 101 corresponding to the longer side of the mounting surface. The fourth connecting electrode 110 is connected to the first external electrode 111 by a sixth metallic wire 120. The sixth metallic wire 120 extends from the fourth quadrant having the fourth connecting electrode 110 to the first quadrant and reaches the first external electrode 111 through a side of the substrate 101 by bypassing the first connecting electrode 107. As described above, the third and fourth connecting electrodes 109 and 110 and the fourth and first external electrodes 114 and 111 are connected by the fourth, fifth, and sixth metallic wires 118, 119, and 120, which form a second group of the wiring pattern.
In this conventional piezo-electric transducer unit, metallic wire is arranged close on the upper surface of the substrate 101. As a result a segment m.sub.0 having narrow space d.sub.0 between metallic wires belonging to the different groups becomes larger, as shown in FIG. 2. Metallic wires belonging to the different groups differ in electric polarity, and so large segment m.sub.0 having narrow space d.sub.0 between metallic wires will generate stray capacitance there. Furthermore, if the external electrodes and metallic wires arranged on the obverse and reverse of the substrate 101 belong to the different groups, stray capacitance will generate there. This stray capacitance increases equivalent parallel capacitance of the above piezo-electric transducer unit.
The equivalent parallel capacitance will be described according to equivalent circuit diagrams of a piezo-electric transducer unit of FIGS. 5 and 6. The equivalent circuit shown in FIG. 5 comprises a parallel circuit of a series circuit having an inductance L, resonance resistance value R, and capacitance value C.sub.1, capacitance value Cox of the piezo-electric transducer, and the above stray capacitance value Cop between wires. In the equivalent circuit of FIG. 6, the capacitance Cox of the piezo-electric transducer and stray capacitance Cop between wires connected in parallel in the equivalent circuit of FIG. 5 are combined into one parallel capacitance value Co. The parallel capacitance value Co is given by: EQU Co=Cox+Cop (1)
As described above, a stray capacitance value Cop of the conventional piezo-electric transducer unit is great. Therefore, there was the problem of generating great parallel capacitance Co. When this piezo-electric transducer unit is used in an oscillation circuit, great parallel capacitance may produce the problem of delay in an oscillation start or unstable oscillation.


The present invention describes a car anti-theft system. Specifically, the present invention has an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) patterned onto a visible surface of a vehicle. Vehicle theft is recognized when an unauthorized driver fails to enter a predetermined code, resulting in lighting of OLED. Lighted OLED may be seen by passers-by who may then alert police that a car is in the process of being stolen. Alternatively and additionally, OLED's may be integrated into primary car alarm systems so as to add an additional, visual, layer of car protection.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention pertains to a car theft-protection system that creates visual signals on car windows or exteriors to alert passers-by in real time that a car in question is being subject to theft and is being driven by an unauthorized driver.
2. Description of the Related Art
Every 26 seconds a car is stolen in the US (more than 1.2 million cars per year). The vast majority of vehicles are taken apart for parts as the parts' sum total value is greater than that of the stolen vehicle. Additionally, parts cannot be identified as easily as the original auto. Most anti-theft systems work either prior to the theft or after the car has arrived at a "chop shop" for dismemberment. The former systems are designed to prevent unauthorized use of the car by either physically or electronically disabling the car or alternatively sounding an alarm. For example, a bar placed across the steering wheel or special pre-ignition numerical codes are two common systems used to prevent a thief from starting and then stealing a car. At the other end of the theft, many cars can be identified through GPS-accessible chips that are hidden deep in the auto chassis or engine block. Car thefts are down on some newer models as thieves worry that they will be tracked down and identified after theft.
Organic light-emitting diodes (OLED's) have been described in patents (U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,013,538, 6,069,443, and 6,023,259 for example). To date, OLED applications for vehicles and specifically vehicle alarm systems have not been described.
It is noted that there are alarm systems that show their "on" status through a light on a car window. Such systems do not include OLED's that are powered up directly in response to the stealing of a car.


Embodiments of a user station (STA) and methods for WLAN channel selection through beacon requests are generally described herein. In some embodiments, a STA requests that an access point (AP) transmit a beacon signal on a first sub-band. The first sub-band may include a channel of interest to the STA. The STA may determine that the AP supports the first sub-band if the AP transmits the requested beacon signal.

The IEEE has adopted a set of standards for WLANs, known as 802.11. Under 802.11, a user device, also known as a user station (STA), may access a WLAN through an access point (AP). The user STA may transmit in those sub-bands of the regulatory WLAN frequency spectrum in which the user STA has already received signaling from the AP. Therefore, sub-band use may be limited according to the signaling provided by the AP.
Accordingly, there is a general need for a user STA to perform methods to switch sub-bands for transmission based on the needs of the user STA.

Methods, wireless communication station, and system for WLAN channel selection through beacon requests


Markings for electronic devices are disclosed. Markings are formed through a laser-based process which transforms a colorant in a multilayer structure disposed along an interior surface of a cover. The transformed colorant defines a marking visible along an external surface of the electronic device.

Electronic devices generally include a housing or other exterior component that may be marked or printed. For example, an exterior of a housing may be marked to provide identifying information such as the manufacturer and the model. In addition, an exterior of a housing may be marked to show that it conforms to regulations of a particular country or region.
Some traditional markings for metal housings are engraved into the metal. However, traditional markings may be subject to wear when applied to the exterior of a housing.

Laser marking of an electronic device through a cover


A method and system for monitoring a user's intoxication including receiving a set of signals, derived from a set of samples collected from the user at a set of time points; providing a sobriety task to the user proximal to a time point of the set of time points; generating a performance dataset characterizing performance of the sobriety task by the user; receiving a supplementary dataset characterizing a demographic profile of the user and/or a physiological state of the user; determining a set of values of an intoxication metric, derived from the set of signals; generating a predicted temporal profile of the intoxication metric for the user based upon the set of values, the set of time points, and the supplementary dataset; generating an analysis of the user's sobriety based upon the performance dataset and the predicted temporal profile; and providing a notification to the user based upon the analysis.

It is often desirable to analyze a biological sample from a person to detect substances carried in the biological sample. As such, breathalyzer devices are used to test the content of alcohol (i.e., ethanol) carried in an individual's breath, in order to determine a measure of alcohol consumed by the individual. The measure is typically presented as a blood alcohol content (BAC), which can provide an indication of a user's mental and/or physical adeptness. As such, BAC measures are also used to provide a basis for limits of alcohol consumption in relation to the performance of tasks, including driving a vehicle, operating machinery, and performing various tasks in a working environment. While current blood alcohol measuring devices are able to determine an individual's BAC, and are typically used in law enforcement settings, existing systems and methods configured to provide monitoring of alcohol consumption are severely limited in both law enforcement settings and consumer device settings.
There is thus a need in the intoxication monitoring device field to create a new and useful method and system for monitoring intoxication. This invention provides such a new and useful method and system.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Method and system for monitoring intoxication


The present invention is related to metered dose inhalation formulas and manufacturing process. The active pharmaceutical ingredient can be beta-2 agonists, corticosteroids, or a combination thereof. The inhalation formulas are homogenized suspensions with hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) propellant, minimal amount of ethanol and polyetheleneglycol (PEG) as suspending and particle size modifying agents.

Pressurized metered dose inhaler (pMDI) can make the inhaled pharmaceuticals topically and rapidly present the activity of the medicine, and has lower systemic adverse reaction when compared with an oral drug. The pMDI and dry powder inhaler (DPI) are the most general administrations for asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which are used to administer the composition being one selected from a group consisting of a corticosteroid drug, a beta-2 agonist, an anticholinergics and a combination thereof.
Since 1995, Company 3M developed a product of pMDI with chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) as a propellant, and the product has become most popular administration for treating asthma or COPD. Compared with the oral drug, the pMDI may present activity more rapidly and provide lower systemic adverse reaction of the medicine. Typical components for treating such diseases include a corticosteroid drug, a beta-2 agonist, an anticholinergics, or a pharmaceutical composition being a dose inhaler and consisting of the mentioned drugs.
In the 1970s, it is found that the propellant of CFC may result in environmental protection problems in destroying ozonosphere, and thus the CFC is confronted by the situation of global restriction. In the end of 1980s, a substitute product of the DPI was developed, but the substitute product can not completely replace the pMDI with the CFC propellant all along, since the product tends to suffer moisture and the patient needs enough speed of inhaling when using the product to be efficiently administered. Until now, Company Riker of 3M firstly develops a substitute propellant for replacing the CFC propellant, i.e. the propellant of hydrofluoroalkanes (HFA), which includes 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFA 134a, HFC 134a) or 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoro-n-propane (HFC 227ea, HFC 227, HFA227). However, because there are some problems, such as techniques of preparation and drug safety, to be overcome, the first product of the formulation of HFA MDI did not enter into the market until 1996, and was booming in 2004, which results in the complete restriction on producing the CFC MDI after 2010.
In the U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,225,183, 5,439,670, 5,695,743, 5,766,573, 5,836,299 and 6,352,684 owned by Company Riker/3M, the patented formulation including HFA 134a has been disclosed. The formulation includes components of β-2-adrenergic agonists including such as salbutamol, corticosteroid such as beclomethasone dipropionate, adrenergic components, choline and anti-histamine or anti-inflammatory drugs, and uses 1-50% ethanol compound as a solubilizer, and the surfactant, which may be the derivatives such as oleic acid, polyethylene glycol 400(PEG 400) or Span, is added with a weight ratio less than 5%. In the U.S. Pat. No. 6,743,413, HFA 134a and micronized drugs are used as main components without other excipients. The U.S. Pat. No. 5,776,432 discloses that HFA 134a, HFA 227, or a combination thereof is used as the propellant, and 2%-12% ethanol is used as the solubilizer of the main drug component, beclomethasone 17, 21 dipropionate, without any surfactant.
The U.S. Pat. No. 5,474,759 owned by Company Schering discloses that HFA 227 is used as the propellant, and propylene glycol diester with a long chain is used as the surfactant, wherein the main components thereof include compounds such as albuterol, albuterol sulfate, beclomethasone dipropionate, or mometasone furoate.
In the U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,653,962, 5,658,549 and 5,744,123 owned by Company GSK, the patented formulation including HFA has been disclosed. The formulation includes main components such as salmeterol, salbutamol and fluticasone propionate, but does not have co-solvent, and uses the surfactant less than 0.001%. The subsequent patents thereof relate to the modification of drug delivery uniformity. The U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,315,173 and 6,510,969 relate to the improvement of the sprinkle-nozzle. The U.S. Pat. No. 6,479,035 uses Fluticasone and 7-20% alcohol as the solubilizer, and uses 0.5-3% glycerol or PEG as the surfactant. In the U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,736,124, 5,817,293, 5,916,540, 5,922,306, 6,333,023, 6,200,549 and 6,222,339, the main component of formoterol has been disclosed, and 0.01-5% ethanol is adopted. The U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,303,103 and 6,238,647 disclose that salmeterol and anti-cholinergics are incorporated, and the excipient used thereby is less than 0.0001%. The U.S. Pat. No. 6,013,245 relates to beclomethasone and salbutamol, uses HFA 227 and does not use the surfactant. The U.S. Pat. No. 5,833,950 discloses beclomethasone, and uses HFA and the excipient less than 0.0001%.
Company Aeropharm has disclosed a patented formulation including HFA. The U.S. Pat. No. 5,891,419 discloses flunisolide with an addition of 0.5%-2% ethanol only. The U.S. Pat. No. 5,891,420 discloses triamcinolone acetonide with an addition of 1%-3% ethanol. The U.S. Pat. No. 6,458,338 relates to a metered dose formulation with amino acid as the stabilizer. In the U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,447,750, 6,540,982, 6,540,983, 6,548,049 and 6,645,468, a metered dose formulation of a main component of a drug treating diabetes has been disclosed. The U.S. Pat. No. 6,464,959 discloses a metered dose formulation of a main component of a drug treating diabetes, which is incorporated with amino acid as the stabilizer.
The U.S. Pat. No. 6,004,537 owned by Company Baker Norton (now TEVA) discloses that HFA is used as the propellant, and uses 10%-40% (w/w) ethanol as the solubilizer to dissolve the main components of Budesonide and Formoterol.
The U.S. Pat. No. 6,123,924 owned by Fisons discloses main components such as β2-receptor agonist: fenoterol hydrobromide, procaterol hydrochloride, salbutamol sulphate, terbutaline sulphate, anabolic steroid or steroid components; beclomethasone dipropionate, fluticasone propionate, tipredane, anti-histamine, anti-inflammation or acetyl-β-methylcholine bromide; cholinergic components: pentamidine isoethionate, tipredanene, docromil sodium, sodium cromoglycate, clemastine, budesonide and so on, which are distributed in HFA, and uses of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) of 0.0000˜10% w/w as the suspending agent and PEG 400-3000 as the lubricating agent.
The TW Patent Application No. 200303767 owned by Company Chiesi discloses formoterol superfine formulation, which includes 0.003-0.192% w/v of (R,R)-(±)-formoterol fumarate, wherein the combination technique of pressurized metered inhaler formulation is used and 10˜20% ethanol and HCl are used to adjust pH value. It is emphasized that the ratio of particles equal to or less than 1.1 micrometer is larger than or equal to 30%. In the U.S. Pat. No. 7,223,381, the formulation is consisting of Budesonide, HFA propellant, and co-solvents of 13% ethanol and 0.2˜2% glycerol.
The U.S. Pat. No. 6,638,495 owned by Company Nektar relates to a formulation combination technique where the phospholipid is used as the excipient to form a microstructure and materials having biological activities are distributed in the pressurized metered inhaler.
The U.S. Pat. No. 6,932,962 owned by Company AstraZeneca relates to HFA atomization dose including fatty acid or a salt thereof, bile salts, phospholipid or alkyl glycosides as the surfactant, wherein the amount of the ethanol used thereby can be 5-20%.
The U.S. Pat. No. 7,481,995 owned by University College Cardiff Consultants Limited relates to a HFA MDI formulation technique which uses amino acid as the suspending excipient.
When observing the mentioned prior arts based on the pressurized metered dose inhaler prescription, in addition to the medicine and HFA gas, the techniques can be classified according to using conditions of the ethanol as follows.
1). Without any additives, as represented by Company GSK, which provides the medicine completely presented by a suspending solution mode, while such medicine has a problem that it is more difficult to make the administration uniform.
2). Without the use of ethanol and a simple use of an excipient, such as PVP or propanediol bischloroacetate.
3). Large amount of ethanol (more than 10%), which would completely dissolve the medicine, and other excipients may be added or not. In this case, the advantage is good uniformity of the administration, and the disadvantage are possibly worse stability of the medicine and the rare delicacy of alcohol that has bad acceptance for patients.
4). Medium-low amount of ethanol (about 1% to 10%) collocated with other excipients, in which the medicine is in a condition of partially being dissolved and partially without being dissolved. It has bigger effect on the stability of the formula that the particle diameter of the medicine would be caused to change with passing of the preserving time.
5). Extreme-low amount of ethanol (about 0.2% to 2%), such as the formula of Company Valois. In this case, the advantage is the better stability of the medicine since it is in a suspending solution station without being dissolved, while the disadvantage is the bad uniformity of the administration and thus the assistance of other excipients may be needed. Moreover, it may have more difficulty in the manufacturing process.
Although Valois SAS has published the formula about Budesonide HFA MDI, which uses 0.1-5% of PEG 300 and 0.2-2% of ethanol (referring to Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Science, Vol. 69, No. 5, P. 722-724, September-October 2007). However, in order to reduce the absorption of the container with the drug and increase the uniformity of the administration, the mentioned formula needs a use of a special surface-anodized container, such as a standard anodized aluminum canister, to be filled therewith. When it is used in an scale-up production or a general container, such as an aluminum canister, some problems about quality would be generated. Accordingly, when actually mass producing the mentioned formula in pharmaceutical industry, even though the formula components are the same, the differences of quality would still be resulted from different mixture orders of components and different ways and equipments of filling. The examples of the differences of quality are insufficient amount of the main component, cohering of the particles of the medicine, bad uniformity and so on. Particularly, the mentioned conditions would occur more easily when a product contains two kinds of main components, since there are differences of physical and chemical characteristics as well as ratio of content existing between said two main components. Therefore, a change of the producing process in combining the excipient with the contents of the formula, especially the application in mixture orders and homogenizing methods of the main components with the propellant and other excipients, may generate a pressurized metered dose inhaler with stable, safer and more efficacious qualities.

Method for preparing metered dose sprayed inhaler for treating respiratory disease


A radiographic device may include a movable carriage disposed in a base and having a tray for holding an image receptor. A platform extending over the base may support the weight of the patient independent of the image receptor. The carriage may permit tray movement in lateral and longitudinal directions, thereby to align a desired portion of the image receptor with the patient target area and x-ray source. A base collimator may have one or more blades that are slidable to cover portions of the image receptor that are not being used in the current image capture process.

Various types of radiographic devices are generally known in the art. A known x-ray unit for podiatry is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,587,668, which is assigned to the same assignee as the present disclosure. Generally, such x-ray units include a platform upon which are placed the feet of a patient to be x-rayed. The platform is elevated above floor level to allow film cassettes to be positioned in a film well located below the platform. The platform may further include a slot for receiving a vertically oriented film cassette. A radiographic head is mounted on vertical mounting members, which serve to space the radiographic head a desired distance above the foot platform. The vertical mounting members are moveable in both the lateral and longitudinal directions so that x-rays of a patient's feet can be taken from many angles while easily maintaining the same source to image distance (SID).
Some radiographic techniques require the patient to place weight on the subject area as the image is captured. A podiatrist, for example, may require certain foot x-rays to be taken where the patient must stand on top of the image receptor during image capture. In some scenarios, a podiatrist may need multiple different images, such as lateral, medial oblique, and anteroposterior (AP) projections, that may require the patient to be repositioned for each image. Repositioning of feet for different views is often difficult or dangerous for elderly patients or individuals whose balance or ability to move on the platform is impaired due to disease or other conditions, such as arthritis.
More recently, electronic methods (such as direct radiography (DR) and computed radiography (CR)) have been developed to obtain and display radiographic images without the use of film. In DR and CR, a reusable image receptor is used to map radiation levels during a radiographic procedure and store the data electronically. This data can then be used to display a radiographic image. While the image receptors used in DR and CR processes may be convenient and less expensive to use than film, the digital conversion process used to obtain and generate images is more sensitive to inaccuracies in measured radiation levels. Consequently, it is important to properly position the patient relative to the image receptor in order to capture the desired type of radiographic image. Additionally, to obtain weight-bearing images, the patient typically stands directly on the image receptor, making proper positioning of the patient more difficult. Still further, while the use of digital image receptors provides an opportunity to capture multiple images on a single receptor, the patient must be precisely aligned with the desired portion of the image receptor and therefore further repositioning of the patient is needed.


The present invention relates to an electron beam adjusting device which is attached around the neck of a color picture tube, a CRT display, etc., and aims at providing an electron beam adjusting device in which each pair of constituent magnets can be readily magnetized with minimal magnetization variations and which is less costly. The present invention provides an electron beam adjusting device having pairs of two-, four- and six-pole ring-shaped magnets formed of an alnico metal system bonded magnet material, which are attached around the neck of a cathode-ray tube, wherein the two-pole ring-shaped magnets and the four- and six-pole ring-shaped magnets are made of respective bonded magnet materials which are different in the alnico metal magnetic powder content.

The mainstream magnets used in color picture tubes to make electron beam adjustment are bonded magnets (resin-bonded magnets) comprising a magnetic powder, i.e., barium ferrite in general, which is bonded with a resin material. These bonded magnets suffer, however, from the problem that since the temperature coefficient is as large as about 0.2%/.degree.C., the bonded magnets expand as the temperature rises, causing a reduction in the magnetization, so that undesirable color shift may occur. In color display tubes, the resolution is lowered by misconvergence due to the reduction in the magnetization. This is a fatal disadvantage to picture tubes having requirements for high definition. To solve this problem, it is conventional practice to use a bonded magnet material comprising a magnetic powder of low temperature coefficient, e.g., alnico magnetic powder, to form an electron beam adjusting device.
Incidentally, a minute observation of the action of two-pole magnets and that of four- and six-pole magnets reveals that the amount of beam shift made by the two-pole magnets is several times that by the four- or six-pole magnets. The reason for this is as follows: The two-pole magnets are used to make a color beam from each electron gun coincident with the axis of the picture tube, and it is also necessary to consider variations in production of picture tubes and the effect of the earth magnetism. Therefore, the amount of beam shift in the two-pole magnets is set to about 9 mm in radius. In contrast, for the four- and six-pole magnets, since these are used to converge the color beams in the center of the picture tube and the convergence of the color beams is mostly determined by the design of the electron guns, the amount of beam shift is set to about 3 mm in radius.
In view of the fact that the magnitude of beam shift is proportional to the magnetization of the magnet (i.e., the beam shift is about 1 mm to a magnetization of 1 G), it will be understood that it is sufficient and preferable to set the magnetization of the four- and six-pole magnets to a value lower than that of the two-pole magnets.
In regard to the magnetization characteristics of alnico magnetic powder, since the coercive force of this material is smaller than that of the conventional barium ferrite magnetic powder, it is difficult to control the level of magnetization for each pair of magnets. In particular, in the case of magnetization at low level, variations in the amount of magnetization are likely to occur, raising difficulty in making convergence adjustment; in the worst case, fatal problems arise, including a failure to effect the convergence adjustment.
In addition, since alnico magnetic powder is considerably costly as compared with barium ferrite magnetic powder, an increase in the alnico magnetic powder content leads to a rise in the production cost.
In view of the above-described circumstances, it is an object of the present invention to provide an electron beam adjusting device in which each pair of constituent magnets can be readily magnetized with minimal magnetization variations and which is less costly.

Electron beam adjusting device with magnet rings of differing alnico powdered metal content

Kanegafuchi Kagaku Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha


The invention is directed to a method for analysing genome wide variation in an individual. The method comprises randomly fragmenting the individual's genome and generating sequence reads of multiple bases on all fragments of the individual's genome, aligning the sequence reads generated with a known genomic reference sequence, and analysing variations between the sequence reads derived from the individual's genome and the known genomic reference sequence.

Advances in the study of molecules have been led, in part, by improvement in technologies used to characterise the molecules or their biological reactions. In particular, the study of nucleic acids, DNA and RNA, has benefited from developing technologies used for sequence analysis and the study of hybridisation events.
An example of the technologies that have improved the study of nucleic acids, is the development of fabricated arrays of immobilised nucleic acids. These arrays typically consist of a high-density matrix of polynucleotides immobilized onto a solid support material Fodor et al., Trends in Biotechnology (1994) 12.19–26, describes ways of assembling the nucleic acid arrays using a chemically sensitised glass surface protected by a mask, but exposed at defined areas to allow attachment of suitably modified nucleotides. Typically, these arrays may be described as "many molecule" arrays, as distinct regions are formed on the solid support comprising a high density of one specific type of polynucleotide.
An alternative approach is described by Schena et al., Science (1995) 270.467–470, where samples of DNA are positioned at predetermined sites on a glass microscope slide by robotic micropipetting techniques. The DNA is attached to the glass surface along its entire length by non-covalent electrostatic interactions. However, although hybridisation with complementary DNA sequences can occur, this approach may not permit the DNA to be freely available for interacting with other components such as polymerase enzymes, DNA-binding proteins etc.
Recently, the Human Genome Project determined the entire sequence of the human genome-all 3×109 bases. The sequence information represents that of an average human. However, there is still considerable interest in identifying differences in the genetic sequence between different individuals. The most common form of genetic variation is single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). On average one base in 1000 is a SNP, which means that there are 3 million SNPs for any individual. Some of the SNPs are in coding regions and produce proteins with different binding affinities or properties. Some are in regulatory regions and result in a different response to changes in levels of metabolites or messengers. SNPs are also found in noncoding regions, and these are also important as they may correlate with SNPs in coding or regulatory regions. The key problem is to develop a low cost way of determining one or more of the SNPs for an individual.
The nucleic acid arrays may be used to determine SNPs, and they have been used to study hybridisation events (Mirzabekov, Trends in Biotechnology (1994) 12.27–32). Many of these hybidisation events are detected using fluorescent labels attached to nucleotides, the labels being detected using a sensitive fluorescent detector, e.g. a charge-coupled detector (CCD). The major disadvantages of these methods are that it is not possible to sequence long stretches of DNA, and that repeat sequences can lead to ambiguity in the results. These problems are recognised in Automation Technologies for Genome Characterisation, Wiley-Interscience (1997), ed T J Beugelsdijk, Chapter 10 205–225.
In addition, the use of high-density arrays in a multi-step analysis procedure can lead to problems with phasing. Phasing problems result from a loss in the synchronisation of a reaction step occurring on different molecules of the array. If some of the arrayed molecules fail to undergo a step in the procedure, subsequent results obtained for these molecules will no longer be in step with results obtained for the other arrayed molecules. The proportion of molecules out of phase will increase through successive steps and consequently the results detected will become ambiguous. This problem is recognized in the sequencing procedure described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,302,509.
An alternative sequencing approach is disclosed in EP-A-0381693, which comprises hybridising a fluorescently-labelled strand of DNA to a target DNA sample suspended in a flowing sample stream, and then using an exonuclease to cleave repeatedly the end base from the hybridised DNA. The cleaved bases are detected in sequential passage through a detector, allowing reconstruction of the base sequence of the DNA. Each of the different nucleotides has a distinct fluorescent label attached which is detected by laser-induced fluorescence. This is a complex method, primarily because it is difficult to ensure that every nucleotide of the DNA strand is labelled and that this has been achieved with high fidelity to the original sequence.
WO-A-96/27025 is a general disclosure of single molecule arrays. Although sequencing procedures are disclosed, there is little description of the applications to which the arrays can be applied. There is also only a general discussion on how to prepare the arrays.

Arrayed biomolecules and their use in sequencing


Described herein is a method and system for automated, context sensitive and non-intrusive insertion of consumer-adaptive content in video. It assesses ‘context’ in the video that a consumer is viewing through multiple modalities and metadata about the video. The method and system described herein analyzes relevance for a consumer based on multiple factors such as the profile information of the end-user, history of the content, social media and consumer interests and professional or educational background, through patterns from multiple sources. The system also implements local-context through search techniques for localizing sufficiently large, homogenous regions in the image that do not obfuscate protagonists or objects in focus but are viable candidate regions for insertion for the intended content. This makes relevant, curated content available to a user in the most effortless manner without hampering the viewing experience of the main video.

This invention in general relates to digital content and specifically relates to a system and computer implemented method of content insertion in videos.
Current technology, such as streaming video or video hosting and sharing platforms incorporate video advertisements that interrupt the program a user is viewing to advertise a product. These video ads are intrusive to the viewing experience and counter-productive for everyone involved: the consumer is unhappy about the interruption and may look for an alternative platform or subscription to avoid ads, the video hosting and sharing platform runs the risk of losing its customers and the companies sponsoring the ads may not be reaching the right audience or run the risk of the ad being skipped before the intended message reaching a potential customer.
In case of news clips, relevant or related news video is made available as recommendations outside the frame; banners with moving text of headlines or snippets of news may be useful for a viewer but requires a consumer to manually search for and select a relevant clip to play. Providing hyperlinks to relevant content or recommendations to related news (for instance, related clips of an unfolding story or other points of view with regard to a debate, etc.) would be of great relevance and provide a way to engage with a user.
In case of sports video, presently, a connoisseur of the sport or someone seeking to study a specific technique or a particular player will often have to explicitly search for clips and wade through a lot of unnecessary content to manually zoom into the technique or player, etc., of interest.
In case of educational video, additional notes may be provided with the video or even annotations with the video to search for content, but if a student wants to look up a concept being discussed or backlink to relevant clips of pre-requisite material, they would have to explicitly look for this. In case of online learning, a student may want to answer a few questions to check how well they have understood a concept or solve a few numericals before further layers of detail are added to a concept. At present, a student may have to pause the video and look for relevant content and then resume playing the video.

System for the automated, context sensitive, and non-intrusive insertion of consumer-adaptive content in video


Provided are methods of producing phosphitylated compounds, including 3′-O-phosphoramidites, comprising the step of reacting a hydroxyl-containing compound with a phosphitylating agent in the presence of a phosphitylation activator selected from the group consisting of: (1) acid-base complexes derived from an amine base of Formula II

The production of phosphitylated compounds via the reaction of hydroxyl-containing compounds with phosphine reagents is a transformation that has found utility in the synthesis of a wide range of useful compounds. For example, applicants have recognized that such a transformation is useful in the synthesis of 3′-O-phosphoramidites from 5′-O-protected nucleosides, as shown generally in Scheme 1:
wherein, for example, X is hydrogen, alkoxy, —O-tert-butyldimethyl silyl (OTBDMS), —O-methoxy methyl (OMOM), 2′-O-methoxyethyl (2′-O-MOE), and the like; R′ is DMT, dimethoxytrityl, oligonucleotides and analogs thereof, and the like; R″ is alkyl, such as methyl and the like, or alkoxy, such as 2-cyanoethyl and the like; R′″ is diisopropylamine and the like; and B is moiety derived from adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine, or uracil.
Phosphoramidites of the type formed via Scheme 1 can be advantageously coupled to prepare oligonucleotides, see for example U.S. Pat. No. 4,725,677 and Mellor, Thomas, "Synthesis of analogues of oligonucloetides", J. Chem Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 1998, 747–757 (both of which are incorporated herein by reference), which have a rising importance in the field of therapeutic and diagnostic applications including, for example, antisense drugs (as described in Crooke, S. T. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology: Antisense Research and Application; Springer-Verlag, Berlin, (1998), incorporated herein by reference). To supply the growing demand for these oligonucleotides, there is a desire to improve the synthesis of nucleosidic phosphoramidites on a commercial scale (Noe, Kaufhold, New Trends in Synthetic Medicinal Chemistry, Wiley-VCh Weinheim, 2000, 261, incorporated herein by reference).
However, applicants have come to appreciate that conventional methods for preparing phosphitylated compounds, such as 3′-O-phosphoramidites, from hydroxyl-containing compounds are disadvantageous for several reasons. One disadvantage associated with many conventional methods is the required use of costly and/or hazardous activating agents/compounds. For example, in Beaucage and Carruthers, Tetrahedron Lett. 1981, 22, 1859 (incorporated herein by reference), 1H-Tetrazole is recommended as the most versatile phosphitylation activator. However, such an activator/reagent is both expensive and hazardous. (See, for example, Stull, Fundamentals of Fire and Explosion, AlChE Monograph Series, No. 10, New York, 1977, Vol. 73, 22, incorporated herein by reference). Due to the explosive nature of the nitrogen-rich heterocycle, special safety precautions are required for the handling of such composition. A less hazardous compound, 4,5-Dicyanoimidazole, has been shown to be useful in the production of certain nucleosidic phosphoramidites. Unfortunately, this compound is very expensive, and, in fact, tends to be prohibitively expensive with regard to its use in industrial processes. Phosphitylation activators derived from unsubstituted pyridine are disclosed, for example, in Gryaznov, Letsinger, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 5876; Gryaznov, Letsinger, Nucleic Acids Res. 1992, 20, 1879; Beier, Pfleiderer, Helvetica Chimica Acta, 1999, 82, 879; Sanghvi, et al., Organic Process Research and Development 2000, 4, 175; and U.S. Pat. No. 6,274,725, issued to Sanghvi et al., all of which are incorporated herein by reference. However, these salts tend to be toxic and highly water soluble. Accordingly, cost-intensive waste water treatment equipment must be installed in systems using such activators.
Another disadvantage associated with many conventional methods for preparing phosphitylated compounds is the use of dichloromethane as the preferred solvent. Because dichloromethane tends to be environmentally unfriendly, relatively costly waste treatment equipment is required for use in conjunction with methods involving dichloromethane as solvent.
One potential approach to avoid at least some of the aforementioned disadvantages is in situ preparation of nucleosidic phosphoramidites without an additional activation step, as described, for example, by Zhang et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,340,749 B1, for immediate use of the resulting solution on the solid support synthesizer. Unfortunately, such methods tend to be relatively inefficient, and the phosphoramidite solutions obtained via such methods tend to be unstable and unsuitable for storage.
Accordingly, applicants have recognized the need for new methods of producing phosphitylated compounds which avoid the disadvantages associated with conventional methods.

Methods of producing phosphitylated compounds

Abstract: wherein R3, R4, R5, R6, and R7 are independently hydrogen, C1–C10 alkyl, C3–C10 cycloalkyl, C6–C10 aryl, C7–C10 aralkyl, C1–C10 heteroalkyl, or C1–C10 heteroaryl, and at least one of R3, R4, R5, R6, and R7 is not hydrogen; (2) zwitterionic amine complexes; and (3) combinations of two or more thereof, to produce a phosphitylated compound. Further provided are methods for purifying phosphitylated compounds comprising the steps of providing a phosphitylated compound in a solution solvent, contacting said phosphitylated compound with a precipitation solvent, and precipitating said phosphitylated compound.


Disclosed is a curtain airbag module including a curtain airbag cushion, an inflator of supplying and inflating gas into the curtain airbag cushion, and a lamp bracket fixed on a vehicle panel to support the curtain airbag cushion which is integrally provided with a lamp pattern to deploy the curtain airbag cushion into a vehicle without deploying the curtain airbag cushion into a pillar trim of a vehicle in the deployment of the curtain airbag cushion by driving the inflator. The lamp pattern wraps up at least a portion of the folded curtain airbag cushion. The lamp pattern initially wrapping up the folded curtain airbag cushion guides the curtain airbag cushion to the interior of the vehicle when the curtain airbag cushion is deployed, thereby preventing the curtain airbag cushion from being inserted into the pillar trim, so that the curtain airbag cushion is stably deployed.

In general, vehicle airbag modules are safety devices of injecting compressed gas into an airbag cushion according to a signal of a sensor of detecting impact strength upon collision accident to rapidly inflate the airbag cushion, so that an occupant can be protected.
Among the airbag modules, there is an airbag module installed along the whole lateral side of a roof liner of a vehicle to protect an occupant from impact applied to a side portion of the vehicle, which is generally called a curtain airbag module.
The curtain airbag module starts from a roof beam constituting a roof of the vehicle and extends from a C pillar to an A pillar through a B pillar along the lateral side of the vehicle.
FIG. 1 is a sectional view showing the installation state of a curtain airbag module according to the related art.
As shown in FIG. 1, according to the related art, upper and lower portions of a ramp bracket 20 of a roof side panel 11 are fixed onto a side rail part 12 so that a curtain airbag cushion 10 may be deployed on the side rail part 12 of the roof side panel 11. In addition, when the curtain airbag cushion 10 is deployed due to the side collision of the vehicle, a protrusion part 22 protrudes from the ramp bracket 20 to prevent the curtain airbag cushion 10 from being inserted between a vehicle body and a pillar trim 13.
Meanwhile, the curtain airbag cushion 10 is deployed while pushing a headlining 14 to the interior space of the vehicle upon vehicle collision. Since the protrusion part 22 of the ramp bracket 20 is inclined as shown in FIG. 1, the curtain airbag cushion 10 may be not effectively deployed.
In detail, a portion of the curtain airbag cushion 10, which is being deployed, is locked with the pillar trim 13 by the resistance of the head lining 14 or deployed in the state that the curtain airbag cushion 10 is inserted into the inside of the pillar trim 13, so that the curtain airbag cushion 10 is unstably deployed. Accordingly, the occupant may not be safely protected.
In order to complement the above problem, a technology capable of more stably deploying the curtain airbag cushion by modifying the structure of the ramp bracket has been developed and applied. However, according to the technology, as the structure of the ramp bracket is complicated, the manufacturing cost not only is increased, but the volume of the ramp bracket is increased, so that the ramp bracket may not be easily installed in the inner space of the head lining. In this case, the shape of the ramp bracket is deformed, so that the curtain airbag cushion may not be normally deployed.


An image processing apparatus includes a feature value generating unit configured to generate a feature value of an image of a first page; and an embedding unit configured to embed the feature value of the image of the first page generated by the feature value generating unit in an image of a second page, which is different from the first page.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an image processing apparatus and an image processing method for adding information to detect falsification to document image data, and a medium storing a program executing a method for controlling the image processing apparatus.
2. Description of the Related Art
Nowadays, information security techniques to protect electronic data have been developed and applied on a daily basis.
For example, as disclosed in Patent Document 1 (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2003-051932), a technique of detecting abuse of a copyrighted specific image (e.g., a character image) has been known. This technique is based on an environment where, every time electronic data is created by using a specific image, a copyright notice mark is embedded in a predetermined area outside an area where the specific image exists. If electronic data including a specific image does not have a copyright notice mark in the predetermined area, the electronic data is determined to be unauthorized. In Patent Document 1, the predetermined area is defined as an area having a predetermined position relationship with an area where a specific image exists. Also, according to Patent Document 1, the predetermined area may be placed in the same page as the specific image or in a different page.
The information security technique is also applied to a paper document, having merits of high visibility and easy handling.
For example, a feature value embedding technique of generating a feature value (e.g., hash value) from a paper document and embedding the generated feature value in the paper document has been known. This technique is used to detect falsification in a paper document.
Also, a page sort technique disclosed in Patent Document 2 (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 10-228470) has been suggested for a paper document, although this technique is not the information security technique. In the technique disclosed in Patent Document 2, page numbers are embedded in respective pages by watermarks. When a user processes a paper document embedded with page numbers on a copying machine, the copying machine extracts watermarks from the respective pages and recognizes respective page numbers. Then, the copying machine sorts the pages on the basis of the recognized page numbers and outputs a copy sorted in orderly sequence from a first page.
However, even if a paper document including a plurality of pages is created by embedding a feature value of each page in the page by using the feature value embedding technique, the paper document can be easily falsified and the falsification cannot be detected. For example, if someone discards one of the pages of the paper document, the fact that the page has been discarded cannot be established. Also, if someone creates a page and adds it to the paper document or replaces a page in the document with the created page, the fact that the page has been added or replaced cannot be established. That is, in this feature value embedding technique, the originality of each page can be proved, but the originality of the entire paper document including a plurality of pages cannot be proved.
Furthermore, even if a paper document including a plurality of pages is created by embedding watermarks in the respective pages by using the technique described in Patent Document 2, this paper document can be easily falsified and the falsification cannot be detected. For example, if someone rewrites an area that is not embedded with a watermark, the fact of the rewrite cannot be established.
Also, if a document is created by embedding a copyright mark in each page by using the technique described in Patent Document 1, this document can be easily falsified and the falsification cannot be detected. For example, if someone rewrites an area outside a specific image and the copyright mark, the fact of the rewrite cannot be established.
Under these circumstances, an image processing apparatus capable of creating an originality-guaranteed document including a plurality of pages or capable of guaranteeing the originality of a document including a plurality of pages has been required.
Herein, "falsification" means rewrite, replacement, pilferage, and so on. The "originality" means "authenticity". An "originality-guaranteed document" means a document that is guaranteed of not being falsified.

Image processing apparatus capable of processing image embedded with digital watermark, method for controlling the image processing apparatus, and storage medium storing program to execute the method


A method for preparing molybdenum and sulfur containing compounds of the general formula X.sub.2 Mo.sub.2 S.sub.12.yH.sub.2 O, where X is a cation selected from the group consisting of Na.sup.+, K.sup.+, R.sub.4 N.sup.+, R.sub.3 NH.sup.+, R.sub.2 NH.sub.2.sup.+, RNH.sub.3.sup.+, NH.sub.4.sup.+, R.sub.4 P.sup.+, R.sub.4 As.sup.+,(R.sub.3 P).sub.2 N.sup.+, R is a C.sub.1 -C.sub.30 alkyl, C.sub.6 -C.sub.30 aryl, C.sub.7 -C.sub.30 aralkyl or C.sub.2 -C.sub.30 alkoxyalkyl group and mixtures thereof, and y is from 0 to 2. The method comprises preparing a sulfide solution that contains from about 9 wt. % to about 13 wt. % sulfide sulfur; contacting the solution with elemental sulfur and a hydroxide; adding a molybdenum compound for a time and at a temperature sufficient to form a reaction mixture and a precipitate; separating the precipitate; and contacting the remaining reaction mixture with additional sulfide solution to form (NH.sub.4 ).sub.2 Mo.sub.2 S.sub.12.yH.sub.2 O. When compounds containing cations other than NH.sub.4.sup.+ are to be produced, the (NH.sub.4).sub.2 Mo.sub.2 S.sub.12.yH.sub.2 O is contacted with a cation exchange compound containing a desired substitute cation selected from above and an anion selected from the group consisting of Cl.sup.-, Br.sup.-, F.sup.-, I.sup.-, BF.sub.4.sup.-, PF.sub.6.sup.-, OH.sup.-, BR.sub.4.sup.- where R is a C.sub.1 -C.sub.30 alkyl, C.sub.6 -C.sub.30 aryl, C.sub.7 -C.sub.30 aralkyl or C.sub.2 -C.sub.30 alkoxyalkyl group, and mixtures thereof, in the presence of a solvent and for a time and at a temperature sufficient to form X.sub.2 Mo.sub.2 S.sub.12.yH.sub.2 O, where X is other than NH.sub.4.sup.+.

Commercial transition metal sulfide (TMS) catalysts and enzymes containing TMS sites have caused researchers to focus attention on the coordination chemistry of sulfido-molybdenum complexes. Efforts to develop mononuclear, polynuclear, and heteronuclear Mo-S complexes which serve as structural or reactivity models for molybdenum-sulfido catalytic systems have led to the synthesis of several molybdenum complexes. However, efforts to produce these complexes are significantly restricted by the lack of appropriate Mo-S starting materials.
Hydrated salts containing Mo.sub.2 S.sub.12.sup.2- as an anion were first prepared as ammonium salts. A. Muller, W. Nolte, and B. Krebs, "[(S.sub.2).sub.2 Mo(S.sub.2).sub.2 Mo(S.sub.2).sub.2.sup. 2-, a Novel Complex Containing Only S.sub.2.sup.2 - Ligands and a Mo-Mo Bond", Angew. Chem. Int. Engl., Vol. 17, p. 279 (1978) discuss preparing Mo.sub.2 S.sub.12.sup.2- anion-containing salts. The method involves heating an ammonium sulfide solution with (NH.sub.4).sub.2 MoO.sub.4, separating the mixture, and cooling and diluting the filtrate. During the reaction, Mo.sub.3 S.sub.13.sup.2- anions are also formed. In addition, the synthesis led to variable yields of the desired ammonium salt, (NH.sub.4).sub.2 Mo.sub.2 S.sub.12.2H.sub.2 O. Salts containing the Mo.sub.2 S.sub.12.sup.-2 anion and a cation other than ammonium (NH.sub.4.sup.+) were unknown.
M. Draganjac, et al., "Synthesis, Interconversions and Structural Characterization of the [(S.sub.4).sub.2 Mo.sub.2 S.sub.10).sup.2-, (Mo.sub.2 S.sub.10).sup.2- and (Mo.sub.2 S.sub.12).sup.2- Anions", Inorg. Chem., Vol. 21, pp. 3321-3332 (1982) discuss the preparation of (Ph4P).sub.2 Mo.sub.2 S.sub.10.56, a mixture of (Ph.sub.4 P).sub.2 Mo.sub.2 S.sub.10 and (Ph.sub.4 P).sub.2 Mo.sub.2 S.sub.12, by reacting (Ph.sub.4 P).sub.2 MoS.sub.4 with dibenzyltrisulfide in dimethylformamide (DMF). Ethanol and ether were then added and dark red crystals resulted which were washed with ethanol and ether. A 58% yield of (Ph.sub.4 P).sub.2 Mo.sub.2 S.sub.10.56 was obtained.
S. A. Cohen, et al., "Dinuclear Tungsten (V) and Molybdenum (V) Compounds Containing M.sub.2 S.sub.2 (.mu.-S).sub.2.sup.2+ Cores: Synthesis and Reactivity of [N(C.sub.2 H.sub.5).sub.4 ].sub.2 M.sub.2 S.sub.12 (M=W or Mo) and the Crystal Structure of [N(C.sub.2 H.sub.5).sub.4 ].sub.2 W.sub.2 S.sub.2 (.mu.-S).sub.2 (S.sub.4).sub.2 ", Inorg. Chem., Vol. 24, p. 4657 (1985) teaches preparing salts containing Mo.sub.2 S.sub.12.sup.2- anions by reacting elemental sulfur and (NH.sub.4).sub.2 MoS.sub.4 in DMF and heating. A red-black solution is formed and tetraethylammonium bromide is then added and the DMF is removed at 65.degree. C. under vacuum. The solids are extracted with acetonitrile to form a filtrate and a salt containing an Mo.sub.2 S.sub.12.sup.2- anion is recrystallized from the filtrate. A 62% yield of the salt was obtained.
Although capable of producing compounds containing Mo.sub.2 S.sub.12.sup.2- anions, the reaction schemes in the prior art suffer from numerous drawbacks. These drawbacks include: low yields of Mo.sub.2 S.sub.12.sup.2- anion containing compounds; low Mo.sub.2 S.sub.12.sup.2- anion purity; the production of dimethylammonium bromide, a skin and mucous membrane irritant; the need to bubble H.sub.2 S gas into solution to produce Mo.sub.2 S.sub.12.sup.2- anions; and difficulty in controlling the concentration of the sulfide sulfur reactant. As a result, the prior art preparations are not suitable for large scale production of pure compounds containing the Mo.sub.2 S.sub.12.sup.2- anion.
It is therefore an object of the invention to provide a method for producing, in relatively high yield, molybdenum and sulfur containing compounds in pure form that have Mo.sub.2 S.sub.12.sup.2- as the anion.
Another object of the invention is to provide a method for producing molybdenum and sulfur containing compounds that have Mo.sub.2 S.sub.12.sup.2- as the anion that provides a means for controlling the sulfide sulfur concentration of the reaction.
Other objects of the invention will become more apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading the following description in conjunction with the examples, provided for illustrative purposes.

Method for making molybdenum and sulfur containing compounds


Recording and reproducing a television signal with a DC shifter prevents compression distortion of a PAL plus television signal. The PAL plus television signal includes a vertical resolution signal for enhancing vertical resolution which vertical resolution signal is included in the same compression blocks as some of the component video signals. Such compression blocks are shifted to a DC set up value so that the signals within those compression blocks do not have varying DC offsets which otherwise could result in compression distortion. Similarly, upon reproduction, the DC set up value is removed after decompression and the original television signal is restored with complete vertical resolution.

The present invention relates to digitally recording and reproducing a television signal and, more particularly, to digitally recording and reproducing a PAL plus television signal.
Television signals are broadcast using various transmission standards. PAL is one such standard primarily employed in European countries. PAL plus is the next generation broadcasting standard of PAL that provides higher image quality than its predecessor. Another distinctive feature of the PAL plus standard is that the television picture has an aspect ratio of 9:16, which is considered more aesthetically pleasing than the aspect ratio of 3:4 which is the aspect ratio primarily used heretofore by television receivers. As shown in FIG. 27A, the PAL plus image of FIG. 27B is superimposed on the 3:4 aspect ratio of the conventional television receiver, image demonstrating the differences in aesthetic appearance between the two standards. The PAL plus standard is compatible with PAL television receivers and thus, the PAL plus television signal is derived from the PAL television signal. To obtain the 9:16 aspect ratio, a vertical conversion circuit decimates the PAL plus television signal using a 3 to 4 decimation process.
However, the decimation process deteriorates the vertical resolution of the
plus image. To correct this vertical deterioration the PAL plus standard transmits a vertical resolution signal (hereinafter referred to as a helper signal) during the upper and lower invalid screen portions (FIG. 28) of the PAL plus television signal. The helper signal is employed by the PAL plus television receiver to reconstruct the lost vertical resolution.
A problem arises, however, when the PAL plus signal is recorded digitally as, for example, occurs in a discrete cosine transform DCT process. In the DCT process, each television frame is divided into blocks of pixels (8.times.8, for example), and each block is DCT transformed. As shown in FIG. 31, the 8.times.8 DCT blocks extend into the upper invalid screen portion where the helper signal is stored. Consequently, portions of the helper signal are processed with the main screen portion in the same DCT block. Because the signal values between the DCT blocks and the helper signal are significantly different, the DCT process calculates erroneous DCT coefficients and a resultant image distortion occurs. In this case, the invalid screen portions include pixel information from the middle of the television picture, and the resultant distortion affects the center of the picture as shown in FIG. 32.

Television signal recording/reproducing apparatus and method with DC shifter


Abrasion powder from the clutch retainer 28a is prevented from getting mixed into the grease used for lubricating the roller clutch 10, and the grease is prevented from becoming exposed to high temperatures, and so degrading too quickly is prevented in the grease. Specifically, a retaining piece 33 is formed at one end of the clutch retainer 28a in the inner-diameter side portion thereof, and a retaining collar section 34 is formed around the inner peripheral surface of the other end of the clutch retainer 28a. The inner ring 21 for the clutch is held from both sides in the axial direction between the fitting portion 35 at the tip end of the retaining piece 33 and the retaining collar section 34. Consequently, displacement in the axial direction of the clutch retainer 28a is limited, so that the axially opposite end surfaces of the clutch retainer 28a is prevented from coming in sliding contact with the sections that rotate relative to the clutch retainer 28a, specifically the inside surfaces of a pair of collar sections 27a, 27b of the outer ring 25 for the clutch.

Rotation transmissions of the built-in one-way clutch type have been used for example as a follower pulley that is fastened to the end of the rotating shaft of the alternator that is an automobile generator, or as the pinion etc. that is fastened to an end of the rotating shaft of the starter motor in the starting apparatus of an automobile, or have been used for transmitting rotation to auxiliary devices from a separate drive apparatus (motor) during idling stop while the engine is stopped.
An alternator is used for generating the necessary electrical power for an automobile, the drive source of which is the engine of the automobile. The construction of this kind of alternator has been disclosed for example in Japanese Patent Publication No. Toku Kai Hei 7-139550. FIG. 13 shows the alternator 1 that is described in this publication. The rotating shaft 3 is supported inside the housing 2 by a pair of rolling bearings 4 such that it rotates freely. In the middle section of this rotating shaft 3 there is a rotor 5 and a commutator 6. Also, a follower pulley 7 is fastened on one end of this rotating shaft 3 (right end in FIG. 13) in the section that protrudes out from the housing 2. When installed in an engine, an endless belt runs around this follower pulley 7 such that the engine can rotate and drive the rotating shaft 3 through the crankshaft.
Conventionally, a typical follower pulley 7 that was simply fastened to the rotating shaft 3 was used. However, in recent years, a rotation transmission apparatus with built-in one-way clutch has been proposed and has been used somewhat. For example, in a pulley apparatus with built-in one-way clutch, when the running speed of the endless belt is constant or when it is accelerating, power is transmitted from the endless belt to the rotating shaft, and when the running speed of the endless belt is decelerating, there is relative rotation between the follower pulley and the rotating shaft. A pulley apparatus with built-in one-way clutch having this kind of function has been disclosed for example in Japanese Patent Publications Nos. Toku Kai Sho 56-101353, Toku Kai Hei 7-317807, Toku Kai Hei 8-61443, Toku Kai Hei 8-226462, Toku Ko Hei 7-72585, and French Patent Publication No. FR2726059A1.
FIGS. 14 to 16 show one example of a prior art pulley apparatus with built-in one-way clutch as described in these publications. This pulley apparatus with built-in one-way clutch has an inner-diameter-side member, specifically a sleeve 8, that is fitted over the rotating shaft 3 of the alternator 1 (see FIG. 13). Also, there is a cylindrical outer-diameter-side member, specifically follower pulley 7a, that is located around this sleeve 8 such that it is concentric with the sleeve 8. In addition, there is a pair of support bearings 9 and a roller clutch 10, which is the one-way clutch, located between the outer peripheral surface of the sleeve 8 and the inner peripheral surface of the follower pulley 7a.
The sleeve 8 has a generally cylindrical shape, and is fitted onto one end of the rotating shaft 3 of the alternator 1 such that it rotates freely with the rotating shaft 3. Therefore, in the example shown in the figure, there is a male screw section formed around the outer peripheral surface on the tip end of the rotating shaft 3, and a screw hole 11 is formed in the middle section around the inner peripheral surface of the sleeve 8, such that the screw hole 11 can be screwed together with the male screw section. Moreover, an attachment hole section 12, having a hexagonal cross section, is formed on the tip end (left end in FIG. 14) on the inner peripheral surface of the sleeve 8 such that the tip end of a tool such as a hexagonal wrench can be attached to this attachment hole section 12. Furthermore, the base end on the inner peripheral surface of the sleeve 8 (right end in FIG. 14) is a circular hole section 13 that can be fitted over the tip end of the rotating shaft 3 at a portion closer to the middle of it such that there is no play between them.
Construction of assembling the sleeve 8 and the rotating shaft 3 such that they do not rotate relative to each other can be accomplished as well using other construction such as a spline joint, non-circular fit, key joint, or the like. Also, the center section of the outer peripheral surface of the sleeve 8 is a large-diameter section 14 that has a diameter that is larger than the other sections.
On the other hand, the tip end half on the outer peripheral surface of the follower pulley 7a is formed with a wave shaped cross section along the width direction such that part of an endless belt, called a poly V-belt, can be placed around it. Also, the aforementioned roller clutch 10 is placed in the middle in the axial direction in the space between the outer peripheral surface of the sleeve 8 and the inner peripheral surface of the follower pulley 7a, and support bearings 9 are placed on both ends in the axial direction of this space such that they are located on both sides in the axial direction of the roller clutch 10, respectively.
Of these, the support bearings 9 support the radial load that is applied to the follower pulley 7a, and make it possible for the follower pulley 7a to rotate relative to the sleeve 8. In the example shown in the figures, ball bearings of the deep-groove type are used as the support bearings 9. In other words, each of these support bearings 9 comprises an outer race 16 that has an outer-ring raceway 15 of the deep-groove type formed around its inner peripheral surface, an inner race 18 that has an inner-ring raceway 17 of the deep-groove type formed around its outer peripheral surface, and a plurality of balls 19 that are located between the outer-ring raceway 15 and inner-ring raceway 17 such that they rotate freely.
Also, the outer race 16 is fitted into and fixed around the inner peripheral surface near both ends of the follower pulley 7a, and the inner race 18 is fitted onto and fixed around the outer peripheral surface near both ends of the sleeve 8. In addition, in this state, one surface in the axial direction of the inner races 18 comes in contact with one of the axially opposite end surfaces (stepped surface) of the large-diameter section 14, respectively.
Moreover, in the example shown in the figures, by placing seal rings 20 between the inner peripheral surface on the opposite ends of the inner races 16 and the outer peripheral surface on the opposite ends of the inner races 18, respectively, the openings on both ends of the spaces where the balls 19 are located are covered.
Also, of the openings on both ends of the spaces where the balls 19 are located, it is possible to place the seal rings 20 only at the openings on the sides of the outside spaces of the pulley apparatus. However, as in the example shown in the figure, in the case where the seal rings 20 are placed also at the openings on the sides of the inside spaces of the pulley apparatus, it is preferred that through-holes be formed through part of the seal rings 20 on the sides of these inside spaces in order that the space between the pair of support bearings 9 is communicated with the spaces where the balls 19 are located. The reason for this is that it prevents the pressure in the space between both support bearings 9 from rising excessively when pressing the support bearings 9 between the inner peripheral surface of the follower pulley 7a and the outer peripheral surface of the sleeve 8.
Also, the aforementioned roller clutch 10 transmits rotation force between the follower pulley 7a and the sleeve 8 only when the pulley 7a rotates in relation to the sleeve 8 in a specified direction. In order to form this kind of roller clutch 10, an inner ring 21 for the clutch is securely fastened around the large-diameter section 14 of the sleeve 8 through interference fit.
In this specification, the outer peripheral surface of the sleeve 8 will be called "one peripheral surface", and the inner ring 21 for the clutch will be called the "protruding section".
This inner ring 21 for the clutch is made from steel plate, such as carburized steel plate, and is formed into a generally cylindrical shape by using a plastic working process such as pressing, and a cam surface 22 is formed on its outer peripheral surface. In other words, a plurality of concave sections 23, called the ramp section, are formed at equally space intervals around the circumference on the outer peripheral surface of the inner ring 21 for the clutch, to form a cam surface 22 on the outer peripheral surface. This cam surface 22 can also be formed directly on the outer peripheral surface of the large-diameter section 14. In this specification, this large-diameter section 14 will be called the "protruding section".
Of the inner peripheral surface of the outer ring 25 for the clutch, which is securely fitted into and fastened through interference fit in the middle section of the inner peripheral surface of the follower pulley 7a, at least the middle section in the axial direction that comes in contact with the rollers 26 (described later) is a simple cylindrical section. This kind of outer ring 25 for the clutch is also made from steel plate, such as carburized steel plate, and is formed into a generally cylindrical shape by using a plastic working process such as pressing, and inward facing flange-shaped collar sections 27a, 27b are formed on the axially opposite ends, respectively.
With respect to these collar sections 27a, 27b, the collar section 27a (left collar section in FIG. 14) is formed in advance when manufacturing the outer ring 25 for the clutch, so its material thickness is the same as the thickness of the cylindrical section of the outer ring 25 for the clutch. On the other hand, the other collar section 27b (right collar section in FIG. 14) is formed on the inside in the radial direction of the outer ring 25 for the clutch after the rollers 26 and the clutch retainer 28 (described later) are assembled, and therefore made thin.
Also, the plurality of rollers 26, which together with the inner ring 21 and outer ring 25 for the clutch make up the roller clutch 10, are supported in the clutch retainer 28, which is fitted around the inner ring 21 for the clutch and can not rotate with respect to the inner ring 21 for the clutch, such that they can freely rotate and displace a little in the circumferential direction. This clutch retainer 28 is made of a synthetic resin (for example, a synthetic resin such as polyamide 66, polyamide 46, or polyphenylene sulfide in which glass fibers are mixed by an amount of about 20%) formed into a generally basket-shaped cylindrical shape and comprises a pair of ring-shaped rims 29, and a plurality of columns 30 that link the rims 29 with each other.
Also, pockets 31 are defined by the inside surfaces of the rim sections 29 and the side surfaces in the circumferential direction of the columns 30. The pockets 31 hold the rollers 26 such that they can freely roll and slightly displace in the circumferential direction.
Moreover, the circular arc-shaped convex sections 32 are formed at a plurality of locations on the inner peripheral surface of each of the rim sections 29 and engaged with the concave sections 23 that are formed on the outer peripheral surface of the inner ring 21 for the clutch, so that the clutch retainer 28 is mounted on the inner ring 21 for the clutch such that it cannot rotate relative to the inner ring 21 for the clutch.
Also, there are springs (not shown in the figure), such as plate springs or synthetic resin springs, which are integrated with the clutch retainer 28 and located between the column sections 30 of the clutch retainer 28 and the rollers 26. There is a cylindrical-shaped space between the cam surface 22 and the inner peripheral surface (cylindrical surface) in the middle section of the outer ring 25 for the clutch. The aforementioned springs elastically press the rollers 26 in the circumferential direction of the clutch retainer 28 toward the section of the cylindrical-shaped space where the dimension of the width in the radial direction is narrower.
Moreover, the both axial end surfaces of the clutch retainer 28 closely face the inside surfaces of the collars 27a, 27b of the outer ring 25 for the clutch to prevent the clutch retainer 28 from displacement in the axial direction.
When using the pulley apparatus with built-in one-way clutch that is constructed as described above, the rollers 26 bite into the section where the width in the radial direction of the cylindrical-shaped space is narrower when the follower pulley 7a rotates in a specified direction relative to the sleeve 8, which makes it impossible for the follower pulley 7a to rotate relative to the sleeve 8. This state is called the locked state.
On the other hand, when the follower pulley 7a rotates in the opposite direction of the specified direction relative to the sleeve 8, the rollers 26 move out of the way to the section where the width in the radial direction of the cylindrical space is wider, and makes it possible for the follower pulley 7a to rotate freely relative to the sleeve 8. This state is called the overrun state.
There are the following two reasons for using a pulley apparatus with built-in one-way clutch for an alternator that has the construction described above.
The first reason is for extending the life of the endless belt. For example, when the drive engine is a diesel engine, and it is rotating at a low rpm such as during idling, fluctuation in the rotational angular velocity of the crankshaft becomes large. As a result, the running speed of the endless belt that extends around the drive pulley also fluctuates small. On the other hand, the rotating shaft 3 of the alternator that is rotated and driven by this endless belt by way of the follower pulley does not fluctuate so suddenly due to the inertia mass of the rotating shaft 3 and the rotor that is fixed to the rotating shaft 3.
However, when the follower pulley is just fastened to the rotating shaft, there is a tendency for the endless belt and follower pulley to rub in both directions due to the fluctuations in the rotational angular velocity of the crankshaft. As a result, stress acts repeatedly in different directions on the endless belt in a rubbing relation with the follower pulley, and accordingly it becomes easy for slipping to occur between the endless belt and the follower pulley, or the life of the endless belt becomes short.
Therefore, by using a pulley apparatus with built-in one-way clutch for an alternator as this follower clutch, rotational power is freely transmitted from the follower pulley to the rotating shaft 3 when the running speed of the endless belt is constant or increases, and conversely, the follower pulley rotates freely with respect to the rotating shaft 3 when the running speed of the endless belt decreases. In other words, when the running speed of the endless belt decreases, the rotational angular velocity of the follower pulley becomes slower than the rotational angular velocity of the rotating shaft, and thus prevents strong rubbing at the area of contact between the endless belt and the follower pulley. In this way, the direction of the stress acting on the area of rubbing between the follower pulley and endless belt is made constant, and thus prevents slipping from occurring between the endless belt and the follower pulley, and prevents a drop in life of the endless belt.
The second reason is for improving the efficiency of power generation of the alternator. The rotating shaft 3, to which the alternator rotor is fastened, is driven and rotated by the automobile drive engine by way of the endless belt and follower pulley. In the case of using a fixed follower pulley, when the rotational velocity of the drive engine drops suddenly, there is a sudden drop in the rotational velocity of the rotor, and the amount of power generated by the alternator also decreases suddenly.
By using a pulley apparatus with built-in one-way clutch for an alternator as the follower clutch of the alternator, the rotational velocity of the rotor drops gradually due to the inertial force and power generation continues even when the rotational velocity of the drive engine drops suddenly. As a result, in comparison to the case of using a fixed follower pulley, it is possible to increase the amount of power generated by the alternator by efficiently using the kinetic energy of the rotating shaft and rotor.
In the case of the prior art construction described above, displacement of the clutch retainer 28 in the axial direction is prevented by the pair of collar sections 27a, 27b that are formed on both ends of the outer ring 25 for the clutch. In other words, when the clutch retainer 28 tries to move in the axial direction during overrun when there is relative rotation between the follower pulley 7a and the sleeve 8, the inside surface of one of the collar sections 27a, 27b comes in contact (sliding contact) with the corresponding end surface in the axial direction of the clutch retainer 28, and prevents the displacement of clutch retainer 28 in the axial direction.
However, in the case of the pulley apparatus with built-in one-way clutch for an alternator described above, the relative rotational velocity between the pulley 7a and the sleeve 8 can reach from several hundred revolutions per min (rpm) to several thousand revolutions per minute in extreme cases. Therefore, when there is sliding contact between the axially opposite end surfaces of the clutch retainer 28 and the inside surfaces of the collar sections 27a, 27b, respectively, there is a possibility of wear of the axially opposite end surfaces of the clutch retainer 28, or there is a possibility that the friction heat that occurs due to sliding contact between the axially opposite end surfaces of the clutch retainer 28 and the inside surfaces of the collar sections 27a, 27b may become excessive.
Also, in the case that the powder generated due to wear of the axially opposite end surfaces of the clutch retainer 28 is mixed with the grease used for lubricating the roller clutch 10, there is a possibility that there will be a drop in the lubricating ability of this grease. Moreover, in the case that the friction heat, which is generated in the area of sliding contact, becomes excessive, there is a possibility that the grease will degrade quickly due to heat. Degradation of the grease causes the roller clutch 10 to lose durability and is not desirable.
These kinds of problems also occur in the case of construction where there is not a pair of collar sections 27a, 27b, and where the axially opposite end surfaces of the clutch retainer 28 come in sliding contact with another member that rotates relative to the clutch retainer 28.
Moreover, in the case of the clutch retainer that is disclosed in Japanese patent publication No. Toku Kai 2001-32911, which was assigned to the same assignee as the present invention, there are attachment sections on both sides in the axial direction of the clutch retainer, and when the clutch retainer is elastically deformed and fitted onto the inner ring for the roller clutch, the aforementioned attachment sections hold the inner ring for the roller clutch between them and limit displacement in the axial direction of the clutch retainer.
However, depending on the material of the retainer and the interference between the attachment sections and the inner ring for the roller clutch, there existed problems in that when elastically deforming the clutch retainer and fitting it onto the inner ring for the roller clutch, the retainer could break, or the interference would be too large, so that the fitting force would be too large making fitting difficult, or the interference would be too small, so that the clutch retainer would become separated easily.

One-way clutch built-in type rotation transmission device


Embodiments disclosed herein provide systems and methods for determining device movement to and from an area of interest using a route update radius. In a particular embodiment, a method provides identifying an area of interest within a geographic area and determining a first access node of a wireless communication network having a first wireless signal coverage area that includes at least part of the area of interest. The method further provides setting a route update radius to a distance that reflects the size of the at least part of the area of interest and transferring the route update radius to the wireless communication device.

To establish a communication session with a wireless communication device, a wireless communication network typically broadcasts a page for the wireless device on a paging channel of at least one wireless access node. The likelihood that the wireless device will receive the page is increased when multiple wireless access nodes broadcast the page. Thus, broadcasting the page from many access nodes provides the best chance that the wireless device will receive the page. Unfortunately, the technique of broadcasting the page from many access nodes often wastes network resources that are not even close to the wireless device.
Accordingly, modern wireless networks first attempt to page a wireless device on access nodes around an area that the wireless device was last located. To assist in the determination of which access nodes should broadcast the signal, the wireless device is configured to update its location with a wireless network so that the wireless network can identify access nodes around that location that would most likely succeed in paging the wireless device. The wireless network provides the wireless device with a distance from the device's current access node that the device may travel before needing to update the location again. The distance is commonly referred to as a route update radius and typically corresponds to a distance whereby the wireless device would move beyond the coverage area of access nodes currently designated to page the wireless device. Upon exceeding the radius, the wireless device updates its location to the wireless network and the wireless network determines a new set of access nodes that would most likely succeed in paging the wireless device.

Determination of wireless device movement to and from an area of interest using a route update radius


The present invention provides a barrel device capable of using various calibers of flanged centerfired ammunition in a breech loaded firearm. The barrel device is able to position and secure various caliber ammunition, whereby the action and firing pin will strike the center of the ammunition and cause it to be fired from the weapon. In some embodiments, the unique barrel device may comprise a non-newtonian type of fluid housed and contained in the barrel by a para-aramid synthetic material. In other embodiments, the barrel device may comprise a mechanical construct and may or may not use a synthetic fiber inner lining. In another embodiment, the barrel device may contain a foam type material to house and center the ammunition. In further embodiments, the barrel device may comprise both a non-newtonian type of fluid and a mechanical construct.

The present invention relates to the field of firearms and specifically to firearm barrels. More particularly, the present invention is relates to the rifling and lining of a weapon's barrel. Although not limited thereto, the present invention is useful in the field of small arms (definition of a small arms are those carried by a single person) being able to fire many types of ammunition or cartridges.
Current firearms use ammunition or a cartridge of a particular size or caliber that has been specifically matched to a weapon and vice-a-versa. The weapon or firearm will have a specific barrel diameter, thickness and bore size for that caliber ammunition. The match between barrel and cartridge dimensions is made so the cartridge is seated correctly in the barrel allowing the bullet of the cartridge to safely exit the barrel when the cartridge's primer is detonated when the gun is fired. The barrel of the current invention can use various types of cartridges ranging from calibers of centerfire .22 to .45 or be capable of using .410 to 20 gauge shotgun shells from the same weapon.
Previously if a person with a specific weapon runs out of that particular caliber ammunition, then they cannot use that weapon anymore. The following patents: U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,709,136; 8,397,416 and 5,133,142 address using more than one caliber ammunition in a single weapon but they all had to either: change out the current barrel to a new barrel that could fire the new cartridge type or insert some type of sleeve/claw for the new round. U.S. Pat. No. 8,069,600 developed a multi-caliber bolt, but does not disclose a barrel capable of using multi-caliber ammunition.
There have been scenarios throughout recent armed conflict history whereby lives are lost and battles turned due to insufficient gunfire due to lack of a specific ammunition caliber while usable (live) ammunition of a different caliber was still available on the battlefield. The present invention will keep the combatant in the fight. Besides military applications, applications of this weapon can be used for law enforcement and first responders.
Additionally, there are over 800 million weapons in the world today, each using a specific type of cartridge. Therefore, there exists a need for a novel firearm that will be able to use standard revolver type cartridges, including ammunition of centerfire .22 to .45 calibers. There also exists a need for a firearm to be able to utilize larger cartridges used in rifles, including 5.56 mm (standard NATO round) to 7.62 mm, and even gauges of 20 to 12 gauge.
Accordingly, there exists a need for a novel barrel construction capable of using a plurality of different cartridge types and calibers without changing the barrel or inserting a specialized sleeve, insert, or claw.