An amorphous magnetic material possesses a composition essentially expressed by (Fe.sub.1-a-b N.sub.a M.sub.b).sub.100-x-y Si.sub.x B.sub.y (M denotes at least one kind of element selected from Mn, Cr, Co, Nb, V, Mo, Ta, W and Zr, 0.395.ltoreq.a.ltoreq.0.7, 0.ltoreq.b.ltoreq.0.21, 1-a-b<a, 6.ltoreq.x.ltoreq.18 at %, 10.ltoreq.y.ltoreq.18 at %, respectively). An amorphous magnetic material which has such a Ni rich Fe-Ni base possesses a Curie temperature T.sub.c of 473 to 573K, the maximum magnetic flux density B.sub.m of 0.5 to 0.9T. A ratio of residual magnetic flux density B.sub.r and the maximum magnetic flux density B.sub.m can be controlled according to a required characteristics, and, in the case of being used in a saturable core, is set at 0.60 or more. With an amorphous magnetic material of an inexpensive Fe-Ni base, magnetic characteristics applicable in a high frequency region, thermal stability, surface smoothness can be realized.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an amorphous magnetic material suitable for a saturable magnetic core used as a saturable reactor or a noise suppressor, or a magnetic core used for an accelerator or a laser power supply, and a magnetic core using thereof.
2. Description of the Related Art
Switching power supplies are used in abundance as stabilizing power supplies of electronic instruments. In particular, a switching power supply assembled a magnetic amplifier (refers to as "magamp" hereinafter) for output control is being widely used due to its easiness in obtaining multiple outputs and its low noise.
A magamp is mainly composed of a saturable reactor, as a main portion thereof a saturable core is used. In a switching power supply, a saturable core is used also as a noise suppressor. For a constituent material of such a saturable core, since excellent square magnetization property is required, mainly, an Fe-Ni based crystalline alloy (permalloy) or a Co based amorphous magnetic alloy have been used.
However, in accordance with a recent demand for miniaturization, light weight, high performance of electronic instruments, a switching power supply is also strongly demanded to be miniature, light weight. Therefore, in a switching power supply, a switching frequency tends to be made higher. However, an Fe-Ni based crystalline alloy being used conventionally has such a defect that its coercive force becomes large in higher frequency region, resulting in remarkable increases of an eddy current loss. Therefore, it is not suitable for application in the high frequency region.
Besides, a Co based amorphous magnetic alloy, in addition to its excellent squareness characteristics and thermal stability, has an excellent property such as small loss even in the high frequency region. However, because of much inclusion of expensive Co, it has a difficulty that a manufacturing cost of a saturable core becomes high.
As amorphous magnetic materials other than Co based one, an Fe based amorphous magnetic alloy is being used in various fields, in addition, a micro-crystalline Fe based soft magnetic alloy is also known. However, these magnetic materials are large in their coercive force and maximum magnetic flux density B.sub.m, resulting in a large loss in a high frequency region. Therefore, they are not suitable for a saturable core material.
Increase of the loss in a high frequency region also becomes a problem when an Fe based amorphous magnetic alloy is employed for a magnetic core other than a saturable core. Though an Fe based amorphous magnetic alloy has been used as a constituent material of such as a choke coil or a transformer, a higher frequency tendency invites a problem of the increase of the loss. The Fe based amorphous magnetic alloy also has a defect of being low in its thermal stability of the magnetic properties.
Further, both the conventional Co based amorphous magnetic alloy and Fe based amorphous magnetic alloy are high in their melting points, as a result, when thin film is formed with such as a liquid metal quenching method, tends to become rough in their surface roughness. Lowering of surface property of an amorphous magnetic alloy thin ribbon, when being wound or laminated to form a magnetic core, becomes a cause of deterioration of magnetic property such as squareness ratio.
As a conventional amorphous magnetic material, other than the Co based or Fe based amorphous magnetic alloy, an amorphous magnetic alloy based on Fe-Ni is known. For instance, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. Sho-58(1983)-193344 discloses an amorphous magnetic alloy possessing a composition expressed by (Fe.sub.1-a Ni.sub.a).sub.100-x-y Si.sub.x B.sub.y (0.2.ltoreq.a.ltoreq.0.4, 20.ltoreq.x+y.ltoreq.25 at %, 5.ltoreq.x.ltoreq.20 at %, 5.ltoreq.y .ltoreq.20 at %).
Further, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open (Kohyo) No. Hei-4(1992)-500985 discloses a magnetic metallic glass alloy which has a composition expressed by Fe.sub.a Ni.sub.b M.sub.c B.sub.d Si.sub.e C.sub.f (here, M is Mo, Cr, 39.ltoreq.a.ltoreq.41 at %, 37.ltoreq.b.ltoreq.41 at %, 0.ltoreq.c.ltoreq.3 at %, 17.ltoreq.d.ltoreq.19 at %, 0.ltoreq.e.ltoreq.2 at %, 0.ltoreq.f.ltoreq.2 at %) and at least 70% thereof is glassy. Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. Hei-5(1993)-311321 discloses a super-thin soft magnetic alloy ribbon possessing a composition expressed by Fe.sub.100-x-y-z Ni.sub.x Si.sub.y B.sub.z (1.ltoreq.X.ltoreq.30 at %, 10.ltoreq.Y.ltoreq.18 at %, 7.ltoreq.Z.ltoreq.17 at %, X+Y+Z<80 at %).
The above described respective amorphous magnetic alloy, though Fe-Ni is a base component of a magnetic alloy, is an Fe rich magnetic alloy of which main component is Fe. Therefore, as identical as the above described Fe based amorphous magnetic alloy, it has a defect of the loss being large, further, thermal stability of magnetic properties being low. When a thin film ribbon is formed with a liquid quenching method or the like, that similarly tends to cause a defect of being large in its surface roughness.
In addition, Japanese Patent Application No. Sho-60(1985)-16512 discloses an amorphous magnetic alloy which has a composition expressed by (Fe.sub.1-a Ni.sub.a).sub.100-y X.sub.y (X is Si and B, 0.3.ltoreq.a.ltoreq.0.65, 15<y.ltoreq.30 at %) and is excellent in its corrosion resistivity and in its stress-corrosion cracking resistance. Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. Sho-57(1982)-13146 discloses an amorphous alloy expressed by (Fe.sub.1-a Ni.sub.a).sub.100-x-y Si.sub.x B.sub.y (0.2.ltoreq.a.ltoreq.0.7, 1.ltoreq.x.ltoreq.20 at %, 5.ltoreq.y.ltoreq.9.5 at %, 15.ltoreq.x+y.ltoreq.30 at %).
These amorphous magnetic alloys, as identical as the above described Fe-Ni based amorphous magnetic alloys, have basically Fe rich alloy compositions. Further, since they are not expected to be used as constituent material of such as a saturable core, a low-loss core, a high permeability core, the composition ratio of Si or B does not correspond to usage in a high frequency region, further, additive elements other than these primary components also are not fully investigated.
As described above, a Co based amorphous magnetic alloy conventionally used as a saturable core material, because of high content of the expensive Co, has a defect that the manufacturing cost of a magnetic core is high. Besides, among magnetic materials other than Co based one, an Fe based amorphous magnetic alloy and an Fe rich Fe-Ni based amorphous magnetic alloy have defects such that they are large in their loss in a high frequency region and low in their thermal stability. Further, anyone of the conventional amorphous magnetic alloys has a high melting point, and, as a result, when a thin film ribbon is formed with a liquid quenching method, its surface roughness tends to become large.

Amorphous magnetic material and magnetic core using the same


Providing transport protocol within a communication network having a lossy link. The receiver distinguishes between packets received with non-congestion bit errors and packets having been not at all received due to congestion. When packets are received with non-congestion bit errors, the receiver sends selective acknowledgments indicating that the packets were received with bit errors while suppressing duplicate acknowledgments to prevent the invocation of a congestion mechanism.

Reliable transport protocols, such as the transmission control protocol (TCP), have been tuned for traditional networks comprising wired links and stationary hosts. These protocols assume congestion in the network to be the primary cause for packet losses and unusual delays. Congestion occurs when the requirements of the source(s) exceeds the transport capability of the network or the reception capability of the receiver. For example, where multiple senders transmit packets to a network switch faster than the switch's buffer can forward the packets, congestion results and some received packets are lost by the switch.
Under the TCP protocol, an acknowledgment is usually, but not necessarily, transmitted for every packet. Because the TCP protocol is a byte-stream protocol, it also has the flexibility to send an acknowledgment for a sequence of bytes. The typical acknowledgment indicates the sequence number of the last consecutive packet successfully received; this type of acknowledgment is referred to as a cumulative acknowledgment. The acknowledgment is considered cumulative because it confirms that all messages up to the indicated packet have been properly received. Every time a receiver receives a group of packets, the receiver sends an acknowledgment identifying the last continuously complete sequence of received packets. For example, consider the case where one hundred packets are sent, but packets 59 and 61-100 are not received. When the receiver successfully receives packets 1-58, it will provide an acknowledgment that all packets up to packet 58 were received; when it successfully receives packet 60 but not packet 59, the receiver will again provide an acknowledgment that up to packet 58 was received. The second acknowledgment indicates that a packet was received out of sequence without receiving the next packet in sequence. Duplicate acknowledgments can indicate to the TCP protocol that a packet was lost. Most often the packet's loss is due to congestion and some form of congestion compensation is necessary such as reducing the window size. Several schemes exist to retransmit packet(s) sequentially after recognizing that a packet was lost.
As an alternative to cumulative acknowledgments, acknowledgments can be provided which indicate which specific packets were received in error; these acknowledgments are known as selective acknowledgments (SACKs). A SACK can be embodied as a bit map, for example, where each bit of the SACK represents a packet status: "1" for a particular packet sequence number indicates the packet was received without error and "0" indicates the packet was received in error or was not received at all.
The TCP protocol avoids congestion by utilizing acknowledgments from the receiver and adjusting a sliding window for the sender. Rather than sending a packet and waiting for an acknowledgment from the receiver before sending another packet, the sender keeps track of the total number of unacknowledged packets sent and continues to transmit packets as long as the number of unacknowledged packets does not exceed a specified window size. The sender dynamically adjusts the window size by probing the communication network to determine the network's capacity. As long as there is no loss, the window size is gradually increased. When a loss occurs, the window size is reduced and then slowly expanded. The sender can identify that a packet has been lost due to congestion either by the arrival of duplicate acknowledgments indicating a loss or by the absence of an acknowledgment being received within a timeout interval. This entire process of controlling the window size to limit congestion is known as flow control.
A number of compensation schemes can be used to reduce the window size upon detection of a congestion error and to gradually increase the window size back to the edge of error free operation. Such compensation schemes include the slow-start algorithm, fast recovery, and fast-retransmit. For example, under the slow-start algorithm, if the window size was one hundred packets when a congestion error occurred, the TCP protocol reduces the window size to one; the lost packet(s) is then retransmitted and the window size is expanded after each successful subsequent transmission by the number of packets last transmitted. In other words, the slow-start algorithm reduces the window size to one and then doubles the window size after each successful transmission as indicated by the reception of an acknowledgment (ACK).
When transmitted packets fail to be received by the sender for reasons other than congestion, however, congestion compensation measures, such as reducing the window size, result in an unnecessary reduction in end-to-end throughput and suboptimal performance. For example, wireless links are increasingly being used within a communication network. Transmission errors over wireless links are often due to reasons other than congestion, such as interference. Therefore, wireless links often suffer from sporadic high bit-error rates (BERs) and intermittent connectivity problems due to handoffs. Consequently, TCP performance in networks having wireless links suffers from significant throughput degradation and very high interactive delays due to the unnecessary use of congestion compensation mechanisms.
Several approaches have been suggested to avoid performance degradation over wireless links where non-congestion errors predominate. For example, A Comparison of Mechanisms for Improving TCP Performance Over Wireless Links, by Hari Balakrishnan, et al., ACM SIGCOMM '96, Stanford, Calif., August 1996, discusses several. One such approach is to make the base station, which relays communication data from a source in the network to a mobile receiver, TCP aware. The base station keeps a copy of all packets forwarded to the mobile receiver until the base station is certain that the packets were received. If a packet is not received by the mobile receiver, then the mobile receiver sends to the base station the SACKs that are marked to indicate that a non-congestion related loss has occurred. Once the base station receives three duplicate marked SACKs, rather than automatically relaying these duplicate marked SACKs through the network to obtain retransmission from the source, the base station attempts to suppress the duplicate acknowledgment and retransmits a copy of the packet without invoking congestion compensation procedures. Because the base station retains copies of unacknowledged packets for multiple mobile receivers, the base station must retransmit the correct packet associated with the specific mobile receiver that failed to receive the originally transmitted packet.
The Balakrishnan scheme, however, has several shortcomings. First, in a lossy link where congestion is typically not a source of error, duplicate acknowledgments unnecessarily waste system resources and requires an unnecessary delay time until retransmission. In other words, because congestion is not the source of error and does not prohibit the first acknowledgment from being sufficient, anything more than a single acknowledgment unnecessarily taxes the system. Second, by making the base station TCP aware and requiring the base station to track the destination mobile receiver for each packet, significant buffering requirements at the base station are necessary. Furthermore, the base station must possess substantial processing capabilities to probe into the packet headers, and to classify and buffer packets according to TCP connections and process acknowledgments.

System and method for improving transport protocol performance in communication networks having lossy links


A golf ball excellent in wear resistance and abrasion resistance is provided without sacrificing various characteristics such as rebound performance, spin performance, cut resistance and feeling at the time of hitting. The golf ball is formed of a core and a cover covering the core. The cover is formed by mixing 1–50 parts by mass of a ternary composite made of a rubber component, a polyolefin component and a nylon component in 100 parts by mass of at least one resin component selected from the group consisting of a polyurethane resin, a polyester resin, a polyamide resin and an olefin resin.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a golf ball having an improved resistance against wear and abrasion maintaining various characteristics such as bound performance, spin performance, cut resistance and feeling at the time of hitting a ball.
2. Description of the Background Art
Conventionally, a golf ball having a thread-wound layer formed at a liquid center and a balata cover covering thereof has widely been used by advanced golfers and professional golfers as being excellent in shot feel and controllability. Since such a golf ball, however, has a structure that makes the manufacturing process complicated, and is poor in the cut resistance and the resistance against wear and abrasion, a variety of golf balls excellent in these characteristics as a whole have been developed.
Japanese Patent Laying-Open No. 59-91973, for example, proposes a golf ball having a solid core having a diameter of 36.0–38 mm, formed of rubber or resin containing at least 5 wt % of a carbon fiber, a silicon carbide fiber, or a boron fiber of 0.1 mm or more in length to improve durability and feeling at the time of hitting.
Japanese Patent Laying-Open No. 62-64378 proposes a cover composition for a golf ball where a fine fiber having an amide group is blended in a cover material containing trans-polyisoprene as a main component to improve rebound property, spin property and cut resistance.
Japanese Patent Laying-Open No. 63-9461 proposes a cover composition for a golf ball where 5–42 parts by mass of trans-polybutadiene, 1–15 parts by mass of fine fiber having an amide group, and 5–30 parts by mass of natural rubber are blended in 100 parts by mass of a cover material containing trans-polyisoprene as a main component, as a cover material that realizes the best possible performance, that is, a flight distance of a multi-dimple type golf ball.
Japanese Patent Laying-Open No. 1-223980 proposes a thread-wound golf ball using a cover material where inorganic single crystal fibers are blended in a trans-1,4-polyisoprene-based cover material to improve a flight distance of the ball.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,716,293 discloses the use of a solid rubber center containing an oily material and a soft cover material to improve a shot feel and to increase a spin amount with a short iron as well. Since this technique uses an oil proof rubber or an iomoner resin having a high hardness for the outer side of the solid rubber center, the rebound performance and the shot feel is yet to be improved.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,935,021 proposes a technique to improve rebound property, durability and cut resistance by blending fibrous aluminum borate whiskers in a main material of a thermoplastic resin or a thermoplastic elastomer. This technique, however, reduces the rebound performance of the cover material by blending the aforementioned whiskers.
Japanese Patent Laying-Open No. 10-179802 proposes a golf ball where a base resin of a cover is formed of a two-component heated mixture, as a main component, of an ionomer resin and a styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymer having a polybutadiene block containing an epoxy group or a styrene-isoprene-styrene block copolymer having polyisoprene block containing an epoxy group, characterized in that the composition forming the cover has a flexural modulus of 50–300 MPa and a Shore D hardness of 40–60. This technique is intended to improve the shot feel, the spin performance and the flight performance, but the cut resistance is still to be improved.
Japanese Patent Laying-Open No. 10-225532 proposes a cover composition for a golf ball formed of a resin composition in which aluminum borate whiskers are blended in a resin material made of an ionomer resin as a base material to improve durability.
Japanese Patent Laying-Open No. 6-319832 proposes a composition as a cover material formed by blending a core shell polymer made of (a) a core of a rubber-like polymer having an epoxy group or a carboxyl group or an acid anhydride group on the surface and (b) a shell of a glassy polymer, into an ethylene-unsaturated carboxylic acid copolymer, to improve a soft feeling and durability as well as rebound performance.
The Journal of the Society of Rheology, Japan, Vol. 25 (1997) has reported a development of a micro disperse system super-fine fiber reinforced composite prepared from a rubber-polyolefin-nylon ternary graft copolymer as an application of the plastic field.
These conventional techniques cannot improve the rebound performance, the spin performance, the cut resistance and the feeling as well as the resistance against wear and abrasion on the whole.


A chemical vapor deposition apparatus includes a deposition chamber defined at least in part by chamber walls, a substrate holder inside the chamber, and at least one process chemical inlet to the chamber. At least one purge inlet to the chamber is positioned elevationally above the substrate holder and outside a lateral periphery of the substrate holder. The purge inlet is configured to inject at least one purge material into the chamber and past the substrate holder. The purge inlet can be positioned and configured to inject an annular purge material curtain concentric to the substrate holder. A chemical vapor deposition method includes injecting at least one purge material into a deposition chamber and forming a purge curtain from the injected purge material. The purge curtain can extend downward from elevationally above a substrate holder and outside a lateral periphery of the substrate holder. The purge curtain can flow past the substrate holder.

Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) methods, such as, atomic layer deposition (ALD) methods, are often used in semiconductor processing and other industrial applications to form thin layers of materials. One consideration in selecting a deposition method is the process time to form a desired layer. Further, the quality of a product produced by a deposition method can be important. Along with an increasing need to reduce processing costs, a related desire exists to reduce process time while improving or maintaining product quality.
Speaking generally of ALD, a substrate is exposed to a first precursor material that is chemisorbed onto the substrate. The first precursor material is purged from the deposition chamber and a second precursor is chemisorbed onto the first precursor material on the substrate. Theoretically, the chemisorption of each precursor material is self limiting and the deposited material is formed one monolayer (1 atom thick) at a time. In practice, the ideal theoretical deposition is often not achieved or may be intentionally altered.
One potential cause for a deviation from ideal conditions is the simultaneous presence of the first precursor and the second precursor somewhere in a deposition apparatus other than on the substrate. For example, failure to completely purge one of the precursors from a deposition chamber may cause unwanted deposition on chamber components when the other precursor is introduced. Unwanted mixing of precursors can be a leading cause of particulate formation and product contamination in ALD.
Accordingly, the need to improve product quality and minimize down time for cleaning provides a motivation for careful purging practices. Unfortunately, carefully purging increases process time and accompanying process costs.


A method and apparatus for generating content for an electronic content access system wherein requests for host content are received and responses to such requests include at least references to the host content requested and at least references to guest content related to the host content requested, comprising obtaining host content from sources external to the electronic content access system, importing the obtained host content to a host content database, distilling the host content to derive host content summary data for the host content, storing the host content summary data in an indexable structure and storing guest content in an indexable structure, such that a query using host content summary data can be applied as a search against the guest content to retrieve guest content related to the requested host content without requiring preassociated links to guest content.

In a content retrieval system, a user makes a request for content and receives content matching that request. The user can be a human user interacting with a user interface of a computer that processes the requests and/or forwards the requests to other computer systems. The user could also be another computer process or system that generates the request programmatically. In the latter instance, it is likely that the requesting computer user will also programmatically process the results of the request, but it might instead be the case that a computer user makes a request and a human user is the ultimate recipient of the response, or even the opposite, where a human user makes a request and a computer user is the ultimate recipient of the response.
Content retrieval systems are in common use. One common system in use today uses the network referred to as the Internet, a global internetwork of networks, wherein nodes of the network send requests to other nodes that might respond with content. One protocol usable for content requesting is the HyperText Transport Protocol (HTTP), wherein an HTTP client, such as a browser) makes a request for content referenced by a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) and an HTTP server responds to the requests by sending content specified by the URL. Of course, while this is a very common example, content retrieval is not so limited.
For example, networks other than the Internet might be used, such as token ring, WAP, overlay, point-to-point, proprietary networks, etc. Protocols other than HTTP might be used to request and transport content, such as SMTP, FTP, etc. and content might be specified by other than URLs. Portions of present invention are described with reference to the Internet, a global internetwork of networks in common usage today for a variety of applications, but it should be understood that references to the Internet can be substituted with references to variations of the basic concept of the Internet (e.g., intranets, virtual private networks, enclosed TCP/IP networks, etc.) as well as other forms of networks. It should also be understood that the present invention might operate entirely within one computer or one collection of computers, thus obviating the need for a network.
The content itself could be in many forms. For example, some content might be text, images, video, audio, animation, program code, data structures, formatted text, etc. For example, a user might request content that is a page having a news story (text) and an accompanying image, with links to other content (such as by formatting the content according to the HyperText Markup Language (HTML) in use at the time).
HTML is a common format used for pages or other content that is supplied from an HTTP server. HTML-formatted content might include links to other HTML content and a collection of content that references other content might be thought of as a document web, hence the name "World Wide Web" or "WWW" given to one example of a collection of HTML-formatted content. As that is a well-known construct, it is used in many examples herein, but it should be understood that unless otherwise specified, the concepts described by these examples are not limited to the WWW, HTML, HTTP, the Internet, etc.
A supplier of content might determine the interests of its users and provide relevant content, such as current news, sports, weather, search services, calendaring, messaging, information retrieval and the like. Content might be in the form of pages that are static (i.e., existing prior to a request for the page), dynamic (i.e., generated in response to a request) or partially static, partially dynamic. Thus, a news report about an event in a particular city might exist as a static page, but that same content might also be generated dynamically in response to a request, taking into account the context of the content and/or demographics of the user making the request.
As an example of a dynamically generated page, if the news report was being viewed by a user known to live in city in which the event is to occur, the resulting page might include information about how to drive to the location of the event or to purchase tickets, however if the user is known to live far from that city, the resulting page might include information about the weather in that remote city and how to purchase an airline ticket to that city.
In the above example, host content (the news report) and guest content (the weather, purchase links, directions, etc.) are associated such that a request for the host content returns a page (for HTTP systems, or other content unit for other types of systems) containing the host content and related guest content.
It is a continuing problem to correctly determine relevant guest content. If the city for which the news story was relevant was correctly determined, the user demographics correctly determined and the city of the guest content was correctly determined, the presentation works well. However, if the news story is not actually related to a particular city or event, then associated guest content will look out of place and confuse the user.
One approach to host content and guest content association is to create predefined associations between host content and guest content. In such systems, a page containing host content H1 would always be presented with its associated guest content G1 alongside. This approach might work well with systems having a small amount of host content, but is typically unworkable at larger scales, such as a news feed, where the host content could comprise thousands of new news reports per hour.
Another approach is the taxonomy—taxonomy approach, wherein all, or most all, of the host content is assigned a node in a content taxonomy. The guest content is also assigned nodes in a corresponding context taxonomy or the same content taxonomy. Then, when host content is to be presented, the server reads the taxonomy node ID of the host content and then retrieves guest content that has a matching taxonomy node ID or IDs. This might work well when host content and guest content are well definable, but this approach does not scale well for large bodies of host content and guest content without much effort.

Content bridge for associating host content and guest content wherein guest content is determined by search


An organic agent for controlling weeds (a so-called herbicide) primarily includes ingredients which are used for human nutrition and the individual components are harmless to nature (including animals and people). These ingredients include extract of garlic, cayenne pepper, nettles and sugar in the form of dextrose. Thorough tests have documented that the new organic herbicide has the same efficiency or is better than one of the hitherto most-used chemical herbicides.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a herbicide agent for controlling weeds, where the herbicide agent includes extract from the plants garlic, cayenne pepper, nettles and sugar including dextrose.
Moreover, the invention relates to a method of manufacturing herbicide based on natural non-chemical substances, where garlic juice, cayenne pepper, nettle juice, dextrose, vinegar, lime water, silicon and water are mixed in a tub or a tank and stirred for 1 to 3 hours, preferably 2 hours, after which the mixed liquid settles for 10 to 100 hours, preferably 24 hours, following which the mixture is racked off and sieved.
2. The Prior Art
Herbicide agents for controlling weeds are known and are used in a still increasing extent.
The hitherto best-known herbicide agents for weed control or so-called herbicides are based on chemical materials, which have been developed especially for the purpose.
The spreading of the known chemical herbicides intensified from the beginning of the previous century, primarily initiated by the new technological possibilities of that era, which the chemicals industry could make use of.
It has been found, however, that the known herbicides involve some drawbacks.
Several research results have thus proven that many of the chemical substances used for herbicides have negative consequences on nature including animals and people.
So there are numerous examples of scientifically substantiated proof of the harmful effects of the used chemical substances on, e.g., the drinking water, food products, the fertility of animals and people and occurrence of cancer etc.
Since the negative effects of the used chemical substances are often first visible after many years of use, the negative consequences from use of the substances can become even greater than it is currently admitted.
A product to be used for controlling weeds is known from JP 6321672 A, where the product comprises herb extracts, for example garlic juice and fruits of capsicum annum. Such products are not known to have the same effect as the most-used chemical herbicides.
It is therefore a purpose of the invention to improve herbicide agents for controlling weeds, so that a more efficient herbicide agent is achieved, which has the same effect as the hitherto most-used chemical herbicides.

Organic herbicide and method for manufacturing


A method of preventing image capturing that radiates a visible light that because of the human vision characteristics, an optical image for the visible light for the interference is difficult to distinguish from an image being projected onto the screen and because of the characteristics of an image capturing, an optical image for the visible light for the interference is recorded and distinguishable from the image on the screen, when the image on the screen is illegally reproduced.

The U.S. Pat. No. 6,018,374 proposes a technology for interfering against such an illegal activity. This technology is based on a difference between the characteristics of human vision and the image capturing characteristics of image capturing cameras and uses an infrared light as a means of interference. Specifically, an infrared radiation apparatus, which is placed at a position close to or far away from an image projector, radiates an infrared light on a screen, so that a reflective light may radiate into an image capturing camera belonging to an individual who is engaged in an illegal activity. In other words, the illegally captured image may record the optical images of the infrared light that is unrelated to the image being presented. As a result, the quality may be lost in the image, that has been illegally captured, and, in some cases, the illegal activity may be identified. Of course, the infrared light is undetectable to a human, and the viewer may not experience any difficulty viewing the image being presented.
Such a use of the infrared light may make it possible to realize an adequate interference effect and prevention effect. However, a diverse interference technology needs to be established in order to protect critical contents.


A semisubmersible with a plurality of surface piercing columns, a plurality of pontoons attached to and extending between pairs of adjacent surface piercing columns, a tunnel side formed between a first pair of surface piercing columns, an additional tunnel side formed between a second pair of surface piercing columns, a tunnel floor formed between the tunnel sides. A tunnel opening formed between the tunnel sides for receiving a floating vessel into the tunnel structure, and a main deck secured to the plurality of surface piercing columns. The semisubmersible can be ballasted to an operational depth and deballested to a transit depth.

A need exists for a semisubmersible with a tunnel structure formed between surface piercing columns of the semisubmersible.
A further need exists for a semisubmersible with a tunnel structure that provides wave damping and wave breakup, swell and current protection within the tunnel structure.
A need exists for a semisubmersible that provides a safe and sheltering environment of a floating vessel in the tunnel structure.
The present embodiments meet these needs.
The present embodiments are detailed below with reference to the listed Figures.


A heat dissipation device includes a first heat sink, a second heat sink located on the first heat sink, a third heat sink located on the second heat sink, and a heat conducting member formed by bending a flat, plate-like member and connecting the first, second and third heat sinks. The heat conducting member includes a heat absorbing section contacting with the first heat sink, and first and second heat dissipating sections extending inwards from upper ends of first and second connecting sections extending upwardly from two ends of the heat absorbing section, respectively. The first heat dissipating section is sandwiched between the first and second heat sinks, and the second heat dissipating section is sandwiched between the second and third heat sinks. A width of the first and second heat dissipating sections is identical to that of the second heat sink.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to heat dissipation devices, and more particularly to a heat dissipation device incorporating a bent heat conducting member interconnecting a plurality of heat sinks for removing heat from a heat-generating electronic component. The heat conducting member has a plurality of flat, plate-shaped portions on which the heat sinks are mounted.
2. Description of related art
Computer electronic components, such as central processing units (CPUs), generate great amounts of heat during normal operation thereof. If the heat is not properly dissipated, it can deteriorate an operational stability of the electronic components and damage associated electronic devices. Thus the heat must be removed quickly to ensure normal operation of these electronic components. A heat dissipation device is often attached to a top surface of a CPU to remove heat therefrom.
Conventionally, the heat dissipation device includes a base, a plurality of fins arranged on the base, and a plurality of heat pipes connecting the base and the fins. A plurality of grooves is defined in the base, and a plurality of holes is defined in the fins. Each heat pipe has a bent configuration and includes an evaporating section received in a corresponding groove of the base and a condensing section extending from the evaporating section. The condensing section is inserted in a corresponding hole of the fins. A cross-sectional configuration of each of the heat pipes is round. Due to a limited contacting area between the fins and the heat pipes, connection strength and reliability of the fins and the heat pipes completed by soldering are not so good that after a long time of use, the connection may be in a risk of failure, thereby decreasing the heat dissipating efficiency of the heat dissipation device.
Additionally, to define grooves in the base and holes in the fins increases complexity of the manufacture of the heat dissipation device, which accordingly increases cost of the heat dissipation device. Moreover, due to arced configuration of the bent portions of the heat pipes, it is difficult to mount the fins to these bent portions of the heat pipes, whereby the number of the fins which can be attached to the conventional round heat pipes is limited. Thus, the heat dissipation efficiency of the heat dissipation device incorporating the conventional round heat pipes is not high.
What is needed, therefore, is an improved heat dissipation device which can overcome the above problems.

Fu Zhun Precision Industry (Shen Zhen) Co., Ltd.


A process for producing a polymer, characterized in that a polymer having juts is produced by carrying out photopolymerization of at least one photopolymerizable polymerization precursor containing a photocurable compound having two or more unsaturated bonds by irradiation with active energy ray, optionally in the presence of at least one additive component for adding a polymer function, in a supercritical fluid or subcritical fluid; and a polymer having juts of 10 nm or more height, which height is 0.1-fold or more of the diameter of the juts, produced by the above process.

Recently, because of its peculiar shape, a polymer brush is paid to attention. The polymer brush has a structure in which a polymer chain of which end is fixed (by chemical bond or adsorption) to the surface of solid is extended along a direction vertical to the surface of solid. The degree of extending of a polymer chain depends significantly on graft density.
The polymer brush is obtained usually by grafting a polymer chain to the surface of solid by surface graft polymerization, particularly, surface initiation living radical polymerization.
For example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open (JP-A) No. 2001-131208 discloses a process of preparing a polymerizable brush base material comprising a process of providing a base material carrying at least one covalently bonded free radical initiator having a radical generating portion at a position distant from the base material, and a process of contacting the covalently bonded base material with a monomer, under conditions of promoting free radical polymerization from the radical generating portion of the initiator, to form a polymerizable brush.
JP-A No. 2002-145971 describes a process for producing a polymer brush by surface initiation living radical polymerization. The surface initiation living radical polymerization is specifically a method in which, first, a polymerization initiator is fixed by a Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) method or a chemical adsorption method to the surface of solid, then, a polymer chain (graft chain) is grown on the surface of solid by living radical polymerization (ATRP method). This publication describes that growth of a polymer chain of regulated length and length distribution on the surface of a substrate at high surface density conventionally not found is made possible by surface initiation living radical polymerization, and due to its high graft density, membrane thickness matching even elongated chain length is obtained by swelling with a solvent, realizing a condition of "polymer brush" in the true sense for the first time. This publication also describes that in conventional radical polymerization by surface initiation, a radical once generated grows until irreversible stopping to generate graft chains sequentially, thereby preventing adjacent grafting because of steric hindrance of a previously grown graft chain, while in this system, polymerization progresses in living mode, namely, all graft chains grow approximately evenly, thereby, steric hindrance between adjacent graft chains is decreased and, this is believed to be a factor for obtaining high graft density.
The above-mentioned JP-A No. 2002-145971 discloses a nano structure functional body characterized in that graft polymer chains constituting a graft polymer layer disposed on the surface of a substrate by graft polymerization obtained by such surface initiation living radical polymerization has a structure multi-layered in chemical composition along membrane thickness direction by copolymerization with other monomers or oligomers. Further, this publication discloses also a nano structure functional body characterized in that a polymerization initiation portion (polymerization initiation moiety) of molecules disposed on the surface of a substrate is inactivated in given pattern along membrane surface direction, then, a polymerization initiation portion not inactivated is graft-polymerized to give a graft polymer layer disposed in given pattern.
In addition, Tsujii Takanori, "Polymer Brush no Shintenkai", "Future Material", vol. 3, no. 2, p. 48 to 55 also describes in detail a high density (dense) polymer brush obtained by surface initiation living radical polymerization.
Regarding the polymer brush, applications to various uses have been investigated as described below.
The above-mentioned JP-A No. 2001-131208 describes that the resulting polymer brush is useful in solid phase synthesis of an array of peptides, polynucleotides or organic lower molecules.
The above-mentioned JP-A No. 2002-145971 describes that the disclosed nano structure functional body is useful as a complex particle, complex element, multi-functional sensor or the like showing responsibility against outer stimulation.
JP-A No. 2001-158813 describes application of a polymer brush to surface modification of a contact lens, intraocular lens, artificial cornea and the like. Further, this publication also describes application of a polymer brush to a dialyzer for kidney, blood reservoir bag, conductive wire of a pace maker, blood vessel transplant, bandage for injury therapy, eye patch, drug delivery patch, cardiac bulb, blood vessel for transplantation, catheter, artificial organ and Langerhans island.
Japanese Patent Application National Publication (Laid-Open) No. 2002-504842 describes application of a polymer brush to a stent.
Japanese Patent Application National Publication (Laid-Open) No. 2002-535450 describes application of a polymer brush to a nucleic acid molecule detecting method (DNA sensor and the like) and a method of purifying a compound such as nucleic acids, (poly)saccharides or (poly)peptides, or their complexes, antibodies and the like from a sample. Further, the above-mentioned publication describes also use of a polymer brush as an affinity matrix, its use as a sensor chip, its use for fixing of an initiation molecule for formation of an oligomer or polymer, preferably, for synthesis of a nucleic acid or peptide, and its use as a gel in separation of molecules, preferably, organism molecules, in electric field.
Though differing from a polymer brush, A. K. GEIM et al., "Microfabricated adhesive mimicking gecko food-hair", Nature materials, Vol. 2, July 2003, p. 461-463 describes a high density array of a polyimide in the form of pyramid (hair). Specifically, a polyimide film having a thickness of 5 μm is formed on a silicon base plate, and an aluminum pattern is transferred to the polyimide film by oxygen plasma etching using an aluminum mask, to form, for example, a polyimide array in the form of pyramid having a diameter of 0.6 μm and a height of 2.0 μm. This publication describes also that this has high stickiness.
These conventional polymer brushes are capable of having a structure of maximum elongation of a polymer chain (graft chain) only in a good solvent, and under dry condition or in a poor solvent, have a structure of a fallen or folded polymer chain (graft chain).
The supercritical fluid is a fluid of which density is near that of liquid and of which viscosity and diffusion coefficient are near those of gas, and has diffusibility of gas and substance dissolvability of liquid, together. That is, the supercritical fluid has various effects as a reaction solvent.
Conventionally, the supercritical fluid is utilized for separation by extraction of active ingredients, removal by extraction of unnecessary components, and the like such as extraction of hop extracts and aromatics, decaffeination from coffee and tobacco, and the like. For example, production of caffeine-less coffee utilizing supercritical carbon dioxide has been industrially carried out from approximately the latter half of the 1970's.
Recently, the supercritical fluid is utilized also for removal and concentration of impurities such as chemical raw materials, products and the like such as removal of unreacted monomers from a polymer, concentration and dehydration of alcohol, and the like. Further, the supercritical fluid is utilized also for de-bindering of ceramics, washing and drying of semiconductors and machine parts, and the like. For example, JP-A No. 7-149721 discloses a method of purifying a bismaleimide compound characterized in that an ether imide-based bismaleimide compound containing impurities such as aromatic hydrocarbon solvents and the like used in production is subjected to impurity extraction removal treatment of contacting with carbon dioxide under supercritical condition including a pressure of 60 atom or more and a temperature of 20° C. or higher or under condition near the supercritical condition.
Additionally, the supercritical fluid is utilized for fine particle formation, thin film formation and fine fiber formation by rapid expansion (RESS method) such as production of barba-like fine particles such as silica and the like, and also for fine particle formation and thin film formation by poor solvent achievement (GAS method) such as reinforcement (surface coating) of silica aero gel, and the like. For exampIe, JP-A No. 8-104830 discloses a method of producing a fine particle for paint characterized in that a polymer polymerization reaction solution in a polymerization process for producing a polymer solid raw material for paint is dissolved in a supercritical phase using carbon dioxide and a polar organic solvent, and expanded rapidly.
Conventionally, polymers such as a fine particle for paint, and the like are produced by a solution polymerization method using a large amount of organic solvent, and the like from the standpoints of control of polymerization reaction speed, handling of a polymerization product, and the like. However, in the solution polymerization method, a polymer is produced in solution condition containing a solvent approximately in half amount, thus, a de-solventing process is necessary of removing a solvent from the resulting polymer solution and drying the polymer, after polymerization, leading to a complicated process. Treatment of an organic solvent vaporizing in the de-solventing process is also problematical.
In contrast, recently, there is a trial for producing a polymer using as a solvent a supercritical fluid, particularly, supercritical carbon dioxide. When supercritical carbon dioxide is used as a solvent, there is no necessity to effect removal of solvent and drying after polymerization, therefore, the process can be simplified and cost can be decreased. From the standpoint of no use of an organic solvent, environmental load is also small. Additionally, carbon dioxide can be easily recovered and recycled as compared with an organic solvent. Further, in many cases, there is a difference in solubility in carbon dioxide between a polymer and a monomer. As a result, when supercritical carbon dioxide is used as a solvent, the amount of unreacted monomers contained in a product polymer lowers, thus, a polymer of higher purity can be produced.
Regarding a method of producing a polymer using a supercritical fluid, Japanese Patent Application National Publication (Laid-Open) No. 7-505429, for example, discloses a method of producing a fluoro polymer containing a process of solubilizing a fluoro monomer in a solvent containing supercritical carbon dioxide and a process of thermally polymerizing a fluoro monomer in the solvent in the presence of a radical polymerization initiator, to produce a fluoro polymer.
JP-A No. 2000-26509 discloses a method of producing a fluoro polymer in which at least one fluorinated monomer is thermally polymerized in supercritical carbon dioxide using dimethyl(2,2′-azobisisobutyrate) as an initiator.
JP-A No. 2002-327003 discloses a method of producing a fluorinated alkyl group-containing polymer in which a radical-polymerizable monomer component containing a fluorinated alkyl group-containing (meth)acrylate in an amount of 20 wt % or more is thermally polymerized using supercritical carbon dioxide as a polymerization solvent.
JP-A No. 2001-151802 discloses a method of producing a polymer fine powder in which a monomer composition containing an ethylenically unsaturated monomer having a carboxyl group such as (meth)acrylic acid and the like is thermally radical-polymerized in supercritical carbon dioxide to give a polymer fine powder.
JP-A No. 2002-179707 discloses a method of producing a polymer fine particle in which a monomer such as methyl methacrylate and the like is thermally polymerized in supercritical carbon dioxide using a radical polymerization initiator which is a polymer having a specific structure substantially soluble in supercritical carbon dioxide.
JP-A No. 2002-128808 discloses a method of producing a polymer in which a polymerizable monomer such as methyl methacrylate, styrene and the like is thermally radical-polymerized in supercritical carbon dioxide in the presence of a specific non-polymerizable dispersing agent such as docosanoic acid, myristic acid and the like.
Kobayashi Masanori et al. "Dispersion polymerization of vinyl monomer using supercritical carbon dioxide" "Shikizai" vol. 75, No. 8, p. 371-377, 2002 describes dispersion polymerization of various acrylic monomers using, as a solvent, supercritical carbon dioxide and using, as a surfactant, poly(1,1,2,2-tetrahydroheptadecafluorodecyl acrylate) and poly(1,1,2,2-tetrahydroheptadecafluorodecyl methacrylate) obtained by a polymerization reaction using supercritical carbon dioxide as a solvent.
As described above, though polymer production methods of thermally polymerizing a monomer in a supercritical fluid such as supercritical carbon dioxide and the like have been previously investigated, there is known no method for producing a polymer in which a monomer is photo-polymerized in a supercritical fluid.

Polymer and process for producing polymer


Tetraspanins have been found to dimerise. Methods for inhibiting or promoting the dimerisation of tetraspanins are provided, which may involve protein engineering of the tetraspanins themselves, or may rely on other molecules.

Since its discovery in 1990, the tetraspanin superfamily (also known as TM4, 4TM, TM4SF, and tetraspans) has grown to include around 20 proteins [refs 1 & 2]. All of the members are cell-surface proteins that span the membrane four times, forming two extracellular loops. Some are found in organisms as primitive as schistosomes and nematodes.
The tetraspanins are diverse. Some are found in virtually all tissues (CD81, CD82, CD9, CD63), whereas others are highly restricted, such as CD37 (B cells) or CD53 (lymphoid and myeloid cells). Functionally, they are involved in diverse processes such as cell activation and proliferation, adhesion and motility, differentiation, and cancer. Many tetraspanins are being discovered as tumor-associated antigens, related to tumor growth and proliferation [2, 3]. This is in line with an emerging body of evidence indicating that tetraspanins are key players in the regulation of cell adhesion, proliferation, activation and migration. It has been proposed that all these functions may relate to the proteins' ability to act as 'molecular facilitators' which group specific cell-surface proteins and thus increase the formation and stability of functional signalling complexes.

Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics S.R.L.


An optical recording device includes a light source, a spatial light modulator, a correcting optical system and a light guiding section. The spatial light modulator includes plural pixels, a signal light region that displays a signal light pattern, and a reference light region that displays a reference light pattern. The spatial light modulator modulates and outputs incident light for each pixel in accordance with a display pattern. The correcting optical system includes a pair of axicon lenses that correct the emitted light from the light source so as to flatten the light intensity distribution thereof on an irradiated surface of the spatial light modulator. The light guiding section guides the corrected light to the spatial light modulator. The signal light and the reference light are irradiated onto an optical recording medium simultaneously and a hologram is recorded into the optical recording medium.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to an optical recording device and an optical recording and reproduction device.
2. Related Art
Recently, as a holographic memory recording and reproduction method, there has been proposed the coaxial recording method (collinear method) that has advantages in that its optical system can be significantly simplified in comparison to the conventional two-beam interference method, it is resistant to external disturbance such as vibration, and the introduction of a servo mechanism is easy. In this collinear method, signal light and reference light that have been modulated and generated by a spatial light modulator are collected with the same optical axis by the same lens, and an interference fringe (diffraction grating) that is formed by the interference between the signal light and the reference light is recorded as a hologram on an optical recording medium. A signal light pattern in which digital data have been two-dimensionally encoded is displayed on the spatial light modulator, whereby the digital data are superposed on the signal light.
The optical recording medium on which the hologram has been recorded is irradiated with the reference light as reading light, whereby the signal light is reproduced from the recorded hologram. From this reproduced signal light, the superposed digital data can be decoded. However, in the conventional collinear method, since the signal light and the reference light are on the same optical axis, when the optical recording medium is irradiated with the reference light as reading light during reproduction, light leaking to the region of the spatial light modulator that corresponds to the signal light. For example, when the precision of liquid crystal elements that have been disposed as a transmissive spatial light modulator is low, the light that has been transmitted through the OFF pixels that are in display positions of the signal light pattern becomes leak light. Consequently, when all of the pixels of the spatial light modulator are irradiated with light in this manner, this leak light is detected by a photodetector, noise with respect to the reproduced signal light is generated, and reproduction characteristics deteriorate.

Optical recording device and optical recording and reproduction device


The invention relates to a material based on inorganic fibres at least a proportion of which are multicomponent fibres and the cohesion and/or the geometry of which is (are) ensured, at least partially, by a sizing.. It also relates to the use of this material for thermal and/or acoustic insulation.

The invention relates to materials based on inorganic fibres, and especially materials intended to form part of the composition of thermal and/or acoustic insulating products or of soil-less culture media. The invention relates more particularly to the industrial production of glass wool or of rock wool, generally obtained by so-called internal centrifuging fibre-forming techniques.
This type of technique has been, and at present still is, very widely employed for manufacturing fibres which can be generally described as "single-component" (that is to say, in the context of the invention, obtained from a single type of molten inorganic material). Very roughly speaking, internal centrifuging consists of introducing a thin stream of a given molten inorganic substance, of the glass composition type, into a centrifuge, also called fibre-forming dish, which rotates at high speed and is pierced at its periphery with a multitude of orifices through which the molten substance is thrown out in the form of filaments under the effect of centrifugal force. These filaments are next drawn into fibres and entrained towards a collector in order to form a fibre sheet therein, under the effect of an annular high temperature and high speed drawing stream, running along the fibre-forming dish.
To ensure that the fibres collected together form a material, a sizing composition is sprayed onto the fibres as they travel towards the receiver. This composition usually contains a thermosetting resin. The sheet of collected fibres is next subjected to a heat treatment in an oven to cure/crosslink the resin, and thus to obtain a fibrous product exhibiting the desired properties, such as dimensional stability, mechanical tensile strength, regain of thickness after compression or the choice within the densities and thicknesses of the products.
For further details on the technique, reference will be made advantageously, for example, to U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,451,276; 4,756,732; 4,759,785; 4,759,974; 5,176,729; 5,270,434; 5,340,903; and 5,277,706 incorporated herein by reference.
However, attempts have always been made to improve the quality of these products, especially in terms of insulating power, of "volume" or of ability to regain thickness after compression. These properties depend on a number of parameters including the density of the product, the size of the fibres of which it is made up, or the proportion and the distribution of the sizing composition.
An adaptation of the internal centrifuging technique described above was then developed, an adaptation consisting, again very roughly speaking, in feeding each of the orifices in the fibre-forming dish with two thin streams of glass of different chemical compositions. Since the glass compositions are chosen so as to exhibit different thermal expansion coefficients, the fibres obtained are referred to as bi-component fibres. These fibres, on cooling, exhibit great flexibility and a "curvilinear" appearance giving the final product a particularly lofty appearance, particularly "puffed out", with an excellent regain of thickness after compression. Any sizing operation then becomes superfluous or even incompatible with this new technique, which often calls for a heat treatment of the sheet of fibres, once formed on line, at at least 370.degree. C. up to 590.degree. C., temperatures which would degrade the sizing resin beyond its cure by polymerization/crosslinking.
For further details on this fibre-forming technique, starting from a number of inorganic compositions, reference may be made to U.S. Pat. No. 2,998,620 or to the more recent U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 275,184 filed Jul. 14, 1994 and 148,771 filed Nov. 5, 1993, both of which are incorporated herein by reference.
Furthermore, the fibrous products based on these bi-component fibres exhibit some disadvantages: the very method of obtaining these very special fibres can, in the present state of knowledge, produce only products of low use density, for example of the order of 8 to 10 kg/m.sup.3. Now, many applications, both in the field of thermal insulation and of acoustic insulation, require much denser fibrous materials reaching, for example, up to 100 to 110 kg/m.sup.3. The other significant disadvantage which needs to be stressed is the fact that, in this case, the geometrical shape of the sheet of fibres which is collected at the exit of the manufacturing line is only very poorly controlled: no dimensional stability is guaranteed, especially insofar as the thickness of the product is concerned. On an industrial scale, the only solution is, in fact, to package these products with the aid of a flexible plastic enclosure, a costly operation and one which is not entirely satisfactory since, while it allows the product to be handled more easily, it does not overcome the problem of the absence of control of the geometry of the final product.
The aim of the present invention is therefore to overcome all these disadvantages, especially by developing a fibrous material which can successfully reconcile the advantages of the fibrous materials based on "single-component" fibres with those of the fibrous materials based on bi-component fibres.


A regulator valve for managing a fluid in an appliance is provided. The regulator valve comprises a housing having an inlet and an outlet, a filter, a pressure regulator, a solenoid valve, a mounting structure, and a locking tab depending from the mounting structure. The inlet and outlet utilize quick connect adaptors. The pressure regulator maintains the fluid in the housing within a desired pressure range and the solenoid valve alternatively permits and prevents expulsion of the fluid from the outlet. The twist mount is inserted through a twist mount aperture on, e.g., a drinking fountain and rotated until a portion of the twist mount engages with a portion of the drinking fountain and the locking tab rests in a tab aperture on the drinking fountain. Therefore, the regulator valve is secured to the drinking fountain and can clean, regulate, and manage the fluid.

A typical appliance (e.g., a drinking fountain) can include various components such as a solenoid valve for controlling the expulsion of water from the fountain, a pressure regulator for maintaining the pressure of the water dispensed within a desired pressure range, and a filter for removing contaminants from the water.
Unfortunately, each of the components must be connected to a water source, to one of the other components, to a water delivery device (e.g., a bubbler), and the like, using a tube, a pipe, or some other type of conduit capable of distributing fluids. Each connection can be difficult to form, time consuming, and a potential source of fluid leaks.
Additionally, each of the components must be independently secured to the appliance. Such securement is typically performed using one of a variety of connecting devices such as fasteners, nut and bolt combinations, screws, rivets, and the like. Undesirably, each device usually has its own unique type of fastener. Therefore, securing the host of components to the appliance can be difficult, can require several different types of connections, and can be very time consuming. Therefore, a single device that can clean, regulate, and manage the fluid in the appliance, as well as be easily and quickly connected to the appliance, is desirable.
The invention provides such a device. These and other advantages of the invention, as well as additional inventive features, will be apparent from the description of the invention provided herein.

Pressure regulated solenoid valve having integral mounting structure


A redundancy network protocol system may include a server to manage one or more virtual internet protocol address (VIP) profiles. Each VIP profile may be shared across one or more neighboring servers. The neighboring servers may be in the same broadcast domain or distributed to be multiple Layer 3 hops away from one another. The redundancy network protocol system may monitor server health and reachability and further manage the server health and reachability to achieve redundancy. The system may be used to provide high availability to selected applications.

High availability clusters are groups of computers, typically servers, which support server applications that can be reliably utilized with a minimum of down-time. High availability within an application space is also to ensure that an application service remains available even after a failure, such as hardware, software, or otherwise. For example, applications that implement communication over internet protocol (IP) over a cluster may redirect IP traffic to an alternate server in the cluster in an event a primary server in the cluster cannot process or handle the requests. Other examples of applications benefitting from high availability include database applications, financial applications, web sites, and back-to-back user agents (B2BUA) among various others.


A winch spooled with a cable is provided for mounting on the boom of a host vehicle. The winch is surrounded by a frame housing that is capable of withstanding the forces applied by the host vehicle. A braking mechanism is provided for controlling the spooling and unspooling of the cable. The winch is mounted on the boom of a host vehicle by a conventional attachment that is used for other custom tools such as buckets of a backhoe.

The invention relates to a winch that is mounted onto a boom of a host vehicle at the custom tool attachment point.
Construction and transportation activities can require boom mounted winch capability for a number of reasons. In some cases, a winch is needed in a confined area which is accessible by a crane mounted winch. In other instances, the mobility of a mobile vehicle equipped with a boom and winch for moving and lifting is desirable.
One application for a boom mounted winch is in connection with utility infrastructure replacement and rehabilitation. The buried utility pipes present access problems. A premium is placed on using manholes and other existing access areas. If excavation can be avoided, a significant savings in both cost and time can be realized. Equipment that provides both mobility and flexibility for rehabilitation can be of significant practical benefit.
A winch that is mounted on a boom of a vehicle has the ability to make use of existing access areas. The host vehicle must provide a stable platform for extension of the boom and use of the winch. In such an apparatus, the boom is positioned so that the winch can pull equipment such as a cleaning bucket or a slip lining segment through the host pipe.
The inherent mobility of the host vehicle allows a great deal of flexibility. It can rapidly move from location to location with minimal set-up and take-down time. A further benefit of a boom mounted winch includes a variety of surface applications. The winch on the host vehicle can accomplish any task that is required of a regular winch such as pulling or lifting loads on the surface. As with the underground applications, the mobility of the host vehicle offers the flexibility of moving from location to location with great ease while providing a stable platform to operate the winch.
A boom mounted winch spooled with cable has been developed for use in both down hole and surface applications. The winch is surrounded by a housing that allows for free movement of the cable as it is spooled and unspooled from the winch. The housing is provided with an attachment means for engagement with the boom of the host vehicle. In one embodiment, the housing is a frame that surrounds the winch. Further, the frame can be constructed to withstand substantial weight, including the force of the weight of the host vehicle and the boom. The attachment means on the housing for engagement with the boom can be constructed similarly to attachment points for other custom tools used with host vehicles.
The host vehicle is a construction vehicle such as an excavator, backhoe or loader mounted with the boom. The winch can be placed on the end of a boom at the custom tool attachment point typically used to mount a bucket of a backhoe of the host vehicle. The mechanism for spooling and unspooling the cable on the winch can utilize a hydraulic system and, more particularly, the hydraulic system that is provided on the host vehicle. The winch may also include a brake mechanism to control the spooling and unspooling of the cable.
In another embodiment, the boom mounted winch housing is attached to a down hole boom with guide means on the down hole boom to position the cable. The down hole boom is a set of C-beams of adjustable length which uses an adjustable guide roller as a guide means.
In further embodiments, the boom mounted winch includes a winch drum spooled with the cable, and the housing is a rectangular frame housing that surrounds the winch and allows free movement of the cable. The attachment means to the boom includes at least two extensions from the frame provided with connection points used for custom tool connections to the booms of mobile vehicles. A power means is provided on the winch as well as a brake means for controlling the spooling and unspooling of the cable on the winch. The frame housing can withstand the weight of the mobile vehicle and the boom. A friction pad selectively contacts the winch drum for braking and controlling the spooling and unspooling of the cable.


The invention features a method of removing a hair, involving mechanically or chemically removing the hair to expose the follicle of the hair, and then treating the follicle to inhibit its ability to regenerate a hair. Removing the hair facilitates the uptake of a follicle-inactivating compound and thus allows for long-term inhibition of hair growth.

This invention relates to removing hair from skin.
Currently used methods for hair removal include shaving, waxing, electrolysis, mechanical epilation, chemical depilation, the use of laser beams (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,538,919 and 4,388,924), and the use of light-absorbing substances (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,226,907). Some of these methods are painful, inefficient, or time consuming, and others do have not long-lasting effects.


An apparatus, method, microprocessor device and computer program for configuring a termination network of a communication device includes a voltage comparator for comparing a voltage across the termination network with a reference voltage; a logic arrangement for setting a digital control vector in response to a state returned by said voltage comparator; and a first switching apparatus for activating a first weighted-value resistor in response to the setting of the digital control vector. At least a second switching apparatus for activating a second weighted-value resistor, and wherein each of the first and the second weighted-value resistors is represented by a value in the digital control vector may be provided, the first and second resistors are connected in series or in parallel. The digital control vector may be stored in a logic register and distributed to a plurality of termination networks. The logic arrangement may include a finite state machine.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an apparatus and method for an adaptive resistor termination network for use in tuning an integrated network to provide a desired value of resistance.
2. Description of the Related Art
Documents known in the art describe how the output impedance of a voltage driver can be modified by using multiple parallel pull up and pull down transistors in an output driver and selecting the number of active devices to achieve the required output impedance (as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,134,311). U.S. Pat. No. 6,026,456 uses a termination network with a higher impedance than the bus impedance which it is controlling to optimise the bus impedance.
One possible approach is one using a linear technique to trim the main resistor in termination system. Although relatively simple to implement, this system has the disadvantage of static power consumption which can be significant in low power applications. In addition, when multiple termination networks are needed to be controlled from a single termination system then an analog voltage needs to be distributed to these networks, and this is susceptible to interference and error.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,652,538 describes a digital solution problem using a network where parallel elemental conductances are switched in and out of circuit by a digital controller to attain the required impedance.
It would therefore be desirable to have an apparatus and method for an adaptive resistor termination network for use in tuning an integrated network to provide a desired value of resistance with improved characteristics of error-resistant operation, tunability and low power-consumption.

Low power digital adaptive termination network

International Business Machines Corporation


A multi-lamp driver t disclosed, comprising a power driver coupled to a plurality of lamps to supply power thereto, a feedback circuit coupled to at least one of the lamps to generate a feedback signal, a control circuit coupled between the feedback circuit and the power driver to control the power driver according to an illumination control signal and the feedback signal for total illumination adjustment of the lamps, and at least one switch controlled by the control circuit to turn at least one of the lamps on or off. In a total illumination adjustment of the lamps, the switch turns on or off timely. The difference between the maximum and minimum value of the total illumination of the lamps is thus increased.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a multi-lamp driver and more particularly to a multi-lamp driver used in a LCD backlight module.
2. Description of the Related Art
Illumination control of a backlight module in a LCD panel is typically realized by adjusting current in each lamp simultaneously. However, due to lamp nature, maximum and minimum values of current in each lamp are limited, resulting in insufficient difference between maximum and minimum value of total lamp illumination. This leads to poor performance, or even failure to comply with TCO03 standards.
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a conventional multi-lamp driver 100 driving a first lamp Lp1 and second lamp Lp2. The multi-lamp driver 100 comprises a power driver 102, a feedback circuit 106, and a control circuit 108. The power driver 102 comprises a driving circuit 104 and a transformer T1. The driving circuit 104 converts DC voltage Vin to AC voltage, provided to a primary coil of the transformer T1. A secondary coil of the transformer T1 is coupled to high voltage ends of the first lamp T1 and second lamp T2 to provide power to the first lamp T1 and second lamp T2. The feedback circuit 106 is coupled to low voltage ends of the two lamps to generate a feedback signal Sf to the control circuit 108. The control circuit 108 then controls the driving circuit 104 based on an illumination control signal Sb and the feedback signal Sf, such that the AC voltage produced by the driving circuit 104 provides the two lamps Lp1 and Lp2 with stable illumination.
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of another conventional multi-lamp driver 200, comprising a power driver 202, a controlling circuit 104, a feedback circuit 106, and a control circuit 108. Here, multi-lamp driver 200 comprises two transformers T1 and T2 with secondary coils coupled respectively to high voltage ends of lamps Lp1 and Lp2 through capacitors C1 and C2. Further, the feedback circuit 106 is coupled to the secondary coil of the transformer T2 rather than to the low voltage ends of lamps Lp1 and Lp2. All other aspects of multi-lamp driver 100 and 200 are the same. Similarly, the control circuit 108 controls the driving circuit 104 based on an illumination control signal Sb and a feedback signal Sf received from the feedback circuit 104, such that the AC voltage produced by the driving circuit 104 provides the two lamps Lp1 and Lp2 with stable illumination.
As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, illumination in both the multi-lamp drivers 100 and 200 is controlled by changing the AC voltage generated by the control circuit 108 to control currents of the lamps Lp1 and Lp2. During illumination adjustment, current in lamps Lp1 and Lp2 varies in the same manner and lamps Lp1 and Lp2 are turned on and off simultaneously. However, maximum and minimum current in the lamps Lp1 and Lp2 is limited, resulting in unobvious difference between maximum and minimum total lamp illumination of a panel. In view of such a problem, a multi-lamp driver with increased illumination range is called for.


A wearable device for continuous health monitoring, the device comprising: a band for conforming to a first body part of a subject; an imaging unit, the imaging unit being connected in the band, wherein the imaging unit is configured to acquire a sequence of images from the subject's body, wherein the device is operable in a contact mode and in a non-contact mode, i. wherein in the contact mode the imaging unit is in substantial close 5 proximity to the first body part of the subject so as to acquire the sequence of images of an area of the first body part; wherein in the non-contact mode the imaging unit is in a remote position to acquire the sequence of images of a second body part of the subject; a controller unit configured to derive a PPG signal from the acquired sequence of images according to a first process when the device is in the contact mode and according to a second process when 10 the device is in the non-contact mode, the PPG signal being indicative of the health of the subject; wherein the controller unit, during operation of the wearable device, is configured to check at least one pre-determined condition in order to determine if the PPG signal is to be derived according to the first process or the second process.

Continuous monitoring of vital signs, such as heartrate (HR), is increasingly ubiquitous for non hospitalized individuals. Such long-time information can be used in predictive care. HR can be detected in an ambulatory mode (a person walking or running) as well as in a static mode (a person seated behind a desk).
Currently, continuous monitoring is typically done with contact probes (PPG, capacitive ECG, etc.) or in wearable form factors (wristband, chest belt, skin patch, ear probe, etc.). Alternatively, for non-ambulatory subjects, continuous monitoring may be performed by a camera (e.g. premature infants in incubators, or bed-ridden patients in general wards) having very specific benefits.
However, each of these has its own disadvantages. For instance, battery problems and skin irritation are major reasons with wearable form factors which do not facilitate continuous monitoring. One can imagine that the wearable device will need to be charged after couple of hours/days, and hence there is interruption in the monitoring. Also, the user needs to give the skin some rest as it is not very convenient to wear a device continuously for days. Though, the disadvantage of the wearable device is of course solved in the non-contact monitoring in terms of skin irritation and power management but the disadvantage of this monitoring technique is that it becomes very cumbersome when the subject is ambulatory because the unit for non-contact monitoring cannot be brought along with the patient easily. Thus, both the systems have their own advantages and disadvantages.

Device, method and computer program product for continuous monitoring of vital signs


An apparatus is presented that includes a body and a membrane. The body defines an externally hemispherical body portion with an orifice, as well as a channel passing through the body and terminating in the orifice. The membrane is formed at least in part of an elastomeric material and overlies a portion of the externally hemispherical body portion. The membrane defines a plurality of holes therein, and a plug that is inserted into the orifice and the channel. When submerged at the bottom of a wastewater treatment tank and in gaseous communication with a distribution conduit providing compressed gas, the apparatus may function to release bubbles into the wastewater. When the compressed gas is turned off, the apparatus acts as a check valve that stops water from entering the diffuser and the distribution conduit.

Coarse bubble diffusers produce large bubbles, and are designed for use in applications where mixing energy is prioritized over oxygen mass transfer, and where routine maintenance is problematic, as coarse bubble diffusers have traditionally been viewed by the market as being maintenance free, or at least less maintenance intensive than fine bubble diffusers. Applications for these products include primary channels, equalization basins, aerobic digesters, sludge storage tanks, post aeration basins, aeration basins with media requiring scouring or sloughing of biofilm, and some aeration tanks where energy costs may be low or capital is not available to change to fine bubble systems.
In recent years, there has been a trend to cycle diffusers on and off to save power or to provide mixing with less oxygen transfer, for example, to cultivate anoxic bacteria, which prefer to live in an oxygen-poor environment. Batch processes may also require intermittent aeration, as these often fill, aerate, and decant in the same tank in three distinct phases, not all of which use aeration. Greenfield plants have also been built in developing countries with interrupted power supplies, resulting in brownouts, which inadvertently shut off even those systems designed to operate continuously. New methods of sludge dewatering, such as advanced centrifuges, have resulted in higher solids concentrations in aerobic digesters and sludge storage tanks.
Popular coarse bubble diffusers on the market, like the wide band type, have no check valve, so when compressed gas is turned off, the diffuser and the piping system may flood with sludge. If that sludge is thick, or if that sludge remains in the piping system and the diffuser for an extended period of time, it has a tendency to dry out and clog the diffuser and piping system. Rags, sand, grit, and snails are also problems for diffusers that flood when the gas supply is stopped.
Other coarse bubble diffusers like the three-inch and five-inch diameter membrane caps, provide the appearance of having a check valve, but in fact they do not provide a strong check valve function in many applications. In these membrane caps, there is a flap of rubber without holes in it designed to rest over the gas orifice when compressed gas is turned off, but typically the orifice is large, and the slightest latent pressure in the piping system is usually enough to lift a membrane above the orifice where sludge can flow back into the piping system. As this membrane ages, shrinks, or stretches, its resistance to back-flow lessens even more. This diffuser is flat at rest, and is stretched by design in operation. After the system has been at rest for some time the piping system fills with process fluid and sludge. When the compressed gas is turned back on, the membrane acts like a filter, keeping most of the solids in the diffuser and in the pipe, drying them out, and allowing the liquid back out. Initially the piping system when flooded contains mostly liquid and some sludge, but over time the sludge packs itself into the piping, often requiring high pressure hoses to clean it out.
To try to deal with this, a "duckbill" type coarse bubble diffuser has been developed that is called a "check valve" coarse bubble diffuser, and is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,017,839 to Raftis et al., entitled "Gas Diffuser Valve." However, this type of diffuser can suffer back flow and maldistribution, as it relies on rubber against rubber sealing when the gas is shut off. Rubber is prone to stretching and shrinking over time, particularly in a design which stretches by design as it operates, and as this occurs, a pathway can open up for sludge to enter the diffusers and piping system. Accordingly, for proper performance, these diffusers need to be replaced on a schedule. Failing to do that can result in very high system pressures, as the gas has to overcome the resistance of clogged pipes and diffusers. Furthermore, this type of diffuser, like most diffusers, has a fixed control orifice. This means it is able to distribute gas uniformly only in a tight band of gasflow rates per diffuser. Provide too little gas to the grid and typically only the diffusers closest to the gas supply pipe open up and operate; provide too much gas and the orifice headloss rises exponentially with flow.

Coarse bubble diffuser for wastewater treatment


Head elements are formed on a wafer to suppress deterioration in pinning strength of a pinned layer, which is caused by ESD generated during air bearing surface polishing of a thin film magnetic head. The wafer is cut into rovers in each of which are connected head elements. Rover air bearing surfaces are polished until an MR elements attain a predetermined height. A final polishing step finishes air bearing surfaces by applying an electroconductive polishing liquid to achieve a predetermined shape and surface roughness with high accuracy. A pinning defect occurrence rate is reduced by suppressing deterioration in pinning strength of a pinned layer of a read element. To achieve this, a specific resistance of the electroconductive polishing liquid is controlled to 5 GΩ·cm or less. A shallow rail and a deep rail are formed on the air bearing surfaces, and the rover is cut into thin film magnetic heads.

Embodiments in accordance with the present invention relate to a method for producing a thin film magnetic head to be used for a disk storage unit.
Recently, a capacity of a disk storage unit used as an external storage of a computer has been increased, and a recording density of the same has been increased year by year. Briefly speaking, the disk storage unit is formed of a magnetic disk and a magnetic head. The magnetic head is provided with an inductive magnetic exchange element (inductive element) serving as a write element and a giant magnetoresistive (GMR) element serving as a read element. In order to realize the high recording density, it is necessary to downsize the read element and the write element as well as to decrease the size of 1 bit on the magnetic disk. Therefore, in order to achieve the high recording density, the element sizes are reduced year by year, particularly, the size of the GMR element serving as the read element has been reduced to the order of submicron. With the reduction in the element size described above, electrical strength for electrical damages such as ESD (ElectroStatic Discharge) and EOS (Electrical OverStress) on the GMR element is reduced to raise problems such as hard ESD that causes the GMR element to be melted due to an overcurrent in the magnetic head production process and soft ESD that deteriorates magnetic properties.
[Patent Publication 1] JP-A-09-44820
[Patent Publication 2] JP-A-11-296817
[Patent Publication 3] JP-A-10-241124
[Patent Publication 4] JP-A-2003-6816
In conventional technologies, for the purpose of preventing the damage due to ESD from being inflicted on the GMR element, a condenser, for example, is incorporated into the magnetic head to prevent the overcurrent from flowing to the GMR element as disclosed in Patent Publication 1 and Patent Publication 2. Further, a method of recovering the magnetic properties of the magnetic head deteriorated due to the soft ESD by supplying a direct current to the GMR element and a method of recovering by a pulse current and a static magnetic field are disclosed in Patent Publication 3 and Patent Publication 4.
As described in the foregoing, one of means for achieving the high recording density of the disk storage unit is to reduce the element size of the magnetic head and to reduce the size of 1 bit to be recorded on the magnetic disk. However, along with the reduction in element size, the voltage strength for ESD (Electrostatic Discharge) is reduced to cause a defect of melting of GMR due to the overcurrent and a defect of deterioration in magnetic properties. Particularly, in regards to the soft ESD that deteriorates the magnetic properties, it has not been clarified by now in which one of process steps of the production process and by what cause the soft ESD occurs. Therefore, methods of previously incorporating a protection circuit for ESD or of recovering a magnetic head whose properties are deteriorated have heretofore been employed. However, these technologies have the following problems.
For example, in the method of preventing the overcurrent from flowing to the GMR element by incorporating a condenser into the magnetic head, it is necessary to suppress increases in production process and production cost due to addition of a process of producing the condenser. Also, since the magnetic head having the condenser is ultimately incorporated into a disk storage unit, it is necessary to prevent frequency properties from being deteriorated in a disk storage unit handling a high frequency signal.
In turn, in the method of recovering the magnetic properties of the magnetic head with the use of the direct current and the pulse current, due to the necessity of adding a process of property recovery, it is necessary to suppress increases in production process and production cost. Also, though the deterioration in magnetic properties is judged from a degree of a change in resistance of the GMR element measured by applying an alternating magnetic filed to the magnetic head, the magnetic field used in the conventional technology is insufficient for correctly judge the magnetic properties deterioration in view of the fact that a remarkably large magnetic field is required for correctly determine the deterioration in magnetic properties, and it is probable that a very small deterioration is missed by such judgment.
An object of this invention is to provide a method for producing a thin film magnetic head, which enables to solve the above-described problems and to suppress deterioration in magnetic properties of a read element during a production process without increasing a production process and a production cost.

Method for manufacturing a thin film magnetic head

Hitachi Global Storage Technologies Netherlands B.V.


A liquid crystal display includes a first substrate and a second substrate, a liquid crystal layer disposed between the first and second substrate, and a backlight module disposed under the second substrate. The first substrate comprises color filters disposed in array, wherein each color filter has a chromaticity-adjusting region; a thickness of the color filters and a size of the chromaticity-adjusting region are adjustable for adjusting the chromaticity of the LCD. The second substrate comprises pixel electrodes corresponding to the color filters. Therefore, the liquid crystal display can easily adjust and perfect the chromaticity of the liquid crystal display under the restrictions of the material of the color filters, the backlight module, and the design thereof.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a liquid crystal display (LCD), such as a transmissive LCD or a transflective LCD, and more particularly to a liquid crystal display adapted to adjust the chromaticity thereof.
2. Description of the Related Art
Recently, liquid crystal displays (LCD) have been widely used and combined with a variety of electronic devices. However, the manufacturing process of LCD is getting more and more complicated. Because LCD is not a self-luminous display, a light source is required for illuminating the LCD. The LCD are generally classified according to the light source, namely, transmissive LCD, transflective LCD and reflective LCD.
The reflective LCD has a reflective film formed on the bottom substrate for reflecting outside light. If the light source, such as front light, is not sufficient, reflective LCD cannot be used under the weak brightness environment.
The transmissive LCD with backlight modules can be used under the weak brightness environment. The transflective LCD cooperating with the backlight modules can also operate under the similar circumstances. Following are the descriptions of the two types of LCDs.
FIGS. 1A and 1B are exploded schematic drawings showing a prior art transflective LCD. FIGS. 2A and 2B are exploded schematic drawings showing a prior art transmissive LCD.
Referring to FIGS. 1A and 1B, the top portion 100a of the prior art transflective LCD includes a red, a green and a blue color filters 102a, 102b and 102c, respectively, are being disposed between the liquid crystal layer (not shown) and a glass substrate (not shown). The region 104 is the transmissive region of the transflective LCD. The bottom portion 100b of the transflective LCD includes pixel electrodes 106 disposed between the liquid crystal layer (not shown) and another glass substrate (not shown). The transmissive region 106b corresponds to the region 104 of FIG. 1A; the reflective region 106a is the area outside the transmissive region 106b. When the top and bottom portions 100a and 100b are combined, the backlight module (not shown) under the bottom portion 100b transmits white light passing through the transmissive region 106b, and the red, green and blue color filters 102a, 102b and 102c.
Additionally, referring to FIG. 2A, the top portion of the transmissive LCD has a structure similar to that of FIG. 1A. Referring to FIG. 2B, compared with FIG. 1B the pixel electrode 206 is a transparent electrode 206. When the structures of FIGS. 2A and 2B are combined, the backlight module (not shown) under the bottom portion 100b transmits white light passing through the transmissive region 206, and the red, green and blue color filters 202a, 202b and 202c.
However, because of the restrictions under the circumstances, such as the material of the color filters, the backlight module and the design of the LCD, the prior art LCD cannot easily adjust the chromaticity thereof The problem will be more serious when the transmissive LCD and the transflective LCD need to generate sufficient chromaticity of the red, green and blue lights, as well as white light.