A magnetic disc has a magnetic recording area on or from which the information may be recorded or reproduced by a recording head loaded on a slider. The magnetic recording area has a data area including a recording track as a crest and a guard band as a valley, and a servo area having servo marks as crests and valleys. A CSS area for contact-start-stop (CSS) with the slider is made up of CSS data areas radially consecutive to the data areas and CSS servo areas radially consecutive to the servo areas. The entire surfaces of the CSS servo areas may be planarized at the same height level as the recording tracks. The CSS servo areas are provided with the same pattern of crests and valleys similar to that of the data areas. This suppresses generation of powder debris during CSS while optimizing the amount of float of the slider and the floating posture in the CSS area.

This invention relates to a magnetic disc having crests and valleys formed in its magnetic recording area. More particularly, it relates to a magnetic disc in which contact start stop (CSS) with respect to a slider carrying a magnetic head for writing/readout on or from a magnetic disc may be performed in stability.
A magnetic recording medium for recording/reproducing the digital information by a magnetic head, such as a magnetic disc, has servo marks, that is recorded position signals, formed thereon for tracking the magnetic head. The "tracking" herein means causing the magnetic head to correctly follow a recording track bearing a desired address.
These servo marks are recorded by a servo writer simultaneously with data recording. With progress in high density recording and concomitant reduction in the recording track width, high servo mark position density has become necessary, such that it has become necessary to maintain high position accuracy between the servo writer and the associated mechanical components of the magnetic recording apparatus. Since this necessitates a high technical level, the recording/reproducing apparatus becomes costly.
Thus a variety of methods have been proposed for raising position signal accuracy by pre-forming servo marks on a magnetic disc. Among these are a method of forming servo marks by etching a magnetic layer or non-magnetizing a portion of the magnetic layer, and a method of forming servo marks by forming crests and valleys in a disc substrate.
In forming servo marks by crests and valleys, since the recording tracks and guard bands separating the recording tracks from one another may be formed simultaneously as crests and valleys, respectively, a so-called discrete type magnetic disc may be formed easily. With the magnetic disc, having the servo marks and the recording tracks thus formed by crests and valleys, recording/readout may be performed with a high track-pitch tracking operation and at a high signal-to-noise ratio.
Referring to FIG. 1, an illustrative magnetic disc, as loaded on a floating magnetic head recording/reproducing apparatus, is explained in detail.
The magnetic disc 101 has a magnetic recording area 102 for writing/reading the information by a magnetic head, a clamping area 103 on the inner rim of the disc and a landing area 104 on the outer rim of the disc.
The magnetic recording area 102 has a data area 105 made up of convex-shaped recording tracks and recessed guard bands, and a servo area 106, in the form of crests and valleys, for radially dividing the data area 105.
The magnetic disc 101 is loaded on the floating magnetic head type recording/reproducing apparatus, by the clamping area 103 being secured by the damper 114, and is rotated by a spindle motor, not shown.
On top of the magnetic disc 101 is supported a slider 111 carrying the magnetic head by an arm 112, which is rotated with a rotary shaft 113 as the center of rotation for shifting the slider 111 along the radius of the magnetic disc 101.
For floating the slider 111 above the magnetic disc 101, the slider is set in a CSS area inwardly of the magnetic recording area 102. The slider 111 is floated on starting rotation of the magnetic disc 101. When the slider 111 is floated, it is shifted by the arm 112 to a position overlying the magnetic recording area in order to follow the desired recording track in the data recording area 105 for writing/reading. After termination of the writing/reading, the rotation of the magnetic disc 101 is terminated for again landing the slider in the CSS area.
Although the CSS area is not an area of actually writing and/or reading the information, it is within an area within which the slider 111 is moved on driving the floating magnetic head type recording/reproducing apparatus. For this reason, it may be envisaged to provide a pattern of crests and valleys similar to that provided in the magnetic recording area 102. In such case, a pattern of crests and valleys similar to the pattern of the recording tracks and the guard bands is provided in the portion of the CSS area representing the radial continuation of the servo area 106, referred to herein as a CSS servo area. Similarly, a pattern of crests and valleys similar to that of the servo marks is provided in the portion of the CSS area representing the radial continuation of the servo area 106, referred to herein as a CSS servo area.
However, if contact-start-stop is actually performed in the CSS area having a pattern of crests and valleys similar to those in the magnetic recording area 102, powder debris is incurred by frictional contact between the slider 111 and the CSS area. This is presumably attributable to the fact that, since the relative proceeding direction of the slider 111 and the pattern of crests and valleys in the CSS servo area are substantially at right angles to each other, the crests in the CSS servo area scraped off the surface of the slider 111.
The powder debris thus produced give rise to injuries to the slider 111 and the magnetic disc 101.
On the other hand, the fact that the relative proceeding direction of the slider 111 and the pattern of crests and valleys of the CSS servo area are substantially at right angles to each other renders the float amount of the slider 111 liable to deteriorate the floating posture of the slider 111.

Magnetic disc having planiarized CSS zone


An object of the present invention is to prevent a pouch 6 from being broken when it is separated from the rest along a perforation 9 by providing the perforation 9 for separating the pouch 6 and a notch 10 for tearing the pouch, where the direction of said notch intersecting that of the perforation. A sheet of wrapping paper 1 comprises a polypropylene layer and a polyethylene layer formed on a surface of the polypropylene layer for thermal welding. The wrapping paper 1 additionally comprises a printable white layer 4 formed on the other surface of the polypropylene layer and designed to be exposed to the outside when the wrapping paper is longitudinally folded into two halves with the polyethylene layer 3 facing inside. The folded wrapping paper 1 is then thermally welded to produce a plurality of continuously arranged pouches 6 for containing doses. A thermally welded transversal edge section 7 which is perpendicular to longitudinal direction of the wrapping paper has a perforation 9 for the separation of the pouches. A notch 10 is formed at a position along the perforation 9 and in a direction intersecting that of the perforation so that the separated notch can be torn from there.

Conventionally, medicinal doses are put into respective pouches of wrapping paper by means of an automatic pharmaceutical wrapping machine according to a prescription so that the patient does not need to sort out doses of different medicines. Pouches of wrapping paper are typically prepared by using cellophane as a base material so that even a physically enfeebled patient may tear them by hand. Such pouches are formed by longitudinally folding an oblong sheet of cellophane coated with thermally weldable polyethylene into two halves, thermally welding the edges of pouches to produce a long series of pouches and perforating along the transversal thermally welded edges to make the pouches separable from each other. Thus, a prescribed number of doses are put into so many unseparated pouches, which are then delivered to the patient. The patient takes in a dose contained in a single pouch, which he or she has torn apart from the rest along the peroration. (See, inter alia,
However, since conventional pouches are made of cellophane, care should be taken not to tear somewhere outside the perforation of the pouch to be separated or even of any of the remaining pouches and make a wrong dose fall out of the pouch. If the matter does not go so far, the sealed condition of the doses may be damaged to some extent to make them less preservable.
In view of the above identified problem, it is therefore an object of the present invention to provide pouches of wrapping paper for containing medicinal doses, with which the above problem is solved by diverting the line of separation of each pouch from the line along which it is torn apart from the rest so that it may not be broken when it is separated from the rest along the perforation and each of which can be easily torn to take the dose contained therein.
It is another object of the present invention to provide wrapping paper for forming pouches for containing medicinal doses, each of which can be easily opened to take the dose contained therein by displaying a direction intersecting the line of perforation.

Pouches of wrapping paper for containing medicinal doses


An adaptable landscape light designed to be used with xc2xd inch or 3-inch diameter poles. The light includes a light housing with a cylindrical-shaped lower base. Formed on the lower base is a downward extending cavity. Three downward extending tabs are radially and equally spaced apart around the lower base. Each tab includes a threaded bore through which a threaded connector may be selectively attached. Included with the light is a conical-shaped adaptor with a cylindrical-shaped upper section designed to fit into the downward extending cavity formed inside the lower base. Formed on the adaptor is a narrow, centrally aligned neck member with a longitudinally aligned threaded bore formed therein. Formed on the sidewalls of the upper cylindrical section are threaded bores which are aligned with the threaded bores formed on the tabs or sidewalls of the lower base. During use, the upper cylindrical section is inserted into the lower cavity and attached thereto via the threaded connectors extended through the bores formed on the tabs and upper cylindrical section. A narrow, complementary-shaped threaded conduit may be connected to the neck member. If a wide conduit is desired, the adaptor is removed so that the wide conduit may be directly attached to the lower base.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention pertains to landscape lights, and more particularly, to landscape lights attached to vertically aligned poles through which wiring extends to provide electric current to the landscape light.
2. Description of the Related Art
High and low voltage landscape lights are often mounted on rigid poles inserted at one end into the ground or into concrete. Wires connect lamps located inside the light to a distant electricity source.
Today, there are two diameter sizes of poles used to mount landscape lightsxe2x80x94xc2xd-inch and 3-inch. Heretofore, most landscape light manufacturers make their lights to fit one size diameter pole. Thus, to appeal to customers needing one or the other size diameter pole, landscape manufacturers must manufacture two types of lights and make customers choose one size diameter pole. Needless to say, this increases the cost of manufacturing.
What is needed is a landscape light that can be used with a either xc2xd inch or 3-inch diameter poles.
It is an object of the present invention to provide an adaptable landscape light that can be used with a xc2xd or 3-inch diameter pole.
The landscape light includes a standard landscape light housing having a lower cylindrical-shaped lower base, a vertically aligned lens and upper cap structure disposed over the lens. The lower base includes a downward extending cavity with thin sidewalls. Extending downward from the sidewalls are equally spaced apart tabs. Each tab includes a perpendicularly aligned threaded bore through which a threaded connector may be selectively attached.
Included with the light is a conical-shaped adaptor with a cylindrical-shaped upper section designed to snugly fit into the cavity located on the lower base. Integrally formed on the upper section is a downward extending, centrally aligned, narrow neck member with a longitudinally aligned threaded bore formed therein. During use, the upper section on the adaptor is inserted into the cavity on the lower base and attached thereto via the threaded connectors extended through the tabs. A xc2xd inch complementary-shaped threaded conduit may be connected to the threaded bore in the neck member. If a 3 inch diameter pole is desired, the adaptor is removed so that the upper end of the 3 inch diameter pole may insert directly into the cavity. Threaded connectors are then used to securely connect the pole directly to the lower base.
There has been outlined, rather broadly, the more important features of the invention in order that the detailed description thereof that follows may be better understood, and in order that the present contribution to the art may be better appreciated. There are additional features of the invention that will be described hereinafter and which will form the subject matter of the claims appended hereto.


An improved peeler or scraper is disclosed with a pivoting head that can be pivoted between a longitudinal position where the cutting or scrapping blade is in general alignment with the handle to a transverse position where the cutting blade is disposed perpendicular to the handle or in a “T” configuration.

1. Technical Field
An improved vegetable peeler is disclosed. More specifically, a vegetable peeler with a pivoting head is disclosed which enables the head to be positioned parallel to and in general alignment with the handle and at least one alternative position, such as at a 90° angle with respect to the handle.
2 Description of the Related Art
Vegetable peelers are generally available in two general configurations—either in general alignment with or parallel to the handle or disposed at a right angle or a 90° perpendicular angle to the handle. Thus, conventional peelers are configured so that the blade is oriented in the long direction or as an extension of the handle or in a "T" configuration with the blade cutting surface perpendicular to the handle.
Thus, if a consumer desires to have vegetable peelers with the blade oriented parallel or longitudinal with respect to the handle and perpendicular or in a "T" configuration with respect to the handle, the consumer must buy two separate peelers. Individual consumers tend to have uses for both types of peelers.
Accordingly, there is a need for a single peeler which could provide both configurations. Such a peeler would eliminate the need for a consumer to purchase and store two different peelers and eliminate the need for using two different peelers in a single cooking operation.


An image forming apparatus processes data described in a predetermined descriptive language. A module interprets a storage location of image data of an image described according to the predetermined descriptive language and a module obtains the image data based on the interpreted storage location. A reading module reads and obtains image forming information that includes image trimming information. Another module interprets the image forming information obtained by the reading module, including interpreting the image trimming information. A processing module renders an image forming processing, including a trimming processing, on the image data based on the interpreted image forming information, and the trimming processing is executed prior to execution of any of a flipping processing, a rotation processing, and an image aspect ratio maintaining processing.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to image forming apparatuses, image forming methods, image forming programs, storage media for storing image forming programs, and more particularly, to image forming apparatuses, methods and programs in which placement information of images can be designated, as well as storage media that store image forming programs.
2. Related Background Art
In recent years, the technology that describes documents including texts and images with a descriptive language, which may be represented by HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language), has been put into practical use, and widely used as a standard method to describe WWW (World Wide Web) pages on the Internet. The descriptive language is normally equipped with a function to dispose image files on documents through external reference. For example, in the case of the HTML, an image can be displayed through designating the storage location and image size of an image file by an IMG (image) element.
By using the function described above, some image forming applications and systems that have appeared use a descriptive language as a description format when creating electronic albums for browsing a plurality of images. One of such image forming systems automatically generates an image browsing function. More specifically, the system automatically generates an HTML file that provides a display function for browsing images that have been captured by a digital camera, such that the images can be readily browsed by a general internet browsing software without having to use a specialized application.
However, the above-described image forming system that uses a description format in a descriptive language can only designate a placement of an image that is limited to a position and size of each rectangular display region for displaying the image. Therefore, the conventional image forming system is substantially inferior in its power of expression compared to special applications for creating electronic albums that can designate a wide variety of image renderings such as image rotation, trimming and the like.

Image forming apparatus that executes an image trimming process with priority over other commands, method therefor, and storage medium storing a program therefor


An apparatus for dampening movement of passivation material in an electronic module and a method for manufacturing an electronic module incorporating such an apparatus are disclosed. The apparatus includes a housing defining a cavity sized to contain an electrical circuit and a non-solid passivation material. The apparatus further includes means for limiting movement of the passivation material within the cavity in at least one direction. In a preferred embodiment, the limiting means comprises at least one dam.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to electronic modules of the type employing non-solid passivation material and, more particularly, to an apparatus for dampening movement of passivation material in an electronic module due to vibrations and the like.
2. Description of Related Art
Electronic modules are used in a wide variety of commercial applications. Typically, such modules include a housing or package defining a cavity for receiving and holding an electrical circuit. The electrical circuit often comprises a circuit board including a number of components such as IC's, wires, wirebonds and the like.
To protect the components of the electrical circuit from moisture and other environmental influences that can have undesirable effects on the circuitry, prior art electronic modules have often been provided with a non-solid passivation material. Typically, the cavity defined by the housing is filled with the passivation material. The passivation material will, thus, surround the electrical circuit thereby preventing undesirable environmental elements from reaching and influencing the circuit. Such passivation materials usually take the form of a liquid or gel.
While these passivation materials have been highly effective in protecting the electrical circuits of prior art electronic modules from many undesirable environmental influences, electronic modules employing these passivation materials have suffered from certain drawbacks. For example, electronic modules are frequently employed in applications where they are subjected to substantial vibrations and jolting. One such application is automobile uses. Electronic modules such as those employed as ignition circuits in automobiles and other motorized vehicles typically experience considerable levels of shaking, bumping and other vibrations. In prior art electronic modules, these vibrations have resulted in movement of the passivation material contained within the housing. Such movement can induce vibrations and other mechanical stresses in the parts of the module, including, but not limited to, the components of the electrical circuit, which can often lead to premature failure.

Apparatus for dampening movement of passivation material in an electronic module


In a satellite-based augmentation system a data stream is generated that includes user messages having different message types. A plurality of predetermined unique sequences of message types are formed and each formed sequence is allocated to one of a plurality of data sources that are used for generating user messages in the satellite-based augmentation system. A data source is selected for generating a data stream that includes user messages. The selected data source generates the data stream including user messages by using the predetermined unique sequence of message types that is allocated to the selected data source.

Exemplary embodiments of the present invention relate to a method and a device for generating a data stream comprising user messages in a satellite-based augmentation system.
In order to increase the accuracy of position determination with a global navigation satellite system (GNSS: Global Navigation Satellite System) such as (NAVSTAR-) GPS, GLONASS or the future European navigation satellite system GALILEO, satellite-based augmentation systems (SBAS: Satellite Based Augmentation System) such as the European EGNOS (European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service), the US-American WAAS (Wide Area Augmentation System) or the Japanese MSAS (Multifunctional Satellite Augmentation System) are used.
An SBAS uses additional satellites for a GNSS to be augmented, which satellites transmit regionally limited correction data that can be used by suitable receiver systems (SBAS receiver) of the GNSS for improving the accuracy of position determination. An augmentation system can also transmit integrity data or integrity information to the augmented GNSS, which allows the receivers to determine an integrity risk and to alert in the case of a risk that is too high. For example, besides correction data, EGNOS transmits also data on the integrity of GPS.
EGNOS comprises a network of 34 RIMS (Ranging and Integrity Monitoring Station), which receive navigation signals of the augmented GNSS, currently GPS and GLONASS. Correction and integrity data (EGNOS data) data are calculated from the data of the RIMS in four redundant MCCs (Master Control Center). The EGNOS data calculated by the MCC are transferred by six uplink stations NLES (Navigation Land Earth Station) in the form of GEO messages to the three geostationary EGNOS satellites (GEO satellites), which then distribute the EGNOS data in the form of a data stream comprising user messages to receiver systems. In addition, the EGNOS data are also made available through the Internet so that in the case of disturbed EGNOS satellite reception, receiver systems with Internet access still can receive current EGNOS data.
Calculating the EGNOS data in an MCC is carried out by a CPF (Central Processing Facility). The EGNOS message, which comprises EGNOS data, is generated by an MGF (Message Generation Facility) in the MCC and is provided for the transmission through the uplink stations NLES. Thus, each MCC generates with its CPF and MGF its own EGNOS messages which are available to the NLESs for transmission. Different types of EGNOS messages are defined. For example, EGNOS messages of the types 2-5 transmit corrections of the individual satellites of the augmented GNSS, and EGNOS messages of the type 6 transmit integrity information.
Each uplink station NLES selects from the different CPFs one particular CPF as a data source from which the uplink station takes the generated and provided EGNOS messages and transmits them to the EGNOS satellite controlled by said uplink station. The CPF selected by an NLES is designated as "selected" and the remaining CPFs are designated as "backup". A CPF designated as "selected" by an NLES transmits to the NLES a complete set of messages with all types of EGNOS messages, whereas the CPFs designated as "backup" transmit only integrity data (EGNOS message type 6) to the NLES. An NLES selects a certain CPF on the basis of a quality-of-service index and go/no-go flags provided by the CPF, which are transmitted separately to all NLESs by each CPF.
According to the current concept of EGNOS V2, it is not possible for a CPF and also for individual MGFs to determine via a data stream comprising EGNOS user messages which MGF and thus also which CPF has been selected by an NLES for generating GEO messages. For example, if one of the three EGNOS satellites receives a data stream comprising EGNOS user messages, it is not possible to determine on the basis of the EGNOS user messages which CPFs, and thus also MGFs, the NLES, which provides data to the EGNOS satellite, has selected as data sources from all CPFs and MGFs present in EGNOS.
Exemplary embodiments of the present invention provide a method and device for generating a data stream comprising user messages in a satellite-based augmentation system, wherein the data stream is suitable for identifying a data source used for generating user messages of a satellite-based augmentation system, in particular for identifying a CPF and an MGF selected by an NLES as a source for EGNOS user messages.
In accordance with exemplary embodiments of the present invention, a satellite-based augmentation system the data stream comprising user messages is encoded so as to indicate the augmentation system's data source used for generating the user messages. Here, encoding shall take place in such a manner that no additional interfaces have to be introduced. As a suitable encoding type, the invention proposes the sequence of different message types of the user messages in a data stream. As already explained above, in the case of the EGNOS, for example, corrections of the individual satellites of the augmented GNSS are transmitted with messages of the types 2-5. By allocating in each case a unique sequence of message types to data sources in the augmentation system, it is therefore possible that the data streams comprising user messages from the data sources can be configured differently so that identifying the data source used for a particular data stream comprising user messages is made possible. For example, in the case of EGNOS, different sequences of the message types 2-5 can be allocated to the data sources CPF and MGF available in EGNOS so that the CPF and the MGF, which were selected for generating the EGNOS user messages by the NLES which provides data to the EGNOS satellite, can be identified on the basis of the data stream comprising EGNOS user messages transmitted by an EGNOS satellite. Thus, each MGF and hence also each CPF can determine, based on a data stream comprising EGNOS, user messages which CPF and MGF were selected by an NLES for the respective EGNOS satellite.
One embodiment of the invention relates to a method for generating a data stream comprising user messages in a satellite-based augmentation system, wherein the user messages can exhibit different message types, and the method comprises the following steps:
Forming a plurality of predetermined unique sequences of message types and allocating each formed sequence to in each case one of a plurality of data sources that are used for generating user messages in the satellite-based augmentation system,
Selecting a data source for generating a data stream comprising user messages, and
Generating, by the selected data source, the data stream comprising user messages by using the predetermined unique sequence of message types that is allocated to the selected data source.
In particular, for forming unique sequences, such message types are used that have to be contained in each data stream comprising user messages.
In particular, message types provided for transmitting fast corrections of satellites of an augmented global navigation satellite system can be used as message types.
The number of the message types used can be selected based on the number of data sources that is allocated a unique sequence of message types.
The method is in particular suitable for the use in the augmentation system EGNOS V3 phase A.
Another embodiment of the invention relates to a computer program comprising a program code for carrying out all method steps according to the invention and as described herein if the computer program is executed in a computer.
Furthermore, one embodiment relates to a data carrier on which is stored the program code of the computer program according to the invention and as described above, which program code is executable by a computer.
Another embodiment of the invention relates to a device for generating a data stream comprising user messages in a satellite-based augmentation system, wherein the user messages can comprise different message types, and the device comprises the following:                first means for forming a plurality of predetermined unique sequences of message types and for allocating each formed sequence to in each case one of a plurality of data sources that are used for generating user messages in the satellite-based augmentation system,        second means for selecting one of the data sources for generating a data stream comprising user messages, and        third means for generating, by the selected data source, the data stream comprising user messages by using the predetermined unique sequence of message types that is allocated to the selected data source.
The device can be designed for carrying out a method according to the invention and as described herein.
Finally, one embodiment of the invention relates to a receiver for a data stream comprising user messages of a satellite-based augmentation system, which receiver is produced according to a method according to the invention and/or by a device according to the invention, wherein the receiver is designed so as to recognize in the received data stream a unique sequence of message types of user messages and to identify on the basis of the recognized unique sequence a data source of user messages.
Further advantages and possible uses of the present invention arise from the following description in connection with the exemplary embodiments illustrated in the drawings.
In the description, the claims, the abstract and in the drawings, the terms and associated reference numbers in the reference list below are used.

Generation of a data stream comprising user messages in a satellite-based augmentation system


A wiring board (1, 1a, 20, 20a) having: a board body (2, 22) including an insulating material and having a front surface (3, 23), a back surface (4, 24), a cavity (5, 25) having an opening in the front surface (3, 23) of the board body (2, 22) and having a bottom surface (6, 26) and a side surface (7, 27), and a projection which is provided on a front surface side of the side surface (7, 27) of the cavity and projects toward a center of the opening; a metal layer (11) provided on the side surface (7, 27) of the cavity; and an insulating portion which is provided on a back surface (9, 29) of the projection (8, 28) so as to define an obtuse angle (θ) with the metal layer (11), or which covers at least a top end portion of the metal layer (11).

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a wiring board including a light-emitting element mounted on the bottom surface of a cavity.
2. Description of the Related Art
In a wiring board having mounted thereon a light-emitting element, the emitted light can be collimated by adopting a structure in which a metal light reflection layer is arranged on the side surface of a cavity. A sealing resin is charged in the cavity so as to form a flat surface.
For example, a package for housing a light-emitting element has been proposed in which a ceramic frame having a through-hole is joined to a flat-plate-shaped ceramic base. A metal layer containing a refractory metal such as W or Mo and a metal plating layer containing Co are then formed in this order on the inner surface of the through-hole (see, e.g., JP-A-2004-228549, at pages 1-9 and FIGS. 1 and 4).
On the other hand, a photoelectric device has been proposed in which a photoelectric element is disposed in an opening space of a package. The side surface of the opening space is provided with a holding means to prevent peeling of a molding resin that is charged in the opening space (see, e.g., JP-A-11-74561, at pages 1-8 and FIGS. 1-5).
Incidentally, among the light reflection layers formed on the metal layer arranged on the side surface of the cavity in which the light-emitting element is mounted, a topmost metal plating layer of Ag or the like is thinner on a top end portion, for example, of the cavity side surface than on its middle portion.
Moreover, where the side surface of the cavity in which the light-emitting element is disposed is provided with a holding means that projects in cross section and serves to hold the molding resin (see, e.g., the photoelectric device of JP-A-11-74561 at pages 1-8, FIGS. 1-5), a plating liquid cannot easily circulate directly under the holding means in electroplating the metal layer formed on the side surface of the cavity with plating layers of Ni, Au, Ag, etc. As a result, those portions of the metal plating layers, in particular, the topmost Ag plating layer, which are formed on a top end portion of the metal layer directly under the holding means become thin. Also components of the underlying metal layer or metal plating layers may redeposit on the surface of the Ag plating layer. For example, in the case where an Ag layer is formed on a Ni layer, pinholes and the like tend to develop in a thin Ag layer. In that case, components of the lower Ni layer diffuse through the pinholes to redeposit on the surface of the Ag layer. The Ni forms an oxide (oxidation corrosion), and the Ni oxide gradually induces a change in color. In addition, by reacting with the Ni oxide, the Ag also induces a change in color. Such changes in color proliferate over time. That is, color changes are induced due to redeposition of an underlying plating layer in addition to variation in thickness of the respective plating layers, and such color change tends to originate and proliferate from the top end portion. Consequently, it becomes more difficult to efficiently reflect the light emitted from the light-emitting element.


A windshield structure for a saddle-ride type vehicle to enhance a windshield effect by reducing a vacuum behind a leg shield and in the lateral center of the vehicle. The windshield structure for the saddle-ride type vehicle includes a front storage box that may be opened and closed that is provided in a surface of the leg shield on a side of a seat. A bottom covering portion is formed integrally with the leg shield and is formed to cover the front storage box from below. The bottom covering portion for covering the front storage box from below is formed with air discharge ports for releasing a flow of air from a front side of a vehicle body to a rear side of the leg shield.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a windshield structure for a saddle-ride type vehicle including a leg shield provided forward of a seat on which an occupant is seated.
2. Description of Background Art
A saddle-ride type vehicle such as a motorcycle is known that includes a leg shield for covering the front sides of the feet of an occupant. A flow of air from a front side of a vehicle body is taken into a duct from an air guide port opened in a front surface of a front cover and injected from the duct to a side end of the leg shield. See, for example, JP-A No. 10-203454. By thus injecting the flow of air to the side end of the leg shield, it is possible to suppress entrainment of the flow of air to a side of the occupant, suppress a vacuum state in a foot space, and enhance a windshield effect on the occupant.
However, in the conventional structure, since a plurality of ducts is provided at an end of the leg shield, air is not guided to a lateral center side of the vehicle. Thus, there is a possibility of causing an insufficient prevention of the entrainment of the flow of air behind the leg shield.

Windshield structure for saddle-ride type vehicle


A system and method accurately clocks write data to the discrete data blocks in a patterned media disk drive. The precise time intervals between successive timing marks in the data tracks are measured by a timing mark detector that counts the integer number of write clock cycles between successive timing marks and the fractional part of a write clock cycle by detecting the phase difference between a timing mark and a reference signal. The resulting timing error is output to a write clock compensator. The write clock is capable of generating equally spaced primary phases and phases intermediate the primary phases. The compensator includes a phase rotator that controls which write clock phase is selected for output. The value in a phase register of the compensator is used to control the phase rotator to advance or retard the write clock phase, and thus to adjust its frequency and phase so as to be synchronized for writing to the data blocks.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to magnetic recording disk drives for use with patterned media, wherein each data bit is stored in a magnetically isolated block or island on the disk, and more particularly to such a disk drive with an improved clock for writing the data.
2. Description of the Related Art
Magnetic recording hard disk drives with patterned magnetic recording media have been proposed to increase the data density. In patterned media, the magnetic material on the disk is patterned into small isolated data blocks or islands arranged in concentric data tracks. Each island contains a single magnetic "bit" and is separated from neighboring islands by a nonmagnetic region. This is in contrast to conventional continuous media wherein a single "bit" is composed of multiple weakly-coupled neighboring magnetic grains that form a single magnetic domain and the bits are physically adjacent to one another. Patterned-media disks may be longitudinal magnetic recording disks, wherein the magnetization directions are parallel to or in the plane of the recording layer, or perpendicular magnetic recording disks, wherein the magnetization directions are perpendicular to or out-of-the-plane of the recording layer. To produce the required magnetic isolation of the patterned blocks, the magnetic moment of the regions between the blocks must be destroyed or substantially reduced so as to render these regions essentially nonmagnetic. Alternatively, the media may be fabricated so that that there is no magnetic material in the regions between the blocks. U.S. Pat. No. 5,820,769 is representative of various types of patterned media and their methods of fabrication. A description of magnetic recording systems with patterned media and their associated challenges is presented by R. L. White et al., "Patterned Media: A Viable Route to 50 Gbit/in2 and Up for Magnetic Recording?", IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 33, No. 1, January 1997, pp. 990-995.
In one type of patterned media, the data islands are elevated, spaced-apart pillars that extend above the disk substrate surface to define troughs or trenches on the substrate surface between the pillars. This type of patterned media is of interest because substrates with the pre-etched pattern of pillars and trenches can be produced with relatively low-cost, high volume processes such as lithography and nanoimprinting. The magnetic recording layer material is then deposited over the entire surface of the pre-etched substrate to cover both the ends of the pillars and the trenches. The trenches are recessed far enough from the read/write head to not adversely affect reading or writing. This type of patterned media is described by Moritz et al., "Patterned Media Made From Pre-Etched Wafers: A Promising Route Toward Ultrahigh-Density Magnetic Recording", IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 38, No. 4, July 2002, pp. 1731-1736.
In conventional magnetic recording where the data bits are written on continuous media, there is no requirement to write to precise positions on the media since all of the media contains magnetic material. However, with patterned media, because the data islands are single-domain, the transitions between bits may occur only between islands. Since the magnetic transitions are restricted to predetermined locations governed by the locations of individual islands, it is necessary to synchronize the reversal of current in the write head with the passing of individual islands under the head. Also to assure that the write head is precisely aligned with the islands on the patterned media, the media must be patterned perfectly with a single accurate period, and the effective motor speed of the spindle supporting the disks must be highly stable so that the write clock is perfectly synchronized with the islands as they pass beneath the write head. U.S. Pat. No. 6,754,017 B2, assigned to the same assignee as this application, describes a magnetic recording disk drive with patterned media that uses a special pattern-sensor that senses the data blocks before they pass beneath the write head and generates a write-clock signal.
What is needed is a magnetic recording disk drive with patterned media that has an accurate write-clock signal so that the data can be accurately written to the patterned data blocks.

Magnetic recording disk drive with patterned media and system for clocking write data

Hitachi Global Storage Technologies Netherlands B.V.


A stable pharmaceutical mercury-free aqueous solution of cyanocobalamin comprised of cyanocobalamin and water wherein said solution of cyanocobalamin is suitable for intranasal administration, has a viscosity less than about 1000 cPs, and wherein said solution of cyanocobalamin has a bioavailability of cyanocobalamin when administered intranasally of at least about 7% relative to an intramuscular injection of cyanocobalamin with the proviso that the solution is essentially free of mercury and mercury-containing compounds. The present invention is also directed towards a method for elevating the vitamin B12 levels in the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) comprising administering intranasally a sufficient amount of a mercury-free cyanocobalamin solution so as to increase the average ratio of vitamin B12 in the CSF to that in the blood serum (B12 CSF/B12 Serum×100) to at least about 1.1 comprising intranasally administering an aqueous solution of a cyanocobalamin, wherein said solution of cyanocobalamin has a bioavailability of at least 7% relative to an intramuscular injection of a cyanocobalamin.

Vitamin B12 is a dietary essential, a deficiency of which results in defective synthesis of DNA in any cell in which chromosomal replication and division are taking place. Since tissues with the greatest rate of cell turnover show the most dramatic changes, the hematopoietic system is especially sensitive to vitamin B12 deficiencies. An early sign of B12 deficiency is a megaloblastic anemia. Dietary B12, in the presence of gastric acid and pancreatic proteases, is released from food and salivary binding protein and bound to gastric intrinsic factor. When the vitamin B12-intrinsic factor complex reaches the ileum, it interacts with a receptor on the mucosal cell surface and is actively transported into circulation. Adequate intrinsic factor, bile and sodium bicarbonate (suitable pH) all are required for ileal transport of vitamin B12. Vitamin B12 deficiency in adults is rarely the result of a deficient diet; rather, it usually reflects a defect in one or another aspect of this complex sequence of absorption. Achlorhydria and decreased secretion of intrinsic factor by parietal cells secondary to gastric atrophy or gastric surgery is a common cause of vitamin B12 deficiency in adults. Antibodies to parietal cells or intrinsic factor complex also can play a prominent role in producing deficiency. A number of intestinal diseases can interfere with absorption. Vitamin B12 malabsorption is seen with pancreatic disorders (loss of pancreatic protease secretion), bacterial overgrowth, intestinal parasites, sprue, and localized damage to ileal mucosal cells by disease or as a result of surgery. The recommended daily intake of vitamin B12 in adults is 2.4 μg.
There are four main forms of vitamin B12: cyanocobalamin: hydroxocobalamin, methylcobalamin and adenosylcobalamin. Methylcobalamin and adenosylcobalamin are unstable and damaged by light. They are therefore unsuitable for use in dietary supplements or pharmaceuticals and are not essential since they can be formed from cyanocobalamin or hydroxocobalamin within the body. The main form of vitamin B12 found in food is hydroxocobalamin. The main form used therapeutically and in nutritional supplements is cyanocobalamin, chosen because it is the most stable form and therefore easiest to synthesize and formulate.
Because deficiencies of vitamin B12 are generally caused by the inability of the vitamin to be absorbed in the small intestine due to a breakdown in the vitamin B12-intrinsic factor complex transport mechanism, vitamin B12 must therefore be administered systemically. Currently, therapeutic amounts of cyanocobalamin are administered by intramuscular or deep subcutaneous injection of cyanocobalamin. However, patients must return to the physician's office periodically to receive additional injections to maintain their levels of vitamin B12. However, an intranasal gel cyanocobalamin preparation, NASCOBAL® is currently being marketed in which cyanocobalamin is administered intranasally as maintenance vitamin B12 therapy. However, many patients find the consistency of the intranasal gel unpleasant and would prefer to have administered intranasally a low viscosity spray containing cyanocobalamin.
The prior art suggests that for vitamin B12 to be absorbed intranasally in therapeutically beneficial amounts, the concentration of the B12 in solution must either be greater that 1% by weight, see Merkus, U.S. Pat. No. 5,801,161 or be administered intranasally in a viscous gel, Wenig, U.S. Pat. No. 4,724,231 so that the gel remains in the nostril for an extended period of time. In fact Wenig states that B12 administered intranasally in a low viscosity solution is not in contact with the nasal mucosa long enough for a sufficient period of time to permit useful absorption. Wenig claims that most of the B12 is wasted if the solution has a low viscosity. Merkus developed intranasal formulations of hydroxocobalamin having a concentration of hydroxocobalamin greater than 1%, however hydroxocobalamin is not very stable and thus has a short shelve-life. Merkus chose hydroxocobalamin because cyanocobalamin is not soluble in an aqueous solution at concentrations greater than 1%.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,525,341, Deihl, discloses a method of administering vitamins intranasally but do not enable a specific formulation containing only cyanocobalamin. International Patent Application No. PCT/US86/00665, publication no. WO 86/05987, and European Patent Application No. EP0218679B1, discloses nasal spray composition containing vitamin B12 as cyanocobalamin. However, the specific spray formulations all contained a mercury compound as a preservative, however the disclosure did require the presence of mercury compounds. Other preservatives were also mentioned including benzalkonium chloride and chlorobutanol. As was stated above, an intranasal gel containing cyanocobalamin, NASCOBAL®, is currently being produced and marketed by Nastech Pharmaceutical Company Inc. of Bothell, Wash. It is very effective in maintaining levels of vitamin B12 for patients who have been deficient in the past but have recovered their levels of B12 through intramuscular injections. However, a number of patients find the consistency of the gel unpleasant in their nose, and would prefer an intranasal formulation that has a lower viscosity and is free of mercury compounds. Thus, there is a need to produce a pharmaceutically stable aqueous solution of cyanocobalamin that has a low viscosity, is free of mercury compounds and has sufficient bioavailability to be used as a maintenance therapy for vitamin B12.

Cyanocobalamin low viscosity aqueous formulations for intranasal delivery


A bio-chamber and a method of making organic fertilizer from poultry manure. The bio-chamber has a chamber body that defines a receiving chamber and an aeration chamber. The aeration chamber underlies the receiving chamber and is divided therefrom by a partition. The partition has a plurality of holes formed therein. An oxygen probe and a temperature probe are positioned inside the receiving chamber. An air blower is connected to the aeration chamber and is operable to blow air therein. The method comprises: mixing the poultry manure with a carbon carrier; loading the mixture into the receiving chamber; monitoring the temperature and the oxygen concentration of the mixture; aerating the mixture; and regulating the temperature and the oxygen concentration by adjusting the operation of the air blower. The temperature and oxygen concentration are regulated to provide conditions that permit aerobic bacteria to propagate and biodegrade the mixture.

Poultry production operations generate significant quantities of animal waste, mainly manure. Vegetation chemically burns from direct contact with excrements containing ammonia. Poultry manure can contaminate the surface or groundwater resources through leaching and runoff of contaminants. Runoff from factory farms can go into nearby rivers, lakes and results in fish-kills, dead-zones, closed beaches, and long-term damage to fisheries/ecosystems. In many areas manure causes dangerous contamination of the drinking water due to nitrates. Poultry manure also contains bacteria and pathogens which may also potentially affect soil, water, and food resources. Lack of appropriate treating methods and the bad odor of chicken excrements has created a social problem. Due to increased pressures from society to reduce the impact on the environment, several methods of manure management were developed. Most of them are not efficient, not scalable and not economical.
Composting requires several months, a significant amount of land or other space, and a lot labor for managing compost piles such as mixing, turning etc. which leads to high labor costs. Loss of ammonia occurs during the composting. Some nutrients may be leached due to exposure to rainfall. Furthermore, compost can attract insects, and disease-producing organisms may not be adequately controlled. Another problem with composting is odor nuisances.
Treating chicken manure with high temperatures requires significant power consumption and results in loss of organic matter. Furthermore, because dried chicken excrements have not gone through the biological decomposition stage, they cannot contribute to humus. It is known that humus is the organic matter that has broken down into a stable substance that resists further decomposition.
Other methods require either additional components such as different acids, ferments, enzymes, bio-catalysts, accelerating agents, worms etc. or sophisticated and expensive equipment, which must be specially designed and constructed. Often additional actions such as elevated pressure, mechanical compression, extra heating, agitation, exposure to radiation (including but not limited to super high frequency) etc. of raw materials is required.
In many methods aeration is uneven. Some parts of the mass are excessively aerated and some parts are not aerated enough. Both conditions cannot provide the optimum development of aerobic bacteria. Also some known methods use plastic pipes or metal tubes with holes for aeration. The maintenance for such a construction is not easy. If the holes are clogged by the mass then it becomes difficult to clean them.
The population of the world is consuming more and more food. But despite the increasing use of chemical fertilizers, agricultural crop yield is gradually and constantly decreasing. It has been found that the exclusive and prolonged use of chemical fertilizer is harmful to the soil's ability to restore its fertility due to depleted humus. For good soil conditions the organic matter should be retained. Organic fertilizers contribute to the fertility of the soil by adding organic matter and nutrients. Chemical fertilizer does not have this organic matter.

Method of aerobic treatment of poultry manure and apparatus for producing organic fertilizer


In a dynamic random access memory including a plurality of memory read circuit arrays, a sense amplifier has a circuit wherein a first switch (or a pair of first switches) and a pair of second switches connected in series to the first switch are connected between the common data lines and the common source line of a second precharger. The first switch is controlled according to the potential of the bit lines precharged by a first precharger, while the second switches are controlled according to the address signal. Further, a third switch is provided to connect the common source line to an activation potential for the common source line in the memory array not selected. A second precharger precharges the common source line in a memory array not selected to a second precharge potential and the common data lines in a memory array not selected to a third precharge potential during the time when the common source line and the common data lines are not selected. The first, second and the third precharge potentials are set so as to prevent a through current through the third switch. Alternatively, the third switch may be omitted by providing appropriate precharge potentials.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a read circuit of dynamic random access memory.
2. Prior Art
A bit of memory cell in a dynamic random access memory (DRAM) consists for example of a capacitor for storing charges (information) and a switch for selecting the memory cell (address), and information of logic "1" and "0" is stored as charges are or are not stored in the capacitor. A large number of memory cells is arranged as a matrix at crossings of bit lines and word lines. A memory cell is selected by designating its address which is determined by a word line and a data line, and the information is read by turning on the switch to connect the capacitor to a bit line and by sensing a change in the potential of the bit line according to the charges stored in the capacitor.
In a DRAM of large capacity such as 64 MB, each memory cell has to be designed to have a small size, and a very large number of memory cells is connected to each bit line. Therefore, a ratio of the capacitance C.sub.a of the capacitor to the stray capacitance C.sub.b of the bit line becomes very small, and a change in the potential of the hit line becomes small and harder to sense.
In order to solve this problem, a bit line is multiply divided or a memory array is divided into a plurality of memory arrays in the direction of a bit line so as to reduce the number of memory cells connected to the bit line in each memory array, so that a ratio C.sub.a /C.sub.b is reduced to a desired value. Further, in order to prevent the increase in area due to peripheral circuits such as decoders, a common selection signal line for selecting a bit line is connected so as to provide a selection signal of a bit line to the memory arrays.
In addition, in order to reduce the dissipation of electric power, sense amplifier circuits of DRAM are controlled so that only a sense amplifier circuit in correspondence to a memory array including a memory cell to be selected is activated.
FIG. 1 displays a circuit diagram of a portion of a prior art sense amplifier of DRAM which has a flip flop type sense amplifier of cross coupling type. In this amplifier, four MOSFETs (Q8, Q9, Q10 and Q11) for amplification are cross coupled to bit lines D and D.
Recently, in a non-address-multiplex type dynamic random access memory (DRAM) (refer to K. Yanagisawa et al., ESSCIRC pp. 184-187) and in a low voltage 64 MB DRAM (Y. Nakagome et al., 1990 SYMPOSIUM ON VLSI CIRCUITS pp. 17-18), a new type of sense amplifier circuit is added besides the above-mentioned flip-flop type sense amplifier circuit, as shown also in FIG. 1. The new sense amplifier includes three transistors Q1, Q2 and Q3 in order to isolate the bit lines and the common data lines. That is, the potentials of the bit lines D and D are provided to the gates of the transistors Q1, Q2 while the column decode line YS is connected to the gate of the transistor Q3. The source electrodes of the transistors Q1 and Q2 are connected to the common data lines CD and CD of a precharger, while the drain electrodes of the transistors Q1 and Q2 are connected to the source electrode of the transistor Q3. The drain of the transistor Q3 is connected to the ground. Thus, the ground and the common data lines CD, CD are connected via the on resistance of the MOSFET (Q3).
The background of the introduction of this new technique is as follows: The stray capacitance of the common data line increases while the current driving force of sense amplifying transistors Q8-Q11 becomes smaller with an increase in the degree of integration of DRAM. Therefore, when bit lines and common data lines are connected via a switch, the data of the bit line is destroyed before the potential at the bit line is amplified sufficiently. Thus, in order to operate the reading function with the new sense amplifier circuit, it is necessary to isolate the bit lines from the common data lines electrically.
However, as mentioned above, when a selection signal of a data line in a plurality of memory arrays is generated by a common address decoder, the common data lines are connected to the ground even in the memory array parts not selected. At this time, because the common data lines are kept at the half precharge level (V.sub.cc /2) or higher, the potential levels at the common data lines vary by a large amount. Thus, as shown with an arrow in FIG. 1, a through current flows to the ground via precharger circuits connected to the common data lines and to the transistors Q1-Q3 in the memory array parts not selected. Therefore, it is a problem to reduce the dissipation current in order to decrease the dissipation in a highly integrated DRAM.

Read circuit of dynamic random access memory

Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.


A method for optimizing a phased array antenna. A predicted future health state for elements in the phased array antenna is identified. A configuration for the elements to use a radiation pattern based on the predicted future health state for the elements taking into account potential degradation of a group of the elements in the predicted future health state is also identified.

1. Field
The present disclosure relates generally to antennas and, in particular, to phased array antennas. Still more particularly, the present disclosure relates to a method and apparatus for optimizing the transmission and reception of radiation by elements in a phased array antenna based on a predicted future health state for elements in the phased array antenna.
2. Background
Phased array antennas are used in many applications. For example, phased array antennas may be used for communications, detecting objects, tracking the movement of objects, and other suitable applications.
A phased array antenna has antenna elements electrically connected to at least one of a transmitter and a receiver. These antenna elements may be referred to as elements. An antenna element is an electrical device that converts electrical signals into electromagnetic radiation, and electromagnetic radiation into electrical signals. For example, a phased array antenna may be configured to convert electrical signals received from a transmitter into electromagnetic radiation for transmission. Further, an antenna may be configured to convert electromagnetic radiation received at the phased array antenna by the elements into electrical signals to be sent to a receiver.
In some cases, the amplitudes, phases, or both amplitudes and phases of the respective electrical signals being received at or sent from the different antenna elements in the antenna may be varied to change a radiation pattern of the antenna. The antenna elements may be referred to just as "elements." The radiation pattern of an antenna describes the directional dependence of the strength of the electromagnetic radiation transmitted by the antenna or the sensitivity of the antenna to electromagnetic radiation received by the antenna.
The different elements in a phased array antenna may degrade and may fail over time. As a result, the configuration for transmitting signals using the phased array antenna may vary from the desired pattern for a particular application. Consequently, the phased array antenna may not perform as desired during a mission.
Many of the platforms that carry a phased array antenna may not have the ability to detect the failure or degradation of elements in the phased array antenna. Additionally, many of these platforms also may not have the processing power to identify a new configuration during a mission if one or more elements failed during the course of the mission.
As a result, the mission may not provide a desired result. In some cases, the mission may be aborted, the phased array antenna may be reconfigured, and the mission restarted. Therefore, it would be desirable to have a method and apparatus that take into account at least some of the issues discussed above, as well as other possible issues.


A bone graft for bone repair, the bone graft having controlled release bone mineral ions includes a resorbable polymer incorporated with a bone mineral ion donor to form a mineral-incorporated resorbable polymer, and demineralized bone matrix (DBM) mixed with the mineral-incorporated resorbable polymer.

Bone grafts are often required to repair skeletal defects due to trauma, deformity, and other conditions including spinal fusion. Autograft from the patient, allograft from donors of the same species and synthetic materials are common options. Allogeneic demineralized bone matrix (DBM) has gained popularity as it has good bone healing characteristics and is readily remodeled by host cells.
No 'ideal' bone graft currently exists. Autograft, often recovered from patients' iliac crest, is often considered the 'gold standard', but involves additional surgical trauma to the patient, time/cost of additional surgical time and supplies, and often results in patient morbidity that is slow to resolve. Quantities of autograft are also limited, and this becomes more problematic in patients with prior bone harvesting procedures. Furthermore, the healing rates, particularly recognized in animal models designed to study bone graft performance, (e.g., rabbit posterolateral spine fusion) have demonstrated less than optimal results, i.e. 70% spine fusion rates.

Bone grafts with controlled release calcium


An image display device and a method of managing contents using the same that can enable the user to quickly access wanted (or selected) contents, when using the contents of the image display device and the mobile terminal, thereby enhancing user convenience.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an image display device and a method of managing contents using the same In addition, more particularly, to an image display device being connected to a mobile terminal (or user equipment), so as to communicate with the mobile terminal, and a method of managing contents stored in the mobile terminal by using the image display device.
2. Discussion of the Related Art
With the recent development in the mobile communication technology, users are now capable of accessing the internet by using image display devices, such as televisions. An image display device may be connected to a mobile or portable terminal, such as a mobile phone or a tablet computer, via wired or wireless connection. Thus, data communication between the image display device and the mobile terminal can be performed through such connection.
Furthermore, the above-described mobile terminal is configured to have the form of a multimedia player having multiple functions, such as executing applications, filming (or recording) and playing-back photos (or still images) or moving pictures, playing-back music or moving picture files, playing games, receiving broadcast programs, and so on. Due to such interactive data communication between the image display device and the mobile terminal, contents stored in any one of the image display device and the mobile terminal may be displayed on or stored in its counterpart. Accordingly, in using the contents stored in any one of the image display device and the mobile terminal, an image display device and a method of managing contents using the same considering the user's convenience is required to be developed.

Image display device and method of managing contents using the same


A heating device for injected fuel in an internal combustion engine is disposed at an upper wall of an intake port. The heating device includes a casing and a plurality of fins integrally connected to a lower plate of the casing. A heater is disposed between the intake port and the casing. The fins are arranged to downwardly extend from said supporting member and along the injected direction of the injected fuel. Therefore, the atomization of the injected fuel is accelerated by the heating of the heating device.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to improvements in a heating device for fuel injected from a fuel injection valve of an electronic control type in an internal combustion engine.
2. Description of the Prior Art
It is well known that electronic fuel injection systems are now used in internal combustion engines for automotive vehicles in order to improve the responsive and emissive performance of the engine by precisely adjusting air-fuel ratio. Furthermore, some of such engines are provided with heating devices for heating fuel injected from fuel injection valves in order to promote vaporization of fuel. Such a heating device is disclosed, for example, in Japanese Patent Provisional Publication No. 56-6056. The heating device is provided with a cylindrical body and a PTC (Positive Temperature Coefficient) heater. The cylindrical body is made of aluminum alloy and fixed to an inner surface of an intake port of an internal combustion engine. The PTC heater is embedded in the cylindrical body and connected to a battery which provides current. The cylindrical body is disposed downstream of a fuel injection valve such that fuel injected from the fuel injection valve passes through the cylindrical body. Accordingly, at a start time of the engine, the injected fuel is heated by the heating device in order to accelerate the vaporization of the injected fuel.
However, with the above-mentioned heating device, since only an inner surface of the cylindrical body contributes to the heating of the injected fuel, it is not sufficient to heat the injected fuel effectively. That is, the cylindrical body can not sufficiently heat up the injected fuel passing through the central part of therein.

Heating device for injected fuel for internal combustion engine


The purpose of this invention is to sense the presence of a seated occupant in a vehicle such as an automobile, plane, train or bus, or in a room or location where it is desirable to detect if seats are occupied. The occupant presence detection device consists of a single seat-mounted electrode, an oscillator circuit, a bridge circuit, a detection circuit and a circuit for processing the detected signals. The oscillator circuit excites the electrode. If an occupant is present on the seat, additional capacitance from the human body is introduced into the bridge via the electrode. This created differences in the voltage and phase of the waveform in each arm of the bridge circuit which are amplified by a differential amplifier. The signal is then converted to a DC voltage that, when above a predetermined threshold, causes the device to outputs a signal that indicates the presence of an occupant. Using a bridge configuration and a differential amplifier allows the circuit to be operated over a wide range of supply voltages. It also reduces the need for high precision components and the need to regulate the amplitude of the waveform produced by the oscillator. The net result is a capacitive occupant sensing device that is less complex and less expensive that previous capacitive occupant sensing devices, yet is tolerant of power supply fluctuations, is able to function over a wide range of operating voltage and still provides failsafe functionality.

The present invention relates to safety systems and more particularly to capacitive occupancy detection devices. Occupant detection devices can be used to enable or disable a safety restraint device, such as an airbag, or to determine how many occupants are present in a vehicle or a room. These devices can be used to detect the absence of an occupant in the passenger seat of a vehicle, and thereby disable the deployment of the passenger's airbag. The number of occupants in a vehicle may also be monitored prior to an accident in order to provide a telematic unit, such as Onstar®, with an occupant count in order to dispatch an adequate amount of emergency response. Having an accurate occupant count prior to an accident can also help emergency response personnel to determine if one or several of the occupants may have been ejected from the vehicle during the collision. In the transportation industry, occupant presence detection devices can provide a quickly count of the number of passengers in a plane, train or bus. They can also show which seats are occupied and which are not. This can also apply to theaters or halls where it is desirable to know how many occupants are present and where newly arriving customers can find empty seats.
Various technologies have been proposed to sense the presence of an occupant in a vehicle. Early detection apparatus utilized one or more mechanical switches, which are actuated by the weight of the body upon the seat. Some systems use infrared or ultrasonic transmitters and receivers, which generate signals that are reflected off of the occupant and then received and processed. Capacitive sensors have also been used as a means of detecting the presence of an occupant.
Other capacitance-based systems exist that consist of only one electrode mounted between the seat foam and the seat coverings. These systems also rely on the occupant adding capacitance to the system, and thus causing a change in the voltage, current, or phase of the oscillator signal, which can be detected. However, many of these devices, which claim to be inexpensive, use circuitry that is far more complex than the circuitry of the device described herein. Some or these devices, such as the device described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,161,070, require precision power supplies and amplitude control of the waveform generated by their oscillators. They may require precision components and may only function over a small range of supply voltages. In addition, in order to provide better noise rejection, these devices must have additional circuitry to filter out noise. This adds a great deal of cost and complexity to these devices in comparison with this invention.
Furthermore, some devices, such as the device described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,796,013, cannot accurately detect whether the electrode is disconnected or damaged and will determine this situation to be an empty seat regardless of whether an occupant is present or not. This is because a disconnected electrode reduces the capacitance of the system and a capacitance below a certain threshold is assumed to mean an empty seat. This could prove to be fatal when the device is being used to provide logic that enables or disable a safety restraint device, such as an airbag.


The invention relates to a means and a method for the manipulation of ions. Specifically, the invention teaches a multipole device consisting of a multitude of electrodes which are of such a geometry that the proper application of RF and DC potentials between the electrodes will result in the transmission of a broad range of m/z ions through the device. The electrodes may be arranged in such a way that it also can be operated so as to select a narrow range of m/z ions for transmission through the device.

Mass spectrometry is an important tool in the analysis of a wide range of chemical compounds. Specifically, mass spectrometers can be used to determine the molecular weight of sample compounds. The analysis of samples by mass spectrometry consists of three main steps—formation of gas phase ions from sample material, mass analysis of the ions to separate the ions from one another according to ion mass, and detection of the ions. A variety of means exist in the field of mass spectrometry to perform each of these three functions. The particular combination of means used in a given spectrometer determine the characteristics of that spectrometer.
To mass analyze ions, for example, one might use a magnetic (B) or electrostatic (E) analyzer. Ions passing through a magnetic or electrostatic field will follow a curved path. In a magnetic field the curvature of the path will be indicative of the momentum-to-charge ratio of the ion. In an electrostatic field, the curvature of the path will be indicative of the energy-to-charge ratio of the ion. If magnetic and electrostatic analyzers are used consecutively, then both the momentum-to-charge and energy-to-charge ratios of the ions will be known and the mass of the ion will thereby be determined. Other mass analyzers are the quadrupole (Q), the ion cyclotron resonance (ICR), the time-of-flight (TOF), and the quadrupole ion trap analyzers.
Before mass analysis can begin, however, gas phase ions must be formed from sample material. If the sample material is sufficiently volatile, ions may be formed by electron ionization (EI) or chemical ionization (CI) of the gas phase sample molecules. For solid samples (e.g. semiconductors, or crystallized materials), ions can be formed by desorption and ionization of sample molecules by bombardment with high energy particles. Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), for example, uses keV ions to desorb and ionize sample material. In the SIMS process a large amount of energy is deposited in the analyte molecules. As a result, fragile molecules will be fragmented. This fragmentation is undesirable in that information regarding the original composition of the sample—e.g. the molecular weight of sample molecules—will be lost.
For more labile, fragile molecules, other ionization methods now exist. The plasma desorption (PD) technique was introduced by Macfarlane et al. in 1974 (Macfarlane, R. D.; Skowronski, R. P.; Torgerson, D. F., Biochem. Biophys. Res Commoun. 60 (1974) 616). Macfarlane et al. discovered that the impact of high energy (MeV) ions on a surface, like SIMS would cause desorption and ionization of small analyte molecules, however, unlike SIMS, the PD process results also in the desorption of larger, more labile species—e.g. insulin and other protein molecules.
Lasers have been used in a similar manner to induce desorption of biological or other labile molecules. See, for example, VanBreeman, R. B.: Snow, M.: Cotter, R. J., Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Phys. 49 (1983) 35; Tabet, J. C.; Cotter, R. J., Anal. Chem. 56 (1984) 1662; or Olthoff, J. K.; Lys, I.: Demirev, P.: Cotter, R. J., Anal. Instrument. 16 (1987) 93. Cotter et al. modified a CVC 2000 time-of-flight mass spectrometer for infrared laser desorption of involatile biomolecules, using a Tachisto (Needham, Mass.) model 215G pulsed carbon dioxide laser. The plasma or laser desorption and ionization of labile molecules relies on the deposition of little or no energy in the analyte molecules of interest. The use of lasers to desorb and ionize labile molecules intact was enhanced by the introduction of matrix assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) (Tanaka, K.; Waki, H.; Ido, Y.; Akita, S.; Yoshida, Y.; Yoshica, T., Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2 (1988) 151 and Karas, M.; Hillenkamp, F., Anal. Chem. 60 (1988) 2299). In the MALDI process, analyte is dissolve in a solid, organic matrix. Laser light of a wavelength that is absorbed by the solid matrix but not by analyte is used to excite the sample. The matrix is excited directly by the laser. The excited matrix sublimes into the gas phase carrying with it the analyte molecules. The analyte molecules are ionized by proton, electron, or cation transfer from the matrix molecules to the analyte molecules. MALDI is typically used in conjunction with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS) and can be used to measure the molecular weights of proteins in excess of 100,000 daltons.
Atmospheric pressure ionization (API) includes a number of methods. Typically, analyte ions are produced from liquid solution at atmospheric pressure. One of the more widely used methods, known as electrospray ionization (ESI), was first suggested by Dole et al. (M. Dole, L. L. Mack, R. L. Hines, R. C. Mobley, L. D. Ferguson, M. B. Alice, J. Chem. Phys. 49, 2240, 1968). In the electrospray technique, analyte is dissolved in a liquid solution and sprayed from a needle. The spray is induced by the application of a potential difference between the needle and a counter electrode. The spray results in the formation of fine, charged droplets of solution containing analyte molecules. In the gas phase, the solvent evaporates leaving behind charged, gas phase, analyte ions. Very large ions can be formed in this way. Ions as large as 1 MDa have been detected by ESI in conjunction with mass spectrometry (ESMS).
ESMS was introduced by Yamashita and Fenn (M. Yamashita and J. B. Fenn, J. Phys. Chem. 88, 4671, 1984). To establish this combination of ESI and MS, ions had to be formed at atmospheric pressure, and then introduced into the vacuum system of a mass analyzer via a differentially pumped interface. The combination of ESI and MS afforded scientists the opportunity to mass analyze a wide range of samples. ESMS is now widely used primarily in the analysis of biomolecules (e.g. proteins) and complex organic molecules.
In the intervening years a number of means and methods useful to ESMS and API-MS have been developed. Much work has been centered on sprayers and ionization chambers. In addition to the original electrospray technique, pneumatic assisted electrospray, dual electrospray, and nano electrospray are now also widely available. Pneumatic assisted electrospray (A. P. Bruins, T. R. Covey, and J. D. Henion, Anal. Chem. 59, 2642, 1987) uses nebulizing gas flowing past the tip of the spray needle to assist in the formation of droplets. The nebulization gas assists in the formation of the spray and thereby makes the operation of the ESI easier. Nano electrospray (M. S. Wilm, M. Mann, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Processes 136, 167, 1994) employs a much smaller diameter needle than the original electrospray. As a result the flow rate of sample to the tip is lower and the droplets in the spray are finer. However, the ion signal provided by nano electrospray in conjunction with MS is essentially the same as with the original electrospray. Nano electrospray is therefore much more sensitive with respect to the amount of material necessary to perform a given analysis.
Many other ion production methods might be used at atmospheric or elevated pressure. For example, MALDI has recently been adapted by Victor Laid and Alma Burlingame to work at atmospheric pressure (Atmospheric Pressure Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization, poster #1121, 4th International Symposium on Mass Spectrometry in the Health and Life Sciences, San Francisco, Aug. 25–29, 1998) and by Standing et al. at elevated pressures (Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry of Biomolecules with Orthogonal Injection+Collisional Cooling, poster #1272, 4th International Symposium on Mass Spectrometry in the Health and Life Sciences, San Francisco, Aug. 25–29, 1998; and Orthogonal Injection TOFMS Anal. Chem. 71(13), 452A(1999)). The benefit of adapting ion sources in this manner is that the ion optics and mass spectral results are largely independent of the ion production method used.
An elevated pressure ion source always has an ion production region—wherein ions are produced—and an ion transfer region—wherein ions are transferred through differential pumping stages and into the mass analyzer. The ion production region is at an elevated pressure—most often atmospheric pressure—with respect to the analyzer. The ion production region will often include an ionization chamber. In an ESI source, for example, liquid samples are "sprayed" in the "spray chamber" to form ions.
The design of the ionization chamber used in conjunction with API-MS has had a significant impact on the availability and use of these ionization methods with MS. Prior art ionization chambers are inflexible to the extent that a given ionization chamber can be used readily with only a single ionization method and a fixed configuration of sprayers. For example, in order to change from a simple electrospray method to a nano electrospray method of ionization, one had to remove the electrospray ionization chamber from the source and replace it with a nano electrospray chamber (see also, Gourley et al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,753,910, entitled "Angled Chamber Seal for Atmospheric Pressure Ionization Mass Spectrometry"). The ion transfer region will generally include a multipole RF ion guide. Ion guides similar to that of Whitehouse et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 5,652,427) have been shown to be effective in cooling ions and in transferring them from one pressure region to another in a differentially pumped system. In the source of Whitehouse et al., ions are produced by ESI or APCI at substantially atmospheric pressure. These ions are transferred from atmospheric pressure to a first differential pumping region by the gas flow through a glass capillary. Ions are transferred from this first pumping region to a second pumping region by gas flow through a "skimmer". A multipole in the second differentially pumped region accepts the ions and guides them through a restriction leading through a restriction and into a third differentially pumped region. Meanwhile, collisions with gas flowing through the multipole "cools" the ions resulting in both more efficient ion transfer and the formation of a cool ion beam—which is more readily mass analyzed.
In the scheme of Whitehouse et al. an RF only potential is applied to the multipole. As a result, the multipole is not "selective" but rather transmits ions over a broad range of mass-to-charge (m/z) ratios. Such a range as provided by a prior art multipole is adequate for many applications, however, for some applications—particularly with MALDI—the ions produced may be well out of this range. High m/z ions such as are often produced by the MALDI ionization method are often out of the range of transmission of prior art multipoles.
In other schemes a multipole might be used to guide ions of a selected m/z through the transfer region. Morris et al. (H. R. Morris, et al., High Sensitivity Collisionally-activated Decomposition Tandem Mass Spectrometry on a Novel Quadrupole/Orthogonal-acceleration Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer, Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 10, 889 (1996)) use a series of multipoles in their design. One of these is a quadrupole. The quadrupole can be run in a "wide bandpass" mode or a "narrow bandpass" mode. In the wide bandpass mode, an RF-only potential is applied to the quadrupole and ions of a relatively broad range of m/z values are transmitted. In narrow bandpass mode both RF and DC potentials are applied to the quadrupole such that ions of only a narrow range of m/z values are selected for transmission through the quadrupole. In subsequent multipoles, the selected ions may be activated towards dissociation. In this way the instrument of H. R. Morris et al. is able to perform MS/MS with the first mass analysis and subsequent fragmentation occurring in what would otherwise be simply a set of multipole ion guides.
However, this prior art design of Morris et al., when used in "wide bandpass" mode is unable to transmit as wide an m/z range as that of Whitehouse et al. above and certainly not as high an m/z ions as produced by MALDI. The Whitehouse et al. design uses a hexapole. Other prior art designs use an octapole or even a pentapole as the ion guide. Hexapoles, octapoles, and pentapoles are not as good as the Morris design for m/z selection. However, the quadrupole—used in the Morris design—cannot transmit as wide an m/z range as a hexapole, octapole, or pentapole. While some prior art multipoles might be better for transmitting ions of a broad m/z range and others might be better for ion selection, none can transmit high m/z ions such as produced in MALDI (m/z<˜105 Th).

Method and apparatus for multiple frequency multipole


The present invention provides a VCM driver realizing low power consumption and high accuracy and a PWM amplifier compensating a dead time distortion. A phase compensator, a ΔS modulator receiving an output signal of the phase compensator and converting the output signal to a control code of predetermined bits, a PWM modulator receiving the control code to produce a PWM signal, and an output circuit receiving the PWM signal to drive a voice coil constitute a forward path. A sense amplifier sensing a current of the voice coil, an ADC receiving an output signal of the sense amplifier, a low-pass filter receiving an output signal of the ADC, and a decimation filter receiving an output signal of the low-pass filter constitute a feedback path. An output signal of the decimation filter is fed back to the input side of the phase compensator to form a major feedback loop having a first-order characteristic loop gain. An output signal of the decimation filter is fed back to the output side of the phase compensator to form a minor feedback loop having a loop gain which is flat until a target band frequency when viewed from the output side of the phase compensator.

The present invention relates to a voice coil motor (VCM) driver and a pulse width modulation (PWM) amplifier, and in particular to a technology effectively applied to a VCM driver and a PWM amplifier used for, for example, a hard disk memory device.
In a hard disk drive device, seek-time needed for movement between tracks tends to be shortened from the viewpoint of high speed access. As a result of this, the drive current of a voice coil motor (VCM) has increased and heat generation at a seek operation has become a problem. In order to solve this heat generation problem, the power consumption is reduced by pulse width modulation (PWM) drive only in the seek period of time when accurate positioning control is not required but power consumption is large. On the other hand, at the time of track following when the magnetic head is allowed to follow a required track for read and write, high-precision control is required for accurate tracking and the influence of a noise caused by PWM drive should be avoided, so that linear drive is used instead of PWM drive. An example of a VCM driver using such a PWM/linear combination method is disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2002-184137 (Patent Document 1). Furthermore, an example of a VCM driver entirely using PWM drive is disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2005-304095 (Patent Document 2) and Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2005-304096 (Patent Document 3). All of them have been proposed by the present inventors.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.


A differential amplifier circuit has a first current circuit comprising a first transistor and a second transistor, and to flow a current depending on a voltage of a first input signal, a second current circuit comprising a third transistor and a fourth transistor, and to flow a current depending on a voltage of a second input signal, a fifth transistor comprising a gate connected to a gate and the drain of the second transistor, and to flow a current that is M times greater than the current flowing between the drain and the source of the second transistor, and a sixth transistor comprising a gate connected to a gate and the drain of the fourth transistor and cascode-connected to the first transistor, and to flow a current that is N times greater than the current flowing between the drain and the source of the fourth transistor.

During high-speed transmission of signals, serial data is often converted to differential signals for transmission. Serial transmission circuits for this type of transmission include a preamplifier with a level shift circuit that is capable of changing a common-mode voltage level (value) in order to secure an appropriate operating point. The preamplifier may output two sets of differential signals with different common-mode voltages. In such a case, two or more level shift circuits need to be provided in the preamplifier. This increases input capacitance in an input circuit, which in turn lowers the bandwidth. The need of two or more level shift circuits also leads to a problem of an increase in power consumption.

Differential amplifier circuit and serial transmission circuit


The method comprises the stages of the curtain coating of a first aqueous film-forming composition on a substrate; and the curtain coating of a second aqueous film-forming composition on said metallized substrate, characterized in that said first and second aqueous film-forming composition comprises a first emulsion polymer and/or a second colloidal dispersion polymer.

Metallized paper is typically produced by a process of direct high-vacuum metallization. In this process, the substrate that is going to be metallized is initially coated with a layer of film to produce a smooth surface suitable for metallization. The coated paper is introduced in a high vacuum chamber where a vaporized metal, normally aluminium, is applied on its surface. This metal surface is coated with another layer of film to protect said metal layer and prevent it from oxidizing. The layers applied comprise, in general, quantities between 1 and 3 g/m2.
The polymers used for these films or coatings in these applications are of a very varied nature, such as acrylic derivatives, styrenic derivatives, epoxy resins, nitrocellulose, etc. However, all the compositions used in this process have in common the capacity to form a film when the solvent used evaporates.
The layer of coating applied before the metallization should combine a series of requirements such as said surface smoothness, good adhesion of the metal and properties which give a metallic appearance to the paper once metallized. As regards the layer applied after metallization, it should have good surface coating to avoid oxidation of the metal, good adhesion thereto and also a series of requirements that depend on the final application of the finished product.
The application of these compositions on paper is normally performed using gravure techniques. This technique has the main drawbacks of low processing rates and narrow Theological margins which the compositions have to maintain to achieve good application, always within a low viscosity zone.
Following these manufacturing processes, the rates reached do not exceed 400 m/min. Despite constant technological advance, the printing processing rates using gravure are quite far from those produced by other methods typical in paper processes.
With respect to the rheological requirements of the compositions to apply using gravure, it is necessary that they maintain low levels of low-shear viscosity as, otherwise, neither a good transfer of the composition to the paper, nor good levelling, nor a good surface finish thereof, is achieved. This Theological requirement drastically limits the solids content in the composition used, typically not exceeding 30% in the case of compositions in solvent medium and 35% in the case of aqueous medium. In the case of compositions in aqueous medium, this relatively low solids content of the compositions hampers the development of formulations suitable for the process that replace the current compositions in solvent medium.
Another limitation derived from the gravure technique refers to the layer's finish once this has been formed: typically, the layers thus applied all have a series of small surface defects such as small holes, craters and microchannels. These discontinuities in the film thus formed significantly reduce its light, vapour, water and oxygen barrier properties.
In the state of the art, there, therefore, exists the need to provide a method to manufacture metallized paper which overcomes part or all of the limitations of the aforementioned processes of the state of the art.

Method to manufacture metallized paper with curtain coating


An electrical generator 46 is driven by a circular rim 30 of a wind turbine 10 in response to atmospheric wind. The generator and its driving wheel 50 are supported on a tiltable platform 60 that is movable on a guide track 56 by linear actuator 66 in response to electronic sensors 76, 77. The bellows 74 biases the tiltable platform upwardly to maintain the generator driving wheel 50 in contact with the circular rim of the turbine wheel.

Windmills have been used for many generations for the purpose of pumping water from the ground and for generating electricity. A basic advantage of the windmill is that it uses the power of atmospheric wind to rotate a wheel having radially extending blades. This rotary movement may be converted into various useful purposes, including the generation of electricity. For example, wind turbines include radially extending blades in the form of propellers mounted on towers that have been placed in areas about the U.S.A. where steady winds are prevalent and the wind turbines are used to generate electricity.
The blades of the conventional wind turbines usually are very large and made of expensive rigid material and are constructed to have the blades extend radially from a central hub, with no extra support beyond the axis of rotation of the central hub. These conventional wind turbine blades usually rotate at high rates of revolution and must withstand the centrifugal forces generated by the fast revolution of the blades, the cantilever bending forces applied to the blades by the wind, and the twisting forces applied to the pitched surfaces of the blades. Since the outer portions of the turbine blades may move at a very high velocity when engaged by strong winds, the longer blades require the blades to be strong, and the stronger they are the more expensive they become. Thus, there is a practical limit as to the length and width of the blades of wind turbines.
Prior art wind turbines usually are mounted on upright towers and the towers are supported at their bases by mounting the towers in the earth or on some other stable platform. When the wind turbine is in operation with an oncoming brisk wind engaging the angled blades of the turbine wheel, a significant horizontal force is applied to the turbine blades, tending to move the turbine blades in the direction of the wind horizontally toward the tower. This reduces the distance between the turbine blades and the tower.
Some of the prior art electrical wind turbines are constructed with a circular rim that is concentric with and extends about and rotates with the turbine wheel at a position away from the axis of rotation of the blades, and the turbine blades are supported by the circular rim. Rubber tires that are connected to electrical generators may be placed with their perimeters in positions to engage the circular rim of the wind turbine so that the circular rim of the wind turbine drives and rotates the rubber tires. The driven rubber tires rotate the rotors of the electrical generators. Thus, the rotation of the wind turbine is used to generate electricity. However, the circular rim of the turbine blades also moves horizontally with the turbine blades, which is axially of the turbine wheel, toward the upright tower. This tends to separate the circular rim of the turbine wheel from the rubber tires of the generator.
The prior art includes wind turbines with circular rims that drive electrical generators, such as U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,373,298 and 8,258,645. There is still a need for a more reliable and inexpensive structure and method for supporting the electrical generator and the tire that engages the circular rim of the wind turbine in a manner that causes the tire to follow the horizontal movements of the circular rim.