A method of treating HIV comprising intramuscular administration once every 4 weeks or less frequently of a combination of cabotegravir or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and rilpivirine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, including the option of discontinuing administration of a first oral anti-retroviral regimen and intramuscularly administering, once four weeks or less often said combination of cabotegravir and rilpivirine.

Human immunodeficiency virus ("HIV") infection and related diseases are a major public health problem worldwide. An estimated 37 million individuals were living with HIV worldwide in 2014. Global summary of the AIDS epidemic. World Health Organization. http://www.who.int/hiv/data/epi core july2015.png?ua=1. Accessed on Apr. 26, 2016.
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ("HIV-1") is a retrovirus which encodes three enzymes that are required for viral replication: reverse transcriptase, protease, and integrase. Although drugs targeting reverse transcriptase and protease are in wide use and have shown effectiveness, particularly when employed in combination, toxicity and development of resistant strains have limited their usefulness (Palella, et al., 1998 N. Engl. J. Med. 338:853-860; Richman, 2001 Nature 410:995-1001).
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is intended to maximally suppress the HIV virus in an HIV infected human and to stop the progression of HIV disease. Further, a part of ART is the use of multiple drugs that act on different viral targets known as highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Numerous clinical data sets have shown that an HIV viral load (RNA level) decreases following ART initiation and that the decrease in HIV viral load correlates with a reduced risk of AIDS progression and/or AIDS-related death. (Murray et al., The use of plasma HIV RNA as a study endpoint in efficacy trials of antiretroviral drugs1999 AIDS 13(7):797-804; Marschner et al., Use of changes in plasma levels of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA to assess the clinical benefit of antiretroviral therapy, 1998 J Infect Dis. 177(1):40-47; Thiebaut et al., Clinical progression of HIV-1 infection according to the viral response during the first year of antiretroviral treatment, 2000 AIDS 14(8):971-978.) In light of these findings, HIV viral load testing is an established technique for determining treatment response and, in particular, a decreased HIV viral load is an accepted marker of a positive treatment response. (HIV Surrogate Marker Collaborative Group, Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA level and CD4 count as prognostic markers and surrogate end points: a meta-analysis, 2000 AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses, 16(12):1123-1133.) A statistically significant change in viral load is a three-fold change, which equates to a 0.5 log10 copies/mL change. Depending on the study or assay used, viral suppression in general is defined as a viral load below the level of detection, which is an HIV RNA copy number of less than 20 to 75 copies per milliliter (c/mL). Viral suppression may be defined as an HIV RNA copy number less than 50 copies per milliliter (<50 c/mL). (Damond et al., Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) plasma load discrepancies between the Roche COBAS AMPLICOR HIV-1 MONITOR Version 1.5 and the Roche COBAS AmpliPrep/COBAS TaqMan HIV-1 assays, 2007 J Clin Microbiol. 45(10):3436-3438.)
Treatment guidelines published by the United States Department of Health and Human Services provide that ART is recommended for all HIV-infected individuals (regardless of CD4 cell count) and achieving viral suppression requires the use of combination therapies (two or more drugs from at least two drug classes). (PANEL ON ANTIRETROVIRAL GUIDELINES FOR ADULTS AND ADOLESCENT: GUIDELINES FOR THE USE OF ANTIRETROVIRAL AGENTS IN HIV-1-INFECTED ADULTS AND ADOLESCENTS. Department of Health and Human Services. Available at http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/ContentFiles/AdultandAdolescentGL.pdf. Section accessed Apr. 19, 2017.) In fact, the standard course of care for a patient infected with HIV or diagnosed with AIDS is to treat them with a combination of three or more antiretroviral (ARV) agents ("combination antiretroviral therapy" (cART)). Frequently, this treatment uses two different antiretroviral agents each targeting HIV reverse transcriptase (a "backbone") and at least one additional antiretroviral agent (an "anchor") that is active against: an HIV protease inhibitor, an HIV non-nucleoside or non-nucleotide inhibitor of reverse transcriptase, an HIV nucleoside or nucleotide inhibitor of reverse transcriptase, an HIV integrase inhibitor, an HIV non-catalytic site (or allosteric) integrase inhibitor, or a combination thereof.
Advances in highly-active antiretroviral therapies (ARTs) have improved treatment efficacy for patients with HIV, enhancing patient survival and quality of life, but is a lifelong treatment (Blanc F X, Sok T, Laureillard D, et al. Earlier versus later start of antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected adults with tuberculosis. N Engl J Med 2011; 365(16): 1471-81.Walensky R P, Paltiel A D, Losina E, et al. The Survival Benefits of AIDS Treatment in the United States. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2006; 194(1): 11-9). Patient non-compliance is a well known problem accompanying complex HIV treatment regimens and is a critical problem because it could lead to treatment failure and the emergence of multiple drug-resistant strains of HIV.
Long-acting injectable ART may provide some patients with a convenient and discreet approach to manage HIV infection. Margolis D A, Boffito M. Long-acting antiviral agents for HIV treatment. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2015; 10(4): 246-52. To date, no long-acting injectable regimen is available to patients with HIV.
WO2006/116764 discloses integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTI) useful in the treatment of HIV infection and AIDS. One of the compounds disclosed is cabotegravir ((3S,11aR)-N-[(2,4-difluorophenyl)methyl]-2,3,5,7,11,11a-hexahydro-6-hydroxy-3-methyl-5,7-dioxo-oxazolo[3,2-a]pyrido[1,2-d]pyrazine-8-carboxamide) a compound of formula (I), also referred to as compound (I), has proven antiviral activity against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

Oral administration of cabotegravir once daily has exhibited acceptable safety and tolerability profiles, a long half-life (40 hours), and few drug-drug interactions (Spreen W, Min S, Ford SL, et al. Pharmacokinetics, safety, and monotherapy antiviral activity of GSK1265744, an HIV integrase strand transfer inhibitor. HIV Clin Trials 2013; 14(5): 192-203. Ford S L, Gould E, Chen S, et al. Lack of pharmacokinetic interaction between rilpivirine and integrase inhibitors dolutegravir and GSK1265744. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57(11): 5472-7. Spreen WR, Margolis D A, Pottage J C, Jr. Long-acting injectable antiretrovirals for HIV treatment and prevention. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2013; 8(6): 565-71).
Rilpivirine (EDURANT) is a potent non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) that is approved as a 25-mg once-daily oral medication for HIV-1 treatment and has the following structure:

Long-acting injectable nanosuspension formulations of both cabotegravir and rilpivirine are in clinical development.
In the phase IIb LATTE trial (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier, NCT01641809), a two-drug regimen of once-daily oral formulations of cabotegravir and rilpivirine demonstrated durable viral suppression in subjects whose viral load was previously suppressed to <50 HIV-1 RNA copies per mL by treatment with cabotegravir and two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), providing proof of principle for a two-drug maintenance regimen using an INSTI and NNRTI (Margolis D A, Brinson C C, Smith G H, et al. Cabotegravir plus rilpivirine, once a day, after induction with cabotegravir plus nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors in antiretroviral-naive adults with HIV-1 infection (LATTE): a randomised, phase 2b, dose-ranging trial. Lancet Infect Dis 2015; 15(10): 1145-55).
It would be desirable to have a regimen which requires less frequent administration, thus providing benefit to patients who have difficulty adhering to their antiviral medications.
The present invention provides methods and compositions for 4 week or longer dosing intervals, thereby addressing the problem of patient non-compliance.

Regimens for treating HIV infections and AIDS

Janssen Sciences Ireland Unlimited Company


The inhibition of miRNA miR-33 is shown to promote the polarization of macrophages from an M1 to an M2 phenotype. MiR-33 inhibitors are therefore useful for treating inflammation in subjects. Endogenous microRNAs can be silenced using antagomirs. The miR-33 inhibitor is preferably an antagomir having a single-stranded nucleic acid sequence that is complementary to at least 12 contiguous nucleotides in miR-33 and therefore forms a duplex with miR-33 under physiological conditions.

The immune system is required for defending the host against infections. However, immune responses are themselves capable of causing tissue injury and disease. Injurious, or pathologic, immune reactions are called hypersensitivity reactions. This term is derived from the idea that an immune response to an antigen may result in sensitivity to challenge with that antigen and, therefore, hypersensitivity is a reflection of excessive or aberrant immune responses. Hypersensitivity reactions may occur in two situations. First, responses to foreign antigens may be dysregulated or uncontrolled, resulting in tissue injury. Second, the immune responses may be directed against self (autologous) antigens, as a result of the failure of self-tolerance. Responses against self antigens are termed autoimmunity, and disorders caused by such responses are called autoimmune diseases.
Much of the damage resulting from inflammation is due to a shift in the polarization of macrophage M1 and M2 phenotypes. M1 macrophages produce copious amounts of reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates and inflammatory cytokines; are part of the afferent and efferent limb of polarized Th1 responses; and mediate resistance against intracellular parasites and tumors. M2 cells are generally involved in the T helper 2 (Th2) response; have immunoregulatory function; orchestrate encapsulation and containment of parasites; and promote tissue repair, remodeling, and tumor progression. Therefore, whereas M1 macrophages are generally destructive, M2 macrophages are generally reparative.
It is therefore an object of the invention to provide therapeutic compositions and methods for reducing inflammation in a tissue of a subject.
It is another object of the invention to provide compositions and methods for shifting the polarization of macrophages from an M1 phenotype to an M2 phenotype.
It is a further object of the invention to provide therapeutic compositions and methods for treating inflammatory diseases.

MiR-33 inhibitors and uses thereof to decrease inflammation


A technique for calibrating a receiver apparatus comprising at least one analog signal processing component and an intermediate frequency, or IF, mixer for converting IF signals comprising an in-phase, or I, signal and a quadrature-phase, or Q, signal to baseband frequency signals is provided. The IF mixer is arranged downstream of the at least one analog signal processing component. A method implementation of the technique comprises the steps of determining, in a digital processing domain downstream of the IF mixer, a metric which is affected by a frequency dependency of an imbalance between I and the Q signal, or IQ-imbalance, over a signal bandwidth, generating, based on the metric thus determined, a calibration signal configured to at least partially compensate a frequency-dependency of the IQ imbalance, and feeding the calibration signal to the at least one analog signal processing component so as to calibrate the at least one analog signal processing component.

IQ-imbalance, or IQ-mismatch, is a well-known imperfection in receivers used in wireless as well as wired communications. There are several reasons why IQ-imbalance may occur. A common reason for the occurrence of IQ-imbalance in a receiver is when a signal is directly down-converted from radio frequency (RF) to baseband frequency. An arrangement for such down-conversion is referred to as a zero-intermediate frequency receiver or a homodyne receiver. With this kind of arrangement, the RF signal is typically down-converted using a quadrature mixer, i.e., a mixer with two parallel mixing stages, where the RF signal is in the analog domain multiplied by two sinusoids with a 90-degree phase difference (for instance a cosine and a sine) to result in two output signals, respectively.
Due to limitations in the analog implementation of the quadrature mixer, the output is not ideal. Specifically, there is typically a phase error, φ, such that the phase difference between the two output signals will not be exactly 90 degrees but rather (90+φ) degrees. The phase error φ might also depend on local oscillator (LO) imperfections. Whatever reason, this is referred to as phase mismatch. Furthermore, the gains of the two mixing stages will not be perfectly matched. This is commonly referred to as gain mismatch.
The resulting IQ-mismatch is often compensated in a feed-forward fashion, that is, any imperfection in the analog components of the receiver is compensated in the digital domain. This approach has shown to be an effective means to allow for relaxed requirements for analog components. However, it comes with a cost of additional digital processing.
One promising receiver architecture uses an intermediate frequency (IF), rather than a zero-IF, approach. An example of such a receiver architecture is the dual-carrier complex IF (CIF) based receiver as depicted in FIG. 1. In this example, the receiver is designed to process two carriers simultaneously.
As shown in FIG. 1, the received RF signal is first fed to a low-noise amplifier (LNA). The amplification is then followed by a quadrature RF down-conversion mixer where the local oscillator frequency is typically set to approximately halfway between the two carriers such that the two carriers will be placed on the same absolute IF frequency. IF filters (IFF) may be used to filter out these carriers while suppressing interfering signals. A complex IF mixer, such as to the dual carrier complex mixer shown in the middle of FIG. 1, is used to down-convert the two carriers to baseband, after which channel select filtering (CSF) and analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) are performed. Note that the illustration of FIG. 1A is a simplified view of the receiver architecture with the purpose only to exemplify the basic operations.
As explained above, quadrature mixers suffer from gain and phase imbalance between the generated in-phase (I) and quadrature-phase (Q) signals. The performance in this respect is usually measured as image-rejection ratio (IRR). For RF quadrature mixers the IRR is typically in the range of 30-40 dB. In the exemplary architecture described above a finite image rejection in the RF path will cause signal leakage from the lower side carrier into the upper side carrier and vice versa. Gain and phase imbalances will also be introduced by the IF filters and the IF mixer. Typically, the IF mixer has a better IRR than the RF mixer since the IF mixer operates with much lower frequencies.
The IQ-imbalance caused by the RF mixer may be compensated by an adjustable IF mixer. The assumption for this to be valid is that the IQ-imbalance is frequency independent, i.e., the imbalance is the same for the entire bandwidth of the desired signal. For a mixer circuit this assumption can be justified when the bandwidth is sufficiently small compared to the carrier frequency, say, in the order of 1%. It has, however, been found that when the IQ-imbalance is additionally caused by mismatch between other components, such like filters, the resulting IQ-imbalance may no longer be fully frequency independent.
The adjustable IF mixer as mentioned above may only enable the removal of the frequency flat part (i.e., frequency-independent portion) of the IQ-imbalance. When this does not suffice the result can be that the supported data rate has to be reduced. If instead the IQ-imbalance is compensated in the digital domain, higher requirements may be imposed on the ADC, especially when a strong interferer is present at the image frequency. In this case, compensating in the digital domain, if possible at all, may lead to increased power consumption and increased cost because of the higher requirements on the ADC.

Technique for calibrating a receiver apparatus


A system and method for identifying at least one aggressor cell are described. The method comprises transmitting at least one subframe from at least one base station of a first set of base stations to a second set of base stations, wherein the at least one subframe further comprises of at least one downlink subframe, at least uplink subframe and at least one special subframe. The second set of base stations decodes the at least one received subframe, and maps each of the at least one received downlink subframe, at least one received uplink subframe and at least one received special subframe of the at least one received subframe to at least one expected subframe. Lastly, at least one aggressor cell is determined based on a mismatch of the at least one received subframe and the at least one expected subframe.

The following description of related art is intended to provide background information pertaining to the field of the invention. This section may include certain aspects of the art that may be related to various features of the present invention. However, it should be appreciated that this section be used only to enhance the understanding of the reader with respect to the present invention, and not as admissions of prior art.
A typical contemporary wireless network is deployed to provide various communication services including, but not limiting to, video, data, advertisement, content, messaging and broadcast. The network has usually multiple access networks to support communications for multiple users by sharing the available network resources. The earlier UTRAN is the radio access network (RAN) defined as part of the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), a third generation (3G) mobile phone technology supported by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). The UMTS technology, which is the successor to Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) technologies, currently supports various air interface standards, such as W-CDMA, Time Division-Code Division Multiple Access (TDCDMA), and Time Division-Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access (TDSCDMA). Also, the UMTS supports enhanced 3G data communications protocols such as the HSPA that provides higher data transfer speeds and capacity to be associated UMTS networks.
With increase in the demand for mobile data and voice access, these technologies are upgrading not only to meet the growing demand for access but also to enhance the user experience with a user device. One such advanced technology is Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) which is a radio access network standard and is considered as a replacement of the UMTS and High-Speed Downlink Packet Access/High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSDPA/HSUPA) technologies covered under the 3GPP standards. The Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) of the Long-Term Evolution (LTE) is an entirely new air interface system, unlike the High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA), which is unrelated and incompatible with the wireless code division multiple access (W-CDMA). In addition, the E-UTRA not only provides higher data rate and lower latency but is also optimized for packet data. Thus, E-UTRA provides a single evolution path for providing enhancement in the data speeds, and spectral efficiency and allowing the provision of more functionality. The voice services over LTE is referred as VoLTE. The quality of voice through VoLTE is far superior compared to what is provided by legacy networks and termed as High Definition (HD) voice.
Typically, macro network has wide coverage and the cells are deployed at different altitudes depending on the site availability and geographical area. In Time Division Duplexing (TDD) mode, the uplink and downlink operate on the same frequency. Each licensed geographical area has a unique operating frequency, and, so, different areas may have different operating frequencies in same licensed band with overlapped full or partial bandwidth. In TDD-LTE systems, guard period is defined as an interval to switch from downlink to uplink and the duration of this guard period can vary from one OFDM symbol to ten OFDM symbols, thus, spanning a distance of 21 km to 214 km depending on the special subframe configuration. For higher downlink cell throughput, special subframe configuration should be such that it predominantly acts as a downlink subframe.
For instance, if special subframe is configured as 7—containing 10 downlink, 2 uplink and 2 guard symbols. Now, as the Radio signal propagates in space, with two guard symbols, all cells beyond 2×21=42 km from a given cell may experience interference as they would have switched to uplink reception by now. Thus, downlink transmission will cause interference to other cells in uplink beyond the coverage area of around 42 km resulting poor uplink performance and KPI degradation. The interference level (or the transmitting power) also depends on environment and it is observed that uplink KPI degradation is severe during winter season due to Atmospheric Ducting resulting in Time of Flight (ToF) interference where downlink symbol transmission power lasts even after traversing more than 300 km distance in space. This ToF interference is from many aggressor cells from different neighbor cells which are located very far (more than 100 Kms). This results in disruption of services at victim cells.
While existing solutions provides method to resolve the uplink interference caused by user equipment terminals at base station receiver caused due to atmospheric ducting, they teach identifying the atmospheric ducting locations and subsequently modifying the amplitude and phase of the transmitting antenna elements electronically to minimize power transmission into the direction of a duct for resolving the same. Yet another existing solution teaches using antenna-based techniques for interference mitigation, by modifying the transmitting power of the Power Amplifier, such that the signals reaching far-end base stations have sufficiently low power to not cause any significant interference.
The existing solutions particularly fails to provide a solution for interfering terminals and the ducting locations as much as they fail to suggest the objective of detection and identification the interfering aggressor cells specific to Time Division Duplexing Wireless systems only. Therefore, in the view of the limitations of the existing prior art solutions, there arises an imperative need in the art to overcome the limitations of prior existing solutions and to provide a system and a method to detect the aggressor cells causing the interference.

System and method for identification of aggressor cells


The invention relates to a method for preparing a surface of a semiconductor substrate by oxidizing the surface of the semiconductor substrate to thereby transform the natural oxide into an artificial oxide and then removing the artificial oxide, in particular to obtain an oxide-free substrate surface.

The invention relates to a method for preparing the surface of a semiconductor substrate, in particular to a method providing an oxide-free semiconductor substrate surface.
For certain applications, it is necessary to provide semiconductor substrates from which the natural oxide layer has been removed. One such situation, for example, appears in the so called. Direct Silicon Bonding (DSB) technology during which typically a silicon (100) surface of a first substrate is directly bonded to a silicon (110) surface of a second substrate without intervening oxide layer. To be able to successfully bond the two substrates, it is important to remove all possible sources of oxygen or oxide at the bonding interface to prevent the creation of oxide or oxygen precipitates which would delimit the quality of the obtained DSB substrate. For example, the presence of such precipitates or oxides at the bonding surface would be responsible for low bonding energies, leading to insufficient adhesion between the two bonded substrates.
The same kind of problem occurs during the process of forming a strained silicon layer. To produce a strained silicon layer, one typically starts from a single crystal silicon support substrate on which a relaxed silicon germanium (SiGe) layer is produced via a buffer layer. This buffer layer is an intermediate layer between two crystallographic structures with different lattice parameters, having in the region of one interface, a lattice parameter substantially identical to that of the first structure (the silicon substrate) and in the region of its other interface, a lattice parameter substantially identical to that of the second structure (the relaxed SiGe layer). Typically, the buffer layer is a SiGe layer in which the germanium content progressively or in steps increases through the thickness. Then, on the relaxed buffer layer, a thin second layer is grown (typically with a thickness of about 200 Å) which adapts its lattice constants to the one of the underlying relaxed SiGe layer and becomes a strained Silicon layer (sSi). Like in the previous situation, the crystalline quality of the strained silicon layer is negatively influenced by the presence of oxygen or oxides on the surface of the relaxed SiGe layer.
In the prior art, the solution to the above-described problem consists in an HF treatment, which leads to a hydrophobic surface state, which avoids a native oxide layer to grow. Nevertheless, it was observed that, even with the HF treatment, only a low bonding energy was achieved in DSB applications and that defects were still present in the strained silicon applications, like for example, the so-called "watermarks".

Semiconductor substrate surface preparation method

S.O.I.Tec Silicon on Insulator Technologies


Methods and apparatus for segmenting image data into windows and rendering a best-estimate outline delineating document windows may include adjusting a background white threshold differently than adjusting a white threshold normally used to classify pixels as white for video processing purposes. Such an independently arrived at threshold may be more suitable for the different task of differentiating between document background and document content.

The present disclosure relates to methods and apparatus for segmenting a page of image data into one or more windows and for classifying the image data within each window as a particular type of image data. Specifically, the present disclosure relates to apparatus and methods for differentiating background from document content.
Image data is often stored in the form-of multiple scanlines, each scanline comprising multiple pixels. When processing such image data, it is helpful to know the type of image represented by the data. For instance, the image data may represent graphics, text, a halftone, continuous tone, or some other recognized image type. A page of image data may be all one type, or some combination of image types.
It is known in the art to separate the image data of a page into windows of similar image types. For instance, a page of image data may include a halftone picture with accompanying text describing the picture. It is further known to separate the page of image data into two or more windows, a first window including the halftone image, and a second window including the text. Processing of the page of image data may then be carried out by tailoring the processing of each area of the image to the type of image data being processed as indicated by the windows.
It is also known to separate a page of image data into windows and to classify and process the image data within the windows by making either one or two passes through the page of image data. Generally, images are presented to processing equipment and processed in a raster or other fashion such that at any given time, only a certain portion of the image data has been seen by the processing equipment, the remaining portion yet to be seen.
In a one pass system the image data is run through only once, whereas in a two pass system the image data is run through twice. The second pass does not begin until some time after the first pass has completed. A one pass method is generally quicker, but does not allow the use of "future" context to correct information that has already been generated. In a two pass method, information obtained for a third or fourth scanline may be used to generate or correct information on a first or second scanline, for example. In other words, during the second pass, "future" context may be used to improve the rendering of the image data because the image data was previously processed during the first pass.
During the first pass of a two pass method, pixels may be classified, tagged according to image type, and both the image video and classification tag stored. Such tags and image video may analyzed and the results used to associate pixels into larger windows. Statistics on the image video and classification tags for these windows may be gathered for each window, as well as for the area outside of all windows. After the first pass finishes but before the second pass begins, software may read the window and non-window statistics and may use calculations and heuristic rules to classify the delineated areas of windows and non-windows. During the second pass, the results of this classification, as well as the pixel tag and image video from the first pass, may be used to control optimized processing of the image video.
Typically, windows within a document image are detected as areas separated by white areas of the document. Exemplary methods and apparatus for classifying image data are discussed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,850,474 and 6,240,205 to Fan et al., each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Typically, such windowing methods depend heavily on the luminance and/or chrominance of the video to delineate the boundaries of windows.

Apparatus and method for auto windowing using multiple white thresholds


The present invention relates to an impact strength modifier capable of imparting both excellent weathering resistance and impact resistance, and to a resin composition comprising the impact strength modifier and a thermoplastic resin, particularly a rigid vinyl chloride resin. Since this impact strength modifier comprises, as a principal component, an acrylic rubber graft copolymer which is obtained by graft polymerization of a polyalkyl (meth)acrylate (A) rubber containing a plurality of acrylic rubber components composed of a specific monomer as a principal component, and a vinyl monomer (B), it is made possible to improve the impact resistance, particularly impact resistance at low temperatures, of the resin and to satisfactorily maintain the weathering resistance by adding a small amount of the impact strength modifier to the resin. This impact strength modifier is particularly suited for incorporation into a rigid vinyl chloride resin.

The present invention relates to an impact strength modifier capable of imparting both excellent weathering resistance and impact resistance, and to a resin composition comprising the impact strength modifier and a thermoplastic resin, particularly a rigid vinyl chloride resin.
This application is based on a Japanese Patent Application No. Hei 10-198882 filed in Japan, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
Thermoplastic resins, particularly vinyl chloride resins, are widely used resins, but have such drawbacks as poor impact resistance. To improve the impact resistance, various methods have been suggested.
For example, there has been suggested a method of using a mixture prepared by mixing an MBS resin, which is obtained by graft polymerization of a butadiene rubber polymer with methyl methacrylate, styrene or acrylonitrile, with a vinyl chloride resin. However, when using the MBS resin in combination with the vinyl chloride resin, the impact resistance is improved but the weathering resistance is lowered. Therefore, a molded article of the vinyl chloride resin incorporating the MBS resin has such the drawback that the impact resistance is drastically lowered when using it outdoors. It is considered that the weathering resistance is lowered by deterioration of a butadiene unit constituting the MBS resin due to ultraviolet light.
Thus, there has been suggested a method of providing a vinyl chloride resin with both weathering resistance and impact resistances by using, as an impact strength modifier, resins obtained by graft polymerization of a crosslinked alkyl (meth) acrylate rubber polymer comprising an alkyl (meth) acrylate and a crosslinking agent, and methyl methacrylate, styrene or acrylonitrile in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication, First Publication No. Sho 51-28117. When using such an acrylic graft copolymer as the impact strength modifier, the resulting molded article is superior in weathering resistance and is less susceptible to lowering of the impact resistance. However, there is the problem that a large amount of the acrylic graft copolymer must be added to impart the impact resistance and properties which can provide impact strength, particularly properties which can provide impact strength at low temperatures, are poor as compared with the case of using the MBS resin as the impact strength modifier.
As the another method of improving the impact resistance of the thermoplastic resin, for example, a method of using a multi-layer composite interpolymer having a two-mode distribution, comprising an elastomer inner phase and a rigid non-elastomer outer phase is suggested in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication, First Publication No. Sho 63-270715 and Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication, First Publication No. Sho 63-270716.
The impact strength modifier further includes, for example, a core/shell type impact strength modifier comprising a core section having rubber elasticity and a shell section made of a rigid thermoplastic resin component, which is suggested in U.S. Pat. No. 3,678,133, and an impact strength modifier obtained by polymerizing a specific alkyl acrylate after subjecting it to a homogenization treatment to prepare a rubber polymer, and polymerizing a vinyl monomer in the presence of the rubber polymer without adding an initiator, which is suggested in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication, First Publication No. Sho 63-33764.
However, the impact resistance of the resin could not be improved sufficiently even when using any of these impact strength modifiers.
An object of the present invention is to provide an impact strength modifier, which improves the impact resistance, particularly impact resistance at low temperatures, of the resin and satisfactorily maintains the weathering resistance of the resulting molded article by adding a small amount of the impact strength modifier.
The impact strength modifier of the present invention can improve the impact resistance, particularly the impact resistance at low temperatures, of the resin and satisfactorily maintain the weathering resistance of the resin by adding a small amount of the impact strength modifier to the resin. Accordingly, a molded article of a resin composition incorporating this impact strength modifier is superior in impact resistance and also satisfactorily maintains its weathering resistance such as fade resistance or impact resistance. This impact strength modifier is particularly suited for incorporation into a vinyl chloride resin.

Impact modifier, process for production, and resin composition containing the same


A power-assisted steering mechanism of an electric pallet truck includes an operating mechanism, a power assistor assembly, a driving mechanism and a mounting bracket. A handle and a handle seat of the operating mechanism are connected. The power assistor assembly includes a power assist mechanism and a controller. The power assist mechanism is electrically connected to the controller. An input shaft at an upper end of the power assist mechanism is drivably connected to a lower end of the handle seat. The mounting bracket includes a mounting plate and a mounting seat. An outer casing of the power assist mechanism is fixedly connected to the mounting plate. The driving mechanism includes a drive connecting shaft, a reduction gearbox, a driving wheel and a driving motor.

The current pallet trucks are generally steered by driving wheels, however, the driving wheels are required to bear a load with a certain weight, therefore, a large resistance is generated during steering.
In most pallet trucks, the driving wheel is steered by the rotation of a handle. In conventional technology, there are two manners of connection between the handle and the driving wheel. One manner is that the handle is rigidly connected to the driving wheel, in which, the steering force of the driving wheel is completely manually transmitted to the driving wheel through the handle, namely, manual steering. This manner has advantages of low cost, simple structure and high reliability and disadvantages of laborious operation and poor comfortableness. The other manner is that the handle and the driving wheel are connected through electrical signals rather than being rigidly connected, thus, when the handle is rotated, a sensor acquires a steering angle of the handle and transmits it to a controller. The controller gives a command to drive a steering motor, and the steering motor then drives the driving wheel to steer, namely, electric steering. This manner has advantages of a constant steering damping, light and convenient operation and high comfortableness and disadvantages of high cost, complicated structure and poor road feel, moreover, the vehicle may not able to turn once failure occurs.

Power-assisted steering mechanism of electric pallet truck


A method of dispensing a metal-backed printing blanket onto a printing press cylinder in a controlled fashion is provided. A carton containing the rolled printing blanket may be provided, and a lengthwise slit or opening is opened to withdraw a mounting end of the printing blanket. The alignment and tension of the printing blanket is controlled as it mounts on the printing press cylinder. Parallel reference lines on the carton may be used to draw alignment marks on the printing blanket such that it may be properly inserted into a locking device of the printing press cylinder. The alignment and tension may be controlled using graspable sides of the carton.

This invention relates to a carton blank and carton for packaging and dispensing a printing blanket, and more particularly to a method of using a carton which permits the alignment and controlled feeding of a metal-backed printing blanket onto a rotating print cylinder of a printing press.
The most common commercial printing process is offset lithography. In this printing process, ink is offset from a printing plate to a rubber blanket mounted on a cylinder before being transferred to a substrate, such as paper. Typically, the cylinder comprises a metal cylinder having an encircling rubber printing blanket which is releasably mounted to the cylinder. The rubber printing blanket may be reinforced with either a cloth back or a metal back. Unlike the cloth back, the metal back adds durability to the carried rubber layer(s) on the blanket by removing stress which occurs from tensioning the printing blanket as it is mounted on the metal cylinder.
However, with a cloth back the printing blanket may be rolled upon removal from its shipping carton and maintained as a roll by finger pressure. This minimal amount of handling pressure permits two operators to easily align the blanket in a locking device which is typically located in a longitudinal gap in the metal cylinder. Additionally, as the cylinder rotates to mount the blanket thereon, the operators can easily control the tension and alignment of the unrolling blanket with such minimal handling pressure.
With a metal-backed printing blanket, the metal sheet strongly desires to uncoil upon removal from a conventional shipping carton. The handling pressure needed to maintain the metal-backed blanket as a coil makes it difficult for the operators to properly insert and align the blanket into the locking device of the cylinder. Additionally, the resistance of the blanket to being coiled makes it difficult to control the tension and alignment of the blanket as it unrolls onto the rotating cylinder. Such problems have resulted in a high percentage of ruined metal-backed blankets due to improper installation.
Accordingly, there is a need in the printing industry for an improved procedure or device which maintains the coiled condition of the blanket and permits the dispensing of a metal-backed printing blanket to a print cylinder in a controlled fashion.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Method of dispensing metal-backed printing blankets


The present invention describes a method and system for transferring audio-video signals to a production center and managing communications between headsets, for example, within a multiprocessing system while minimizing delay.

Production systems for broadcasting live media events typically involve large production trucks positioned at the event location. These trucks contain the electrical and computing components necessary to produce a television broadcast viewed on televisions nationwide. Due to the sheer number of electrical and computing components, these trucks can be expensive and inefficient to operate. For example, in a baseball game, the production system requires a large production truck that may receive audio signals from the play-by-play announcer, color commentator, sideline reporter, camera, effects, etc. as well as communication systems to communicate between the announcer/commentator and the production team in the truck. The production truck processing the various audio, video, replay, transmission, and graphics require large amounts of space for the equipment needed to process the live event. Improvements have been attempted by other production systems by removing the truck and move all of the audio and video processing to the production center potentially hundreds of miles from the event location. However, to process the audio video signals and communicate with the announcer/commentator, a time delay may be experienced. It can be jarring to hear audio delay in the headsets of the announcer/commentator. The present invention describes a method and system for transferring audio-video signals to a production center and managing communications between the announcer/commentator and the production team within a multiprocessing system while minimizing delay.

Audio/visual production system for transmitting audio-video signals and managing interrupt signals with low latency


A deicer assembly 32 for attachment to an airfoil includes a plurality of substantially parallel tube-like passages 36 formed by stitching parallel lines 78 through a pair of intermediate plies 52, 54. A zig-zag stitch line 76 criss-crosses the parallel tube lines 78 so that when the deicer is inflated by pressurized fluid a dimple matrix inflation pattern is formed.

From the beginning of powered aviation, aircraft have been under certain flying conditions troubled by accumulations of ice on component surfaces of aircraft such as wings and struts. If unchecked, such accumulations can eventually so laden the aircraft with additional weight and so alter the airfoil configuration of the wings and control surfaces of that aircraft so as to precipitate an unflyable condition. Efforts to prevent and/or remove such accumulations of ice under flying conditions has resulted in three generally universal approaches to removal of accumulated ice, a process known generally as de-icing.
In one form of de-icing known as thermal de-icing, leading edges, are heated to loosen adhesive forces between accumulating ice and the aircraft component. "Leading edges" as used herein means those edges of an aircraft component on which ice accretes and are impinged upon by air flowing over the aircraft and having a point or line at which this airflow stagnates. Once loosened, this ice is generally blown from the aircraft component by the airstream passing over the aircraft. There are two popular methods of heating leading edges. In one approach known as electrothermal de-icing, an electrical heating element is placed in the leading edge zone of the aircraft component, either by inclusion in a elastomeric boot applied over the leading edge or by incorporation into the skin structure of the aircraft component. This heating element is typically powered by electrical energy derived from a generating source driven by one or more of the aircraft engines and is switched on and off to provide heat sufficient to loosen accumulating ice. In small aircraft, a sufficient quantity of electrical power may be unavailable for use of electrothermal de-icing. In the other heating approach, gases at elevated temperature from one or more compression stages of a turbine engine are circulated through the leading edges of components such as wings and struts in order to affect a de-icing or anti-icing effect. This approach is employed typically only in aircraft powered by turbine engines by draining off compressed air having an elevated temperature from one or more compressor stations of a turbine engine. This approach can result in reduced fuel economy and lower turbine power output.
The second commonly employed method for de-icing involves chemicals. In limited situations, a chemical has been applied or supplied to all or part of an aircraft to depress adhesion forces associated with ice accumulation upon the aircraft or to depress the freezing point of water collecting upon surfaces of the aircraft.
The remaining commonly employed methods for deicing are typically termed mechanical de-icing. One mechanical means for effecting ice de-icing includes electromechanical hammering such as that described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,549,964 to Levin et al. Concern respecting the susceptibility of the airfoil skin to stress fatigue upon being hammered over extended periods of time have functioned in part to preclude substantial commercial development or adoption of such technique.
Another electromechanical ice removal system is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,690,353 to Haslim et al. One or more overlapped flexible ribbon conductors, each of which is folded back on itself, is embedded in an elastomeric material. When a large current pulse is fed to the conductor, the anti-parallel currents in the opposed segments of adjacent layers of the conductor result in interacting magnetic fields producing an electrorepulsive force between the overlapping conductor segments causing them to be separated near instantaneously. This distention tends to remove any solid body on the surface of the elastomeric material.
The principal commercial mechanical de-icing means, however, is termed pneumatic de-icing wherein the leading edge zone or wing or strut component of an aircraft is covered with a plurality of expandable, generally tube-like structures, inflatable by employing a pressurized fluid, typically air, with the deicer being formed from compounds having rubbery or substantially elastic properties. Typically, the material forming the inflatable tubes on such de-icer structures can expand or stretch by 40% or more during an inflatable cycle, thereby causing a substantial change in the profile of the de-icer as well as in the leading edge to thereby crack ice accumulating on the leading edge. These conventional pneumatic de-icers require a volume of air to inflate their highly expandable tubes and the time for inflating such tubes typically and historically has averaged from about two and six seconds. The distortion of the airfoil profile caused by inflation of the tubes can substantially alter the airflow pattern over the airfoil and adversely affect the lift characteristics of the airfoil. The rubber or rubber-like materials forming these conventional pneumatic de-icers typically are possessed of a Young's modulus (modulus of elasticity) of approximately 6900 Kpa. The modulus of elasticity of ice is variously reported as being between about 275,000 Kpa and about 3,450,000 Kpa. Ice is known to be possessed of an elastic modulus enabling typical ice accumulations to adjust to minor changes in contours of surfaces supporting such ice accumulations. While the modulus of elasticity of rubber compounds used in conventional de-icers is much lower than the modulus of elasticity typically associated with ice accumulations. The large expansion of conventional pneumatic de-icers has functioned to crack or rupture the structure of the ice accumulations thereby allowing such accumulations to be swept away by impinging windstreams.
FIG. 1 illustrates a prior pneumatic deicer 12 formed from a composite having rubbery or substantially elastic properties. The deicer 12 is disposed on an airfoil 14. A plurality of tubes 16 are formed in the composite and are provided pressurized fluid, such as air, from a manifold 18. The manifold 18 is supplied fluid via a connector 20, which transfers fluid from a pressurized source (not shown). Connector 20 is integrated into the deicer 12 during manufacturing. Tubes 16 expand or stretch under pressure by 40% or more during inflation cycles, thereby causing a substantial change in the profile of the deicer (as well as the leading edge) to cause cracking of ice accumulating thereon.
Upon inflation, the tubular structures 16 of prior pneumatic deicers expand substantially along or parallel to the leading edge profile of the wing or strut and crack ice accumulating thereon for dispersal into the airstream passing over the aircraft component. The principal ice removing bending and shearing stresses are therefore exerted primarily in geometrical planes normal to the axis of the inflated tube radius. In geometrical planes containing the axis of the inflated tube radius, however, little or no principal ice removing stresses are produced. Efforts to improve such pneumatic impulse de-icing systems have led to continuing developments to improve their efficiency.

Dimple pattern pneumatic deicer assembly


A method for transmitting a random access preamble from a user equipment is presented. The method includes generating the random access preamble by applying a circular shift to a code sequence having a sequence identifier, allocating the random access preamble to consecutive resource blocks, applying subcarrier spacing for the random access preamble to the consecutive resource blocks, and transmitting, via a transmitter of the user equipment, the random access preamble.

A user equipment uses a random access channel (RACH) to access a network in a state that the user equipment is not uplink synchronized with a base station. The user equipment can perform initial ranging and periodic ranging through the RACH. The user equipment performs the initial ranging to acquire downlink synchronization and first access a base station, and performs the periodic ranging to instantaneously access a network if necessary in a state that the user equipment is connected with the network. The initial ranging is used to allow the user equipment to acquire synchronization while accessing the network and receive desired user equipment (UE) identifier during communication. The periodic ranging for accessing the RACH is used to initiate a protocol to receive information from the base station or when a transmission packet exists.
The periodic ranging can be classified into two types depending on 3GPP LTE (Long Term Evolution), i.e., a synchronized access mode and a non-synchronized access mode. The synchronized access mode is used if an uplink signal is within a synchronization limit when the user equipment tries access through the RACH. The non-synchronized access mode is used if the uplink signal is beyond the synchronization limit. The non-synchronized access mode has the same concept as the periodic ranging, and is used when the user equipment accesses the RACH for the purpose of notifying the base station of the change status of the user equipment and requesting resource allocation. On the other hand, the synchronized access mode alleviates limitation of a guard time in the RACH by assuming that the user equipment does not depart from uplink synchronization with the base station. For this reason, much more time-frequency resources can be used. In the 3GPP LTE, a considerable amount of messages (more than 24 bits) may be added to a preamble sequence for random access in the synchronized access mode so that both the preamble sequence and the messages may be transmitted together.
Hereinafter, the RACH which is being currently discussed in the 3GPP LTE system will be described.
FIG. 1 illustrates a structure of the RACH according to the related art.
It is assumed that a channel structure of the RACH which is currently discussed has a bandwidth of minimum 1.25 MHz and a length of minimum 1 sub-frame.
Although FIG. 1 illustrates one sub-frame, the RACH of FIG. 1 may increase to reach N number of sub-frames on a time axis depending on a cell radius. A time-frequency resource (TFR) of FIG. 1 is a transmission unit in the LTE, and generation frequency of the RACH is determined depending on QoS requirements in MAC layer. In other words, the RACH is generated once in a unit of several tens of ms or several hundreds of ms. Signals transmitted to the RACH should be characterized in that their detection can easily be performed in a time domain. To this end, various methods have been suggested, which are generally based on CAZAC (constant amplitude zero auto-correlation) sequence. The CAZAC sequence can be classified into two types, i.e., GCL CAZAC sequence and Zadoff-Chu CAZAC sequence. First of all, the GCL CAZAC sequence is given by the following Equations 1 and 2.
                              c                                (                          k              ;              N              ;              M                        )                          =                              b                                      (                              mod                                                  (                                      k                    ;                    m                                    )                                            )                                ·                      exp            (                          -                                                jπ                                                                                Mk                                                              (                                              k                        +                        1                                            )                                                                      N                                      )                                              [                  Equation                                                              1                ]            (in case where N is an odd number)
                              c                                (                          k              ;              N              ;              M                        )                          =                              b                                      (                              mod                                                  (                                      k                    ;                    m                                    )                                            )                                ·                      exp            (                          -                                                jπ                                                                                Mk                    2                                                  N                                      )                                              [                  Equation                                                              2                ]            (in case where N is an even number)
where b(mod(k;m) determines a length of a zero-correlation zone of GCL-CAZAC and usually uses Hadamard or complex exponential sequence.
The Zadoff-Chu CAZAC sequence is given by the following Equations 3 and 4.
                              c                                (                                          k                ;                N                            ,              M                        )                          =                  exp          (                                    jπ                                                                                Mk                                                  (                                      k                    +                    1                                    )                                                      N                    )                                    [                  Equation                                                              3                ]            (in case where N is an odd number)
                              c                                (                                          k                ;                N                            ,              M                        )                          =                  exp          (                                    jπ                                                                                Mk                2                                      N                    )                                    [                  Equation                                                              4                ]            (in case where N is an even number)
Examples of methods for transmitting data during random access using CAZAC sequence will be described below. The first method is to analyze CAZAC sequence ID as message information. The second method is to transmit CAZAC sequence and other sequence in a code division multiplexing mode, wherein CAZAC ID is used as unique UE identification information and other code mixed by the code division multiplexing mode is analyzed as message information. The third method is to mix the CAZAC sequence with another sequence (for example, Walsh sequence), wherein CAZAC ID is used as UE identification information and Walsh sequence is analyzed as message information. The fourth method is to directly perform data modulation for the CAZAC sequence, wherein CAZAC ID is used as UE identification information and modulated data is decoded to extract message. The fifth method is to transmit a message part attached to the CAZAC sequence, wherein the message part is transmitted in the same manner as the existing data transmission and CAZAC ID is used as UE identification information. The fifth method is mainly used in a synchronized random access channel.
Generally, the aforementioned data transmission methods can be classified into two types depending on message transmission through the RACH. In other words, the data transmission methods are classified depending on whether message is transmitted separately from a preamble sequence or transmitted by being implicitly included in the preamble sequence. In case of implicit transmission, the message occupies a time-frequency domain which is the same as that occupied by the preamble sequence. For example, in this case, CAZAC ID of the sequence is regarded as the message. If a sufficient number of messages that can be used as the preamble sequence are provided, message transmission can be performed with only sequence ID without additional manipulation. However, considering that maximum 24 bits are required when the RACH is actually implemented, it is difficult to obtain a sufficient number of sequence sets, and it takes the considerable cost required for detecting the sequence sets. For another example, sequence ID is simply used to identify a number used for random access by UE, and other additional information is transmitted simultaneously with preamble sequence.
FIG. 2 to FIG. 4 illustrate methods for transmitting a message a random access channel (RACH) in accordance with the related art.
Referring to FIG. 2, Walsh code which will be used as message is transmitted in a CDM mode simultaneously with the preamble sequence. According to the method of FIG. 2, the original CAZAC sequence is combined with Walsh sequence and then transmitted. In this case, since the original CAZAC sequence is combined with Walsh sequence, the method of FIG. 2 belongs to the CDM mode.
Referring to FIG. 3, Walsh sequence is directly mixed with the CAZAC sequence unlike the method of FIG. 2. In this case, message is identified as ID of Walsh sequence, and a base station uses the CAZAC sequence as UE identification information.
Referring to FIG. 4, another sequence is not mixed with the CAZAC sequence unlike the aforementioned methods. In case of the method of FIG. 4, data modulation is directly performed. In this case, data transmission can be performed for more data than those transmitted when the sequences are mixed. To transmit more data, messages may directly be transmitted following the preamble sequence as shown in (c) or (d) of FIG. 4.
The aforementioned transmission methods are to transmit much more message information while maintaining the characteristic of the CAZAC sequence if possible.
The aforementioned message transmission methods can be classified into two types in another aspect. That is, the one type is to use the sequence as it is while the other type is to attach another sequence to the original sequence. If the sequence is used as it is, the quantity of message which is transmitted increases to a value obtained by taking "log2" for the length of the sequence even though the length of the sequence becomes long. In this case, a problem occurs in that too long sequence is required for required message transmission. Meanwhile, if another sequence is attached to the original sequence, problems occur in that the characteristic of the CAZAC is degraded and performance may become bad rapidly depending on the channel status.

Method and apparatus for transmitting message in a mobile communication system


The present invention relates to a method for preparing purified extract from wild ginseng showing anticancer activity such as inhibitory of cancer cell adherence, inhibitory of cancer cell metastasis and immunostimulating effect and a composition comprising the same prepared by inventive method. The composition have potent anticancer activity, therefore, it can be used as the therapeutics for treating and preventing various cancer diseases.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to a method for preparing purified extract from wild ginseng showing anticancer activity and the composition comprising the same.
2. Background Art
Cancer is a malignant tumor occurred by the disorder in cell cycling resulting in abnormal differentiation and develops through three steps, i.e., initiation, promotion, and progression. The initiation of cancer can be occurred by sufficient amount of carcinogenic substance mostly, however, small amount of initiator gives rise to cell mutation, proliferates the number of mutated cells and finally the stimulation of tumor promoter causes to promote the differentiation of abnormal cells resulting in the formation of cancer tissue.
There have been numerous attempts or methods to develop a anticancer drug to treat cancer till now, for example, a method for screening a cytotoxic substance acting on cancer cell directly, a method for screening an modulating substance of the immunity of body, a method for screening an inhibiting substance of cancer cell metastasis, a method for screening an inhibiting substance of angiogenesis having been intensively studied recently, and so on.
Conventionally used anticancer drug may be classified into three groups: i.e., biological drugs such as gene or enzyme preparation, vaccine etc; chemotherapic agent (pure synthetic anticancer drug) such as taxol, vinblastine, etc; and natural product drug derived from natural resources. However, the biological drugs have not yet reached to be clinically used. Moreover, the chemotherapic agents have limit to use because of their various adverse actions such as the occurrence of intolerance to specific anticancer agent, a malfunction of bone marrow, stomach disorder such as vomiting, nausea, hair loss in spite of their potent anticancer activities (Gillman et al., Maxwell Macmillan., 18, pp 1202, 1986; Chung et al., J. Wonkwang Medical Sci., 3, pp 13-34, 1987). There have been reported that since most of anticancer drugs have low molecular weight of anticancer drug, the anticancer drug can permeate normal cell, especially actively differentiating cell, as well as cancer cell resulting in the damage in normal cell and it is easily excreted from urea, which requires relative amount of drug (Yamazaki et al., Biosci. Biotech. Biochem., 56(1), pp 149, 1992; Tompson et al., Exp. Cell Res., 41, pp 411-427, 1966; Ellem et al, Devel. Biol., 118, pp 311-330, 1968).
Recently, there have been lots of attempts to develop anticancer agents having preventing or treating cancer diseases from crude drug or natural product.
Accordingly, there have been urgently needed to find effective substances providing with verified efficacy as well as low or at least toxicity from natural resource till now. Recently, alternative medicine, especially, Chinese medical therapy based on immune potentiating mechanism has been highlighted as an alternative method with conventional Western medicine to deviate the adverse effect of chemotherapy. Among the Chinese medical therapy, together with a use of plant extract extracted from Chinese drug showing immune potentiating activity and less toxicity, a use of acupuncture treatment with effective extract become highlighted in Korea, which comprises the steps consisting of: selecting plant or other natural resource having most effective activity on individual disease; extracting effective ingredient from the extract providing with maximized efficacy and minimized toxicity; inoculating or injecting the ingredient into the spots suitable for acupuncture or painful spots on the body and therefore it could endow with synergic effect due to the effect of acupuncture and the pharmacological effect of the ingredient. However, there have been needed to obtain more purified extract having less toxicity than crude form which could express its toxicity in administrating into injection or acupuncture such as fever, pain, edema etc.
There has been not reported or disclosed about a method for preparing purified extract from wild ginseng showing anticancer activity and the composition comprising the same in any of above cited literatures, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
To investigate an effect of purified extract from wild ginseng prepared by the method of the present invention on the cancer and tumor cells, the inventors of the present invention have intensively carried out several In vitro and In vivo model experiments, and finally completed present invention by confirming that the purified extract shows anticancer activity and immunostimulating effect.
These and other objects of the present invention will become apparent from the detailed disclosure of the present invention provided hereinafter.

Method for preparing extract from wild ginseng showing anticancer activity and the composition comprising the same


A light emitting apparatus and method of manufacturing thereof are disclosed. The light emitting apparatus includes a plurality of printed circuit boards connected to one another, a light emitting element disposed on and electrically connected to each printed circuit board, and at least one connector disposed between the printed circuit boards. The method of manufacturing the light emitting apparatus includes disposing a light emitting element on a plurality of printed circuit boards, arranging planar surfaces of the plurality of printed circuit boards substantially opposite, and connecting the plurality of printed circuit boards to one another.

1. Field of the Invention
Embodiments disclosed herein generally relate to light emitting apparatuses. Specifically, selected embodiments relate to an improved light emitting apparatus for use in various industries.
2. Background Art
Currently, the market for light emitting diode ("LED") technology is growing at an astonishing rate for use in various industries, such as in the entertainment, advertising, and architecture industries. Within this LED technology market are linear LED products, such as LED tubes and LED ropes. These linear LED products have been large contributors to the market's popularity because of their versatility in usage. For example, the linear LED products may be used for neon simulators, decorative lightings, in addition to low resolution video displays.
Because of their high demand, LED ropes and LED tubes are available from several manufacturers. The LED ropes are generally available, though, in a form that is only viewable from one side. The side of the LED ropes that is not viewable contains wires and components that blocks light from the LEDs within the rope from being seen. Similarly, the LED tubes are generally in a form that prevents a 360 degree viewable angle. These LED tubes have an extruded or fabricated metal or plastic component to cover at least a portion of the back of the tubes. This back component of the LED tubes is usually used as a structural support or a base for the LEDs within the tubes. U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,676,284 and 7,118,248, issued to Willson, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,592,238, issued to Cleaver et al., disclose examples of such LED tube systems with a limited viewable angle.
Referring to FIG. 1, an example of a LED tube 101 with a linear array of LEDs 105 is shown. LED tube 101 includes an elongate diffuser 103, made of rigid, translucent diffusing plastics material, mounted onto base 109. LEDs 105 are mounted on and electrically connected to a printed circuit board 107 ("PCB"), in which PCB 107 is mounted on and supported by base 109. Commonly, linear array of LEDs 105 are in close proximity to one another, individually controlled, and have a repeating pattern of colors of red, blue, and green. When in operation and illuminated, light from linear array of LEDs 105 is diffused through diffuser 103 such that, by a distant viewer, the light appears to be emanating from a continuous light source, instead of from individual point light sources of LEDs 105.
Referring now to FIG. 2, another example of a LED tube 201 is shown. Similar to LED tube 101 in FIG. 1, LED tube 201 comprises a linear array of LEDs 205 mounted on and electrically connected to a PCB 207, in which PCB 207 is mounted on and supported by base 209. Additionally, LED tube 201 has two diffusers (an outer diffuser 203 and an inner diffuser 213) and a reflector 211. Reflector 211 may be used to maximize the light output from LEDs 205, such as reducing the light loss to PCB 207.
As shown with FIGS. 1 and 2, the LED tubes make use of PCB-mounted LEDs with the LEDs arranged in an array or line within the tubes. In these arrangements, the viewable angle of light surrounding the LED tubes is limited by the PCBs and bases on which the LEDs are mounted. In FIG. 1, the viewable angle of LED tube 101 is limited to about 190 degrees. In FIG. 2, the viewable angle of LED tube 201 is limited to about 270 degrees. The use of the diffusers may increase the viewable angles of the LED tubes, but a substantial portion of the LED tubes is blocked by internal and external components of the tubes. With these components blocking light emitting from the LED tubes, the viewable angle of the light from the LED tubes will always be limited.
In response to these common limited viewable angle LED tubes, many manufacturers have created "360 degree" viewable angle linear LED products. These linear LED products, though, still require wires or connectors to pass the data and power signals from one light source to the next. The wires and connectors may then produce a shadow, dark area, or discontinuity on the outside diffuser of the linear LED product. Thus, the viewable angle of linear LED products is still limited from the full 360 degrees.
Accordingly, there exists a need for a linear LED product that minimizes any shadows or discontinuities by the internal connections, wires, or support structures to allow the LED product to be fully viewable from all 360 degrees surrounding the product.

360 degree viewable light emitting apparatus


Radio frequency identification (RFID) enabled readers and systems and methods for filtering cross reads of RFID tags and use thereof. The systems and methods may be configured to operate with mobile and/or fixed RFID readers. The systems and methods may provide for claim based filtering of cross reads based upon adjusting operating powers of RFID readers and/or antenna. The systems and methods may also be configured to apply weights to claims thereby providing efficient and/or accurate filtering of cross reads. The systems and methods may also provide for a database that may also be presented to a user to illustrate locations of inventory at any point in time or over a period of time, or to facilitate the ability of a user to physically locate inventory to be acted upon.

This background and summary are provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the DETAILED DESCRIPTION. This background and summary are not intended to identify key features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used as an aid in determining the scope of the claimed subject matter.
Radio frequency identification (RFID) tags allow for real-time tracking of items to provide a wide variety information, for example, inventory, expiration dates, locations, usage, etc. Using information obtained by RFID enabled readers from RFID tags, suppliers, customers and users may be able to see what they have at any given location and any given time without manually tracking product inventory. RFID enabled readers may be a handheld device containing a single reader, or may comprise a plurality of RFID enabled readers embedded into a single device. The proximity of a plurality of RFID enabled readers or overlapping zones read within a common space may cause erroneous cross reads, and thereby fail to provide an accurate reading of individual RFID tags or a plurality of RFID tags. For example, a product comprising a single RFID tag may be scanned twice by two different RFID enabled readers in close proximity, thereby causing an inaccurate inventory count. In another example, a product may be scanned by two different RFID enabled readers in close proximity thereby causing an inaccurate determined location of the product.
Aspects of the present disclosure relate to filtering these erroneous cross reads from RFID enabled devices and systems and methods for use thereof. In one aspect of the disclosure, a RFID enabled system may include adjusting the power levels for which each reader operates. In another aspect of the disclosure, a power level adjustment may provide for a more precise unit count and location determination. In another aspect of the disclosure, RFID enabled readers may place different weighted RFID readings (such weighted readings also being interchangeably referred to herein as "claims") on a read RFID tag to determine a location of the RFID tag and/or the numerical amount of the products comprising the RFID tags.
The systems and methods may include one or more devices, such as one or more computers or other terminal devices and/or computer systems, for managing cross reads among RFID enabled readers, among other functions. The system may include features for operating on ultrahigh frequency (UHF), high frequency (HF) RFID and/or low frequency (LF) with a plurality of products affixed with RFID tags, for example, and determining the location and/or quantity of the products affixed with the RFID tag.
Additional advantages and novel features of these aspects will be set forth in part in the description that follows, and in part will become more apparent to those skilled in the art upon examination of the following or upon learning by practice of the disclosure.

Filtering cross reads among radio frequency identification (RFID) enabled readers and systems and methods for use thereof


An X-ray computer tomography apparatus which performs prep scanning prior to main scanning to acquire information for use in reconstruction of a tomographic image for diagnosis, the main scanning including rotary scanning around a rotation axis, and axial scanning along the rotation axis, the X-ray computer tomography apparatus includes determination unit which determines a speed based on a change of a characteristic amount concerning information obtained by the prep scanning, and a unit which controls, to the determined speed, a speed of the axial scanning in a period from the start to the completion of the main scanning.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an X-ray computer tomography apparatus which obtains a tomographic image of a subject by use of an X-ray.
2. Description of the Related Art
In a case where a contrast medium is utilized in an X-ray computer tomography apparatus, it is important to perform main scanning at a timing when the contrast medium administered to a subject flows into a portion (portion to be imaged) from which a tomographic image is to be obtained. The main scanning is scanning which collects data to reconstruct the tomographic image for diagnosis.
In Jpn. Pat. Appln. KOKAI Publication No. 2003-245275, a technology is disclosed in which preparatory scanning (prep scanning) is performed before the main scanning, an inflow situation of the contrast medium into the portion to be imaged is monitored based on a change of a CT value measured by this prep scanning, and the main scanning is automatically started in accordance with the monitored situation.
In general, the prep scanning is performed with respect to an object which is a portion different from the portion to be imaged. For example, in a case where the portion to be imaged is a liver, the prep scanning is performed with respect to an abdomen aorta as the object. Therefore, the main scanning is started with elapse of a certain time after the CT value measured by the prep scanning exceeds a threshold value, in order to wait until the contrast medium sufficiently flows into the portion to be imaged.
However, there is an individual difference in a time required for the contrast medium to reach the portion to be imaged from the portion which is the object of the prep scanning. Therefore, when the waiting time required until the main scanning is started is set to be constant as described above, there is a case where the main scanning is not started at an optimum timing.
Additionally, when axial scanning is performed along a rotation axis in addition to rotary scanning around the rotation axis during helical scanning or the like, a broad region is photographed in a direction along the rotation axis. To perform such tomography, even in a case where the main scanning is started at an appropriate timing, unless the axial scanning is performed at an appropriate speed during the main scanning, the portion to be imaged deviates from a bolus peak of the contrast medium, and the main scanning might not be appropriately performed.
In U.S. Pat. No. 6,337,992, a technology is disclosed in which a curve indicating a change of an X-ray decay value is estimated based on the change of the X-ray decay value immediately after starting injection of the contrast medium, and the helical scanning is started at a time when this curve is expected to come close to its maximum.
However, a step of estimating the above-described curve is very complicated, and it is difficult to achieve high precision. Therefore, if this curve has a large error, the timing to start the helical scanning might deviate from an optimum timing.


The present application discloses methods and systems for synchronizing duplicated contents between multiple terminals. By establishing a mapping relationship between multiple accounts for different application programs installed on different terminals, a server may transmit captured contents between the accounts so that the contents are displayed and/or further distributed. After receiving a content forwarding request from a second account associated with a browser application in a second terminal, the server may process the content forwarding request, which includes the captured contents and identifiers. Using the identifiers and the mapping relationship, the server may identify a first terminal with an instant messaging application having a first account. The captured contents may be transferred to the first account so that the captured contents may be displayed and/or further distributed. The present application provides additional convenience and efficiency for multi-terminal operations.

With the rapid development and extending popularity of smart terminal devices, such as smart phones and tablet computers, people are no longer limited to using only one terminal device for network operations. Nowadays, users increasingly tend to use different terminal devices for different purposes and even use a combination of multiple devices for one or more network operations.
Although the use of multiple terminals for network operations bring people great convenience, sometimes it becomes cumbersome when the user is trying to use the same content in multiple devices. Oftentimes, the user needs to enter the same contents in each terminal device one at a time, leading to burdensome and complicated input operations, increasing input frequency of the same contents and reducing input efficiency. For example, a user reads an article with a tablet computer and finds one topic particularly interesting; however, at this moment the user has to get going with only a mobile phone, leaving his/her table computer behind; if the user wants to learn more about the topic, now he/she may need to search the article in the mobile phone by inputting the topic of the article, wherein it is inconvenient and error-prone to enter topic content in the mobile phone, making the entire operation repetitive and less efficient.
Accordingly, it is necessary and desirable to provide a new technology, so as to resolve the technical problem and improve the above-mentioned approach.

Method and system for synchronizing duplicated contents in multiple terminals

TENCENT TECHNOLOGY (SHENZHEN) COMPANY LIMITED


A metal shield is stamped from sheet metal into a box shape and tabs are bent up from the housing walls, and posts are extruded from the tabs. The shield is then insert molded into a plastic housing. A connector shroud is molded on one side of the housing and apertures for terminal pins are also formed during molding. Pins are pressed into the aperture and the ends bent up for circuit board connection. Metal bushings insert molded into ears on the housing provide mounting lugs. The tabs are supports for a circuit board and the posts extend through holes in the circuit board and are upset to retain the board without screws.

Electronic packages for automotive products often use die cast housings with separate connectors. It has been proposed previously to use molded plastic housings instead, and to achieve EMI shielding by adding a deep-drawn metal shield to the molded housing.
It is desired, however to have only one piece which meets the requirements for structural support and environmental protection and includes the connector. At the same time it is desired to reduce costs.


In order to correct nonlinearities of an amplifier which receives a radio signal and produces an amplified radio signal representing an input complex digital signal, a predistortion table, associating a value of a predistorted complex digital signal with each value of the input complex digital signal, is stored, and the predistorted complex signal is modulated in order to obtain the radio signal addressed to the amplifier. In an adaptation period, a fraction of the amplified radio signal is demodulated in order to obtain a demodulated complex signal which is compared with the input complex signal, with which the predistorted complex signal modulated in said adaptation period is associated, in order to update the predistortion table. The input complex signal or the predistorted complex signal has a phase which is constant modulo .pi. in the adaptation period.

The present invention relates to a method for correcting nonlinearities of a radio power amplifier.
The invention finds applications in radio transmitters, in particular mobile radio communications stations.
Mobile radio communications digital systems are increasingly making use of radio modulations with nonconstant envelope in order to improve the spectral efficiency of the system. These modulations with nonconstant envelope comprise, in particular, quadrature phase shift keying modulations (QPSK, OQPSK or .pi./4-QPSK), or quadrature amplitude modulations (n-QAM).
For a given data rate, these modulations have the advantage of requiring a smaller frequency bandwidth than the modulations with constant envelope which are frequently used, such as GMSK modulation. The downside of this advantage is that modulations with nonconstant envelope require a very linear transmission system in order to avoid spectral broadening due to nonlinearities. The critical point of this system is usually the power amplifier of the transmitter. In the case of a mobile radio communications station, for which the electrical power consumption must be minimized, the use of a class A linear amplifier is not generally acceptable because of its inadequate efficiency. A more appropriate solution consists in using a nonlinear amplifier with high efficiency, combined with a linearization technique.
The technique of adaptive linearization using predistortion is an amplifier linearization technique which can be used for this purpose. This technique is described in the article "Adaptive Linearisation Using Predistortion" by M. Faulkner et al. (Proc. of the 40th IEEE Veh. Tech. Conf. 1990, pages 35-40), and in U.S. Pat. No. 5,093,637. The technique of adaptive linearization using predistortion consists in applying a predistortion table to the baseband complex signal. This table is calculated digitally by comparing the baseband signal and a demodulated signal obtained from the amplified radio signal. This calculation consists in modifying the predistortion table in order to obtain a table which corrects the distortions of the transmission system. After an initial adaptation period, the predistortion table corrects the nonlinearities of the amplifier.
The predistortion algorithms employed are generally based on the assumption that the distortion introduced by the power amplifier depends only on the modulus of the complex baseband signal, and not on its phase (AM-AM and AM-PM distortions only). Consequently, predistortion functions are chosen which depend only on the modulus of the signal. Nevertheless, some distortions may also be introduced by the modulator used to transpose the signal around the carrier frequency, as well as by the demodulator producing the demodulated signal which is useful in the adaptation periods. The modulator and the demodulator may have balance and/or quadrature defects which, besides introducing PM-AM and PM-PM distortions, risk making the adaptation algorithm converge to an inappropriate predistortion table.
One object of the present invention is to improve the method of adaptive linearization using predistortion, by making it less sensitive to the defects of the modulator or of the demodulator.

Method of correcting nonlinearities of an amplifier, and radio transmitter employing a method of this type


A system includes an analog-to-digital modulator to convert at least one analog input signal into at least one digital output signal. The system also includes a processing device to set an operational order and a quantization level of the analog-to-digital modulator. The analog-to-digital modulator converts the analog input signal into the digital output signal according to the operational order and the quantization level.

Many electronic circuits include analog-to-digital converters that can receive analog input signals and convert them to digital output signals for use during digital signal processing or filtering operations. One common type of analog-to-digital converter is a Sigma-Delta modulator that includes one or more integrators to receive and integrate analog input signals, and one or more quantizers to convert the integrated analog signals into the digital output signals.
When statically configuring Sigma-Delta modulators for inclusion into electronic circuits, system designers often weigh several performance trade-offs, such operational speed, power consumption, and signal-to-noise ratio, etc, according to an intended functionality of the electronic circuit. For instance, system designers can include multiple integrators in the Sigma-Delta modulators—increasing the integration order of the modulator—which can improve the signal-to-noise ratio, but can come at the cost of operational speed and increased power consumption.

Programmable sigma-delta analog-to-digital converter


Compositions and methods are disclosed herein for cloning a donor genome in a heterologous host cell. In one embodiment, the donor genome can be further modified within a host cell. Modified or unmodified genomes can be further isolated from the host cell and transferred to a recipient cell. Methods disclosed herein can be used to alter donor genomes from intractable donor cells in more tractable host cells.

The use of organisms that have advanced genetic systems as hosts for nucleic acid molecules isolated from a variety of species allows for the manipulation of the isolated nucleic acid sequences in the host. The ability to engineer organisms by cloning and modifying chromosomes and genomes in exogenous hosts is limited, however, by the size limitation on nucleic acid molecules that can be transferred to species such as yeast that have tractable genetics.
Nucleic acids cloned by conventional methods generally contain no more than a few genes, although larger nucleic acids (e.g., DNA) have been transferred into host cells. For example, the 16 kb mouse mitochondrial genome has been cloned in E. coli (Itaya et al., Nat Methods 5, 41 (2008); Yoon and Koob, Nucleic Acids Res 31, 1407 (2003)), Bacillus subtilis (Itaya et al., Nat Methods 5, 41 (2008); Yoon and Koob, Nucleic Acids Res 31, 1407 (2003)), and yeast (Wheeler et al., Gene 198, 203 (1997)). The 139 kb maize chloroplast genome has been cloned in yeast (Gupta and Hoo, Plant Mol Biol 17, 361 (1991), and the 135 kb rice chloroplast genome has been cloned in B. subtilis (Itaya et al., Nat Methods 5, 41(2008)). About 10% of the 1.8 Mb Haemophilus influenzae genome has been cloned as episomal elements in E. coli (Smailus et al., Syst Synth Biol; 1, 139 (2007)). The 3.5 Mb Synechocystis PCC6803 genome was inserted in three noncontiguous regions into the B. subtilis genome, with the exception of the two ribosomal RNA operons (Itaya et al., PNAS USA 102, 15971 (2005)). A complete synthetic 0.6 Mb Mycoplasma genitalium genome has been assembled in yeast as a circular yeast centromeric plasmid (YCp) (Gibson et al., Science 319, 1215 (2008); Gibson et al., PNAS USA, 105(51):20404-9 (2008)).
U.S. Pat. No. 6,670,154 describes methods for converting modified bacterial genomes into artificial yeast chromosomes by fusing the bacteria with yeast that linearize the modified genomes. U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2005/0019924 describes nucleic acids and methods for introducing prokaryotic genomes into eukaryotic cells as circular molecules and conversion into artificial chromosomes. WO 02/057437 describes YAC vectors containing cytomegalovirus (CMV) genomes. U.S. Pat. No. 7,083,971 describes a recombinatorial approach and system for cloning, manipulating, and delivering large nucleic acid segments. U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2005/0003511 and Bradshaw et al., Nucleic Acids Research, 23, 4850-56 (1995) describe yeast-bacterial shuttle vectors for cloning large regions of DNA by homologous recombination.
The disclosed cloning and manipulation methods, however, are limited by the size of donor nucleic acids that can be transferred into a host cell, and do not provide for manipulating and/or transferring a nucleic acid molecule propagated in a host cell back into a recipient cell that is related to the donor, nor do they address incompatibility issues among different cell types used in cloning with regard to foreign nucleic acids. Additional methods are needed for cloning large nucleic acids, such as chromosomes or genomes, into alternate heterelogous hosts, for manipulating the sequences of large nucleic acids in alternate hosts, and for transferring manipulated genomes back into recipient organisms that are similar to the donor organism, for example, organisms of the same genus (for example, from prokaryotic to eukaryotic cells and back).
To date, the barriers to transferring large nucleic acids, such as chromosomes and genomes, between organisms of different species or different genuses have not been overcome. For example transfer of the nucleic acids between species can be toxic to host, donor, and/or recipient cells. Manipulation and propagation of nucleic acids in organisms of different species, genuses, or groups and from prokaryotic to eukaryotic cells and back can also cause instability of the nucleic acids and inhibit their activation, such as expression of genes from the nucleic acids.

Methods for cloning and manipulating genomes