A derivative of a cytidine metabolic antagonist which can exert a high therapeutic effect at a low dose. A polymeric derivative of a cytidine metabolic antagonist which comprises a polymeric compound having a polyethylene glycol moiety and a polymer moiety having a carboxyl group in a side chain and a cytidine metabolic antagonist, which has such a structure that the carboxyl group in the side chain of the polymeric compound and an amino group in the cytidine metabolic antagonist are bound together to form an amide bond.

Various cytidine antimetabolites have been developed to treat malignant tumors or viral diseases; cytarabine, gemcitabine and the like are clinically used as antitumor (anticancer) agents and zalcitabine, lamivudine and the like as antiviral agents.
However, many of these cytidine antimetabolites cannot sufficiently exert the efficacy thereof themselves or are required to be administered at high doses because they are susceptible to metabolism and excretion in vivo despite exhibiting strong in vitro activities. By way of example, gemcitabine has a strong activity of suppressing cell growth, in vitro, comparable to those of anticancer agents such as paclitaxel and doxorubicin, but needs to be clinically given at a high dose of 1,000 mg/m2 body surface area for each administration. This is considered to be due to that the amino group at the 4-position of the base is metabolized and inactivated by cytidine deaminase, a metabolizing enzyme for 2′-deoxycytidine to reduce the in vivo availability thereof (see Non-Patent Document 1).
Binding an agent to a polymer can sometimes improve pharmacokinetics thereof in vivo to enhance the therapeutic effect. Non-Patent Document 2 describes a polymeric derivative in which cytarabine is bound to a polyglutamic acid having an average molecular weight of about 30,000. However, a polymeric derivative of an agent sometimes induces hypersensitive reaction due to immune reaction and, in such a situation, cannot be administered in repeated doses as a agent.
Patent Document 1 describes a polymeric derivative in which a cytidine derivative is bound to a polyethylene glycol, and Non-Patent Document 3 describes a polymeric derivative in which cytarabine is bound to aspartic acid in a polyethylene glycol having the aspartic acid substituted in a branched form at both ends thereof. However, there is also a problem of the possibility that the therapeutic effects of these polymeric derivatives in the clinical are greatly affected by individual difference among patients since the agent release from the derivatives largely depends on hydrolysis reaction by in-vivo enzyme.
Patent Document 2 describes that molecules in each of which an agent is bound to a block-type polymer obtained by condensation of a polyethylene glycol with polyaspartic acid form micelles to provide a medicine. In addition, Patent Document 3 describes a polymer in which an anticancer substance is bound to glutamic acid side chain carboxyl groups of a block-type polymer obtained by condensation of a polyethylene glycol with polyglutamic acid. However, these Patent Documents describe no cytidine antimetabolites as bound agents.
Non-Patent Document 1: Cancer Science, Japanese Cancer Association, Vol. 95, p. 105-111 (2004)
Non-Patent Document 2: Cancer Research, American Association for Cancer Research, Vol. 44, p. 25-30 (1984)
Non-Patent Document 3: Journal of Controlled Release (Elsevier, England), Vol. 79: p. 55-70 (2002)
Patent Document 1: Japanese Patent Application Laying Open (KOHYO) No. Patent Document 2: Japanese Patent No. 2694923
Patent Document 3: Japanese Patent Application Laying Open (KOKAI) No.

Polymeric derivative of cytidine metabolic antagonist


An image forming apparatus including a first temperature sensor inside a space between frames, a second temperature sensor outside the space between the frames, and a controller that, in a case where a first temperature by the first temperature sensor is higher than an inside threshold temperature, and a second temperature by the second temperature sensor is higher than an outside threshold temperature, performs simplex image formation at a first speed when simplex image formation is specified, and performs duplex image formation at a second speed lower than the first speed when duplex image formation is specified, and in at least one of a case where the first temperature is equal to or less than the inside threshold temperature and a case where the second temperature is equal to or less than the outside threshold temperature, performs image formation at the first speed.

Technical Field
The following description relates to an image forming apparatus configured to electrophotographically form an image on a sheet, more particularly to one or more techniques for sheet conveyance control according to temperature inside the apparatus.
Related Art
It has been known that, in an electrophotographic image forming apparatus, owing to a higher temperature inside the apparatus, undesired problems are more likely to occur such as malfunctions caused due to deformation of resin components and a lowered level of printing quality due to melting of toner. Thus, for the image forming apparatus, such a technique has been known as to, when the temperature (hereinafter referred to as "in-apparatus temperature") inside the apparatus exceeds a particular temperature, restrict a printing operation and perform a cooling operation to make the in-apparatus temperature lower.
For instance, an image forming apparatus has been known that includes a temperature sensor disposed at a ventilating duct of a cooling fan, and a temperature sensor disposed inside a fuser assembly. The image forming apparatus is configured to control a rotational speed of a fixing roller of the fuser assembly and a rotational speed of the cooling fan, based on signals output from the temperature sensors.

Image forming apparatus, and method and computer-readable medium for the same


A sewer backup alarm and overflow prevention device eliminates raw sewage spills by preventing pressure buildup in sewer drains. One or more sewage level sensors may be coupled to an alarm and/or to an automatic water main shut-off valve. The level sensor may detect excess fluid levels in a sewer lateral line. The sewer backup alarm and overflow prevention device may include a joggle which is a component of a non-mechanical backflow prevention device. The level sensor may detect fluid levels in the lower portion of the joggle and activate the automatic water main shut-off valve and/or the alarm. The sewer backup alarm and overflow prevention device may include at least one two-way, in-line cleanout tube which may extend vertically upwardly from the joggle. The level sensor may be mounted in the vertical cleanout tube. The components may be contained within a seamless polyethylene vault for ease of installation and protection against root intrusion.

1. Field
The presently disclosed embodiments relate generally to municipal sewer devices and, more specifically, to a lateral sewer line backup alarm and water main shutoff device.
2. Background
Throughout history, there has been a general awareness of the need to protect the natural environment. However, starting in the 1960's, environmental awareness increased and the general deterioration of the environment due to construction, pollution and pesticide use attracted greater public attention. Organizations emerged which were devoted solely to the restoration, preservation and conservation of the environment and management of natural resources.
Acts were passed such as the Clean Water Act of 1972 with the goal of eliminating water pollution and preserving surface waters for sport and recreation. Events in the 1980's such as the Exxon Valdez oil spill heightened public awareness of the fragility of the environment and the need for its protection. Amendments to the Clean Water Act were directed toward regulating the discharge of pollutants into surface waters.
Despite the increase in public awareness of the effects of pollution, the improper discharge of raw sewage into the environment continues. Such raw sewage may include wastewater from sinks, showers, bathtubs and washing machines as well as toilet wastewater carrying human waste. Modem sewer systems carry much of the raw sewage away through a system of pipes or conduits.
For residential dwellings, lateral sewer lines typically extend from each residential building to a larger conduit or sewer main that delivers the raw sewage to a sewage treatment plant. Lateral lines can become blocked due to improper disposal of non-soluble objects such as plastic items, baby wipes and feminine products. The buildup of grease and other items can also cause blockage of lateral lines. Roots growing into the lateral line can be another cause of clogging or blockage.
In conventional lateral line installations, a blockage or clog can prevent the outflow of wastewater to the sewer main. Unless removed, the blockage or clog will cause wastewater and sewage to back up into the residential building. Removal of the clog may be effectuated by inserting a flexible snake or cable into a vertically oriented cleanout riser or port that is typically located adjacent an exterior wall of the building. The cleanout port may be covered with a cap which is removed to allow insertion of the cable into the lateral line. The cable may include a cutting tool on the end to "rod out" the lateral line by cutting and removal of the object or material that is blocking the lateral line.
Unfortunately, if the clog is located downstream of the cleanout port, then wastewater and sewage may backup into the building interior prior to the owner becoming aware of the clog. During this time, the wastewater and sewage will also continue to buildup pressure inside the lateral line as sinks, showers and toilets inside the building are used. Upon removal of the cleanout cap to allow rodding of the lateral line, the raw sewage and wastewater may be discharged out of the cleanout port at a high rate where it then flows into the storm drain. As is well known, storm drains are intended to drain rainwater runoff from streets, sidewalks and roofs and are therefore typically not connected to a sewage treatment system. As such, raw domestic sewage that overflows a cleanout port during a rodding operation may enter a storm drain and may thereafter be discharged directly into a river, lagoon, reservoir, lake or into the ocean or other waterway.
The discharge of domestic raw sewage into the environment is a chronic source of pollution and is typically illegal. It is estimated that the amount of raw sewage that is released annually into the environment during sewer cleanouts is in the billions of gallons. As is well known, raw sewage poses a serious health risk due to the buildup of dangerous levels of bacteria in waterways that may be used for domestic purposes such as a supply for drinking and wash water or for recreational purposes such as swimming and surfing. Damage to the environment as a result of the discharge of raw sewage into waterways include fish kills and harm to local micro-ecosystems such as micro-flora and fauna.
Attempts have been made to develop systems capable of detecting and removing blockages that may otherwise cause sewage backups inside buildings and prevent the discharge of raw sewage into the environment. For example, U.S. Patent Application No. 20070028831 to Aniban discloses a sewer cleanout cap having a sensor mounted on a cap housing. In one embodiment, the cleanout cap includes a popup mechanism to visually indicate a backup in a sewer system. The popup mechanism is activated by pressure buildup in the sewer line. The cleanout cap further includes a circumferential seal which, under pressure from rising sewer waters, prevents the escape of sewer waters from the sewer cleanout.
U.S. Patent Application No. 20070257218 to Bood et al. discloses a one-way backflow preventing device having a one-way seal with a membrane. The membrane is configured to deform slightly to allow flow in one direction after which the membrane returns to its original shape such that flow in the opposite direction is prevented. The device may be fluidly installed between a sewer main and various sanitary appliances such as sinks, toilets, bidets, urinals, baths pools and other appliances as a replacement for conventional water traps.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,150,683 to Simon discloses a system for controlling the flow of surface water from catch basins into a combined sewer as well as eliminating the overflow of combined sewers into streams and lakes and the backup of sewage into residential units. The system prevents overflow of combined sewers by adjusting the size of the pipe interconnecting the lateral lines to the catch basin.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,546,346 to Wave et al. discloses a sewer line backup detection device and alarm which is adapted to be installed in a cleanout port. The device includes a pneumatic switch that is activated by a flexible diaphragm on the lower end of the device housing. A blockage in the sewer line exerts pressure on the flexible diaphragm causing the pneumatic switch to close and setting off the alarm. The alarm can be either local or remote such as at a dwelling from which the sewer line exhausts. The device may be used in combination with a detention tank located in a basement of a high-rise building such that a blockage causes the alarm to be issued such that upper level users of the high-rise building may avoid using the sewer system to prevent overflow damage to lower levels.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,973,950 to Tourtillott discloses a sewer blockage alarm for a sewer line having a pressure sensor. The pressure sensor may be mounted on top of a clean out branch which extends upwardly from the sewer line. A pressure bell is mounted above an open upper side of the sewer line. The pressure bell is connected to the pressure sensor and multiplies the pressure changes in the sewer line for accurate detection of an incipient clog so that an alarm may be triggered prior to an overflow condition. The alarm may be visual and/or audible such as by using an alarm light and/or a buzzer.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,651,147 to Steele et al. discloses a three-way elbow for installation between a water trap and a wastewater line. The three-way elbow includes a valve having a hose extending upwardly therefrom with a removable plug inserted into an open end of the hose. Upon occurrence of a clog, the plug is removed, the valve is opened, and a snake is inserted into the hose. The arrangement of the three-way valve permits extension of the snake directly into the wastewater line to clear the clog after which the snake is withdrawn, the valve is closed and the plug is installed back onto the hose.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,687,761 to Langes discloses a sewer lateral line cleanout device adapted to be mounted on a cleanout riser of a sewer lateral. The cleanout device includes a vertically movable piston portion having a float member that rises under pressure from a backup in the sewer. The rising float member exposes a brightly colored wall that provides a visual indication of an impending sewer backup.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,311,721 to Aaron discloses a backflow stop plug adapted to be removably inserted between a junction of a residential sewer line and a sewer main. The backflow stop plug is adapted to prevent the backflow of sewage into the residence. The stop plug may be mounted on a rod having a turn handle for manually moving the stop plug into position. The plug is sized such that when compressed, the plug deforms to allow sealing around any debris and or sewage deposits located within the junction.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,443,091 to Matte discloses a drain alert detection device for detecting an overflow condition of a wastewater drain system as may be mounted on a household appliance such as a washing machine. The device includes an overflow conduit that is connected to an overflow detection mechanism having a vessel with a buoyant member contained therewithin. The buoyant member includes an overflow indicator which provides a visual indication of the extent of the overflow condition in proportion to the wastewater level in the vessel.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,997,201 to Preul discloses a wastewater control system for installation between a building sewer line and a sewer main. The control system includes a flow control device mounted in the building sewer line and further includes a hydraulic sensor and an actuator. When triggered by the hydraulic sensor, the actuator causes the flow control device to block the flow of wastewater from the building to the sewer main.
However, none of the above-referenced systems are understood to provide the combined capabilities of detecting a clog or blockage in the lateral sewer line prior to backup into the residence and shutting off the main water supply to prevent buildup of pressure in the lateral line and accidental discharge of raw sewage/wastewater from the cleanout port into the environment.

Persuasive environmental recovery system


The present invention relates generally to cleaning systems, and more specifically to substrate cleaning systems, such as textile cleaning systems, utilizing an organic cleaning solvent and a pressurized fluid solvent. However, unlike conventional cleaning systems, a conventional drying cycle is not necessary. Particularly, the present invention provides a process for cleaning substrates by cleaning the substrates with an organic solvent in absence of liquid carbon dioxide, and removing the organic solvent from the substrates using a pressurized fluid solvent.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to cleaning systems, and more specifically to substrate cleaning systems, such as textile cleaning systems, utilizing an organic cleaning solvent and a pressurized fluid solvent.
2. Related Art
A variety of methods and systems are known for cleaning substrates such as textiles, as well as other flexible, precision, delicate, or porous structures that are sensitive to soluble and insoluble contaminants. These known methods and systems typically use water, perchloroethylene, petroleum, and other solvents that are liquid at or substantially near atmospheric pressure and room temperature for cleaning the substrate.
Such conventional methods and systems generally have been considered satisfactory for their intended purpose. Recently, however, the desirability of employing these conventional methods and systems has been questioned due to environmental, hygienic, occupational hazard, and waste disposal concerns, among other things. For example, perchloroethylene frequently is used as a solvent to clean delicate substrates, such as textiles, in a process referred to as "dry cleaning." Some locales require that the use and disposal of this solvent be regulated by environmental agencies, even when only trace amounts of this solvent are to be introduced into waste streams.
Furthermore, there are significant regulatory burdens placed on solvents such as perchloroethylene by agencies such as the EPA, OSHA and DOT. Such regulation results in increased costs to the user, which, in turn, are passed to the ultimate consumer. For example, filters that have been used in conventional perchloroethylene dry cleaning systems must be disposed of in accordance with hazardous waste or other environmental regulations. Certain other solvents used in dry cleaning, such as hydrocarbon solvents, are extremely flammable, resulting in greater occupational hazards to the user and increased costs to control their use.
In addition, textiles that have been cleaned using conventional cleaning methods are typically dried by circulating hot air through the textiles as they are tumbled in a drum. The solvent must have a relatively high vapor pressure and low boiling point to be used effectively in a system utilizing hot air drying. The heat used in drying may permanently set some stains in the textiles. Furthermore, the drying cycle adds significant time to the overall processing time. During the conventional drying process, moisture adsorbed on the textile fibers is often removed in addition to the solvent. This often results in the development of undesirable static electricity and shrinkage in the garments. Also, the textiles are subject to greater wear due to the need to tumble the textiles in hot air for a relatively long time. Conventional drying methods are inefficient and often leave excess residual solvent in the textiles, particularly in heavy textiles, components constructed of multiple fabric layers, and structural components of garments such as shoulder pads. This may result in unpleasant odors and, in extreme cases, may cause irritation to the skin of the wearer. In addition to being time consuming and of limited efficiency, conventional drying results in significant loss of cleaning solvent in the form of fugitive solvent vapor. Finally, conventional hot air drying is an energy intensive process that results in relatively high utility costs and accelerated equipment wear.
Traditional cleaning systems may utilize distillation in conjunction with filtration and adsorption to remove soils dissolved and suspended in the cleaning solvent. The filters and adsorptive materials become saturated with solvent, therefore, disposal of some filter waste is regulated by state or federal laws. Solvent evaporation especially during the drying cycle is one of the main sources of solvent loss in conventional systems. Reducing solvent loss improves the environmental and economic aspects of cleaning substrates using cleaning solvents. It is therefore advantageous to provide a method and system for cleaning substrates that utilizes a solvent having less adverse attributes than those solvents currently used and that reduces solvent losses.
As an alternative to conventional cleaning solvents, pressurized fluid solvents or densified fluid solvents have been used for cleaning various substrates, wherein densified fluids are widely understood to encompass gases that are pressurized to either subcritical or supercritical conditions so as to achieve a liquid or a supercritical fluid having a density approaching that of a liquid. In particular, some patents have disclosed the use of a solvent such as carbon dioxide that is maintained in a liquid state or either a subcritical or supercritical condition for cleaning such substrates as textiles, as well as other flexible, precision, delicate, or porous structures that are sensitive to soluble and insoluble contaminants.
For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,279,615 discloses a process for cleaning textiles using densified carbon dioxide in combination with a non-polar cleaning adjunct. The preferred adjuncts are paraffin oils such as mineral oil or petrolatum. These substances are a mixture of alkanes including a portion of which are C16 or higher hydrocarbons. The process uses a heterogeneous cleaning system formed by the combination of the adjunct which is applied to the textile prior to or substantially at the same time as the application of the densified fluid. According to the data disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,279,615, the cleaning adjunct is not as effective at removing soil from fabric as conventional cleaning solvents or as the solvents described for use in the present invention as disclosed below.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,316,591 discloses a process for cleaning substrates using liquid carbon dioxide or other liquefied gases below their critical temperature. The focus of this patent is on the use of any one of a number of means to effect ultrasonic cavitation to enhance the cleaning performance of the liquid carbon dioxide. In all of the disclosed embodiments, densified carbon dioxide is the cleaning medium. This patent does not describe the use of a solvent other than the liquefied gas for cleaning substrates. While the combination of ultrasonic cavitation and liquid carbon dioxide may be well suited to processing complex hardware and substrates containing extremely hazardous contaminants, this process is too costly for the regular cleaning of textile substrates. Furthermore, the use of ultrasonic cavitation is less effective for removing contaminants from textiles than it is for removing contaminants from hard surfaces.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,377,705 discloses a process for cleaning precision parts utilizing a liquefied pressurized gas in the supercritical state and an environmentally acceptable co-solvent. During this process, the parts to be cleaned are pre-treated with the co-solvent and then placed in the cleaning vessel. Afterwards, the contaminants and co-solvent are removed from the parts by circulating a pressurized gas in its supercritical state through the vessel. Redeposition of co-solvent and contaminants is controlled by the amount of pressurized gas that is pumped through the vessel. Co-solvents specified for use in conjunction with the cleaning solvent include aliphatics, terpenes, acetone, laminines, isopropyl alcohol, Axarel (DuPont), Petroferm (Petroferm, Inc.), kerosene, and Isopar-m (Exxon). During the cleaning process, the cleaning solvent (supercritical carbon dioxide) flows through a vessel containing the parts to be treated, through a filter or filters and directly to a separator in which the solvent is evaporated and recondensed. The disclosed co-solvents for use in this patent have high evaporation rates and low flash points. The use of such co-solvents results in high solvent losses, and high fire risks. Furthermore, many of the co-solvents are not compatible with common dyes and fibers used in textile manufacture. Also, the use of supercritical carbon dioxide necessitates the use of more expensive equipment.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,417,768 discloses a process for precision parts cleaning using a two-solvent system. One solvent can be liquid at room temperature and pressure while the second solvent can be supercritical carbon dioxide. The objectives of this invention include using two or more solvents with minimal mixing of the solvents and to incorporate ultrasonic cavitation in such a way as to prevent the ultrasonic transducers from coming in contact with the first-mentioned solvent. An apparatus is described which consists of an open top vessel within a covered pressurized vessel. The primary fluid is pumped into the open top vessel. After cleaning with the primary fluid, it is pumped from the open top vessel. Pressurized carbon dioxide is then pumped into the open top vessel and flushed through the vessel until the level of contaminants within the vessel are reduced to the desired level. The co-solvents disclosed in this patent are the same solvents specified in U.S. Pat. No. 5,377,705. Use of these solvents would introduce a high risk of fire, high levels of solvent loss and potential damage to a wide range of textiles.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,888,250 discloses the use of a binary azeotrope comprised of propylene glycol tertiary butyl ether and water as an environmentally attractive replacement for perchlorethylene in dry cleaning and degreasing processes. While the use of propylene glycol tertiary butyl ether is attractive from an environmental regulatory point of view, its use as disclosed in this invention is in a conventional dry cleaning process using conventional dry cleaning equipment and a conventional evaporative hot air drying cycle. As a result, it has many of the same disadvantages as conventional dry cleaning processes described above.
Several of the pressurized fluid solvent cleaning methods described in the above patents may lead to recontamination of the substrate and degradation of cleaning efficiency because the contaminated solvent is not continuously purified or removed from the system. Furthermore, pressurized fluid solvent alone is not as effective at removing some types of soil as are conventional cleaning solvents. Consequently, pressurized fluid solvent cleaning methods require individual treatment of stains and heavily soiled areas of textiles, which is a labor-intensive process. Furthermore, systems that utilize pressurized fluid solvents for cleaning are more expensive and complex to manufacture and maintain than conventional cleaning systems. Finally, few if any conventional surfactants can be used effectively in pressurized fluid solvents. The surfactants and additives that can be used in pressurized fluid solvent cleaning systems are much more expensive than those used in conventional cleaning systems.
There thus remains a need for an efficient and economic method and system for cleaning substrates that incorporates the benefits of prior systems, and minimizes the difficulties encountered with each. There also remains a need for a method and system in which the hot air drying time is eliminated, or at least reduced, thereby reducing the wear on the substrate and preventing stains from being permanently set on the substrate.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Cleaning system utilizing an organic cleaning solvent and a pressurized fluid solvent


Optically active 2-sulfonyloxy-1-phenylethanol derivative of formula (II) can be prepared easily and selectively by the method of the present invention using an asymmetric reduction of an α-sulfonyloxy acetophenone compound with a rhodium catalyst having petamethylcyclopentadienyl group and a hydrogen donor, and the compound of formula (II) obtained in the inventive method exhibits a higher e.e. (enantiomer excess) value than that of the products in the conventional methods.

Optically active 2-amino-1-phenylethanol derivatives of formula (I) have been used in the preparations of several agricultural chemicals, medical supplies, fine chemicals and building blocks, and 60 biologically active substances having 2-amino-1-phenylethanol moiety have been identified to date.

Representative examples of drugs containing 2-amino-1-phenylethanol derivatives include blockbuster drugs such as Paroxetine (Paxil, anti-depression agent) and Salmeterol (Seretide, anti-asthma agent) (Chemistry Today (2006), 24, 40); currently available drugs such as Fluoxetin (Prozac), Sotalol (Betapace), Formotero (Foradil) and Fexofenadine (Allegra), which are derived from chiral switches in the pipeline (Nature Rev. Drug Discov. (2002), 1, 753-768); adrenoceptor agonists such as Tulobuterol, Metaproterenol, Fenoterol and Terbutaline; and NR1/2B subtype NMDA receptor antagonists such as Ifenprofil and Eliprodil. Further, there are several candidate drugs having 2-amino-1-phenylethanol moiety under development, which include adrenoceptor agonists such as Albuterol, Calcimimetics, Terbutaline, Ritodrine, Salmeterol, Suloctidil and Synephrine; NR1/2B subtype NMDA receptor antagonists such as CP-101,606 and Ro-25-6981 (Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. (2002), 12, 2615-2619); antidiabetics (U.S. Pat. No. 5,817,689); anti-obesity agents (U.S. Pat. No. 5,817,689 and J. Med. Chem. (1999), 42, 181-201); and anti-depressants (U.S. Pat. No. 4,707,497 and Tetrahedron (2001), 57, 1849-1855).
Generally, the compound of formula (I) is prepared by a conventional method using essential intermediates of formulae (II) to (IV).

wherein, X is a halogen atom such as —Cl and —Br, or a leaving group such as mesyloxy (—OMs) and tosyloxy (—OTs); Y is —NH2, primary or secondary amine, —N3, or —CN; and R is hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, hydroxy, amine, —NO2 or —CF3 substituted in the ortho-, metha- or para-position of the phenyl group.
Accordingly, there have been numerous attempts to develop the preparations of optically active intermediates of formulae (II) to (IV). For example, a number of studies disclosed the methods for preparing the compound of formula (II) or (IV), comprising asymmetric reduction of α-substituted acetophenones using oxazaborolidine catalyst and borane (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. (1998), 37, 1986-2012; Tetrahedron Lett. (1997), 38, 1125-1128; and Tetrahedron Lett. (2001), 42, 8919-8921), asymmetric reduction of α-substituted acetophenones using asymmetric transfer hydrogenation (Org. Lett. (2005), 7, 5489-5491; Org. Lett. (2002), 4, 4373-4376; and Japanese Patent Publication No. 2002-251994); asymmetric reduction of aminoketone using hydrogen at high pressure (J. Am. Chem. Soc. (2000), 122, 6510-6511); synthesis of diol using asymmetric dihydroxylation (Tetraderon: Asymmetry (2004), 15, 3955-3959); asymmetric acylation of α-azidoalcohol using enzymes (Tetraderon: Asymmetry (2004), 15, 3939-3944); or reduction of α-azidoketone using microorganisms (Tetraderon: Asymmetry (2001), 12, 3381-3385; and J. Mol. Cat. B: Enzymatic (2006), 39, 9-12).
Among these methods, the asymmetric reduction of α-substituted acetophenones using oxazaborolidine catalyst and borane is mainly employed in the preparation of the compound of formulae (II) to (IV); however, such method require high cost due to the use of an expensive catalyst in an excess amount, and have the wide fluctuation of the optical activity of the product depending on the substitution of the phenyl moiety, in addition, the reduction is highly sensitive to humidity.
Further, the asymmetric reduction of aminoketone using hydrogen at high pressure can be conducted only when the amino group of aminoketone is disubstituted, it is difficult to derivatize the product thereof, and the hydrogen gas used in the reduction is danger.
Although the asymmetric reduction of α-substituted acetophenones using asymmetric transfer hydrogenation is an effective method for the preparation of the intermediates, α-substituent of acetophenones such as —Cl, —N3 or —CN is known to be harmful to the skin and eyes. Furthermore, it is difficult to apply the method on the mass production due to its poor light stability, and low e.e. (enantiomer excess) value of the product thereof, e.g., α-azido- or α-cyano-acetophenone.

Method for the preparation of optically active 2-sulfonyloxy-1-phenylethanol derivatives

Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology


A superconducting optically reconfigurable device (SORD) wherein predetermined and optically achieved patterns of superconducting material generate Meissner effect magnetic flux to achieve control of physical characteristics in local areas of an adjacent film of electromagnetic energy controlling material. The superconducting material magnetic flux is remembered by way of a cycle wherein selected portions of the material are elevated from the superconducting temperature range through the critical temperature T.sub.c into the non-superconducting state while in the presence of a writing magnetic field and then cooled through the critical temperature T.sub.c to permanently retain the writing magnetic flux in the area of temporary optical warming. The pattern of magnetic flux thusly achieved is coupled to one of several possible electromagnetic energy influencing or controlling materials which also have magnetic flux susceptibility. The magnetically influenced areas of the electromagnetic energy affecting or controlling material can accomplish a variety of controlling operations on the receive electromagnetic energy, these effects including Faraday effect alteration of phase relationships in a left and right circularly polarized spatial light modulator. The magnetic flux affected material may also be a ferrite wherein the Faraday effect steering of radio frequency spectrum energy between ports of a circulator, for example, can be accomplished.

The invention relates to the field of superconducting materials and to thin film geometries of these materials which are pattern alterable through use of controlling optical energy.
The superconducting optically reconfigurable device (SORD), of the present invention, integrates physical processes underlying the electrical superconductivity phenomenon and its magnetic manifestation with the field of optics. The SORD uses the ability of a superconductor to transition from the superconducting to a less conductive state and related magnetic properties changes as its defining mechanism. This transition from the superconducting state to the normal state is dependent upon the breaking up of so-called Cooper pair electrons; one means of accomplishing this breaking up is by the injection of what are termed quasiparticles. Quasiparticle injection can, in fact, be accomplished by various means, however, for present purposes the means of most interest is by optical illumination. For these purposes, similar behavior between high and low temperature superconductors is presumed.
The patent art indicates the presence of considerable activity in the superconducting and other SORD related arts. Included in this activity is the patent of J. H. Boufford et al, U.S. Pat. No. 4,586,062, which teaches the achievement of microcircuits formed of superconducting material, material which when exposed to cryogenic temperatures, provides superconducting regions.
Additionally included in the art is the patent to N. Hayashi et al, U.S. Pat. No. 4,891,355, describing a method for producing a superconducting device by applying a laser beam to a part of the superconducting phase to cause transition from a superconducting to a non-superconducting phase.
Also included is the patent to H. H. Szu, U.S. Pat. No. 4,904,882, describing a superconducting optical switch which is controlled by radiation from a spatial light modulator.
Additionally included in this art is the patent to J. V. Mantese et al, U.S. Pat. No. 4,916,115, teaching the formation of a superconductive device of metallo-organic film which absorbs selective laser light wavelengths.
None of these prior patents, however, teaches the achievement of a reconfigurable superconductive magnetic device as is accomplished in the present invention.

Superconducting optically reconfigurable magnetic device

The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Air Force


An apparatus and method for improving the precision of nanoscale force and/or displacement measurements using electro micro metrology (EMM).

The following listed references are expressly incorporated by reference herein. Throughout the specification, these references are referred to by citing to the numbers in the brackets [#].    [1] Control and System Integration of Micro- and Nano-scale Systems, Report from the National Science Foundation workshop Mar. 29-30, 2004, edited by Benjamin Shapiro, and available at www.isr.umd.edu/CMN-NSFwkshp/WkshpFullReport.pdf    [2] J. V. Clark, Electro Micro-Metrology, Ph.D. dissertation, Fall 2005, U.C. Berkeley.    [3] J. Marshal of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2005, August 2003, www.smalltimes.com/document_display.cfm?document_id=6556    [4] J. Green and D. Krakauer, "New iMEMS Angular Rate-Sensing Gyroscope," Analog Dialogue, 37-03, 2003, Analog Devices, Inc., available at www.analog.com/library/analogDialogue/archives/37-03/gyro.html
The present invention relates to an apparatus and method for improving the precision of nanoscale force-displacement measurements. Nanotechnology has great potential for being used to create new and improved medicines, materials, sensors, and devices through molecular-scale engineering [1]. The rate of such advancements depends on our ability to understand nanoscale phenomena. Therefore, with increasing interest in nanotechnology to improve the quality of our lives, there has been increasing interest in force-displacement measurements to improve our understanding of nanoscale phenomena.
Large uncertainties exist in conventional measurement tools which cause a bottleneck to technological advancements [1]. For instance, large uncertainties make it difficult to: 1) resolve important subtleties during the research phase; 2) verify or develop predictive models during the design phase; and 3) develop testing standards for the commerce phase. For example, most measurement tools only yield about two significant digits of accuracy. It is often quite difficult to match the mathematical physics of a simulation with an experiment when the experiment has such large relative error. Due to these large uncertainties, the industry has been slow to develop a consensus on the methods or the tools that are used to measure geometric properties, dynamic properties and material properties at the micro and nano-scale.
When engineering such micro and nano-scale systems, adequate computer aided design/engineering tools and metrology tools are needed. Metrology is the science of measurement. Scientists may discover a new nano-scale phenomenon and then try to exploit properties of the discovered phenomenon. The next step is understanding the discovered phenomenon. Scientists do this by developing a theory based on the physics that they understand at the time. Then, scientists try to match the theory with experiment. The next step is to build computer-efficient models of a phenomenon. Parameters are from metrology. The next step is to assemble the models developed into a system level simulation to try to predict the outcome of a new device. Often times, discovery which leads to an invention is made at this step. The next step is realization and finally, verification where metrology is used once again to see how well simulation has predicted reality. Metrology is used throughout this process which indicates its importance.
Two illustrative types of metrology are displacement and force. One of the most important nanoscale tools is the atomic force microscope (AFM), which is used to measure forces on the order of tens of piconewtons (similar to the force necessary to rupture DNA), used as a positioner, and used to measure displacements on the order of tenths of nanometers (similar to the size of atoms). However, precise calibration of the AFM has been difficult (˜1-15% precision [2]). The AFM is not sensitive enough to precisely characterize more subtle phenomena such as the van der Waals forces involved in protein folding (˜10−12 N), the quantum vacuum forces involved in the Casimir effect (˜10−13 N), or the Langevin forces involved in Brownian motion of bacterium (˜10−14 N). Currently, subtle nanoscale phenomena are beyond precise verification and characterization, or possibly worse, beyond discovery.
When measuring force, a conventional mass balance can measure forces to a level of about a micro-Newton (10−6 N), which is illustratively equivalent to solar radiation per m2 near earth. A conventional AFM can measure forces to a level of about a hundredth of a nano-Newton, illustratively the gravitational force between two 1 kg masses 1 m apart (10−11 N). The improved force sensor of the present invention using the EMM calibration method can measure forces to a level of a pico-Newton, illustratively the light pressure of a 1 mW laser pointer or the forces due to protein folding, or even less in the range of 10−13 N to 10−16 N.
The range of force precision is illustratively from micronewtons to femptonewtons.
The atomic force microscope or AFM is the most popular nanoscale force detection tools used today. It consists of a cantilever, a very sharp probe tip and a laser beam which reflects off of the end of the cantilever onto a photodiode. Interaction forces between the tip and the target surface cause the cantilever to deflect. That small deflection is amplified by the reflecting laser light onto the photodiode which is used to measure that deflection. Knowing the deflection and knowing the stiffness of the cantilever allows one to measure force. The resolution of force of an AFM is on the order of 10 pico-Newtons. The AFM is also used as a positioner with a resolution of about a nano-meter.
Components of an AFM system include a cantilever, a laser diode, a mirror, a position sensitive photodetector, a feedback loop, piezoelectric scanner to move the sample, and a computer which performs the data acquisition, display and analysis.
There are many ways to calibrate the AFM cantilever. Three of the most popular are the thermal method, the added mass method and the unload resonance technique. There is no calibration standard and most conventional calibration methods yield about 1-15% uncertainty.
The illustrated apparatus and method of the present invention significantly increases the ability of scientists and engineers to sense and actuate at the nanoscale by several orders of magnitude. The present apparatus and method may benefit branches of biology, physics, chemistry, and engineering.
The present calibration system and method uses Electro Micro-Metrology (EMM) techniques, which are substantially more precise and practical than convention. Precise geometric, dynamic, and material properties at the micro/nanoscale can be extracted using electronic measurands. This is based on leveraging the sensitive electrical-mechanical coupling of Microsystems to measure and characterize themselves.
In one illustrated embodiment, the present invention provides an on-chip, self-characterization method that differs from conventional metrology methods, which adapt macroscale tools and techniques to the micro/nanoscale, and which do not precisely determine the geometry and material properties due to process variation. EMM has several benefits over conventional methods as follows: 1) EMM does not rely on unconfirmed geometrical and material properties; 2) A multitude of properties can be extracted; 3) Uncertainties are much smaller and well-characterized, i.e. much more than two significant digits are attainable; 4) EMM measurements are performance-based and may lead to micro/nanoscale testing standards; 5) EMM's precision is reliable and repeatable; 6) EMM is nondestructive; 7) EMM is low cost; 8) The apparatus is small, lightweight, and portable; 9) It is automatable and amenable to industrial batch processing; 10) EMM is low-power; 11) EMM can be calibrated after packing, after a harsh environmental change, or after long-term dormancy; 12) The measurements are local; 13) Only a few test structures and a small amount of chip real estate are required; and 14) EMM is easier to use and measurements can be performed more quickly than convention.
Electro Micro Metrology (EMM) methods allow extraction of geometric, dynamic and material properties solely as functions of electrical measurands such as change of capacitance, change in voltage and/or change in frequency.
Geometric properties include:                1. Overetch        2. Sidewall angle        3. Gap spacing        4. Beam length        5. Area        6. Layer thickness        7. Beam width        8. Elongation        9. Comb finger offset        10. Etch hole
Dynamic properties illustratively include:                1. Comb drive force        2. Displacement        3. System stiffness        4. Damping factor        5. Natural frequency        6. System mass        7. System damping        8. Velocity resonance        9. Displacement Amplitude        10. Quality factor
Material properties illustratively include:                1. Base compliance        2. Webbing stiffness        3. Beam stiffness        4. System modulus        5. Shear modulus        6. Poisson's ratio        7. Strain        8. Stress        9. Material density        10. Material Young's Modulus
In an illustrated embodiment of the present invention, a method is provided for improving precision of a nano-scale sensor. The method comprises fabricating a sensor on an integrated circuit chip, the sensor having at least one unknown property due to a fabrication process, determining the at least one unknown property of the sensor as a function of at least one electrical measurand associated with the sensor, precisely measuring the electrical measurand associated with the sensor, calculating the at least one unknown property of the sensor based upon the precisely measured electrical measurand, and using the at least one calculated property of the sensor to improve precision of the sensor.
In another illustrated embodiment of the present invention, a self-calibrating apparatus comprises a primary device fabricated on an integrated circuit chip. The primary device has at least one unknown property due to a fabrication process of the integrated circuit chip. The apparatus also comprises a test structure fabricated on the same integrated circuit chip as the primary device. The test structure has the same material properties as the primary device so that the test structure also has the same at least one unknown property as the primary device. The apparatus further comprises a electrical measurand sensor configured to measure an electrical measurand of the test structure, and a controller coupled to the primary device and electrical measurand sensor. The controller includes means for calculating the at least one unknown property of the test structure based on the measured electrical measurand. The controller uses the calculated at least one unknown property to calibrate the primary device.
In an exemplary embodiment, the electrical measurand sensor is fabricated on the same chip as the primary device and the test structure. The controller may also fabricated on the same chip as the primary device, the test structure, and the electrical measurand sensor. Illustratively, the at least one unknown property may comprises at least one of Young's modulus, density, stress, stain gradient, a geometrical error, viscosity, and stiffness.
In yet another illustrated embodiment of the present invention, an atomic force microscope having three degrees of freedom of movement comprises first and second anchors rigidly coupled to a substrate, first and second flexures coupled to the first and second anchors, respectively, a first plate coupled to the first flexure, a first drive actuator coupled to the first plate, and an electrode coupled to the first plate. The atomic force microscope further comprises a second plate coupled to the first plate by a third flexure, a third plate coupled to the first plate by at least one structures, the third plate also being coupled to the second anchor by the second flexure, a second drive actuator located between the second and third plates, and a probe tip coupled to the second plate. The first and second flexures and the first drive actuator provide a first degree of freedom, the electrode provides a second degree of freedom, and the third flexure and the second drive actuator provide a third degree of freedom.
The above-mentioned and other features of this invention, and the manner of attaining them, will become more apparent and the invention itself will be better understood by reference to the following description of illustrated embodiments of the invention taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

System and method for improving the precision of nanoscale force and displacement measurements


A network processor provides for buffer allocation in a manner supporting virtual machines. Each memory allocation request is associated with an aura and a pool, which can be assigned to distinct virtual functions. When parsing a request, lookup tables for the auras and pools are generated and expanded as needed to accommodate any number of concurrent functions. Based on the identified pool of the request, a corresponding stack of pointers is accessed, and a pointer is returned to enable access to the memory.

The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model defines seven network protocol layers (L1-L7) used to communicate over a transmission medium. The upper layers (L4-L7) represent end-to-end communications and the lower layers (L1-L3) represent local communications.
Networking application-aware systems operate to process, filter and switch a range of L3 to L7 network protocol layers, for example, L7 network protocol layers such as, HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), and L4 network protocol layers such as Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). In addition to processing the network protocol layers, the networking application aware systems need to simultaneously secure these protocols with access and content based security through L4-L7 network protocol layers including Firewall, Virtual Private Network (VPN), Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), Intrusion Detection System (IDS), Internet Protocol Security (IPsec), Anti-Virus (AV) and Anti-Spam functionality at wire-speed. IPsec, in particular, is a framework of standards for providing secure communications over IP networks through the use of cryptographic security services. IPsec supports network-level peer authentication, data integrity, authentication of data origin, data encryption, and replay protection.
Improving the efficiency and security of network operation in today's Internet world remains an ultimate goal for Internet users. Access control, traffic engineering, intrusion detection, and many other network services require the discrimination of packets based on multiple fields of packet headers, which is called packet classification.
Typical network processors schedule and queue work such as packet processing operations for upper level network protocols, and allow processing with respect to upper level network protocols (e.g., transport and application layers) in received packets before forwarding the packets to connected devices. The functions typically performed by network processors include packet filtering, queue management and priority, quality of service enforcement, and access control. By employing features specific to processing packet data, network processors can optimize an interface of a networked device.

Buffer allocation with memory-based configuration


The present invention provides a pay-out and take-up device for a tightener in the mechanical field. The pay-out and take-up device of the invention includes a casing fixedly connected to the side of the holder and a worm, a worm axis and a worm wheel set within the casing, in which the worm wheel is fixedly connected to the extension end of the belt axis, and the worm axis is provided on the side of the worm wheel and could move in the axial direction thereof within the casing, and the worm is covered on the worm axis and fixedly connected to the worm axis. A guide mechanism is placed between the casing and the worm or between the casing and the worm axis, in which the worm axis could move in the axial direction thereof when the worm axis rotates. The worm axis or the worm could be detached from the guide mechanism when the worm is engaged with the worm wheel. A power mechanism is further provided on the holder. A transmission mechanism is provided between the power mechanism and the worm axis for transmitting the power. The device of the invention has the benefits of simple operation, high binding efficiency and excellent applicability.

1. Field of Invention
The present invention relates to a tightener and a capstan for binding goods during logistics transportation, in particular, to a pay-out and take-up device of a belt axis for the tightener in the mechanical field.
2. Related Art
Goods usually desire to be bound during transportation by automobiles to prevent the goods falling off and colliding with each other to cause loss or damage during travel of the automobiles. Though cords are conventionally directly used to bind the goods, they are work and time consuming and could hardly bind the goods tightly. The tightener is an advanced binding means, the use of which is very popular among drivers due to convenience and safety.
The conventional tightener is made of a holder, a belt axis and a binding strip. The belt axis is connected to the holder and rotatable. The binding strip is wound around the belt axis. A crowbar hole is set on the outer end of the belt axis beyond the holder. The crowbar is inserted into the crowbar hole to turn the crowbar to drive the belt axis to rotate when the goods are to be bound. The problem of such a mechanism lies in that the crowbar needs to be pulled out and reinserted every time it has been rotated some degree, which is work and time consuming and could hardly bind the goods tightly, thereby making the binding process low efficient.
To this end, various kinds of rapid binding devices are designed, such as the tensioner disclosed in China Patent Publication CN101181937A. Said tensioner includes a body in which a rotatable reel is provided. A chain is wound around the reel. A hook is provided on the outer end of the chain. Another hook is fixedly connected to the body. A worm wheel is set on the reel. A worm is further provided within the body which could be turned. The worm is engaged with said worm wheel and the outer end of the worm extends out of the body.
The above two hooks are hung on the goods when the goods are to be bound. Then the worm is turned to drive the worm wheel to rotate. The worm wheel is fixedly connected to the reel, so that the chain is furled once the reel is driven by the worm wheel to rotate, thereby the goods are bound tightly.
Apparently, the goods could be bound through the above-mentioned tensioner with the disadvantage that the binding process is work and time consuming because the worm is turned by the operator. Furthermore, the worm could contact with the worm wheel for the worm is not positioned after it is detached from the worm wheel. The contact of the worm with the worm wheel would make noise during use of the winch, which abrades the worm and the teeth of the worm wheel and reduces the use life. In addition, the parting and engagement of the worm and the worm wheel are totally manually controlled by the operator, causing the tightener inconvenient for use.
Other current tighteners also have the similar problem.

Pay-out and take-up device for tightener

Zhejiang Topsun Logistic Control Co., Ltd.


A system and method for creating a pole support base for the installation of a road-side pole. A mounting head assembly is provided. Support legs extend from the bottom surface of the mounting head assembly and support the mounting head assembly at a predetermined height that can be selectively adjusted. Pole mounts are provided on the top surface of the mounting head assembly that enable the base of a pole to be bolted to the mounting head assembly. A hole is excavated in the place where the pole is to be erected. The mounting head assembly is placed into the hole. The legs support the mounting head assembly within the hole and enable the mounting head assembly to be adjusted for height and levelness. The hole is then filled with poured concrete until at least the legs are submersed.

1. Field of the Invention
In general, the present invention relates to the underground support bases for roadside poles, such as street light poles and sign poles. More particularly, the present invention relates to the structure of such support bases and the methods by which such support bases are created and installed.
2. Description of the Prior Art
There are many poles that stand on the sides of various roadways. Some poles are merely stands that support signs or utility wires above the ground. Other poles, such as poles for street lights, illuminated signs and traffic lights receive underground power cables, therein providing electrical power to the supported signs.
Most every state has standards regarding the size, shape and construction of the support base for roadside poles, especially those that receive power cables. A typical pole base specification requires that the pole base be fabricated from poured concrete in a pier that is about 70 inches deep and 42 inches square. Such dimensions require the pouring of at least two cubic yards of concrete.
Such prior art pole base supports are exemplified in U.S. Pat. No. 3,630,474, to Minor, entitled Breakaway Pole Support And Structure. In the construction of such a prior art pole support base, a large hole must be excavated on the side of a roadway. A large monolithic foundation is then poured into the bottom of the excavated hole. A smaller cement mounting head section is then formed atop the below-grade foundation. The smaller mounting head section extends upwardly from the foundation to a point above grade. The base of a street pole attaches to the top of the mounting head section. Anchor bolts extend from the top of the mounting head section to enable a street pole to be attached to the base support. Furthermore, a conduit protrudes out of the top of the mounting head section so that an electrical cable can be passed into a street pole through the structure of the base support.
In order to properly form such a prior art pole support base, the anchor bolts and the cable conduit must be set in precise positions before they are encased in concrete. If an anchor bolt or cable conduit is misaligned, the pole support base will require repairs before a street pole can be mounted. Typically, such prior art pole bases are manufactured on site along the side of a road. To create such a pole base, a large hole must be excavated. A form is then set into the elevated hole. The anchor bolts and power cable conduit are set into the form using wires and positioning templates. Once the form is constructed and the bolts and conduit set in position, then form is the filled with concrete. The concrete is given time to cure. Finally, the form is broken away from the cured concrete and the remainder of the excavated hole is backfilled with dirt. As can be understood, the forming of a pole support base in such a manner is a very time consuming and labor intensive procedure. Furthermore, should an anchor bolt shift while the form is being filled, the anchor bolt many not align with the mounting holes of the pole being installed. Time consuming repairs must then be performed.
A need therefore exists for a system and method for installing a pole support base that greatly reduces the time and labor needed to set a pole base in place. A need also exists for a new system and method of installing a pole support that ensures that the pole support presents mounting bolts that are properly positioned and level, thereby reducing the need for repairs. These needs are met by the present invention as described and claimed below.

System and method for installing a base for a roadside utility pole


A locking liquid filter assembly is disclosed that prevents an unauthorized user from removing the filter media cartridge after installation. The locking filter assembly includes a head unit for coupling with an inlet conduit for delivering unfiltered process liquid into the filter assembly and an outlet conduit for delivering filtered process liquid from the filter, a head portion that includes a manifold for communicating with the inlet conduit and with the outlet conduit, and a locking assembly coupled to the head portion configured such that when the filter media cartridge is fully engaged with the head portion, the locking assembly engages with the filter media cartridge to prevent filter media removal.

The invention relates generally to liquid filtration devices. More particularly, the invention relates to a locking liquid filter assembly that prevents an unauthorized user from removing the filter media cartridge.
Commercial vending machines for dispensing liquids such as coffee or soft drinks typically filter the water they use before they are dispensed by passing the supply water through an appropriate filter. Filtering devices are also commonplace in water coolers, ice makers, and consumer appliances such as refrigerators for filtering drinking water and for ice production. Commercial and domestic filtering devices of this type have a limited useful life and require frequent replacement.
The replaceable filters employed in these types of filter assemblies are manufactured in accordance with particular design use specifications and performance parameters provided by the filter manufacturer. In many cases, the filter media used in such filters consists of a proprietary material or is manufactured using a proprietary process. Therefore, the filter manufacturers often recommend that replacement cartridges be purchased from the original equipment provider so as to ensure the integrity and proper operation of the filtering system.
The filter media cartridge used in typical filter assemblies is configured as either a one-piece filter cartridge that contains the filter media in a water-tight shell or a separate filter media element that slides into a water-tight cover. The filter media cartridge is coupled to a filter assembly head which directs a liquid from a supply to flow through the filter media cartridge and out to a destination for use.
However, the ease at which the filter media cartridge may be removed or replaced from a filter assembly creates a situation where tampering may just as easily take place. For filter assemblies that are not enclosed in a secured enclosure, or are exposed due to piping considerations, the filter assemblies may be tampered with. One scenario is where a hooligan removes the filter media cartridge from a filter assembly and causes a flooding situation. Another may be where the filter media cartridge is removed from a filter assembly, contaminated, and then replaced.
To ensure that the correct filter media cartridge is always used in a particular filter assembly installation and to prevent unauthorized removal, a secure filter assembly is desired.


A method of setting a shaping machine includes identifying values for setting parameters, which setting parameters at least partially establish control of controllable components of the shaping machine during the shaping process. A plurality of simulations of the shaping process are performed on the basis of a first parameter and a second parameter. The first parameter describes physical factors of the shaping process. The second parameter is suitable as a basis for at least one of the setting parameters of the shaping machine. The simulation is carried out on the basis of various combinations of values of the first parameter and the second parameter. Values of at least one quality parameter are calculated from results of the simulations for the various combinations of values of the first parameter and the second parameter.

The present invention concerns methods of setting a shaping machine, by which a cyclically proceeding shaping process is carried out.
In particular, the invention concerns methods in which values for setting parameters, which setting parameters at least partially establish control of controllable components like, for example, drives of the shaping machine during the shaping process are identified, performing a plurality of simulations of the shaping process on the basis of at least one first parameter and at least one second parameter, wherein:
a) the at least one first parameter describes physical factors of the shaping process,
b) the at least one second parameter is suitable as a basis for at least one of the setting parameters of the shaping machine,
c) the simulation is carried out on the basis of various combinations of values of the at least one first parameter and the at least one second parameter,
d) values of at least one quality parameter are calculated from results of the simulations for the various combinations of values of the at least one first parameter and the at least one second parameter, and
e) a shaping machine 1 is provided (such as that shown in FIG. 3).
In that respect, shaping machines can be, for example, injection molding machines, injection presses, presses, and the like. Shaping processes similarly follow that terminology.
Hereinafter, the state of the art is set forth in relation to injection molding machines (for brevity "IMM") and injection molding processes (for brevity "IM processes"). The conclusions, however, apply more generally to shaping machines and processes.
Experimental Procedure for Machine Setting
Nowadays, like also 30 years ago, setting of an injection molding machine is effected by setting individual setting parameters by hand in the machine control. Many assistance systems are in use in order to support the operator during the setting operation. In general, the stepwise procedure involving a trial-and-fail approach or a one-parameter-at-a-time approach is still current. The success of that procedure is heavily dependent on the experience and the skill of the respective operator. Expert knowledge which is available in software-implemented form or in printed guidebooks can be helpful in finding a working point which leads to plastic products of adequate quality. Optimization of the injection molding process can also be assisted by the art of statistical test planning. A purely experimental method leads to acceptable processes. However these are often not particularly robust in relation to disturbance influences, and at best form one of many local optima in a comparatively large parameter range.
Simulations for Machine Setting
Pure simulation of injection molding processes and implementation of process optimization operations which are carried out by test planning, with subsequent transfer of setting parameters into the IMM control are state of the art. It is also state of the art to find by simulations ranges of setting parameters (process windows), within which a process delivers products enjoying properties within predetermined tolerances. Terms like "virtual molding" or "virtual tool sampling" are in circulation.
By virtue of the complication and expenditure linked thereto, however, the availability of suitable software and trained personnel simulations for the purpose of, and in the forefront of, tool sampling do not yet appear to have become established in practice. Software providers, however, advertise the advantages of a holistic approach from component design by tool construction to series production. Besides the pure cavities in that respect, the rest of the IM process including sprue system and temperature conditioning is also involved. Accordingly, the aim is to make it possible to determine at least the necessary machine capability, estimate a rough working point, and analyze in advance influences or tendencies of various parameters. In general, the real machine behaviour together with slacknesses and reaction times are not taken into consideration, but in many cases various parameters are varied only within certain close limits of a respective IMM model.
By virtue of the ongoing developments in powerful computers, improvements in the computation methods like, for example, the finite element method (FEM), and refinements in the underlying process models, process simulations can in the meantime supply realistic results in principle, provided that the boundary conditions in the simulation were correctly selected. In practice, the results obtained by simulation, and thus "offline" optimization operations carried out regularly, markedly differ from reality in a process-determining relationship.
The non-ideality of environment, machine, tool, regulation, or material in general makes it difficult to determine a robust process window for the injection molding process or indeed a suitable optimum working point.
EP 1 253 492 A2 discloses a method of determining properties of an injection-molded part, wherein neuronal networks and mathematically analytical methods are used.
EP 2 539 785 A1 discloses a method of regulating an injection molding process using data from preceding cycles to modify process setting parameters in such a way as to give improved quality features in respect of the parts produced.
U.S. Pat. No. 2,006,282 186 A1 discloses a method of optimizing a process, wherein by simulations a plurality of solutions for the process are calculated and in a separate method step those solutions are adopted, which are closest to an optimum value for certain parameters.
EP 0 747 198 A2 involves optimization of an injection molding process, wherein respective closure-side and injection-side settings are optimized separately with the assistance of databanks.
U.S. Pat. No. 2,002,188 375 A1 discloses a method using "computer assisted engineering" (CAE) in order to optimize process settings iteratively.
EP 0 368 300 A2 discloses a method in which simulation of a shaping process and a real shaping process ate alternately carried out, the simulation being adapted in each case by means of results from the real test.
DE 10 2015 107 024 B3 discloses a method in which an injection operation of an injection molding process is simulated and virtual results are compared to real-measured event patterns.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,197 A discloses a method of controlling an injection molding process, wherein so-called pvT (pressure-volume-temperature) optimization is carried out, with observation of viscosity.
DE 10 2013 008 245 A1 discloses a method of operating an injection molding machine with a control in which expert knowledge about operation of the injection molding machine and its possibly present peripheral devices and the production of injected parts in the injection molding procedure is stored.
EP 2 679 376 discloses a method wherein simulations of injection molding processes are carried out in a cloud server and stored in a cloud memory.
Method are therefore required which make it possible to make the items of information obtained by simulation useable in the real shaping machine process.
Hitherto, it was usual during a sampling operation that an operator performs injection molding trials and assesses the products in the accustomed fashion (in regard to filling degree, distortion and so forth). In the normal case, the operator re-adjusts machine parameters until the resulting moldings are of a quality within predetermined tolerances. Optical appraisal of the components can be supplemented by consideration of signal patterns from included sensor systems, measuring of critical component dimensions, or weighing the component masses.
Hitherto, it has been the general practice that an operator predominantly uses his experience in dealing with shaping machines (for example IMMs) in order to solve problems which occur. Additional reference to technical literature and guidebooks can be helpful in that respect. Those aids frequently contain errors which occur, list possible causes and propose procedures for eliminating the same.
It would often be helpful to be able to understand the process implementation or to be able to look into the mold during the filling operation. That is generally not possible by virtue of the nature of the process. Only finished products outside the tool can be appraised. Pressure and temperature sensors can supply only locally limited information about the process. Measurements are often falsified on the basis of the methodology used (systematic errors). In regard to filling problems, partial fillings and so-called filling studies could be carried out. However, these can be time-intensive and expensive (in particular when dealing with large components). Partial fillings are also often linked to problems, for example, in regard to de-moldability.


A method of transmitting control information includes dividing frequency bandwidth into ranges to which the same PMI (precoding matrix index) is applied, obtaining multiple antenna information by the range to which the same PMI is applied and transmitting the multiple antenna information. Since multiple antenna information is transmitted by the unit of a range to which the same PMI is applied, radio resources allocated for transmitting the multiple antenna information may be reduced, thereby enhancing data transmission efficiency.

A Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (hereinafter, referred to as MIMO) system refers to a system for improving data transmission and receive efficiency using multiple transmit antenna and multiple receive antenna. The MIMO technique includes spatial diversity and spatial multiplexing. The spatial diversity is a technique for improving transmission reliability by transmitting the same data through multiple transmit antenna. The spatial multiplexing is a technique for transmitting data in a high speed without increasing bandwidth of a system by transmitting different data through multiple transmit antenna. The spatial diversity and the spatial multiplexing may be combination.
Generally, a base station provides services to a plurality of user equipments in one or more cells. The base station schedules and transmits user data for the plurality of user equipments. At this time, the base station also schedules and transmits control information so that the user equipments may find and process the user data. A channel on which the user data is loaded is referred to as a data channel, and a channel on which the control information is loaded is referred to as a control channel. The user equipment decodes the user data on the data channel using the control information on the control channel.
In a MIMO system, control information includes information related to MIMO information and is transfers to to the user equipment on the control channel. The user equipment decodes the user data transmitted through multiple antenna using the control information. For example, the base station modulates the control information in Quadrature-Phase Shift Keying (QPSK), encodes the control information at a coding Rate such as ⅔, and transmits the coded control information. The user equipment blind-detects and decodes the control information using the coding rate ⅔. The blind-detecting technique is a method of decoding given data until the user equipment finds its data when the user equipment does not know whether the data transmitted from the base station is its data. Considering the amount of operation, the blind-detecting technique is allowed when the number of information bits related to MIMO is fixed.
However, the MIMO technique may be modified in a variety of ways to be applied, and the number of information bits related to MIMO information may be diversely changed. So it may be inefficient if radio resources for the MIMO information occupies in amount of maximum number of information bits. For example, when user data is transmitted without applying codebook-based precoding, some of radio resources assigned for a precoding matrix index (PMI) which is one of the MIMO information can be useless.
A method is sought for efficiently transmitting the MIMO information.

Method for transmitting control information in multiple antenna system


A compressor having a cam plate disposed in a crank chamber and mounted on a drive shaft. The cam plate is tiltable between a maximum inclined angle position and a minimum inclined angle position with respect to a plane perpendicular to an axis of the drive shaft according to a differential pressure in the crank chamber and in a cylinder bore. The cam plate varies the stroke of a piston based on an inclination thereof to control the displacement of the compressor. A supply passage connects a discharge chamber with the crank chamber to deliver the gas from the discharge chamber to the crank chamber. The supply passage has an inlet that is open in the discharge chamber. A control valve is disposed midway on the supply passage. The control valve adjusts the amount of the gas introduced into the crank chamber from the discharge chamber through the supply passage to control the pressure in the crank chamber. A filter is disposed at the inlet of the supply passage to filter the oil. The filter captures foreign matter mixed with the oil when the gas containing the oil is introduced into the supply passage from the discharge chamber.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to variable displacement compressors that are used in vehicle air conditioners. More particularly, the present invention relates to a variable displacement compressor that changes its discharge displacement by adjusting the inclination of a cam plate.
2. Description of the Related Art
Variable displacement compressors typically have a cam plate that is tiltably supported on a rotary shaft. The inclination of the cam plate is controlled based on the difference between the pressure in a crank chamber and the pressure in cylinder bores. The stroke of each piston is varied by the inclination of the cam plate. The crank chamber is communicated with a discharge chamber by a supply passage. A displacement control valve is located midway in the supply passage. The displacement control valve controls the amount of refrigerant gas introduced into the crank chamber from the discharge chamber.
Opening the control valve allows refrigerant gas to flow into the crank chamber from the discharge chamber via the supply passage. This increases the pressure in the crank chamber, thereby increasing the difference between the pressure in the crank chamber and the pressure in the cylinder bores. This minimizes the inclination of the cam plate. Accordingly, the displacement of the compressor becomes minimized. On the other hand, closing the control valve stops the flow of refrigerant gas from the discharge chamber to the crank chamber. This reduces the pressure in the crank chamber, thereby decreasing the difference between the pressure in the crank chamber and the pressure in the cylinder bores. This maximizes the inclination of the cam plate. Accordingly, the displacement of the compressor becomes maximized.
During operation, sliding parts in compressors often abrade one another and thus generate metal powder. High temperature and pressure accompanying gas compression often carbonize lubricant, thereby generating carbide in the compressor. In many variable displacement compressors, a control valve located midway in a supply passage includes an aperture that opens and closes for selectively allowing and stopping the flow of refrigerant gas. The cross-sectional area of the aperture is extremely small. Refrigerant gas passing through the opening of the valve contains lubricant oil. Therefore, if foreign matter such as metal powder and carbide is mixed with the lubricant oil, the foreign matter may choke the aperture. The choked aperture disables the displacement control by the control valve.
Variable displacement compressors often have a rotary shaft directly connected to an external drive source such as an engine without a clutch located in-between. In this clutchless system, when the control valve is opened such that the compressor operates at the minimum displacement, refrigerant gas flow from an external refrigerant circuit into the compressor is stopped. However, refrigerant gas continues to circulate within the compressor. Lubricant oil contained in the refrigerant gas also circulates within the compressor and is not discharged to the external refrigerant circuit. Therefore, if foreign matter is mixed with the lubricant oil, the circulation of the lubricant oil abrades sliding parts in the compressor. Further, if foreign matter chokes the aperture of the control valve, the compressor continuously operates at a large displacement even when cooling is not needed. That is, the air conditioner becomes uncontrollable.
In order to solve the above drawback, some variable displacement compressors are equipped with a filter at the inlet of the control valve. The filter filters out foreign matter such as metal powder and carbide mixed with lubricant oil in refrigerant gas when the gas flows from the supply passage to the control valve.
If the filter is choked with foreign matter, the flow of refrigerant gas in the supply passage will be restricted, and the displacement of the compressor cannot be accurately controlled. Therefore, foreign matter accumulated on the filter needs to be removed. However, since the filter is located at the inlet of the control valve located midway in the supply passage, the control valve needs to be detached from the compressor in order to remove foreign matter from the filter. This makes filter cleaning burdensome. Also, since the supply passage is narrowly formed, foreign matter is likely to accumulate on the filter.

Oil mist filter in a variable displacement compressor

Kabushiki Kaisha Toyoda Jidoshokki Seisakusho


A semiconductor memory device includes transistors, each including a first-conductivity-type semiconductor layer formed on a semiconductor substrate via a first insulating film, a second-conductivity-type source/drain regions formed in the semiconductor layer, a first-conductivity-type body region formed between the source region and the drain region in the semiconductor layer, the body region being electrically floating, and a gate electrode formed on a surface of a central portion of the body region via a second insulating film. In a section along a word line, which connects the gate electrodes together, a length of a boundary between the central portion of the body region and the second insulating film is smaller than a length of a boundary between the body region and the first insulating film. A second-conductivity-type counter impurity is doped in a surface portion of the central portion of the body region on which the second insulating film is formed.

The present invention relates to a semiconductor device and a method of fabricating the same.
Semiconductor memories such as DRAMs are more and more down-scaled in recent years. 1T-1C (1 Transistor-1 Capacitor) type DRAM, however, needs a certain area for the capacitor to ensure a storage capacitance of the capacitor. This limits the degree of down-scaling of the 1T-1C DRAM.
Also, since a capacitor must be formed in the 1T-1C DRAM, the fabrication process complicates, and the cost increases.
To solve these problems, a technique which forms a DRAM on an SOI (Silicon On Insulator) substrate is developed. For example, patent reference 1 or 2 (to be described later) discloses a DRAM formed by using an FBC (Floating Body Cell). The FBC is a memory cell formed by one transistor by using an SOI substrate.
This FBC is formed as a MOS transistor on an SOI substrate. A source region, drain region, and body region are formed in an SOI layer. The body region sandwiched between the source and drain regions is electrically floating, and data can be stored by charging or discharging this region.
In the FBC as described above, the data holding time prolongs and the yield increases as the capacitance between the body region and a fixed-potential element such as a support substrate increases.
In an FBC shown in FIG. 32 of patent reference 1, the capacitance between the body region and the support substrate is increased by using an SOI substrate having a thin buried oxide film (to be referred to as a BOX layer hereinafter).
On the other hand, in an FBC shown in FIG. 25 of patent reference 1, a back gate electrode is formed in a thick BOX layer to increase the capacitance between the body region and this back gate electrode.
Unfortunately, even when these structures are used, it is difficult to form an FBC having a sufficiently long data holding time and high yield.
References disclosing the conventional semiconductor memories are as follows.
1: Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2002-246571
2: Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2002-343886

Floating body-type DRAM cell with increased capacitance


An apparatus for measuring linear distances comprising a wheel to be rolled along a surface to be measured, wherein the wheel comprises a plurality of incremental line markers to facilitate measurement of selected intervals, and wherein the wheel is maintained within a housing dimensioned and configured to measure sizes and angles most often encountered during framing.

In the construction industry, proper frame construction depends in large part on regular and uniform spacing of studs, joists, rafters and trusses at standard intervals. As such, it is frequently necessary to measure fixed/predetermined intervals or repetitive distances to ensure proper placement of building components along a workpiece.
Traditional measuring devices include calibrated sticks, such as rulers, yardsticks or folding rulers, or flexible measuring devices, such as tape measures or steel tapes. Although calibrated sticks are useful and accurate, such devices are inconvenient to transport and often cumbersome to operate, as the fixed length of such devices require multiple sticks to be laid end-to-end to measure relatively lengthy distances and/or a single stick to be laid out multiple times. For the most part, problems associated with calibrated sticks are often solved by utilizing tape measures and/or other flexible measuring devices. Despite the recognized advantages of such flexible measuring devices, the process of laying out a tape measure along a workpiece and marking the workpiece at predetermined intervals can be a tedious and time-consuming process. Moreover, tape measures typically contain a spring-return feature that makes release of the tape difficult, and often makes layout of the tape cumbersome and even dangerous through unexpected flyback or spring-return of the tape. Furthermore, if the tape cannot be secured to one end of the workpiece, two hands must be utilized to hold the tape, thus making it extremely difficult to measure and mark distances, especially when working off scaffolding, ladders or roofs.
Therefore, it is readily apparent that there is a need for a versatile measuring device that can be easily and quickly utilized to accurately measure linear distances. With regard to frame construction, there is also a need for such a device that provides straight edges and gauging blocks for measuring sizes and angles most often encountered during the framing process.


A mounting system is provided for mounting an electrical connector assembly to an appropriate support structure. The system includes a frame, and an elongated mounting post projecting therefrom for insertion into a mounting hole in the support structure. The post includes a plurality of rigid crush ribs extending lengthwise of the post and spaced from each other circumferentially about a major side of the post. A flexible arm extends lengthwise of the post on an opposite side thereof.

Generally, electrical connectors typically include a housing mounting a plurality of electrically conductive terminals therein. The housing usually is fabricated of nonconductive material and may be partly or entirely molded from plastic. The housing includes a mating end with structure that permits mating and unmating with a second electrical connector. The second electrical connector may be mounted to wires, a cable, a circuit board or other electrical lead means.
Often, electrical connectors are mounted in a panel or other appropriate support structure, the panel may be mountable in an aperture in the support structure. Many prior art connectors of this general type include separate means for achieving secure mounting of the connector to the support structure. For example, separate retaining means, such as bolts, clips or the like rigidly secure the connector housing to the support structure. Integral latches also have been used to avoid the need for separate retaining means. The latches typically are molded integrally with the connector housing to reduce costs, to facilitate assembly and to avoid inventory control problems.
On the other hand, many electrical connectors are employed in blind mating environments wherein precise alignment of the connectors during mating cannot always be assured. For example, an electrical connector mounted to a panel or other appropriate support structure may be disposed at a relatively inaccessible location in an automobile or other vehicle. Even if the connector location is not actually inaccessible, it often is desirable to provide for a degree of relative movement between the electrical connector and its support structure during mating with the second electrical connector. Without such movement, attempts to mate improperly aligned connectors can result in substantial damage to one or both connectors and/or to the fragile electrically conductive terminals mounted therein, thereby resulting in a poor quality electrical connection or no electrical connection at all.
The present invention is directed to providing various features in an electrical connector and its mounting system that improves the manufacturability, the assembly and/or the use of electrical connectors in environments wherein it is desirable to have some degree of movement of the connector relative to its mounting support structure and to facilitate mating the electrical connector to a complementary mating assembly.

Mounting system for an electrical connector assembly


An apparatus, comprising a plurality of closed cells disposed on a surface of a substrate. Each of the closed cells has at least one dimension that is less than about 1 millimeter and are configured to hold a medium therein. The apparatus also comprises a foam that contacts the closed cells. The foam has fluid walls that include a surfactant, and bubbles of the foam layer are filled with the medium.

This section introduces aspects that may be helpful to facilitating a better understanding of the invention. Accordingly, the statements of this section are to be read in this light. The statements of this section are not to be understood as admissions about what is in the prior art or what is not in the prior art.
There is great interest in the use of engineered surfaces to reduce the flow resistance of a liquid on the surface. Some structured surfaces having nanometer- or micron-sized raised features have promise in applications ranging from the transport of a liquid through a channel, to reducing the drag of a vessel traveling through a liquid. However, problems must be overcome before the full benefit of these surfaces can be realized.
One problem is that the flow resistance of a liquid on a structured surface can vary dramatically with the pressure of the liquid. If the pressure of the liquid increases, then the liquid will penetrate to a greater extent into the structured surface, thereby increasing the flow resistance of the liquid on that surface. Alternatively, if the pressure of the liquid decreases, then the liquid will penetrate to a lesser extent into the structured surface, thereby decreasing the flow resistance. Flow resistance can also increase when the diffusion of air out of the liquid is sufficient to form air bubbles on the structured surface. For instance, the formation of air bubbles on a structured surface that is covering the inner surface of a pipe or channel can significantly increase the flow resistance of a liquid by partially blocking the pipe or channel cross-section.
Embodiments of the present invention overcome these deficiencies by providing an apparatus having a structured surface that facilitates formation of a foam that provides improved pressure stability and reduced flow resistance, as well as methods of using and manufacturing such an apparatus.

Closed cell surfaces with enhanced drag-reduction properties


An optoelectronic device and a method of manufacturing the same which the optoelectronic effect such as light emission or light reception can be increased by forming a dual-structural nano dot to enhance the confinement density of electrons and holes are provided. The optoelectronic device comprises an electron injection layer, a nano dot, and a hole injection layer. The nano dot has a dual structure composed of an external nano dot and an internal dot. The method of manufacturing the optoelectronic device comprises the steps of forming an electron injection layer on a semiconductor substrate; growing nano dot layer on the electron injection layer by an epi-growth method; heating the nano dot layer so that the nano dot has a dual structure composed of an external nano dot and an internal nano dot; and forming a hole injection layer on the overall structure.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an optoelectronic device and the method for manufacturing the same and, more particularly, to an optoelectronic device and the method for manufacturing the same, which the optoelectronic effect such as light emission or light reception can be enhanced by forming a dual-structural nano dot to increase the confinement density of electrons and holes.
2. Description of the Prior Art
As application fields of the optoelectronic device, there are a light emitting device, a light receiving device, an optical guide, an optical modulating device, and a spi-LED. Also, as applications using the devices, there are a silicon ULSI, an optical switch, OEIC (Optoelectronic Integrated Circuit) to which optical signals is applied, and an optical computer and a quantum computer circuit to which a solar battery or an optical operation circuit is provided.
Hereinafter, the conventional optoelectronic device using the nano dot will be described with reference to FIG. 1. The general light emitting device has a simple structure which nano dots are formed in silicon or compound semiconductor. In the optoelectronic device in FIG. 1, a hole injection layer 2 is formed on an electron injection layer 1, and the nano dots 6 are formed in hole injection layer 2 near to the interface between the electron injection layer 1 and the hole injection layer 2.
The conventional optoelectronic device has a limitation in that the structures of the energy bands of the nano dot 6 and the electron and bole injection layers 1 and 2 confine carriers. Due to an indirect band gap of the nano dot 6, the efficiency thereof is low. Furthermore, Since the electrons and the holes have not locally confined at the periphery of the nano dots, the carriers are recombined at the interface between the electron injection layer 1 and the hole injection layer 2. It leads the generated light to spread out with undesired wavelength. And, in case where the electron and the hole injection layers are recombined with the indirect transition type, the recombination does not lead to emit the light, so it is transformed into a type of heat energy. Accordingly, the conventional optoelectronic device comes to have a low efficiency, a high leakage current, and low reliability.
To increase the quantum efficiency, the injected minority carriers must be converged to the nano dots when the forward voltage is applied to the PN junction. However, in case where the structure of the energy band of the nano dot is the stagger type, in which the injection and the confinement of the electron and the hole are not accomplished well, the probability of the recombination of the carriers is low. Accordingly, the development of a new device having high quantum efficiency has been required.

Optoelectronic device having dual-structural nano dot and method for manufacturing the same

Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute