An acrylic-polyurethane hybrid sealant composition is provided with desirable physical and mechanical properties such as superior adhesion, tensile strength, rheology and bond strength. In particular, the sealant composition of the invention is formulated with isocyanate modified acrylic polymer The composition includes an acrylic pre-polymer, an isocyante functional monomer, a triacrylate as a cross-linker, and a catalyst. A process for preparing the composition is also provided. The hybrid sealant composition is well suited for sealing and bonding requirements in fabrication of articles such as window glazing, back bedding, construction, aerospace and appliances industries. A hybrid sealant composition is provided that develops adequate adhesion and bond strength equivalent to commercially available sealants when used in sealing and bonding applications and is readily formulated to be self-leveling. Articles so fabricated using the hybrid sealant composition are also provided.

Sealants have been commonly employed for meeting the sealing and bonding requirements in fabrication of windows, doors, recreational vehicle and other manufactured home appliances to reinforce the structural strength of the substrate on which it is applied.
Sealant compositions that are available today are mainly based on mono chemistries like silicone, polyurethane, acrylic, and the like. However, unfortunately, these compositions suffer from a number of disadvantages. For example, many of these sealant compositions are being hygroscopic and may not possess the desired adhesion characteristics, when used in connection with some varied substrates, particularly in high moisture environments. Thus, the commercially available sealants have certain drawbacks such as inadequate shelf life due to hygroscopic nature, limited thermal stability, void formation owing to evolution of carbon dioxide during the curing process, requirement of expensive raw materials, requirement of high temperature, high shrinkage rate and release of acid volatiles which cause cross contamination problems on substrates.
For instance, sealants based on isocyanate-terminated polyurethanes are incompatible for long-term packaging and storage due to their short shelf life, in that i.e., the prepolymers that tend to cure in situ during storage. Also, isocyanate based sealants suffer from the drawback of limited thermal stability. Other commonly employed sealants are based on silicone polymers which are characterized by strong bonding, adhesion and mechanical properties. Silicone sealants generally have desirable properties and yield seals of high quality that perform well under many conditions. Unfortunately, silicone sealants often require expensive raw materials. Also, silicone sealants often do not possess the desired adhesion characteristics when used in connection with certain substrates, particularly in high moisture environments. Further, as many silicone precursors are hygroscopic in nature, silicones tend to form lumps or based on cure clarity, release acidic or basic by product, which corrode or otherwise contaminate the substrate.
Thus, a there is a need for a composition which will materially alleviate the difficulties associated with the traditional sealants and provide superior mechanical and bonding properties with a rapid build of green strength as compared with commercially available sealants. Further, there is a need for a sealant composition that will have adequate shelf life.
Further, there also exists a need for a self-leveling sealant that will flow or "level out" to provide a substantially uniform coating by filling recessions and other minor imperfections in the substrate. Such a self-leveling sealant composition is particularly well suited for application to a substantially horizontal surfaces to seal mechanically fixed joints such that with rapid build of green strength and upon quick curing elastic solid polymeric mass a sealant is created that will meet sealant requirements of window, door, recreational vehicle and other manufactured home appliances.


Disclosed is an air pressure control (APC) device according to an embodiment of the inventive concept. The air pressure control (APC) device may include a processing chamber, a plate for adjusting a pressure in the processing chamber, and an APC valve including first and second step motors for adjusting a height of the plate, and an APC controller that controls the APC valve, and the APC controller may include a first controller that controls positions of the first step motor and the second step motor; and a second controller that compensates for a difference in position between the first step motor and the second step motor.

The inventive concept relates to an air pressure control (APC) device and an APC method. More particularly, the inventive concept relates to a method of controlling a motor to adjust the height of a plate for adjusting a pressure in a chamber.
FIG. 1 is a view for describing a pressure control structure using conventional APC (Air Pressure Control).
According to the conventional APC structure as shown in FIG. 1, a plate, which adjusts a pressure in a chamber, is provided to have a structure that is partially movable while being fixed on one side, so that the chamber pressure needs to be adjusted only through an open area as shown in (b) of FIG. 1, resulting in an imbalance in the chamber, and causing a problem that the efficiency is lowered because the area of the open area is smaller than the area of the plate.
Accordingly, as shown in FIG. 4, a pressure control structure using air pressure control (APC) according to the inventive concept is disclosed. In the case of FIG. 4, there is disclosed an APC system capable of adjusting a position of a plate 20 up and down according to the driving of two step motors 31 and 32. In this case, it is possible to perform control to discharge a pressure in a uniform direction by driving a lift pins 32a disposed between the step motors 31 and 32 and the plate 20. Referring to (b) of FIG. 4, in this example, an open area is provided in a size corresponding to the area of the plate 20, so that pressure control may be performed more efficiently than in the case of FIG. 1.
However, in the case of the embodiment of FIG. 4, a problem occurred in a method for controlling a plurality of step motors.
FIGS. 2 to 3 are diagrams for describing a conventional step motor control method.
A method for controlling a dependent structure-type step motor is described with reference to FIG. 2.
Referring to FIG. 2, in the case of the method for controlling a dependent structure-type step motor, an output from one controller is simultaneously supplied to two step motors to drive the two step motors in a synchronous manner. In such a control method, there is a problem in that there is no way to perform compensation when at least one of the two step motors operates abnormally because it is vulnerable to external factors.
A method for controlling an independent structure-type step motor is described with reference to FIG. 3.
Referring to FIG. 3, in the case of the method for controlling an independent structure-type step motor, there is an advantage in that the final positions of two step motors are at the same position by using two position controllers individually, but positions during the operation of two step motors may be different from each other due to the difference in characteristics of step motors. In this case, a change in a target position needs to be minimized in order to minimize the difference in position between the two step motors during the operation of the motors, which causes a problem of slowing the response speed of an entire valve.
That is, in the case of the conventional method for controlling step motors in a synchronous manner, control is performed in a dependent structure or an independent structure. However, in both structures, there is a problem in that there is no way to compensate for an error in the positions of the two step motors.


A sheet S is stuck on the front surface of a wafer W, and the wafer W is supported on a table 20. A peeling tape T is stuck onto a peripheral portion of the sheet S and the peeling tape T is held by a peeling head 13. The peeling head 13 and the table 20 perform a relative movement along guide rails 25, the table 20 rotates a predetermined angle in clockwise and counterclockwise directions alternately via a swing mechanism 21 thereby peeling off the sheet S from the wafer W accompanying a zigzag movement.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a sheet peeling apparatus and a peeling method, in particular, to a sheet peeling apparatus and a peeling method capable of, when peeling off a protective sheet or the like stuck on an adherend such as a semiconductor wafer, performing the peeling while controlling to reduce a peeling force.
2. Related Art
Conventionally, a semiconductor wafer (hereinafter, simply referred to as "wafer") is stuck with a protective sheet for protecting a circuit surface thereof. The protective sheet is peeled off via a sheet peeling apparatus, for example, after a back grinding processing is carried out on the wafer.
As a sheet peeling method mentioned above, there is known, for example, a method using a sheet peeling apparatus disclosed in a patent document 1. The apparatus is arranged to stick a peeling tape to a protective sheet and wind the peeling tape with a roller thereby peeling off the sheet.
[Patent document 1] Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2004-273527

Sheet peeling apparatus and peeling method


A plurality of blocks is provided in a tread portion and a plurality of sipes is provided in a tread surface of the blocks. In the sipes, protrusions are formed on a first sipe wall surface of mutually opposing sipe wall surfaces and recesses that engage with the protrusions are formed on a second sipe wall surface. Collapsing of the portions of the blocks sandwiched by the sipes is suppressed due to the engaging of the protrusions and the recesses. A height of the protrusions provided on the sipe wall surfaces of the sipes located at the edges in the tire circumferential direction is greater than a height of the protrusions provided on the sipe wall surfaces of the other sipes. Specifically, a force that works to suppress bending deformation increases and collapsing of the portions of the blocks located at the edges in the tire circumferential direction is suppressed.

1. Technical Field
The present technology relates to a pneumatic tire and particularly relates to a pneumatic tire having enhanced tire braking performance on ice.
2. Related Art
Tread patterns in which a plurality of sipes is disposed in a tire pattern in order to enhance braking performance on ice of studless tires are known. Also, in recent years, there has been a tendency toward increasing the number of sipes. However, sipe density is increased as a result of increasing the number of sipes, and while this leads to an increase in the number of edges, it also leads to the problems of the overall rigidity of the block declining and braking performance on ice declining.
Therefore, technology has been proposed in which collapsing of portions of a block that are sandwiched by sipes is suppressed and a decline of block rigidity is suppressed by disposing recesses and protrusions within the sipes (Japanese Patent No. 3180160).
However, in cases where a plurality of blocks are provided in a tread portion by a plurality of vertical grooves extending in the tire circumferential direction and a lateral groove extending in a direction that intersects the tire circumferential direction, and a plurality of sipes spaced in the tire circumferential direction are provided in a tread surface of the blocks, at an area located at edges of the blocks in the tire circumferential direction, a portion of the blocks is partitioned by the sipes and the lateral groove, and at areas other than the edges in the tire circumferential direction, a portion of the blocks is partitioned by adjacent sipes.
Therefore, the portion of the blocks located at the edges in the tire circumferential direction is partitioned by the sipes and a lateral groove having a width greater than that of the sipes, and, compared to portions of blocks located at other areas that are sandwiched by adjacent sipes, these portions only engage with a portion of an adjacent block on one side and, thus, are prone to collapsing.
When there are portions in blocks partitioned by vertical grooves and lateral grooves that are more prone to collapsing than other areas or, rather, when there are portions of the block that collapse more than other areas, it is difficult to enhance the edge effect and enhance braking performance on ice.


Presently known codes have long trains consisting of 2T runs that reduce the performance of the bit detector. By using a code with an RMTR constraint of 2 an improvement in the bit detection is achieved. A code constructed is a systematic way that provides an RMTR constraint of 2 is presented. Several variations of such a code are disclosed where one or more sub-codes are used, where coding states are divided into coding classes and where code words are divided into code word types. Then, for a given sub-code, a code word type t can be concatenated with a code word of the next sub-code if the subsequent code word of the next sub-code belongs to one of coding states of the coding class with index Tmax+1−t.

In the literature of run length limited coding, the Repeated Maximum Transition Run, i.e. RMTR, constraint is often referred to as the MTR constraint. Originally, the maximum transition-run (MTR) constraint as introduced by J. Moon and B. Brickner, in "Maximum transition run codes for data storage systems", IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 32, No. 5, pp. 3992-3994, 1996, (for a d=0 case) specifies the maximum number of consecutive "1"-bits in the NRZ bitstream (where a "1" indicates a transition in the related bi-polar channel bitstream). Equivalently, in the (bi-polar) NRZI bitstream, the MTR constraint limits the number of successive 1T runs. As argued above, the MTR constraint can also be combined with a d-constraint, in which case the MTR constraint limits the number of consecutive minimum runlengths, as is the case for the 17PP code which is used in the Blu-Ray disc (BD) format. The basic idea behind the use of MTR codes is to eliminate the so-called dominant error patterns, that is, those patterns that would cause most of the errors in the partial response maximum likelihood (PRML) sequence detectors used for high density recording. A highly efficient rate 16→17 MTR code limiting the number of consecutive transitions to at most two for d=0 has been described by T. Nishiya, K. Tsukano, T. Hirai, T. Nara, S. Mita, in "Turbo-EEPRML: An EEPRML channel with an error correcting post-processor designed for 16/17 rate quasi MTR code", Proceedings Globecom '98, Sydney, pp. 2706-2711, 1998. Another argument in favor of the RMTR constraint is to limit the back-tracking depth (or trace-back depth) of the Viterbi (PRML) bit-detector. The disclosure of U.S. Pat. No. 5,943,368 aims to encode data into a channel bitstream that prohibits the generation of single-frequency components (which can be a long repetition of (minimum) runlengths).
The RMTR constraint has recently regained some interest in the optical recording community. The ETM-code disclosed in K. Kayanuma, C. Noda and T. Iwanaga, "Eight to Twelve Modulation Code for High Density Optical Disk", Technical Digest ISOM-2003, Nov. 3-7, 2003, Nara, Japan, paper We-F-45, pp. 160-161 has d=1, k=10 and r=5 constraints, this r constraint being just one lower than the RMTR of 17PP. For d=1 and RMTR r=2, the theoretical Shannon capacity amounts to:C(d=1,k=∞,r=2)=0.679286.  (1)
So, a code with rate better than ⅔ is still feasible. For an even more aggressive RMTR constraint r=1, the theoretical Shannon capacity amounts to:C(d=1,k=∞,r=1)=0.650900.  (2)This shows that r=2 is the lowest RMTR constraint that is possible for a code rate not lower than that of the 17PP code.
Recently, in K. A. S. Schouhamer Immink, "Method and Apparatus for Coding Information, Method and Apparatus for Decoding Coded Information, Method of Fabricating a Recording Medium, the Recording Medium and Modulated Signal", PCT Patent WO 02/41500 A1, International Filing Date 11 Nov. 2000, and in K. A. S. Immink, J.-Y. Kim, S.-W. Suh, S. K. Ahn, "Efficient dc-Free RLL Codes for Optical Recording", IEEE Transactions on Communications, Vol. 51, No. 3, pp. 326-331, March 2003, some very efficient d=1 codes were disclosed with a code-rate that is very close to the Shannon capacity for d=1, given by C(d=1, k=∞, r=∞)=0.6942. As an example, a code with a rate of R= 9/13 has been realized, which has a code efficiency
  η  =      R    C  such that 1−η=0.28%. However, these very efficient RLL codes suffer from the absence of an RMTR constraint (r=∞); therefore, the latter 9-to-13 d=1 code cannot yield the practical capacity benefit of 5% (through adapted PRML sequence detection) that is offered by d=1 codes with r=2.
The performance gain due to the RMTR constraint has been studied experimentally for high-density optical recording channels derived from the Blu-ray Disc (BD) system. Experiments have been performed using the increased-density BD rewritable system with the disc capacity increased from the standard 23.3-25-27 GB to 35 GB. PRML (Viterbi) bit detection has been employed.
Performance of the Viterbi bit detector has been measured based on the sequenced amplitude margin (SAM) analysis. In the relevant range of capacities around 35 GB, 1 dB gain in SAMSNR means almost 6% disc capacity increase.
Channel codes with different RMTR constraints have been compared to each other. In order to separate read-channel performance gain due to the imposed RMTR constraint from the corresponding write-channel gain, two different Viterbi bit detectors have been used: one which is aware of the RMTR constraint, and the other which is not. In the second case the performance gain can be attributed solely to the improved spectral content of the data written on the disc (such that it is better matched to the characteristics of the write channel used).
When the 17PP channel code with the RMTR constraint r=6 (as used in the BD system) is employed, SAMSNR of 11.66 dB is achieved for both RMTR-aware and RMTR-unaware bit detectors, i.e. no RMTR-related performance gain is observed in the read channel. When the channel code with r=2 is used, SAMSNR of 12.55 dB and 12.07 dB are achieved for the RMTR-aware and RMTR-unaware bit detectors correspondingly. As one can see, a total RMTR-related SAMSNR increase of about 0.9 dB is gained with respect to the case of r=6, which corresponds with about 5% disc capacity increase.

Coder and a method of coding for codes having a Repeated Maximum Transition Run constraint of 2


A transformer includes a first secondary winding, a second secondary winding, and a third secondary winding. The second secondary winding and the third secondary winding are wound to include the same number of turns and to have opposite magnetic polarities. A low-pass filter includes a second inductor defined by a leakage inductance of the second secondary winding connected in series with the second secondary winding, a second inductor defined by a leakage inductance of the third secondary winding connected in series with the third secondary winding, and a second capacitor. An output voltage is output from an output terminal of the low-pass filter.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an isolated switching power supply apparatus including a compound transformer that includes a plurality of secondary windings and that utilizes a leakage inductance and does not require an external choke coil.
2. Description of the Related Art
An output current smoothing low-pass filter including an external inductor and a smoothing capacitor has typically been used as an isolated switching power supply apparatus. It is known that a leakage inductance caused in a secondary side of a transformer is used in order to decrease an inductance value of the external inductor. Also known is a technique in which the leakage inductance is intentionally increased by reducing the degree of magnetic coupling of the transformer.
In accordance with Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2001-218457, a leakage inductance is intentionally produced by arranging a core gap GAP4 in a core of an isolated transformer T2 as illustrated in FIGS. 1A and 1B, such that an external inductor L is miniaturized.
In accordance with Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2003-533163 as illustrated in FIG. 2, an isolated transformer including a primary winding and a second winding, each having a number of turns N, is provided, and a leakage inductance produced by the isolated transformer is intentionally increased to be used as an inductor L2.
As illustrated in FIG. 3, Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2003-533163 discloses a technique in which a leakage inductance of a tertiary winding 5c of a transformer T1 is increased by low-coupling a primary winding 5a to the tertiary winding 5c so as to eliminate the need for any external inductors.
As illustrated in FIG. 4, Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2007-43858 discloses a technique in which a leakage inductance L1 of a transformer T is used so as to eliminate the need for an external choke coil.
The isolated switching power supply apparatuses described above suffer from a basic problem. More specifically, a leakage inductance of a transformer may be used for an output current smoothing inductor. However, a leakage inductance only has a small inductance value and provides relatively low output current smoothing performance. A large output current ripple results. The output current ripple becomes large particularly when a difference between a voltage produced in a secondary winding during an on period of a primary switching element and a voltage produced in the secondary winding during an off period of the primary switching element increases in response to a change in an on time ratio of the primary switching element in order to control the output voltage.
In addition, in an attempt to increase the value of a leakage inductance, the degree of magnetic coupling of a transformer may be intentionally decreased by arranging an air gap in the core of the transformer. Such an arrangement causes an energy transfer inductance value to be decreased, which leads to a bulky transformer.
Furthermore, if the leakage inductance of the transformer is used, or if a choke coil is used for an external inductor, these components include a magnetic body as a core. A direct-current magnetic flux is produced in the magnetic body in response to an output current. In order to prevent magnetic saturation, the use of a bulky transformer or a bulky choke coil is unavoidable.

Isolated switching power supply apparatus


A method of preventing the formation of dangerous underpressure in a respiratory system,, which comprises a respirator (1) connected to the patient, and a sampling device (11) and a gas analyzer (3) connected thereto, in which method inspired and expired air is aspirated at a predetermined pressure for sampling through the sampling line (7). When an excess underpressure is formed in the gas analyzing unit, the aspiration of the pump (2) is prevented in the respiratory tube (15).

The object of the invention is a method of preventing the formation of dangerous underpressure in a respiratory system.
When the patient is connected to a respirator, a pressure generally prevails which is at least the same as the ambient pressure. During inspiration an overpressure is required to fill the patient's lungs, and the pressure decrease is often even restricted in the expiration phase in order to prevent the collapsing of the patient's lungs, for which is used the term PEEP, Positive End-Expiratory Pressure. The occurrence of underpressure, on the other hand, is exceptional in such a system and is generally considered as injurious. At the worst underpressure can cause absorption of fluid from the tissue to the lungs and lead to permanent injuries. The allowed underpressure is only some centimeters of water.
In connection with respiratory breathing it is nowadays customary to measure the concentrations of gases inspired and expired, especially the carbon dioxide, oxygen and anesthetic gas concentrations. This is generally made by aspirating a small amount of gas, typically about 200 ml/min into a monitor that analyzes the concentrations of the desired gases and displays the result on e.g. a display.
The amount of sample gas taken by the gas monitor is in normal conditions insignificant compared to the respiratory gas amount fed into the system, the so called fresh gas flow, which generally is several liters per minute. Even in extreme cases, when the fresh gas flow is below 1 l/min., when a so called low flow anesthesia is involved, the gas amount discharged from the system can easily be substituted by increasing the fresh gas flow correspondingly.
There are, however, cases when due to human error or equipment failure the gas feed into the system has been interrupted. The gas amount aspirated by the monitor is in such cases not substituted at all, but the monitor aspirates into the respiratory system a growing underpressure, which is limited only by the capability of the pump to generate underpressure, and on the other hand by a possible leakage in the system, which again in itself is not a desired property. The underpressure can, dependent on the gas volume of the system, fairly quickly reach a limit where the patient's safety for the above reasons is jeopardized.
There has been no previous method available to secure the prevention of such an underpressure formation. The gas monitors generally measure the pressure of their own internal sampling system, which in principle is also dependent on the pressure of the patient system. The dependence is, however, not unambiguous, as the difference between these pressures also depends e.g. on the flow resistance in the sampling line. A sudden pressure decrease is generally caused by constriction in the sampling line, wherefore it cannot reliably be used to indicate the pressure prevailing in the patient tube system.
New respirators have usually a built-in airway pressure monitoring, some also provided to alarm when the pressure falls below a preset limit. There are, however, quite many old devices in use which lack these properties. Moreover, it is quite possible that despite monitoring and alarm, the locating of the problem and the repair of the failure take so long that the patient will already suffer from the situation. The ventilator patient tube might also constrict, thus putting the ventilator safety equipment out of function. No means have been provided so far to prevent the occurrence of such a situation.

Method of preventing the formation of a dangerous underpressure in a respiratory system


An optical scanner includes a scanning mechanism controlled to pick up an image from a document passing through a scanning area, a document carrier adapted to carry the document and to move it through the scanning area along a horizontal path spaced from the scanning mechanism at a focal distance for scanning, the document carrier having a document supporting surface covered with an anti-skid pad for holding document, a driving mechanism controlled to reciprocate said document carrier along said horizontal path through the scanning area.

The present invention relates to optical scanners for picking up image of document and converting it into electrical signal, and more particularly to such an optical scanner which uses a sliding box type document carrier to carry document through the scanning area for scanning.
Using a photoelectric element to pick up an image of a document is a well known technique. Regular optical scanners commonly use a photoelectric element to pick up the image of the document, and rollers to carry the document through the scanning area. Carrying the document through scanning area by rollers may cause document to be damaged. If a transparent board is used to hold down the document when the document is moved through the scanning area, light rays from the light source of the scanning mechanism may be distorted. Further, these optical scanners are not practical for scanning documents having an uneven surface.

Optical scanner with sliding box type document carrier


Provided are methods and apparatuses for device-to-device (D2D) communication. The method includes: configuring dedicated subframe(s) according to cellular uplink hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) process(es), the dedicated subframe(s) being used for D2D communication (S302); generating indication signaling according to the configuration of the dedicated subframe(s), wherein the indication signaling is used for indicating the dedicated subframe(s) (S304); and transmitting the indication signaling to user equipment (S306). The technical solutions can ensure the reliability of data transmission and the compatibility of cellular transmission and D2D communication that are performed simultaneously, and improve the user experience.

The cellular communication system enables the reuse of spectrum resources, which brings the flourishing development of the wireless communication technology. In the cellular system, when the service needs to be transmitted between two user equipment (UE), the service data from a user equipment 1 (UE1) to a user equipment 2 (UE2) are firstly transmitted to a base station 1 through an air interface, the base station 1 transmits the service data to a base station 2 via a core network, and the base station 2 transmits the above-mentioned service data to the UE2 through the air interface. The transmission of the service data from the UE2 to the UE1 uses the similar processing flow. FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of cellular communications when the UEs are located in the cell(s) of the same base station according to the related art. As shown in FIG. 1, when the UE1 and the UE2 are located in the cell of the same base station, although the base station 1 and the base station 2 are actually the same station, one data transmission would still consume two sets of wireless spectrum resources.
It can be seen that if the UE1 and the UE2 are located in the same cell and are proximate, then the above-mentioned cellular communication scheme is obviously not the optimal one. However, in fact, with the development tendency of the diversification of mobile communication services, for example, social networks, electronic payment, etc. are applied in the wireless communication system more and more widely, the requirement for the service transmission among users which are close to each other is growing. Therefore, more attention is paid to the device-to-device (D2D) communication. FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a D2D communication system according to the related technologies. As shown in FIG. 2, D2D refers to that the service data are directly transmitted to a destination UE through the air interface by a source UE without being forwarded by a base station. This kind of communication mode is different from the traditional cellular communication mode. For users which are close to each other, D2D not only saves wireless spectrum resources but also reduces the data transmission pressure of the core network.
It can be seen from the above-mentioned analysis that there is an obvious difference between the D2D communication and the traditional cellular communication mode. In another aspect, for the UE, while performing D2D communication, the cellular transmission with a network side also possibly exists, and the design of the system in this case may be more complex. Under this assumption, how to avoid the conflict between the D2D communication and the cellular transmission of the UE also becomes a problem to be considered in the device-to-device communication research.

Device-to-device communication method and apparatus


The present invention relates to a process for the production of a layer composition (10) with an electrically conductive layer (11), comprising the process steps:                a) provision of a substrate (12) with a substrate surface (13);        b) formation of a polymer layer (14) comprising an electrically conductive polymer (15) on at least a part of the substrate surface (13);        c) application of a liquid stabilizer phase, comprising a stabilizer and a liquid phase, to the polymer layer (14) from process step b), wherein the stabilizer phase comprises less than 0.2 wt. %, based on the stabilizer phase, of the electrically conductive polymer,wherein the stabilizer is an aromatic compound with at least two OH groups, and a layer composition (10) and uses thereof.

The present invention relates generally to a process for the production of a layer composition by treatment of electrically conductive polymers with stabilizers, layer compositions and the use of such layer compositions.
Electrically conductive polymers from the class of polypyrroles, polyanilines and polythiophenes are known from the literature. Poly(3,4-alkylenedioxythiophene) dispersions in particular have recently acquired technical importance, since they can be used, for example, for the production of conductive or antistatic coatings (see e.g. EP-A 440 957). In practice, however, it has been found that the electrical conductivity of the coatings from such dispersions is not always sufficiently stable for practical uses at a higher temperature.
EP 1 798 259 A1 and WO 2008/055834 A1 describe that the heat stability of the electrical conductivity of coatings containing polythiophene dispersions can be increased if, for example, derivatives of gallic acid (3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid) are added. Nevertheless, the addition of these stabilizers often leads to the dispersions used becoming unstable. Furthermore, these stabilizers cannot be added to reactive mixtures of monomers and oxidizing agents for the production of conductive coatings, since these stabilizers interfere in the oxidative polymerization, e.g. by complexing with the oxidizing agent.
There therefore continued to be a need for processes for the production of electrically conductive layers from conductive polymers with improved temperature stability and layer compositions comprising these.
One of the main fields of use for electrically conductive layer compositions comprising conductive polymers is solid electrolyte capacitors.
A commercially available electrolyte capacitor as a rule is made of a porous metal electrode, an oxide layer on the metal surface, an electrically conductive material, usually a solid, which is introduced into the porous structure, an outer electrode (contacting), such as e.g. a silver layer, and further electrical contacts and an encapsulation. An electrolyte capacitor which is frequently used is the tantalum electrolyte capacitor, the anode electrode of which is made of the valve metal tantalum, on which a uniform, dielectric layer of tantalum pentoxide has been generated by anodic oxidation (also called "forming"). A liquid or solid electrolyte forms the cathode of the capacitor. Aluminium capacitors in which the anode electrode is made of the valve metal aluminium, on which a uniform, electrically insulating aluminium oxide layer is generated as the dielectric by anodic oxidation, are furthermore frequently employed. Here also, a liquid electrolyte or a solid electrolyte forms the cathode of the capacitor. The aluminium capacitors are usually constructed as wound- or stack-type capacitors.
π-conjugated polymers are particularly suitable as solid electrolytes in the capacitors described above because of their high electrical conductivity. π-conjugated polymers are also called conductive polymers or synthetic metals. They are increasingly gaining economic importance, since polymers have advantages over metals with respect to processability, weight and targeted adjustment of properties by chemical modification. Examples of known π-conjugated polymers are polypyrroles, polythiophenes, polyanilines, polyacetylenes, polyphenylenes and poly(p-phenylene-vinylenes), a particularly important polythiophene used technically being poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), since it has a very high conductivity in its oxidized form.
The solid electrolytes based on conductive polymers can be applied to the oxide layer in various ways and manners. EP-A-0 340 512 thus describes, for example, the preparation of a solid electrolyte from 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene and the use thereof in electrolyte capacitors. According to the teaching of this publication, 3,4-ethylene-dioxythiophene is polymerized on to the oxide layer in situ.
The disadvantage of the production of solid electrolyte capacitors using an in situ polymerization is however, amongst others, the complexity of the process. Thus, a polymerization process which in each case comprises the process steps of impregnation, polymerization and washing as a rule lasts several hours. Under certain circumstances, explosive or toxic solvents must also be employed here. A further disadvantage of the in situ process for the production of solid electrolyte capacitors is that as a rule anions of the oxidizing agent or, where appropriate, other monomeric anions serve as counter-ions for the conductive polymer. Because of their small size, however, these are not bonded to the polymer in a sufficiently stable manner. As a result, diffusion of the counter-ions and therefore an increase in the equivalent series resistance (ESR) of the capacitor may occur, especially at elevated use temperatures of the capacitor. The alternative use of high molecular weight polymeric counter-ions in the chemical in situ polymerization does not lead to sufficiently conductive films and therefore does not lead to low ESR values.
Alternative processes for the preparation of solid electrolytes based on conductive polymers in electrolyte capacitors have therefore been developed in the prior art. Thus, for example, DE-A-10 2005 043828 describes a process for the production of solid electrolytes in capacitors, in which a dispersion comprising the already polymerized thiophene, for example the PEDOT/PSS dispersions known from the prior art, is applied to the oxide layer arid the dispersing agent is then removed by evaporation.
Generally, the object according to the invention was to eliminate or at least mitigate the disadvantages emerging from the prior art.
The object of the present invention was furthermore to provide layer compositions which can be produced easily with conductive polymers and display good properties in capacitors and other uses, such as antistatic layer compositions. Furthermore, a process for the production of these layer compositions which can readily be used commercially, especially in the abovementioned uses, is to be provided.
A further object was to improve the heat stability of such layer compositions, in particular as polymer solid electrolyte capacitors.
Furthermore, an object according to the invention was to provide a layer composition which, in particular as a capacitor, displays advantageous properties, such as an equivalent series resistance (ESR) which increases as little as possible and a dissipation factor which likewise increases just as little, with a capacitance which is as constant as possible. In the case of layers, a lowest possible increase in the surface resistance was to be achieved.
A contribution towards achieving at least one of the abovementioned objects is made by a process for the production of a layer composition with an electrically conductive layer, comprising the process steps:                a) provision of a substrate with a substrate surface;        b) formation of a polymer layer comprising an electrically conductive polymer on at least a part of the substrate surface;        c) application of a liquid stabilizer phase, comprising a stabilizer and a liquid phase, to the polymer layer from process step b), wherein the stabilizer phase contains less than 0.2 wt. %, based on the stabilizer phase, of the electrically conductive polymer,wherein the stabilizer is an aromatic compound having at least two, preferably at least three, further preferably at least four and furthermore preferably at least six OH groups.
It has been found, completely surprisingly, that the application of stabilizers to an electrically conductive polymer layer containing conductive polymers, in particular in capacitors, leads to a significant improvement in the heat stability of the layer or of the capacitor.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Layer compositions with improved electrical parameters comprising PEDOT/PSS and a stabilizer


A camera system includes at least two camera units, wherein each camera unit comprises at least one detection element for detecting an optical signal. At least one of the at least two camera units includes at least one element operative to enable detection of light in at least two different spectral ranges.

In order to use a medical instrument in image-guided surgery, the instrument has to be calibrated, verified and/or validated, i.e., the dimensions, configuration and/or arrangement of the instrument are made known to a navigation system or the like. Otherwise, for example, if the instrument is damaged (e.g., bent), healthy tissue that lies next to tissue to be treated may be impinged by the instrument.
A device and method for calibrating a bent element are known from EP 1 413 258 A1, wherein the bent element is connected to a navigation element, placed onto a calibrating device, and moved while resting on said calibrating device until the element is calibrated.
The navigational calibration of medical instruments or implants is known from EP 1 369 090 A1. A spatial position of the instrument or implant is ascertained by means of a medical navigation system. This enables the relative position of the instrument or implant to be ascertained with respect to anatomical data, wherein the spatial orientation of a multi-dimensionally configured, functional section of the instrument or implant can be ascertained.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,428,547 B1 describes detecting the shape of a treatment device, wherein the treatment device is referenced in a computer-controlled, camera-assisted navigation system by means of a marker array attached to the treatment device. Projections of the treatment device can be detected by means of radiographic images, and, in the navigation system, the shape of the treatment device can be assigned to the projections via the position of the marker array in/on the projections.
A verification method for positions in camera images is known from U.S. Pat. No. 6,724,922 B1.
DE 199 44 516 A1 describes a method for detecting a shape of an object, wherein a camera image of the object is produced and an outline of the object is detected in a first plane by an evaluation unit (which is connected to the camera). The focusing distance of the camera is changed and an outline of the object is detected in a second plane by the evaluation unit. These steps are repeated until a sufficient number of outlines have been detected, such that the spatial shape of the object can be determined.
EP 1 667 067 A1 discloses a method for calibrating an instrument or implant to which at least one marker is attached. The position of the instrument or implant in space can be determined using the at least one marker. Outlines, a view and/or a geometry of the instrument or implant can be optically captured from at least one side and compared with corresponding outlines, views and/or geometries of stored pre-calibration data of the instrument or implant. A determination then can be made whether or not the instrument or implant is calibrated. A device for calibrating an instrument or implant includes a computational unit connected to a memory in which pre-calibration data of the instrument are stored; at least one camera, using which markers attached to the instrument can be captured; and at least one video camera, wherein the at least one camera and the video camera are connected to the computational unit and exhibit a defined positional relationship to each other. The positional relationship can be determined by the computational unit, and the image data of the instrument as captured by the video camera can be evaluated using the instrument position information as captured by the camera, such that said data can be compared with the pre-calibration data.
A system for determining the spatial position of a body is known from WO 99/17133 and WO 99/30182.

Multi-band tracking and calibration system


To complete a CAM operation without requiring manual operations for generating NC data, which enables accurate and rapid machining, through organized integration of each means and increase in the speed to determine conditions. To achieve this, the present invention comprises a shape input means 1 for inputting a shape of a work piece; a machining planning means 2 for planning a machining method of the work piece; an NC data generating means 3 for generating NC data used for machining the work piece; an NC data verifying and editing means 4 for verifying and editing the NC data; and an NC data output means 5 for outputting the NC data, wherein the NC data is integrally generated based on the shape data of the work piece as the work piece successively passes through these means.

Conventionally, mechanical and electrical machining of products using NC data are conducted in various industrial fields. In the mechanical machining, machining operation has been simplified by using, for example, computer-aided simulation in various machining.
In commercially-available conventional CAM systems, operations such as generating and editing of a tool path and converting of NC data can be conducted with computer aid. However, these systems require interactive operations such as determining of machining procedure, tool profile, tooling (a form of a whole tool system including holder and the like), machining mode and cutting conditions that depend on an operator, and even editing of the tool path of the CAM depends on an operator.
Under these circumstances, the present inventors have proposed a method of determining tooling, which is disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open (JP-A) No. 9-179620, and have automated the determination of tooling with computer-aid that allows correction of cutting conditions considering tooling rigidity and the like.
In the mechanical machining, information regarding machining method is determined at proper times, and the present inventors have proposed a method therefor disclosed, for example, in the publication of JP-A No. 11-235646. The determining method disclosed in the publication generates a plurality of candidate process orders, the method comprising: selecting candidate processes in descending order of machining efficiency among a plurality of candidate processes to rapidly determine a machining method with high machining efficiency; seeking, based on the shapes before and after machining, a maximum machining area that can be machined with a selected candidate process; seeking a difference between the maximum machining area and the shape after machining; repeating the selecting of candidate process until the difference becomes within tolerance; arranging the selected candidate processes; and setting the finally selected candidate process as the final process.
In this manner, the method determines a machining method by, for each candidate process order, seeking effective machining time based on machining capabilities, machining amount and loading time of each process; seeking the sum of effective machining time by summing up the effective machining time of each process; and setting a candidate process order with the shortest sum of effective machining time as the machining method. This method has a great effect in that the machining time is reduced.
In NC machining, however, demand for a further improved machining accuracy and workability is increasing. Even if a conventional NC machining system is computer-aided and employs an NC machining simulator and a commercially-available CAM, the system requires an operator to perform staged operations. That is, the conventional system requires cogitation of a skilled operator in determination of machining procedure, tool profile, tooling (a form of a whole tool system including holder and the like), machining mode, cutting conditions, and the like. The conventional system also requires correction of cutting conditions, and the like, at the final stage of establishing conditions after a commercially-available CAM is used. Thus, it is difficult to reduce time in establishing conditions in the conventional system. For more complicated machining, such as machining a work piece having especially complex profile, a larger number of cutting conditions must be corrected and problems in machining accuracy and machining speed remain unsolved.
The present invention has been devised to solve these problems and an object of the present invention is to improve machining accuracy and operation speed by automating determination of machining procedure, tool profile, tooling (a form of a whole tool system including holder and the like), machining mode, cutting conditions, and the like. Another object of the present invention is to provide an integrated CAM system, a method of integrally generating NC data, a machining planning system, a machining data generating apparatus and a program that remarkably improve the speed of condition determination and realize accurate and rapid machining even in machining a complex profile that conventionally required a number of manual operations.

System for integrally generating NC data


The present invention provides processes to manufacture crystalline N-[(3S)-1-[4-[(3-fluorophenyl)methoxy]phenyl]-5-oxo-pyrrolidin-3-yl]acetamide. Also disclosed are compounds useful as intermediates in the methods of the invention.

Alzheimer's disease is a brain disease that slowly destroys memory and thinking skills, up to loss of the ability to carry out the simplest tasks. It is the most common cause of dementia among older people. Mild. Alzheimer's disease manifests itself in memory loss and small changes in other cognitive abilities, e.g., getting lost, trouble handling money and managing daily tasks, having some mood and personality changes, etc. In the stage of Moderate Alzheimer's disease, the control of language, reasoning, sensory processing, and conscious thought are impacted. Memory loss and confusion grow worse, e.g., patients have problems recognizing family and friends and become unable to learn new things, etc. hallucinations, delusions, and paranoia may occur. Severe Alzheimer's disease is the final stage. Patients cannot communicate anymore and are completely dependent on others.
N-[(3S)-1-[4-[(3-fluorophenyl)methoxy]phenyl]-5-oxo-pyrrolidin-3-yl]acetamide has previously been described in WO2001/026825. WO 2006/097197 and WO 2006/097270 relate to methods for preparing enantiomerically pure 4-pyrrolidinophenylbenzyl ether derivatives.
The processes of the prior art have several drawbacks (e.g., long reaction sequence, low overall yield also due to loss of half of the product in the classical resolution step, the need for a chromatographic purification to remove by-products formed in the Mitsunobu reaction) and are therefore less suitable for the preparation of N-[(3 S)-1-[4-[(3-fluorophenyl) methoxy]phenyl]-5-oxo-pyrrolidin-3-yl]acetamide on large scale.
Object of the present invention is to provide an improved and high yielding process which avoids these drawbacks and which is suitable for the large scale manufacture of N-[(3 S)-1-[4-[(3-fluorophenyl)methoxy]phenyl]-5-oxo-pyrrolidin-3-yl]acetamide 1.

Process to manufacture N-[(3S)-1-[4-[(3-fluorophenyl)methoxy]phenyl]-5-oxo-pyrrolidin-3-yl]acetamide


Adhesive composition for tapes, labels and bandages to be used at temperatures of +5° C. and lower, comprising (a) at least one block copolymer, comprising at least two terminal blocks of poly(vinyl aromatic compound) and at least one midblock of a randomly copolymerized mixture of isoprene and butadiene, optionally mixed with a diblock copolymer comprising one poly(vinyl aromatic compound) block and one randomly copolymerized mixbjre of isoprene and butadiene, and optionally mixed with a block copolymer, comprising at least one block of poly(vinyl aromatic compound) and at least one block of poly(butadiene) or poly(isoprene), (b) at least one mixed aliphaticlaromatic tackifying resin or a blend of aliphatic and aromatic tackifying resins, having an aromatic H-NIVIR content between 6 and 22%, and (c) a plasticizer in an amount of at most 25 wt %, relative to the weight of the adhesive composition; and tapes, labels and bandages comprising said adhesive compositions, applied on a substrate layer; and the use of said tapes, labels or bandages.

Adhesive compositions based on styrenic block copolymers as thermoplastic elastomer components are well known in the art. These compositions are for instance used in pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA) for industrial tapes, packaging tapes, labels and bandages (e.g. plasters).
More in particular styrene-isoprene-styrene block copolymers (S-I-S) and styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymers (S-B-S) are widely used in these adhesive compositions. Both classes of block copolymers give the adhesive compositions specific properties related to the respective inherent characteristics of these block copolymers.
For example, the softness of S-I-S makes this polymer type the material of choice for pressure sensitive applications in tapes and labels, while the elevated cohesion of S-B-S makes this material attractive for construction adhesives for disposable soft goods.
S-I-S block copolymers have until now successfully been applied in industrial and packaging tape and label applications.
More in particular, from e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 5,389,438 (MINNESOTA MINING MFG) 02.12.1995; EP 306232 A (MINNESOTA MINING MFG) 08.03.1989; EP 443263 A (MINNESOTA MINING MFG) 28.08.1991; WO 0014170 (EXXON) 16.03.2000 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,384,138 (EXXON) 07.05.2002 adhesive compositions to be used for tapes, labels, bandages or disposable sanitary articles, such as diapers and incontinence garments, were known. Said adhesive compositions comprised:    1. at least one block copolymer, comprising at least two terminal blocks of poly(vinyl aromatic compound) and at least one midblock of poly(isoprene) or poly(butadiene) or poly(ethylene-butylene), i.e. hydrogenated poly(butadiene, or a mixture of said block copolymers,    2. at least one tackifying resin, and    3. a plasticizer.
It will be appreciated that in none of said publications any reference is made to the use of the adhesive compositions at low temperatures, i.e. below room temperature.
Although in particular S-I-S block copolymer containing compositions showed outstanding tack, peel and cohesion at room temperature, i.e. at temperatures around 20° C., they have appeared to lack adequate adhesive properties in cold environments, namely 5° C. and below.
It is well known from e.g. Handbook of Pressure Sensitive Adhesive Technology, Don Satas, Chapter 13, Thermoplastic Rubbers, A-B-A block copolymers, p 367 (1989, 2nd ed.), that most adhesive compositions based on S-I-S block copolymers loose their tack and adhesion properties as temperature decreases from about 15° C.
It was possible to formulate adhesive compositions based on S-I-S block copolymers, having a good tack below 15° C., but in order to achieve an acceptable compromise with the adhesive properties, relatively low proportions of high softening point hydrocarbon resins and relatively high proportions of plasticizers are needed.
However, high proportions of plasticizer have the disadvantages (a) that the peel and cohesion of the adhesive is reduced and (b) that the plasticizer migrates out of the formulation, modifying the visual and property appearance of the final products, like oily spots in a paper label.
During the splitting of roll products, too much oil generates edge oozing, provoking that two adjacent rolls stick together.
Therefore there is a strong need for adhesive compositions which keep good tack, adhesion and cohesion at low temperatures, and more in particular at temperatures in the range from +5 to −25° C., which enables the manufacture of tapes and labels to be used in cold environments e.g. some electrical insulating tapes or on frozen articles, e.g. food and medicines in deep freezers.
It is an object of the present invention to provide adhesive compositions which keep good tack, adhesion and cohesion at low temperatures, and which do not contain high amounts of plasticizers.
Another object of the present invention is formed by labels and tapes which retain adequate properties when stored for a long time at low temperatures.
Another object of the present invention is to provide adhesive compositions which enable the manufacture of repositionable or removable tapes, labels and bandages (e.g. plasters) which can be used at low temperatures.
As result of extensive research and experimentation, said adhesive compositions aimed at, and labels, tapes and bandages to be manufactured from them, have now surprisingly been found.

Adhesive composition and tapes and labels derived therefrom


A mutant cholera holotoxin featuring a point mutation at amino acid 29 of the A subunit, wherein the glutamic acid residue is replaced by an amino acid other than aspartic acid, is useful as an adjuvant in an antigenic composition to enhance the immune response in a vertebrate host to a selected antigen from a pathogenic bacterium, virus, fungus or parasite. In a particular embodiment, the amino acid 29 is histidine. The mutant cholera holotoxin may contain at least one additional mutation in the A subunit at a position other than amino acid 29. The antigenic composition may include a second adjuvant in addition to the mutant cholera holotoxin.

The immune system uses a variety of mechanisms for attacking pathogens. However, not all of these mechanisms are necessarily activated after immunization. Protective immunity induced by immunization is dependent on the capacity of the vaccine to elicit the appropriate immune response to resist or eliminate the pathogen. Depending on the pathogen, this may require a cell-mediated and/or humoral immune response.
A substance that enhances the immune response when administered together with an immunogen or antigen is known as an adjuvant.
The Gram-negative bacterium Vibrio cholerae (V. cholerae) is the causative agent of the gastrointestinal disease cholera. The diarrhea caused by V. cholerae is due to the secretion of cholera toxin (CT).
CT comprises a single A subunit (CT-A), which is responsible for the enzymatic activity of the toxin, and five identical B subunits (CT-B), which are involved in the binding of the toxin to intestinal epithelial cells, as well as other cells which contain ganglioside GM1 on their surface. Together, the CT-A and CT-B subunits comprise a holotoxin. The sequence of CT has been described (Bibliography entry 1).
CT a is hexaheteromeric complex consisting of one A polypeptide and five identical B polypeptides (2). The B pentamer is required for binding to the cell surface receptor ganglioside GM1 (3). The A subunit can be proteolytically cleaved within the single disulfide-linked loop between C187 and C199 to produce the enzymatically active A1 polypeptide (4) and the smaller polypeptide A2, which links fragment A1 to the B pentamer (5). Upon entry into enterocytes, CT-A1 ADP-ribosylates a regulatory G-protein (Gsα), which leads to constitutive activation of adenylate cyclase, increased intracellular concentration of cAMP, and secretion of fluid and electrolytes into the lumen of the small intestine (6). In vitro, ADP-ribosyl transferase activity of CT is stimulated by the presence of accessory proteins called ARFs (7), small GTP-binding proteins known to be involved in vesicle trafficking within the eukaryotic cell.
The need for effective immunization procedures is particularly acute with respect to infectious organisms which cause acute infections at, or gain entrance to the body through, the gastrointestinal, pulmonary, nasopharyngeal or genitourinary surfaces. These areas are bathed in mucus, which contains immunoglobulins consisting largely of secretory IgA (8, 9, 10). This antibody is derived from large numbers of IgA-producing plasma cells which infiltrate the lamina propria regions underlying these mucosal membranes (11, 12). IgA is specifically transported to the lumenal surface through the action of the secretory component (13).
However, parenteral immunization regimens are usually ineffective in inducing secretory IgA responses. Secretory immunity is most often achieved through the direct immunization of mucosally-associated lymphoid tissues. Following their induction at one mucosal site, the precursors of IgA-producing plasma cells extravasate and disseminate to diverse mucosal tissues where final differentiation to high-rate IgA synthesis occurs (14, 15, 16). Extensive studies have demonstrated the feasibility of mucosal immunization to induce this common mucosal immune system (17), but with rare exceptions the large doses of antigen required to achieve effective immunization have made this approach impractical for purified vaccine antigens. Among the strategies investigated to overcome this problem is the use of mucosal adjuvants. It is known that CT is one of the most potent adjuvants, and that the co-administration of CT with an unrelated antigen results in the induction of concurrent circulating and mucosal antibody responses to that antigen (18). Thus, CT can act as an adjuvant.
It would be preferable to use as an adjuvant a form of the CT holotoxin that has reduced toxicity so as to reduce the undesirable symptoms of diarrhea caused by wild-type CT. Thus, there is a need to identify a mutant CT holotoxin which is able to enhance the immune response while reducing the toxicity of the CT holotoxin.

The United States of America as represented by the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences


A valve for metering fluid includes: a piezoelectric actuator for metering control; two electrical connection elements for applying an electrical control voltage; and a discharge resistor integrated into the actuator, which resistor bridges the two connection elements.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a valve for metering fluid.
2. Description of the Related Art
The umbrella term 'fluid' for a liquid or flowing medium is used for gases and liquids in conformity with the teaching of hydrodynamics.
Metering valves having piezoelectric actuators make use of the piezoelectric effect of a so-called piezo module. One known piezo module for a piezo-controlled fuel injector (published
German patent application document DE 103 19 599 A1) has a stack of individual piezoelectric elements situated axially one behind the other, which are connected to two contact pins, as well as two cover plates situated at the end faces of the stack; in addition, it has a bourdon tube which engages at the connection plates and generates an axial pressure force on the stack by way of the cover plates in response to the application of an electric voltage at the contact pins. The stack, which is under axial pressure, becomes longer when an electric voltage is applied at the contact pins. The elongation is employed to generate an opening lift of a valve member that controls a metering orifice of the metering valve. The size of the opening lift and the opening time of the valve member define the metered fluid quantity. Such a piezo module, supplemented by an electrical connection to form a piezoelectric actuator, is installed, together with the valve member and a hydraulic coupler, in force-locking manner in a switching force chain of the valve that is acting on the valve member, as described in published German patent application document DE 10 2007 028 490 A1, for example. In order to minimize the tolerances in the metering precision of the valve, it is extremely important that the force relationships in the switching force chain be adjustable in a highly precise manner. This requires a defined initial length of the actuator. However, the length of the piezo module, and thus the length of the actuator, may vary as a result of the piezoelectric effect triggered by temperature fluctuations during storage or by mechanical loading of the actuator during prior work processes; for this reason, to produce the defined initial length of the actuator, the actuator is briefly electrically short-circuited immediately prior to adjusting the switching force chain made up of a valve-closure spring, an actuator and a hydraulic coupler, so that a possibly existing charge voltage is eliminated. Once the electrical connection between the connection element on the actuator and the valve-side plug terminal has been established, the latter is assigned a discharge resistor which is switched parallel to the actuator. The discharge resistor prevents a voltage potential from being applied at the plug terminal of the finished valve, which is disallowed for reasons of safety.


A method and implementing system are provided in which a user is enabled to view source code within a context of the screen presentation which is created by the source code. In an exemplary embodiment, a graphical user interface (GUI) is selectively overlaid upon a content screen display. The GUI displays markers to indicate beginning and ending points of source code elements for screen areas which are proximate to the hot-spot area in the GUI. Where a marker indicates additional code is present, the user is enabled to select the marker and a detailed presentation of the related source code is presented.

The analysis and development of software which is used to effect the presentation of content or information on a display screen has been a difficult task. A great many iterations of code writing, program execution, screen viewing, debugging and code modification or editing have been required in order to produce a high quality product. As a developer is viewing displayed information, it is often necessary to "look beneath the surface" in order to understand how the underlying code creates the presentation being analyzed. For example, a web developer may wish to understand how a particular element of a page has been coded in hyper-text markup language (HTML) to make it look as it does in a browser window.
Currently, there are several ways to achieve this goal with available mechanisms, but they are cumbersome, and involve multiple steps and involve a temporary but time consuming loss of screen-to-code orientation. For example, by using the VIEW then SOURCE commands available in browser programs, the complete HTML code is revealed. Typically for a simple webpage presentation, the underlying code may comprise ten or more pages of HTML. When a developer finds a screen presentation area which the developer wishes to modify, the location of the relevant code must be determined within the pages of code used to create the screen display. When the developer finds the relevant code element, it is often difficult to relate the relevant code to the display orientation. The developer must then perform another search in order to become re-oriented with respect to the content of interest. That manual mode switching from one rendition to another is cognitively taxing and contributes to overall loss of performance.
Thus, there is a need for an improved methodology and implementing system which enables a user to more easily relate display screen presentation areas with the source code underlying such screen displays.

International Business Machines Corporation


A current to be applied to a ground is defined as the sum of two sinusoidal waves having first and second frequency components. A signal to be used at the time of synchronous detection is defined as a difference between the sinusoidal waves having the first and second frequency components. As a result, a substance in the ground, and the position and depth of the substance can be specified with high accuracy.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an underground exploration apparatus using an alternating current test method. More specifically, the present invention relates to an underground exploration apparatus for selectively probing a specific substance embedded in the ground or incorporated into the ground by: applying, between two different positions on the ground as a probing region, two alternating currents having different frequencies selected on the basis of the frequency characteristics of the dielectric constant of a substance to be probed; and measuring a potential difference between alternating voltages resulting from the currents applied to the ground at other two positions.
2. Related Background Art
A method of probing the ground involving the use of an alternating current test method in which an alternating current is caused to pass through the ground as a probing region has been conventionally known as a method of probing the ground. The method of probing the ground involving the use of an alternating current test method is disclosed in each of Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. H07-012766, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. H09-127253, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. H10-293181, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2000-028743, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2001-074850, and Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2002-156460.
The dielectric constant of soil-constituents or of a chemical substance in a soil depends on a frequency owing to physical properties such as interfacial polarization and dipolar polarization. Accordingly, in recent years, a method in which attention is paid to the frequency characteristics of the dielectric constant of a substance to be probed has been examined as an alternating current test method.
Hereinafter, the method in which attention is paid to the frequency characteristics of the dielectric constant of a substance to be probed will be described.
As shown in FIG. 2, soil-constituents and chemical substances in a soil have various dielectric constants. However, a trace amount of barium titanate having a dielectric constant of 1,000 in a soil having a dielectric constant of about 5 to 40 does not largely change the impedance of the soil, so the impedance is kept nearly constant. That is, a conventional electric probing method does not allow a trace amount of an embedded substance to be probed.
However, the dielectric constant is a physical parameter resulting from a polarization phenomenon occurring in a substance. Examples of the polarization phenomenon include factors such as interfacial polarization, dipolar polarization, ionic polarization, and electronic polarization. As shown in FIG. 3, the dielectric constant has frequency characteristics with which the dielectric constant largely changes at a frequency corresponding to each polarization factor. Of those polarization factors, the interfacial polarization and the dipolar polarization are each a phenomenon occurring in a low frequency region.
As shown in FIG. 4A, the interfacial polarization is a phenomenon caused by the movement of charged particles due to an electric field applied to a soil. Therefore, a polarization speed is largely affected by, for example, the mass and charge amount of the charged particles, the quality of the soil, and the viscosity of a medium. That is, the heavier the charged particles, the lower a polarization follow-up critical frequency. In contrast, the lighter the charged particles, the higher the polarization follow-up critical frequency. In addition, the polarization speed is less susceptible to a Coulomb force as the charge amount of the charged particles reduces, so the polarization follow-up critical frequency reduces. In contrast, the polarization speed is more susceptible to a Coulomb force as the charge amount of the charged particles increases, so the polarization follow-up critical frequency increases. When the soil is a porous substance or is composed of fine particles, the polarization follow-up critical frequency reduces because interfacial fluidity is extremely low. In contrast, when the soil is composed of large particles or fluidity is high at a particle interface, the polarization follow-up critical frequency increases. As described above, the polarization follow-up critical frequency corresponding to the interfacial polarization includes information on the soil and the charged particles.
As shown in FIG. 4B, the dipolar polarization is a phenomenon in which a molecule itself constituting a substance is polarized by reason of its molecular structure and the molecule is rotated by an external electric field to change its direction, that is, its orientation to cause the substance to polarize. Therefore, a polarization speed is largely affected by, for example, the size, moment, and shape of the molecule. That is, the larger the molecule, the lower a polarization follow-up critical frequency. The smaller the molecule, the higher the polarization follow-up critical frequency. In other words, the polarization follow-up critical frequency reduces when the molecular orientation is hardly uniformed by an external electric field. The polarization follow-up critical frequency increases when the molecular orientation is easily uniformed by the external electric field. As described above, the polarization follow-up critical frequency corresponding to the dipolar polarization includes information on a molecule of a substance in the soil.
The polarization follow-up critical frequency corresponding to each of the interfacial polarization and the dipolar polarization described above is a physical parameter to be determined depending on the quality of a soil and the physical properties of the substance and molecules in the soil. In particular, the polarization follow-up critical frequency corresponding to the dipolar polarization is a physical parameter inherent in a substance in the soil. Accordingly, selecting two frequencies sandwiching the polarization follow-up critical frequency corresponding to the interfacial polarization or the dipolar polarization allows one to selectively probe a substance to be probed.
As shown in FIG. 5A, when an alternating current is applied between two different positions on the ground as a probing region, two cases, that is, the case where a first frequency f1 is caused to pass through and the case where a second frequency f2 is caused to pass through are compared; provided that a polarization follow-up critical frequency inherent in a substance to be probed is sandwiched between the frequencies f1 and f2. The frequencies f1 and f2 may be different from each other only in a dielectric constant ε2 in a shaded region containing the substance to be probed. The equivalent circuit of FIG. 5A can be replaced with that shown in FIG. 5B. The dielectric constant ε2 in the shaded region is high at the frequency f1, so an alternating current easily flows. The dielectric constant ε2 reduces at the frequency f2, so an alternating current hardly flows. As a result, as shown in FIGS. 5C and 5D, the density of a current flowing in the shaded region is high at the frequency f1 and is low at the frequency f2.
FIG. 6A shows isoelectric lines at the frequency f1, while FIG. 6B shows isoelectric lines at the frequency f2. At the frequency f1, a current easily flows in the shaded region, so a potential difference is hardly generated between the ends of the shaded region. In contrast, at the frequency f2, a current hardly flows in the shaded region as compared to the case of the frequency f1, so a large potential difference is generated between the ends of the shaded region. FIG. 6C is a view obtained by: measuring ground surface potential distributions at the frequency f1 and the frequency f2; and determining a difference between the distributions. The potential difference map is equivalent to a ground surface potential distribution resulting from a fluctuation in current density caused by a difference in applied frequency. Therefore, when the shaded region containing the substance to be probed is localized to the probing region, the same ground surface potential distribution as that generated when a dipolar current source is present in the shaded region is obtained. In other words, the ground surface potential distribution in this case is a dipole pattern having a pair of a peak and a valley.
FIG. 6D is an electric field vector map obtained by treating the potential difference map for the surface of the ground shown in FIG. 6C obtained as described above. When graph drawing and a gray treatment are performed on the basis of the absolute value of an electric field vector, a portion directly above the shaded region having a large current density changed by a difference in applied frequency shows the largest absolute value and a high concentration.
As described above, a preceding application describes an apparatus which: performs electric probing by means of two frequencies sandwiching a polarization follow-up critical frequency inherent in a substance to be probed; measures ground surface potential distributions; and determines a difference between the distributions to allow selective ground probing of the substance. FIG. 7 shows the structure of an underground exploration apparatus in a preceding application. The ground probing system includes an oscillator, a voltage-current converter, an amplifier, a multiplier, and a low pass filter, and is structured such that it can perform probing at a single frequency at the same time. A retention unit holds measurements at respective frequencies, and a computing unit calculates a difference between surface potential distributions.
When the concentration of a substance to be probed in a soil is low or the total mass of the substance is small, a difference between a ground surface potential distribution by a first frequency and a ground surface potential distribution by a second frequency (the first and second frequencies sandwich a polarization follow-up critical frequency) is extremely small as compared to the absolute value of a ground surface potential. As a result, a change width may be several bits or less with respect to a conversion accuracy of 24 bits even when a high accuracy sigma delta-type AD converter is used for conversion. Cancellation resulting from a quantization error involved in the AD conversion makes it impossible to perform ground probing with high accuracy when the concentration of a substance to be probed is low or the volume of the substance is small.


Provided are an organic light emitting display and a method of manufacturing the same. The organic light emitting display includes: a display panel including a plurality of pixels, each pixel including: a light emitting element, and a driving element to drive the light emitting element, a data driving circuit to, within one horizontal display period: write sensing data to a pixel on a horizontal display line through a data line, sense the pixel current of the pixel through a reference line, and then write display data compensated by a first offset compensation value to the pixel, an offset calculator to calculate a second offset compensation value for compensating changes in the driving element over time based on the sensed value of the pixel current, and an offset memory to update the pre-stored first offset compensation value with the second offset compensation value when display data writing is stopped.

1. Technical Field
The present disclosure relates to an active matrix type organic light emitting display, and more particularly, to an organic light emitting display capable of compensating for luminance variations caused by changes in a driving element over time and a method of manufacturing the same.
2. Discussion of the Related Art
An organic light emitting display is a self-emissive device in which an organic light emitting layer emits light by recombination of electrons and holes, and is expected to be a next-generation display device in that it is high in luminance, low in driving voltage, and ultra-thin in thickness.
Each of a number of pixels included the organic emitting display includes an organic light emitting diode (OLED), which is a light emitting element including an anode, a cathode, and an organic emitting layer formed between them, and a pixel circuit for driving the OLED independently. The pixel circuit usually includes a switching thin film transistor (TFT), a storage capacitor, and a driving element (driving TFT). The switching TFT charges the capacitor with a data voltage in response to a scan signal, and adjusts the emission intensity of the OLED by controlling the magnitude of electrical current supplied to the OLED according to the level of the voltage stored in the capacitor. The emission intensity of the OLED proportional to the current supplied from the driving TFT.
The organic light emitting display have differences in characteristics such as the threshold voltage Vth, mobility, etc. of the driving TFT of each pixel due to process deviations or the like. Hence, the amount of driving current for driving the OLED varies, causing luminance variations between the pixels. In general, initial differences in the characteristics of the driving TFT cause spots or inconsistencies of the display (mura) on the screen, and differences in the characteristics of the driving TFT made over time during the driving of the OLED can reduce the lifespan of the display panel or produce afterimages.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,834,825 discloses a data compensation method which measures electrical current in each pixel and compensates input data according to the measurement result. However, this related art patent is based upon the premise that the characteristics of the driving TFT are not changed after shipment, without taking into account luminance variations caused by changes in a driving TFT over time.
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing a related art organic light emitting display. FIG. 2 is a timing diagram showing the timings of when image display gate signals and sensing gate signals are supplied in the organic light emitting display of FIG. 1.
Korean Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 10-2013-0039551 (also published as U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2013/0093652) discloses a method for compensating for luminance variations caused by changes in a driving element over time. In this related art technology, as shown in FIG. 2 of the present disclosure, one frame ("1 Frame") is divided into a display period DP and a vertical blank period VB, and the OLED of each pixel emits light during the display period to display an image and the threshold voltage of a driving TFT (DT) is measured during the vertical blank period VB. In the related art technology, however, a first gate driver 2A for generating image display gate signals D11 to Dn2 and a second gate driver 2B for generating sensing gate signals S11 to Sn2 need to be included as shown in FIG. 1 of the present disclosure. Also, a multiplexer circuit 3 for selectively supplying the gate signals D11 to Dn2 and S11 to Sn2 (collectively labeled "sensing") input from the gate driver 2 to the display panel needs to be further included. Thus, it is difficult to reduce the bezel area of the display panel. In FIG. 1, "1" denotes a data driver, "RL" denotes a reference line required for sensing, "DL" denotes a data line to which a data voltage is applied, "GLa" denotes a first gate line connected to a first switch TFT ST1 included in a pixel P, "GLb" denotes a second gate line connected to a second switch TFT ST2 included in the pixel P, "DT" denotes a driving TFT included in the pixel P, and "Cst" denotes a storage capacitor included in the pixel P. Each of the pixels P receives high-potential power EVDD and low-potential power EVSS from a power generator (not shown).
Moreover, this related art technology has the problem of display image distortion that occurs when display data applied to pixels to be sensed does not have the same value for one frame but is converted into sensing data during the vertical blank period VB.

Organic light emitting display capable of compensating for luminance variations caused by changes in driving element over time and method of manufacturing the same


A manually-operated surgical breathing bag for artificial respiration of human beings. The subject bag includes a gas tight, elastomeric, self-expanding and preferably elongated hollow body and an attached port which serves as both a gas inlet and outlet opening. The bag's elongated hollow body is provided with an "hourglass" configuration having a narrowed central portion as an aid for grasping. In order to apply artificial respiration to an individual, the hollow body is grasped with one hand, the fingers spanning the periphery of the hollow body at its narrowed central portion, and compressed with this hand thereby expelling gas toward an individual's lungs.

During surgical procedures, patients unable to breathe for themselves generally require the assistance of skilled medical technicians or doctors to prevent their suffocation. To force oxygen into the lungs of such a patient, a manually operated pump element connected to a remote oxygen supply is often utilized. The pump, usually in the form of an inflatable and resilient breathing bag, is periodically voided to deliver required gases to the patient. Unfortunately, the conventional breathing bag requires manual manipulation or squeezing to drive gas therefrom. During surgery, however, the protective gloves worn by medical personnel often becomes covered with fluids, such as blood, which make the grasping of the bag difficult. Unorthodox methods have been utilized to manipulate breathing bags under extreme circumstances wherein a handgrip could not be established. Such a state of affairs is obviously unsatisfactory in the life or death setting surrounding a surgical procedure. A need exists, therefore, for a surgical breathing bag capable of delivering an adequate supply of oxygen and anesthetic gases to an unconscious patient and which may be grasped by medical personnel under any conditions. It is believed that a device having an "hourglass" configuration will meet this need.

Surgical breathing bag having hour-glass shape and non-slip surface


The invention relates to a layer structure comprising at least one switch (4) illuminated by an ACPEL arrangement (2), to the method for producing and shaping said layer structure, and the use thereof for forming display and control elements and for forming housing elements for mobile or stationary electronic equipment or small or large household appliances or for forming keyboard systems without movable components.

Switches frequently have a background illumination, which makes it possible to find and actuate the switch in a hallway or on a device, for example, on a household appliance, even in darkness or inadequate illumination conditions. In addition, a corresponding illumination can also indicate the status of the switch, such as the on/off state.
In general, LEDs (LED=light-emitting diode) or ACPEL arrangements are used as light sources for the background illumination of switches; further common designations for ACPEL arrangements are: electroluminescence elements, electroluminescence arrangements, or electroluminescence devices, wherein electroluminescence is typically abbreviated with EL.
The combination of switch and background illumination is often constructed from at least two separate units, for example, from a mechanical switch and corresponding LEDs or a mechanical switch and ACPEL arrangements.
These combinations known from the prior art of illuminated switches made of separate elements have the disadvantage that their provision is costly and subject to failure because of the use of mechanical parts. In addition, further disadvantages arise, such as higher weight, restricted shape freedom and therefore restricted design freedom, and a large installation depth.
In addition, layer structures are known from the prior art, in which non-mechanical switches are backlit using LEDs or ACPEL arrangements.
Thus, WO2008/131305A1 discloses a printed capacitive switch, which is backlit by LEDs. US2005/0206623A1 discloses a capacitive switch, which is backlit by an ACPEL arrangement. US2008/202912A1 discloses a capacitive switch, which is backlit by LEDs or OLEDs (OLED=organic light-emitting diode).
ACPEL arrangements are frequently obtainable by way of a printing method.
These combinations of illuminated switches have the advantage in relation to illuminated switches made of separate elements that they do not have any mechanical parts and are therefore less susceptible to failure, and they have a lower weight. In addition, these combinations form uninterrupted surfaces at least on the side facing the user. Such surfaces are easier to keep clean, on the one hand, and they provide a higher-quality aesthetic impression, on the other hand.
The combinations of illuminated switches disclosed in the above-mentioned intellectual property have the disadvantage that they only provide flat or slightly curved planar parts, or the switch is deformed three-dimensionally, as in the case of WO2008/131305A1, while the backlighting is provided by LEDs. Since these LEDs cannot be shaped, the background illumination of the deformed switch is not free of shadows, nor uniform.
It has been known since WO03/037039A1 that ACPEL arrangements can be deformed three-dimensionally nearly arbitrarily. However, these arrangements have heretofore only been used for the purpose of backlighting three-dimensionally deformed displays, without shadows and uniformly. These displays have no further electrotechnical components in the deformed region except for the ACPEL arrangement, however.
Backlighting three-dimensionally deformed electrotechnical components, for example, a switch, using a similarly three-dimensionally deformed ACPEL arrangement is not known from the prior art.
Attempts to build such switches have heretofore failed because delamination of the layer structure occurred during the shaping as a result of the drawing and compression of the various layers, which delamination damaged the entire part and therefore also its functional capability.
In addition, interference of the ACPEL operating voltage with the switching signal of the switch occurred in the switches known from the prior art. The switching signal of the switches was interfered with by the AC voltage, using which the ACPEL arrangement is operated, in such a manner that detection of a switching procedure was made more difficult or impossible.

Layer structure comprising a switch illuminated by an ACPEL arrangement


The present invention relates to the noninvasive measurement of blood hematocrit and hemoglobin content using differential optical absorption of two or more wavelengths of light during blood volume changes. The method is also useful for noninvasive measurements of other blood analytes, such as glucose, where variations in hematocrit or blood hemoglobin concentration cause errors in the measurement.

Optical oximetry, which is based upon the difference in the absorption properties of oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin, was used by Donahoe et al. to measure tissue, as well as arterial oxygen saturation. ("A New Noninvasive Backscattering Oximeter", T. M. Donahoe and R. L. Longini, Proceedings of the IEEE/Seventh Annual Conference of the Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, pp. 144-147, 1985.)
The Donahoe et al. paper describes a noninvasive backscattering oximeter which utilizes photon diffusion theory to analyze the optics of blood in perfused tissue. In backscattering oximetry, a light source and light detector are placed side by side on the same tissue surface, whereas in transmission oximetry, two or more wavelengths of light are transmitted through the tissue and the effect on the transmitted light is measured to evaluate the degree of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin. Specifically, the Donahoe oximeter had the ability to detect changes in the volume of blood cells relative to that of tissue which the authors conveniently defined as "tissue hematocrit". Although "tissue hematocrit" and blood hematocrit may be related, the exact relationship is not known and can not be accurately defined or predicted for each individual. Furthermore, the accepted parameter which is most commonly used in clinical medicine is referred to as "blood hematocrit", which is defined as the volume percentage of erythrocytes in whole blood, and not "tissue hematocrit", as defined by Donahoe, et al. Moreover, the method described by Donahoe, et al. requires careful calibration to correct for variations in tissue scattering and absorption among individuals and among different sites, even on one individual.
The calibration method proposed by Donahoe et al. requires the application of pressure to the tissue site where the measurement is performed in order to render the tissue site bloodless. This calibration procedure results in large errors for two primary reasons: 1) it is difficult to know exactly the amount of blood in the tissue during calibration or whether the tissue was rendered completely bloodless, and 2) the application of pressure to biological tissues deforms the tissue structures which, in turn, results in different optical properties compared to that of the undeformed blood perfused tissue.
Sperinde et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 4,523,279 issued Jun. 11, 1985, disclose an invasive oximeter technique in which light at three different wavelengths is optically integrated and coupled through an optical fiber to an aperture in a distal tip of a catheter disposed within a blood vessel. Back-scattered and reflected radiation is received through a separate optical fiber to a second aperture in the tip and coupled to a central processor. Blood oxygen saturation is measured as a function of the radiation intensities from the back-scattered light at the three different wavelengths normalized with respect to a reference light intensity measurement.
Takatani et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 4,867,557 issued Sep. 19, 1989, disclose a non-invasive reflection type oximeter which requires light beams at six different wavelengths to be applied to the body tissue. Light received from the six different beams, after being absorbed in the tissue, is detected by a single detector and processed in accordance with a predetermined function to determine the quantity of hemoglobin and oxygen saturation of the body tissue. A light interception barrier separates the transmit light beams from the single light receiving element to prevent direct light cross-talk (or coupling) of light on the receiving element. This oximeter is directed to body parts which do not contain a pulsatile component and requires constant light intensity.

Noninvasive measurement of hematocrit and hemoglobin content by differential optical analysis


Disclosed is a control system for a hydrogen addition internal combustion engine that uses hydrocarbon fuel and hydrogen gas as combustion fuel. The control system includes a canister 52 for adsorbing fuel vapor generated in a tank 34 for storing the hydrocarbon fuel; a purge VSV 66 for purging the fuel vapor into an intake port 18 of the hydrogen addition internal combustion engine in a predefined situation; hydrogen addition ratio setup means for setting the ratio of hydrogen gas addition to the hydrocarbon fuel; and hydrogen gas addition ratio adjustment means for increasing the ratio of hydrogen gas addition when the fuel vapor is purged into the intake port 18.

It is known that an internal combustion using gasoline as fuel reduces the amount of nitrogen oxide (NOx) in an exhaust gas when hydrogen gas is supplied in addition to gasoline. A technology disclosed, for instance, by Japanese Patent Laid-open No. 2004-116398 determines the hydrogen addition ratio so as to reduce the NOX exhaust amount, and operates an internal combustion engine by injecting gasoline and hydrogen in accordance with the determined ratio.
[Patent Document 1]
Japanese Patent Laid-open No. 2004-116398
[Patent Document 2]
Japanese Patent Laid-open No. Hei 6-200805
However, if the internal combustion engine includes a canister for adsorbing vaporized fuel (fuel vapor) in a gasoline tank, the amount of vaporized fuel purged from the canister to an intake path cannot be accurately controlled. Therefore, even when hydrogen gas is supplied, unstable combustion results.
It is difficult to accurately control the air-fuel ratio in an engine cylinder particularly when a large amount of vaporized fuel is purged from the canister to the intake path. Consequently, the air-fuel ratio is likely to shift toward the lean side or rich side. Unstable combustion then results, thereby causing emission and driveability to deteriorate.

Control system for hydrogen addition internal combustion engine