An electronic still video camera has an electro-developing recording medium. As soon as an optical image is formed on the medium, the image is recorded and developed as a visible image therein. The developed image is electronically read as image data by a line sensor, and the read image data may be stored in an IC memory card, a floppy disk, a hard disk or the like. Optionally, the read image data may be transferred from the camera to an external device such as a computer, a TV monitor or the like. The developed image can be thermally erased from the medium by using an electric heater. One of these operations is executed by a depression of a single switch in accordance with a mode-selection switch.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an electronic still video camera having an electro-developing recording medium in which an optical image obtained through a photographing lens system is electronically and directly recorded and developed as a visible image in very little time.
2. Description of the Related Art
Conventionally, silver halide photographic material is generally used as a material for recording an optical image. Silver halide photographic material has high optical sensitivity and high resolution, and the economical efficiency thereof is excellent. However, silver halide photographic material has drawbacks in that not only is the developing process cumbersome but also a visible image cannot be obtained at the same time as photography. A dry-type developing method has been developed to simplify the developing process. However, simultaneous development in which a visible image is obtained upon photography is impossible in the dry-type developing method.
On the other hand, as non-silver-halide photographic materials, there are known electrophotographic materials, diazotype photographic materials and free-radical photographic materials and so on. In these materials, however, there is no material which has advantageous characteristics like silver halide photographic material, while being able to simultaneously develop and keep a visible image. Note that, electrophotographic materials have been used mainly in copying machines, since they can perform dry-type development and can simultaneously develop an electrostatic latent image, which is obtained by exposure, using toner.
In such electrophotographic materials, recently, a photographic material has been developed, in which an optical image can be electronically and directly recorded and developed as a visible image in no time, the image so developed being similar to one obtained in a silver halide photographic material. A recording medium formed of such a recording material, in which a visible image is electronically and directly recorded and developed, is referred to as an electro-developing recording medium hereinafter.
For example, Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 5-2280 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,424,156 disclose one type of electro-developing recording medium comprising an electrostatic information recording medium and an electric charge keeping medium. The electrostatic information recording medium includes a photoconducting layer and an inorganic oxide material layer, and the electric charge keeping medium includes a liquid crystal display, both the mediums being combined to face each other with a small gap therebetween. In use, a voltage is applied between the electrostatic information recording medium and the electric charge keeping medium, and an optical image is formed on the electrostatic information recording medium during the application of the voltage. An electric charge distribution is produced over the electrostatic information recording medium in accordance with a light intensity distribution of the optical image formed thereon, so that the intensity of an electric field acts on the liquid crystal of the electric charge keeping medium in accordance with the electric charge distribution. Thus, an image derived from the optical image is reproduced in the electric charge keeping medium as a visible image. Namely, as soon as the optical image is formed on the electrostatic information recording medium, the image is developed in the electric charge keeping medium.
When the electric charge keeping medium is constituted as a memory type liquid crystal display, the developed visible image can be kept therein even if the electric field is eliminated from the electro-developing recording medium. In the memory type liquid crystal display, the developed image can be erased by heating it at a given temperature. In this case, the same electro-developing recording medium can be repeatedly used for photographing.
In an electronic still video camera having the-electro-developing recording medium, there may be provided an image reader comprising a CCD line sensor for optically sensing and reading image signals from a developed image of the electro-developing recording medium, and the read image signals obtained from the CCD image sensor may be processed in various manners. For example, the read image signals may be stored in a second recording medium such as an IC memory card, a floppy disk, a hard disk or the like. Also, the read image signals may be transferred from the camera to an external processing device such as a computer, a TV monitor and so on.
Namely, in such an electronic still video camera having the electro-developing recording medium, various modes are desired in operating the camera. Accordingly, the manipulation of the camera has a tendency toward being frequently complicated due to execution of operations based upon the various modes.

Electronic still video camera having electro-developing recording medium


In a recording and/or reproducing apparatus (1) having a reel drive device (35) with a drive shaft (46A) and with a disc-shaped drive member (47) made of a plastic and with drive teeth (48), and with a second magnetic circuit element (49), and with a third magnetic circuit element (50), which is connected to the drive member (47) by insert-molding of the third magnetic circuit element (50), the drive shaft (46A) is connected directly to the third magnetic circuit element (50) in a rotationally interlocked manner and the third magnetic circuit element (50) is formed by an element which is finished by means of a turning operation, and the third magnetic circuit element (50) is dimensioned in such a manner with respect to the drive member (47) that the third magnetic circuit element (50) is not subjected to any deformation by the drive member (47) made by insert-molding.

Information about a known recording and/or reproducing apparatus as defined in the opening part of claim 1 and information about a cassette with a magnetic tape as record carrier tape for such a recording and/or reproducing apparatus is obtainable via the internet, namely at the internet address xe2x80x9cwww.lto-technology.comxe2x80x9d. In connection with the known recording and/or reproducing apparatus and the known cassette reference may also be made to the two patent documents WO 98/44506 A2 and WO 98/44499 A1.
The invention relates to a recording and/or reproducing apparatus as defined in the opening part of claim 1.
Information about a known recording and/or reproducing apparatus as defined in the opening part of claim 1 and information about a cassette with a magnetic tape as record carrier tape for such a recording and/or reproducing apparatus is obtainable via the internet, namely at the internet address xe2x80x9cwww.lto-technology.comxe2x80x9d. In connection with the known recording and/or reproducing apparatus and the known cassette reference may also be made to the two patent documents WO 98/44506 A2 and WO 98/44499 A1.
In a known recording and/or reproducing apparatus, whose reel drive device 35 is shown in sectional view in FIG. 11, a sleeve B is press-fitted onto the drive shaft 46A in the area of one end of the drive shaft 46A, which sleeve B has two circumferential recesses C and D, the third magnetic circuit element 50 being accommodated in the area of the recess C situated nearer the free end of the drive shaft 46A and having a clearance with respect to the recess C of the sleeve B and a ring-shaped portion E of the plastic drive member x formed by insert-molding of the sleeve B and the third magnetic circuit element 50 being accommodated in the second recess D, which precludes a relative axial movement between the drive member 47 and the sleeve B and, consequently, the drive shaft 46A, because of the force fit (press fit) between the sleeve B and the drive shaft 46A. In this construction the third magnetic circuit element 50 is formed by a comparatively thin steel disc 50 having a thickness of approximately 1.0 mm, which is made by a punching operation and serves as a magnetic return path. An annular magnet 49 forming a second magnetic circuit element 49 is connected to the comparatively thin steel disc, namely by means of an adhesive joint.
In the known recording and/or reproducing apparatus it has been found that as a result of the insert-molding of the comparatively thin steel disc 50 in a plastic in order to form the drive member 47 including its drive-member-side drive teeth 48 the comparatively thin steel disc 50 is subject to substantial mechanical loads owing to so-called shrinkage of the plastic, which gives rise to distortion and warping as well as an additional twisting of the steel disc 50. These deformations of the steel disc 50 result not only in the steel disc 50 having a non-perfect flat shape but also in the drive teeth 48 of the drive member 47 being subjected to such a strong deformation that this has an undesired and negative effect on the effective tooth height, which should be as constant as possible. Owing to the afore-mentioned deformation the drive-member-side drive teeth 48 are disposed at different axial levels, as a result of which these drive-member-side drive teeth 48 do not guarantee a satisfactorily uniform cooperation with the drive teeth of the reel toothing of a supply reel accommodated in a cassette. In operation of the known recording and/or reproducing apparatus a consequence of the varying axial height positions of the drive-member-side drive teeth 48 is that via the reel teeth and the supply reel the drive-member-side drive teeth 48, whose height position varies, exert a disturbing influence in the direction of the tape width on the magnetic tape unwound from or wound onto the supply reel, as a result of which variations occur in the height position of the magnetic tape, the frequency of said variations being dependent on, inter alia, the winding diameter. These variations in the height position can no longer be compensated by an actuator device carrying a magnetic head for scanning the tracks on the magnetic tape, as a result of which a correct recording and reproduction may be adversely affected or may even be impossible.
It is an object of the invention to preclude the afore-mentioned problems and to provide an improved recording and/or reproducing apparatus.
To achieve the afore-mentioned object, according to the invention, the characteristic features defined in the characterizing part of claim 1 are provided in a recording and/or reproducing apparatus as defined in the opening part of claim 1. Owing to the provision of the characteristic features in accordance with the invention it is achieved in a simple manner that as a result of the direct connection of the drive shaft to the third magnetic circuit element and as a result of the finish of the magnetic circuit element by a turning operation, which is preferably effected after the connection of the third magnetic circuit element to the drive shaft, the third magnetic circuit element is oriented exactly perpendicularly to the drive shaft and, owing to its dimensioning in accordance with the invention, has such a rigid and non-deformable construction that insert-molding of the third magnetic circuit element, in order to form the drive member including its drive-member-side drive teeth, cannot lead to any warping, twisting or deformation of the third magnetic circuit element and, consequently, of the drive teeth connected to the third magnetic circuit element. Thus, by means of the measures in accordance with the invention it is achieved that all the drive-member-side drive teeth are disposed at the same axial level with a high accuracy. This has the advantage that during cooperation of the drive-member-side drive teeth with reel teeth of a supply reel of a cassette no undesirable influences are exerted on the magnetic tape and, consequently, the height position of the magnetic tape is not adversely affected, as a result of which a correct recording and reproduction is not disturbed or impaired by causes attributable to the drive-member-side drive teeth or the reel drive device.
In a recording and/or reproducing apparatus in accordance with the invention it has proved to be very advantageous when, in addition, the measures defined in claims 2 to 8 are taken. Tests have shown that these measures are particularly advantageous, particularly in view of an optimum compromise between, on the one hand, the size, the stability and non-deformability of the drive member and, on the other hand, the required space and the required mass of the drive member.
The above-mentioned as well as further aspects of the invention will become apparent from the embodiments described hereinafter by way of example and will be elucidated with reference to these examples.
The invention will now be described in more detail with reference to the drawings, which show two embodiments given by way of example but to which the invention is not limited.

Recording and/or reproducing apparatus including a reel disc having a magnetic circuit element and drive teeth realized by insert-molding


An embroidery method for transferring or securing one or more embroidery designs onto an article. A design-bearing embroiderer is produced by forming at least one design on a base material of suitable density and heat solubility, backing up the base material with a binder material having a peel-off sheet, trimming the margins off the designs and affixing a heat/pressure resistant protective layer thereon. The embroiderer is placed on an article after removing the peel-off sheet. By hot-pressing the embroiderer, the binder material melts and is affixed to the underlying article. The protective layer is then removed from the embroiderer after so securing the designs.

1. Technical Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to ornamental designs and methods of production therefor, and more particularly, to systems and methods for producing embroidered designs which are readily transferrable to various articles.
2. Description of Related Art
Embroidered designs have gained tremendous popularity in recent times for their obvious aesthetic appeal. This gain in popularity has led to increased interest in techniques for producing embroidered designs and embroidered articles.
One conventional method for making an embroidered article involves embroidering a design directly on an article, such as a garment, using a sewing machine. In ordinary practice, this method involves embroidering directly on fabric tailored to templates of garments, such as a front body, a back body, or pockets. This method has a multitude of shortcomings and deficiencies. Prior to sewing the garments, for example, the parts of the garments on which embroideries are to be formed have to be sent in and out. This adds time and transportation costs to the embroidering process. Actual transportation processes also likely introduce inefficiencies, which inefficiencies, coupled with added processing time, lower production. Lowered production and increased costs directly cause lower profit margins.
Furthermore, at present, embroideries made by sewing machines must be reinforced to prevent defects due to differences in tension between upper and lower threads that are stitched together in an embroidered design. This reinforcement generally involves attachment of a non-woven fabric over the bottom threads, that is, generally on the inside of an embroidered garment. Many wearers of such garments find such covered bottom threads to be uncomfortable. Additionally, embroidering on such products as garments, hats and headgear, footwear, bags, cases, stationary and household items requires that the actual materials be brought into contact with the sewing machine. At best, such a process--involving bulky or odd-shaped articles in particular--is only inefficiently and unproductively accomplished; at worst embroidering may be impossible because of the inherent kind and nature of materials involved, or because of the shape of the products.
Another conventional method for producing an embroidered design on an article is to first embroider the design on a gauze-like material, which material is thereafter readily dissolved so as to leave only the embroidering thread which defines the design. Thereafter, the design can be sewn onto the article which it is intended to adorn. Like the first method discussed above, this method is cumbersome and expensive, and does not lend itself to any kind of efficient mass production technique.
Accordingly, there has arisen a need for a novel process for producing one or more embroidered designs, which process is susceptible to mass production, and which process produces designs that are efficiently transferrable to various articles including but not limited to such odd-shaped articles as those described above. Further, where multiple designs--which may be different from one another--are intended to be transferred simultaneously, it would be highly advantageous to be able to accurately control their positions, relative to one another as well as on the article, without sacrificing efficiency, productivity, or ease of operation.
Although various techniques which attempt to solve the problem of mass producing embroidered designs have been extant for some time, no such technique is known to have all of the advantages and novel features of the present invention described and claimed hereinbelow.

No. 725-1 Maegasu Shinden-Nokata, Yatomi-cho Ama-Gun


Disclosed are various approaches for retrieving contacts from a plurality of federated services. In one example, an authentication notification is received from an identity manager. The authentication notification can include an identifier for a user account and a single sign-on token for the user account. A federated service to authenticate on behalf of the user account is identified. The single sign-on token is transmitted to the federated service for authentication. An authentication token and a refresh token are received from the federated service. The authentication token is determined to expire within a threshold time period. A determination is made that the refresh token has not expired. The refresh token is transmitted to the federated service for a replacement authentication token.

Users of computing devices (e.g., personal computers, mobile devices, etc) often have registered themselves with multiple services. For example, a user of a mobile computing device (e.g., a smartphone) may have a user account registered with his or her corporation's directory service, as well as third-party services such as FACEBOOK®, LINKEDIN®, SALESFORCE®, or similar services. As a result, a user may have information for some contacts stored locally in the address book provided by his or her phone, while additional contacts may be stored in his or her corporation's directory service as part of a corporate address book or stored by FACEBOOK, LINKEDIN, SALESFORCE, or similar services. Likewise, contact information for a single individual may be spread across multiple services. For example, a user may have a work phone number and a work email address for a contact stored by his or her corporation's directory service and a personal email address and a cellphone number for the same contact stored on FACEBOOK.
As a result, users often have to either synchronize their contacts between services or individually search each service for the contact information that is desired. For example, many address books or services allow a user to save multiple email addresses, multiple phone numbers, and multiple mailing addresses for a single contact. However, the user often has to manually enter missing information, such as manually inputting copying and pasting personal email addresses stored on FACEBOOK to corresponding contacts stored in a corporate directory or a locally stored address book. Moreover, if information changes, such as when a user changes his or her phone number or email address, the change has to be manually synchronized. When a user has a large number of contacts, manual synchronization may quickly become impractical.
In some instances, a user can use a synchronization tool to perform the manual process. But these synchronization tools often fail to automatically synchronize changes to contact information. In addition, these synchronization tools are often platform or application specific. For example, a synchronization tool may only work on a specific operating system or with specific email clients or services. Moreover, users with large numbers of contacts may find that it takes inordinate or unacceptable amounts of time to synchronize contacts using a synchronization tool.

Contact consolidation across multiple services


A seating and kneeling assembly includes a front base member, a rear base member, a seat and a top member. A top side of the front base member defines kneeling pads for receiving knees of a user. The rear base member at a forward portion is connected to the front base member at a rear portion. The rearward portion of the rear base member has a substantially wedge-shaped configuration narrowing from a front to a rear thereof for accommodating the lower legs and feet of the user along opposite sides of the rearward portion. The seat is mounted to an upper portion of the rear base member for receiving buttocks of the user. The top member is supported by upper and lower support members at a height above a front portion of the front base member. A top side of the top member defines a rest for receiving forearms of the user. A bottom side of the top member is for resting on a top of a wall of a bathtub. The assembly also includes an elongated shaft on the forward portion of the rear base member which is telescopingly movable within a channel on the rear portion of the front base member for relocating the front and rear base members toward and away from one another. The assembly further includes an insert support member connectable with and between the upper and lower support members to provide the top member with additional height adjustment above the front base member.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to seating and kneeling appliances and, more particularly, is concerned with a seating and kneeling assembly with telescopingly adjustable wedge-shaped seat base and height adjustable arm rest.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Many people kneel or sit beside a bathtub when bathing a child or pet or cleaning the bathtub. The process of bathing a child or pet or cleaning a bathtub can be burdensome. People often find themselves kneeling on a bathroom floor, resting their arms on a bathtub surface and sitting on their heels. A variety of devices and appliances have been developed over the years to aid people in this unpleasant activity.
A representative example of a prior art appliance for assisting a user in bathtub bathing and cleaning is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,642,535 to Frawley et al. The Frawley et al patent discloses a seating and kneeling appliance which includes a seat, a pair of kneeling pads and an arm rest for the user. Problems exist, however, with the design of the Frawley et al appliance. The Frawley et al design has a seat support base of a substantially rectangular configuration which limits where the legs and feet of the user can be placed. Also, the seat is not adjustable relative to the kneeling pads for people of different sizes. Further, the arm rest is not adjustable for fitting walls of bathtubs of different heights.
Consequently, a need remains for an assembly which provides a solution to the aforementioned problems without introducing any new problems in place thereof. introducing any new problems in place thereof.

Seating and kneeling assembly with wedge-shaped adjustable seat base and height adjustable arm rest


A method of mitigating an interference and reducing costs resulting from a co-existence of a plurality of femtocells and a plurality of macrocells. The method groups the femtocells into groups of non-interferers based on the distances between a plurality of femtocell base stations and a cognitive radio network base station, wherein the distances are calculated based on the locations of a plurality of grouped femtocell base stations. The method accrues a revenue of the profit of the cognitive radio network base station from a plurality of K femto base stations and a plurality of I macro secondary user subscribers while paying only for a plurality of S non-interfering groups of the plurality of femto base stations plus the I macro secondary user subscriber channels.

The description provided herein is for the purpose of generally presenting the context of the disclosure. Work of the presently named inventors, to the extent it is described in this background section, as well as aspects of the description which may not otherwise qualify as prior art at the time of filing, are neither expressly or impliedly admitted as prior art against the present invention.
The need for energy-efficient or green communication solutions is inevitably increasing (Y. Chen, S. Zhang, S. Xu, and G. Y. Li, "Fundamental trade-offs on green wireless networks," Commun. Mag. IEEE, vol. 49, no. 6, pp. 30-37, 2011, incorporated herein by reference). Femtocells have been proposed as an energy-efficient solution, which enhance coverage and data rates in addition to maintaining the energy consumption of mobile sets and macrocells at a reasonable level. What makes femtocells an energy efficient technology is the reduction in the distance between the indoor users. This enables the base station to multitask more efficiently and also helps the macrocell to focus on outdoors mobile users (V. Chandrasekhar, J. Andrews, and A. Gatherer, "Femtocell networks: a survey," Commun. Mag. IEEE, vol. 46, no. 9, pp. 59-67, 2008, incorporated herein by reference).
Another technology that can be used to increase the energy and spectrum efficiency of wireless networks is the use of cognitive radio (D. Grace, J. Chen, T. Jiang, and P. D. Mitchell, "Using cognitive radio to deliver 'Green' communications," in Cognitive Radio Oriented Wireless Networks and Communications, 2009. CROWNCOM '09.4th International Conference on cognitive radio wireless networks, 2009, pp. 1-6, incorporated herein by reference).
A cognitive radio is an intelligent radio that can be programmed and configured dynamically. It can be a self-organized radio which has the ability to change its operating frequency according to the changes in the surrounding environment, and by doing so, it exploits the spectrum holes to increase its choices of bandwidth (S. Haykin, "Fundamental Issues in Cognitive Radio," in Cognitive Wireless Communication Networks, E. Hossain and V. Bhargava, Eds. Springer US, 2007, pp. 1-43, incorporated herein by reference). One such way that cognitive radios can be effective with regard to bandwidth choices is that by increasing the bandwidth, the energy usage can be decreased because network capacity increases linearly with bandwidth and logarithmically with power (D. Grace, J. Chen, T. Jiang, and P. D. Mitchell, "Using cognitive radio to deliver 'Green' communications," in Cognitive Radio Oriented Wireless Networks and Communications, 2009. CROWNCOM '09. 4th International Conference on cognitive radio wireless networks, 2009, pp. 1-6, incorporated herein by reference).

Spectrum allocation scheme for femtocells

King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals


An optical module where breaking of an optical fiber is avoided to improve ease of handling in the assembly process of the module and mechanical reliability of the module including resistance to impact. The optical module has a PD (3) and an optical fiber (5a) that are mounted on the same substrate (2). A covering section (6) for covering the optical fiber (5a) is placed on a deep trench section (24) having a predetermined depth in the Z2 direction from a V-groove-formed surface where a V-groove for mounting the optical fiber (5a) is formed. The distance h from an end face (3a) of the PD (3) to an end face (24a) of the deep trench section (24) and the distance k from an end face (51a) of the optical fiber (5a) to an end face (6a) of the covering section (6) satisfy the relationship of h>k. The optical fiber (5a) is mounted with both the end face (6a) of the covering section (6) and the end face (24a) of the deep trench section (24) made to be in contact with each other.

In recent years, with the increase in speed of data communication, optical communication, which enables broadband communication with low loss, is replacing communication using metallic cables and becoming widespread. In optical communication, alignment performed when a cable is connected is important, and for example, alignment of an optical fiber such as forming a V-shaped groove (hereinafter referred to as V-groove) on a substrate and fixing the optical fiber in the V-groove is performed (for example, see patent document 1).
Also, in an optical module where an optical fiber and various optical components are integrated on one substrate, alignment of an optical axis using a V-groove for mounting an optical fiber is performed. An optical component is a component used in optical communication and includes a light-emitting element such as a Laser Diode (hereinafter referred to as LD), a light receiving element such as a Photo Diode (hereinafter referred to as PD), an optical waveguide, a mirror, a polarizer, etc.
FIG. 6A, FIG. 6B and FIG. 6C show a structure of an optical module 31. FIG. 6A is a top view showing an optical module 31, FIG. 6B is a cross-sectional view showing a cross-section taken along P-P shown in FIG. 6A, FIG. 6C is an end view showing an end face taken along Q-Q shown in FIG. 6A.
As shown in FIG. 6A, the optical module 31 is structured by a substrate 32 mounted with a PD 33, an LD 34 and optical fibers 35a and 35b. As shown in FIG. 6C, V-grooves 323a and 323b are formed on the substrate 32, and when the optical fibers 35a and 35b are mounted on the V-grooves 323a and 323b, the optical axes of the PD 33 and the LD 34 are aligned with those of the optical fibers 35a and 35b, respectively.
Patent Document 1: Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Publication No. H11-211928

Optical module and method of producing optical module


A system is employed to reveal a watermark in a document. A watermark generator is utilized to select the placement and at least one colorant combination of an image and at least one colorant combination for a watermark on a document, where the at least one colorant combination of the image and the watermark form a metameric pair. A printing system receives data from the watermark generator and places the image and the watermark on the document. A decoder comprising a narrow band illumination element is selected or tuned to a wavelength corresponding to the colorant combinations utilized by the printing system to reveal the watermark placed thereon.

The present disclosure broadly relates to watermarking documents and, more particularly, to providing a cost effective way to encode and decode such watermarks. Printing systems can print documents utilizing CMYK colorants, wherein metameric colorant combinations are selected to print watermarks. The watermarks can be subsequently decoded via narrow band illumination. It is to be appreciated, however, that the exemplary embodiments are also amendable to other like applications.
Digital watermarking is the process of embedding information into a digital signal. The signal may be audio, pictures or video, for example. In visible digital watermarking, the information can be presented via a picture, video and/or hardcopy image. In one example, a watermark is sent along with print data to a printing system for placement on a hard copy document. In another example, television broadcast data is transmitted to include a logo displayed on top of the standard broadcast content.
Additional processing can be required to decode a watermark. For a hardcopy document, exposure to particular light sources can enhance discrimination between colorants to expose and decode the watermark. Special inks that have infrared (IR) or ultraviolet (UV) properties can make watermarks invisible in white light and visible under special lights. In one technique, a substrate with fluorescent brighteners is used to embed information wherein brighteners are selectively blocked using readily-available colorants.
Techniques such as modifying halftones and variable black (K) colorant usage can also be employed to print watermarks via hardcopy. Decoding these watermarks can require specialized IR cameras, UV illumination and/or paper fluorescence. Watermark decoding can further be dependent on custom ink processing and placement that can be unreliable. Unfortunately, these methods can be undesirable as they are relatively complex and expensive to implement.
What are needed are cost effective systems and methods to encode and decode watermarks.

Watermark encoding and detection using narrow band illumination


A mobile terminal and a method are provided for power saving. The mobile terminal monitors changes of data on a UART bus, acquires current operating states of a Bluetooth chip and a main control chip on the mobile terminal, and when detecting that there is no data on the UART bus, the main control chip controls a Bluetooth module to enter into a power saving mode. By adopting the technical scheme described, once it is detected that there is no data on the bus, the Bluetooth module will be enabled to enter into a state of power saving mode immediately, which ensures that the Bluetooth module is always in the state of power saving mode when there is no service ongoing, thereby increasing the standby time of the mobile terminal to the maximum extent, and improving the level of the user experience.

The Bluetooth technology is used as a kind of open standard for wireless data and voice communication, it is based on a close range wireless connection with a low cost, which enables the terminal apparatus with a Bluetooth function to realize the seamless sharing of resources in a short range, and therefore, the Bluetooth technology is widely applied in products such as embedded, portable terminals. Such products generally have characteristics such as portability, a small volume etc., has a higher demand on the battery life, and therefore, under the condition of the limited battery capacity, a higher requirement is made on the power consumption of a peripheral module on the product, especially for the Bluetooth module, after the application thereof is started, the Bluetooth chip is always being in an operating mode, including the mobile phone entering into a standby mode, to ensure that the Bluetooth device of the mobile terminal makes a normal response when an external Bluetooth device makes a request with the Bluetooth device of the mobile terminal. This increases additional power consumption of the mobile terminal with no doubt. For the characteristics of the Bluetooth, the present document provides a method for controlling a Bluetooth module of a mobile terminal to enter into a power saving mode, which can ensure that the Bluetooth chip is enabled to enter into the state of power saving mode immediately when there is no data service.

Mobile terminal and power saving method thereof


A pressing machine comprising a base, wherein a first inner edge side plate and a second outer edge side plate are arranged on the base; a clamping chamber with sealed inner and outer end surfaces is reserved between the outer wall of the first inner edge side plate and the inner wall of the of the second outer edge side plate; the interior of the clamping chamber is used for preparing sandwich panels; the first inner edge side plate comprises a first side plate assembly, a second side plate assembly, a third side plate assembly and a fourth side plate assembly, wherein the four groups of the side plate assemblies are arranged in parallel in pairs; each side plate assembly is formed by assembling a plurality of side plate units along the length direction of the corresponding side plate assembly.

In the prior art, the process of manufacturing sandwich panels of shelters requires corresponding mechanical clamping force and heating temperature. However, the necessary mechanical clamping mechanism and heating mechanism inevitably leads to a complicated structure. Moreover, the traditional pressing machine can't be used to directly generate a shelter body. Thus, it's urgent for those skilled in this field to develop a novel pressing machine.

Pressing machine and corresponding side plate unit structure


A new three-dimensional measurement method based on wavelet transform to solve the phase distribution of a fringe pattern accurately and obtain three-dimensional profile information of a measured object from phase distribution. The method includes: projecting a monochrome sinusoidal fringe pattern onto the object; performing wavelet transform for the deformed fringe pattern acquired with CCD line by line, solving the relative phase distribution by detecting the wavelet ridge line, recording the wavelet transform scale factors at the line, and creating a quality map; dividing the relative phase distribution into two parts according to the map, and performing direct-phase unwrapping for the part with better reliability using a scan line based algorithm, and unwrapping the part with lower reliability using a flood algorithm under the guide of the quality map, to obtain the absolute phase distribution of the fringe pattern; obtaining the three dimensional information using a phase-height conversion.

Three-dimensional measurement techniques are widely used in product testing and process control, medical treatment, protection of historical relics, aviation and aerospace, and cultural domains, because they can describe three-dimensional characteristics of objects and obtain three dimensional information of object surfaces.
The optical grating projection method is an important three-dimensional measuring technique which includes height information of an object in the gratings in the form of phase by projecting sinusoidal grating onto the surface of the object, utilizes CCD to obtain the grating fringe pattern of the object surface, and employs a specific algorithm to process the fringe pattern to extract the phase, so as to establish three dimensional information of the object. Commonly-used methods for solving the phase of a fringe pattern include phase-shift method, Fourier transform method, windowed Fourier transform method, and wavelet transform method, etc.
The Fourier transform method is widely used, since it can accomplish phase measurement by acquiring only one fringe pattern and thus can achieve dynamic measurement. However, Fourier transform is a global signal analysis tool. It can't extract local signal characteristics and has spectrum aliasing problems during transformation, which may influence the accuracy of phase measurement. In recent years, with rapid development of the wavelet analysis theory, wavelet transform was introduced into the domain of three-dimensional optical measurement. A technique has been developed to analyze fringe patterns by means of wavelet transform and thereby achieve three-dimensional measurement of objects, and the technique is referred to as wavelet transform profilometry. Wavelet analysis is an effective tool for analyzing non-stable signals. Compared to the conventional Fourier transform that has been widely used in the signal processing domain, wavelet transform has an advantage in the analysis of local signal characteristics. Due to the characteristic of multi-resolution analysis, a wavelet transform can not only obtain global signal characteristics like a Fourier transform, but also analyze details of local signals, and therefore has better time/spatial locality. Therefore, solving the phase of a fringe pattern by means of wavelet transform can avoid the spectrum-aliasing problem emerged in Fourier transform and achieve higher measurement accuracy.
As the phase value solved by means of wavelet transform is always within the range of 0-2π, a phase unwrapping procedure is required. To achieve dynamic measurement, usually no secondary pattern is added to increase information and help phase unwrapping. Though the simple scan-line phase-unwrapping method has a high speed of calculation, it doesn't have enough robustness and is prone to error propagation. The quality map guided phase-unwrapping algorithm chooses a best-phase unwrapping path by creating a quality map that reflects the reliability of each pixel point of the fringe pattern. This method has higher robustness and can accomplish phase unwrapping more accurately, but it has a longer operation time and therefore is not suitable for real-time measurement.
A key procedure for the quality map guided phase unwrapping algorithm is the creation of a quality map. A quality map can be created mainly with the following methods. Phase gradient method: the maximum phase gradient between a point and its neighboring points is taken as the quality value of the point. The higher the quality value, the poorer the quality of the point. Surface vector quality map method: the inner product of a normal vector at each point and a negative unit vector in the CCD projection direction is taken as the quality value of the point, wherein, the normal vector can be calculated from the phase values of the point and its neighboring points. Neither of the above two methods involves wavelet transform parameters, and therefore are not applicable to wavelet transform profilometry. Wavelet transform ridge amplitude method: a quality map is created with the modulus at a wavelet transform ridge to guide initial phase unwrapping, under the principle that the modulus at the wavelet transform ridge represents the similarity degree between local signal and wavelet function. This method takes full advantage of the matrix obtained from wavelet transform, but such a quality map creation method doesn't take account of the scale factor at the wavelet transform ridge, which is to say, when the scale factor at the wavelet transform ridge becomes too high or too low, the modulus can't accurately reflect the quality of the local signal; in addition, as the amplitude of a local signal varies, the amplitude at the wavelet ridge in the wavelet transform matrix will vary, therefore the amplitude can't be accurately described with regard to the sinusoidal characteristic and reliability of the local signal.

Three-dimensional measurement method based on wavelet transform


The invention pertains to a compact connector that accommodates a standard cable connector. By reducing the number of components at the interface, the invention allows a small form factor module to accommodate a cable connector that has thus been accommodated only by modules having larger dimensions. The device of the invention includes an electrically conductive lead protruding from a first outer surface of a connector housing and a shell disengageably coupled to the connector housing so as to form a cavity with the lead positioned therein, wherein the first outer surface forms an inner wall of the cavity. The invention also pertains to a module containing electrical components, including a lead, and a shell designed to hold a cable connector in contact with the lead. If the shell is made of a material that blocks electromagnetic radiation, the compact connector also serves as an EMI shield.

The invention relates generally to electronic modules and particularly to electronic transceiver modules of small form factor.
Communication systems are widely employed for a variety of purposes ranging from a basic transmission line in public communication channel to a short-distance network such as a LAN (local area network). These systems include various electronic devices that are interconnected with signal carrying media, such as fiber optic cables or electronic cables. Often, at the interface of a cable and a device is one or more transceivers that receive signals from the cable and forward them to the host device, or receive signals from the host device and forward them to the cable.
A transceiver, unlike a simple connector, serves as an interface converter. For example, fiber optic transceivers convert high-speed electrical signals and convert them to high-speed optical signals. An electronic transceiver that can function as a pass-through, an amplifier, or a reformatter of the electronic signal in such a way as to allow it to transmit over longer distances (serial to parallel conversion) also exist.
Transceivers are typically designed to be electrically and/or optically coupled to a host device and to a network. Typically, transceivers are packaged in the form of a module that has a host device end and a network end. At the host device end, the transceiver module may be mounted on a motherboard of a host device and/or mechanically plugged into a panel that is coupled to the host device. At the network end, the transceiver module is mechanically coupled with a cable connector. There are a number of different connector standards that have been used in the past and have evolved into industry standards. These connector standards include but are not limited to MT-RJ, LC, and SC connectors for optical cables, and RJ-45, RJ-11 and BNC for electrical cables. RJ-45 connectors, which are commonly used with Category 5 cables, are the generally preferred electronic cable/connector systems in most LANs. For pluggable modules, the panel of the host device usually has one or more openings that can accommodate standard sized transceiver modules configured with one of these standard connection interfaces.
Standard modules (e.g., MSA standards) include GBIC modules and, more recently, Small Form Factor Pluggable (SFP) modules, both of which are well known in the industry. SFP modules are becoming increasingly preferred over GBIC modules for their smaller size. As communication systems evolve to require more bandwidth, higher module density is needed at the host device panel, calling for smaller modules. Currently, however, use of SFP modules are limited by the fact that they are not large enough to accommodate many standard cable connectors. Since GBIC modules can accommodate larger cable connectors, e.g., an RJ-45 connector jack, the industry is often forced to use GBIC modules even if SFP modules would be more advantageous. Clearly, an SFP module that can accommodate standard cable connectors is needed. However, because the size of a standard cable connector such as an RJ-45 connector is large relative to the small dimensions of SFP, designing an SFP module that can accommodate an RJ-45 connector jack has been challenging.
FIG. 1 depicts a conventional connector jack 10 that is used to mechanically connect a larger module (e.g., a GBIC module) to a cable connector 11. The connector jack 10 includes a set of electrically conductive leads 14 that are partially enclosed in the jack's plastic housing 16 such that the ends are exposed. A first exposed region 12 of the leads are designed to be coupled to a printed circuit board (not shown) while a second exposed region 14 of the connectors are designed to be coupled with the cable connector 11. The first exposed region 12 may be located on any part of the plastic housing 16 as is convenient for coupling to a printed circuit board. The second exposed region 14 are positioned inside a cavity 18 of the plastic housing 16 such that when the cable connector 11 is inserted into the cavity 18, connection(s) will be established between the printed circuit board and the cable. The cavity 18 is sized and shaped to accommodate a standard cable connector, such as an RJ-45 connector used with a CAT-5 cable. The sidewalls of the plastic housing 16 have to be rigid enough to hold the cable connector 11 in place, and the rigidity requires that the cavity 18 be enclosed by walls of a certain minimum thickness x. Naturally, the size and shape of the plastic housing 16 is dictated largely by the dimensions of the cable connector 11.
FIG. 2 depicts a manner in which the conventional connector jack 10 and the printed circuit board are assembled into a conventional GBIC module 20 by being placed inside a metal shell. The connector jack 10 is coupled to a printed circuit board 22 by any of the well-known and suitable means (e.g., a ribbon connector 24), and this connector-board combination is enclosed by a lower shell 26 and an upper shell 28. The lower shell 26 and the upper shell 28, which are made of a material that shields electromagnetic radiation, are attached firmly to each other with screws 29. The metal shells 26, 28 protect the electrical components of the transceiver 20 and shield electromagnetic radiation. A connector cover 26a of the lower module shell 26 and a connector cover 28a of the upper module shell 28 are designed to surround the connector jack 10, further shielding electromagnetic radiation.
FIG. 3 depicts the GBIC module 20 that is assembled in the manner shown in FIG. 2. The assembled GBIC module 20 is substantially encapsulated with the metal shield 26, 28 except for the cavity 18 at the network end and an opening (not shown) at the host end 29. As described above, the GBIC module 20 uses separate mechanisms for holding the cable connector (i.e., plastic housing 16) and for shielding electromagnetic radiation (i.e., the metal shell 26, 28). As both of these functions are usually needed and the dimensions of the plastic housing 16 alone are larger than the dimensions of the entire connector end of an SFP module as dictated by MSA, today's SFP modules are not compatible with standard RJ-45 cable connectors. However, as stated above, there is an increasing need for an SFP module that can accommodate an RJ-45 cable connector.


Provided is an impeller for a fuel pump of a vehicle capable of decreasing a magnitude of high frequency fluid noise due to high speed rotation of the impeller by upper and lower blades of impeller blades positioned between upper and lower casings of the fuel pump and coupled to a shaft of a driving motor to deliver a fuel by rotational force so as to have asymmetrical angles based on the center of a thickness of an impeller body in sucking the fuel from a fuel tank and supplying the fuel to an engine of an internal combustion engine.

Generally, a fuel pump of a vehicle is mounted in a fuel tank of the vehicle and serves to suck a fuel and forward the fuel to a fuel injection device mounted in an engine.
In addition, the fuel pump of the vehicle is classified into a mechanical fuel pump and an electrical fuel pump, and a turbine type fuel pump 10, which is a kind of electrical fuel pump, is mainly used in an engine using gasoline as the fuel.
The turbine type fuel pump 10 is configured to include a driving motor 20 disposed in a motor housing 60 thereof, upper and lower casings 30 and 40 disposed at a lower end portion of the motor housing 60 and closely adhered to each other, and an impeller 50 disposed between the upper and lower casings 30 and 40, as shown in FIG. 1. In addition, the impeller 50 is coupled to a shaft 21 of the driving motor 20 to thereby be rotated together with the driving motor 20.
That is, as the impeller 50 is rotated, a pressure difference is generated, such that a fuel is sucked into the impeller 50, and pressure of the fuel rises by a rotational flow generated by continuous rotation of the impeller 50, such that the fuel is discharged.
Therefore, the fuel is introduced into a fuel inlet 41 of the lower casing 40 and then passes through the rotating impeller 50, such that pressure of the fuel is raised. Then, the fuel flows to a check valve 70 formed at an upper portion of the motor housing 60 along an inner portion of the motor housing 60 through a fuel outlet 31 of the upper casing 30 and is then supplied to a fuel injection device mounted in an engine of a vehicle.
Here, the impeller 50 includes several blades 51 formed in a disk shape in an outward direction of a circumferential surface thereof along the circumferential surface thereof and blade chambers 52 formed between the respective blades 51 so as to penetrate through both surfaces of the impeller 50 as shown in FIG. 2, and the fuel is introduced into the fuel inlet 41 of the lower casing 40, such that a rotational flow is generated in a space between the blade chamber 52 and a lower flow passage groove 42 formed in the lower casing 40 and an upper flow passage groove 32 formed in the upper casing 30 and a circulation process in which the fuel is introduced into a blade chamber 52 adjacent to the lower flow passage to generate the rotational flow is repeated to convert kinetic energy due to the rotation of the impeller 50 into pressure energy of the fuel, such that the fuel is delivered to the fuel outlet 31 of the upper casing 30, as shown in FIG. 3.
Further, the impeller 50 according to the prior art includes a circumference center guider 53 formed at the center of the circumferential surface thereof along the circumferential surface thereof, thereby making it possible to efficiently generate the rotational flow formed in a space between the blade chamber 52 and the lower flow passage groove 42 and the rotational flow formed in a space between the blade chamber 52 and the upper flow passage groove 32.
However, the fuel introduced into the fuel inlet flows along the lower flow passage groove 42 of the lower casing 40 and then flows the upper flow passage groove 32 of the upper casing 30 through the blade chamber 52 at an end of the lower flow passage groove 42. In this case, impact of a fluid is generated in the blade chamber 52 due to the fuel passing through the blade chamber 52, such that high frequency noise is generated.
As the prior art related to this, Korean Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 2012-0113332 entitled "Impeller for Fuel Pump of Vehicle" has been disclosed.


Flash memory is subject to a wear out failure mechanism which may depend on the number of times each cell of the memory is programmed and erased. The higher the programming voltage used, the more rapidly the cell degrades. A system and method for reducing the average programming voltage for data sets is disclosed.

Computer memory systems may be either of the persistent or non-persistent type. Examples of persistent memory types are magnetic cores, disk drives, tape drives and semiconductor Flash memories. Non-persistent memory types may be semiconductor memories such as DRAM or the like. Non-persistent memory types typically have rapid access times for both reading and writing of data and are used as computer main memory or cache memory. The data is retained in such memories by means which require a supply of power, and the information stored therein may be lost if the power is interrupted. Systems of non-persistent memory usually have a back-up power supply, which may be a capacitive storage device for short duration power interruptions, or back-up power supplies using batteries, generators, or the like for longer term data retention.
Persistent storage devices, such as disk, tape or Flash memory retain stored data even if the power source is removed from the device, and are often used to back up the non-persistent data storage devices, and for longer term data storage where the cost or reliability of providing continuous power is not practical.
Flash memory, amongst the presently used persistent memory technologies, has a lower latency than mechanical devices such as disks, but has more latency than the non-persistent memory types in current use. The price of Flash memory and similar solid state technologies has traditionally been governed by a principle known as Moore's Law, which expresses the general tendency for the capacity of a device to double, and the price to half, during an 18-month period. As such, the cost of storing data in Flash memory rather than in, for example, a disk is expected to reach parity soon.
Flash memory is a generic term, and a variety of types of solid state devices may be considered to be Flash memory. Originally there was an electronically erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM), followed by other developments, which are known as NOR-Flash, NAND-Flash, and the like. Each of the technologies has a different design and organization and differing attributes with respect to the reading and writing of data. That is, there may be a restriction on the minimum size of a block of data that may be either read or written (e.g., data word, page, or data sector), or a difference in the time necessary to read or to write data. In many memory applications, the time for reading or writing data is not deterministic, and may vary over a wide range. In addition, the lifetime of a Flash memory device is considered to be subject to a wear-out mechanism, and is measured in read, write (also called "program" when referring to Flash memories) or erase cycles. Erase is the process of setting all of the memory cells of a block of pages of Flash memory to a state where new data can be programmed into the pages of the block. Herein, the term "write" may be used to mean "program" when a Flash memory is being used.
The failure mechanism of Flash memories may be broadly divided into a conventional failure mode which is associated with a defect in the construction which is either latent, or which develops by the passage of time, and which is considered typical of electronic components, and a wear-out mechanism. Typically, the wear-out mechanism is related to the number of times a Flash memory block is accessed for an erase operation and subsequent write operation. Although this is an electronic failure mechanism, one may consider it as more typical of a mechanical failure mechanism, such as being due to the number of miles that a car has been driven, rather than the calendar time and is manifest in a gradually increasing raw hit error rate. Both mechanisms may need to be considered in system design, and the overuse of a particular memory location avoided, by hardware or software management of the system operation so as to avoid premature wear out.
NAND Flash memory is programmed by applying a voltage to individual cells of the memory so as to store a charge value representing a value of a stored data bit. Presently, there are three varieties of such memories available in commercial quantities, termed SLC (single-level cell), MLC (multilevel cell, generally meaning that there are three voltage levels in addition to the unprogrammed state so as to store two bits of data) and TLC (three-level cell for storing three bits of data in eight voltage levels). So, there are memory cells where one, two, or three bits of information may be stored. In practice, the technology used has resulted in a situation where the lifetime decreases, the read, write and erase times increase, and the cost decreases as the number of bits stored per cell increases. There is also a trend to smaller feature sizes in the semiconductor process so as to increase the density of the storage, and this also tends to degrade performance, including lifetime, but reduce cost.
Another salient characteristic of NAND Flash is that the data is written (programmed) in contiguous pages to fill an area of memory known as a block. Individual pages of a block cannot be re-written or modified unless the entire block of data has been "erased." Erasing the block comprises the operation of setting all of the memory cells of the block to a same state, which is usually the lowest voltage. The lifetime of each memory cell is a function, amongst other things, of the number of times that the cell has been programmed and erased. While the entire block is subject to an erase operation, the effect on the lifetime of an unprogrammed cell may be much less than the effect of a cell that is programmed to the highest voltage level.
Conventionally, the lowest voltage state need not be programmed, and represents a logical "1" in a SLC, a logical "11" in a MLC and a logical "111" in a TLC. Such cells would have the longest lifetime in a block. The highest voltage state would be associated with "0", "00" and "000", respectively. For illustrative purposes a SLC example is used herein as this is more straightforward to describe. Since the blocks are filled with data having varying characteristics over the lifetime of the cell, the lifetime of a cell would depend on the relative number of times a "1" is written rather than a "0", and this is data dependent. MLC and TLC may be addressed with alterations to the coding schemes described herein, as would be apparent to a person of skill in the art having the benefit of this disclosure.
Where, for example, MLC Flash memory is used, preferentially storing "11" leads to base state, where other combinations "10", "01" and "00" require programming to various voltages. So, when performing substitute encoding, either on learned or predetermined basis, substitute codes for the most frequently observed symbols should preferentially align the occurrence of "11" with even bits of a byte. Other optimizations may consider the combinations of characters that are found in ASCII plain text or in the compressed data so as to achieve this result. A similar approach may be used for memory cells that store three or more states per cell.
In another aspect, Flash memory cells are known to lose charge over a period of time, such that the voltage state of the cell is reduced. Over time this may lead to a bit error if the data is not periodically refreshed. By reducing the number of cells that need to be programmed in order to store a fixed amount of user data, the number of cells that are subject to error by this process is reduced, thus increasing the reliability of the memory. NAND Flash memory is used in the examples herein as it is the most commonly available solid state memory technology. However this system and method may be adapted to offer advantages when used with other solid state memories that are known to be in development such as phase change memory (PCM), ReRAM, and to be developed solid state memories. Managing the probability of bit occurrence in a word or block may be used to reduce the number of memory cells that are programmed or that may need to be reprogrammed. The changing of state of a bit or bits of a memory cell requires power and this may be a significant consideration in design. In addition, the wear characteristics of newly developed memory technologies is not as yet well characterized, and specific bit patterns or bit probabilities may be beneficial. This may also have an effect on programming or read-dependent errors. Also, the data compression achieved may be beneficial in overall memory system management and economics.
A memory system may store data received from many sources, and these sources include a variety of data types including, for example, encrypted data using various encryption techniques, compressed data using various compression techniques, and data having the characteristics of, for example, ASCII text, or other alphabet sets. The data may be structured or unstructured, and the memory system may receive the data to be stored without any hint as to the type of data that is involved. In some instances a header or other data characteristic may identify the data.

System and method of data storage in flash memory


A photodetector including graphene and poly(3-hexylthiopene) (P3HT) nanowires is claimed. A method of making the hybrid photodetector is also claimed.

Atomically thin graphene is an intriguing low dimensional nanomaterial with unique electronic, mechanical, and optical properties which enable strong light-matter interactions. However, graphene's extremely low absorptivity (2.3%) resulting from its bandgap-less nature, makes this material's applicability in light sensing devices somehow shy. One alternative way to overcome this problem is to combine graphene with strong light-absorbers, for example with colloidal quantum dot (QD) semiconductors or with conductive polymers, materials widely used in organic electronics, including photovoltaics, due to their high absorption cross sections and their ability to be bandgap engineered through chemical synthesis. Poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) is one such example of a conductive polymer which has been intensely investigated for the development of low cost, highly efficient organic solar cells. Regioregular or rr-P3HT has been recently combined with graphene to develop high gain photodetectors, with P3HT-graphene hybrid photodetectors obtained by spin casting the polymer as a thin film (few tens of nm) on top of graphene. However, there is a need for hybrid photodetectors that promote light scattering and reabsorption of light to provide improved photoresponsivity or optoelectronic response.

Conductive polymer nanowires—graphene hybrids with improved optoelectronic properties


Systems and methods for beveling microfeature workpiece edges are disclosed. A system in accordance with one embodiment is configured to remove material from a microfeature workpiece having a first face, a second face facing opposite from the first face, an edge surface between the first and second faces, and an edge at a juncture between the edge surface and one of the first and second faces. The system can include a carrier positioned to carry the workpiece with the first and second faces generally normal to an axis, and a first polishing pad having a support surface and a polishing surface facing generally away from the support surface. The polishing surface can have a first shape with at least one portion oriented at an acute angle relative to the axis and the support surface to remove material from the edge of the workpiece. A polishing pad support is positioned to carry the first polishing pad proximate to the carrier and is also configured to carry a second polishing pad having a polishing surface with a second shape configured to remove material from the first face of the workpiece while the workpiece rotates about the axis.

Microfeature workpieces (e.g., round wafers) are typically provided to microfeature device manufacturers with beveled edges. A variety of techniques are used to bevel the edges, including applying plasma jets to the workpiece, running a polishing tape along the edges, and contacting the edges with a conical abrasive surface. During the course of processing, layers of materials are built up on the microfeature workpiece and then planarized using mechanical and chemical-mechanical planarization and polishing processes (collectively "CMP"). As a result of these processes, the initially beveled edges of the microfeature workpiece also receive deposits, which can reduce or eliminate the beveled shape of these edges. During subsequent planarization operations, these edges can be a source for defects. In particular, the deposited layers at and near the edge of the workpiece may tend to peel or delaminate, causing defects in the edge region of the microfeature workpiece. Defects in the edge region can migrate to other portions of the microfeature workpiece during subsequent processing steps, so that the defects are not necessarily limited to only the peripheral region of the workpiece. Furthermore, particles released from the edge region can cause scratch defects at the parts of the workpiece as the particles are dragged across the workpiece surface during processing.
One proposed solution to the foregoing problem is to use the same beveling tools that initially bevel the edges of the workpiece to also bevel the workpiece at selected points during microfeature device fabrication. FIG. 1A illustrates a tool 10 configured for such a purpose. The tool 10 can include a plurality of processing stations 12 (e.g., beveling stations) housed in an enclosure 11. Input/output stations 13 are used to transfer microfeature workpieces into and out of the enclosure 11. A control and display panel 14 is used to control the motion of the workpieces within the enclosure 11 and the processes taking place at the processing stations 12.
FIG. 1B illustrates components of one such processing station 12. The components can include a wafer carrier 60 carrying a wafer 50 having two edges 54. A shaft 42 carries a conical support 40 having a conical, concave surface. An abrasive liner 20 is attached to the conical support 40 and both the conical support 40 and the wafer carrier 60 are rotated, as indicated by arrows R. The wafer 50 is then brought into contact with the spinning abrasive liner 20 to bevel one edge 54. Optionally, the remaining edge 54 can also be beveled after the wafer 50 is inverted on the carrier 60.
One drawback with the foregoing approach is that the tool 10, while effective for beveling workpiece edges, can be expensive. In particular, the tool can be expensive to acquire and, because it occupies a relatively large amount of clean-room floor space, can be expensive to own and maintain. Furthermore, the risk of damage to microfeature workpieces as they are shuttled back and forth between an edge bevel tool 10 and a CMP tool can further increase the overall cost of using such a tool.

Shaped polishing pads for beveling microfeature workpiece edges, and associated systems and methods


A video camera (10) includes a microcomputer (26) which determines whether each of detection areas defined within an image field (44) is valid or invalid. If there is a valid detection area, luminance addition data and color addition data are evaluated by an addition data generating circuit (46) for each of addition regions of 64, for example, which are defined by dividing the image field (44). Differences of the addition data between a given addition region and a left adjacent addition region in a horizontal direction and an upper adjacent addition region in a vertical direction are evaluated, and the differences are compared with predetermined values. If comparisons satisfy predetermined conditions, a count value is incremented. On the basis of a total count value of the horizontal direction and a total count value of the vertical direction, it is determined whether or not an object is an object having repeated pattern, and a whole motion vector V.sub.n is evaluated by methods being different from each other according to a determination result. Then, an integration vector S.sub.n is evaluated according to a status of the video camera, whereby a blurring of an image due to an unintentional motion of the video camera can be corrected.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a video camera. More specifically, the present invention relates to a compact video camera with electronic picture stabilizer, which is utilized as a camcorder, for example.
2. Description of the Related Art
One example of a method for detecting an unintentional motion component of an image sensing device is disclosed in, for example, the 20th image engineering conference in 1989 by Matsushita Electric Industrial Corporation. In this prior art method, by utilizing a motion vector obtained by a representative point matching method disclosed in, for example, Japanese Patent Application Laying-open No. 61(1986)-201581 H04N 7/137!, the motion component of the image sensing device is detected according to image information. In this prior art, an attenuation coefficient is used for performing the correction of a blurring of an image due to the unintentional motion, i.e. the electronic picture stabilization. Furthermore, four detection areas are arranged in an image field or screen, and therefore, four portion motion vectors are obtained from the image field.
Now, a method for performing the correction of the blurring of the image due to the unintentional motion, i.e., the electronic picture stabilization on the basis of the portion motion vectors will be described. As a whole motion vector, a mean value of the four portion motion vectors, or a mean value of two portion motion vectors having intermediate values in the four portion motion vectors is utilized. If the whole motion vector is V.sub.n, an integration vector S.sub.n is represented by the following equation. EQU S.sub.n =k.multidot.S.sub.n-1 +V.sub.n
where, k is called as an attenuation coefficient, being a decimal number smaller than 1.
As shown in FIG. 9, for example, an image extracting position is moved by utilizing the integration vector S.sub.n thus obtained, whereby a blurring of an image due to the unintentional motion of the video camera is corrected.
However, in this prior art method, even if the whole motion vector V.sub.n is zero, the image extracting position is centered such that the integration vector S.sub.n approaches zero with time lapse. That is, there was a problem in the prior art method that the image in the screen moves even when no movement occurs in the video camera.

Video camera with electronic picture stabilizer


A folding portable communications device which has a first housing 1 to which a second housing 2 and a third housing 4 are connected in a foldable manner, with a display section 11, a receiver section 13 and a keyboard section 14 provided in the housings, respectively. The second housing 2 and the third housing 4 are folded on the first housing 1 when not in use. When the third housing 4 is unfolded for use as a telephone, information of higher precedence is displayed on part of the display section 11. When the second housing 2 and the third housing 4 are unfolded for use as a data transmitter/receiver, the entire display section 11 extending almost over the inner surface of the first housing 1 is used. Selection of functions as telephone or data transmitter/receiver may be easily carried out with a select switch 16.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a portable communications device, and more particularly to a folding portable communications device with a data display section.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Conventionally known portable communications devices such as portable telephones are each constructed with a slim housing with an antenna on its upper surface, near an edge thereof; and a receiver section, a display section, a keyboard section and a transmitter section placed on the front of the housing in that order from the top to the bottom. The display section and the keyboard section make up almost the entire front of the housing of this type of portable telephone. Therefore, increase in the area occupied by either the display section or the keyboard section produces the problem of reduced area occupied by the other.
For instance, the recent trend of portable telephones has been toward models each constructed so as to display the status of the portable telephone and the data received by it in addition to the destined telephone number, the remaining capacity of the battery, etc. on the display section. These portable telephones are each desired to have the greatest possible area for the display section. With portable telephones constructed as mentioned above, however, it is natural that increase in the area of the display section results in the smaller and thus hard-to-use keyboard section.
As a solution to such problems, Japanese Utility Model Law Application Disclosure HEI 6-34347, for instance, suggests a configuration where a receiver is placed over the underside of a display section, with a through-hole formed from the receiver section to the surface of the display section. This configuration, however, makes it difficult to construct a planar display section, and the increased thickness of the overlapped structural portions becomes an obstacle to construction of low-profile portable telephones.
As another solution, Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Disclosure HEI 5-211464 and Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Disclosure HEI 5-260143 each suggest a folding structure where a foldable housing is attached to the main body of a portable telephone, and a keyboard section is provided on the housing section. In addition, according to these conventional structures, a receiver section and a display section are usually provided on the main body, while a transmitter section and a keyboard section are provided on the foldable section. These configurations allow the display section to extend to the same area as the keyboard section. Since the receiver section contains a speaker, however, it is difficult to increase the area of the display section by further reducing the size of the receiver section.


An improved technique for driving matrix displays, and in particular, passive matrix displays including row and column configurations of electro-optical display elements (e.g., liquid crystal, LED, plasma, and Electroluminescent). By analyzing illumination information about display elements, a matrix display is more effectively driven. Also, by using the method, the selection ratio in LCD displays is improved.

1. Field of the Invention:
The present invention relates to an improved technique for driving matrix displays, and in particular, passive matrix displays including row and column configurations of electro-optical display elements (e.g., liquid crystal, LED, plasma, and Electroluminescent).
2. Discussion of the Background:
Matrix displays are addressed by coincident selection of a pixel (picture element) at the intersection of a given row and column. Multiplexing is the term applied to the time division whereby the pixels are excited or driven. Problems arise when driving large matrix displays (e.g., a TV display). With a large display, if the electro-optical display elements are electrically linear, crosstalk (noise in the form of unwanted excitation of unselected pixels) limits the size of the display. If the display elements are non-linear, such as in displays that use a thin film transistor (TFT) switch at the intersection of every row and column, then there are few matrix driving problems caused by crosstalk. However, distributed TFT devices are expensive, and the cost escalates exponentially with the size of the display.
Various techniques have been devised for extending the size of the matrix of linear display elements it is feasible to drive. A tutorial is found in HANDBOOK OF LIQUID CRYSTAL RESEARCH, Chapter 11, Addressing of Passive Matrix, RMS Responding Liquid Crystal Displays, by Terry Scheffer, pp. 445-471; Edited by: Collings and Patel, Oxford University Press, 1997 (hereinafter Scheffer). The contents of the "HANDBOOK OF LIQUID CRYSTAL RESEARCH" are incorporated herein by reference. This tutorial incorporates 40 references.

Sting addressing of passive matrix displays


A method for fabricating electrodes of a capacitor over a semiconductor substrate is disclosed. The method includes the steps of: forming a base insulating layer over the semiconductor substrate; forming a stacked layer, including an insulating layer and a mask layer, over the base insulating layer; defining the stacked layer to form an opening to the base insulating layer; forming a first conducting layer over the stacked layer; forming a spacer on the sidewall of the first conducting layer in the opening; etching the bottom of the opening by using the mask layer and the spacer as a mask to expose a portion of the semiconductor substrate; forming a second conducting layer in the opening to electrically connect the exposed semiconductor substrate; and removing the spacer to leave the first and the second conducting layers as a capacitor electrode.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method for fabricating the electrodes of a semiconductor capacitor, and more specifically, to a method for fabricating the electrodes of a stacked capacitor utilized in a dynamic random access memory (DRAM) cell.
2. Description of Related Art
Semiconductor capacitors have been widely utilized in semiconductor integrated circuit such as memory devices, oscillators, time-delay circuitry, and AD/DA converters. The elements of a semiconductor capacitor include two conducting layers and a dielectric therebetween. Therefore, the performance of the capacitor is determined by three physical characteristics: (1) the thickness of the dielectric layer, (2) the surface area of the conducting layers, and (3) electrical or mechanical properties of the dielectric and the conducting materials.
For a highly-integrated dynamic random access memory (DRAM), each cell dimension must be as small as possible to increase the device density. However, the electrode area of the capacitor in each memory cell should be large enough for data storage. Therefore, a three-dimensional stacked capacitor cell has been developed to satisfy the requirement. For example, a crown-type capacitor utilizes an upward extending electrode structure to increase the surface area. This structure therefore reduces soft-error rate (SER) and is compatible with dielectric materials of a high dielectric constant.
However, the complicated three-dimensional structure requires a lot of micro-lithography steps which increase the manufacturing cost of the memory device. For instance, the method disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,278,091 utilizes two more masks to fabricate a stacked capacitor.
The method, referring to FIG. 1, uses a first additional micro-lithography step to define the space between two word lines 12. The space is provided for forming a poly plug 13 between the word lines 12. These word lines 12 are then isolated by a silicon nitride layer 14. The poly plug 13 and the silicon nitride layer 14 are then covered by a silicon dioxide layer 15.
Referring to FIG. 2, another additional micro-lithography step is carried out to define the silicon dioxide layer 15, thereby forming an opening 21 to the poly plug 13. Then a poly spacer 22 is formed in the opening 21 for subsequent steps of the electrode formation. Since the method requires two additional micro-lithography steps, the cost is increased.

Method for fabricating electrodes of a semiconductor capacitor


A binder clip comprising a first side panel, second side panel and third side panel, integral with one another and arranged in the shape of a triangle, the first and third side panels having curled edge portions, and the first and third side panels spring-biased toward one another, a first and second lever made of wire and forming a loop, the first and second lever pivotally fixed to the first side panel and third side panel, respectively, the first and second levers arranged to pivot. The first and second levers are arranged to be retained or locked by linear protrusions emanating upwardly from the first and third side panels, respectively.

Devices for fastening papers and like objects are well known in the art. There are many different types of paper fasteners including paper clips, staples and brads. Binder clips are also common devices used for keeping papers and the like bound.
For example, FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a prior art binder clip having a triangular cross-section and wire levers. This particular binder clip, shown in FIG. 1, is made by Acco World Corporation. The sidewalls of the clip are spring-biased towards a closed position. The sidewall edges each comprise circular bearings that engage the lever ends and allow the levers to be flipped up such that the clip may be opened, or to be flipped down into a closed position. However, as illustrated in FIG. 4, the upwardly flipped levers are bulky and make it difficult to stack documents one atop the other. The downwardly flipped levers as illustrated in FIG. 5 interfere with bound pages when the pages are flipped or turned, thereby making it difficult for one to read materials bound by the binder clip.
Others have attempted to overcome the problem of cumbersome binder clip levers. FIG. 2 is a top view of a binder clip disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 1,965,554 (Mainwaring). Mainwaring attempts to solve the problem of the interfering levers by providing a binder clip having solid pivoting levers 1 wherein in a first position, the levers are perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the clip body and in a second position, the levers are parallel to the longitudinal axis of the clip body. Solid pivoting levers 1 are each secured by a pivot pin comprising a rivet that passes through an upper washer, a keyhole slot in the lever, and then through the flat sidewall of the clip body. This invention suffers from the structural disadvantage of solid levers and a spring catch mechanism used to lock the levers in place. The spring catch mechanism is fixedly secured to the lever by the pivot pin and comprises a spring element having a pocket that engages a steel ball 2, which is forced by the upper washer to matingly engage pivoting lever apertures and apertures in the sidewalls, such as aperture 3. In addition, locking and unlocking the spring catch mechanism strains the pivoting joint causing it to weaken or wear out quickly.
Another patented pivoting lever binder clip is shown in FIG. 3, which illustrates a perspective view of a U-shaped spring binder clip having solid levers 5 attached by a pivoting joint 6 as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 467,244 (Ballard). Pivoting joint 6 allows the levers to be pivoted in a backward direction enabling the levers to then open the clip when squeezed, or in a forward direction enabling the bound object to be stored on a shelf without having levers 5 protruding outwardly. To lock each lever in a closed position, a protrusion from the clip's surface catches hole 8 in each lever. A first problem with this design is that it does not have curled edges that engage the lever ends. Therefore, a significant force will be transmitted through the pivoting joint when the levers are squeezed to open the clip causing excessive strain on the pivot. The pivot will further undergo strain when the inflexible solid lever is moved across the protrusion. Additionally, the protrusion from the clip body and the hole in the solid lever must align perfectly, requiring precision in manufacture of the clip.
What is needed, then, is an improved binder clip comprising pivoting levers made of wire and forming a loop, which can sustain significant force when squeezed and which lock into a preferred position by a structurally simple restraining mechanism, wherein protrusions emanating from the clip body wedge into parallel individual segments of the wire levers, thereby allowing one to pivot the levers to lay parallel to the length of the document being bound and out of the way of the reader.


Disclosed is a print-medium post-treatment apparatus, in which a converting guide to guide a print medium to any one of a first delivery path and a second delivery path is operated upon receiving rotational force from a delivery motor for delivery of the print medium. This enables omission of a drive device to operate the converting guide.

1. Field of the Invention
Exemplary embodiments of the present general inventive concept relate to a print-medium post-treatment apparatus to perform post-treatment, such as, e.g., a punching or stapling operation, on a print medium transmitted from an image forming apparatus.
2. Description of the Related Art
In general, a print-medium post-treatment apparatus is arranged parallel to an image forming apparatus. In one example, a print-medium post-treatment apparatus contains a punch or stapler to perform a punching or stapling operation on a print medium, on which an image has been completely formed, transmitted from an image forming apparatus.
Such a print-medium post-treatment apparatus includes a body defining an outer appearance of the print-medium post-treatment apparatus. One side of the body is coupled to an image forming apparatus, and the other side of the body is provided with a first stack tray and a second stack tray. The first stack tray is arranged above the second stack tray, and both are used to support print media, which have been subjected to a punching or stapling operation, loaded thereon.
A first delivery path and a second delivery path are defined in the body, to guide the print media to the first stack tray and the second stack tray. Delivery rollers are arranged on the first delivery path and the second delivery path to move the print media along the first and second delivery paths. A converting guide is provided at a junction of the first delivery path and the second delivery path to allow the print media to move along any one of the first and second delivery paths. A delivery motor to drive the delivery rollers and a converting motor to drive the converting guide are installed in the body.


The present invention aims to provide a medical material which is safe for the live body, has high biocompatibility and is useful for promotion of cell differentiation. The present invention produces a medical material for promoting cell differentiation, which contains polyamino acid as a main component, wherein the polyamino acid contains at least one kind of amino acid residue selected from the group consisting of an alanine residue, a valine residue, a leucine residue, an isoleucine residue, a phenylalanine residue, a glycine residue, a glutamine residue, an aspartic acid residue optionally containing a protecting group in the side chain, a tyrosine residue optionally containing a protecting group in the side chain, a tryptophan residue optionally containing a protecting group in the side chain, a lysine residue optionally containing a protecting group in the side chain, and a glutamic acid residue optionally containing a protecting group in the side chain.

In an attempt to regenerate an impaired and defective biological tissue, the research and development of a structure that functions as a scaffold for tissues and cells has been ongoing in recent years as a part of the regenerative medicine. As a structure that functions as a scaffold, sponge, honeycomb, fiber structures wherein fibers are multi-layered such as non-woven fabric and the like, films and coatings are known.
Medical materials such as scaffold for tissues and cells desirably have biodegradability and biocompatibility in combination. From such aspect, many production examples of medical materials using collagen, gelatin, cellulose, chitin, chitosan, polylactic acid and the like are disclosed. For example, as a fiber structure medical material, those using chitosan, chondroitin sulfate, polysaccharides such as pectin and the like are disclosed (patent document 1). A fiber structure can be generally formed by a method called electrospinning method. A polymer compound is dissolved in a solvent to give a solution, the polymer compound solution is discharged under application of a high voltage to form a fiber, and the fiber is accumulated on a substrate (collector), whereby a fiber structure can be obtained. A fiber structure produced using chitosan under controlled production conditions of such electrospinning method is also disclosed (patent documents 2, 3). However, all the above-mentioned fiber structures do not have a desirable shape as a fiber structure, even though they are medical materials provided with biodegradability. For example, the width of the fiber diameter may be extremely nonuniform, or bonding of fibers may be observed. Even if the width of the fiber diameter could be controlled, the production conditions are impractical since the fiber formation stage requires a markedly long time and the like. In some cases, moreover, since chitosan is not completely dissolved in the solution, a satisfactory fiber structure is unattainable.
As for fiber structures, a method using poly-γ-benzyl-L-glutamic acid as a material is disclosed (non-patent document 1). In this method, the fiber diameter is controlled by dissolving the material at a low concentration in an organic solvent with low polarity, thereby suppressing interactions between molecules. However, formation of the fiber becomes difficult when the concentration of the solution reaches some low levels, and the fiber diameter has not actually been reduced to a satisfactory thinness. When a fiber structure is used as a medical material, it is desirably constituted by a thinner fiber, particularly nanometer-order fiber (nanofiber), in view of the degradability in the live body. However, a fiber structure made of a thin fiber such as nanofiber requests precise control of the production conditions, materials to be used and the like, which makes production by an electrospinning method difficult to achieve.
As other biodegradable materials, a fiber structure medical material using polylactic acid is disclosed (patent document 4). However, in this fiber structure, a nanometer-order fiber diameter has not been actually achieved. It is also suggested that polylactic acid lacks flexibility, is poor in compatibility with soft tissues, and causes inflammatory reaction in the live body, and therefore, is not a biodegradable material sufficiently safe as a medical material.
Besides the fiber structure, films and coatings are utilized, and a single cell culture obtained by forming a film from extracellular matrix components such as collagen, fibronectin and laminin (patent document 5), and a cell culture vessel coated with a similar extracellular matrix component are disclosed (patent document 6). However, extracellular matrix components are highly unstable and the property may be degraded in about several months even by chilled storage. Among the extracellular matrix components, collagen is widely used. However, the problems of BSE (bovine spongiform encephalopathy), foot-and-mouth disease and the like have made the use thereof difficult, and collagen itself is easily denatured in a production step such as film formation and the like. In the current situation, therefore, handling of collagen while maintaining its inherent function is difficult. To confer strength, formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde may be used for crosslinking. However, since these organic substances show extremely high toxicity, they are problematic in safety.
Patent document 7 describes a cell culture film made from a copolymer of polyamino acid and urethane. Non-patent documents 2 and 3 describe that a resin made from a random copolymer of 3 kinds of amino acids (glutamic acid, lysine, leucine) grow hepatocytes with good cell adhesiveness. Furthermore, non-patent document 4 describes that a laminate film of α-polyglutamic acid and chitosan shows good adhesiveness to one of myoblasts, and promotes growth. In recent years, however, a practical material that promotes differentiation of undifferentiated cell is increasingly desired along with the development of the study of iPS cells, and a material satisfying such demand has not been found.

Medical material and method for manufacturing same


A method includes creating an intercept function for a tracked Dynamic Link Library (DLL) function of a Dynamic Link Library (DLL) being loaded into a suspicious module. Further, the import address table entry for the tracked DLL function is replaced with the respective address of the intercept function. In this manner, a call from the suspicious module to the tracked DLL function is intercepted by the intercept function. The suspicious module is associated with the thread presently executing and the call is passed to the tracked DLL function. Accordingly, any actions associated with the thread are attributed to the suspicious module instead of to a process containing the suspicious module.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to computer system security. More particularly, the present invention relates to a system and method of intercepting operating system interactions by suspicious modules.
2. Description of the Related Art
Behavior blocking systems for protecting computer systems are well-known. Generally, a behavior blocking system monitors the behavior of a process. When the behavior of a process is determined by the behavior blocking system to be malicious, protective action is taken by the behavior blocking system to protect the associated computer system.
As an example of protective action, the process, which has been determined to be malicious by the behavior blocking system, is terminated.
A non process threat (NPT) is a malicious module that is injected into an otherwise non malicious process, sometimes called a victim process. Unfortunately, the behavior of the non process threat is attributed to the victim process by the behavior blocking system resulting in undesirable termination of the victim process. Further, in certain instances, the victim process cannot be terminated without damaging the computer system.

Code module operating system (OS) interactions intercepting system and method