Integrated optical waveguides and methods for the production thereof which have a patterned upper cladding with a defined opening to allow at least one side or at least one end of a light transmissive element to be air clad. The at least one side or at least one end is, for preference, a lens structure unitary with the waveguide, or a bend.

Integrated optical waveguides typically consist of a patterned, light guiding core layer (of refractive index n1) surrounded by a cladding material (of refractive index n2, where n2<n1) and mounted on a mechanically robust substrate. These waveguides generally have flat end faces, often produced by cutting the substrate and waveguide structure with a dicing saw, followed by a polishing step to remove scattering centres. Light propagating along the waveguide is guided within the core by the refractive index difference between core and cladding.
Referring to the drawings, FIGS. 1a and 1b show side and end views of the end face of a typical integrated optical waveguide 10 as known in the art, comprising a substrate 11, a lower cladding layer 12, a light guiding core 13 and an upper cladding layer 14. Depending on the material system, a variety of techniques are available for depositing the lower cladding, core and upper cladding layers. These include flame hydrolysis or chemical vapour deposition (e.g. for glass), molecular beam epitaxy (e.g. for semiconductors) and spin coating (e.g. for polymers). The core layer can be patterned either by photolithography and reactive ion etching (suitable for most materials) or by photolithography and wet etching (e.g. for photo-patternable polymers). The refractive index of the lower 12 and upper 14 cladding layers needs to be less than that of the core 13, so that light is confined within the core. Often, the lower 12 and upper 14 cladding layers have the same refractive index, so that the guided mode is symmetric, although this is not necessary. If the substrate material 11 is transparent and has refractive index lower than the core material 13, the lower cladding 12 may be omitted.
Typically, planar waveguides have a light transmissive elongated core region which is square or rectangular in cross section. The bottom face is conventionally defined as that being adjacent or nearest the substrate. The top face is the face parallel to the bottom face but furthest from the substrate. The sides are those faces which are perpendicular to the substrate.
In this integrated optical waveguide previously described in the art, the core is surrounded by cladding material, either the lower cladding or the upper cladding. However this need not necessarily be the case, and there are some applications where it is advantageous for at least one portion of the core to be free of contact with cladding material on at least one side. Accordingly, one aspect of the present invention concerns integrated optical waveguides where the upper cladding layer is patterned such that in at least one region, at least one side of the core is free of contact with the upper cladding material.
Patterned upper claddings have been disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,850,498 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,555,288, for reducing the stress in a waveguide core. In these disclosures, where the patterned upper cladding is described as "conformal", the upper cladding has a shape substantially congruent with the shape of the core, in other words the core is enclosed (except the bottom, which is in contact with the substrate or lower cladding material) with a thin layer of upper cladding material. This is distinct from the patterned upper cladding of the present invention, where the upper cladding layer is patterned such that in at least one region, at least one side of the core is free of contact with the upper cladding material.
One application where it is advantageous for at least one region of the core to be free of contact with cladding material on at least one side is an integrated optical waveguide with a unitary lens structure. As mentioned above, light is guided along an integrated optical waveguide by the refractive index difference between the core and cladding layers. However when the light exits the core into free space (or air in practice) it immediately diverges. This divergence occurs in two dimensions, parallel and perpendicular to the substrate. If a collimated output beam is desired, some sort of positive (i.e. converging) lens is required. Equivalently, a converging lens is required to focus a collimated beam into an integrated optical waveguide.
One solution is to use a discrete element such as a ball lens or a cylindrical gradient refractive index (GRIN) lens, however such lenses are difficult to handle because of their small size, require precise alignment in two dimensions, and introduce additional interfaces (with inherent reflection losses). It is preferable therefore to integrate the lens structure with the optical waveguide. Many types of integrated lenses have been proposed over the years, including Fresnel lenses (U.S. Pat. No. 4,367,916; U.S. Pat. No. 4,445,759) and Bragg lenses (U.S. Pat. No. 4,262,996; U.S. Pat. No. 4,440,468). These lenses provide focussing in one dimension only, in the plane of the lens structure (invariably parallel to the substrate).
Another possibility is to fabricate a GRIN lens at the end face (U.S. Pat. No. 5,719,973). These lenses provide focussing in two dimensions but have cylindrical symmetry and as such are more suited to optical fibres than integrated optical waveguides (which are typically rectangular in shape).
One method for integrating a lens structure with an optical waveguide is to produce a lens-shaped protrusion on the end face of the waveguide. This may be achieved by selectively etching the cladding to leave a protruding core, then heating the waveguide material to its softening point (e.g. with a CO2 laser pulse) so that the angular protrusion collapses into a rounded convex lens shape. Such a structure also provides focussing in two dimensions.
FIGS. 2a, 2b and 2c illustrate a method for fabricating a lens, as known in the art, on the end face of an integrated optical waveguide, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,432,877. According to this embodiment, FIG. 2a shows the substrate 11 (e.g. silicon), the lower cladding 12 and upper cladding 14 (both comprising silica doped with boron and phosphorus) and the core 13 (comprising silica doped with boron, phosphorus and germanium). The end face of the waveguide 10 is etched in a buffered hydrofluoric acid solution, which preferentially etches the cladding layers, to leave a protrusion 20 of core material. Finally, the etched waveguide is heated to approximately 1000° C. to soften the core; surface tension then shapes the protruding core to produce a substantially cone-shaped lens 21.
Such chemical etching techniques have been demonstrated for silica glass-based waveguides in U.S. Pat. No. 5,432,877 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,341,189. They are, however, limited in their applicability, relying on differential etch rates between the cladding (e.g. silica) and the core (e.g. germanium-doped silica). For example, selective chemical etching generally cannot be used for polymer-based integrated optical waveguides. Furthermore, the thermal rounding process can only be used if the core material has a softening point, which excludes non-thermoplastic polymers and crystalline materials such as silicon and other semiconductors. Also, the etching and softening processes must be precisely controlled if the desired lens shape is to be obtained.
A further disadvantage with chemical etching-based techniques is that the lens structures can only be prepared after the optical waveguide circuit chips have been diced (cutting or breaking into individual chips). While many chips can be collected and etched at the same time, this still requires careful handling and extra process steps.
The present invention concerns a method for fabricating an integrated optical waveguide with a unitary lens structure and with a patterned upper cladding that avoids some or all of the abovementioned disadvantages of the prior art. The unitary lens comprises a curved surface through which light is launched into free space. Since this curved surface must have an air interface, any upper cladding must be patterned such that at least this curved surface is free of contact with cladding material.
The unitary lens structures described in the present invention are capable of focussing light in the dimension parallel to the substrate. If focussing in the perpendicular direction is desired, an external lens such as a transverse cylindrical lens could be used. This configuration is superior to other configurations known in the art that require an external ball or GRIN lens, because these require the external lens to be accurately positioned in two dimensions. In contrast, an external transverse cylindrical lens would only need to be accurately positioned in the perpendicular direction. This is especially advantageous in devices with arrays of unitary lens structures, where one transverse cylindrical lens could be used to provide perpendicular focussing for a plurality of array elements.
A second application where it is advantageous for at least one region of the core to be free of contact with cladding material on at least one side is an integrated optical waveguide device where light is directed around curves with small bend radii. This situation frequently arises in the design of integrated optical waveguide devices, since the footprint of a device can be reduced (and therefore more devices fabricated per substrate) by implementing tight bends. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is well known that introducing a bend into an optical waveguide perturbs the guided modes such that they tend to leak out the side of the bend, resulting in loss of optical power. For large bend radii (i.e. gradual bends) this loss is negligible, but as the bend radius is reduced, there comes a point where the loss becomes unacceptable. For a given bend radius, the loss depends on the refractive index difference between the core and cladding; if this refractive index difference is larger (i.e. the guided modes are more tightly bound), the loss is smaller. Bend-induced loss occurs for both single mode and multimode waveguides. For the multimode case, the higher order modes (which are less strongly guided) have higher bend loss (i.e. tend to be lost first).
Generally, the core-cladding refractive index difference is maximised (and hence bend loss minimised) when the core is surrounded by free space (air in practical terms), i.e. the "cladding" has a refractive index of 1. For integrated optical waveguide devices, bends usually occur in one plane only, parallel to the substrate. Since bend loss only occurs in the plane of the bend (i.e. light leaks out through the side walls), only the side walls need to be "air clad". In particular, only that side wall on the outside of the bend needs to be air clad. Referring now to FIGS. 1a and 1b: if an integrated optical waveguide device has tight bends, it would be advantageous for the upper cladding 14 to be omitted. The core 13 would then be in contact with cladding material (the lower cladding 12) only on the bottom, which in terms of bend loss is unimportant.
A disadvantage with omitting the upper cladding in planar waveguides is that the mechanical strength of the structure may be insufficient, i.e. the structure cannot be processed and handled using standard techniques. For example, dicing with a high speed saw could dislodge the core from the lower cladding. Also, bare core structures are extremely vulnerable to mechanical damage or to the formation of scattering centres by extraneous dust. For this reason, in integrated waveguide devices with tight bends, it is advantageous to pattern the upper cladding such that upper cladding material is present everywhere except in the regions surrounding the tight bends.
Similarly, in integrated waveguide devices with unitary lens structures, it is advantageous to pattern the upper cladding such that upper cladding material is present everywhere except in the regions surrounding the unitary lens structures.

Planar waveguide with patterned cladding and method for producing the same


Methods and apparatus for a current sensor having an elongate current conductor having an input and an output and a longitudinal axis. First, second, third and fourth magnetic field sensing elements are coupled in a bridge configuration and positioned in a plane parallel to a surface of the current conductor such that the second and fourth magnetic field sensing elements comprise inner elements and the first and third magnetic field sensing elements comprise outer elements. Embodiments of the sensor reduce the effects of stray fields on the sensor.

As is known in the art, one type of conventional current sensor uses a magnetic field transducer (for example a Hall effect or magnetoresistive transducer) in proximity to a current conductor. The magnetic field transducer generates an output signal having a magnitude proportional to the magnetic field induced by a current that flows through the current conductor.
Various parameters characterize the performance of current sensors, including sensitivity, linearity and offset. Sensitivity is related to the magnitude of a change in output voltage from the Hall effect transducer in response to a sensed current. Linearity is related to the degree to which the output voltage from the Hall effect transducer varies in direct proportion to the sensed current. Offset is related to the output signal when no magnetic field is applied.
The performance of a current sensor can be impacted by stray fields on one or more magnetic field sensing elements of the sensor. For example, a current sensor may include magnetic field sensing elements in a bridge configuration that may be affected by a stray field.

Current sensor having stray field immunity


A cutting valve, for example, for a transversing incore probe system, comprises a valve box, a cylinder formed to the valve box, a piston disposed in the cylinder to be slidable therein, a cutting blade mounted to one end of the piston, a powder plug which is provided to another end of the piston and in which a powder is filled up, the powder being exploded by the operation of the powder plug, and a through hole, through which a cable or wire to be cut by the cutting blade penetrates, formed to the cylinder so as to extend in a direction normal to the sliding direction of the piston and to communicate with an inside of the cylinder. The piston is slid together with the cutting blade in an accelerated manner at a time when the powder is exploded. A kind and an amount of the powder are predetermined so that the piston is accelerated in the sliding motion in the cylinder at a speed of more than 40 m/sec. by a pressure at the time of exploding the powder and the cutting blade is formed of a material such as austenite stainless steel having a hardness less than that of a material forming the cable such as piano wire.

The present invention relates to a cutting valve of a valve assembly particularly of a transversing incore probe system (called hereinlater TIP) for calibrating an output area neutron detector disposed in, for example, a boiling water reactor (BWR) and adapted to monitor an incore neutron flux in a reactor core.
FIG. 2 is a view showing an entire structure of the TIP to be disposed in the BWR, and with reference to FIG. 2, in the BWR, there are arranged a plurality of output area neutron detector assemblies 2 disposed to predetermined portions in a reactor pressure vessel (RPV) 1, calibrating tubes 3 disposed in these neutron detector assemblies 2, detector guide tubes 4 connected to lower ends of the calibrating tubes 3, indexing devices 5 connected to the detector guide tubes 4, isolation valve units 8 including ball valve units 8a and cutting valves 8b and connected to outside portions of a reactor containment vessel 7 through a flanged portion 6, shielding vessels 9 connected to the isolation valve units 8 through the detector guide tubes 4, and detector drive devices 10 connected to the shielding vessels 9 through the guide tubes 4.
Accordingly, the TIP detector advances in the detector guide tube 4 by a distance corresponding to a feed-out detector cable length. When the TIP detector is fed out from the shielding vessel 9, the ball valve 8a of the isolation valve unit 8 is opened, the TIP detector is then guided into the reactor containment vessel 7 through the isolation valve unit 8 and the penetrating flange 6 and, finally, stops at the core top portion of the calibration tube 3. Thereafter, the TIP detector is pulled out for measuring the neutron flux in the RPV 1.
Incidentally, when any abnormal condition occurs in the reactor, an isolation signal is generated to close all the isolation valve units 8 in the reactor containment vessel 7. However, in the state that the detector cable passes through the ball valve 8a, the ball valve 8a cannot be closed.
In such state, a cutting blade mounted to the cutting valve 8b is operated to cut the detector cable passing the cutting valve 8b, and simultaneously, the cutting valve 8b is sealed by the cutting blade to thereby isolate and seal the penetrating portion of the TIP system.
FIG. 5 shows a structure of one conventional cutting valve 8b, in which a cylinder 12 is disposed in a valve box 11 and a piston 14, to which a cutting blade 13 is mounted to be directed downward, as viewed, is accommodated in the cylinder 12, and a powder plug 16 in which an explosive powder 15 is filled up is disposed to an opening of the cylinder at a portion above the piston 14.
A valve seat 21 is disposed below the cylinder 12, and a through hole 17 through which the detector guide tube 4 passes is formed below the cylinder 12 so as to extend in a direction normal to the cutting blade 13. The detector guide tube 4 is inserted into the through hole 17 and the outer peripheral side of the guide tube 4 are fixed to the through hole 17 by mounting a guide tube inlet plug 18 and a guide tube outlet plug 19 to the valve box 11 and the valve seat 21 at inlet and outlet sides of the through hole 17, respectively. Thus, it may be said that the valve box 11 serves also as a holder for holding the detector guide tube 4. A detector cable 20 is inserted into the inside portion of the detector guide tube 4.
In the structure of the cutting valve described above, when the cutting blade 13 is driven, the powder 15 is exploded by current conduction to a coil, not shown, disposed in the powder 15 in the powder plug 16 to cause an explosive pressure, by which the piston 14 is slid downward in the cylinder 12 and the cutting blade 13 is driven and moved towards the detector guide tube 4, whereby both the detector guide tube 4 and the detector cable 20 inserted therein are cut together. In this operation, the front end of the cutting blade 13 abuts against the valve seat 21 in a manner that the side portion of the cutting blade 13 closes the through hole 17.
The cutting blade 13 is formed of a material having high hardness such as hot tool steel (SKD-12) for cutting both the detector guide tube 4 formed of a stainless steel and the detector cable 20 formed of a piano wire.
By the way, when a reactor accident occurs, a temperature inside the reactor containment vessel rises to about 171.degree. C., and at the same time, a temperature of the cutting valve 8b mounted to a portion near the penetrating flange 6 of the reactor containment vessel 7 also rises to near the same temperature. For this reason, the cutting blade 13 is formed of the hot tool steel having a large hardness such as SKD-12 for cutting both the detector guide tube 4 formed of a stainless steel and the detector cable 20 formed of a piano wire even if the hardness of the cutting blade 13 is lowered by such high temperature.
In usual, an operation test has been performed by exploding the powder 15 for confirming the function of the cutting valve 8b once in several years. However, the operation test has been carried out under an ordinary, i.e. room, temperature, the cutting blade 13 may be broken because of its hardness and the sealing performance thereof may be lowered. Accordingly, in order to prevent the cutting blade 13 from breaking, it is necessary in the operation test to create an atmosphere having substantially the same temperature as that in the reactor containment vessel 7 at which an accident will occur in the reactor by disposing a high temperature tank or the like in a reactor power plant.
As discussed above, in order to carry out the operation test for the conventional cutting valve 8b, it is necessary to convey the high temperature tank in the reactor power plant, requiring much labor, and moreover, in such operation test, workers must perform the operation test under the severe high temperature environment, providing a troublesome problem.


In a substrate processing apparatus using a neutralized beam and a method thereof, the substrate processing apparatus includes: an ion source for emitting an ion beam at an emitting angle; reflectors at which the ion beam emitted by the ion source is incident and subject to 2n collisions (where n is a positive integer) in first and second opposite directions to neutralize the ion beam as a neutralized beam and to restore a direction of propagation of the neutralized beam to the emitting angle of the ion beam; and a substrate at which the neutralized beam generated by the reflectors is incident on to perform a process. Accordingly, an incident angle of the resultant neutralized beam is perpendicular to a substrate, while the direction of propagation of the originating ion source and the surface of the substrate are maintained to be perpendicular to each other.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a substrate processing apparatus using a neutralized beam, and more particularly, to a substrate processing apparatus using a neutralized beam thereby maintaining a direction of propagation of an ion source for generating ions and a surface of a substrate in respective positions such that they are perpendicular to each other, and a method thereof.
2. Description of the Related Art
Plasma processing apparatus are commonly used in dry etching processes and in physical or chemical vapor deposition processes. In the plasma processing apparatus, a high-frequency power is applied to a chamber, and, at the same time, reaction gases are supplied into the chamber, so that the reaction gases are dissociated in the chamber to excite plasma by means of glow discharge. Here, ions generated from the plasma are used to perform substrate processing.
Meanwhile, integrated circuit design rules have recently been reduced down to 0.1 μm, or less, as semiconductor devices continue to become more highly integrated. As a result, in order to obtain such hyperfine semiconductor devices, processing conditions of the semiconductor processing apparatus have become more critical. Also, performance of the plasma processing apparatus continues to be improved. Such improvements have been primarily obtained through the-techniques of increasing plasma density or equalizing plasma distribution.
However, irrespective of the manner in which the performance of the plasma is improved, the plasma has associated specific limitations on basic physical properties thereof. Namely, since the plasma includes charged ion particles, the ions can cause various problems during a process, such as transforming a specific material layer into an amorphous layer, changing a chemical composition of a surface layer of a substrate, generating a dangling bond in a surface layer of a substrate, and causing charge-up damage to an insulating layer of a gate.
To solve these problems, a semiconductor processing apparatus using a neutralized beam has been introduced. Namely, a substrate is processed by neutralizing ions generated from the plasma and directing the ions to a surface of a substrate. In different methods of neutralizing ions, the ions can made to collide with neutrons, the ions can be made to collide with electrons, and the ions can be made to collide with a metallic substrate.
A technique that employs a metallic substrate for neutralizing ions is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,662,977, where the metallic substrate is referred to as a neutralizer plate. The angle of the neutralizer plate is controlled, so that the ions can be directed to the substrate by deflecting the ions at a predetermined angle with respect to a scanning direction.
When the collided ions are directed to the substrate using the neutralizer plate, however, the angle between a plasma source and the substrate is to be inclined at an angle of the collision. However, it is difficult to maintain such an inclined angle at the time of manufacturing or managing the apparatus. In addition, since the plasma source is inclined, the path of the ions can be altered depending on the plurality of incidence positions. This can lead to a reduction in incidence uniformity.

Substrate processing apparatus using neutralized beam and method thereof


For levelling the partial powers which flow at a grid connection point between a multi-phase AC power grid having a plurality of phase conductors and a unit for feeding electric energy into the AC power grid having a multi-phase inverter as well as electric consumer loads connected to the AC power grid, via the individual phase conductors, differences between the partial powers flowing via the individual phase conductors are determined and are reduced by feeding different partial powers with the inverter into the individual phase conductors.

It is known to limit asymmetrical loads in taking power for a plurality of consumer loads out of a multi-phase AC power grid in that the single-phase consumer loads are distributed over the individual phases of the multi-phase AC power grid. This measure, however, only provides levelling of the partial powers flowing via the individual phase conductors of the multi-phase AC power grid with regard to the statistical average.
In grid connection points displaying high impedances towards a connected AC power grid, voltage drops with regard to the grid voltage occur upon taking high powers from the AC power grid. It is known to compensate this effect by a variable transformer. In case of an asymmetrical load on the individual phases, however, the voltage differences resulting between the phases at the grid connection point displaying high impedances towards the AC power grid can not be compensated by means of a variable transformer.
As already indicated, undesired asymmetrical power distributions also occur In single-phase feeding electric energy into a multi-phase AC power grid. From DE 10 2006 003 904 A1 it is known to counter-act these asymmetries in that electric powers fed by a plurality of single-phase inverters into an AC power grid are evenly distributed over the phases of the AC power grid and that upon breakdown of one inverter feeding into one phase, the powers of the other inverters feeding in the other phases are limited.
An inverter system for individually feeding into the phases of a three-phase AC power grid is known from WO 2006/084294 A1. Here, a plurality of single-phase inverters are, at their input ends, connected to a power bus into which a plurality of photovoltaic power generators feed. The power fed by the photovoltaic power generators into the power bus changes with the solar radiation. The individual inverters are combined or connected in parallel for feeding the power presently available on the power bus into the AC power grid with a suitable low number of inverters to limit power losses. To the end of avoiding unbalanced loads on the phases, the single-phase inverters feeding power are pooled in three groups, i.e. in one group per phase.
The assignee of the present disclosure sells a bi-directional battery inverter called "Sunny Island", which may be used as a grid former for island networks and which compensates for asymmetrical loads on the phases of the island networks by taking power from the un-loaded phases and outputting power to the loaded phases. This power compensation, however, has power losses within the bi-directional inverter as a consequence.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,177,508 discloses an apparatus for use in balancing an asymmetrical load which is supplied from a three-phase network. The apparatus is provided with an inverter for generating a three-phase output current system on its AC side which is fed with phases reversed to the network. The DC side of the inverter, in turn, is fed from a DC source with a DC current corresponding to the maximum asymmetry power to be balanced. Preferably, the DC source is a rectifier connected to the network. Thus, the entire known apparatus is only provided for balancing the asymmetrical load, and it means considerable costs and power losses.
The case of an extreme unbalanced load due to taking power at the grid connection point via one phase while simultaneously feeding power into the AC power grid via another phase, which has been mentioned at the beginning, is a disadvantage independently of the unbalanced load provoked in the AC power grid, if self-consumption of the electric power provided by an inverter has advantages. These advantages generally include that a self-consumption of locally generated electric power does not load the AC power grid. Additional financial advantages may result, if the electric energy taken from the AC power grid is more expensive than the electric power fed into the AC power grid. A financial advantage may, however, also occur, if an incentive for self-consumption of locally generated electric energy is higher than the difference between the payment for the electric energy fed into the grid and the price of electric energy taken from the grid. This is the case according to the German Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetz in the version valid since Jan. 1, 2009 (EEG 2009). If the self-consumption has financial advantages, the case of feeding electric power via one phase while simultaneously taking electric power via another phase of the AC power grid is to be avoided by all means.
EP 2 114 002 A1 discloses a three-phase power conversion device connected between output terminals of a solar battery and a three-phase power system. The conversion device comprises a three-phase inverter circuit and single-phase inverters connected in series with AC output lines of the three-phase inverter circuit. The three-phase inverter circuit outputs a reverse-polarity voltage pulse during a period corresponding to a half cycle of a system voltage. A power burden born by the individual single-phase inverters in each half cycle is made approximately zero, and the individual single-phase inverters make a correction for subtracting a common voltage from target output voltages of individual phases during the period when the reverse-polarity voltage pulse is generated. There is no reference to balancing any loads on individual phases of the three-phase power system.
There still is a need for a method, an apparatus and an inverter for levelling partial powers at a grid connection point between a multi-phase AC power grid comprising a plurality of phase conductors, on the one hand, and a unit including a multi-phase inverter, which feeds electric energy into the AC power grid, plus consumer loads connected to the AC power grid, on the other hand, the partial powers flowing via the individual phase conductors, by which a self-consumption of locally generated power is optimized and by which asymmetrical loads on a multi-phase AC power grid at the grid connection point are reduced in general.

Levelling partial powers flowing via the individual phases of a multi-phase AC grid


A method for manufacturing a flexible display device includes: manufacturing a flexible substrate on a substrate by: forming a first organic layer on the substrate, removing foreign particles formed on the first organic layer and forming a recessed first repair groove in the first organic layer, forming a first inorganic layer on the first organic layer, forming a second organic layer on the first inorganic layer and forming a second inorganic layer on the second organic layer, forming a display for displaying an image on the flexible substrate and removing the substrate from the first organic layer.

(a) Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to a flexible substrate, a method for manufacturing a flexible substrate, a flexible display device, and a method for manufacturing a flexible display device.
(b) Description of the Related Art
A display device is a device displaying images, and recently, a display device including an organic light emitting diode has received attention.
Since the organic light emitting diode has a self-emission characteristic and does not require a separate light source, unlike a liquid crystal display device, a thickness and a weight of the entire display device may be reduced. Further, the organic light emitting diode has high-quality characteristics such as low power consumption, high luminance, and a high response speed.
The above information disclosed in this Related Art section is only for enhancement of understanding of the background of the invention and therefore it may contain information that does not form the prior art that is already known in this country to a person of ordinary skill in the art.

Method for manufacturing a flexible display device by removing foreign particles


A runner assembly for use with a central shaft of an umbrella frame includes a tubular retaining block which is movable relative to a tubular runner in a transverse direction relative to an axis of the central shaft, and a tubular thrust member movable along the axis. An inner sleeve surface of the thrust member is configured such that, when the thrust member is pressed from a releasing position to an actuating position, the retaining block is moved from a first position to a second position to permit a retaining member disposed thereon to engage an engaging surface of the central shaft so as to keep the umbrella frame in an open state.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a runner assembly for an umbrella frame, more particularly to a runner assembly with a tubular thrust member which is operable to move a runner between upper and lower positions, and to retain the runner in the upper position.
2. Description of the Related Art
Referring to FIG. 1, a conventional runner assembly of an umbrella frame disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,758,229 is shown to include a runner 2 which is slidable on a central shaft 1 that is formed with a protuberance having a shoulder 101, and a sleeve member 3 which surrounds and which is movable relative to the runner 2. The runner 2 has two radially biased retaining members 201 which can be depressed by a cam surface 301 of the sleeve member 3 so as to be retained on the shoulder 101 to thereby arrest the runner 2 in an opened position.
Referring to FIG. 2, another conventional runner assembly of an umbrella frame disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,281,542 is shown to include a runner 4, two engaging slices 5 pivotally connected on the runner 4, and a sleeve 6 displaceably disposed around the runner 4. Each of the engaging slices 5 has a middle pivot portion 501 which is engaged with a groove 402 in the runner 4 such that an engaging end 502 thereof is pressed by an inner ring 601 into a hole 401 in the runner 4 to be retained on a shoulder of a central shaft (not shown) so as to keep the umbrella in an open state.
It is desirable to improve the aforesaid runner assembly to simplify the structure thereof, to render the same suitable for any known umbrella frames, and to permit a runner to be retained firmly on a shaft in an upper position.


A distributed dynamic channel allocation algorithm for a multi-carrier CDMA cellular system having at least one mobile base station. The distributed dynamic channel allocation algorithm uses channel power measurements from both the requesting mobile station and the mobile base station attempting to allocate an available resource to the mobile station. The distributed dynamic channel allocation algorithm attempts to allocate the best available resource for the requesting mobile station, in terms of interference, while minimizing the amount of interruption that the allocated resource may cause to existing connections in neighboring cells. Thus, the distributed dynamic channel allocation algorithm follows a “least-interference, least-interruption” strategy. The distributed dynamic channel allocation algorithm is load balancing, since it tends to assign new resources to mobile base station with lighter loads.

Code division multiple access (CDMA) techniques transmit multiple information signals on the same channel (carrier frequency), and differentiate each user sub-channel by encoding it with a unique spreading code. CDMA techniques have been employed in many digital wireless communication systems to permit a large number of system users to communicate with one another. CDMA systems treat each user as a separate signal, while treating other users as either interference or noise. As the number of interfering users increases, the corresponding interferences add to cause degradation of performance, such as an increasing bit error rate (BET) or frame error rate.
Multi-carrier CDMA systems are employed for interference avoidance rather than interference averaging. Interference avoidance is more plausible when interfering terminals are likely to get close to each other frequently; a situation which arises in a highly dynamic network such as a cellular network with mobile base stations. In fact, the case of mobile base stations is typical for battlefield networks where a number of Radio Access Points (RAPs) serve as the base station and are deployed in the field to act as switching/routing nodes for traffic generated by mobile terminals in the vicinity of such RAPs. In a commercial setting, it has been proposed to deploy RAPs on trucks or public transportation vehicles, such as buses and the like.
While conventional channel allocation techniques are satisfactory for fixed or stationary base stations, the mobility of the base stations themselves degrades the performance of such conventional channel allocation techniques in the mobile environment of the present invention. Thus, a need exists for a distributed dynamic channel allocation algorithm for multi-carrier CDMA cellular systems having mobile base stations.

Distributed dynamic channel allocation technique for multi-carrier CDMA cellular systems with mobile base stations


A cellular material barrier system for reducing sound transmission. The cellular material system includes a planar cellular metamaterial arrangement which includes at least one unit cell, the unit cell includes a sound normalizing arrangement, and a planar metamaterial arrangement coupled to the sound normalizing arrangement on a first side, the planar metamaterial arrangement includes a plate, and a frame affixed to the plate, the sound normalizing arrangement configured to normalize incident sound received at non-normal angle to thereby convey sound at normal angles to the planar metamaterial arrangement, the unit cell further comprising a back layer that is coupled to the sound normalizing arrangement on a second side, opposite the first side, the back layer is made from a porous material, including at least one of a fibrous layer, polymeric foams, ceramic foams, and metallic foams.

This section introduces aspects that may help facilitate a better understanding of the disclosure. Accordingly, these statements are to be read in this light and are not to be understood as admissions about what is or is not prior art.
Air-borne noise or unwanted sound is a side-effect of industrialization and the modern-day lifestyle. It has adverse effects on human health, both direct and indirect. While a long-term exposure to high levels of noise is found to cause auditory loss, increased noise level results in indirect effects, for example, sleep loss or increased blood pressure. Therefore, controlling and reducing noise levels is important. A major component of noise generated by household appliances, road traffic or industrial noise occurs in the frequency band of 20-4000 Hz. Noting that the human audible frequency range is 20 Hz to 20 kHz, this band is at the lower end of the audible frequency range. For purposes of this disclosure, low frequency band is defined to be ranging from 20 Hz to 4000 Hz.
Methods to control noise can be broadly grouped into (a) reducing the noise generated at source, (b) passive noise control, and (c) active noise control. Focusing on the passive control methods, the solutions are mainly based on two mechanisms, (1) reflection and (2) absorption. The solutions based on the reflection mechanism are referred to as sound barrier materials and those based on absorption are called sound absorbing materials. The performance of conventional sound barrier materials is in general governed by their inertia in the low frequency range, stiffness in the high frequency range, and by damping in the intermediate range defined by its characteristic coincidence frequency. The performance of the conventional barrier material in the inertia controlled region becomes poorer as the frequency is reduced. This situation necessitates high mass per unit area for effective noise reduction at low frequencies. For instance, to achieve a noise intensity reduction of 30 dB at 2100 Hz requires 5 kg/m2, while a mass per unit area of 40 kg/m2 is required at 300 Hz for the same level of reduction. This is undesirable as noise control at low frequencies imposes parasitic weight, cost and reduced portability.
Considering the sound absorbing materials, conventionally, porous materials are used to absorb the energy of the incident sound by dissipation into heat through the back and forth motion of the fluid carrying the sound wave in the pores. The challenge here is that these materials require large space to enable sizable energy absorption, particularly in the low frequency range. It was established that for maximum efficiency the porous material should be placed at approximately λ/4 distance from the surface of a backing wall and have a thickness greater than or equal to λ/10 (λ: wavelength of the sound wave of interest). For a sound wave at low frequencies, the wavelength is of the order of meters, and therefore the absorbing material needs large space which is again undesirable.
The design of lightweight passive treatments for noise barrier applications in the low frequency range has been a challenge due to the needed high mass per unit area. Thereby, blocking of low frequency sound has conventionally only been achieved by using relatively high masses, since alternative stiffness-based or dissipation-based solutions are usually ineffective in that frequency range for unsupported, homogeneous panels.
Accordingly, there is an unmet need for noise control solutions that address the challenges of designing lightweight barriers, particularly in low frequency ranges.


The present invention discloses a method and an apparatus for routes separation in ASON services, wherein the method comprises: calculating a route between each of different calls or each of different services of a same call in an automatic switched optical network (ASON); wherein if there are enough network resources, then set the routes of the respective services to be independent from each other; and if there are not enough resources, then set the routes of the respective services to be partially overlapped or completely overlapped. According to the technical solution provided by the present invention, the problem in relevant art that the routes carrying each of the services cannot be sufficiently separated or the network resources cannot be sufficiently used is solved, thus not only multiple services using the same path can be avoided but also the situation that routes cannot be found while there are enough resources can be avoided.

The automatic switched optical network (abbreviated as ASON) is a new generation network which can complete the automatic switch function under the control of route selections and signalings. The appearance of the ASON provides automation control and management means for large capacity traffic. The ASON network has the characteristic of being able to be used as a carrier network, and when the ASON is used as a carrier network, it can provide reliable delivery service for service networks such as IP, 3G, soft switch, etc.; and when the ASON is used as a service network, it can directly provide services such as high quality Ethernet private line (abbreviated as EPL), bandwidth distributed according to demands, optical virtual private network, etc.
The ASON introduces an independent control plane on the basis of the original management plane and delivery plane of the conventional SDH network. The main functions of the management plane are establishing, confirming and monitoring paths and coordinating the function implementations of the control plane and delivery plane, comprising functions such as fault management, configuration management (resource allocation and release), performance management, security management, charging management, etc.; the control plane is consist of a group of communication entities which are supported by the signaling network and capable of realizing the functions such as establishment, release, monitoring, maintenance of connections and etc.; and the delivery plane comprises a delivery network element used for implementing a cross function and provides functions of payload delivery, performance monitoring, fault detection and protection switching.
In the relevant art, when the ASON control plane establishes multiple calls or establishes multiple services under the same call, the routes between each of the calls or between different services under the same call either are not separated or completely separated. However, the users always hope that the routes carrying different calls or different services under the same call are separated maximally while the network resources also are sufficiently used. And not only multiple services using the same path is avoided but also the situation that routes cannot be found while there are enough resources can be avoided. The routes separation solution in relevant art still cannot meet the above user demands.

Method and apparatus for routes separation in ASON services


A brush includes a handle and a head having an array of bristles and a paddle with a plurality of apertures formed therein. The paddle and bristles may be formed of silicone.

This application relates to utility brushes, such as household brushes, and it has particular application to kitchen brushes, such as pastry brushes, basting brushes and the like.
Many previous brushes have had a uniform bristle construction which, while working well in certain applications, may have been either too stiff or too soft for other applications, thereby limiting the overall utility of the brush.
Also, prior brushes typically have fibrous bristles, which tend to come loose and may easily become bent or creased.
Further, prior brushes which have been designed for use in basting or other operations for applying liquid to a surface have been limited in their capacity for holding liquid in a relatively dripless manner.
While many such brushes have heretofore been provided, any such brushes have either lacked a good ergonomic design or have been characterized by relatively complicated and/or expensive construction.


A mailer for use with computer printing techniques. The mailer utilizes die-cut window envelopes provided with a transparent window web an undersurface of which is coated with a chemical composition. A sheet contained in the envelope and visible through the window is coated on its surface presented to the window with a second, different chemical composition. The coating compositions are characterized in that impression of impact printing forces against the window web and applied therethrough to the underlying coated sheet produces impact-pattern-correlated visual imprints on the envelope-housed sheet, the imprints being clearly viewable through the transparent web of the envelope window.

The present invention relates to stuffed, sealed, multi-ply envelope assemblies or "mailers". More particularly, the invention is directed to mailers which use carbonless paper in a chemical imaging system and in which pressure or impact is relied upon to cause two different coatings on adjacent sheets of a multi-ply assembly to react chemically to generate visual indicia corresponding in configuration to the impact pattern, as a faithful copy thereof.
Multi-ply mailers of the general type indicated are well known in the art. Typically, a "top" sheet is coated on its back (CB sheet) with microscopic capsules of a dye, the dye being in a colorless form. A "bottom" sheet is coated on its front (CF sheet) with a chemical activator. The dye remains colorless until, through pressure or impact, the rupturable capsules are broken or fractured permitting the dye to interact chemically with the activator so that a colored form of the dye is generated, thus providing a desired visual image.
Intermediate plies of the multi-ply mailer assembly are coated front and back (CFB sheets) so that each bottom-coated sheet mates with a respective top-coated sheet therebeneath to generate visual images on the top surface of each of the racked sheets in the stacked multi-ply assembly or mailer.
In some prior art mailers the indicia-generating chemical components, including the pressure-rupturable dye capsules and the color-developing acceptor are contained in a single coating.
Formulations for and methods for producing coating compositions containing pressure-rupturable micro-capsules of a colorless dyestuff precursor and coating compositions containing a color developer or dyestuff acceptor, or dye-activating or converting chemical agent are known in the art. Neither the formulations nor their methods of manufacture constitute elements of the present invention.
Processes for the production of coating compositions containing dye microcapsules and for applying the coating compositions to a paper substrate are described in Yoshida and Brabender U.S. Pat. No. 4,985,484 issued Jan. 15, 1991. The entire disclosure of that patent is hereby specifically incorporated herein by reference, to the extent it is not inconsistent herewith. The activator may consist of hot melt flakes of wax-like consistency and properties, with chemical additives. Application is made in the melted form.
Coating composition for producing image forming receptor coatings for reacting with the dye from the fractured microcapsules are also well known and are adequately described in issued patents including Chang U.S. Pat. B1 4,425,386 issued Mar. 29, 1988. The disclosure is hereby specifically incorporated herein by reference, to the extent it is not inconsistent herewith.
The activator compositions may be applied to paper substrates from a melted wax system using a hot melt coater which applies the melt to the press plate rolls of a printer machine. Coating of the press is also feasible.
Liquid coating systems containing encapsulated chromogenic dyes may be employed. These systems are either water based, or of a non-aqueous type.
Suitable compositions and the coating equipment employed to produce carbonless papers are described in technical literature readily available from The Mead Corporation of Dayton, Ohio, for example, their OPAS.RTM. (on/off Press Application System) liquid coating system, materials and equipment. In the light of the above and other extensive and readily available patents, published articles, and promotional literature, no further or detailed treatment of these areas is deemed necessary herein.
It is in the addressing of mailers of the type described above that the present invention finds special utility, particularly where the addressing is carried out automatically as with a computer-controlled machine involving a line printer. A widespread practice in the prior art is to deposit a CB coating on the back of the plies and a CF coating on the face, using the OPAS system described. In this arrangement, the top sheet or file copy is used primarily for selective transfer of the address to the outgoing envelope, and secondarily, as a file copy. Most companies have no need for a "file copy", since their computer stores the data on magnetic tape. It would, therefore, be desirable to eliminate this extraneous or unneeded sheet. The described simplification and elimination of the superfluous cover sheet are achieved in accordance with the practice of the present invention.
In one prior art method a system for image transfer which does not require a cover or top sheet relies upon a self-contained carbonless patch that is printed on the face of the outgoing envelope. Coating components react upon impact to create the "image". A disadvantage of this system is a tendency to produce smudging or objectional spurious markings resulting from unavoidable physical handling and postal processing of the mailer. In some cases the imprinted address indicia themselves tend to be obscured, rendered quite illegible, or even obliterated. Moreover, the self-contained coating material has an objectionally short shelf life.
Neubauer U.S. Pat. No. 4,729,506 entitled, "Mailer with Transparent Patch" describes a window envelope structure in which a transparent, window-closing patch is adhesively secured to a top panel of the mailer on an underside thereof.
The coating, cutting, bonding and collating steps which must be carried out to produce such a mailer are complex. The procedures are time-consuming and costly, calling for highly specialized equipment and for specially trained personnel to operate the equipment. The "patch" product does not lend itself to production utilizing the computer-controlled line ordinarily employed to fabricate mailers.
In marked contrast, the mailer of the present invention uses a physically separate and independent full web, panel or sheet contained within the window envelope assembly itself. Preferably, the entire areal expanse of this separate sheet is coated for impact imprinting, in selectable areas--a valuable option unavailable in the prior art. The transparent window sheet of the present invention is readily collated, as an additional sheet or web, with the other parts of the mailer. No special steps or equipment are required.
A principal aim of the present invention is to avoid the above-described short-comings and objectionable features of prior art mailers, particularly in the manner in which such mailers are addressed, and to provide improved structures and methods ensuring savings in material and resulting in enhanced and more reliable imprinted legends or indicia.

Exteriorly controlled addressing system for window mailers


The E-mail sender's address book is safeguarded from computer virus intrusion with only minimal interference with normal E-mail distribution from the sender. Complete encryption of the address book create interference with the send function in that before any E-mail function may be started, the address book must be accessed and decrypted even when the E-mail being sent does involve the address book. However, the address book may be safeguarded from the computer virus with minimum E-mail interference if only a part of the address book is encrypted. There is stored the unencrypted data representative of a plurality of aliases for plurality of addressees of electronic mail, and separately stored encrypted data representative of the electronic mail addresses of said plurality of addressees. In response to a request to send electronic mail to one of said aliases, the entry of the key to decrypt the encrypted data is required to thereby provide the address of the addressee having said alias. If no alias is entered, i.e. the full address is entered, then the E-mail is sent without requiring a key entry by the sender.

The past decade has been marked by a technological revolution driven by the convergence of the data processing industry with the consumer electronics industry. The effect has, in turn, driven technologies that have been known and available but relatively quiescent over the years. A major one of these technologies is the Internet or Web related distribution of documents. The Web or Internet, which had quietly existed for over a generation as a loose academic and government data distribution facility, reached "critical mass" and commenced a period of phenomenal expansion. With this expansion, businesses and consumers have direct access to all matter of documents and media through the Web. Also, as a result of the rapid expansion of the Web, E-mail, which has been distributed for over 25 years over smaller private and specific purpose networks, has moved into distribution over the Web because of the vast distribution channels that are available.
The availability of extensive E-mail distribution channels has made it possible to keep all necessary parties in business, government and public organizations completely informed of all transactions that they need to know about at almost nominal costs. Because of the ease of such communication, the numbers of frequent addressees communicated with by each sender of E-mail has greatly increased. Accordingly, most E-mail programs enable their users to use diminutive names such as nicknames or aliases to represent the address of a single addressee or a group of addressees, e.g. "Bob" used to represent "email@example.com" or "GroupA" used to represent a group of three salesmen in the sender's organization who must receive any E-mail correspondence related to product changes. It is now common practice for almost every E-mail user to maintain an address book relating his list of aliases to the addresses of the addressees assigned such aliases. Address books are a primary target of the malevolent intruders who spread computer viruses. The address book is accessed and the virus is then sent to every address in the book.

Electronic mail distribution network implementation for safeguarding sender's address book covering addressee aliases with minimum interference with normal electronic mail transmission

International Business Machines Corporation


In order to provide an object-sensing device and an object-sending method that are compact and low-cost by realizing an imaging function using fewer antennas than in common systems, an object-sensing device is configured from a transmitter that is provided with a transmission antenna and a receiver that is provided with a reception antenna. The transmitter irradiates an object with electrical waves at various frequencies, and the reception antenna receives an RF signal that is reflected off of the object. The receiver is provided with a phase shifter that individually controls the phase of the RF signal at each frequency, and an adder that adds the RF signals after phase control. The receiver is provided with functionality for detecting the position of the object on the basis of reflected waves from the object by having the phase shifter perform phase adjustment, in order to control the antenna gain of the receiver.

Unlike light, a radio wave (such as a micro wave, a millimeter wave, and a terahertz wave) has a superior capability of penetrating through an object. A device for imaging and inspecting an article under clothes or within a bag by using a penetration capability of a radio wave, and a remote sensing technique of imaging an earth's surface through clouds from a satellite or an aircraft are put into practice.
Several methods are proposed for an imaging device (object sensing device) employing a radio wave. One of the methods is an array antenna method illustrated in a conceptual diagram of FIG. 19. In the array antenna method, a measuring device is constituted of a transmitter 211 and a receiver 201.
The transmitter 211 includes a transmission antenna 212. Further, the receiver 201 includes reception antennas 2021, 2022, . . . , and 202N (where N is a number of reception antennas).
The transmitter 211 irradiates, from the transmission antenna 212, a radio frequency (RF) signal (radio wave) 213 toward objects to be detected 2041, 2042, . . . , and 204D (where D is a number of objects). The RF signal (radio wave) 213 is reflected on the objects to be detected 2041, 2042, . . . , and 204D, and reflected waves 2031, 2032, . . . , and 203D occur. The reflected waves 2031, 2032, . . . , and 203D are received by the reception antennas 2021, 2022, . . . , and 202N. The receiver 201 calculates an intensity of a radio wave reflected from the objects to be detected 2041, 2042, . . . , and 204D, based on the received reflected waves 2031, 2032, . . . , and 203D. By imaging a distribution of intensities of the radio wave, it is possible to acquire an image of the objects to be detected 2041, 2042, . . . , and 204D.
Note that, in the array antenna method, as illustrated in FIG. 20, phase shifters 2061, 2062, . . . , and 206N are respectively provided for the reception antennas 2021, 2022, . . . , and 202N in the receiver 201. The phase shifters 2061, 2062, . . . , and 206N respectively apply phase rotation amounts Φ1, Φ2, . . . , and ΦN to incoming waves 2081, 2082, . . . , and 208N received by the reception antennas 2021, 2022, . . . , and 202N. The incoming waves 2081, 2082, . . . , and 208N having the phase rotation amounts Φ1, Φ2, . . . , and ΦN applied thereto are added by an adder 207.
Note that the phase shifters 2061, 2062, . . . , and 206N, and the adder 207 may be implemented by an analog circuit, or may be implemented by digital processing circuit. In the array antenna method, by setting the phase rotation amounts Φ1, Φ2, . . . , and ΦN by the phase shifters 2061, 2062, . . . , and 206N, directivity of an array antenna is controlled. When it is assumed that g(θ) is directivity of the reception antenna 202, and an and ϕn are respectively an amplitude and a phase of an incoming wave 208n (where n=1, 2, . . . , and N) received by a reception antenna 202n, directivity E(θ) of an array antenna is calculated as expressed by the following Eq. (1).
                    [                  Eq          .                                                    1                ]                                                                                E                                      (              θ              )                                =                                                    g                                                  (                  θ                  )                                                                                ∑                                      n                    =                    1                                    N                                                                                a                    n                                                                          exp                                                              (                                              j                                                                                ϕ                          n                                                                    )                                                                                exp                                                              (                                              j                                                                                Φ                          n                                                                    )                                                                                =                                          g                                                  (                  θ                  )                                                                          AF                                                  (                  θ                  )                                                                    ,                            (        1        )
Note that, in Eq. (1), a directivity component AF(θ) acquired by removing directivity g(θ) of the reception antenna 202 from directivity E(θ) of an array antenna is referred to as an array factor. The array factor AF(θ) represents an effect of directivity by forming an array antenna. A signal received by the reception antenna 202n (where n=1, 2, . . . , and N) is g(θ)anexp(jϕn). A signal acquired by summing a signal g(θ)anexp(jθn)exp(jΦn) which undergoes a phase rotation amount Φn of a phase shifter 206n where n=1, 2, . . . , and N by the adder 207 is acquired as directivity E(θ) in Eq. (1).
When an incident angle of the incoming waves 2081, 2082, . . . , and 208N is θ, the phase ϕn of the incoming wave 208n is given by −2π·n·d·sin θ/λ (where n=1, 2, . . . , and N). Note that, herein, d is an interval of the reception antenna 202n (where n=1, 2, . . . , and N), and λ is a wavelength of the incoming waves 2081, 2082, . . . , and 208N. In Eq. (1), when it is assumed that the amplitude an is constant irrespective of n, and when a relationship between the phase rotation amount Φn of the phase shifter 206n (where n=1, 2, . . . , and N), and the phase ϕn of the incoming wave 208n is set to satisfy: Φn=−ϕn, the array factor AF(θ) becomes maximum in a direction of the angle θ. Specifically, by setting the phase rotation amount Φn in such a way that a phase becomes opposite to the phase ϕn of the incoming wave 208n, it is possible to align directivity of an array antenna with an incoming wave.
An example of a radio wave imaging device by an array antenna method is disclosed in PTLs 1 to 3.
In the array antenna method described in PTLs 1 and 2, directivity of a receiving array antenna constituted of the reception antennas 2021, 2022, . . . and 202N is controlled by a phase shifter (not illustrated) incorporated in the receiver 201 and connected to the reception antennas 2021, 2022, . . . , and 202N. By changing directivity of a receiving array antenna (2021, 2022, . . . , and 202n) formed in a beam shape, and directing a directive beam of the receiving array antenna (2021, 2022, . . . , and 202N) to each of the objects to be detected 2041, 2042, . . . , and 204D, an intensity of a radio wave reflected from the objects to be detected 2041, 2042, . . . , and 204D is calculated.
In PTL 3, directivity of a receiving array antenna (2021, 2022, . . . , and 202N) is controlled by using frequency dependency of the receiving array antenna (2021, 2022, . . . , and 202N). A point that an intensity of a radio wave reflected from the objects to be detected 2041, 2042, . . . , and 204D is calculated by directing a directive beam of the receiving array antenna (2021, 2022, . . . , and 202N) to each of the objects to be detected 2041, 2042, . . . , and 204D is common with PTLs 1 and 2.
As another method for an imaging device employing a radio wave, there is a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) method illustrated in a conceptual diagram of FIG. 21.
In a synthetic aperture radar method, a measuring device is constituted of a transmitter 311 and a receiver 301.
The transmitter 311 includes a transmission antenna 312. Further, the receiver 301 includes a reception antenna 302.
The transmitter 311 irradiates an RF signal (radio wave) 313 from the transmission antenna 312 toward objects to be detected 3041, 3042, . . . , and 304D (where D is a number of target objects). The RF signal (radio wave) 313 is reflected on the objects to be detected 3041, 3042, . . . , and 304D, and reflected waves 3031, 3032, . . . , and 303D are respectively generated. At this occasion, the receiver 301 receives the reflected waves 3031, 3032, . . . , and 303D at (positions of) reception antennas 3021, 3022, . . . , and 302N, while moving to positions of receivers 3011, 3012, . . . , and 301N. At this occasion, the reception antennas 3021, 3022, . . . , and 302N constitute a receiving array antenna (virtual array antenna) constituted by N antennas, similarly to the reception antennas 2021, 2022, . . . , and 202N by the array antenna method illustrated in FIG. 19. Therefore, similarly to the array antenna method illustrated in FIG. 19, also in the synthetic aperture radar method illustrated in FIG. 21, the receiver 301 is able to calculate intensities of a radio wave reflected from the objects to be detected 3041, 3042, . . . , and 304D, based on the received reflected waves 3031, 3032, . . . , and 303D, and acquire an image of the objects to be detected 3041, 3042, . . . , and 304D by imaging a distribution of the intensities of the radio wave.
Examples of a radio wave imaging device by a synthetic aperture radar method are disclosed in PTLs 4 to 6.

Object sensing device and object sensing method


A NOx sensing device includes at least one pair of spaced electrodes, at least one of which is made of a conductive oxide, and an oxygen-ion conducting material in bridging electrical communication with the electrodes.

Pollutants in combustion exhausts from low-sulfur fuels are generally comprised of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), and oxides of nitrogen ("NOx", which generally comprises a mixture of NO and NO2). Currently, for spark-ignited, fuel-injected passenger car engines, a three-way catalyst (TWC) is employed that greatly reduces the levels of all three of these pollutants. The TWC is only effective within a narrow range of oxygen (O2) concentrations in the exhaust, losing its effectiveness for NOx removal at higher O2 contents. Therefore the TWC cannot generally be employed for NOx remediation of exhausts from diesel and lean-burn gasoline engines, which tend to be O2-rich.
Engines that produce O2-rich exhausts require on-board NOx remediation with techniques such as selective catalytic reduction (SCR) with reagent (HC and/or urea) injection. The amount of reagent injection during SCR is critical, as enough must be supplied to completely decompose the NOx, but the addition of excess must be avoided. Therefore, it is essential to develop sensors that can rapidly and accurately assess the NOx levels in these exhausts and enable improved emissions control and on-board diagnostics. NOx sensors suitable for these applications should be compact, robust, low-cost, capable of operating at temperatures near 600-700° C., and able to measure NOx in the concentration range ˜0 ppmV≦[NOx]≦1500 ppmV at O2 levels varying between 5 and 20%.

Babcock & Wilcox Technical Services Y-12, LLC


A multilayer electronic component includes a body including dielectric layers and internal electrodes. The internal electrodes are exposed to fifth and sixth surfaces of the body, and first ends thereof are respectively exposed to third or fourth surfaces of the body. First and second side margin portions are respectively disposed on the fifth and sixth surfaces. The body includes an active portion, and upper and lower cover portions disposed respectively on a first surface and a second surface of the active portion in a first direction. The ratio of a dimension of the lower cover portion in the first direction C to a dimension of the first side margin portion in the third direction A, C/A≥2.6, C/T is 0.080, where T is a dimension of the body in the first direction, and D<C where D is the dimension of the body in the first direction.

A multilayer ceramic capacitor (MLCC), a type of multilayer electronic components, is a chip-type condenser, mounted on the printed circuit boards of various types of electronic products, including image display devices, such as a liquid crystal display (LCD) and a plasma display panel (PDP), a computer, a smartphone, a mobile phone, and the like, serving to charge or discharge electricity.
Such a multilayer ceramic capacitor may be used as a component of various electronic devices due to advantages of a miniaturized size, and high capacity as well as ease of mountability. As electronic devices such as computers and mobile devices are miniaturized and implemented with high output, demand for miniaturization and implementation of high capacitance in a multilayer ceramic capacitor are increasing.
In addition, in recent years, as industry interest in electronic products has increased, multilayer ceramic capacitors have been required to have high reliability and high strength characteristics to be used in automobiles and infotainment systems.
For miniaturization and high capacitance of a multilayer ceramic capacitor, it is required to maximize an effective area of an electrode (to increase an effective volume fraction required for implementing capacitance).
In order to implement miniaturization and high capacitance of the multilayer ceramic capacitor, as described above, in manufacturing the multilayer ceramic capacitor, by allowing an internal electrode to be exposed in a width direction of the body, a method, in which an area of the internal electrode in the width direction is maximized through a margin-free design, and a side margin portion is formed separately on the exposed surface of the electrode in a width direction of a chip in an operation before sintering after the chip is manufactured, is being applied.
Capacitance per unit volume of the capacitor may be improved by separately forming the side margin portion, but there has been a problem in that moisture resistance reliability may be deteriorated due to a decrease in the thickness of the side margin portion and moisture penetration into a junction portion of the side margin portion.


Aiming to suitably balance, when backing up data to a magnetic tape, search time and writing/reading performance depending on the purpose of the backup, provided is a disk array apparatus including a disk device having hard disks, a magnetic tape device including a magnetic tape to which data to be backed up is written, and a control unit performing writing and reading processings of data between the disk device and the magnetic tape device. The control unit includes an FM (file mark) interval managing unit which receives a purpose of use when backing up the data on the magnetic tape, and from FM intervals which is held in association with the purpose of use thus received and which indicates an interval of recording FMs on the magnetic tape, acquires an FM interval corresponding to the purpose of use thus received, and transmits the acquired FM interval to the control unit.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a storage system and an operation method thereof, and more particularly to a storage system which can set, when backing up data on a magnetic tape, suitable search performance depending on the purpose of the backing-up, and an operation method thereof.
2. Related Art
For the backing-up of data stored in a high capacity storage apparatus such as a disk array apparatus, magnetic tape devices are widely used. In a magnetic tape device, data is written in serial from the head of a tape. Thus, unlike a disk device, it is not possible to make a direct access to a block to/from which data is written/read.
Thus, in the writing of data from a disk device, a tape drive records an identifier, which is a so-called file mark (hereinafter, referred to as an "FM") representing tape position information, on a magnetic tape by providing a non-signal interval, for example, every time a certain amount of data is written. When stored data is read out, data stored in a designated block is extracted by positioning the reading head of the tape drive to an FM recorded immediately before the data to be read, and continues to read the data up until a succeeding FM.
In relation to a technology achieving fast data writing and reading by recording on a magnetic tape position information of such as the above FMs, Japanese Patent Application Laid-open Publication No. 4-286018 proposes a method in which a correspondence is recorded on the tape, the correspondence being that between position information of data blocks and position partition information (file marks or the like) recorded on a tape and such information is expanded and used at the time of reading so that search performance can be enhanced in search speed. Further, Japanese Patent Application Laid-open Publication No. 2008-41178 proposes a method in which position information for the shortening of search time of data recorded on a file basis is stored in a header part, and recorded in the trailing end of a tape.
As described above, while it is possible to enhance the performance of searching data on a magnetic tape by recording FMs on the magnetic tape, a processing for recording an FM on the magnetic tape and a processing for reading the recorded FM each require three to five seconds at each position. For this reason, the smaller the intervals (which are each represented by an amount of data (e.g., in units of GB) recorded between FMs, and which are hereinafter referred to as "FM intervals") between FMs to be recorded, the closer the reading head can be positioned to a target data. On the other hand, there may be a case in which time required for recording FMs at the time of data writing is increased, and as a result performance of writing data on the tape is reduced.
In view of such tendency, in a backup processing in which much importance is placed on fast writing performance from a disk device to a magnetic tape, large FM intervals are taken in order to reduce the number of FMs to be recorded on a magnetic tape so that performance can be improved.
On the other hand, when a magnetic tape is used for the purpose of a file archive, a main processing is to read out specific information in the magnetic tape, i.e., to read out a specific file included in a logical unit stored in the magnetic tape. Thus, when FM intervals are large, there was a problem that the positioning to and reading of specific information would take time.

Storage system and operation method thereof


A gradient coil assembly of a magnetic resonance imaging system includes at least one gradient coil, a cooling arrangement for cooling the gradient coil, and an RF shield. The cooling arrangement includes at least one cooling tube that is configured to transport a cooling fluid and which is disposed on and in thermal contact with the gradient coil, wherein the assembly further comprises a thermal connector arrangement with at least one of a first thermal connector disposed between the RF shield and the at least one cooling tube, which provides a radially extending connection between the RF shield and the at least one cooling tube.

Gradient coils are usually built of loops of wire or thin conductive sheets which are provided on a cylindrical shell lying just inside the bore of an MRI system. When an electrical current is passed through these coils a secondary magnetic field is created. This secondary magnetic field constitutes a gradient field which superimposes the main magnetic field, thereby causing the resonance frequency of protons to vary as a function of position. In this way, spatial encoding of the magnetic resonance signals becomes possible. Further, gradient coils are also used for different physiologic techniques, such as magnetic resonance angiography, diffusion, and perfusion imaging.
In the past, gradient coils for MRI system often were comprised of individual wires wrapped on cylinders made of fiberglass and coated with epoxy resin. While for some applications such gradient coils are still in use, present MRI system usually comprises distributed windings in a fingerprint pattern consisting of multiple thin metallic strips or large copper sheets etched into complex patterns and applied to the cylinder.
The walls along the inner bore of an MRI system usually become warm when an examination object is examined. This heating is mainly caused by eddy currents and resistive heating as current is passed through the gradient coil. Such gradient coils are typically driven by powerful pulse-width modulated amplifiers with peak coil driving voltages up to 2000 V and currents exceeding 600 A. Thus, intense heat is created with maximum internal coil temperatures reaching 55 to 60° C. The power required for operating a gradient coil scales with the fifth power of its radius which means that gradient coil design and cooling of gradient coils is even more difficult for modern wide-bore systems.
In this situation, for all gradient coils in MRI systems usually fluidic cooling is used in order to reduce the heating effects. Typically, water or a water-ethylene glycol solution from a heat exchange pump is used as a cooling fluid which is circulated through cooling tubes of a cooling arrangement of the MRI system, the cooling tubes being in thermally conducting contact with the gradient coil.
In addition to the heating of the gradient coils themselves, heat also originates from eddy current heating of the radiofrequency shield (RF shield) of the MRI system. The RF shield typically is the closest metallic structure to the examination object and is usually comprised of a grid located superficial to the RF coil and immediately beneath the inner resin wall of the bore of the MRI system.
When a fluctuant large current is supplied to the closely spaced gradient coil windings, inhomogeneous temperature fields and hot spots are introduced by Ohmic heating and low thermal conductivity of the resin material. Conventional methods to dissipate the heat and reduce the hot spots in the gradient coil at component bench level can be achieved by modifying the design of the gradient coil windings and/or by using alumina-ceramic materials with better thermal conductivity properties for the cylinders on which the gradient coils are provided.
Further, the thermal conductivity of the resin material of the gradient coil assembly can be improved as described in US 2013/0075068 A1. According to this document, a cooling device for disposal between two flat coils of a gradient coil has at least one first and at least one second foil that are connected to each other in areas such that continuous cooling channels for a cooling fluid are formed. The cooling channels are branched, whereby a cooling effect is produced with a small thickness of the cooling device.
Moreover, in US 2008/0024134 A1 an improved cooling circuit is described in order to address this issue. This document describes a method for manufacturing a cooling device for a gradient coil, the cooling device having at least one flexible cooling tube arranged on a carrier plate configured in accordance with a predetermined pattern, the at least one cooling tube originally having a circular cross section, is laid in accordance with the predetermined pattern and is flattened to permanently deform its cross section. US2011/0074419A1 discloses an MRI apparatus includes a static magnetic-field magnet that generates a static magnetic field in an imaging area in which a subject is to be placed. A RF coiled side cooling system including a plurality of cooling pipes that circulates a coolant in pipe is provided on the inner side of the main coil. However, in these ways, disturbing hot spots and the effect of an inhomogenous temperature field cannot be reduced in a sufficiently efficient manner yet. US2005093543 discloses to incorporate a on-magnetic, thermally conducting spreader substrate between the gradient coils and the serpentine cooling tube to reduce localized hot spots in electrical components to provide lower temperatures and more even temperature distributions in coils. However, incorporation of the spreader substrate will increase the thickness of the gradient coil assembly and thus reduce the bore size of MRI system, let alone complicating the manufacturing of the gradient coil assembly and increasing the cost accordingly.

Cooling a gradient coil of a magnetic resonance imaging system


Air flow apparatus has at least one array of air channels, an air duct covering the array of air channels and being connected to the air channels, a fan arranged at the air duct for generating an air flow through the array of air channels, a cleaning device for the array of air channels arranged inside the air duct, the cleaning device including: a nozzle bar extending in front of the array of air channels and a nozzle manifold including a plurality of nozzles arranged along the nozzle bar and directed towards the array of air channels, wherein the nozzle bar is mounted to the air flow apparatus to be movable across at least a section of the array of air channels.

Air flow apparatuses of the kind mentioned initially are very common in modern building infrastructure and technical applications, for example as induced draft heat exchangers for coolers for turbine bearings, for other power station components, for components of chemical plants, or for process coolers. The air flow apparatuses, which may form a generally flat, rectangular, horizontal field, include an array of air channels. These air channels are commonly formed between tubes, which may be fin tubes, i.e. tubes having fins integrally mounted or formed thereon and which may be used as cooling or heating tubes. A liquid flows through the tubes and transmits heat to or from the tubes. For example, the liquid may be a cooling liquid for transmitting heat to the cooling tubes. One or more fans may be installed above the arrays of air channels to draw air through the channels between the tubes to create a flow of ambient air along these. Thereby, for example, heat may be transferred to the ambient air, and the liquid in the tubes is cooled.
Because such air flow apparatuses are generally used outside or in dusty environments, the ambient air transports dust and dirt which accumulates on the array of air channels. Resulting heat exchange performance deficits may involve performance deficits or overheating of the apparatus, so that cleaning is required.
Air flow apparatuses may include a hood in the form of an air duct or plenum above the array of air channels to channel the air flow towards the fan(s) and/or protect the array of air channels from the environment. The hood restricts the space that is available above the array of air channels. For example, the free height may be about 80 cm or 50 cm or less. For example, an air duct may have a dimension of 2.5 m×2.5 m in horizontal directions. Furthermore, the only major openings in this hood are openings of the size of the fans. Therefore, cleaning the array of air channels is difficult. Moreover, a fan shaft may further restrict the space above the array of air channels. Due to the restricted space, manually cleaning the array of air channels is cumbersome and is hard work. Due to the restricted space above the array of air channels of an air flow apparatus whereby the array of air channels is highly enclosed by the hood, a thorough cleaning might require disassembly of at least the hood.

Air flow apparatus including cleaning device for cleaning an array of air channels of the air flow apparatus


In an apparatus for making two-component fibers, a polymer which is supplied laterally with respect to a further polymer and a die, is at first distributed inside cross-channels provided in a pre-die, and then being redirected, through holes in the extruding direction. The channels operate to rearrange the polymeric mass with the new distribution above the die, so as to eliminate possible discontinuities of the values of the chemical-physical parameters of this mass and which are due to the direction variation the mass is subjected to as it is switched from the side channels to the cross channels. Thus, a constant value of the mentioned parameters through the polymer mass being supplied to the extruder is assured.

It is known that, synthetic fibers are conventionally made by extruding through a die a molten polymeric mass. This die essentially comprises a plate provided with a plurality of very small holes, at the outlets of which a corresponding number of very thin fibers are formed. By this apparatus it is possible to also make the so-called "two-component fibers", that is yarns formed from a combination of two different polymers. In this case, the molten polymeric masses are separately supplied to the extruding die, at the outlet of which are obtained composite fibers made of the two polymers (for example the so-called "side-by-side" or "sheath-core" fibers).
A critical aspect of these prior methods for making the above mentioned fibers, is constituted by the molten polymeric mass supply to the extruding die. In fact, the viscosity of the materials to be extruded, together with the very complex configuration and very small size of the channels provided for distributing the mentioned materials, will involve modifications of the design parameters related to the supply of the molten polymeric masses to the extruding die. In particular, great differences are encountered through the polymeric mass supplied to the die, with respect to the pressure, rate, temperature and viscosity values of said mass, which differences will cause in turn unevenesses in the supply of the polymers to the extruding apparatus. Because of the mentioned reasons, the amounts of extruded materials are not constant and the yarn material exiting the die has a randomly carrying count (the diameters of the fibers being very different). In particular, in making two-component fibers, the yarn is conventionally richer in the polymeric material of lower density and having a lower viscosity, and, generally, the obtained fiber includes therein the two polymers in a randomly varying ratio.

Apparatus for making two-component fibers


A method of producing a compound originating from a polysaccharide-based biomass includes at least one of a saccharification step that produces a sugar solution containing a monosaccharide and/or an oligosaccharide from a product obtainable by hydrolyzing the polysaccharide-based biomass; a fermentation step that ferments the sugar solution containing the monosaccharide and/or oligosaccharide originating from the polysaccharide-based biomass; and a treatment that removes a fermentation inhibitor with the use of a separation membrane having a glucose removal rate and an isopropyl alcohol removal rate which simultaneously satisfy the following relationships (I) and (II) when a 500 ppm aqueous glucose solution at pH 6.5 at 25° C. and a 500 ppm aqueous isopropyl alcohol solution at pH 6.5 at 25° C. are respectively permeated through the membrane at an operation pressure of 0.5 MPa, prior to the saccharification step and/or in the step prior to the fermentation step:Glucose removal rate≧80%  (I)Glucose removal rate−Isopropyl alcohol removal rate≧20%  (II).

The twentieth century, which is known as the era of mass consumption and mass disposal, has come to an end, and in the twenty-first century where establishment of an environmentally friendly society is demanded, as the problem of depletion of fossil resources and the problem of global warming are becoming more serious, promotion of the utilization of biomass resources, which are recyclable resources, is under expectation.
Currently, among the biomass resources, production of bioethanol using sugar cane or corn as a starting material is in active progress in the United States, Brazil and the like. This is because sugar cane or corn contains a rich content of sucrose or starch, and accordingly, it is easy to prepare a sugar solution therefrom for fermentation. However, sugar cane and corn are originally foodstuffs, and when these are used as starting materials, there is a serious problem that a competition occurs between the usage as the starting material and the usage as foodstuffs or feedstock, causing an increase in the starting material price. Thus, development of a technology to use a non-edible biomass as a starting material is under way.
Examples of the non-edible biomass include cellulose that is present most abundantly on Earth, and most of cellulose exists in the form of a polysaccharide-based biomass which is a complex of cellulose with lignin or a hemicellulose, which is an aromatic polymer. A technology of producing a monosaccharide or an oligosaccharide of a pentose or a hexose from cellulose or hemicelluloses in a polysaccharide-based biomass, fermenting the obtained monosaccharide or oligosaccharide, and converting the fermentation product to various compounds originating from a polysaccharide-based biomass, such as ethanol or lactic acid, is attracting public attention. However, as described in Technologies Utilizing Biomass Energy, reviewed by Yukawa, Hideaki, CMC Publishing, Inc, (2006), a polysaccharide-based biomass is a complicated construct of cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin, and cellulose or hemicelluloses are protected by lignin from being subjected to biodegradation, so that the composition ratios vary in a wide range depending on the regional and seasonal conditions and the starting material. For this reason, it is not easy to selectively pick out only a monosaccharide or an oligosaccharide of a pentose or a hexose.
Investigations have hitherto been made on a pretreatment method of destroying or softening the protective walls of lignin by treating a polysaccharide-based biomass using an acid, an alkali, an enzyme, subcritical water (supercritical water) or the like, and recovering a liquid or solid containing a monosaccharide or an oligosaccharide of a pentose or a hexose. For example, since a treatment based on subcritical water (supercritical water) has a short treatment time, and does not require a mineral acid or the like, that is, does not require a neutralization treatment, the treatment is advantageous from an environmental aspect such that a side product such as plaster is not generated. Thus, this treatment is attracting attention as a next-generation treatment method of environmentally conscious type. However, as described in JP-A-2005-270056, since subcritical water (supercritical water) is highly reactive, there are difficulties in controlling the reactivity, and various fermentation inhibitors such as furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, which are overdegradation products of sugars, as well as vanillin and guaiacol, which are lignin-derived aromatic compounds, are also generated at the same time, so that the treatment product cannot be directly used in the fermentation step. Furthermore, according to the pretreatment conditions, the concentration of the obtainable monosaccharide or oligosaccharide of a pentose or a hexose may be low, and in this case, it is necessary to carry out simple concentration of the monosaccharide or oligosaccharide to about several-fold to ten-fold before supplying the monosaccharide or oligosaccharide to the fermentation process. At this time, while the monosaccharide or oligosaccharide of a pentose or a hexose is concentrated, the fermentation inhibitors are also concentrated at the same time, so that it is difficult to use the concentrate in the fermentation process.
In regard to such problems, investigations are being made on the removal of fermentation inhibitors. For instance, Biotechnology Letters, Vol. 5, No, 3, pp. 175-178 (1983) discloses a method of removing a fermentation inhibitor through adsorption to activated carbon. However, this method has a problem that since the activated carbon adsorbs not only fermentation inhibitors but also monosaccharides or oligosaccharides of pentoses or hexoses, the yield of the monosaccharides or oligosaccharides of pentoses or hexoses is decreased.
JP-A-2005-270056 discloses a method of removing fermentation inhibitors through adsorption to wood-based carbon, and in this method, since fermentation inhibitors can be selectively adsorbed and removed, a monosaccharide or an oligosaccharide of a pentose or a hexose can be obtained with a good yield. However, since the removal mechanism involves adsorption, if the adsorption capacity is saturated, the fermentation inhibitors run off and contaminate the apparatuses, pipes and the like in the subsequent steps. Unless the fermentation reaction is carried out accurately, high quality products cannot be obtained, and especially in the case of carrying out the production by continuously operating the apparatuses while continuously supplying the starting materials, a method of stably and certainly removing fermentation inhibitors is desired, because the occurrence of contamination of apparatuses, pipes and the like brings on an increase in the cost and a decrease in the product quality. Furthermore, in the case of using a starting material having a low concentration of a monosaccharide or oligosaccharide of a pentose or a hexose, a method capable of reducing two steps, namely, a step for the concentration of a monosaccharide or an oligosaccharide of a pentose or a hexose and a step for the removal of fermentation inhibitors, into one step, or reducing the burden of the concentration step, is desired from the viewpoint of reducing the cost and enhancing the product quality.
On the other hand, in the case of using construction waste materials such as plywood as a polysaccharide-based biomass, acetic acid, formic acid and the like originating from the adhesive contained in the plywood act as fermentation inhibitors. There, JP-A-2004-187650 discloses a method of removing volatile fermentation inhibitors such as acetic acid and formic acid by distillation. This method is barely effective only when the non-volatile fermentation inhibitors that cannot be removed by distillation are present at a concentration that does not have adverse effects on the fermentation process, and it is difficult to apply the method when a polysaccharide-based biomass having a broad composition range is used as a starting material.
It could therefore be helpful to provide a method of producing a compound originating from a polysaccharide biomass by stably and certainly removing fermentation inhibitors that serve as an obstacle to reduce the burden of and to promote streamlining of at least one of the following steps, that is, a step for producing a monosaccharide and/or an oligosaccharide of a pentose and/or a hexose using a polysaccharide-based biomass having a broad composition range as a starting material, and a step for converting the monosaccharide and/or oligosaccharide thus obtained into a chemical via fermentation.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Method of producing compound originating from polysaccharide-based bio-mass