A Web browser of a computing device downloads or otherwise obtains a file. File information identifying the file is obtained and is sent to a remote reputation service. Client information identifying aspects of the computing device can also optionally be sent to the remote reputation service. In response to the file information (and optionally client information), a reputation indication for the file is received from the remote reputation service. A user interface for the Web browser to present at the computing device is determined, based at least in part on the reputation indication, and presented at the computing device.

As computers have become increasingly interconnected, users have been given the option of downloading programs for their computers from numerous different sources. This wide availability of programs provides users with many choices, but it is not without its problems. One problem with downloading programs is that downloaded programs can be malware, such as virus programs, that can infect a user's computer. Oftentimes, such malware is disguised or represented as another program in an attempt to deceive users into installing the malware on their computers, making it difficult for users to correctly determine which programs they should and should not be downloading. This can lead to poor user experiences, as users can unintentionally download malware on their computers.


An interposer for assembly between an integrated circuit and a circuit panel includes an upper insulation layer and a plurality of upper contact pads arranged in a desired pattern in the upper insulation layer. A plurality of micro-devices are formed between the upper insulation layer and a bottom insulation layer having a plurality of lower contact pads arranged in a desired pattern. The upper and the lower contact pads are selectively and electrically interconnected via the micro-devices. The upper and the lower contact pads are overlaid with solder balls to provide the required electrical connection and mechanical coupling between the interposer, the integrated circuit, and the circuit panel. The interposer is made by forming an array of upper contact pads on a substrate; depositing an upper layer of encapsulant material on the substrate; planarizing the substrate and exposing the array of upper contact pads; forming a micro-device; forming an array of lower contact pads; forming a bottom insulation layer; and exposing at least some of the lower contact pads. According to another embodiment, the interposer includes a plurality of electrically conductive terminals that extend outwardly from the lower contact pads for establishing an electrical connection and a mechanical spring action between the integrated circuit and the interposer, in order to absorb excess contraction or expansion.

Electronic components are typically mounted on circuit panels consisting of multiple-layered dielectric sheets interspersed with conductors and vias arranged in a manner to properly connect surface-mounted devices. The electronic components that are generally mounted to circuit panels include discrete components, such as resistors and capacitors, and integrated circuits, with numerous sub-circuits embedded into a single semiconductor chip. Semiconductor chips are generally mounted onto chip carriers or mounting substrates which are then packaged before being mounted to the circuit panel with proper interconnecting leads. Circuit panels are generally formed of polymeric materials and chip carriers are generally made of ceramics or plastic. Semiconductor chips can also be mounted and connected directly to the circuit panel in a "hybrid circuit" configuration.
Semiconductor chips are commonly connected to electrically conductive traces on mounting substrates by various methods such as: wire bonding, tape automated bonding, and flip-chip bonding. In wire bonding, the chip is positioned on a substrate and individual wires are connected between the electrical contacts on the chip and pads on the substrate. In tape automated bonding, a flexible dielectric tape with a prefabricated array of cantilever leads thereon is positioned over the chip and the substrate. The individual leads are bonded to contacts on the chip. The leads are also connected to pads on the substrate. In both wire bonding and conventional tape automated bonding, the pads on the substrate are arranged outside of the area covered by the chip, so that the wires or leads fan out from the chip to the surrounding pads. The area covered by the subassembly as a whole is considerably larger than the area covered by the chip. Because the speed with which a microelectronic assembly can operate is inversely related to its size, this presents a serious drawback. Moreover, the wire bonding and tape automated bonding approaches are generally most workable with chips having contacts disposed in rows extending along the edges of the chip. They generally do not lend themselves to use with chips having contacts disposed in an area array, i.e., a gridlike pattern covering all or a substantial portion of the chip front surface.
In the flip-chip mounting technique, the contact bearing top surface of the chip faces towards the substrate. Each contact on the chip is joined by a solder bond to the corresponding pad on the substrate, as by positioning solder balls on the substrate or chip, juxtaposing the chip with the substrate in the front-face-down orientation and momentarily melting or reflowing the solder. The flip-chip technique yields a compact assembly which occupies a substrate area no larger than the area on the chip itself. However, flip-chip assemblies suffer from significant problems with stress caused by differential thermal expansion and contraction. The solder bonds between the chip contacts and substrate are substantially rigid. Changes in the size of the chip and of the substrate due to thermal expansion and contraction in service create substantial stresses in these rigid bonds, which, in turn, can lead to fatigue failure of the bonds.
Numerous attempts have been made to address the foregoing problems, and are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,148,265; 5,148,266; 5,258,330; 5,282,312; 5,346,861; 5,347,159; 5,367,764; 5,398,863; 5,414,298; 5,455,390; 5,477,611; 5,489,749; 5,491,302; 5,518,964; 5,525,545; and 5,536,909. Exemplary embodiments of the structures disclosed in these patents incorporate flexible, sheet-like structures referred to as "interposers" or "chip carriers". The preferred chip carriers have a plurality of terminals disposed on a flexible, sheet-like top layer. In use, the interposer is disposed on the front or contact bearing surface of the chip with the terminals facing upwardly, away from the chip. The terminals are then connected to the contacts of the chip. This connection is made by bonding prefabricated leads on the interposer to the chip contacts, using a tool engaged with the lead. The completed assembly is then connected to a substrate, as by bonding the terminals of the chip carrier to the substrate. Because the leads and the dielectric layer of the chip carrier are flexible, the terminals on the chip carrier can move relative to the contacts on the chip without imposing significant stresses on the bonds between the leads and the chip, or on the bonds between the terminals and the substrate. Thus, the assembly can compensate for thermal effects. Moreover, the assembly includes a compliant layer disposed between the terminals on the chip carrier and the face of the chip itself as, for example, an elastomeric layer incorporated in the chip carrier and disposed between the dielectric layer of the chip carrier and the chip. Such a compliant structure permits displacement of the individual terminals independently of the chip.
Despite these and other advances in the art, it would be desirable to provide further improvements in semiconductor chip assemblies, components for these assemblies, and methods for making the same. These improvements should help reduce the noise generated by the integrated circuit package, minimize the external wiring between the chip carrier and the circuit panel, and allow the economical incorporation of normally externally mounted passive devices such as signal-conditioning and inductive components into a chip package with approximately the same footprint as the integrated circuit itself.

Interposer with embedded circuitry and method for using the same to package microelectronic units


A pipe sealing gasket is shown which is designed to be received within a groove provided within a socket end of a thermoplastic pipe. The gasket has a ring shaped body of an elastomeric material and includes a metal reinforcing ring. The elastomeric body includes a first portion of relatively low durometer rubber and a second portion of a relatively high durometer rubber. The regions of relative hardness and the placement of the reinforcing ring assist in retention of the gasket during the pipe belling process and in field installation.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to sealing gaskets used for pipe joints in which a male spigot pipe section is installed within a mating female socket pipe section.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Pipes formed from thermoplastic materials including polyethylene polypropylene and PVC are used in a variety of industries. In forming a joint between sections of pipe, the spigot or male pipe end is inserted within the female or socket pipe end. An annular, elastomeric ring or gasket is typically seated within a grove formed in the socket end of the thermoplastic pipe. As the spigot is inserted within the socket, the gasket provides the major seal capacity for the joint. It is critical, during the installation process, that the gasket not be able to twist or flip since a displaced or dislocated gasket will adversely affect the ultimate sealing capacity of the joint.
Irrespective of the type of sealing action of the sealing element, such as compression sealing action, lip sealing action or a combination thereof, it is necessary that the sealing gasket consists of a relatively soft elastomeric material. However, a sealing ring which is formed entirely of a material which is sufficiently soft and elastomeric to provide the sealing function has the disadvantage that it is difficult to retain in the desired position in a groove in connection with the joining of sections of pipe. There is also the risk that such a sealing ring will be displaced from its sealing position in the pipe joint if the difference of the internal or external pressures on either side of the sealing ring are sufficiently great.
In the early 1970's, a new technology was developed by Rieber & Son of Bergen, Norway, referred to in the industry as the "Rieber Joint." The Rieber system employed a combined mould element and sealing ring for sealing a joint between the socket end and spigot end of two cooperating pipes formed from thermoplastic materials. In the Rieber process, the elastomeric gasket was installed within a simultaneously formed internal groove in the socket end of the female pipe during the pipe belling process. The provision of a prestressed and anchored elastomeric gasket during the belling process at the pipe factory provided an improved socket end for a pipe joint with a sealing gasket which would not twist or flip or otherwise allow impurities to enter the sealing zones of the joint, thus increasing the reliability of the joint and decreasing the risk of leaks or possible failure due to abrasion. The Rieber process is described in the following issued United States patents, among others: U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,120,521; 4,061,459; 4,030,872; 3,965,715; 3,929,958; 3,387,992; 3,884,612; and 3,776,682.
It should be evident that a sealing ring of the type under consideration could be made entirely of elastically yielding material, such as rubber. Such a design would be simple and could be produced relatively easily with uncomplicated production equipment. However, as has been discussed, such sealing rings made entirely of elastically yielding material generally lack the necessary support effect to avoid being dislodged during field installation procedures and may not be suitable for use as a combined mould element, as described above.
The groove provided in the female or socket pipe end may assume various shapes. The problem of retaining the sealing rings during joining of pipes is even more important in the case where the female grove has a bottom surface which is at least partly rounded in shape. In these cases, axially directed forces can create substantial twisting within the seal ring. In order to address the above problems, different approaches have been suggested to compensate for the lack of support effect in sealing rings made of elastically yielding material. The previously mentioned U.S. Pat. No. 3,776,682 uses a separate support member to support the mould element when producing the socket end of the pipe. However, the construction is more or less unsupported as a sealing ring. U.S. Pat. No. 3,500,047 shows a design utilizing two mould element support rings connected to the sealing ring. A design featuring three separate parts complicates the manufacturing operation, however.
In other designs, the sealing ring, in addition to the elastically yieldable material, includes either an internal or external retainer ring or band which is intended to support the gasket during the manufacturing operation and/or during field installation procedures and transport.
In those designs utilizing external reinforcing bands or rings, it is possible that water, sewage waste or other contaminates could corrode metal surfaces, thereby compromising the integrity of the pipe joint.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a sealing gasket of elastically yielding material which is suitable for use as a combined mould element and sealing ring.
Another object of the invention is to provide a sealing gasket with a reinforced region which helps to ensure that the gasket is not displaced during field installation, storage or transport and which serves as a reinforced contact point during belling operations.
Another object of the invention is to provide a sealing gasket which incorporates both a reinforcing element and a reinforced region of the gasket material itself to thereby utilize both types of reinforcing actions in a combination mould and seal element.
Another object of the invention is to provide a sealing gasket having an externally exposed reinforced region of a material which differs from the remainder of the gasket body, the reinforced region being color coded to identify the type, end use or other characteristic indicia of the gasket.
Another object of the invention is to provide such a gasket design with an embedded metal ring which avoids metal to water contact while at the same time provides a reinforced contact point for reinforcing the gasket during the combined moulding operations.


A Balun circuit manufactured by integrate passive device (IPD) process is provided. The Balun circuit includes a substrate, a first coplanar spiral structure, and a second coplanar spiral structure. At least two first left half coils of the first coplanar spiral structure are electrically connected to the corresponding two first right half coils through a first intersecting structure. At least two second left half coils of the second coplanar spiral structure are electrically connected to the corresponding two second right half coils through a second intersecting structure. The two ends of the second coplanar spiral structure are electrically connected to the innermost second left half coil and the second right half coil respectively. The first left half coils and the second left half coils are interlaced, and so are the first right half coils and the second right half coils interlaced.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates in general to a Balun circuit, and more particularly to a Balun circuit manufactured by integrate passive device (IPD).
2. Description of the Related Art
Generally speaking, after a wireless signal is received by the antenna of a communication device, the single-port signal outputted from the antenna will be outputted to a Balun circuit. The Balun circuit will transform the single-port signal into a dual-port signal, and further output the dual-port signal to a radio frequency (RF) transceiver for processing.
One of the currently available Balun circuits is manufactured by low temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) process. However, the Balun circuit manufactured by LTCC process must be electrically connected to a substrate through surface-mount technology (SMT) first before the Balun circuit manufactured by LTCC process can be electrically connected to the RF transceiver chip on the substrate. Thus, the substrate must have a reserved region for the disposition of the Balun circuit manufactured by LTCC process and a reserved region for the disposition of the RF transceiver chip. To meet the above requirements, the substrate must have a larger area which occupies a larger space in the communication device. Thus, how to reduce the required area of the substrate so as to save the internal space of the communication device has become one of the important directions to the manufacturers.

Balun circuit manufactured by integrate passive device process

Advanced Semiconductor Engineering, Inc.


A system including a baseboard management controller (BMC) and a socket is described. The BMC is configured to provide a management interface to a network device. The socket is configured to accept an edge connector of a removable storage card. The BMC is configured to access via the socket at least a portion of the firmware of the BMC stored on the removable storage card.

A baseboard management controller (BMC) is a microcontroller that is embedded in a circuit board of a network device. For example, the BMC may be embedded on the main board of a server. The BMC provides a management interface for the network device. Thus, the BMC monitors and manages status of the network device, and may do so independently of the operating system of the network device. The BMC receives data from the network device, stores the data in embedded memory on the circuit board, and takes appropriate action. The BMC may also communicate with other network devices. As part of its operation, the BMC may rely upon trusted communication and, therefore, utilize certificates and/or security keys. Firmware for the BMC and data for the BMC, such as security information and/or sensor data, are typically stored in embedded memory on the main board.
Network devices, such as those in a data center, are routinely upgraded. As a result, a network device including a BMC may be decommissioned. In order to maintain security for the network, the main board and its components are typically destroyed. However, such measures may be expensive, time-consuming and wasteful. Consequently, another mechanism for maintaining security of a network device including a BMC is desired.


An ink composition, which comprises at least two kinds of water-soluble dyes, wherein at least one of the at least two kinds of water-soluble dyes is a compound selected from the group consisting of a compound represented by formula (S-1), which is described in the specification, and a salt of the compound represented by formula (S-1) and at least one of the at least two kinds of water-soluble dyes is a compound represented by formula (L-1), which is described in the specification, or a compound having a naphthalene ring substituted with at least one hydroxyl group and three or more azo groups.

The ink jet recording method has rapidly developed and is spreading even now for the reasons that the materials are inexpensive, high speed recording is possible, the noise in the time of recording is low, and color recording is easy.
The ink jet recording method includes a continuous system of continuously ejecting ink droplets, and an on-demand system of ejecting ink droplets corresponding to image data signals, and the ejection system includes a system of ejecting ink droplets by the application of pressure with piezo elements, a system of ejecting ink droplets by the generation of foams in the ink by heat, a system of using ultrasonic waves, and a system of ejecting ink droplets by suction with electrostatic force.
As the ink jet recording ink, aqueous ink, oil ink or solid (melting type) ink is used.
The colorants for use in these ink jet recording inks are required to have good solubility or dispersibility in a solvent, to be excellent in a color developing property and capable of high density recording, to show good hue, to be fast to light, heat and active gases in the environment (oxidizing gases, e.g., NOx, ozone, etc., and SOx, etc.), to be excellent in fastness to water and chemicals, to be good in fixing ability to image-receiving materials and to hardly blot, to be excellent in preservability as ink, to be nontoxic, to be highly pure, and to be available inexpensively. However, it is extremely difficult to find colorants that satisfy these requirements on a high level. In particular, colorants for black ink having good black tone, capable of high density printing, and fast to light, humidity and heat are strongly desired.
Disazo dyes and trisazo dyes have been conventionally used as dyestuffs for black, but these dyes alone are not sufficient for absorption of blue and green lights to obtain good black tone in many cases, so that dyes for color correction of absorbing blue and green lights are generally used in combination. As such dyes for color correction, the dyes as disclosed in JP-A-9-255906 (the term "JP-A" as used herein refers to an "unexamined published Japanese patent application") and Japanese Patent 3178200 are proposed to contrive to improve the adjusting ability of black tone, a color developing property, fastness, the preservation stability of ink, water tightness, and clogging of nozzles.
However, conventionally proposed dyes for color correction are too short in wavelength of absorption, and so they are wanting in the adjusting ability of black tone such that dyes must be added in quantities or other dyes for color correction are further necessary.
Although dyes capable of absorbing blue and green lights are generally known, these dyes are inferior in fastness, so that hue is largely changed by the exposure of an image to light, heat and active gases in the environment, and fixing ability is also insufficient. As a result, a phenomenon that the dye at the contour part bleeds in yellow inevitably occurs under high humidity condition, thus further improvement is necessary.
In consideration of these drawbacks, a black ink composition comprising a black dye having been blended with, as the dye for color correction, a triazine dye having the absorption maximum at 435 nm of the absorption spectrum in the visible region in an aqueous solvent is disclosed in JP-A-2002-332426.
However, general black dyes have the absorption maximum at 570 to 620 nm, so that, considering the relationship of complementary colors important for black tone adjustment, it is apparent that suitable black tone cannot be obtained even the dye for color correction is used (Shikisai Kagaku Handbook (Handbook of Color Science), the Second Edition, pp. 560-562, Publishing Association, The University of Tokyo (1998)).
C.I. Direct Red 84 is disclosed in JP-A-8-302255, but there is no description in the same patent about a black ink composition of using the dye as the short wave dye and combining with a long wave dye.
JP-A-2000-265099 discloses C.I. Direct Red 84 (paragraph 8), but as magenta, and there is also no description in the same patent about a black ink composition of using the dye as the short wave dye and combining with a long wave dye similarly to the above patent.
A black ink composition combined with a specific long wave dye is disclosed in JP-A-2005-146244.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Ink composition, manufacturing method of ink, ink set, and recording method


If an image sensing lens is retracted into a camera body when the voltage of the camera battery is low, the battery voltage will fall below a prescribed value. The lens retracting operation, therefore, is brought to a rapid halt in such case. Owing to the rapid halt, the battery voltage rises above the prescribed value. The retraction of the lens is then performed slowly. The slowed retraction of the lens makes it possible to prevent the battery voltage from falling too suddenly. Since the battery voltage will not drop even through the retracting operation is resumed, it is possible to prevent the retracting operation from being rapidly halted again owing to a drop in battery voltage.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to an apparatus and method for controlling an electronic device.
2. Description of the Related Art
Some electronic devices are operated by power supplied from a battery. Since such an electronic device naturally will cease operating when the battery is consumed, it has been proposed to monitor whether the voltage of the battery has fallen below a predetermined threshold-value voltage and halt operation beforehand in response to the battery voltage falling below the threshold-value voltage (see the specification of Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 10-105296).
Since the operating voltage of the electronic device rises owing to the halting of its operation, operation of the device can be started again. When the electronic device is started again, however, the operating voltage of the device declines again and falls below the predetermined threshold-value voltage and operation stops again. Thus, there are instances where operation stop and start are repeated. It has been proposed to prevent the repetition of operation stop and start by so arranging it that the device will not start again if operation of the device has ceased (see the specification of Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2002-373037).
A problem with the above-cited proposal, however, is that once operation ceases, the device will remain in the state it was in at cessation of operation.

Apparatus and method for controlling electronic device


A wall-mounted security camera is provided. A camera unit captures video within a field of vision of the camera unit. A base module couple to a power outlet, controls the camera unit, receives an input video signal from the camera unit, and transmits an output video signal across a network. A configurable rod is in communication with the camera unit and the base module. A first end of the configurable rod is mounted on the base module and a second end of the configurable rod is mounted on the camera unit. The configurable rod is movable between a first position where the camera unit is a maximum distance from the base module and a second position where the camera unit is disposed adjacent to the base module.

The home network market is expanding rapidly. One of the most anticipated applications is a networked household security system. There are various demands for this security system such as, for example, monitoring a visitor at a door, watching a baby from a different room, and checking a monitored home remotely while traveling. Unfortunately, one problem with this type of security system is the requisite camera installation. Specifically, a security camera must be installed with an arm and a base at a high place in order to get as full of a view of the monitored area as possible.
Such security camera installation is cumbersome and can be expensive. Security cameras normally receive power from an AC outlet. Unfortunately, such AC outlets are typically located close to the floor, requiring wiring be installed from the security cameras to the AC outlets. Such wiring can be expensive and require substantive installation. Moreover, because current security cameras are mounted onto a wall or ceiling, a maintenance person must typically install them. Installing such security cameras onto a wall or ceiling can result in unsightly damage to the ceiling and/or wall to which the security camera is mounted.
An additional problem with current security camera systems is that they are typically hard wired to a recording device where their video output can be recorded or viewed such as, for example, a room where a security guard can watch video from one or more security cameras. Such wiring can be very expensive, unsightly, and difficult to maintain.
Accordingly, the current security camera systems are costly, take up a lot of physical space, and require manual installation onto the wall or ceiling that may result in unsightly damage. Moreover, the current systems are deficient in the way in which they send video to a monitoring room via a hard-wired connection.


Disclosed systems include a clock-multiplying phase locked loop (PLL) generating a clock signal for a DAC comprising a plurality of DAC cells, the systems configured to control that a phase of the DAC output has a predefined relation to a phase of a PLL input reference clock. An exemplary system incorporates an auxiliary DAC cell implemented as a replica of one of the DAC cells of the DAC and operation of the DAC and the auxiliary DAC cell is timed with the same clock signal generated by the PLL, so that outputs of the auxiliary cell and the DAC are phase synchronized by design. The system is configured to ensure that a phase of the auxiliary DAC cell output is related to the phase of the PLL reference clock, which results in a phase of the DAC output also being related to the phase of the PLL reference clock.

Real-world analog signals such as temperature, pressure, sound, or images are routinely converted to a digital representation that can be easily processed in modern digital systems. In many systems, this digital information must be converted back to an analog form to perform some real-world function. The circuits that perform this step are digital-to-analog converters (DACs), and their outputs may be used to drive a variety of devices. Loudspeakers, video displays, motors, mechanical servos, radio frequency (RF) transmitters, and temperature controls are just a few diverse examples. DACs are often incorporated into digital systems in which real-world signals are digitized by analog-to-digital converters (ADCs), processed, and then converted back to analog form by DACs. In these systems, the performance required of the DACs will be influenced by the capabilities and requirements of the other components in the system.
Often, a DAC system includes multiple DACs, where outputs of the different DACs need to be synchronized to be within tight timing tolerances as specified by a particular application. Typically synchronicity of less than a single clock cycle of a DAC clock is required, which, in turn, means that it may be very difficult to achieve synchronization at high clock speeds since the duration of a clock cycle is inversely proportional to the clock speed. For example, with a 5 gigahertz (GHz) clock, the clock cycle is 200 picoseconds (ps) and synchronization error up to 200 ps may be acceptable, but the same application implemented with a 10 GHz clock may require that the synchronization error is less than 100 ps because that's the clock cycle at 10 GHz.
Improvements could be made with respect to synchronizing DAC outputs of multiple DACs in a system, in particular in fast clock systems.

Synchronization of outputs from multiple digital-to-analog converters


A transceiver for a RFID reader and a transceiver for a RFID transponder (tag) allow communication between the two devices. The RFID reader utilizes an analog front end and a digital backend. In the receiver portion of the transceiver, the front end of the RFID reader uses a pair of down-conversion mixers to demodulate a received signal into in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) components and analog-to-digital converters (ADC) digitize the signal. A digital signal processor (DSP) in the back end processes the digital signal and uses a matched filter for data detection. The RFID tag receives an inductively coupled signal from the reader and the receiver portion of the tag uses a pulse/level detector that employs an analog comparator and a sample and hold circuit to detect the received signal. A digital decoder/controller is used to decode the incoming data and to establish a sampling clock for the pulse/level detector. An automatic gain control (AGC) circuit adjusts a receiver gain according to the received signal strength and controls tuning of magnetic coupling circuitry.

1. Technical Field of the Invention
The embodiments of the invention relate to radio frequency identification (RFID) devices and more particularly to transceivers that are utilized in RFID readers and RFID transponders.
2. Description of Related Art
Radio frequency identification (RFID) devices are being utilized in greater quantity in a multitude of applications. One of the more common areas for RFID implementation is in product identification, whether for inventory or for sale. The bar code scanner technology is slowly being replaced by RFID technology. In the simplest of applications, a passive RFID transponder, commonly called a tag or a card, is placed on an object that is to be identified. A RFID reader is then used to obtain information from the tag. The reader typically has a transceiver to transmit and receive signals, as well as being powered by a power source. The tag also has a transceiver to receive the signal from the reader and to transmit a response back to the reader. However, the tag is generally passive and powered by the induced electromagnetic field.
The reader is powered and generates a magnetic field from its antenna. When the reader and the tag are within close proximity of each other, the reader generated magnetic field is induced into the tag. The tag uses this coupled energy to power its circuitry. The reader transmits an interrogating signal to the tag, and in response the tag transmits a signal back to the reader. In the example stated above, the tag may be placed on an item and the response from the tag may be to simply identify the item. For these simple applications, the reader and the tag operate using a single protocol that is defined for the reader-tag combination. The transceiver circuitry, especially the circuitry in the tag, is made simple to keep the cost low. Standards bodies, such as International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) set some of the standards and protocols for RFID communication.
However, as more complex applications are sought for the RFID technology, the existing RFID circuitry is limited in the amount and type of data that may be processed. For example, with certain communications security may be a paramount concern. If RFID devices are to be available for secure financial transactions or secure personal identification, more complex RFID devices may be needed to handle the type of data being transmitted. Furthermore, flexibility to allow reader-tag combinations to operate using different protocols may allow versatility in conducting a multitude of transactions. As more and more data are to be processed in RFID communications, it would also be advantageous to use a digital processor to process the data.
The described embodiments of the invention disclosed herein offer a RFID reader and RFID transponder which address some or all of these concerns, as well as others, to provide advantages over current RFID techniques.


A screen lamp can be mounted easily. A belt type photoreceptor 15 is rotatably provided along a plurality of rollers 14 and 14-1, and a screen lamp 28 is mounted on there are side of the belt type photoreceptor 15 with respect to the rollers 14-1. The rollers 14-1 maintain a predetermined clearance between the belt type photoreceptor 15 and the screen lamp 28. And a pattern exposing device which ensures small size, simple construction and low cost is disclosed.

The present invention relates to an image producing apparatus used primarily for an electro-photographic copying machine, printer, and facsimile.
A well known conventional image producing apparatus has image producing devices such as a primary corotron, image exposure, developer, transfer corotron, and cleaner around an image carrier. The surface of the image carrier is uniformly charged by the primary corotron and then an image is exposed to i.e. the surface to form an electrostatic latent image thereon. The electrostatic latent image is then developed by the developer into a visual image which in turn is transferred by the transfer charged corotron onto a sheet of paper. The paper is then fed to a fixer to be fixed. Then, residual is cleaned off the image carrier by a cleaner.
Such conventional image producing apparatus do not provide good reproducibility of an original having continuous gradation such as photographs, and therefore a construction as shown in FIG. 22 is used to improve reproducibility.
A screen lamp 6 formed of a screen 4 and a light source 5 is disposed between an image exposure 2 and a developer 3 behind a belt type photoreceptor 1. An original image is exposed by the image exposure 2 onto the surface of the belt type photoreceptor 1 uniformly charged by the corotron 7 to form a latent image thereon. Then, a screen-like optical image is projected by the screen lamp 6 onto the rear surface of the belt type photoreceptor 1 to form a screen-like non-charged portion so as to form an electrostatic latent image into fine stripes. Then, the electrostatic latent image is developed by the developer 3 into a visual image so as to reproduce an image of the original with continuous gradation.
With the above-described apparatus, the cavity latitude between the screen 4 of screen lamp 6 and the belt type photoreceptor 1 is important so that the screen lamp 6 must be accurately positioned relative to the belt type photoreceptor 1. The mounting of the screen lamp 6 is not only time-consuming but also difficult when replacing the screen lamp 6.
With an image producing apparatus (referred to as copying machine hereinafter) using the prior art electrophotography method, a uniformly charged image carrier(referred to as photoreceptor or photosensitive material hereinafter) is exposed to a light that carries the image of an original, so that a latent image is formed on the photographic body. The latent image is developed with a toner to produce a toner image which in turn is transferred onto an image-transferred material (referred to as paper hereinafter). The toner image is then fixed to provide a hard copy. The formation of a latent image, development of the image, and transfer of the developed image are carried out on the same sheet of paper for each color component to provide a full color copy.
Such an electrographic copying machine will not reproduce the same gradation (degree of brightness) as the original image, when producing a picture-like image such as photographs. Thus, it is difficult to produce an image having the same quality as the original. In which case, the photographic body is uniformly charged, and then a pattern image consisting of a net or a plurality of lines are formed for improved gradation of a copy.
Japanese Patent Preliminary Publication No. 62-103663 discloses a prior art pattern exposing apparatus that produces a pattern formed of a plurality of lines. This pattern exposing apparatus has a pattern plate in the vicinity of the photoreceptor, the pattern plate being made of a transparent material such as glass whose surface is printed through photomechanical process with a pattern having light-transmitting parts arranged alternately with non-light-transmitting parts. An incandescent lamp such as a tungsten bulb is provided at a position relatively remote form the pattern plate. In the light path between the incandescent lamp and the pattern plate is provided a shutter for intercepting the light. The thickness of the pattern printed on the pattern plate is on the order of several microns, In order that the pattern-carrying lights transmitted through the pattern plate are uniform in the direction transverse to the movement direction of the photographic body, the incandescent lamp should be remote from the pattern plate so that the lamp can be regarded as a point source. Since incandesdent lamps cannot be quickly turned on or off, the maps are lighted at all times and a shutter is placed in the light path to intercept the light so as to expose a pattern light only when the pattern light is required. This pattern exposing apparatus is referred to as a second prior art apparatus hereinafter.
Japanese Patent Preliminary Publication No. 64-61773 discloses an apparatus in which a pattern latent image is made with a net. This pattern exposing apparatus is provided with an image-forming lens which is mounted near a photoreceptor and extend transversely of the photoreceptor. The pattern exposing apparatus also has a pattern filter spaced apart from the image-forming lens, in which pattern filter a net pattern is formed in correspondence with a pattern to be formed. The apparatus further has light emitting diodes as a point source spaced apart from the pattern filter and means for controlling the on-and-off operation of the light emitting diodes. The light from the light source is converted into a pattern-carrying light by the pattern filter and is directed by the image forming lens to the surface of the photoreceptor. The control means controls the light to intermittently be emitted so as to form a net-like pattern latent image.
The provision of an image forming lens in the aforementioned manner permits the production of a substantially uniform pattern latent image even if the distance between the pattern filter and the light source is relatively short. This is referred to as a third prior art apparatus and is smaller in size than the aforementioned second prior art apparatus.
With the second prior art apparatus, the incandescent bulb should be positioned such that the incandescent bulb can be regarded as a point source. This leads to larger sizes of apparatus. A bulb must be capable of emitting a large amount of light so as to expose a sufficient amount of light onto the surface of photoreceptor because the incandescent bulb is remotely located. This requires a large amount of electric power. The light path must be selectively blocked by the use of, for example, a shutter. This leads to complex construction.
The above-described third prior art apparatus is further miniaturized than the second prior art apparatus. However, the apparatus includes a very expensive image-forming lens, being disadvantageous. Further, the apparatus is of a complex construction in which the on-and-off operation of the light source is controlled in synchronism with the movement of the photoreceptor.


The present disclosure provides a method for controlling a cooling fan-brake of construction equipment, including: generating a brake charging signal of a brake unit; charging hydraulic oil with a high flow rate in the brake unit and completing the charging of hydraulic oil; turning a loading valve of a cooling fan unit off and turning an unloading valve of the cooling fan unit on when the hydraulic oil is charged; and turning the loading valve of the cooling fan unit on and turning the unloading valve of the cooling fan unit off after the charging of hydraulic oil is completed and a predetermined time elapses.

In general, construction equipment, such as a wheel loader, mainly performs excavation or a loading task or a transportation task of accumulated earth and sand. The construction equipment includes a cooling fan unit which drives a cooling fan in order to cool hydraulic oil, cooling water of an engine, or gear shift lubricating oil of a transmission, and a brake unit for braking a vehicle, and hydraulic oil discharged from one pump is supplied to drive the cooling fan unit and the brake unit.
More particularly, the hydraulic oil discharged from one pump is primarily supplied to the brake unit by a main control value to accumulate a predetermined pressure in the brake unit, and when the pressure accumulated in the brake unit is equal to or greater than a reference charging pressure, the hydraulic oil is supplied to the cooling fan unit and is controlled by a cooling fan-brake control system.
FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating a cooling fan-brake control system of construction equipment, and FIG. 2 is a graph illustrating overspeed of the cooling fan after a brake is charged in the cooling fan-brake control system of FIG. 1.
As illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2, the cooling fan-brake control system applied to the construction equipment in the related art includes a pressure detection unit 1 detecting pressure of a brake, a temperature detection unit 2 detecting a temperature of an engine and hydraulic oil of the engine, a controller 6 receiving pressure information and temperature information from the pressure detection unit 1 and the temperature detection unit 2, respectively, and controlling a flow rate of hydraulic oil discharged from a pump 5 so that the hydraulic oil is supplied from the pump 5 to each of a cooling fan unit 3 and a brake unit 4, and a main control valve 7 supplying the hydraulic oil to each of the cooling fan unit 3 and the brake unit 3 under a control of the controller 6.
Here, the controller 6 may receive a signal from the temperature detection unit 2 to operate the pump 5, and the hydraulic oil discharged from the pump 5 may rotate the cooling fan of the cooling fan unit 3 through the main control valve 7, thereby cooling the engine or the hydraulic oil. Further, the controller 6 may receive a signal from the pressure detection unit 1 to operate the pump 5 so as to normally operate the brake, in addition to the operation of the cooling fan unit 3, and the hydraulic oil discharged from the pump 5 may make a pressure of the brake unit 4 be maintained at a predetermined value or more through the main control valve 7.
However, in the cooling fan-brake control system applied to the construction equipment in the related art, when the hydraulic oil discharged from the pump 5 is rapidly increased in order to charge a pressure of the brake unit 4 according to the operation of the brake unit 4 in the state where the cooling fan is being rotated by the hydraulic oil, the hydraulic oil with a high-pressure/high flow rate is temporarily supplied to the cooling fan unit 3 just after the charging of the brake, so that there is a problem in that the cooling fan is operated at overspeed and thus fuel efficiency deteriorates and noise is increased.
The discussion above is merely provided for general background information and is not intended to be used as an aid in determining the scope of the claimed subject matter.

Method for controlling cooling fan-brake of construction equipment


A pyrolysis oil composition by an oxygen-starved microwave process from an organic-carbon-containing feedstock is described. Feedstock is introduced into a substantially microwave-transparent reaction chamber. A microwave source emits microwaves which are directed through the microwave-transparent wall of the reaction chamber to impinge on the feedstock within the reaction chamber. The microwave source may be rotated relative to the reaction chamber. The feedstock is subjected to microwaves until the desired reaction occurs to produce a fuel. A catalyst can be mixed with the feedstock to enhance the reaction process.

The vast majority of fuels are distilled from crude oil pumped from limited underground reserves. As the earth's crude oil supplies are depleted, the world-wide demand for energy is simultaneously growing. Over the next ten years, depletion of the remaining world's easily accessible crude oil reserves will lead to a significant increase in cost for fuel obtained from crude oil.
The search to find processes that can efficiently convert industrial waste, depleteable materials, and renewable materials to fuels and by products suitable for transportation and/or heating is an important factor in meeting the ever-increasing demand for energy. In addition, processes that have solid byproducts that have improved utility are also increasingly in demand.
Liquid products by process that have more beneficial properties are an important factor in meeting the ever-increasing demand for energy and food. The present invention fulfills these needs and provides various advantages over the prior art.

Pyrolysis oil made with a microwave-transparent reaction chamber for production of fuel from an organic-carbon-containing feedstock


A camera system includes a lens assembly and image processing electronics internal to the camera housing and thermally coupled to the battery assembly. The battery assembly is sensitive to low ambient temperatures and may become damaged if the temperature of the assembly becomes sufficiently low. The camera system comprises a thermal management system that dissipates heat from electronic components of the camera to increase or maintain the temperature of the battery assembly. The thermal management configures the electronic components in different modes to create a step-wise increase of the resistive heat generated in the camera system and thereby increase the temperature of the components in the camera system.

Digital cameras are becoming more pervasive in the field of activity focused photography. As their popularity increases, the cameras are being used in ever more extreme environments. At high temperatures, Lithium ion (Li-ion) batteries have reduced lifetimes and efficiency. Current cameras are designed with complex thermal management systems to reduce overheating of the battery and internal electronics via heat sinks and heat spreaders to improve camera performance.
Similarly, digital cameras with Li-ion batteries suffer reduced battery lifetimes in low temperature environments due to the Li-ion chemistries being less efficient. Unlike to high temperature design choices which strive to reduce camera temperatures, existing camera systems do not provide a mechanism for increasing battery temperature in low temperature environments to increase battery lifetimes.

Camera battery control method for low ambient temperatures


The purpose of this invention is to change the direction of the feed so that the user/operator can now use the free arm of the sewing machine to the optimum advantage. The conventional domestic free arm sewing machine has, heretofore, been limited to sewing in a lateral direction across the free arm. The use of this invention allows the machine to be used so that tubular shaped garments can travel along and around the free arm of the sewing machine this sewing can be accomplished with any outside seams, something, heretofore, impossible with a conventional free arm sewing machine.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to domestic sewing systems, and in particular, for sewing work-pieces into tubular shapes.
2. Description of Related Art
Domestic sewing machine operators often desire the ability to sew a work-piece into a tubular or closed loop shape. To create this tubular shape, two opposing edges, of the work-piece, would be joined together by overlapping one edge of one side of the work-piece over an edge of the opposing side of the work-piece. The edges, of the work-piece would be sewn by hand or manually guided into a sewing machine, passing over the feed plate and across the feed arm in a linear direction. Typically, the work-piece can move in only one direction, back and forth, over the free arm of the prior art, allowing the operator to sew only the edge of two work-pieces, but not the ability to sew an inseam, or side pockets or a stripe down the side of the pant leg (i.e. tuxedo pant leg). There is, therefore, a need to provide domestic sewing operators the ability to sew two work-pieces into tubular shapes, which requires the material to be fed through the feed plate in a sideways fashion. The feed direction change assembly offers the domestic user the ability to do so.

Feed direction change assembly for sewing machine


A method and composition for the treatment of HIV and HBV infections in humans is disclosed that includes administering an effective amount of 2-hydroxymethyl-5-(5-fluorocytosin-1-yl)-1,3-oxathiolane, a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, including a 5′ or N4 alkylated or acylated derivative, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

This invention is in the area of biologically active nucleosides, and specifically includes antiviral compositions that include 2-hydroxymethyl-5-(5-fluorocytosin-1-yl)-1,3-oxathiolane ("FTC"), its physiologically acceptable derivative, or physiologically acceptable salt, and a method for the resolution and use of the (−)-β-L and (+)-β-D enantiomers of FTC.
In 1981, acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) was identified as a disease that severely compromises the human immune system, and that almost without exception leads to death. In 1983, the etiological cause of AIDS was determined to be the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). By December of 1990, the World Health Organization estimated that between 8 and 10 million people worldwide were infected with HIV, and of that number, between 1,000,000 and 1,400,000 were in the U.S.
In 1985, it was reported that the synthetic nucleoside 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine (AZT) inhibits the replication of human immunodeficiency virus. Since then, a number of other synthetic nucleosides, including 2′,3′-dideoxyinosine (DDI), 2′,3′-dideoxycytidine (DDC), 3′-fluoro-3′-deoxythymidine (FLT), and 2′,3′-dideoxy-2′,3′-didehydrothymidine (D4T), have been proven to be effective against HIV. A number of other 2′,3′-dideoxynucleosides have been demonstrated to inhibit the growth of a variety of viruses in vitro. It appears that, after cellular phosphorylation to the 5′-triphosphate by cellular kinases, these synthetic nucleosides are incorporated into a growing strand of viral DNA, causing chain termination due to the absence of the 3′-hydroxyl group.
The success of various 2′,3′-dideoxynucleosides in inhibiting the replication of HIV in vivo or in vitro has led a number of researchers to design and test nucleosides that substitute a heteroatom for the carbon atom at the 3′-position of the nucleoside. Norbeck, et al., disclose that (±)-1-[(2β,4β)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-4-dioxolanyl]thymine (referred to as (±)-dioxolane-T) exhibits a modest activity against HIV (EC50 of 20 μm in ATH8 cells), and is not toxic to uninfected control cells at a concentration of 200 μM. Tetrahedron Letters 30 (46), 6246, (1989). European Patent Application Publication No. 0 337 713 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,041,449, assigned to IAF BioChem International, Inc., disclose 2-substituted-4-substituted-1,3-dioxolanes that exhibit antiviral activity.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,047,407 and European Patent Application Publication No. 0 382 526, also assigned to IAF Biochem International, Inc. disclose a number of 2-substituted-5-substituted-1,3-oxathiolane nucleosides with antiviral activity, and specifically report that the racemic mixture (about the C4′-position) of the C1′-β isomer of 2-hydroxymethyl-5-(cytosin-1-yl)-1,3-oxathiolane (referred to below as (±)-BCH-189) has approximately the same activity against HIV as AZT, and no cellular toxicity at the tested levels. (±)-BCH-189 has also been found to inhibit the replication of AZT-resistant HIV isolates in vitro from patients who have been treated with AZT for longer than 36 weeks.
Another virus that causes a serious human health problem is the hepatitis B virus (referred to below as "HBV"). HBV is second only to tobacco as a cause of human cancer. The mechanism by which HBV induces cancer is unknown, although it is postulated that it may directly trigger tumor development, or indirectly trigger tumor development through chronic inflammation, cirrhosis, and cell regeneration associated with the infection.
After a two to six month incubation period in which the host is unaware of the infection, HBV infection can lead to acute hepatitis and liver damage, that causes abdominal pain, jaundice, and elevated blood levels of certain enzymes. HBV can cause fulminant hepatitis, a rapidly progressive, often fatal form of the disease in which massive sections of the liver are destroyed.
Patients typically recover from acute hepatitis. In some patients, however, high levels of viral antigen persist in the blood for an extended, or indefinite, period, causing a chronic infection. Chronic infections can lead to chronic persistent hepatitis. Patients infected with chronic persistent HBV are most common in developing countries. By mid-1991, there were approximately 225 million chronic carriers of HBV in Asia alone, and worldwide, almost 300 million carriers. Chronic persistent hepatitis can cause fatigue, cirrhosis of the liver, and hepatocellular carcinoma, a primary liver cancer.
In western industrialized countries, high risk groups for HBV infection include those in contact with HBV carriers or their blood samples. The epidemiology of HBV is very similar to that of acquired immune deficiency syndrome, which accounts for why HBV infection is common among patients with AIDS or AIDS-related complex. However, HBV is more contagious than HIV.
A human serum-derived vaccine has been developed to immunize patients against HBV. While it has been found effective, production of the vaccine is troublesome because the supply of human serum from chronic carriers is limited, and the purification procedure is long and expensive. Further, each batch of vaccine prepared from different serum must be tested in chimpanzees to ensure safety. Vaccines have also been produced through genetic engineering. Daily treatments with α-interferon, a genetically engineered protein, has also shown promise. However, to date there is no known pharmaceutical agent that effectively inhibits the replication of the virus.
To market a nucleoside for pharmaceutical purposes, it must not only be efficacious with low toxicity, it must also be cost effective to manufacture. An extensive amount of research and development has been directed toward new, low cost processes for large scale nucleoside production. 2′,3′-Dideoxynucleosides are currently prepared by either of two routes: derivatization of an intact nucleoside or condensation of a derivatized sugar moiety with a heterocyclic base. Although there are numerous disadvantages associated with obtaining new nucleoside analogues by modifying intact nucleosides, a major advantage of this approach is that the appropriate absolute stereochemistry has already been set by nature. However, this approach cannot be used in the production of nucleosides that contain either nonnaturally occurring bases or nonnaturally occurring carbohydrate moieties (and which therefore are not prepared from intact nucleosides), such as 1,3-oxathiolane nucleosides and 1,3-dioxolane nucleosides.
When condensing a carbohydrate or carbohydrate-like moiety with a heterocyclic base to form a synthetic nucleoside, a nucleoside is produced that has two chiral centers (at the C1′ and C4′-positions), and thus exists as a diastereomeric pair. Each diastereomer exists as a set of enantiomers. Therefore, the product is a mixture of four enantiomers.
It is often found that nucleosides with nonnaturally-occurring stereochemistry in either the C1′ or the C4′-positions are less active than the same nucleoside with the stereochemistry as set by nature. For example, Carter, et al., have reported that the concentration of the (−)-enantiomer of carbovir (2′,3′-didehydro-2′,3′-dideoxyguanosine) in cell culture required to reduce the reverse transcriptase activity by 50% (EC50) is 0.8 μM, whereas the EC50 for the (+)-enantiomer of carbovir is greater than 60 μM. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 34:6, 1297-1300 (June 1990).
PCT International Publication No. WO 91/11186 discloses that 1,3-oxathiolane nucleosides can be prepared with high diastereoselectivity (high percentage of nucleoside with a β configuration of the bond from the C1′-carbon to the heterocyclic base) by careful selection of the Lewis acid used in the condensation process. It was discovered that condensation of a 1,3-oxathiolane nucleoside with a base occurs with almost complete β-stereospecificity when stannic chloride is used as the condensation catalyst. Other Lewis acids provide low (or no) C1′-β selectivity or simply fail to catalyze the reactions.
In light of the fact that acquired immune deficiency syndrome, AIDS-related complex, and hepatitis B virus have reached epidemic levels worldwide, and have tragic effects on the infected patient, there remains a strong need to provide new effective pharmaceutical agents to treat these diseases that have low toxicity to the host.
There is also a need to provide a cost effective, commercially viable method to produce pharmaceutically important nucleosides, and specifically attain β-stereospecificity in the C4′-position of synthetic nucleosides prepared by condensing a carbohydrate-like moiety with a base.
Therefore, it is an object of the present invention to provide a method and composition for the treatment of human patients infected with HIV.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a method and composition for the treatment of human patients or other host animals infected with HBV.
It is still another object of the present invention to provide enantiomerically enriched 1,3-oxathiolane nucleosides.
It is still another object of the present invention to provide a method for the resolution of C4′-enantiomers of 1,3-oxathiolane nucleosides.

Antiviral activity and resolution of 2-hydroxymethyl-5-(5-fluorocytosin-1-yl)-1,3-oxathiolane

Abstract: A process for the resolution of a racemic mixture of nucleoside enantiomers is also disclosed that includes the step of exposing the racemic mixture to an enzyme that preferentially catalyzes a reaction in one of the enantiomers.


A wafer polishing method, in which the outer circumferential edge of a polishing member is first cut by a cutting tool fixed to a table base, thereby forming the polishing member into a completely round shape and also positioning the polishing member in a Y direction at a Y-directional reference position of the table base. Thereafter, a polishing unit is once lifted in the condition where the table base remains still at the reference position. Thereafter, the table base is horizontally moved toward a column in the Y direction to thereby position the polishing member in the Y direction so that only a peripheral portion of the wafer is polished by the polishing member. At this time, the horizontal travel of the table base is preliminarily obtained from the Y-directional positional relation between the cutting tool and the wafer held on a chuck table and from the width of the peripheral portion to be polished. Finally, the polishing unit is lowered to make the lower surface of the polishing member into pressure contact with the peripheral portion of the wafer, thus polishing only the peripheral portion.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for polishing a wafer such as a semiconductor wafer, and more particularly to a technique for polishing only an outer circumferential area as a limited area of the wafer.
2. Description of the Related Art
In a semiconductor device fabrication process including the steps of forming many devices on the front side of a wafer formed of a semiconductor such as silicon and dividing the wafer to obtain the individual devices, the back side of the wafer is ground to reduce the thickness of the wafer. Such a reduction in thickness of the wafer is made in response to a desired reduction in thickness of a device package. For example, the thickness of the wafer is reduced from about 700 μm to about 200 μm. However, in response to a recent remarkable reduction in thickness of a device package, there is a case that the thickness of the wafer is reduced to 50 μm or 30 μm.
In general, the back side of a wafer is ground by a method including the steps of rotating a grinding tool such as an abrasive member and bringing the rotating grinding tool into pressure contact with the back side of the wafer. However, the ground surface of the wafer on the back side thereof after grinding has a strain layer having a thickness of about 1 μm due to minute flaws by the grinding. The strain layer causes a reduction in die strength of the wafer, and it is therefore necessary to remove the strain layer, thereby maintaining the strength of the wafer. Known as means for removing the strain layer is a technique of polishing the ground surface of the wafer by using a disk-shaped polishing member containing abrasive grains (see Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2003-53662, for example).
The above publication describes that the whole of the back side of the wafer is polished. As described in this publication, the whole of the back side of the wafer can be polished by bringing the polishing member having a size capable of covering the ground surface of the wafer into pressure contact with the wafer being rotated as relatively moving the polishing member parallel to the wafer. Accordingly, no accurate control is required for this parallel movement of the polishing member.
In the field of wafer polishing, there is a case of polishing only an annular outer circumferential polishing area set on the back side of a wafer with a predetermined width from the outer circumferential edge of the wafer. Such polishing can be performed by relatively moving the polishing member from the outer circumferential edge of the wafer being rotated toward the center of the wafer by the predetermined width with high accuracy. However, such accurate movement of the polishing member requires accurate measurement of correlative positions of the polishing member and the wafer and control of the movement of the polishing member according to measured values, causing hard and complicated work. Further, unless the polishing member is formed into a completely round shape about a rotation axis, the outer circumferential polishing area having the predetermined width cannot be polished in spite of accurate parallel movement of the polishing member. The formation of such a completely round shape from the polishing member is also complicated and a simple method is therefore desired.


Various systems and methods for optimizing use of environmental and operational sensors are described herein. A system for improving sensor efficiency includes object recognition circuitry implementable in a vehicle to detect an object ahead of the vehicle, the object recognition circuitry configured to use an object detection operation to detect the object from sensor data of a sensor array, and the object recognition circuitry configured to use at least one object tracking operation to track the object between successive object detection operations; and a processor subsystem to: calculate a relative velocity of the object with respect to the vehicle; and configure the object recognition circuitry to adjust intervals between successive object detection operations based on the relative velocity of the object.

In the automotive context, advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) systems are those developed to automate, adapt, or enhance vehicle systems to increase safety and provide better driving. In such systems, safety features are designed to avoid collisions and accidents by offering technologies that alert the driver to potential problems, or to avoid collisions by implementing safeguards and taking over control of the vehicle.
Sensors of various types and number are used to implement ADAS. For example, ADAS includes various forward, sideward, and rearward facing sensors in a vehicle. The sensors may include radar, LIDAR (light imaging detection and ranging), cameras, ultrasound, infrared, and other sensor systems. Front-facing sensors may be used for adaptive cruise control, parking assistance, lane departure, collision avoidance, pedestrian detection, and the like. Rear-facing sensors may be used to alert the driver of potential obstacles (e.g., vehicles) when performing lane changes or when backing up at slow speeds (e.g., parking distance monitors).


A SIM card adapter assembly is to adapt a SIM card to a SIM slot. The adapter assembly includes a SIM card plastic support including a first portion of a predetermined thickness. The SIM card is removably attached and a second portion has an increased thickness wherein at least one adapter is removably attached.

As known, an adapter for a SIM card is a plastic frame on which a SIM card is applied or mounted for facilitating the plugging in of the SIM card in a SIM slot of a reader. In this respect, SIM cards having different sizes are available and currently manufactured, but readers include only one SIM slot and they are generally structured to receive a SIM card with a predetermined standard size.
For example, according to a standard ETSI TS 102 221, there are only a few currently worldwide accepted standard sizes, for instance: a 2FF SIM card (Plug-in UICC) has a size of 25 mm×15 mm and a thickness of 0.76 mm; a 3FF SIM card (Mini-UICC) has a different size of 15 mm×12 mm and a thickness of 0.76 mm; and a more recent 4FF SIM card (micro-UICC) has a different size of 11.9×8.8 mm and a different thickness of 0.67 mm. Thus, in the 4FF SIM card, not only the width and length of the card are reduced with respect to 2FF and 3FF SIM cards, but also the thickness.
FIGS. 1a-1c are top views of those 2FF, 3FF and 4FF standard SIM cards, respectively. The inner part of each figure represents a microchip and the portion delimited by dashed lines represents the support in which the microchip is packaged.
FIGS. 2 and 3 schematically represent in more detail the form factors of a so called Plug-in UICC and Mini-UICC according to the above mentioned standard ETSI TS 102 221, and FIG. 4 schematically represents the form factor of a so called micro-UICC according to the specification SCP(12)000007.
On the other hand, some readers have a 2FF slot adapted to receive only a 2FF SIM card, i.e. unable to receive a 3FF or 4FF SIM card because they are too large. Some other readers have a 3FF slot for a 3FF card which is unable to receive a 4FF SIM card, because it is too large. More recent readers have a 4FF slot adapted to read only the 4FF SIM card.
In view of the above, it has been common to use adapters that have been designed to adapt the different SIM cards to different slots of the readers.
An adapter is normally structured with a plastic frame having a same size as the slot wherein it is inserted and delimits an inner and empty space wherein the SIM card is received. Along the inner perimeter of the frame, some tongues or tabs are provided to support the SIM card within such an empty space.
For example, with reference to the examples of FIGS. 5b and 5c, a 2FF adapter has a central empty space or hole for receiving a 3FF SIM card (FIG. 5c) or a 4FF SIM card (FIG. 5b) and a plastic frame (outer perimeter) of a size substantially corresponding to a size of the 2FF slot. Similarly, FIG. 5a represents a 3FF adapter having a hole for receiving a 4FF SIM card and a plastic frame of a size corresponding to a size of the 3FF slot.
These adapters have some drawbacks. They may be easily lost due to their small size, which corresponds to the size of the slot of the reader, as explained above. Moreover, they are fragile, since the tongues T along the inner perimeter of the frame may be easily broken and when broken, the 4FF SIM can no longer be supported in the hole of the plastic frame and thus within the SIM slot.
Furthermore, the telecom operators or SIM card providers may desirably be provided with an adapter for each 4FF SIM card they sell, but this does not always happen, since the adapters are produced separately from the SIM card. In this respect, the production cost may be high, since the manufacturing process of the adapters of FIG. 5a-5c is different, not scaled and independent from the manufacturing process of the SIM cards of the samples shown in FIG. 1a-1c, for example, from the manufacturing process resulting in the 4FF SIM card plastic support represented in FIG. 6, which includes the 4FF SIM card to be adapted, integrated in the plastic support, according to the prior art.
The problem to be addressed by the present embodiments is thus to reduce the production costs, improve the robustness of the adapters, for example, when used within a slot or when stocked outside it, and to help in avoiding misplacing the adapters, thus overcoming the above mentioned disadvantages and limitations.


An electroluminescence device includes a tubular first electrode, an electroluminescence layer formed on an inner surface of the first electrode, and a second electrode formed on an inner surface of the electroluminescence layer. A method for manufacturing the electroluminescence device includes: causing the inner surface of the first electrode to be lyophilic with respect to an electroluminescence layer forming liquid; conducting the electroluminescence layer forming liquid into and out of the inside of the first electrode, thereby forming a liquid film of the electroluminescence layer forming liquid on the inner surface of the first electrode, which inner surface is lyophilic with respect to the electroluminescence layer forming liquid; and forming the electroluminescence layer by drying the liquid film of the electroluminescence layer forming liquid formed on the inner surface of the first electrode.

The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing an electroluminescence device.
As typical bar-like light emission devices, fluorescent lights or neon tubes are known. The fluorescent lights and the neon tubes emit light through discharge phenomenon of noble gas sealed in a glass tube. However, the light emission devices that emit light through the discharge phenomenon are difficult to reduce in size and consume a relatively great amount of power. To solve these problems, a bar-like electroluminescence device (hereinafter, referred to simply as an "EL device") having an electroluminescence element (hereinafter, referred to simply as an "EL element") is focused on as a bar-like light emission device that is smaller and decreases power consumption. The EL element is provided on an outer circumferential surface of a bar-like member.
To manufacture the EL device, a wrapping method and a vapor deposition method are known (see, for example, Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publications Nos. 11-265785 and 2005-108643, respectively). In the wrapping method, a first electrode (an anode), an organic layer, and a second electrode (a cathode) are sequentially arranged on a flexible sheet substrate in this order. The sheet substrate is then wound around a support bar. In the vapor deposition method, an organic layer, an anode, and a seal layer are sequentially vapor-deposited on a bar-like cathode in this order.
However, in the wrapping method of Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 11-265785, the EL element formed on the sheet substrate must be bent when the sheet substrate is wound around the outer circumferential surface of the support bar. If the support bar becomes smaller, excessive compression stress or excessive extension stress acts on each of the layers that form the EL element, which is wound around the support bar. This may deteriorate the electric characteristics of each layer and decrease productivity for manufacturing the EL device.
In the vapor deposition method of Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 2005-108643, the layers are provided sequentially through deposition with increased directivity. Thus, if a relatively large EL device or a complicatedly configured EL device must be manufactured, formation of an organic layer or a second electrode with uniform thickness becomes difficult. This significantly lowers the productivity for manufacturing the EL device.

Method for manufacturing electroluminescence device


An Ag film as a light-reflecting film is formed on one surface of an a-C substrate of a scintillator panel. The entire surface of the Ag film is covered with an SiN film for protecting the Ag film. A scintillator having a columnar structure, which converts an incident radiation into visible light, is formed on the surface of the SiN film. The scintillator is covered with a polyparaxylylene film together with the substrate.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a scintillator panel and radiation image sensor which are used for medical X-ray photography or the like.
2. Related Background Art
While X-ray sensitive films have conventionally been used in medical and industrial X-ray photography, radiation imaging systems using radiation detectors have been coming into widespread use from the viewpoint of convenience and storability of photographed results. In such a radiation imaging system, pixel data caused by two-dimensional radiation are acquired as an electric signal by a radiation detector, and this signal is processed by a processing unit, so as to be displayed on a monitor.

Scintillator panel and radiation image sensor


A massage device includes a body which contains motor and massage head, where installation mechanism is located between the body and the massage head and said head includes application surface and two massage wheels located along two initial parallel longitudinal axes, which are separated and extend partially outside the application surface. The massage head includes to cause the two wheels to rotate in synchronization and in opposite directions so that, when seen in perpendicular plane to the two axes with the wheels toward the bottom, section of wheel located on the left which extends past the application surface turns counterclockwise and section of wheel located on the right which extends past the application surface turns clockwise. A wheel spacing adjustment system is designed to initially create a minimum distance between the wheels then to adjust the distance to reach a position of equilibrium.

Skin massage equipment generally consists of a body with a motor and a massage head which includes massage elements designed to be activated by the motor through a transmission mechanism. Current prior art in this domain is known in patents or patent filings EP 0 666 071 A1, FR 2 589 726 A1, and EP 1 973 510 B1.
In document EP 0 666 071 A1, the massage device includes two elements in the shape of a paddle which turn in opposite directions to move said paddles which pucker the skin. In one variation, this massage device includes an soft wired element which forms a ring where the two extremities rotate in opposite directions, allowing the ringed section to pucker the skin.
In document FR 2 589 726 A1, the massage device includes two wheels located on the application surface along two parallel axes a short distance from one another. A transmission mechanism causes the two wheels to rotate in the same direction. A mechanism to change the separation of the wheels is located on the device along with a recall mechanism to move the wheels apart. When the massage device is used, the wheels in the initial position are separate and rotate in the same direction; one of the wheels seeks to work with the other wheel due to the separation adjustment mechanism and the effect on said wheel which is in contact with the skin, while the recall mechanism tries to return said wheel to a position separated from the other.
In document EP 1 973 510 B1, the massage device includes two wheels located on the application surface along parallel axes with the wheels separated from one another. The massage device includes a mechanism to control the wheels located to allow the first wheel to rotate in one direction and block the rotation of the first wheel in the other direction and vice versa for the second wheel. Accordingly, when the massage device is applied to the skin and moved in one direction, only the first wheel rotates in one direction, which puckers the skin and vice versa when said massage device is moved in the other direction, only the second wheel rotates in the opposite direction, which puckers the skin.
The purpose of the invention is to design a massage device to optimize how the skin is worked by puckering it to work facial skin and muscles more thoroughly, pleasantly and effectively compared to massage equipment of the prior art, all while avoiding unpleasant sensations during the application of the massage device to the skin.

Massage device with a massage head equipped with massage wheels


A high speed bus driver circuit is disclosed that minimizes output signal oscillation by maintaining the clamp voltage at specified levels. The driver circuit includes a pair of voltage preference circuits that are designed to deliver the appropriate clamp voltages even at the best case speed corners, the circuit prevents simultaneous turn on of drive transistors, equalizes the propagation delay and provides for first access for tristating the bus driver transistors.

High speed, high current bus driver circuits are utilized to rapidly charge or discharge a data bus to a high or low voltage level. Typically when this rapid charging and discharging occurs the resulting effect can often be a damped oscillation or ringing of current flowing through the driver. This ringing effect is undesirable because it can cause false information or false data to be provided to the bus.
The network formed by the bus driver, its interconnects and the load on the data bus can be represented by an RLC equivalent circuit. In this type of equivalent circuit the inductance, L, is due to the inherent parasitic self inductance of the leads connected to the driver circuit, the capacitance C is due to the capacitive load of the devices connected to the bus, and the resistance R is the resistance of the charging or discharging path.
The resistance R acts as a dissipating element in order that the oscillation of the circuit decays. The ratio of the resistance R and the critical resistance factor 2(L/C).sup.1/2 determines the amount of damping the circuit will experience while dissipating its power.
This damped ringing can cause unintentional triggering of the devices connected to the data bus if the voltage amplitude of an oscillation cycle exceeds the logical threshold device of the device. Since this damped oscillation will also be present on the power supply lines of the bus driver circuit, other circuits such as the input buffer circuit sharing the same power line will likely experience voltage failures due to the distortion of the power supply voltage. Finally, a noisy power supply is likely to cause ringing on the data which has been driven to that power rail by other bus drivers sharing the power line. This ringing is likely to happen regardless of the amount of self inductance L that the other bus drivers are on their leads.
The voltage amplitude of this damped ringing is a function of the rate of change of the current (di/dt). Since the values of the parasitic physical elements L&C of the driver network are constant, their effect on the current cannot be altered. However, one possible way of controlling the rate of change of current would be to control the flow of current through the driver transistors that form a portion of the bus driver circuit. The problem with this solution is there is a trade off between propagation delay which slows the bus driver circuit down and the clamping voltage or the amplitude of the signals that are provided to the gates of the transistors.
A circuit addressing this problem is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,877,980, entitled, "Time Variant Drive Circuit For High Speed Bus Driver To Limit Oscillation Or Ringing On A Bus," and assigned to the assignee of this patent application. In this patent a bias voltage (V.sub.bias) is applied to one of gate of a p channel and n channel transistor pair. In this patent the bias voltage is chosen to prevent ringing on the bus.
Although the invention described in this patent works satisfactorily for its intended purposes, it does not disclose a means for providing the V.sub.bias voltage. Accordingly, what is needed is a circuit for providing a voltage to the driver transistors of a driver circuit that is flexible and is simple to implement. What is also needed, is a bus driver circuit which minimizes the damped ringing or oscillation problem associated with previously known bus driver circuits at the same time it is not appreciably effected by the propagation delays that can be generated when regulating the rate of change of the current.
The present invention provides a bus driver circuit which controls the amplitude and slew rate of the gate voltages of the driver transistors while providing better immunity to power supply changes and process variations that are inherent in the semiconductor device.

High speed CMOS bus driver circuit that provides minimum output signal oscillation


Illustrative methods and circuits to verify operation of phase shifters. One illustrative method includes: obtaining a first set of in-phase and quadrature components (I1,Q1) of a phase shifter output signal with a first setting; measuring a second set of components (I2,Q2) with a second setting, the second setting being offset from the first by a predetermined phase difference; and combining the first and second sets to determine whether their relationship corresponds to the predetermined phase difference. An illustrative transmitter includes: a phase shifter, an I/Q mixer, and a processing circuit. The phase shifter converts a transmit signal into an output signal having a programmable phase shift. The I/Q mixer mixes the output signal with a reference signal to obtain in-phase and quadrature components of the output signal. The processing circuit is coupled to the I/Q mixer implement the disclosed method.

In the quest for ever-safer and more convenient transportation options, many car manufacturers are developing self-driving cars which require an impressive number and variety of sensors. Among the contemplated sensing technologies are multi-input, multi-output radar systems to monitor the distances between the car and any vehicles or obstacles along the travel path. Such systems may employ beam-steering techniques to improve their measurement range and resolution.
On the transmit side, beam-steering is often performed using a phased array, i.e., by supplying a transmit signal with different phase shifts to each of multiple antennas, the beam direction being determined by the differences between the phase shifts. Device mismatch, even that due to temperature and aging, may distort the beam pattern and may even cause sidelobe formation. Such effects may shift the apparent direction of obstacles or create nulls that entirely conceal obstacles from detection. Thus automotive radar safety standards, or engineering design prudence alone, may dictate that some mechanism be included to calibrate and/or verify proper operation of the phase shifters. Existing mechanisms for this purpose may unduly compromise the cost or reliability of the automotive radar systems.


A method is provided in one example embodiment and includes generating a first document and a second document associated with video data that includes a group of pictures (GOPs). The method also includes hashing a plurality of video frames associated with the video data. Additionally, the method includes appending each of the video frames' respective hash and respective display times to the first document, and appending each of a plurality of I-frames' respective hash and respective display times to the second document. The method further includes communicating the first document and the second document in a reliable manner over a network to a next destination.

Use of video is prevalent in many communication contexts (live and recorded Telepresence, video calls, video broadcasts, etc.). Video security has grown in prominence in recent years. Video security is a top priority for many law enforcement organizations and governments. Video security can be used for various purposes, such as in evidentiary contexts, which would require suitable authentication to ensure that the video is unaltered/unchanged. Stated in different terminology, a video (e.g., used in courtroom) should be demonstrated to exist in its original form and, further, that the video is a true representation of an occurrence. If the video were to be altered due to certain events (e.g., packet drops, aging, etc.), these events should be detectable and suitably accounted for.
Additionally, the ability to precisely identify a tampered frame is important in the context of malicious tampering. Note that all of these security functions should be available without having to access the actual camera/source that generated the video. Many video security systems implement forms of watermarking at a source; however, these watermarking techniques can be easily defeated. Without a comprehensive video security system, fraudulent video can become common and pose a significant dilemma for security personnel, network administrators, and corporate managers alike. Protocols should be developed to verify that video has not been tampered with since its generation at its source.

System and method for providing cryptographic video verification


A method for providing additional services by a UICC applied in a cellular phone is provided. First, an aperture would be formed on the UICC provided by a first service provider, and the UICC may include a first IC and first contact pads coupled to the first IC. This aperture could be formed by means of a puncher. After that, a laminated integrated circuit card would be attached to the UICC by a second service provider to form a dual UICC. Such laminated integrated circuit card may include a second IC and second contact pads coupled to the second IC, and the second IC is deposited in said aperture. Preferably, the size of the second IC or the shell protecting the second IC fits perfectly for the aperture, and the great reliability could therefore be ensured. Finally, the additional service is able to be provided based on the dual UICC via wireless transmission or reception of the cellular phone.

A smart card is extensively applied to two segments, one is for the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) in wireless communication, another is the identification system, such as a financial card, ATM card or health insurance card. The SIM card is used in a mobile communication device. A person who uses a wireless network system, such as GSM or CDMA system, has a SIM card provided by a communication company. A SIM card stores user information, such as the user's phone numbers, phone books, call restrictions, personal identity number (PIN) and personal unblock key (PUK). Further, a legal SIM card is adopted by a GSM communication system for communication, so that the user may be allowed to enter the GSM communication network for transmitting information.
Smart cards (also known as smart tokens) can be standard credit card sized plastic cards with embedded computer chips, or plug-in sized SIM cards within mobile devices or for plugging directly into universal serial bus ports on personal computers. The chip on each SIM allows a single card to be programmed to do many things, such as functioning as a credit card or handling electronic cash. Old applications can be deleted, and new applications can be downloaded onto a card at a later time. The chip itself is designed to be tamper-proof, and information stored on the card can be from theft, forgery or duplication.
With the wide-spread usage of smart cards in mobile industry such as SIM for GSM, USIM for WCDMA, RUIM for CDMA2000 and PIM for PHS network, a large variety of applications have been developed utilizing smart cards resided in a mobile phone (SIM/USIM/RUIM/PIM, hereafter referred to as UICC, Universal Integrated Circuit Card) to provide security services. Mobile operators ensure the security of the use of mobile service by authenticating the keys stored in the smart cards that mobile operators issue to the subscribers. Mobile operators also provide premium services like mobile banking, mobile stock trading service by storing in the SIM cards keys provided by the banks or other service providers. The keys are manipulated through an application interface developed by a SIM Tool Kit (STK), which also resided in the SIM card. When WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) phones became available, WIM (Wireless Identity Module) was also developed by the SIM card vendors to secure WAP security by storing the certificate and PKI algorithm in the SIM (SWIM card) or another standalone WIM card which can be inserted into another card slot in the mobile phone.
The keypad and display screen of the mobile phone facilitate the inserted smart card with a larger user interface and the mobile nature of remote access to service providers further accomplishes the goal of service mobility. In order to enable service mobility, service providers like banks, credit card issuers, transportation card issuers, certificate issuers and stock brokers are willing to cooperate with mobile operators to issue enhanced SIM cards so as to provide services which fall, into their professions. However, the provision and management of SIM capability and functions are in the control of mobile operators, therefore it forms a closed system where only stipulated persons are allowed to participate. Furthermore, the relationship between service providers and mobile operators are one of mutual distrust and both have similar agendas as to control of security and payment methods. This becomes the main obstacle to the development of mobile security services.
In the mobile telecommunication world, another emerging demand based on smart card is called "multiple SIM ownership", which indicates the trend of a single mobile phone user holding more than one SIM cards issued by different mobile operators. The trend arises because of the following reasons:                ability to have separate accounts for personal and business use        ability to have separate SIMs of mobile operators of different countries when traveling to save roaming fee charge        ability to keep separate SIMs for different service plans, such as daytime and off-peak calling        ability to keep separate SIMs for different promotion tariff packages to save cost
A special mobile phone with dual chip or dual slot capability used to be introduced to resolve the above issues, by providing an additional chip slot on the mobile phone in order for the service provider or another mobile operator to issue its own smart card or SIM which stores its own secret keys. However, the special phones are usually costly and not well-accepted by users, thus creating a subo-market where service providers can play with. (Please refer to U.S. Pat. No. 6,623,305, Dual SIM card connector).
As aforementioned, to overcome the above obstacles of mobile services, especially transactional services, and to satisfy the business interest from different smart card issuers toward a single user, the inventor discloses a business method through a dual UICC system.

Method for providing additional service based on dual UICC