A high performance semiconductor device and the method for making same is disclosed with an improved drive current. The semiconductor device has source and drain regions built on an active region, a length of the device being different than a width thereof. One or more isolation regions are fabricated surrounding the active region, the isolation regions are then filled with an predetermined isolation material whose volume shrinkage exceeds 0.5% after an anneal process. A gate electrode is formed over the active region, and one or more dielectric spacers are made next to the gate electrode. Then, a contact etch stopper layer is put over the device, wherein the isolation regions, spacers and contact etch layer contribute to modulating a net strain imposed on the active region so as to improve the drive current.

The present disclosure relates to the fabrication of high performance field-effect transistors in CMOS integrated circuits, and more particularly, relates to methods for integrating and modulating the strain-induced process steps to enhance the transistors' performance and the semiconductor devices so formed.
Very large scale integrated (VLSI) circuits using field effect transistors (FET) experience problems with the strain or mechanical stress induced by the silicon and/or silicon-germanium substrate's lattice mismatch created by certain process steps during device fabrication. The strain induced upon the transistors' gate electrical channel affect the transistors' electrical field strength and carrier mobility performance. In complimentary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) devices, strain effect can be an especially difficult issue to deal with because the devices comprise of different transistor types. The affects of various strain magnitudes and strain directions upon a given transistor size and orientation have varying affects upon different transistor types. For example, tensile stress/strain applied in the direction parallel to the gate channel of an n-channel MOS transistor will provide improved drive current (Id) performance, while the same stress applied upon an identical sized and oriented p-channel transistor will cause degraded Id performance. As transistor geometric sizing and distances scale down, strain/stress affects applied upon the MOS transistors become relatively more strong and difficult to overcome.
Strain-inducing process operations are numerous in the fabrication flow of CMOS devices. One critical process loop for example, the shallow trench isolation (STI) fabrication, involves the construction of a substrate structure to isolate and define the transistors' active regions. The STI process loop of trench etching, trench filling, planarization and annealing results with a completed STI structure inducing stress onto the transistors from at least two axial (biaxial) directions. Processes that do not directly modify the substrate may also apply additional strain upon the transistor. Such processes create structures such as the sidewall spacers and contact etch stop (CES) layer, films that are deposited or grown on top of and/or adjacent to the transistor gates. Other strain inducing processes such as the metal silicidation processes involve the reaction of dissimilar materials to form new layers near the gate channel.
FIG. 1 illustrates a cross-sectional view of a conventional field-effect transistor 100 showing the basic components thereof with some of the above-mentioned strain inducing structures. The figure also has been labeled with three axis to show the three directions of how strain fields are applied with respect to the FET orientation. The substrate 101 area located between STI structures 102a and 102b is the defined transistor active region. The gate region comprising of a gate oxide 103 and gate electrode 104 is fabricated within this active region. Gate sidewall liners 105 and gate sidewall spacers 106a and 106b are situated adjacent to the gate region. The gate electrical channel shown as distance g is defined as the region of the substrate surface under the gate region, between the source (distance s) and drain (distance d) substrate regions of the transistor. The source s and drain d regions extend out from the ends of the gate channel to the STI structures. Metal-silicided electrodes areas are formed on top of the transistor's gate, source and drain regions. These regions are shown in FIG. 1 as gate silicide 107, source silicide 108 and drain silicide 109 regions. The contact etch stop (CES) 110 layer is shown, situated on top of the entire transistor at the process point just prior to the contact masking/patterning operations of the device.
The strain/stress forces are specified by the three dimensional axis x, y and z. For the discussions within the present disclosure, the axis parallel to the gate channel across the substrate along the direct path to and from the source and drain regions is known as the x direction, as shown in FIG. 1. The strain axis perpendicular to the gate channel across the substrate is known as the y direction. The third axis z is the strain direction directly normal to the substrate surface and to the plane created by axis x and y. It is noted that the various fabricated transistor structures shown in FIG. 1 will apply a variety of strain forces onto the transistor's gate channel in various magnitudes and directions. In the conventional CMOS technologies, the two-component x-y biaxial strain from the STI structures is a large portion of the net effect.
Accordingly, it is desirable to have a method for modulating the net strain induced by the various device fabrication processes/structures. An engineering and design method is desired for specifically modulating strain in certain preferential magnitudes and axial directions to allow for the simultaneous improvement of both NMOS and PMOS transistors.

High performance semiconductor devices fabricated with strain-induced processes and methods for making same

Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co., Ltd.


A computer implemented method, apparatus, and computer usable program code for automatically generating a query. Data and occurrence is described using a sequence type. The data and occurrence from the sequence type are matched to a sequence type pattern. Sentences in a query language are generated automatically using the sequence type pattern for testing an ability of a query processing engine to interpret queries.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to an improved data processing system and in particular to a computer implemented method and apparatus for generating queries. Still more particularly, the present invention relates to a computer implemented method, apparatus, and computer usable program code for automatically generating semantically valid queries in the XQuery language.
2. Description of the Related Art
XQuery is the query language for extensible markup language (XML). A query is a request or a specific set of instructions for extracting particular data from a database. Queries are made up of data items or fields to be retrieved and may have limits set on the scope of the data and/or sorting order specified.
XQuery is being developed to provide a flexible and standardized way of searching through semi-structured data that is physically stored as XML, virtualized as XML, or viewed as XML via middleware. XQuery provides a mechanism to extract and manipulate data from XML documents or any data source that can be viewed as XML, such as relational databases or office documents. XQuery is designed to be broadly applicable across many types of XML data sources.
For example, just as structured query language (SQL) is a query language that queries relational tables to create new relational tables, XQuery queries XML documents to create new XML documents. XQuery is still under development, and at present, there are no known solutions directed toward automatically generating test input to test the functionality of a query processing engine.

Method to generate semantically valid queries in the XQuery language

International Business Machines Corporation


A method of recovering iron from a zinc sulfate solution according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is associated with recovering iron from a zinc sulfate solution produced by a leaching process in which zinc ore is dissolved in sulfuric acid. The method comprises a conditioning process including a step of reducing a conditioning process input solution, which is the zinc sulfate solution, and an iron precipitation process for recovering iron as hematite, including a step of pressurizing and oxidizing an iron precipitation process input solution discharged from the conditioning process. The iron precipitation process is performed at a temperature ranging from 135° C. to 150° C. and a pressure ranging from 5 barg to 10 barg.

A zinc process generally includes a roasting process of oxidizing a sulfide-form concentrate (ZnS), a leaching process of dissolving a calcine (ZnO) produced in the roasting process in a sulfuric acid solution, and a process of electrowinning a pure zinc sulfate solution produced through a multi-stage purification process for impurities and depositing zinc on a cathode. In the leaching process, various metal components such as iron (Fe), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), and cadmium (Cd) contained in a zinc concentrate are leached together. In particular, most zinc sulfide concentrates are in the form of sphalerite and have high iron content. In the leaching process, sulfuric acid remaining in a zinc sulfate solution (free sulfuric acid) is neutralized using a calcine or the like as a neutralizing agent.
Various disclosures have been proposed in order to remove iron from a zinc sulfate neutralization solution containing a large amount of iron ions. In U.S. Pat. No. 4,440,569, a calcine obtained by roasting a zinc concentrate is leached under high-temperature and strong-acid leaching conditions, and subjected to solid-liquid separation, and then an acid remaining in the leached solution is neutralized through a reduction process and a neutralization process. Iron is removed in the form of goethite by hydrolysis from a zinc sulfate solution that has been subjected to the neutralization process using a calcine.
In a general zinc process, the iron ions dissolved in the zinc sulfate solution are removed by being precipitated in the form of goethite, jarosite, or hematite.
It is described, in U.S. Pat. No. 7,294,319, that when iron is precipitated and separated from a zinc sulfate solution, the iron content is 40 to 45% in goethite and 30 to 35% in jarosite, whereas the iron content of hematite is as high as 50 to 60%, and the zinc content is 2 to 3% in goethite, 3 to 5% in jarosite, and 0.5 to 1% in hematite. However, the iron (Fe) content in the cake-form iron precipitate generated in a general zinc process is 22 to 27% for jarosite, 30 to 40% for goethite, 50 to 60% for hematite, and thus is produced as cake including lower iron contents than those represented in U.S. Pat. No. 7,294,319 or the like, except for hematite.
Therefore, the most efficient method for removing iron dissolved in the zinc sulfate solution in the zinc process may be to remove the iron in the form of hematite, which yields the least amount of cake per ton of iron and entails the lowest loss of valuable metal.
However, the process of preparing goethite and jarosite is generally carried out under atmospheric pressure, while the process of manufacturing hematite requires high-temperature, high-pressure reaction conditions.
The Ruhr-Zink Zinc refinery in Germany has performed a process of removing iron in the form of hematite at a temperature of 180-200° C. and a pressure of 18 barg using a zinc sulfate solution having a zinc concentration of 140 g/l (E. Ozberk, etc., Hydrometallurgy, 39, 1995).
However, the solubility of zinc sulfate is as high as about 180 g/l at room temperature, but is lowered to about 105 g/l at 180° C. and about 85 g/l at 200° C., so that supersaturated zinc is precipitated as salt of zinc sulfate monohydrate (ZnSO4H2O), which adheres to the inner portion of an apparatus and which frequently leads to failure of the apparatus.
In Japanese Patent Publication No. 3,197,288, a reaction was performed for 2 hours under the conditions of a temperature of 200° C. and an oxygen partial pressure of 18 barg using a process solution containing 25 g/l of iron and having a zinc concentration of 100 g/l or less, and thus hematite containing 52% iron was precipitated and separated. However, as the zinc sulfate concentration in the process solution is lowered, the scale of an apparatus required for producing a given amount of zinc is increased, and the apparatus operation and investment costs are increased. Thus, economic efficiency is lowered.
As shown in the aforementioned patents, since the process of precipitating and removing iron contained in the zinc sulfate solution in the form of hematite in the related art is performed under high-temperature and high-pressure conditions, a lot of energy is consumed. Since the solubility of zinc sulfate is low under the above conditions and the zinc concentration of the process solution is maintained at or below a predetermined concentration, apparatuses such as reactors and pumps are increased in the zinc process and higher temperature resistance and pressure resistance are required for the apparatuses. Thus, investment and operating costs are high, the processing speed is reduced due to frequent apparatus failure, and repair costs are increased, and thus economic efficiency is very low.
In order to carry out a reaction under high-temperature and high-pressure conditions, an autoclave apparatus set to a considerably high pressure, an apparatus for supplying a process solution supplied to the autoclave at a very high pressure, and auxiliary apparatuses such as a decompression apparatus for discharging the reacted process solution from the autoclave are required. Because these high-pressure apparatuses are set to a high pressure, the apparatuses are expensive and frequently fail, which is economically very disadvantageous.

Method of recovering iron from zinc sulphate solution


A method for arbitrating between vehicle navigation systems in the event that multiple systems are concurrently activated so that information is provided to a user by only one navigation system at a time. This method of arbitration reduces the possibility of user confusion that could otherwise occur if multiple vehicle navigation systems were simultaneously providing the user with information. According to one embodiment, the arbitration method is used in conjunction with a telematics-based system and a CD-based system that both provide turn-by-turn spoken driving directions. The method can also be used to arbitrate between any vehicle-based sources of electronically-supplied audio speech, particularly where the systems are connected to a common vehicle network that allows software control of the different vehicle systems.

In recent years, GPS-based navigation systems have grown in popularity and are now widely available in a variety of forms, including different types of vehicle-installed units as well as hand-held portable units. These navigation systems are primarily based on a Global Positioning System (GPS) which was founded by the U.S. Department of Defense and consists of a constellation of 24 satellites working in conjunction with 5 base stations. The satellites orbit the Earth and transmit precise timing data to GPS receivers located on Earth. If strong signals from 3 or more satellites are received, then a latitude and longitude (two-dimensional) position can be determined; if strong signals from 4 or more satellites are received, then a latitude, longitude and altitude (three-dimensional) position can be calculated. Moreover, the accuracy of these navigation systems can be increased through the use of the Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS), which monitors the satellite data through a collection of base stations and makes signal corrections to provide even more accurate position data.
The success and popularity of vehicle navigation systems has resulted in the development and sale of many different types of systems. For instance, one type of vehicle navigation system currently available is based on telematics. In general, telematics-based vehicle navigation systems utilize a combination of wireless voice and data to communicate between vehicle-installed hardware and a back-end system in order to provide a number of different navigation-related services including turn-by-turn (TBT) spoken directions. In telematics-based systems such as these, the GPS-derived position of the vehicle is compared to road-data provided by the back-end system. The road data not only includes detailed maps of the area(s) in question, but also includes information pertaining to things such as average travel speed classifications, one way streets, highway exit/entrance ramp details, etc. and because the road data is maintained and provided by the back-end system, it is easily and frequently updated. Of course, the vehicle telematics system is typically capable of performing additional, non-navigation related tasks such as those related to providing entertainment, diagnostic or safety functions.
Another type of vehicle navigation system is an autonomous vehicle navigation system mounted on-board the vehicle. These systems use road data that is stored locally at the vehicle such as on a CD or DVD. In this example, the autonomous navigation system compares the position data gathered by the GPS receiver with the road data obtained from the CD or DVD, and the system can then use this information to provide a graphical display at the instrument panel showing a map with the vehicle location. These autonomous systems also allow the driver or other occupant to input a destination address so that the navigation system can provide driving directions graphically as well as turn-by-turn spoken directions. Hence, there is no need to build and maintain a back-end system for supporting the vehicle navigation system.
Each of the aforementioned vehicle navigation systems have certain advantageous qualities, which explains why both types are presently offered on different vehicles. In fact, not only are different types of vehicle navigation systems sometimes offered on the same vehicle, in some cases a vehicle can come equipped with multiple navigation systems so that the user has the ability to select the one they would like to use.

Method for arbitrating between multiple vehicle navigation systems


An electron beam writing system is used in variable shaping and cell projection methods to produce LSI and reticles. In the cell projection method, the beam is deflected to define a writing position. In the time it takes to define the writing position, an operation of forming the beam is concluded, which operation includes the deflection of the beam to select a cell graphic, re-deflection for correcting the origin position of the written graphic, astigmatism correction of the written graphic, and focus correction for reducing the Coulomb effect. An electrostatic deflector is used as the deflector for the cell graphic selection. The arrangement of graphics includes a square aperture centrally located with a group of cell projection apertures positioned adjacent two sides of the square aperture.

The present invention relates to an electron beam writing system, and more particularly to an electron beam writing system in a shaped electron beam projection method.
In the previously known variable shaping type of an electron beam writing device, the shape of the square to be written was changed for each shot as disclosed in JP-A-62-21216. The shape and size of the projected square image were adjusted by changing the amount of beam shaping deflection as described in F. Murai et al. "Digest of Papers 3rd Microprocess Conference (1990)" pp. 172-173.
On the other hand, in recent years, the possibility of providing an electron beam writing system in a cell projection method which projects electron beams using an aperture of not only a square but also of other specific shapes has been studied. More specifically, in JP-A-59-169131, a method is disclosed of repeatedly providing the electron beam writing system with a function of cell projection in such a manner that the electron beam is selectively projected through an aperture for cell projection formed adjacently to the conventional beam shaping square aperture by means of a deflector.

Electron beam writing system used in a cell projection method


Abstract Provided is an oil/fat composition comprising 60 to 100 wt. % of a diglyceride wherein the diglyceride has, as the fatty acid constituent thereof, 15 to 90 wt. % of an ω 3-unsaturated fatty acid having less than 20 carbon atoms and a cis ω 3-unsaturated fatty acid/(cis ω 6-unsaturated fatty acid+saturated fatty acid+trans unsaturated fatty acid) at a weight ratio of 1 to 6. The composition is excellent in visceral fat burning property, body fat burning property and stability against autoxidation.

Lipids (oils or fats), important nutrients in addition to proteins and carbohydrates, are particularly useful as an energy source. It however has a high calorie content (9 kcal/g) and intake of it promotes obesity and can be causative of problems such as life-style related diseases. A meal rich in lipid is typically delicious and people of the present day are accustomed to such a meal. In advanced countries under satiation, an increase in lipidic intake has come to be a serious nation-wide problem together with a rise in medical expenses. In recent days, people are highly interested particularly in health promotion and maintenance and preventive treatment of diseases and a number of investigations have been made on the relationship between lipids and obesity or life-style related diseases.
Primary investigations to date have been related to fatty acids constituting a triglyceride, a principal component of a lipid. Nutritionally essential fatty acids are, for example, linoleic acid, arachidonic acid and linolenic acid. These fatty acids are known to be utilized in the body as a constituent of a biomembrane or a raw material of eicosanoids (prostaglandin, thromboxanes, leukotrienes, etc.). In addition, it is reported that there is a high possibility that saturated fatty acids in a diet have a blood-serum cholesterol heightening action, leading to atherosclerosis or heart diseases (Lancet, 2, 959(1950)); and a high linoleic acid oil contained much in a diet increases tumor incidence and size of experimental animals (J. National Cancer Institute, 66, 517(1971)). It is described that an oleic-acid-rich and saturated-fatty-acid-poor diet lowers LDL-cholesterol level, while maintaining an HDL-cholesterol level, thereby reducing the risk of heart diseases (J. Lipid Res., 26, 194(1985), New England J. Medicine, 314, 745(1988)). In addition, physiological activity of various ω 3-unsaturated fatty acids including antithrombus effects of eicosapentaenoic acid contained in a fish oil have drawn attention (Ann. Rev. Nutr., 8, 517(1988)). It is however pointed out that eicosapentaenoic acid or docosahexaenoic acid having high physiological activity has more double bonds than the other fatty acids so that it has a serious problem in not only heat stability but also stability against autoxidation. Under the present state, such fatty acids are practically used only for some products. Based on the study on intake balance of these fatty acids, a number of research reports have been presented, for example, on a recommendable ratio of saturated fatty acid:monounsaturated fatty acid:polyunsaturated fatty acid or a ratio of ω 6-unsaturated fatty acid:ω 3-unsaturated fatty acid. Research is still in progress ("Nutrition and Diseases of Oils and Fats", published by Saiwai Shobo, "The 6th edition of Recommended Dietary Allowances for Japanese", Ministry of Health and Welfare). It is pointed out that trans unsaturated fatty acids increase the LDL-cholesterol level, thereby exerting a bad influence on health, for example, increasing the risk of cardiovascular diseases. In November 1999, FDA proposed to include the amount of trans unsaturated fatty acids in nutritional labeling and to limit the amount of trans unsaturated fatty acids in foods having health claims or products having nutrient content claims (FDA home page).
With a view to preventing obesity, substitutes for fats and oils or non-absorptive fats and oils have been developed and typical ones include sucrose fatty acid polyester (U.S. Pat. No. 3,600,186). It is excreted without being absorbed in the body so that the calories derived from fat is 0 kcal/g. There is however a potential problem that it can cause anal leakage and inhibit absorption of fat-soluble vitamins. In addition, it does not become a supply source of essential fatty acids. The use of this substance was authorized by FDA in 1996, under the restriction that a semi-solid or solid sucrose fatty acid polyester having a melting point of 37.8 to 71.1° C. and containing predetermined amounts of vitamins A, D, E and K can be used only for salty snack foods. This restriction is made for preventing both anal leakage and inhibition of absorption of fat-soluble vitamins. It is known that a medium-chain fatty acid triglyceride (MCT) is not accumulated on the body, but it has poor heat stability. Similar effects of conjugated linoleic acid, fish oil or perilla oil are disclosed (Lipids, 32, 853(1997), J. Agric. Food Chem., 46, 1225(1998)).
Further, disclosed with attention paid to the glyceride structure are an edible oil composition (EP Patent No. 0525,915), a cholesterol-level lowering agent (Japanese Patent No. 2035495), an agent for lowering the triglyceride concentration in serum (Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 4-300825), a body weight increase inhibitor (Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 4-300826), a preventive or therapeutic agent for fatty liver (Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 4-300828) and a liquid general-purpose oil/fat composition (U.S. Pat. No. 6,004,611). They paid attention only to the effect derived from the diglyceride structure, and did not induce effects of diglyceride at the maximum.
An object of the present invention is to provide an extremely useful oil/fat composition which can meet the recent demand and contributes to good health, more specifically, which is free from side effects such as anal leakage or inhibition of absorption of fat-soluble vitamins, is safe and can overcome the drawback of oils and fats such as a tendency to obesity, has incomparable body-fat burning•visceral-fat burning action and has excellent stability against autoxidation.


The present invention provides adhesive film removal methods and apparatus. The removal methods and apparatus involve apply tension over the width of the adhesive film, thereby removing the film from the substrate along the release line that extends over the width of the film. The methods and apparatus are particularly useful in removing large-scale graphic films from substrates such as truck trailers, vans, walls, signs and other large surfaces. The tension applied to the adhesive film during removal is preferably uniform across the width of the film, thereby reducing the risk of the film tearing or breaking during removal. The release line is advanced during removal along the length of the film until the entire film is removed from the substrate.

Adhesive coated films are often used or applied to a variety of surfaces for reasons such as advertisement, decoration, protection, etc. In some instances these films may be used in place of painting to protect surfaces or to provide a uniform appearance, such as to a fleet of trucks. Regardless of their specific use, these films, which are often exposed to environmental conditions, have a finite life and must be removed prior to replacement.
Removal of these adhesive coated films presents difficulties as the films are typically very large, e.g., typically as large as 3 meters wide by 16 meters long. The adhesives used to apply the films to the substrates also typically have a relatively high adhesion, making their removal somewhat difficult. Removal is currently accomplished by hand with an individual attempting to pull the film off of the substrate. Many of the pressure sensitive adhesives used to attach the films have adhesion values with the underlying substrate in excess of 3 pounds per inch, with many an excess of five pounds per inch. As a result, it is difficult, if not impossible, for an individual to exert sufficient force to remove the entire sheet of graphics across its width at the same time.
As a result, the individual is forced to remove small sections of the film, with the film often breaking during removal because of the forces concentrated at the removal location. To assist with removal, many individuals often cut the film into strips while on the substrate and remove the strips individually. Drawbacks to this approach however include the potential for damage to the underlying substrate as well as the additional labor required to cut the film prior to removal.

Adhesive film removal method and apparatus


A surface contact card holder (200) for an electronic device includes a latching portion (30) and an elastic frame (40). The electronic device has a device body (10) with a receiving groove (20) defined therein for receiving a surface contact card (50) therein and the receiving groove has a card entrance (1002). The latching portion (30) is located adjacent to the card entrance of the receiving groove and the elastic frame is configured for attaching to the device body. The elastic frame has a first frame end (402) located adjacent to the card entrance, and an opposite second frame end (4013). The second frame end has a pressing portion configured for pressing the surface card against the body. The first frame end and the latching portion are configured for sandwiching the surface card therebetween.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to surface contact card holder for holding a surface contact card in a portable electronic device.
2. Discussion of the Related Art
With the development of wireless communication and information processing technologies, portable electronic devices such as mobile phones are now in widespread use. These electronic devices enable consumers to enjoy the convenience of high-tech services anytime and anywhere. Surface contact cards such as subscriber identity module cards (SIM), compact flash cards (CF) and multimedia cards (MMC) having special circuits are widely used in portable electronic devices to enhance or specialize the functions of the portable electronic devices. For example, a surface contact card is placed in a mobile phone to dedicate the mobile phone's functions to the surface contact card owner. By changing the surface card, a single mobile phone can be used by many different surface contact card owners as a personal phone.
Referring now to FIG. 1, a typical surface contact card holder includes a base 62 made of insulating material and a holding structure 64. The base 62 defines a receiving groove 621 and a card connector 60 comprising a plurality of contacts is set in the middle of the receiving groove 621. The size of the receiving groove 621 is the same as that of a surface card. The holding structure 64 is located adjacent to one end of the receiving groove 621 and can be moved back and forth along the direction as indicated by the arrow shown in FIG. 1.
In use, firstly, the holding structure 64 is moved away from the receiving groove 621 and a surface contact card is received in the receiving groove 621. Then, the holding structure 64 is moved adjacent to the receiving groove 621 for latching the surface contact card in the receiving groove 621. In the same way, the surface contact card can be released by moving the holding structure 64 away from the receiving groove 621.
In the above surface card holder, the holding structure 64 can be easily moved, if a mobile phone employing such a mechanism for holding a surface contact card drops to ground, the shock will easily force the holding structure 64 to move off the receiving groove 621. As a result, the surface contact card will not connect well with the card contactor 60 or even be released from the receiving groove 621. Obviously, such a conventional mechanism can not hold the surface contact card steadily in the receiving groove 621.
Therefore, there is a need for a new holding structure, which can hold a surface contact card steadily in a portable electronic device.

ShenZhen FuTaiHong Precision Industrial Co., Ltd.


An engine assembly may include an engine block, a cylinder head, and a valvetrain assembly. The cylinder head may be fixed to the engine block. The valvetrain assembly may include a valve actuating member, a support member, and a first fastener engaged with the support member and the engine block that fixes the support member to the engine block. The valve actuating member may be rotatably supported on the support member.

The statements in this section merely provide background information related to the present disclosure and may not constitute prior art.
Engine valvetrains may include rocker bar assemblies that rotatably support valve actuating devices such as rocker arms. Engine rocker bar assemblies may be fixed to a cylinder head of an engine through a bolted engagement. However, the load applied to the rocker bar assemblies by the valve actuating devices may exceed the load that the cylinder head mounting location can withstand.


SMS based alert messages are routed to subscribers via a Mobile Switching Center (MSC) such that SMS alert messages can be provided to specific cell sites. Also, SMS alert message can be provided to all subscribers registered in a specific cell site, including roamers. When an MSC receives one alert message, it routes that one message to all subscribers known to the MSC. In an example embodiment, an emergency alert message along with an indication of the alert area is received by an emergency alert server. MSCs capable of facilitating cellular coverage for the alert area are determined. Cell ID (cell sites) associated with the MSC are determined, and the alert message is routed to subscribers currently registered in the cell ID.

Emergency alert messages can be provided via the Short Message Service (SMS) system. Emergency alert messages are not personalized and contain the same content for all subscribers. SMS messages are sent to a subscriber regardless of the current location of the subscriber. Thus, an SMS based alert message could be sent to a subscriber even if the subscriber is not in the alert area. The SMS system does not posses the capability to tailor delivery to specific geographic areas or to specific list of subscribers. Further, the SMS system does not posses the capability to send messages to roamers (a subscriber in a network other than the subscriber's home network). In a typical SMS system, the originator of the alert message creates the same SMS based message for each individual subscriber. The same alert messages are then sent to the wireless operator's SMS Center (SMSC) for delivery to each subscriber. Routing the same alert message for each subscriber in this way is inefficient use of resources and time consuming. These inefficiencies can be especially exacerbating during time of emergency.


On the moving body, the apparatus comprises an active transponder, and on the track it comprises a passive responder. The transponder has an LF transmitter and an MF transmitter which, during displacement of the moving body, transmit to a zone through which the responder passes during said displacement. The responder has an LF receiver circuit and an MF receiver circuit having tuned radiating circuits that are associated so that an LF signal induced in the LF circuit causes the MF radiating circuit of the responder to be closed at the LF rate. The transponder responds to disturbances in the MF transmitter caused by the MF circuit of the responder being closed. The MF circuit of the responder includes two units having respective tuned radiating circuits that are strongly coupled together. Each is connected to a respective logic unit which, when excited, delivers a digital message causing the MF radiating circuit to be closed only for bits of a determined value in the digital message.

The present invention relates to apparatus for detecting the passage of a moving body at a determined point on its guided displacement along a track. A particularly important application of the invention lies in automatically controlled public transport installations.
Such detection apparatus is already known (EP-A-0 570 289 or U.S. Pat. No. 5,451,941) comprising an interrogation assembly carried by the moving body and designed to be connected to an electrical power supply, and a passive responder associated with the track, and in which:
the interrogator assembly has a low frequency transmitter and a medium frequency transmitter both operating continuously while the moving body is moving, each having a respective antenna emitting towards a zone which is determined relative to the antennas and through which the responder passes during displacement; and
the responder comprises a low frequency signal receiver circuit and a medium frequency signal receiver circuit having respective tuned radiating circuits associated in such a manner that a low frequency signal induced in the low frequency circuit by passage through the zone causes the medium frequency radiating circuit of the responder to be closed at the rate of the low frequency, with the interrogation assembly also having means responsive to disturbances in the medium frequency transmitter caused by closing the medium frequency tuned radiating circuit of the responder when the responder is in said zone.
A public transport installation generally includes a very large number of responders distributed along its tracks and frequently referred to as "beacons". Even when maintenance is performed regularly, it is always possible that a beacon will break down. Such a breakdown is generally due to failure of an active electronic component, rather than to a break in a passive element such as a resonant circuit. Although the breakdown of one of the responders along the ordinary portions of the track is of little consequence, the same is not true of a responder situated in a station. Station responders are often used not only to detect the passage of a moving body, but also to verify that the moving body has indeed come to rest in a well-determined location, for which location the responder is in the above-mentioned zone. If a responder delivers no response when the moving body passes through a station, often the only possible solution is to omit any stop of the moving body in that station, particularly when the platforms are closed off from the track by a wall provided with doors that open only when the moving body is stationary and in a well-determined position.

Fault tolerant apparatus for detecting the passage of a moving body


The present invention relates to the activation of a software upgrade in a lithographic apparatus that transfers a pattern onto a substrate. The time and date of the activation of a software upgrade is compared with the time and date of the exposure of the first layer of a substrate or of a “lot” of substrates. If the activation date and time is later than the first exposure date and time, software-functionality types is not mixed on a single lot or substrate and the old software-functionality is used for that lot or substrate. If, on the other hand, the activation date and time of the software-functionality update is earlier than the first exposure of the lot or substrate, the lot or substrate has not yet been affected by the old software-functionality and the new, updated software-functionality may be used to control the pattern transfer onto all of the substrate layers.

A lithographic apparatus is a machine that applies a desired pattern onto a substrate, usually onto a target portion of the substrate. A lithographic apparatus can be used, for example, in the manufacture of integrated circuits (ICs). In that instance, a patterning device, which is alternatively referred to as a mask or a reticle, may be used to generate a circuit pattern to be formed on an individual layer of the IC. This pattern can be transferred onto a target portion (e.g. comprising part of, one, or several dies) on a substrate (e.g. a silicon wafer). Transfer of the pattern is typically via imaging onto a layer of radiation-sensitive material (resist) provided on the substrate. In general, a single substrate will contain a network of adjacent target portions that are successively patterned. Known lithographic apparatus include so-called steppers, in which each target portion is irradiated by exposing an entire pattern onto the target portion at one time, and so-called scanners, in which each target portion is irradiated by scanning the pattern through a radiation beam in a given direction (the "scanning"-direction) while synchronously scanning the substrate parallel or anti-parallel to this direction. It is also possible to transfer the pattern from the patterning device to the substrate by imprinting the pattern onto the substrate.
The transfer of the pattern on to the substrate is carried out by a projection system. Software is used in the control of the projection system to ensure that the pattern is aligned correctly with the substrate and with patterns already transferred onto the substrate, as well as ensuring that the pattern has the correct shape and orientation. Specifically, the software uses measurements taken by the lithographic apparatus to calculate optimal adjustments for the lithographic apparatus during exposure; and transmits those adjustments to the parts of the lithographic apparatus that make the adjustments. The adjustments may be the settings of a lens, or the XY- and Z-positions or tilt of the substrate, substrate holder or substrate table. There is also a calibration state associated with the software to ensure that the software is calibrated with the projection system and the rest of the lithographic apparatus(es) to which the software is associated.
This software is frequently upgraded or changed. A change in the software may be in order to create a different pattern on the substrate, or to fix bugs in old software; an upgrade of the software may be to create a more efficient pattern transfer process, for example. Often, the bug fixes involve a slight change in XY positioning (i.e. in the plane of the substrate) or in Z-direction height or tilt of the substrate (usually because the bug itself was a misalignment in positioning as a result of any parts of the lithographic apparatus such as an alignment laser, etc.) The person skilled in the art will be aware of a multitude of reasons why the software controlling the projection system may be upgraded or changed.
It is desirable that software upgrades or changes be timed so that software upgrades do not occur in between the radiation of different layers on the same substrate; or even different substrates in the same "lot". In practice, this may be very difficult. This is because new software-functionality is likely to make the projection of a pattern onto a substrate layer different from the old software-functionality that was used for previous layers and the substrate or lot in question may effectively be ruined as the layers are likely to have overlay errors as a result of layers of one type being deposited on layers of a different type. Furthermore, it may be difficult to time the implementation of a new software functionality with the beginning of a lot of substrates on a series of machines, particularly as the machines are often at different points in a lot at any one time. This difficulty is known as a work-in-progress impact. Furthermore, old software-functionality and new software-functionality may have been calibrated slightly differently, which causes the same work-in-progress impact.
Because of this reduction in quality of-lots of substrates following a software upgrade, users of lithographic apparatus are reluctant to upgrade their software, potentially effecting their market positions.

Software upgrades in a lithographic apparatus


A potential malware sample is received from a security device at a server associated with a security cloud service. The sample is executed in a sandbox environment on the server, including by monitoring interaction of the sample with an application program interface (API), provided by the sandbox environment, in order to obtain an API log. It is determined whether the sample is associated with a known malware family including by determining, based at least in part on the API log, if the sample created an executable file and if the sample registered the executable file in a run key. If it is determined that the sample is associated with a known malware family, then an alert is generated.

Malware is a general term commonly used to refer to malicious software (e.g., including a variety of hostile, intrusive, and/or otherwise unwanted software). For example, malware is software used or created by attackers or hackers to disrupt computer and/or computer network operation, steal proprietary information (e.g., confidential information, such as identity, financial, and/or intellectual property related information), and/or gain access to private/proprietary computer systems and/or computer networks. Malware can be in the form of code, scripts, active content, and/or other software.
Malware includes computer viruses, worms, Trojan horses, rootkits, key loggers, spyware, adware, and/or other malicious programs. Malware typically does not refer to simply defective software, which is software that has a legitimate purpose but can include harmful bugs and/or vulnerabilities that were not corrected before release of the software. However, some malware is disguised as genuine software and can come from an official company website. For example, otherwise legitimate software can be improperly packed with additional tracking software that gathers user information without user permission.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Malware family identification using profile signatures


Every printing system has characteristic defects which detract from high quality printing. Xerographic printing systems show defects such as banding, mottled colors in large fill areas, trail-edge deletion and starvation where toner concentrations drop at certain color edges, misregistration, and so on. Ink jet printing systems can show ink bleeding, streaking in the direction of head movement, and so on. One approach to reducing predictable printer defects is to modify the digital data being sent to the printer to pre-compensate for the defect. One pre-compensation method identifies runs of color which meet the criteria likely to cause a printing defect and applies a function f(edge-distance, object-type) to such runs to modify them appropriately. However, if multiple defects are being corrected, an efficient method is needed to identify potential defects since a normal search procedure performed on a band of collected runs one at a time for each defect is time-consuming. Instead, a method is described by which modules responsible for detecting and correcting each defect register patterns of runs with a search module that are predicted to trigger defects. These registered patterns can then be applied as keys to a lookup table to quickly find if a printer defect pattern has been found, and which correction module to call to pre-compensate for the defect.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to high-quality digital printing in which objects are intermixedly printed, and more particularly, in which a printing process exhibits characteristic, statistically predictable defects which degrade quality. In order to apply a system-specific and defect-specific function to the digital signal to pre-compensate for a defect and thereby increase quality, an efficient search method is used to identify candidate printer defects and apply the correct pre-compensation function.
2. Description of the Related Art
Digital color printers form a digital image for each of several separations, such as cyan, magenta, yellow, and black. The digital image instructs the printing mechanism of the printer in the amount of each color ink to deposit and the method of deposition at each addressable point on the page.
A digitally imaged page can consist of graphical objects such as text, lines, fills, pictures, etc, all imaged in ways which can be isolated from each other, can abut one another at one or more points, can partially overlap one another, or can completely overlap one another. The resulting printed page or graphic image is therefore made up of a patchwork of shapes representing the graphic objects, some of which are "clipped" by objects imaged later in the succession.
In practice, every color printing system has characteristic defects which can cause subtle problems that detract from achieving the highest possible quality color printing. For example, ink jet printing must handle excessive ink coverage which can cause bleeding or spreading of colors and paper distortion. Xerographic printing contends with a different set of problems which can detract from print quality. Examples are "haloing", in which toner in one separation interferes with toner transfer at the same location in another separation, "tenting", which is toner deletion caused by high toner pile casting a mechanical or electrostatic "shadow" which prevents correct development of abutting toner, trail-edge deletion and starvation, which cause toner deletion at certain edges, or misregistration between two colors. Many of these characteristic problems in printing systems can be traced to undesirable interactions between abutting colors on the page.
Despite known problems, the digital image sent to the printer has in the past assumed a perfect printing mechanism, and provided an ideal image to print. While increasingly sophisticated controls have been added to printing mechanisms to reduce defects and come closer to the perfect printer expected by the digital image, electromechanical defects in any printing system are still common and are to be expected at both the low end where system cost restraints preclude use of expensive controls and the high-end where production speeds challenge existing control systems.
Recent work has begun to look at modifying a digital image in advance in order to pre-compensate for expected problems in a printer. A number of approaches to digital data pre-compensation are described in greater detail in the co-pending patent application "Anamorphic Object Optimized Function Application for Printer Defect PreCompensation", which is incorporated herein by reference. The invention described in "Anamorphic Object Optimized Function Application for Printer Defect PreCompensation" is able to detect and correct a wide range of printer problems related to objects of different types being printed adjacent to one another. It uses color and object information such as object type, object size in the scan and process directions, rendering intent, and other relevant object parameters to detect and pre-compensate for a large number of potential printing problems such as trail-edge deletion and starvation (where toner concentrations drop at certain color edges), misregistration, haloing (where toner concentrations drop when certain colors are surrounded by other colors), halftone mismatch (where objects rendered with different halftones meet), and so on.
Because such a large number of printing problems are being addressed, it is important in the detection phase to have a search mechanism which can quickly and efficiently recognize patterns of pixels that are predicted to cause printing problems, and efficiently apply the appropriate pre-compensations to correct those problems.
The co-pending application "Anamorphic Object Optimized Function Application for Printer Defect Pre-Compensation" describes the step whereby a band of scanlines is searched for potential printing defects, but is not particularly concerned with developing an efficient search mechanism. A general method is described whereby printer defects are detected and corrected in a serial, in-line fashion, one module at a time, which achieves the goal of the search step without necessarily achieving optimum efficiency. In the method described, the invention includes a module called a "filter" for each printer defect that is to be identified and corrected. It specifies that each filter for each printing defect must accomplish two tasks: first, it must recognize the conditions in a band of scanlines that will trigger its specific printing defect, and second, it must apply a function that changes the attributes of the affected runs in order to pre-compensate for the expected defect.
To accomplish these detect-and-correct steps, a pointer to the band of scanlines is passed to each of the filters in turn. Each filter searches the band of scanlines in order to determine if the criteria for its particular printing defect have been met. If so, each filter applies a correction to the digital data within that band of scanlines, and control passes to the next filter in the chain which repeats the same steps of analyzing the band of scanlines for defects which it is able to predict, and correcting the defects if found.
The method of allowing each filter in turn to examine the current band of scanlines and correct them is a general search method that will work in all cases and is therefore a preferred embodiment for the general solution described in "Anamorphic Object Optimized Function Application for Printer Defect Pre-Compensation".
The current invention instead proposes a method for detection and correction of printer defects that need not work for the general case of all printer defects but works with most defects and is designed for efficiency. This is important because if many printer defects are to be searched, it is important that system speed not be unduly sacrificed for higher quality.
The current invention proposes that rather than each filter in turn examining the current band of scanlines for printer defects, instead each filter should register with a search module the pattern or patterns of runs that are likely to trigger its particular defect. The patterns can be encoded to be keys to a lookup table of any sort. Then, when a band of scanlines is being analyzed for likely printer defects, the search module encodes the current pattern of runs and uses that encoding as a key to lookup whether any filter has registered the current pattern as likely to cause a problem. If so, control may pass immediately to that filter or module for correction of the digital data.

Efficient identification of predicted printer defects for anamorphic pre-compensation


A mobile robot includes a body and a rotating plate rotatably installed on the body. A mop portion is attached to a lower surface of the rotating plate. And, a rotating ball that is vertically aligned with a rotating shaft of the rotating plate is rotatably installed on the rotating plate.

A mobile robot is a device that cleans a floor by inhaling a foreign material such as a dust on the floor or wiping a foreign material on the floor. Recently, a mobile robot capable of mopping a floor has been developed. In addition, a mobile robot is a device that cleans while driving or traveling on its own.
Korean Patent Registration No. 10-802790 discloses a robot cleaner capable of moving by a mop surface. In this robot cleaner, the first rotating member and the second rotating member for fixing the pair of mop surfaces disposed in the left and right directions are provided to be inclined downwardly with respect to the vertical axis. The robot cleaner according to the prior art moves as the first rotating member and the second rotating member rotate while the mop surfaces fixed to the first rotating member and the second rotating member are in contact with the floor.
The robot cleaner of Korean Patent Registration No. 10-802790 does not use alignment marks or the like to guide the exact position of the mop when attaching and detaching the mop to the rotating member, so that the user aligns and attaches the mop to the eye mass. At this time, when the mop is attached out of its original position, interference between the two rotating members occurs, and there is a problem that the robot cleaner cannot move due to the rotation of the two rotating members, and a part of the mop is separated from the floor so it cannot be cleaned. Moreover, there is a problem that the rotating member is damaged due to the interference between the mops.
In addition, in some known robot cleaners, the number of rotations of the wheel is sensed to determine the position of the mobile robot.
In the case of a mobile robot having no wheel and moving by the frictional force of the mop, since the wheel does not exist, there is a problem in that the number of rotations of the wheel cannot be measured, and the current position of the mobile robot cannot be estimated through the number of rotations of the wheel, or the current position of the mobile robot calculated by the sensor cannot be corrected.
Further, there is a problem in that the position of the mobile robot cannot be corrected by the number of rotations of the spin mop due to the slip of the spin mop and the floor even the number of rotations of the spin mop is measured in the wheel-less spin mop.
Further, in the conventional art, since the robot cleaner proceeds only by friction force of spin mops and a water level of stored water in a water tank is variable, it may be difficult to effectively mop a floor and driving power may be not sufficient.
Particularly, it may be very difficult for the conventional wet-type robot to adjust a traveling direction by friction force with rotating mops. According, cleaning is performed only by a random driving, and cleaning by a pattern driving being able to meticulously clean is not possible.
Further, in the conventional art, since the cleaning is possible only by the random driving, meticulous cleaning at a corner of a floor or an area adjacent to a wall may be difficult.


An insulating trench isolation structure is formed in a semiconductor substrate with a spacer overlying the trench edge to prevent oxide loss during subsequent etching, thereby preventing junction leakage, particulary upon silicidation. Embodiments include providing a step in the trench fill and forming the nitride spacer during gate electrode sidewall spacer formation. The protective nitride spacer etches more slowly than oxide and, hence, remains after subsequent oxide etching and cleaning.

Current demands for high density and performance associated with ultra large scale integration require submicron features of about 0.25 microns and under, increased transistor and circuit speeds and improved reliability. Such demands for increased density, performance and reliability require formation of device features with high precision and uniformity.
Conventional semiconductor devices comprise a substrate and various electrically isolated regions, called active regions, in which individual circuit components are formed. The electrical isolation of these active regions is typically accomplished by thermal oxidation of the semiconductor substrate typically monocrystalline silicon or an epitaxial layer formed thereon, bounding the active regions.
One type of isolation structure is known as trench isolation, wherein shallow trenches are etched in the substrate, and an oxide liner is thermally grown on the trench walls. The trench is then refilled, such as with an insulating material. The resulting structure is referred to as a shallow trench isolation (STI) structure. The active region typically comprises source/drain regions formed in the semiconductor substrate by implantation of impurities, spaced apart by a channel region on which a gate electrode is formed with a gate oxide layer therebetween. The gate electrode controls the turn-on and turn-off of each transistor. After implantation of the substrate is completed, titanium or other silcide is typically formed on the gates and source/drain reunions to reduce sheet resistance in these areas, for increased performance.
A typical method of trench formation comprises initially growing, a pad oxide layer on the substrate, and depositing a barrier nitride layer thereon. A photoresist mask is then applied to define the trench areas. The exposed portions of the nitride layer are then etched away, followed by the pad oxide layer. The etching continues into the substrate to form the shallow trench. When etching of the trench is completed, the photoresist is stripped off the nitride layer.
Next, the substrate is oxidized to form an oxide liner on the walls and base of the trench to control the silicon-silicone dioxide interface quality. The trench is then refilled with an insulating material, such as silicon dioxide derived from tetraethyl oitlhosilicate (TEOS). The surface is then planarized, as by chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP), and the nitride and pad oxide are stripped of the active areas, to complete the trench isolation structure.
Well implants are then formed by appropriate masking and ion implantation. Subsequently, the surface is cleaned, a gate oxide layer is formed and a polycrystalline silicon layer is deposited and etched to form a gate electrode. Lightly-doped drain (LDD) or other source/drain implants are thereafter formed by appropriate masking and ion implantation. After LDD resist removal, a conformal layer of oxide or nitride is deposited and anisotropically etched to leave spacers along the edges of the gates, which prevent a subsequently applied heavy-dose source/drain implant from completely overlapping the lightly-doped LLD area next to the grates or other shallow source/drain regions. Ion implantation is then conducted to form source/drain regions, with subsequent activation to complete the transistor structure.
A titanium silicide layer is then formed on the gates and source/drain regions, as by sputtering titanium and rapid thermal annealing (RTA). It may be desirable to prevent the silicidation of selected gate and source/drain regions, for example, in order to form a ballast resistor for electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection circuitry. To create unsilicided gate and source/drain regions a thin resistor protective oxide is deposited before sputtering titanium on the substrate. and appropriate portions of the resistor protective oxide are etched away (this step is referred to as the "resistor protect etch"). After the resist is etched and titanium is deposited, the oxide remaining prevents the formation of silicide in the desired areas.
When creating the STI structure, it is considered desirable for the uppermost surface of the substrate to he flush (i.e., co-planar) with the uppermost surface of the oxide filling the trench at the edges of the trench, in order to maximize the performance of the finished device, and to provide a flat topography for subsequent processing steps, particularly photolithographic processing, thereby facilitating the formation of small features with accuracy and increased manufacturing throughput. However as shown in FIG. 1 the interface of the substrate and the oxide 2 typically exhibits what is referred to as a "wrap-around"; that is, a dip 2a is formed in the oxide 2 at the trench edge 1a. Dip 2a is created during the removal of the pad oxide by overetching to ensure complete removal of the pad oxide.
During processing steps performed after gate electrode formation, such as pre-cleaning steps and the resistor protect etch, the oxide at the trench edges is further eroded, effectively increasing the size of the dip 2a. This oxide loss is disadvantageous when it occurs after impurities have been implanted close to the upper surface of the substrate to form junctions; for example, after LDD and source/drain implant steps. As illustrated in FIG. 2, the depth d of such a junction 3 is referenced to the upper exposed surface 1b of the substrate 1 when the junction 3 is formed. The junction 3 follows the contour of the upper exposed surface 1b of the substrate, so the upper surface 1b and the junction 3 are at roughly a constant distance apart.
Thus, any subsequent oxide loss will reduce the distance between part of the junction 3 and the upper exposed surface 1b of the substrate 1. This is illustrated in FIG. 3, where the original oxide surface 2.sub.0) has been eroded to a lower level 2.sub.i, which causes portion 3a of the junction 3 to be closer to the upper exposed surface of the substrate (i.e., at depth d') than it was prior to the unintended oxide removal. since more of the substrate surface is exposed. This unwanted oxide removal and resultant proximity of the junction to the surface 1b causes problems such as junction leakage when metal silicide layer 4 is formed on substrate surface 1b, thereby adversely affecting, device performance.
There exists a need for a semiconductor device and a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device wherein oxide loss at the edges of isolation trenches during post gate processing, is minimized, thereby reducing junction leakage.


The invention relates to crystalline forms of 5,6-dichloro-2-(isopropylamino)-1-β-L-ribofuranosyl-1Hbenzimidazole, pharmaceutical compositions comprising the same, processes for preparing the same, and their use in medical therapy.

The present invention relates to anhydrous crystalline forms and solvates of the antiviral compound 5,6-dichloro-2-(isopropylamino)-1-(β-L-ribofuranosyl)-1H-benzimidazole (also known as 1263W94; a compound of formula (I)), pharmaceutical formulations comprising anhydrous crystalline forms and solvates of this compound, and their use in therapy.
5,6-Dichloro-2-(isopropylamino)-1-(β-L-ribofuranosyl)-1H-benzimidazole (1263W94) is a benzimidazole derivative useful in medical therapy. WO96/01833 discloses 5,6-dichloro-2-(isopropylamino)-1-(β-L-ribofuranosyl)-1H-benzimidazole and its use for the treatment or prophylaxis of viral infections such as those caused by herpes viruses. The compound as disclosed in WO96/01833 is an amorphous, non-crystalline, hygroscopic material.
The structure of 5,6-dichloro-2-(isopropylamino)-1-(β-L-ribofuranosyl)-1H-benzimidazole, a compound of formula (I) is shown below:

We have now found that the compound of formula (I) may be prepared in novel crystalline forms and solvates. The novel crystalline forms and solvates of the present invention are more thermodynamically stable than the amorphous form disclosed in W096/01833. The novel crystalline forms and solvates have the further advantage that they are essentially non-hygroscopic. These crystalline forms and solvates have good storage properties and can be readily formulated into pharmaceutical compositions such as tablets, capsules, and liquid systems. The crystalline forms and solvates may be characterized by their X-ray powder diffraction patterns.

Crystalline forms of an antiviral benzimidazole compound


A portable one-piece foam frame for use in securing a screen and/or screen stencil film for use in an off-contact stenciling operation. The assembly includes a paper or release covering an adhesive on one side of the frame. A non-skid coating may be applied to the base of the frame to keep it from shifting or moving during a stenciling operation.

The present invention relates primarily to a portable, one-piece screen printing frame for amateur and professional use, to quickly and inexpensively, manually print in an off-contact manner onto a substrate, such as fabric, paper, glass, metal, wood, or other items.
There are many low-tech techniques that have been used for many years to stretch mesh over a frame. These include the use of adhesives, staples, tacts, and other fastening devices. While these methods are commonly used, and typically of lower cost, they often take relatively more time and often yield inconsistent results, if not also interfering with the proper use of the stencil, and its repeat usage, particularly where strong adhesives or other types of fasteners, such as staples, are applied. Hence, these types of stencils often take relatively more time to set up, and use, and quite often yield inconsistent results. Also, they are relatively expensive.
Additionally, the storage of screen stencils, as currently used, that are not mounted in a frame, are often problematic as the wet screen stencil films often cling together and to surrounding objects, easily crinkle and fold and subsequently dry in a less than flat or ideal manner. Thus, they are frequently not properly prepared and ready for adequate stenciling usage.
Furthermore, it is currently a common practice in the screen printing industry to use excessive amounts of adhesives in not only constructing a screen, but in taping the perimeter of the screen just before the ink is applied for printing. Screen printers use adhesive tape around the inside edges of the frame, to prevent the applied ink from leaking through any areas that do not have a coating of emulsion hardened on them (i.e. "open" areas of the frame usually around the edges), and/or from ink leaking through the edges of the frame itself.
Screen printers have tried to devise many different ways to tape a screen printing frame and many types of tape have been used and applied. Some printers use packaging tape from office supply stores. Others use duck tape. Also many others use the more expensive solvent-resistant block out tape, which were designed for accommodating screen printing inks.
Many packaging tapes are readily identified as bad news for screens, as these tapes leave gooey residue on the screen and frame. Residue that is difficult to remove. Professional block out tapes normally peal off cleanly from the screen, without leaving adhesive residue, but these types of tapes are quite costly.
Various prior patents have shown related styles of stenciling devices, primarily for industrial and commercial type usage, as distinct from the manual hand held style of stenciling device of this invention. Various types of tensioning mesh onto frames, and numerous frame units have been used and developed. These include the use of relatively complicated constructed equipment, for example, pneumatic, pre-tensioning devices, added materials, primarily for use for fastening, such as clips, tensioning tools, rollers, locking strips, and the like, as well as through the usage of excessive force, which therefore results in relatively more complex and much higher cost frames. Moreover, these commercial grade quality frames are capable of achieving very high-tension screens for printing, although it has been stated that above a certain point, higher tension is not always better for producing quality results, and not always worth the additional time and cost.
A quick summarization of these types of screens, and tensioning systems, can be seen, for example, in the U.S. Pat. No. 7,536,951, to Vasilantone.
The screen tensioning and printing frame of Newman, can be seen in U.S. Pat. No. 3,908,293. As can be noted, these are far more complex of structure and obviously of higher costs, than the current invention.
A two-part frame and pre-tensioning device therefor is shown in the patent to MacNaughton, et al, U.S. Pat. No. 5,355,792.
A further screen printing stencil can be seen in a further patent of Cane, U.S. Pat. No. 5,606,911.
A further self-tensioning silk screen frame can be noted in the United States Patent to Goss, U.S. Pat. No. 6,553,904.
Another tensioning device can be seen in a further patent of Cane, U.S. Pat. No. 5,606,912.
A far more complex stencil holder can be seen in the patent of Fromm, U.S. Pat. No. 5,941,171.
A locking strip panel for silk screen frame can be seen in the patent to Niswonger, U.S. Pat. No. 8,522,681.
The patent to Fantoni, et al, shows the use of a doctor blade upon a cylinder for material coating, in U.S. Pat. No. 7,632,560.
The patent to Chen shows an elaborate commercial screen printing machine in U.S. Pat. No. 7,337,718.
The patent Thomas, et al, shows a multi-frame screen printing device, in U.S. Pat. No. 7,117,787.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,962,111, to Tanaka, et al, shows a screen-printing plate.
The patent Schilling, et al, U.S. Pat. No. 6,258,445, shows a screen printing form and a flexible screen printing form accommodating device.
The patent Newman Jr., shows a clamping strip and locking channels, apparently for application of a screen printing fabric to a cylinder, as in U.S. Pat. No. 5,957,048.
The patent Gronig, et al, U.S. Pat. No. 5,794,528, shows another device for holding tensioned sheet-like material and process for tensioning said material.
The patent to Oozeki, U.S. Pat. No. 5,037,760, shows another screen printing machine.
The patent Mellis, U.S. Pat. No. 7,121,196, shows a device and method for applying patterns and/or labels to a substantially flat surface of an article.
Another wire mesh screen can be seen to Levin, U.S. Pat. No. 2,903,967.
A further adjustable screen printing chase can be seen in the patent to Lambert, U.S. Pat. No. 3,788,216.
A fastening device for use in needle point as in a supporting frame and clip assembly, can be seen in the patent Connors, et al, U.S. Pat. No. 4,194,132.
Another screen tensioning apparatus can be seen in the patents to Bubley, U.S. Pat. No. 4,442,772 and U.S. Pat. No. 3,608,484.
A frame for cloth and artistic canvases can be noted in the patent to Delacroix, et al, U.S. Pat. No. 4,947,561.
A device for imprinting an image on a substrate is noted in the patent to Christman, U.S. Pat. No. 5,058,499.
The patent to Levin, U.S. Pat. No. 2,903,967 also shows a wire mesh screen.
Finally, a gripping device, for flexible sheet material, can be seen in the patents to Hamu, U.S. Pat. No. 3,962,805, and U.S. Pat. No. 4,694,746.
These are examples of a variety of prior art frames, gripping devices, stretching apparatuses, as known and used in the prior art.

One-piece foam frame for mounting screen and/or screen stencil film to create screens for manual and small off-contact printing substrates


A cleaning brush includes a rod, at least one cleaning cloth unit, and at least one plastic wire. The rod includes a passageway, a plurality of water outlets, and a water inlet. The passageway extends longitudinally in the rod and is in communication with the water inlet. The water outlets are defined in an outer circumference of the rod and in communication with the passageway. The water inlet is defined in an end of the rod. The cleaning cloth unit includes a cleaning cloth having opposite first and second sides. The cleaning cloth unit further includes a plastic core extending alternately between the first and second sides of the cleaning cloth. The plastic wire is wound around the plastic core to tightly tie the cleaning cloth unit to an outer circumference of the rod.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a cleaning brush and more particularly, to a cleaning brush having at least one cleaning cloth unit effectively and reliably fixed to a rod, thereby providing enhanced cleaning effect and prolonged life.
2. Description of Related Art
Taiwan Utility Model Publication No. M245837 discloses a cleaning brush for wheels. The cleaning brush includes a body and two bristle members. A soft, anti-slip sleeve is mounted around the body. A coupler is mounted to a rear end of the body and includes an inner threaded section and a switch for controlling input of water into the body. A hollow rod from a front end of the body for outputting water or cleaning fluid. The hollow rod includes a longitudinal hole in communication with a water passageway in the body. A plurality of recessed portions are defined in an outer circumference of the hollow rod. Each recessed portion includes a plurality of water outlets at regular intervals. The front end wall of the body includes a plurality of insertion holes. The bristle members are fixed crosswise to the outer circumference of the hollow rod. Each bristle member includes a U-shaped frame and a plurality of bristles surrounding the U-shaped frame along the length of the U-shaped frame. Two ends of each U-shaped frame are inserted into the insertion holes of the body.
Such a cleaning brush can enter small gaps and clean dead corners. However, these bristle members are liable to disengage from the hollow rod, which adversely affects the cleaning effect and shortens the life of the cleaning brush.


A URL verification service is provided that is used to evaluate the trustworthiness of universal resource locators (URLs). As a user browses the world wide web, a URL verification client captures a URL associated with a web page of unknown authenticity. The URL verification client transmits the captured URL to a URL verification server. The URL verification server compares the URL to actively maintained whitelist and blacklist information. The server also uses the URL and a user-supplied or automatically-extracted brand to query a search engine. The URL verification server processes the response of the search engine to the search engine queries and the results of cache and whitelist and blacklist comparisons to determine whether the captured URL is legitimately associated with the brand. The results of the URL evaluation process are transmitted from the URL verification server to the URL verification client, which notifies user.

This invention relates to evaluating the trustworthiness of universal resource locators (URLs) such as those associated with web pages.
The world wide web is often used for sensitive transactions such as those involved in online banking and e-commerce. In a typical scenario, a user obtains access to an account at a financial institution by supplying a valid username and password.
The popularity of online services has given rise to fraud. One type of fraud, known as "phishing," involves sending fraudulent email messages to recipients to entice them to reveal their username and password or other sensitive information to an unauthorized party. Often the content of a fraudulent email is in html format and contains graphics and text that make the recipient believe that the fraudulent email was sent by a legitimate institution. For example, the fraudulent email may contain an accurate rendition of the logo of the recipient's bank.
The text of the fraudulent email may instruct the recipient to click on an embedded web link (URL). When the recipient clicks on the web link, the recipient's web browser presents the recipient with a fraudulent web page that appears to be associated with the recipient's institution. The fraudulent web page generally contains the institution's logo and other content that makes the web page difficult or impossible to distinguish from a legitimate web page associated with the institution. The fraudulent web page also contains text that prompts the recipient to log in to the institution by supplying appropriate credentials such as a username and password. When the recipient clicks on a login button on the fraudulent web page, the recipient's username and password are transmitted to the perpetrator of the fraud. The user credentials that have been fraudulently collected in this way may then be used to make unauthorized transactions at the recipient's institution.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide ways in which to help prevent fraud by verifying whether URLs are legitimate.

Server-based universal resource locator verification service


A nitride read only memory (NROM) erase system is disclosed. The NROM erase system comprises at least one memory sector, N sense amplifiers, and N buffers. The memory sector is segmented into N erase retry units according to the number of the sense amplifiers. One buffer corresponds with one erase retry unit and one sense amplifier. The N buffers are used to indicate whether their corresponding erase retry units are erased after an erase process of an erase operation. One of the buffers will be set if its corresponding erase retry unit is not erased. In this case, a subsequent erase process will begin to erase the un-erased erase retry unit. The erase retry units that are erased in a previous erase process will not be affected by the subsequent erase process. A method for using the NROM erase system is also described.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to nitride read only memoiy (NROM) devices, and more particularly, to a NROM erase system and method for over erase reduction during an erase operation.
2. Description of the Related Art
Nitride read only memories (NROM) are nonvolatile memories in which a single NROM cell can be electrically programmed and a large number of NROM cells —called a sector—are electrically erasable at the same time. There are three basic operations for a NROM device: read (a byte or a word), program (a byte or a word), erase (one or more sectors).
To erase a single sector for a NROM device, a high electric field must be applied between the sources and the gates of the NROM cells belonging to the sector to allow for Fowler-Nordheim current to discharge the floating gates of the NROM cells. This task is accomplished by applying a high voltage (in the range of 12V) to the sources of the NROM cells to be erased while grounding their gates (source erase), or by splitting the biasing voltage between sources and gates of the NROM cells to be erased (negative gate erase).
The erase operation of a NROM device is more complicated than the read and program operations because the erase operation is performed on an entire sector. An erase operation comprises at least one erase process and at least one verification process. Due to the fact that each NROM cell of a sector processes different erasing ability, multiple erase processes might be needed for an erase operation in order to erase all the NROM cells of the sector. A verification process is performed after an erase process is finished during the erase operation.
At the beginning of the erase operation, an initial erase voltage pulse is applied to all the NROM cells belonging to the sector to be erased. A verification process of the erase operation is followed to verify whether all the NROM cells of the sector are erased after the erase process of the erase operation. If the verification process is failed for at least one NROM cell of the sector, a higher erase voltage pulse is applied to all the NROM cells of the sector to erase the remaining un-erased NROM cells. Another verification process is performed to verify whether all the NROM cells of the sector are erased. If some of the NROM cells still remain un-erased, the erase processes and the verification processes will continue until all the NROM cells of the sector are erased. For an erase process, the erase voltage pulse for a subsequent erase process is higher than the erase voltage pulse for a previous erase process. The increase of the erase voltage pulse for each subsequent erase process is about 400 mV. Because the erase voltage pulse is applied to the entire sector during the multiple erase processes, the NROM cells erased by a previous erase process will become over-erased during subsequent erase processes.
FIG. 1 is a threshold voltage distribution graph 100 showing the threshold voltage Vt distribution of the erased NROM cells of a sector after an erase operation. The threshold voltages of the erased sector are distributed between the high threshold voltage VEH and the low threshold voltage VEL. As indicated, the threshold voltage distribution graph 100 is crooked near the VEL, which is caused by the over-erased NROM cells of the sector after multiple erase processes during an erase operation. The over erase for the NROM cells also causes the threshold voltages of those over-erased NROM cells to be too low.
In view of the foregoing, there is a need for improvement upon conventional NROM erase systems and methods in order to prevent the NROM cells of a sector from being over-erased.

System and method for over erase reduction of nitride read only memory


An electronic device and a method for controlling photographic capture. A first image is acquired by a first camera having a first viewing angle. A second image is acquired by a second camera having a second viewing angle, the second viewing angle being different from the first viewing angle. The first image is overlaid with at least one object from the second image, or an icon corresponding to the object. The first camera and the second camera are mounted to a same surface, or to disparate surfaces relative to one another. Photographic capture or control is triggered in response to movement of the object.

1. Technical Field
The present disclosure relates to an electronic device, and more particularly to, an electronic device and a method for controlling an image display.
2. Description of the Related Art
The services and functions provided by electronic devices such as smart phones, tablets, and laptop computers are continually expanding. In order to increase the utility of electronic devices and to meet the demands of users, various application programs have been developed. Thousands of these applications are available, and can be downloaded, stored and executed on the electronic device, which is highly portable. Electronic devices also have ever increasing multimedia functionality, providing various multimedia entertainment services. Certain functions and features are also becoming increasingly standard. For instance, electronic devices are now almost uniformly equipped with a camera formed on the front surface or rear surface of the device, and are capable of capturing both still images and video.
When a user desires to photograph their face or figure, the user must typically enable a photographic mode of the device. The user then sets the shot composition, centering on the face or figure, configures a number of options, such as zoom, shot mode, white balance, etc., and then touches a capture button from a virtual menu on the device touch screen. The device then captures the photograph as directed.
However, often times the user's hand is unstable during the capture process. As a result, the electronic device is unstable, and resulting images are captured blurred or out of focus. Additionally, because of the limited viewing angle of the camera mounted to the device, it is impossible to capture images at certain angles. Manual adjustment is impossible to the extent that the user cannot accurate compose the photograph if the desired angle places the camera out of the user's field of vision.

Electronic device and method for controlling image display


A lost circulation material and method for well treatment employing the material that is effective at sealing or plugging small fissures and large fractures and has utility over a wide range of temperatures, including high temperatures. The material has an optimized bimodal particle distribution and optionally has a polymer flocculent or water swellable polymer.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention pertains to methods and compositions for preventing or alleviating the loss of drilling fluids and other well servicing fluids into a subterranean formation during drilling or construction of boreholes in said formation.
2. Description of Relevant Art
In the oil and gas industry, a common problem in drilling wells or boreholes in subterranean formations is the loss of circulation (of fluids, such as drilling fluids or muds) in a well or borehole during the drilling. Such lost fluids typically go into fractures induced by excessive mud pressures, into pre-existing open fractures, or into large openings with structural strength in the formation.
A large variety of materials have been used or proposed in attempts to cure lost circulation. Generally, such materials may be divided into four types or categories: fibrous materials, such as shredded automobile tires or sawdust; flaky materials, such as wood chips and mica flakes; granular materials, such as ground nutshells; and slurries, whose strength increases with time after placement, such as hydraulic cement.
Another type of slurry that thickens downhole is made, typically, by dispersing a polyacrylamide in water and then emulsifying the dispersion in a paraffinic mineral oil, typically using a polyamine as an emulsifier. Bentonite is commonly added to such a slurry where it remains in the external or oil phase of the slurry. At normal shear rates, the bentonite rarely if at all contacts the water so the slurry remains relatively thin while being pumped down the drill pipe. At higher shear rates such as prevailing at the drill bit, the emulsion breaks and the bentonite mixes with the water. Crosslinking by the polyacrylamide results in a semi-solid mass that thickens further with the bentonite as it is pumped into cracks and fractures in the formation to block the lost circulation.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,066,285 to Mano Shaarpour provides an improved lost circulation material that comprises a blend of a resilient, angular, carbon-based material and a water-swellable, but not water-soluble, crystalline synthetic polymer. Preferred carbon-based materials comprise resilient graphite carbon particles and ungraphitized carbon particles. Preferred synthetic polymers comprise polyacrylamide, and most preferably a dehydrated crystallized form of cross-linked polyacrylamide that will readily swell following exposure to water or aqueous based fluids. The patent teaches that such swelling may be delayed by salts in the water, such as the use of brine or addition of calcium chloride.
Although many materials and compositions exist and have been proposed for preventing lost circulation, there continues to be a need for even more versatile and better compositions and methods for preventing loss of circulation.

Lost circulation material formulation and method of use


A signaling apparatus is applied to a node constituting a network including internal network to network interface (INNI) domains having INNI interfaces between a plurality of networks in an area and external network to network interface (ENNI) domains having ENNI interfaces that connect the INNI domains. The apparatus includes a processing unit that processes a signaling message for setting a path when an end-to-end path that passes through the INNI domains and the ENNI domains that connect the INNI domains is set in response to the signaling message, a storing unit that holds information on types of links between an own node and adjacent nodes, and a judging unit that judges whether the own node is a connection end point of the INNI domains or the ENNI domains with reference to route information in the message and the information on the types of the links held in the storing unit.

Conventionally, for example, in a network configuration illustrated in FIG. 1, nodes D, A, B, C, and E use a routing protocol (see RFC2328 and RFC3630) such as Open Shortest Path First-Traffic Engineering (OSPF-TE) to advertise link information containing associated area information "areas 1, 2, and 3," and construct topology information (see FIG. 2) of an entire network.
When an instruction to set a path is received, the start-point node D of the path computes a route from a start point to an end point, and transfers a signaling message (Path message) containing route information "A, B, C, E" using a signaling protocol (see RFC2205, RFC3209, RFC3471, and RFC3473) such as Resource Reservation Protocol-Traffic Engineering (RSVP-TE). The signaling message further contains end-to-end end-point node information and connection end-point node information.
An end-to-end path from the start-point node D to the end-point node E is divided into connections for each of external network to network interface (ENNI) domains and internal network to network interface (INNI) domains. The start-point node A of an INNI connection sequentially searches, based on route information "B, C, E" in the signaling message and the topology information held, through the nodes on the route to check if any one of which is an area boundary, finds the end-point node C of the INNI connection, stores "C" as the connection end-point node information in the signaling message, and transfers the signaling message to the next node B.
Upon receiving the signaling message, the next node B judges if the connection end-point node information "C" is an own node (a local node). When the local node is the end-point node C, the node B performs a connection end-point processing, and further transfers the signaling message to the node E next thereto.
In this conventional technology, there is a need for the start-point node A of the INNI connection to sequentially search, based on the route information "A, B, C, E" in the signaling message and the topology information held, for the end-point node C of the INNI connection.
The start-point node A of the INNI connection sequentially searches, based on the route information "B, C, E" in the signaling message, the topology information illustrated in FIG. 2 to check with which area each of the A-B link, the B-C link, and the C-E link is associated, judges the node C to be the area boundary, and sets the node C as the end-point node of the connection.
However, with this approach, as a number of hops in the INNI connection increases (2 hops in the example of FIG. 1), the processing load in judging the end point of the INNI connection inevitably increases in proportion thereto.
The following are related arts to the invention.
[Patent document 1] Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. JP 2006-121249
[Non-patent document 1] RFC2328, RFC3630; draft-ietf-ccamp-gmpls-ason-routing-ospf-02.txt, OIF2005.313.08, etc.
[Non-patent document 2] RFC2205, RFC3209, RFC3471, RFC3473;
OIF2005.381.09-Draft OIF E-NNI Signaling Specification (OIF E-NNI 2.0), etc.

Signaling apparatus and signaling method


A retractable covering in accordance with the present invention includes a head rail with a horizontally disposed roller and a pair of depending sheets from the roller which form part of a fabric which can be wrapped around the roller or unwrapped from the roller when moving the covering between retracted and extended positions. The sheets can also be moved with the roller between a closed position wherein they are in contiguous relationship and an open position wherein they are separated while remaining in parallel relationship. A plurality of cut-out vanes are formed in one sheet having a free edge thereof secured as with adhesive or the like to the other sheet. Accordingly, when the sheets are in the closed contiguous relationship, the vanes which are integral with one sheet become coplanar therewith but when the sheets are separated the vanes pivot to open a passage through the sheet from which they were cut to permit the passage of vision and light.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to retractable coverings for architectural openings such as windows, doors, archways, or the like, and more particularly to a cellular covering having a pair of parallel flexible sheets interconnected by vanes integral with one of the sheets with the covering being movable between a fully retracted position wherein it is wrapped about a roller and a fully extended position. Further, the covering can be moved in the fully extended position between a closed position where the sheets of material and vanes are contiguous and lie in a common vertical plane and an open position wherein the sheets are parallel but separated with the vanes extending generally horizontally therebetween.
2. Description of the Relevant Art
Retractable coverings have been in common usage for numerous years. Early forms of such coverings included retractable shades where a flexible sheet of material could be retracted around a roller at the top of the architectural opening or extended from the roller across the architectural opening. A more recent and popular form of retractable covering is a venetian blind which includes a plurality of horizontal slats suspended by cord ladders so as to remain in parallel relationship. The cord ladders have a pair of vertical runs interconnected at spaced vertical locations by a plurality of rungs on which a slat is supported. The vertical runs can be shifted in opposite vertical directions to tilt the rungs thereby tilting the slats between open and closed positions when the venetian blind is fully extended. The blind can be retracted adjacent to a top of the architectural opening by gathering the slats in a stack adjacent to the top.
Vertical blinds are another popular form of retractable coverings which operate very similarly to a venetian blind except the slats are suspended vertically rather than horizontally. The slats can be gathered adjacent one side of the opening or extended across the opening and when extended, can be pivoted about vertical axes between open and closed positions.
Another more recent but popular form of cellular retractable coverings includes a pair of sheer fabrics suspended from a roller and interconnected by a plurality of horizontal, continuous, flexible vanes that extend substantially the full width of the opening. The two sheets of sheer along with the vanes can be moved into a vertically extending contiguous relationship and rolled around a roller within a head rail for the covering when retracting the covering. The covering can also be extended from the head rail by unrolling the sheets of material and vanes from the roller. When the sheets and vanes are unrolled, they can be disposed in a closed position where they remain contiguous or the sheets of sheer material can be shifted in opposite vertical directions causing the sheets of sheer material to separate horizontally and allowing the vanes to move from a vertical orientation to a horizontal orientation establishing passages therebetween through which vision and light can pass. In this form of window covering, the vanes are typically formed from a translucent or opaque material whereas the sheer fabrics are somewhat transparent. The edges of the vanes are adhesively or otherwise secured to the sheers so the edges of the vanes move with the attached sheer between the open and closed positions of the covering. An example of such a covering is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 6,001,199, which is of common ownership with the present application.
While this later form of covering has been very popular, variations thereof are desirable to increase the available aesthetics of such a covering and it is to provide additional variations for such a covering that the present invention has been developed.

Retractable covering for architectural openings having a pair of flexible parallel sheets at least partially integrally connected with vanes