Organic light emitting diodes (OLEds) are provided. In one embodiment, an OLED includes a first electrode, a second electrode and an organic layer positioned between the first and second electrodes. The organic layer comprises an organic metal complex represented by the formula [M(L)2]a, in which L is an anionic ligand, M is a metal that can be five-coordinated or six-coordinated with L, and a is an integer ranging from 2 to 4.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to organic light emitting diodes including organic layers comprising organic metal complexes. More particularly, the invention is directed to organic light emitting diodes including organic layers comprising oligomer type organic metal complexes.
2. Description of the Related Art
Organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) are self-emissive light-emitting devices. OLEDs have wide viewing angles, good contrast and quick response time, and implement full color images.
In a conventional organic light emitting diode, an anode is formed on a substrate. A hole transport layer, an emissive layer, an electron transport layer and a cathode are sequentially formed on the anode. When a current is applied to the anode and the cathode, electrons injected from the cathode migrate to the emissive layer via the electron transport layer. The electrons are recombined in the emissive layer with holes injected from the anode to generate excitons. When the excitons drop from an excited state to a ground state, light is emitted from the emissive layer, thereby forming an image. An exciton can be in one of two states: singlet or triplet. The light that is emitted when excitons drop to the ground state from a singlet excitation state is referred to as "fluorescence." The light that is emitted when excitons drop to the ground state from a triplet excitation state is referred to as "phosphorescence." Fluorescence having a 25% probability of a singlet excitation state (triplet excitation state: 75%) has low luminous efficiency, whereas phosphorescence having a 25% probability of a singlet excitation state and a 75% probability of a triplet excitation state can theoretically have an internal quantum efficiency of about 100%. However, in conventional organic light emitting diodes, it is difficult to obtain satisfactory electrical properties.

Organic light emitting diode including organic layer comprising organic metal complex


A method includes a digital subscription management system (DSMS) receiving from a source system a request to perform an edit of at least one data object, the DSMS sending a request for response (RFR) to subscribing systems having a copy of the at least one data object, the DSMS receiving a response from the subscribing systems, and the DSMS performing the edit.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method and system for managing data owned by a source system and distributed to subscribing systems for consumption.
2. Background of the Invention
Data is a top priority for every business some of which may be mission critical and challenging to manage. Challenges may stem from: (i) growth in demand due to enhanced digital content, e-mail, internet based applications and emerging technologies in multimedia (e.g., Blu-ray Disc™ (Blu-ray Disc™ (BD) is a registered trademark of the Blu-ray Disc Association (BDA)), 4G telephone networks, etc.); (ii) pressure to retain data for compliance with growing numbers of regulations worldwide, and (iii) threats to business continuity posed by disaster, outages or even human error. Furthermore, data management is critical in the era of enterprise-wide electronic records management.
Several document and records management software exist on the market today. These products include, e.g., Microsoft Sharepoint®, Hewlett-Packard® AppIQ, Filenet®, DB2® Commonstore, DB2 Information Integrator, IBM Content, Document, and Records Manager, etc. (Microsoft, Sharepoint, and the Windows logo are trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States, other countries, or both. Hewlett-Packard is a registered trademark of Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P., in the United States, other countries, or both. Filenet is a registered trademark of FileNet Corporation, in the United States, other countries, or both. IBM and DB2 are registered trademarks of International Business Machines Corporation in the United States, other countries, or both.) These products provide functionality to manage unstructured content and provide policy driven management functions.
Although there are currently technologies available that enable data management, data consistency remains of a primary concern within these products. For example, in the critical area of ensuring data consistency, several subscribing systems accessing the same set of unstructured data may obtain different copies of the document, or even have deleted copies of such documents. That is, it is not uncommon for different subscribing systems to have data which is no longer useful.
In one example, a "source" system creates and/or originates a data object, and is the owner of the data object and "subscribing" systems consume or use the data object once it is distributed by the source system. For example, the subscribing system may use the data object to execute some function, or to create depending data objects or subsequent data records. Also, subscribing systems may create dependent data or objects relating to the received data, either through copy and update procedures or overwriting the original local file. However, once the data is distributed to the subscribers, ensuring data integrity between the source system and subscribing systems becomes very difficult, and situations of data inconsistency may arise such as when the source system deletes a record or file on its local system, but the distributed copies of the data object on the subscribers systems are not deleted, thereby resulting in "rogue" copies, and thus, data inconsistencies.
Moreover, the source system may or may not send a transaction to the subscribing systems indicating that the data object was deleted in the source system, thereby creating data inconsistency. Furthermore, if the source system does send such a transaction, then the subscribing system may or may not take action based on the solution in the subscribing system. Thus, the source system and the subscribing systems may have data inconsistencies and be out of sync. Furthermore, if a subscribing system relates the distributed copy of the data object to another object (e.g., in a subscribing system database), deleting the distributed copy of the data may create an "orphan" document, and thus may create data inconsistencies.
Accordingly, there exists a need in the art to overcome the deficiencies and limitations described hereinabove.

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION


A competitive binding assay is used to determine whether a non-nucleic acid molecule from a library of non-nucleic acid molecules binds to a target. The non-nucleic acid molecule competes with a labeled nucleic acid ligand for binding to the target which may be immobilized. Detecting displacement of labeled nucleic acid ligand from a complex of the labeled nucleic acid ligand and the target determines binding of the non-nucleic acid molecule to the target. The nucleic acid ligand may be immobilized and contacted with a labeled target to form a complex. Adding a non-nucleic acid molecule to the complex displaces labeled target from the complex, and detecting displacement of the labeled target determines binding of the non-nucleic acid molecule to the target. Labeled nucleic acid ligand or labeled target displaced from or remaining in the complex can be detected for detecting displacement. Nucleic acid ligands that bind to the target are identified by the SELEX method. The assay provides a high throughput screening method for determining whether a non-nucleic acid molecule binds to a target.

Drug discovery in most pharmaceutical companies is heavily focused on the identification of orally active compounds. High throughput screening (HTS) of appropriate libraries of compounds (generally small molecules) against validated targets constitutes one of the major activities in discovery research groups whose overall goal is to create and/or maintain a pipeline of new drug candidates. The development of HTS assays that allow efficient detection of active compounds from such libraries is thus a critically important component of drug discovery. With increasing numbers of both validated targets and compound libraries, HTS laboratories are under considerable pressure to find ways to increase throughput and lower cost. Assay development and validation is often one of the bottlenecks in this process (Fox et al., (November 1998) Drug Discovery & Development (Supplement to R&D Magazine) p. 32-37, incorporated by reference in its entirety).
Aptamers (also termed nucleic acid ligands) are structurally unique nucleic acids capable of binding other molecules (i.e., targets) with high affinity and specificity. Aptamers are derived from large random libraries by the SELEX process in which iterative rounds of affinity selection and amplification are used to identify sequences with specific binding properties. The SELEX process is described in more detail below. To date, aptamers that bind to small organic molecules, carbohydrates, amino acids, peptides and proteins have been identified, illustrating the multitude of binding specificities present in large collections of single stranded nucleic acid sequences (Gold, L., et al. (1995) Annu. Rev. Biochem. 64, 763-797). Aptamers bind to protein targets including growth factors, enzymes, receptors and structural proteins in a highly specific manner and with dissociation constants typically in the nanomolar (and sometimes picomolar) range. Given these unique binding properties, nuclease stabilized and appropriately formulated aptamers have substantial potential as therapeutics. For therapeutic uses, aptamers, like antibodies, are delivered parenterally because of their limited oral availability. The dogma for many years was that nucleic acids had primarily an informational role. Through a method known as Systematic Evolution of Ligands by EXponential enrichment, termed the SELEX process, it has become clear that nucleic acids have three dimensional structural diversity not unlike proteins. The SELEX process is a method for the in vitro evolution of nucleic acid molecules with highly specific binding to target molecules and is described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/536,428, filed Jun. 11, 1990, entitled "Systematic Evolution of Ligands by EXponential Enrichment," now abandoned, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/714,131, filed Jun. 10, 1991, entitled "Nucleic Acid Ligands," now U.S. Pat. No. 5,475,096, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/931,473, filed Aug. 17, 1992, entitled "Methods for Identifying Nucleic Acid Ligands," now U.S. Pat. No. 5,270,163 (see also WO 91/19813), each of which is specifically incorporated by reference herein. Each of these applications, collectively referred to herein as the SELEX Patent Applications, describes a fundamentally novel method for making a nucleic acid ligand to any desired target molecule. The SELEX process provides a class of products which are referred to as aptamers or nucleic acid ligands, each ligand having a unique sequence, and which has the property of binding specifically to a desired target compound or molecule. Each SELEX-identified nucleic acid ligand is a specific ligand of a given target compound or molecule. The SELEX process is based on the unique insight that nucleic acids have sufficient capacity for forming a variety of two- and three-dimensional structures and sufficient chemical versatility available within their monomers to act as ligands (form specific binding pairs) with virtually any chemical compound, whether monomeric or polymeric. Molecules of any size or composition can serve as targets.
The SELEX method applied to the application of high affinity binding involves selection from a mixture of candidate oligonucleotides and step-wise iterations of binding, partitioning and amplification, using the same general selection scheme, to achieve virtually any desired criterion of binding affinity and selectivity. Starting from a mixture of nucleic acids, preferably comprising a segment of randomized sequence, the SELEX method includes steps of contacting the mixture with the target under conditions favorable for binding, partitioning unbound nucleic acids from those nucleic acids which have bound specifically to target molecules, dissociating the nucleic acid-target complexes, amplifying the nucleic acids dissociated from the nucleic acid-target complexes to yield a ligand-enriched mixture of nucleic acids, then reiterating the steps of binding, partitioning, dissociating and amplifying through as many cycles as desired to yield highly specific high affinity nucleic acid ligands to the target molecule.
The SELEX method demonstrates that nucleic acids as chemical compounds can form a wide array of shapes, sizes and configurations, and are capable of a far broader repertoire of binding and other functions than those displayed by nucleic acids in biological systems. SELEX or SELEX-like processes can be used to identify nucleic acids which can facilitate any chosen reaction in a manner similar to that in which nucleic acid ligands can be identified for any given target. In theory, within a candidate mixture of approximately 1013 to 1018 nucleic acids, at least one nucleic acid exists with the appropriate shape to facilitate each of a broad variety of physical and chemical interactions.
The basic SELEX method has been modified to achieve a number of specific objectives. For example, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/960,093, filed Oct. 14, 1992, entitled "Method for Selecting Nucleic Acids on the Basis of Structure," now abandoned, describes the use of the SELEX process in conjunction with gel electrophoresis to select nucleic acid molecules with specific structural characteristics, such as bent DNA. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/123,935, filed Sep. 17, 1993, entitled "Photoselection of Nucleic Acid Ligands," now abandoned, describes a SELEX based method for selecting nucleic acid ligands containing photoreactive groups capable of binding and/or photocrosslinking to and/or photoinactivating a target molecule. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/134,028, filed Oct. 7, 1993, entitled "High-Affinity Nucleic Acid Ligands That Discriminate Between Theophylline and Caffeine," now U.S. Pat. No. 5,580,737, describes a method for identifying highly specific nucleic acid ligands able to discriminate between closely related molecules, which can be non-peptidic, termed Counter-SELEX. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/143,564, filed Oct. 25, 1993, entitled "Systematic Evolution of Ligands by EXponential Enrichment: Solution SELEX," now U.S. Pat. No. 5,567,588, describes a SELEX-based method which achieves highly efficient partitioning between oligonucleotides having high and low affinity for a target molecule.
The SELEX method encompasses the identification of high-affinity nucleic acid ligands containing modified nucleotides conferring improved characteristics on the ligand, such as improved in vivo stability or improved delivery characteristics. Examples of such modifications include chemical substitutions at the ribose and/or phosphate and/or base positions. SELEX process-identified nucleic acid ligands containing modified nucleotides are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/117,991, filed Sep. 8, 1993, entitled "High Affinity Nucleic Acid Ligands Containing Modified Nucleotides," now abandoned (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,660,985), that describes oligonucleotides containing nucleotide derivatives chemically modified at the 5- and 2′-positions of pyrimidines. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/134,028, supra, describes highly specific nucleic acid ligands containing one or more nucleotides modified with 2′-amino (2′-NH2), 2′-fluoro (2′-F), and/or 2′-O-methyl (2′-OMe). U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/264,029, filed Jun. 22, 1994, entitled "Novel Method of Preparation of Known and Novel 2′ Modified Nucleosides by Intramolecular Nucleophilic Displacement," now abandoned, describes oligonucleotides containing various 2′-modified pyrimidines.
The SELEX method encompasses combining selected oligonucleotides with other selected oligonucleotides and non-oligonucleotide functional units as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/284,063, filed Aug. 2, 1994, entitled "Systematic Evolution of Ligands by EXponential Enrichment: Chimeric SELEX," now U.S. Pat. No. 5,637,459, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/234,997, filed Apr. 28, 1994, entitled "Systematic Evolution of Ligands by EXponential Enrichment: Blended SELEX," now U.S. Pat. No. 5,683,867, respectively. These applications allow the combination of the broad array of shapes and other properties, and the efficient amplification and replication properties, of oligonucleotides with the desirable properties of other molecules.
The SELEX method further encompasses combining selected nucleic acid ligands with lipophilic compounds or non-immunogenic, high molecular weight compounds in a diagnostic or therapeutic complex as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/434,465, filed May 4, 1995, entitled "Nucleic Acid Ligand Complexes," now U.S. Pat. No. 6,011,020. Each of the above described patent applications which describe modifications of the basic SELEX procedure are specifically incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Determining non-nucleic acid molecule binding to target by competition with nucleic acid ligands


The present invention relates to drywall corner beads, particularly drywall corner beads having an outer paper layer, and paper therefor. The improved paperbead includes an elongated core having an outer surface. A paper strip is bonded to the outer surface of the core. The paper is impregnated on one side with a polymer, preferably latex, that penetrates only about half the thickness of the paper. The other side of the paper is roughened to improve adhesiveness to joint compounds. The latex impregnated side of the paper maintains increased strength making the paper resistant to scuffing while at the same time, the roughened side of the paper improves its adhesiveness to joint compounds.

The present invention relates to drywall corner beads, particularly drywall corner beads having an outer paper layer, and paper therefor.
Current building construction techniques frequently call for the use of drywall sheets, otherwise called wallboard, to form the surfaces of interior walls. Sheets of drywall are made by encasing sheets of plaster with heavy construction paper. The paper provides extra strength and resistance to tearing and prevents crumbling of the enclosed plaster. The sheets of drywall are typically produced in sizes of four feet by eight feet to four feet by twelve feet. These sheets can be installed intact or can be cut to custom fit specific interior wall sizes. When cut, the inner plaster is exposed and is particularly vulnerable to crumbling or other damage unless the severed edges can be protected. An exposed corner, exterior or interior, formed by two interfacing drywall sheets not in the same plane is also susceptible to damage. Damage can be particularly severe when these corners involve cut or exposed edges. To overcome this vulnerability to injury and further reinforce the exposed corner formed by two interfacing drywall sheets, a drywall corner bead will generally be installed at that corner. The corner being reinforced can be either an interior or exterior corner.
Two types of drywall corner beads are typically used in reinforcing drywall corners, a paper faced bead or paperbead type, and a non-paper faced bead or all-metal drywall trims. Both the paperbead type and the all-metal drywall trims typically include a strip of metal formed or extruded into a desired shape, although molded plastic can also be used. One common example involves forming the metal strip into a core shape having two flanges and a center rib positioned between them. This form of corner bead is called a rib-type of corner bead. Another common type of corner bead has two flanges and a larger curved portion or bullnose positioned between them. This type of corner bead is called a bullnose corner bead. A third type of corner bead is an L-shaped type having one flange longer than the other and an offset rib between the flanges. Other types of corner beads include a J-shaped type, a splay-bead type, and a shadow-mold type.
All-metal drywall trims are attached to drywall by driving nails, screws, staples or other fasteners through the flanges, securing the drywall trim with the heads of the fasteners. A joint compound is then applied to cover the flanges and fastener heads. The compound is sanded and feathered to provide a smooth and continuous surface from the drywall surface to the center rib of the formed metal strip.
Paperbeads provide several advantages over all-metal drywall trims. For instance, both paint and joint compound adhere significantly better to the surface of a paperbead than to the exposed metal surface of a typical nail-on corner bead. Moreover, paint applied directly to a metal surface is easily chipped after drying. Drywall corners covered with nail-on corner beads are also more susceptible to cracking along the edges of the flanges. Thus, a paperbead provides a better surface for paint adhesion and helps reduce plaster cracking.
Paperbeads differ from all-metal drywall trims in several respects. First, the paperbead has a paper strip attached to an outer surface of the formed metal or plastic core previously discussed. Generally, portions of the paper strip extend beyond the edges of the metal or plastic core forming wings. The paperbead is attached to drywall corners by applying a joint compound to the drywall surface and embedding the formed metal strip and the paper wings in the compound; or it can be nailed on and then compound is applied. A second, exterior layer of joint compound is subsequently applied on top of the paperbead and allowed to dry. This exterior layer of joint compound is then sanded and feathered to form a smooth and continuous surface between the drywall and the corner bead. The steps of applying, sanding and feathering the exterior layer of joint compound can be repeated until a smooth surface is created. Throughout this process, the portion of the paper strip covering the corner bead, i.e. the center rib, the bullnose, or the offset rib, is left exposed or uncovered by joint compound.
The paper surface left exposed on a typical paperbead may be scuffed, or completely removed during the sanding and feathering process, thus exposing the metal surface beneath. Scuffing makes it more difficult to later obtain a smooth painted surface at the corner bead because the paper becomes frayed or fuzzy. Also, as stated previously, paint does not adhere as easily to the exposed metal surfaces. Therefore, paint applied to any exposed metal surface will be more easily chipped after it dries. Moreover, a scuff in the paper surface produces a break in the line of the corner bead and reduces the aesthetic benefits of having such a bead.
Joint tape made from paper strips is also used to cover the joint between two abutting sheets of drywall. The joint tape is applied to a thin layer of joint compound covering the joint, covered with an exterior layer of joint compound and sanded and feathered to form a smooth and continuous surface. As with corner beads, the joint tape can be subjected to abrasive contact that can scuff and tear the joint tape, making it difficult to obtain a smooth surface for painting.
To overcome the problems of scuffing, some paperbeads provide a surface coating at the exposed center portion of the corner bead to improve the paper's resistance to abrasion and avoid the problems caused by scuffing. This type of surface coated paperbead is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,131,198. A surface coating, however, only provides extra resistance to abrasion at the outer surface of the paper strip. If this coating is penetrated or removed by the sanding process, the underlying paper is exposed and is again made susceptible to scuffing. Consequently, the problems of paint adhesion, unsmooth surface finishes and paint chipping are not avoided. Moreover, the application of a surface coating at a particular location involves an additional manufacturing step thereby increasing the cost of making the product.
To resolve the problem of surface coated paper, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,836,122 and 5,613,335, both to Rennich et al., propose a paperbead for protecting drywall corners containing a paper strip bonded to a metal or plastic core throughout its thickness. This paper strip is made of stack paper which is uniformly impregnated with latex which imparts scuffing and abrasion resistance to the paper.

Paper and paperbead for protecting drywall corners


An article handler having a plurality of compartments in a frame with each compartment having a plurality of ribs extending across the compartments. The ribs in adjacent compartments extend perpendicularly to each other to provide resistance against warping of the frame in both directions, thereby maintaining the frame flat. The compartments are covered by filters. Suction is distributed throughout each compartment. When the filters are positioned in proximity to articles, the suction in the compartments is effective to lift the articles.

There is a need to reduce repetitive hand operations in the loading of small flat semiconductor green ceramic (not fired) substrates. Previous designs of apparatus for performing this function have included the use of tubular manifolds with suction cups mounted lengthwise to pick up a single row of substrates from a flat tray. While this arrangement has been successful, it's use has been limited by the single size of one substrate because, for each different substrate size, a different manifold is needed. An article handler which is more versatile and capable of faster operation is desired.

International Business Machines Corporation


A device and method for performing a routine skin biopsy. In the first aspect of the invention, the device is comprised of a syringe, a detachable needle mounted on one end portion of the syringe, a biopsy punch attached to the same end portion which is accessible only when the needle is removed from the syringe, and a small pad of an absorbable sponge. The needle is removed from the syringe after a patient has been anesthetized with the syringe to expose the biopsy punch. A biopsy specimen is excised with the punch. Thereafter, a cylindrical plug is cut from the pad of absorbable sponge with the biopsy punch and implanted into the biopsy site. In a second aspect of the invention, a small cylindrical sponge is stored in the center of the biopsy punch and is implanted into the biopsy site with the syringe after a specimen has been excised with the punch.

A skin biopsy is a well known medical procedure for diagnosing skin disorders. The usual procedure is to anesthetize the biopsy site, excise a small cylindrical specimen for analysis at a pathology laboratory and to repair the biopsy site with sutures or butterfly bandages.
The disadvantages with the usual procedure is that it requires the use of several medical devices, requires hemostasis and repair of the biopsy site, is time consuming, exposes medical personnel to infection, and sometimes damages the biopsy specimen because of excessive handling. Another disadvantage is that there is a likelihood of inducing excessive scar tissue at the biopsy site with sutures or butterfly bandages. Another disadvantage is that some patients suffer anxiety during suturing of wounds.
In our co-pending U.S. application Ser. No. 08/056,399, a device and method were disclosed for performing a skin biopsy using an open cell surgical sponge for controlling bleeding and repairing the biopsy site. The present invention is a further development in our device and method.


The present invention is related to novel use of 2-oxo-heterocyclic compounds having anticancer activity and the process for preparing them and a pharmaceutical composition comprising the same. The present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition for preventing and treating the cancer disease comprising lung cancer, bone cancer, pancreatic cancer, skin cancer, cancer of the head and neck, cutaneous or intraocular melanoma, uterine cancer, ovarian cancer, rectal cancer or cancer of the anal region, stomach cancer, colon cancer, breast cancer, gynecologic tumors, Hodgkin's disease, cancer of the esophagus, cancer of the small intestine, cancer of the endocrine system, sarcomas of soft tissues, cancer of the urethra, cancer of the penis, prostate cancer, chronic or acute leukemia, solid tumors of childhood, lymphocytic lymphonas, cancer of the bladder, cancer of the kidney or ureter, or neoplasms of the central nervous system, therefore, it can be used as the therapeutics for treating and preventing cancer diseases.

Cancer is characterized that cell cluster called as tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth, is formed, permeated into neighboring tissue and severe to be transferred to other organ, which is called as neoplasia. Over than 20 million peoples per year are suffered with cancer in the world and among them 6 million people per year were died from the disease. The origin of cancer is classified into internal factor e.g., genetic factor, immunological factor etc and external factor e.g., various chemical substances, radioactive ray, virus etc. Cancer may occur when the balance between oncogene and tumor suppressor genes is collapsed by above explained factors.
Histone is a nuclear protein bound to nucleus DNA and reversible acetylation reaction of histones occurs at s-amino group of positively charged lysine tail with reversibility. Since the reaction relates to the formation of highly structure of chromatin, it is reported to be correlated with the regulation of the cell cycle and gene expression accompanied with non-histone proteins.
The balance of acetylated status is sustained with the regulation of two enzyme complexes, histone acetyltransferase (HAT) and histone deacetylase (HDAC), and the change of acetylation level is reported to be essential in the change of gene expression. Therefore, the acetylated state of histone can be regulated by compounds inhibiting HDAC activity, according to the structure, for example, (1) butyrate having short chain fatty acid structure (Newmark et al., Cancer Lett. 78, pp 1-5, 1994), (2) trichostatin A, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) and oxamflatin having hydroxamic acid structure (Tsuji et al., J. Antibiot. (Tokyo) 29, pp 1-6, 1976; Richon et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 95, pp 3003-3007, 1998; Kim et al., Oncogene 18, pp 2461-2470, 1999), (3) cyclic tetrapeptide structure including the 2-amino-8-oxo-9,10-epoxy-decanoyl (AOE); trapoxin A (Kijima et al., J. Biol. Chem. 268, 22429-22435, 1993), (4) cyclic tetrapeptide structure including the AOE; FR901228 and apicidin (Nakjima et al., Exp. Cell Res. 241, pp 126-33, 1998; Darkin-Rattray et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 93, pp 13143-13147, 1996), (5) benzamide structure; MS-27-275 (Saito et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 96, pp 4592-4597, 1999).
It has been known that these compounds inhibit HDAC enzyme, induce hyper-acetylation of histone protein, cause to hyper-expression of a specific protein family such as tumor inhibiting factor and inhibit the growth of cancer cell resulting in cancer cell death. Accordingly, the compound inhibiting HDAC selectively can be developed to be a promising candidate drug inhibiting cancer cell and inducing to cell death.
However, there has been not reported or disclosed about novel oxopiperidine compound showing potent inhibiting activity of HDAC activity and anticancer activity in any of above cited literatures, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
To investigate novel compound having oxopiperidine skeleton showing potent inhibiting activity of HDAC activity and anticancer activity, the inventors of present invention have intensively carried out in vitro experiment concerning the inhibition effect on the HDAC enzyme. As a result of the investigation, the inventors finally completed the present invention by confirming that the novel compound of the present invention inhibited HDAC enzyme and it can be useful as an anti-cancer agent.

2-oxo-heterocyclic compounds and pharmaceutical compositions

Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology


Some embodiments may perform operations of a process that includes obtaining a natural language text document and use a machine learning model to generate a set of attributes based on a set of machine-learning-model-generated classifications in the document. The process may include performing hierarchical data extraction operations to populate the attributes, where different machine learning models may be used in sequence. The process may include using a pre-trained Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) model augmented with a pooling operation to determine a BERT output via a multi-channel transformer model to generate vectors on a per-sentence level or other per-text-section level. The process may include using a finer-grain model to extract quantitative or categorical values of interest, where the context of the per-sentence level may be retained for the finer-grain model.

Natural language processing includes techniques usable to process documents and discern meaning from the documents. Applications often employ natural language processing techniques to perform document processing tasks, such as translation, information extraction, summarization, text generation, or document assessment. Natural language processing often includes training a model to analyze natural language text and employing the trained model to determine one or more results based on the natural language text.

Database generation from natural language text documents


An improved scaffold of the lift type having a base and a working platform on top of the base. Vertical support posts are provided at the corners of the base passing through guide means at the corners of the platform. Cooperating drive means on the platform and posts are used to raise or lower the platform on the posts relative to the base. A motor on the platform selectively operates the drive means.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention is directed toward an improved scaffold.
The invention is more particularly directed toward an improved scaffold of the type having a lift platform.
2. Description of the Prior Art
There is a need, particularly by construction contractors of all trades, for a relatively small, inexpensive, lift scaffold in the work place. When repairs, maintenance or installations are needed in factories or warehouses at low heights it is common to employ ladders, or regular scaffolds having plank platforms. However it is difficult and/or awkward to carry or raise the repair, maintenance or installation equipment and/or needed parts on ladders or scaffolds. It is known also to use hydraulic lifts to raise a working platform. These hydraulic lifts are usually mobile, compact, and efficient but they are very expensive to purchase.


A ramp bracket assembly for a vehicle air bag is configured to be mounted to an inner panel of the vehicle. The assembly includes a first ramp bracket with a first engagement portion, and a second ramp bracket with a second engagement portion removably engaged with the first engagement portion. The second engagement portion is disengaged from the first engagement portion in a vehicle impact, such that the assembly absorbs shock and guides deployment of the air bag. Alternatively, a ramp bracket for a vehicle air bag is configured to be mounted to an inner panel of the vehicle. The inner panel has an engagement groove, and the ramp bracket has an engagement portion, removably engaged into the engagement groove, and disengaged therefrom in a vehicle impact such that the bracket absorbs shock and guides deployment of the air bag.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a ramp bracket assembly of an air bag for vehicles.
2. Description of the Prior Art
As is generally known in the art, a curtain air bag is installed inside a roof side rail in a vehicle to protect an occupant from a side impact. A traditional curtain air bag is installed outside and just above a seam between a headlining and a trim. A guide bracket is installed below the curtain air bag to guide the deployment of the curtain air bag.
The conventional guide bracket has low shock-absorbing capability and is unable to satisfy relevant regulations regarding FMH (free motion headform) impact requirements.
The information disclosed in this Background of the Invention section is only for enhancement of understanding of the background of the invention and should not be taken as an acknowledgement or any form of suggestion that this information forms the prior art that is already known to a person skilled in the art.

Ramp bracket assembly of air bag for vehicles


A device for adjusting a camshaft of an internal combustion engine of a motor vehicle has a stator and a rotor fixedly connected to a camshaft and rotatable relative to the stator. A drive wheel is fixedly connected to the stator and is centered by the camshaft. The stator has a peripheral area provided with a centering element interacting with a counter element provided on the drive wheel for aligning the drive wheel in a rotational direction relative to the stator.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a device for adjusting a camshaft of an internal combustion engine of a motor vehicle, wherein the device comprises a stator and a rotor that is rotatable relative to the stator and is connected fixedly to the camshaft. At least one drive wheel is provided that is fixedly connected to the rotor.
2. Description of the Related Art
A known adjusting device (FIG. 2) comprises a stator 1 surrounding a rotor 4. The rotor 4 is fixedly connected to a camshaft 5 so as to rotate with the camshaft. Moreover, a drive wheel 30 that is embodied as a chain wheel is mounted on the rotor 4. The rotor 4 has a collar 4a for receiving the drive wheel 30. This collar 4a projects axially past the end face of the rotor. The manufacture of the collar 4a is complex and expensive because it must be produced by turning. For aligning the drive wheel 30 relative to the stator 1, centering or positioning elements 34 are provided that engage bores in the drive wheel 30 and the stator 1. The manufacture of these centering bores is also complex and expensive.

Device for adjusting a camshaft of an internal combustion engine of a motor vehicle


A lithium secondary battery including: a positive electrode including a strip-shaped positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode active material layer carried on each surface of the positive electrode current collector; a negative electrode including a strip-shaped negative electrode current collector and a negative electrode active material layer carried on each surface of the negative electrode current collector; a separator interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode; and a non-aqueous electrolyte, wherein an exposed portion carrying no active material layer is formed on a substantially center portion in a longitudinal direction of a least one of the positive electrode current collector and the negative electrode current collector, a current collecting lead is connected to the exposed portion, and a first heat resistant layer is formed such that the first heat resistant faces at least part of the current collecting lead.

Lithium secondary batteries, which are light in weight and have a high energy density, are widely used commercially as a power source for portable devices. Currently, lithium secondary batteries are also receiving considerable attention as a possible power source capable of offering high output power for large-scale applications (e.g., a power source for vehicles) and are now under active development.
The electrolytes for use in lithium secondary batteries, however, are usually non-aqueous electrolytes prepared by dissolving a lithium salt in a non-aqueous solvent. Non-aqueous electrolytes have lower ionic conductivity than electrolytes comprising an aqueous solution. Accordingly, it is difficult to achieve lithium secondary batteries having high output power.
Under the circumstances, various techniques to achieve a high output power lithium secondary battery have been proposed. For example, Japanese Laid-Open Utility Model Publication No. Sho 63-133065 and Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. Hei 5-121064 propose a spirally wound design lithium secondary battery (i.e., a lithium secondary battery in which a strip-shaped positive electrode and a strip-shaped negative electrode are spirally wound with a separator interposed therebetween) in which a current collecting lead is connected to a center portion of an electrode. By connecting a current collecting lead to a center portion of an electrode, it is possible to reduce the battery resistance, which results in a lithium secondary battery having increased output power.
In a battery having reduced battery resistance by connecting a current collecting lead to a center portion of an electrode, if an external short circuit occurs, a large short circuit current flows in the battery. The short circuit current concentrates on the current collecting lead, which heats up the current collecting lead. This may cause the adjacent separator to melt. If the separator melts, it causes an internal short circuit, which may lead to overheating of the battery.


A device and a method for quantizing a LPC filter in the form of an input vector in a quantization domain, comprises a calculator of a first-stage approximation of the input vector, a subtractor of the first-stage approximation from the input vector to produce a residual vector, a calculator of a weighting function from the first-stage approximation, a warper of the residual vector with the weighting function, and a quantizer of the weighted residual vector to supply a quantized weighted residual vector. A device and a method for inverse quantizing of a LPC filter, comprises means for receiving coded indices representative of a first-stage approximation of a vector representative of the LPC filter in a quantization domain and of a quantized weighted residual version of the vector, a calculator of an inverse weighting function from the first-stage approximation, an inverse quantizer of the quantized weighted residual version of the vector to produce a weighted residual vector, a multiplier of the weighted residual vector by the inverse weighting function to produce a residual vector, and an adder of the first-stage approximation with the residual vector to produce the vector representative of the LPC filter in the quantization domain.

The demand for efficient digital speech and audio coding techniques with a good trade-off between subjective quality and bit rate is increasing in various application areas such as teleconferencing, multimedia, and wireless communication.
A speech coder converts a speech signal into a digital bit stream which is transmitted over a communication channel or stored in a storage medium. The speech signal to be coded is digitized, that is sampled and quantized using for example 16-bits per sample. A challenge of the speech coder is to represent the digital samples with a smaller number of bits while maintaining a good subjective speech quality. A speech decoder or synthesizer converts the transmitted or stored bit stream back to a speech signal.
Code-Excited Linear Prediction (CELP) coding is one of the best techniques for achieving a good compromise between subjective quality and bit rate. The CELP coding technique is a basis for several speech coding standards both in wireless and wireline applications. In CELP coding, the speech signal is sampled and processed in successive blocks of L samples usually called frames, where L is a predetermined number of samples corresponding typically to 10-30 ms of speech. A linear prediction LP) filter is computed and transmitted every frame; the LP filter is also known as LPC (Linear Prediction Coefficients) filter. The computation of the LPC filter typically uses a lookahead, for example a 5-15 ms speech segment from the subsequent frame. The L-sample frame is divided into smaller blocks called subframes. In each subframe, an excitation signal is usually obtained from two components, a past excitation and an innovative, fixed-codebook excitation. The past excitation is often referred to as the adaptive-codebook or pitch-codebook excitation. The parameters characterizing the excitation signal are coded and transmitted to the decoder, where the excitation signal is reconstructed and used as the input of the LPC filter.
In applications such as multimedia streaming and broadcast, it may be required to encode speech, music, and mixed content at low bit rate. For that purpose, encoding models have been developed which combine a CELP coding optimized for speech signals with transform coding optimized for audio signals. An example of such models is the AMR-WB+ [1], which switches between CELP and TCX (Transform Coded excitation). In order to improve the quality of music and mixed content, a long delay is used to allow for finer frequency resolution in the transform domain. In AMR-WB+, a so-called super-frame is used which consists of four CELP frames (typically 80 ms).
A drawback is that, although the CELP coding parameters are transmitted once every 4 frames in AMR-WB+, quantization of the LPC filter is performed separately in each frame. Also, the LPC filter is quantized with a fixed number of bits per frame in the case of CELP frames.

Variable bit rate LPC filter quantizing and inverse quantizing device and method


Disclosed is a method for maintaining uplink timing synchronization by a User Equipment (UE) in a mobile communication system, without uplink transmission of a preamble from a UE or without transmission of uplink timing difference information from an Evolved Node B (E-NB) to solve the inefficient use problem of radio resources, occurring due to periodic transmission of uplink signaling and downlink signaling during maintenance of the uplink timing synchronization, and a UE apparatus for the same.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method for maintaining uplink timing synchronization (sync) in an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) system and a User Equipment (UE) apparatus for the same.
2. Description of the Related Art
The mobile communication scheme can be classified into Time Division Multiplexing (TDM), Code Division Multiplexing (CDM) and Orthogonal Frequency Multiplexing (OFM) schemes according to a multiplexing method. The CDM scheme is most popularly used in the current mobile communication system, and can be subdivided into a synchronous and an asynchronous CDM scheme. Since the CDM scheme basically uses codes, it tends to suffer from a lack of resources due to a limit of orthogonal code resources. Accordingly, an OFDM scheme has emerged as an alternative to the CDM scheme.
The OFDM scheme is for transmitting data using multiple carriers, and is a type of Multi-Carrier Modulation (MCM) scheme that converts a serial input symbol stream into parallel streams, and modulates each of the parallel streams with a plurality of orthogonal sub-carriers, i.e. sub-carrier channels, before transmission. The OFDM scheme is similar to the conventional Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) scheme, but it maintains orthogonality between multiple sub-carriers during transmission and overlaps frequency spectra. Therefore, the OFDM scheme has high frequency efficiency, is robust against frequency selective fading and multi-path fading, and can reduce Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI) with use of a guard interval. In addition, the OFDM scheme enables simple design of a hardware equalizer and is robust against impulse noises, so it can obtain the optimal transmission efficiency during high-speed data transmission.
A Long Term Evolution (LTE) system employing the OFDM scheme is now under discussion in 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) as the next generation mobile communication system that will replace Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS), which is the 3rd generation mobile communication standard.
FIGS. 1A and 1B illustrate examples of a wireless mobile communication system to which reference will be made by the present invention, particularly illustrating examples of a 3GPP LTE system.
Referring to FIG. 1A, a UE 11 indicates a terminal for the 3GPP LTE system, and an Evolved Radio Access Network (E-RAN) 14, a radio base station device directly participating in communication with a terminal in the existing 3GPP system serves as a Node B for managing cells, and also serves as a Radio Network Controller (RNC) that controls a plurality of Node Bs and radio resources. In the E-RAN 14, an Evolved Node B (E-NB) 12 and an Evolved RNC (E-RNC) 13 can be separately implemented in the physically different nodes, or can be merged in a single node, in the manner of the existing 3GPP system. Although in the following description the E-NB 12 and the E-RNC 13 are physically merged in a single node of the E-RAN 14, the same can be applied to when the E-RNC 13 is separately implemented in the physically different node.
An Evolved Core Network (E-CN) 15 is a node provided by merging functions of a Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) and a Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN) in the existing 3GPP system into one function. The E-CN 15, interposed between a Packet Data Network (PDN) 16 and the E-RAN 14, serves as a gateway for allocating an Internet Protocol (IP) address to the UE 11 and connecting the UE 11 to the PDN 16. Definitions and functions of the SGSN and the GGSN follow the 3GPP standard, and a detailed description thereof will be omitted herein.
Referring to FIG. 1B, an Evolved UMTS Radio Access Network (E-RAN) 110 is simplified to a 2-node configuration of Evolved Node Bs (E-NBs) 120, 122, 124, 126 and 128, and anchor nodes 130 and 132. A UE 101, or a terminal, accesses an IP network by the E-RAN 110. The E-NBs 120 to 128 correspond to the existing Node Bs in the UMTS system, and are connected to the UE 101 over a wireless channel. Unlike the existing Node Bs, the E-NBs 120 to 128 perform more complex functions. In LTE, because all user traffics, including real-time services such as Voice over IP (VoIP), are serviced over a shared channel, there is a need for devices for gathering status information of UEs and performing scheduling depending thereon, and the E-NBs 120 to 128 manage the devices.
Generally, one E-NB controls a plurality of cells. In addition, the E-NB performs Adaptive Modulation & Coding (AMC) that determines a modulation scheme and a channel coding rate according to channel status of a UE. Similar to High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA), High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) and Enhanced Dedicated CHannel (E-DCH) of UMTS, even in LTE, Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest (HARQ) is performed between the E-NB 120 to 128 and the UE 101. However, because LTE cannot meet various Quality of Service (QoS) requirements only with HARQ, Outer-ARQ in an upper layer can be performed between the UE 101 and the E-NBs 120 to 128. HARQ, as is well known, refers to a technique for soft-combining previously received data with retransmitted data without discarding the previously received data, thereby increasing a reception success rate. In high-speed packet communication, such as HSDPA and EDCH, the HARQ technique is used to increase transmission efficiency. It is expected that to realize a data rate of a maximum of 100 Mbps, LTE will use OFDM as a wireless access technology in a 20-MHz bandwidth.
FIG. 2 illustrates an uplink timing synchronization procedure in a 3GPP LTE system to which OFDM is applied.
Referring to FIG. 2, a first UE (UE1) is located near an E-NB, and a second UE (UE2) is located far from the E-NB. T_pro1 indicates a propagation delay time in wireless transmission up to the UE1, and T_pro2 indicates a propagation delay time in wireless transmission up to the UE2. Because the UE1 is located nearer to the E-NB compared to the UE2, it has less propagation delay time. In FIG. 2, T_pro1 is 0.33 us, and T_pro2 is 3.33 us.
In one cell (indicated by a circle in FIG. 2) of the E-NB, when the UE1 and the UE2 are powered on or are in an idle mode, uplink timing synchronization of the UE1, the UE2 and of UEs in the cell, detected by the E-NB, are not matched to each other. Reference numeral 201 indicates timing synchronization for uplink transmission of an OFDM symbol of the UE1, and reference numeral 202 indicates timing synchronization for uplink transmission of an OFDM symbol of the UE2. When propagation delay times of uplink transmission of the UE1 and the UE2 are considered, timings at the E-NB receiving the uplink OFDM symbols are shown by reference numerals 211, 212 and 213. That is, the uplink symbol 201 of the UE1 is received at the E-NB with a propagation delay time in the timing 212, and the uplink symbol 202 of the UE2 is received at the E-NB with a propagation delay time in the timing 213.
Since uplink timing synchronizations for the UE1 and the UE2 have not been acquired (matched) yet for the timings 212 and 213, start timing 211 in which the E-NB receives and decodes an uplink OFDM symbol, timing 212 in which the E-NB receives an OFDM symbol from the UE1, and timing 213 in which the E-NB receives an OFDM symbol from the UE2 are different from each other. Therefore, the uplink symbols transmitted from the UE1 and the UE2 serve as interference components to each other, as they have no orthogonality, and the E-NB may not successfully decode the uplink symbols 201 and 202 transmitted from the UE1 and the UE2, due to the interference and the discrepancy between the start timing 211 and the reception timings 212 and 213 of uplink symbols.
Therefore, the E-NB matches uplink symbol reception timings of the UE1 and the UE2 through the uplink timing synchronization procedure. After completion of the uplink timing synchronization procedure, the E-NB can match the start timing 221 in which it receives and decodes uplink OFDM symbols, the timing 222 in which it receives an uplink OFDM symbol from the UE1, and the timing 223 in which it receives an uplink OFDM symbol from the UE2. After matching the timings, the E-NB can maintain orthogonality between the uplink symbols transmitted from the UE1 and the UE2, and thus can successfully decode the uplink symbols 201 and 202 transmitted from the UE1 and the UE2.
FIG. 3 illustrates an example of an uplink timing synchronization procedure.
In step 311, a UE 301 generates a preamble code to be used in the uplink timing synchronization procedure. If the UE 301 is constructed such that multiple preamble codes can be used in the uplink timing synchronization procedure, the UE 301 generates one of the multiple preamble codes. The 'preamble code' is a type of code sequence agreed upon between the UE 301 and an E-NB 302, and the UE 301 transmits the preamble code over the uplink using radio resources allocated by the E-NB 302 in step 321 (UL SYNC REQ). Upon receipt of the preamble code, the E-NB 302 calculates a correlation between the preamble code and candidate preamble codes available for uplink timing synchronization during a sliding window having a certain constant interval, to find the timing and preamble code indicating the highest correlation. In addition, the E-NB 302 calculates a difference between the then-reception timing and the timing in which it should actually have received the preamble code, and provides in step 322 the UE 301 with an IDentifier (ID) of the found preamble code and information on the uplink timing difference using a response message (UL SYNC RES). In step 331, the UE 301 changes and updates the uplink transmission timing using the information on the uplink timing difference, received through the response message. From this time one, uplink signaling and data transmission is achieved using the changed and updated uplink timing.
Steps 341, 342 and 343 indicate a process of re-performing the uplink timing synchronization procedure in steps 311, 321 and 322 to recheck the changed and updated timing, and can be omitted.
The uplink timing synchronization procedure shown in FIG. 3 should be periodically performed because the UE in the mobile communication system continuously moves, and thus the distance difference between the UE and the E-NB may change over time. When the periodic uplink timing synchronization procedure is performed, the UE periodically generates a preamble code used for the uplink timing synchronization procedure and transmits the preamble code to the E-NB over the uplink, and the E-NB should find an uplink timing difference by receiving and decrypting the periodic uplink preamble code, and provide the uplink timing difference information to the UE over the downlink. Therefore, overhead of the uplink signaling/downlink signaling occurs, causing inefficient use of radio resources.

Method for maintaining uplink timing synchronization in a mobile communication system and user equipment apparatus for the same


Apparatus and process are disclosed for providing, and continuously monitoring and controlling, a tapered temperature profile in solid metal first heated to a specified initial temperature. Temperatures are monitored at a plurality of locations along the length of the metal and are adjusted by successively withdrawing and returning a portion to a heating source through physical movement. In one aspect, apparatus and process continuously monitor and control a tapered temperature profile in a billet of aluminum alloy through a first step of rapid heating in a single-zone electric induction furnace to a temperature sufficient to bring the billet to its cold end set point while not exceeding its maximum skin temperature. The temperatures of the billet are monitored at its die end and its ram end and are adjusted by successively withdrawing and returning the billet to the induction furnace to reduce the heat in the ram end relative to the die end. A specified tapered temperature profile can be established and maintained along the billet to match a desired temperature profile reference value. In one aspect, the tapered temperature profile preferably produces a traveling crush or upset for reducing air entrapment in the billet to be extruded.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to means and method for providing a temperature profile in a billet of solid metal. In one aspect, the invention relates to apparatus and method for providing and continuously monitoring and controlling a tapered temperature profile in a billet of aluminum or aluminum alloy for the purpose of efficient forming by extrusion.
2. Background Information
Commercial production for forming aluminum by extrusion recognizes the advantages of induction heating. Induction heaters were first introduced into aluminum extrusion processes to speed up the heating cycle. The induction heater induces heating currents in the billet by a flux field generated around the induction coil. The coil of an electrical conductor is impressed with an alternating voltage to generate the electromagnetic flux field. When conductive billet material is placed inside the coil, eddy currents are generated within the billet and are converted into heat energy. Induction heaters provide advantages of minimum start-up time, fast heating, low maintenance cost, reduced manpower, smaller shop floor space, and increased operator comfort.

Apparatus and method for tapered heating of metal billet


The disclosure provides a method and system for transmitting channel feedback information. The method includes: a transmitting station transmits, after obtaining a Transmission Opportunity (TXOP), a radio frame to a receiving station to request the receiving station to transmit channel feedback information; and the receiving station transmitting, after receiving the radio frame transmitted by the transmitting station, a radio frame including channel feedback information to the transmitting station, wherein a transmission end time of the radio frame including channel feedback information is allowed to exceed an end time set by a transmission time threshold of the TXOP. The technical solution of the disclosure solves the technical problem that the transmitter is unable to timely obtain channel feedback information from the receiver, enabling the transmitter to timely obtain the channel feedback information from the receiver even in the condition that the transmitter cannot estimate a data volume and a rate of the channel feedback information fed back from the receiving station and whether the time for feeding back the channel feedback information by the receiver would exceed the transmission time threshold value or not.

At present, a Wireless Local Access Network (WLAN) develops quickly in the wireless network field, with growing demands on WLAN coverage and higher demand WLAN throughput. Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE802.11) successively defines a series of most common WLAN technical standards (such as 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g and the like); subsequently, other task groups appear one after another to be committed to developing standards involved in improvement of existing 802.11 technology, for example, task group 802.11n proposes a requirement of High Throughput (HT), which supports a data rate up to 600 Mbps; task group 802.11ac further proposes a concept of Very High Throughput (VHT), which increases the data rate to 1 Gbps by introducing a greater channel bandwidth.
According to the IEEE802.11, one Access Point (AP) and multiple Stations (STAs) associated with this AP form a Basic Service Set (BSS).
The IEEE802.11 defines two operation modes: a Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) and a Point Coordination Function (PCF), and also defines improvements aiming at the two operation modes: an Enhanced Distributed Channel Access (EDCA) function and a Hybrid Coordination Function Controlled Channel Access (HCCA) function. The DCF is the most basic operation mode, which enables multiple stations to share one radio channel by adopting a Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) mechanism. The EDCA function is an enhanced operation mode, which enables multiple access categories of different priorities to share one radio channel by adopting the CSMA/CA mechanism and appoints a Transmission Opportunity (TXOP), that is, transmission duration (TXOP Duration). Each priority queue with QoS requirements has a transmission time limit (TXOP limit) parameter respectively. The TXOP limit indicates the maximum transmission duration corresponding to the TXOP obtained by the priority queue. A Transmission Network Allocation Vector counter (TXNAV Timer) is set while the transmission time is appointed, and the initial value is set to TXOP Duration. The TXOP Duration is set according to the transmission duration, which must be less than or equal to the TXOP limit. The initial time set by the TXOP limit and the TXNAV Timer is called a transmission time threshold.
In the related art, a new frame switch sequence is defined for measurement of channel information; specifically, a transmitting station transmits a Null Data Packet Announcement (NDPA) frame for measurement of channel, and transmits a Null Data Packet (NDP) frame after a Short Interframe Space (SIFS) upon the end of transmission of NDPA frame; then, the first station indicated by the default NDPA frame replies channel feedback information (Sounding Feedback) after an SIFS upon the complete of receiving of the NDPA frame and the NDP frame. If there are multiple receiving stations, except the first station which feeds back information by default, other receiving stations wait a Beamforming Report Poll from the transmitting station to transmit channel feedback information, as shown in FIG. 1.
The measurement of channel information performed by the above stations is very important for both parties of communication. The purpose of this process is to ensure both parties of communication to efficiently perform subsequent data service communications. According to the related art, generally, when a transmitter and a receiver are performing communications, the transmitter would not transmit a frame unless it estimates that the sum of the duration needed to transmit the frame, the duration needed to transmit a response frame by the receiver and the necessary interframe interval does not exceed the transmission time threshold. However, for the measurement process of channel information, a data volume and a data transmission rate of the channel feedback information fed back by the receiving station would differ depending on different channel conditions; in this way, the transmitter cannot estimate the data volume and rate of the channel feedback information fed back by the receiving station, and thus cannot learn whether the time for feeding backing the channel feedback information by the receiver would exceed the transmission time threshold or not. If at this time the transmitter does not transmit a radio frame to request the receiver to feed back channel feedback information, the transmitter cannot obtain the channel feedback information timely.

Method and system for transmitting channel feedback information


A tire with reduced tire noise includes a tread having a plurality of base pitches placed about the circumference of the tire in at least one circumferential section. According to one aspect of the invention, the base pitches have three different pitch lengths which form a pitch sequence around the circumference of the tire in each circumferential section. The base pitches are arranged such that the transitions between the base pitches with the smallest pitch lengths to the base pitches with the largest pitch lengths are between about 15% and 30% of the total number of transitions between base pitches of different lengths in the pitch sequence. Additionally, the smallest and largest base pitches each comprise between about 35% and 40% of the total number of base pitches around the circumference of the tire. The above factors, when coupled with no more than three consecutive base pitches having the same pitch length being arranged adjacent one another, provide a tread with reduced tire noise.

The tread of a modern tire is typically divided into a plurality of raised, load-supporting tread blocks separated by intersecting circumferential and transverse grooves and/or sipes. The tread blocks determine the control, acceleration and braking characteristics of the tire, while the grooves and/or sipes are necessary to provide flexibility and water removal.
The tread blocks are typically arranged in "base pitches", wherein each base pitch includes a predetermined geometry of whole and/or partial tread blocks. Each base pitch may vary in width across the tire. For example, each base pitch may extend transversely from one shoulder to the other shoulder of the tire, or it may extend transversely over only a single circumferential section of the tire, for example over a single rib or combination of ribs. In any case, the base pitches are repeated around the circumference of the tire to form the complete tire tread.
The constant contact of the tire tread on the road surface tends to produce unwanted noise. In particular, as the tire contacts the road surface, the individual tread blocks cause air disturbances upon impact with the road, creating a spectrum of audio frequencies broadly referred to as "tire noise". Tire noise is generated at least in part by: (1) the impact of the tread block on the road surface; (2) the vibration of the tire carcass; and (3) the "air pumping" which occurs as the tread blocks become compressed and expand into the grooves separating adjacent blocks. The fundamental frequency of the noise is a function of the number of tread blocks around the circumference of the tire and the rotational speed of the tire.
Techniques have been developed to distribute the noise frequency produced by the tire tread over a wide frequency band to approach what is termed "white noise". One known technique for reducing tread noise is to use base pitches having different pitch lengths, wherein the "pitch length" is a measure of the length from the leading edge of one base pitch to the leading edge of the next adjacent representative base pitch in the circumferential direction of the tire. A plurality of base pitches having different pitch lengths is conventionally referred to as a "pitch sequence".
For example, Lippman et al U.S. Pat. No. 2,878,852, discloses a tire tread having male and female mold halves, wherein each mold half has a separate pitch sequence extending around the circumference of the tire. Lippman discloses a pitch sequence which is represented by the series of relative circumferential distances: 9 10 11 12 10 11 12 13 12 11 10 9 11 12 13 10 10 13 12 11 9 10 11 12 13 12 11 10 12 11 10 9. These circumferential distances represent the relative circumferential length of successive tread units expressed in any desired measuring unit. In Lippman the tread units are selected to be mirror images of themselves or of other groups in each respective mold half.
Other techniques use random or sinusoidal sequencing of the pitches in an attempt to modulate the objectionable noise producing frequencies. For example, Vorih, U.S. Pat. No. 3,926,238, discloses a technique for modulating tread noise by providing discrete pitch lengths in which the ratio of pitch lengths falls within the open intervals defined by the boundary nodal points (N-1)/N:1.0, (N being an integer selected from 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6), and excluding the ratios defined by the boundary nodal points. Further modulation is obtained by sequencing the individual pitches in such a manner that the sequence is characterized by a plurality of strings of load carrying elements, each string consisting of at least three consecutive load carrying elements of substantially identical pitch length. The length and sequential positioning of the strings are selected to modulate the block frequency harmonic which is produced upon rotation of the tire.
Similarly, Landers, U.S. Pat. No. 4,474,223, discloses a method for reducing tire noise by spreading the noise generated by the tire tread over a broad frequency spectrum by:
i selecting the maximum number of repeating design cycles which may be placed about the apparatus; PA1 ii. selecting a maximum pitch ratio; PA1 iii. determining the appropriate number of harmonic segments in which the apparatus may be divided into in accordance with the following equation: EQU NS=[NP.times.(LP-SP)]/[B.times.(LP+SP)] PA1 where PA1 iv. determining the size of each of the harmonic segments and the number of design cycles for each of the harmonic segments; and PA1 v. arranging the different design cycle lengths in each of the harmonic segments so that the wave length of the predominant modulation frequency of the harmonic segment corresponds to the fundamental length of that segment.
NS is the required number of harmonic sequence PA2 NP is the number of pitches (design cycles) PA2 LP is the longest pitch length PA2 SP is the shortest pitch length PA2 B is the modulation index;
Accordingly, the above references disclose certain pitch sequences which are designed to reduce noise produced by tire treads by varying the pitch length of the tread blocks around the circumference of the tire to spread the noise over a broad frequency band. However, there is a constant demand in the industry for general techniques for selectively arranging base pitches in pitch sequences around the circumference of the tire to reduce the noise of the tire tread contacting the road surface.

Tire pitch sequencing for reduced tire tread noise


A foldable joint of a playpen comprises a U-shaped body having an opening defined in a side face thereof; two linkages respectively pivotally mounted on each end of the body by pivots each having a plug forming a plane on the bottom of the plug provided in the end mounted on the body; and a first spring disposed between the plug and the pivot; a locking means of which the front portion corresponds to the opening, movably mounted in the body by rivets having two wings respectively formed on both sides of the locking means; and a second spring disposed between the back portion of the locking means and the inner wall of the body.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a foldable joint of a playpen, and more particularly to a foldable joint which is convenient to operate and reduces the cost.
2. Description of Related Art
A conventional joint of a playpen comprises a body, two linkages pivotally mounted on the body and a locking means. To fold the playpen, the locking means is pressed to unlock the linkages so that the linkages can be rotated. However, when opening a folded playpen, a user has to press the locking means to release the engagement between the locking means and the linkages with one hand before rotating the linkages with the other hand. It is quite inconvenient to fold the playpen with two hands working at the same time. Furthermore, this structure of the joint is complex as the number of elements is large, so the cost of the playpen is expensive.
A foldable joint of a playpen in accordance with the present invention tends to mitigate and/or obviate the aforementioned problem.

3rd Fl., No. 100, Wenlin N. Rd., Peitou Dist.


A reference voltage support circuit that interfaces with a variety of reference voltage circuit types including bandgap references, zener references, and reference amplifiers with only the interconnection details being different. The reference voltage support circuit contains a voltage source to produce a stabilized supply current for the reference voltage circuit and a unity gain voltage inverter to produce both positive and negative reference voltages from a unipolar reference voltage circuit. The current source and the unity gain voltage inverter both employ ratiometrically scaled resistor networks coupled to the negative and positive reference voltages for high stability over time and temperature.

This invention relates generally to voltage reference circuits and in particular to a support circuit for supporting various types of voltage reference circuits including bandgap reference circuits, zener reference circuits, and reference amplifier circuits.
Voltage reference circuits provide a reference voltage that is independent of temperature and supply voltage variations. The reference voltage is provided to other circuits that depend on a known, stable voltage to operate properly, including for example analog to digital converters (ADCs), digital to analog converters (DACs), filters, and other analog integrated circuits.
Various circuit topologies exist for voltage reference circuits including bandgap reference circuits, zener reference circuits, and reference amplifier circuits. Bandgap reference circuits are well known in the art for generating reference voltages by balancing the temperature coefficients of multiple semiconductor diode and transistor junctions. Zener reference circuits employ the precise junction voltage settings of a reference zener which is commonly understood to be a combination of forward-biased zener diode and a silicon diode. The reference zener is biased with a known bias current. Reference amplifier circuits use the voltage settings of the base emitter voltage across a transistor which is operated at a specific collector current in conjunction with a zener diode biased at specific zener current to achieve substantially a zero temperature coefficient output voltage.
Each of the types of voltage reference circuits require additional support circuitry around them in the form of output buffers, amplifiers, or dividers to obtain the desired reference voltage. Furthermore, if both negative and positive reference voltages are required, additional inverting buffers are required. A voltage or current regulator is typically supplied in order to deliver a more stable supply voltage or bias current to the voltage reference circuit in order to improve its stability. Such support circuits typically have been implemented as specific designs for each particular application and have been re-designed for each new application.
Furthermore, most voltage reference circuit designs involve circuits that are implemented on an integrated circuit level, taking advantage of the complementary negative and positive temperature coefficients of various semiconductor junctions on the same substrate. Such designs allow for generally good performance in obtaining a reference voltage in one polarity but provide no provision for easily generating the reference voltage in the opposite polarity in a manner that allows for amplitude tracking between the positive and negative voltages.
Therefore, it would be desirable to provide a reference voltage support circuit that may accommodate a variety of voltage references, including bandgap reference circuits, zener reference circuits, and reference amplifier circuits. The reference voltage support circuit provides a stabilized supply current to the voltage reference and generates both negative and positive reference voltages from the voltage reference circuit. It would be further desirable that the amplitudes of the negative and positive reference voltages track each other closely over time and temperature with a minimal amount of additional circuitry.


The data to be recorded onto a recording medium is directly spread and then recorded onto the recording medium through a needle-shaped member, such as a probe. Upon reproducing the data, the data read from the recording medium is de-spread and reproduced.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a recording/reproducing apparatus for and a recording/reproducing method of recording data onto a recording medium at a high density by using a needle-shaped member, such as a probe and a cantilever, and reading and reproducing the data recorded on the recording medium at a high density by using the needle-shaped member.
2. Description of the Related Art
In the technical field of recording data onto the recording medium, it is required to improve the recording density of the data. With the aim of improving the recording density of the data, development proceeds in a technique of realizing the super high density recording and reproducing of the data by applying a technique of Scanning Probe Microscope (SPM).
For example, there is known a technique in which the data is recorded by forming a small hole onto a thin plastic film with the cantilever having a sharp nanoscale tip. The recording medium to which this technique is applied has not been marketed. However, it is expected to be put to practical use in the near future.
Moreover, there is known a technique of reproducing the data recorded on a ferroelectric thin film by using a technique of Scanning Nonlinear Dielectric Microscope (SNDM). In this technique, the data is recorded by locally applying an electric field stronger than a coercive electric field through a probe onto a thin film constructed from a ferroelectric substance, and thereby locally changing the polarization direction of the ferroelectric substance. Then, the data recorded on the ferroelectric thin film is read through the probe and reproduced (refer to Japanese Patent Application Laying Open NO. 2003-085969).
The diameter of the tip of the needle-shaped member, such as the cantilever and the probe, is on the order of nanometers. Therefore, the data can be recorded by a bit unit at nanometer order intervals. This makes it possible to realize the super high density recording. In fact, there is reported an example of realizing a data recording density of 1 terabit or more per 6.45 cm2 (i.e. 1 inch2) (e.g., refer to Yasuo Cho et al., "Tbit/inch2 Ferroelectric Data Storage Based on Scanning Nonlinear Dielectric Microscopy", Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 81, No. 23 (2002), pp4401-4403).
In the meantime, in the technical field of recording the data onto the recording medium, it is required not only to improve the recording density of the data but also to improve the recording and reading speed of the data. With the aim of improving the recording and reading speed of the data, development proceeds in a multi-probe type recording/reproducing apparatus. In the multi-probe type recording/reproducing apparatus, many probes or cantilevers are arranged on a head used for the recording and reading of the data, and many bit data is recorded or read substantially synchronously through the probes or the cantilevers. In fact, there is reported an example of arranging several hundreds to several thousands of cantilevers on one head, and of recording and reading the data at a high speed.

Data recording/reproducing apparatus and method using needle-shaped member


A predoping technique considered as highly practicable is an electrochemical method in which predoping is performed by assembling a battery such that an active material (electrode) and lithium are brought into direct contact with each other or short-circuited therebetween via an electric circuit, and by filling an electrolytic solution in the battery. However, in this case, much time is required, and there are problems such as the handling and the thickness accuracy of an extremely thin lithium metal foil that is not greater than 30 μm thick. By mixing a lithium-dopable material and lithium metal together in the presence of a solvent, such problems can be solved.

In recent years, various types of high-energy-density batteries have been actively developed as power sources for small portable devices, such as mobile phones; nighttime electric energy storage systems; household distributed electric energy storage systems based on photovoltaic power generation; electric energy storage systems for electric vehicles; and the like. In particular, since lithium ion batteries have an energy density exceeding 350 Wh/L, and are superior in safety and reliability, such as cycle characteristics, when compared to lithium secondary batteries using lithium metal as a negative electrode, the market for lithium ion batteries as power sources for small portable devices is dramatically growing. Lithium ion batteries use a lithium-containing transition metal oxide, such as LiCoO2, LiMn2O4, or the like, as a positive electrode active material, and a carbon-based material, such as graphite, as a negative electrode active material. At present, lithium ion batteries are being developed with increasingly higher capacities. However, increasing the capacity of lithium ion batteries by improving practically developed positive electrode oxides and negative electrode carbon-based materials has almost reached its limit. Thus, it is difficult to satisfy demands from device manufacturers for high energy density. Further, in a combination of a high-efficiency engine and an electric energy storage system (for example, in a hybrid electric vehicle), or in a combination of a fuel cell and an electric energy storage system (for example, in a fuel cell electric vehicle), in order for the engine or the fuel cell to be driven with maximum efficiency, it must be driven at a constant output. Thus, in order to handle load fluctuations and energy regeneration on the load side, high-power-discharge characteristics and high-rate charging characteristics are demanded on the electric energy storage system side. In response to these demands, in the area of electric energy storage systems, research and development is being performed to increase the output of lithium ion batteries, which are characterized by a high energy density, and on lithium ion capacitors to increase the energy density of electric double layer capacitors, which are characterized by high output.
On the other hand, regarding electric energy storage devices, such as lithium ion batteries and capacitors, techniques have attracted attention that increase the capacity and voltage of electric energy storage devices by doping lithium ions on active materials in advance (hereinafter referred to as predoping). For example, by applying predoping to a high-capacity material, such as an insoluble and infusible substrate with a polyacene-type skeletal structure as described in Non-Patent Literature 1, Patent Literature 1, Non-Patent Literature 2, Non-Patent Literature 3, and the like, it becomes possible to design an electric energy storage device that sufficiently utilizes its characteristic (high capacity), as described in Non-Patent Literature 4. This makes it possible to meet the demand for higher energy density and output in an electric energy storage device. Predoping is a technique that has long been in practical use. For example, Non-Patent Literature 5 and Patent Literature 2 each disclose an electric energy storage device having high voltage and high capacity, in which an insoluble and infusible substrate with a polyacene-type skeletal structure, which is a negative electrode active material, is predoped with lithium. For lithium-predoping, doping can be electrochemically performed by assembling an electrochemical system in which the electrode to be predoped is used as a working electrode and lithium metal is used as a counter electrode. However, in this method, it is necessary to take the predoped electrode out of the electrochemical system to be installed in a battery or capacitor. Therefore, as a practical predoping method, a method has long been used in which a lithium metal foil is laminated to an electrode containing an active material, thereby contacting them with each other, and after an electrolytic solution is filled, the active material is doped with lithium. This technique is effective for coin-type cells having a small number of relatively thick electrodes. However, in batteries having a structure in which multiple thin electrodes are laminated, or in batteries having a wound-type structure, production steps become complicated, and problems occur with the handling and the like of thin lithium metal. Therefore, a simple and practical predoping method is required.
As a method for solving the above problems, Patent Literature 3 to Patent Literature 6 disclose predoping methods that use a porous current collector (predoping method using porous current corector). For example, Patent Literature 3 discloses an organic electrolyte cell in which pores punching from the front surface to the back surface are provided, a negative electrode active material is capable of reversibly carrying lithium, lithium originating in the negative electrode is carried by electrochemical contact with lithium that is arranged to oppose the negative electrode or positive electrode, and the opposed area of the lithium is not more than 40% of the area of the negative electrode. In this battery, electrode layers are formed on current collectors provided with through-pores. By short-circuiting the lithium metal and a negative electrode arranged in the battery, lithium ions pass through the through-pores of the current collector after an electrolytic solution has been filled, thus doping all of the negative electrodes. An example of Patent Literature 3 discloses an organic electrolyte cell that uses an expanded metal as a current collector provided with through-pores, LiCoO2 as a positive electrode active material, and an insoluble and infusible substrate with a polyacene-type skeletal structure as a negative electrode active material. The negative electrode active material can be easily predoped with lithium ions from the lithium metal arranged in the battery.
Further, a method has been disclosed in which lithium metal powder is mixed in an electrode, or lithium metal powder is uniformly dispersed on a negative electrode as described in Patent Literature 7. After filling a solution therein, a local cell is formed on the electrode, thereby storing lithium uniformly in the electrode. Further, Patent Literature 8 discloses a method in which polymer-coated Li fine particles are mixed in a negative electrode to produce a negative electrode. After assembling a capacitor, the negative electrode is impregnated with an electrolytic solution, and the polymer portion of the polymer-coated Li fine particles is eluted in the electrolytic solution to cause conduction (short-circuiting) between the Li metal and the carbon of the negative electrode, whereby the carbon of the negative electrode is doped with Li.
Each of the above predoping techniques is a technique in which predoping is started in a cell by filling an electrolytic solution after a battery or a capacitor has been assembled. On the other hand, other methods are known, such as a technique in which an electrode is produced using an electrode material containing lithium, by immersing an electrode material in a solution in which n-butyllithium is dissolved in an organic solvent such as hexane, and by reacting the lithium with the electrode material (Patent Literature 9); a method in which lithium is reacted with graphite while the lithium is in a gas phase by an approach called a Tow-Bulb method, thereby causing graphite to contain lithium (Patent Literature 10); and a method in which lithium is mechanically alloyed through a mechanical alloying process (Patent Literature 10).

Method for lithium predoping, method for producing electrodes, and electric energy storage device using these methods


The present invention provides an analysis method for determining halogens in geological samples by ICP-MS. The method includes following steps: weighing a geological sample and ammonium bifluoride in a sample dissolving tank, tightening the sample dissolving tank, and shaking; then heating the sample dissolving tank in a drying oven, and setting a temperature of the drying oven as 200-220° C. and heating time as 1-2 hours; cooling the sample dissolving tank to room temperature so as to obtain a solid mixture after heating is ended, adding ammonium hydroxide into the solid mixture, centrifuging, removing a precipitate, and collecting the supernatant; adding an internal standard solution into the supernatant, and uniformly mixing; and optimizing the ICP-MS to an optimal state, testing content of chlorine in the supernatant under a condition of medium resolution m/Δm=4000, and testing content of bromine and iodine in the supernatant under a condition of low resolution m/Δm=300.

Halogen content and isotope ratios of halogens in geological samples such as rock, soil and sediments may provide key information for researches on evolutionary history of the earth, palaeoenvironment and paleoclimate reconstruction, formation mechanisms of ore deposits, and the like. For example, chlorine may control composition of rock magma and hydrothermal fluid, thereby influencing migration of ore-forming metals and formation of ore deposits in earth crust. Accurate determination of the halogens in the geological samples is of great importance for promoting the development of geochemistry. However, with respect to low-content halogens in the geological samples, effective analysis means still lacks. Developing an efficient analytical testing method for low-content halogens in the geological samples is in an urgent need of analyzing geochemical development at present.
Sample pretreatment is the key for analysis of the geological samples, and this process is particularly important to halogen analysis in the geological samples. Since the halogens have high volatility under acidic conditions, and a conventional geological sample pretreatment method (such as inorganic acid digestion) may cause serious losses of the halogens, the conventional inorganic acid digestion cannot be applied to analytical determination of the halogens. At present, sample pretreatment technologies for halogens mainly include pyrolysis and alkali fusion. The pyrolysis is one of the extraction methods used most widely currently. A sample is pyrolyzed to release halogens at high temperature (1000-1200° C.), the released halogen is introduced into alkaline capture liquor (sodium hydroxide, sodium sulfite, etc.) by carrier gases (such as oxygen), and then halogens in the capture liquor are analyzed by IC (Ion Chromatography) or ICP-MS (Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry). According to the method, the halogens are separated from the matrix; a matrix effect is small, but pyrolysis temperature, types of fluxing agents and the type of the capture liquor have great influences on recovery (82-100%) of the halogens. In addition, the pyrolysis method is high in time consumption; and apparatuses need to be cleaned by plenty of time between every two samples, which is not beneficial for the analytical test of large-scale samples. The alkali fusion is performed as follows: fluxing agents (ZnO+Na2CO3) and samples are fused at high temperature (600-900° C.), a fused cake is dissolved with deionized water, and then halogens in the supernatant are tested by the IC or ICP-MS. However, due to use of the fluxing agents, many positive ions are introduced and need to be treated with cation exchange resins, and the process is complicated. In addition, a dilute ammonia water closed sample dissolving method is performed as follows: bromine and iodine in the samples are directly extracted in a closed environment by adopting dilute ammonia water. The method is simple in operation and low in blank value, but only applicable to bromine and iodine bonded to organic matters in the soil and sediments. For rock enriched in silicate minerals, the dilute ammonia water cannot effectively damage crystal lattices of the minerals, and thus cannot extract the halogens in the minerals. The procedure of the method generally takes lot of time up to over ten hours. In addition to the above methods, neutron activation, radiochemical neutron activation and combination of neutron activation and rare-gas mass spectrometry are also methods for analyzing the low-content halogens in the geological samples at present. However, since neutron activation reactors need to be used, the use of the methods is limited.
The ICP-MS has analytical characteristics of high sensitivity, good precision, low detection limit and capacity of providing isotopic information by virtue of multi-element simultaneous detection, and has been widely applied to analysis of trace elements in the geological samples. However, since ionization energy of halogens is relatively high, in the traditional quadrupole ICP-MS, sensitivity of the halogens is low, and determination of the low-content halogens cannot be well performed. Further, low resolution (m/Δm=300) of the quadrupole ICP-MS cannot eliminate interference of multi-atomic ions to the halogens, such as interference of 18O16O1Hto35Cl.
Therefore, developing a rapid analysis method for determining the halogens in the geological samples by ICP-MS is a problem that urgently needs to be solved in current geochemical analysis.

Analysis method for determining halogens in geological samples by ICP-MS


A seatbelt device comprises a webbing, a bag body and an anchor member. The webbing is applied to the body of a vehicle occupant sitting on a seat. The bag body is provided along a length direction of the webbing, and the bag body is disposed at one side of the webbing and can be inflated by pressure of a fluid supplied from a length direction one side of the bag body. A deployment portion through which the fluid can pass is provided in the bag body, being disposed at width direction outer sides and a thickness direction another side of the webbing. An insertion hole is formed in the anchor member, through which the webbing and the bag body are inserted. The webbing is folded at the thickness direction one side when applied to the body of the sitting vehicle occupant, and the deployment portion of the bag body is disposed in the insertion hole.

There is a seatbelt device in which, when there is a vehicle collision, gas produced in an inflator is supplied through a tube into a seatbelt and the seatbelt is inflated and expanded by pressure of the gas (for example, see Japanese National Phase-Publication No. 2002-502750).
In this structure, the tube is disposed inside the seatbelt. Therefore, if the tube is folded together with the seatbelt at a penetrating hole in a tongue, a shoulder belt anchor or the like, the tube is crushed by the seatbelt, as a result of which it is difficult for the gas to pass through.