Aqueous two phase systems are provided which permit the extractive separation of biological materials. In a preferred embodiment, an aqueous solution of arabinogalactan defines at least one phase, and an aqueous solution of a second solute, such as a polyether, defines at least one other phase. In one embodiment, an aqueous two phase system is provided in which one phase is defined by an aqueous solution containing predominantly ultrarefined arabinogalactan, and the other phase is defined by an aqueous solution containing predominantly a polymer such as a poly(ethylene glycol). Biological materials which can be extracted and separated from mixtures using the aqueous two phase systems include cells, organelles, macromolecules and organic molecules. The aqueous two phase systems can be used in wide range of different applications including in bioconversions for the production and separation of enzyme reaction products. The aqueous two phase systems can be used to extract a wide range of biological materials from aqueous mixtures inexpensively on a large scale, while maintaining the biological activity of the materials.

The present invention is generally in the area of aqueous two phase systems for use in partitioning components in an aqueous solution.
The study of biological systems requires efficient means of separation which are mild enough such that biological activity is retained throughout the process. Aqueous two-phase systems, which are both mild and efficient, have been in use in laboratories for about thirty years. Per-Ake-Albertsson, Partition of Cell Particles and Macromolecules, 3rd Edn., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986. Aqueous two phase systems form when two water soluble polymers are dissolved in water. The aqueous two phase systems contain mainly water, with the first polymer predominating in one phase and the second polymer predominating in the other phase. Due to their high water content, both equilibrium phases provide a suitable environment for biological macromolecules. When a mixture of proteins is added to an aqueous two phase polymer system, each type of protein partitions uniquely between the two phases.
There has been an increase in interest in this type of system, both industrially and in research applications, during the past few years. Walter, H. and Johansson, G., Eds., Methods in Enzymology, Vol. 228 (1994). The system can be used to separate a desired product from a cell culture. For example, an enzyme can be partitioned into one easily-removable phase while cell debris and unwanted molecules remain in the other phase. Alternatively, an enzyme can be confined to one phase and supplied with a substrate, the products of the fermentation of that substrate being extracted into the other phase. This process is a form of extractive bioconversion.
Applications of this methodology in the biotechnology industry are described in a review by Hustedt et al., and economic considerations have been discussed by Kroner et al. Hustedt et al., "Applications of Phase Partitioning in Biotechnology", in "Partitioning in Aqueous Two-Phase Systems: Theory, Methods, Uses and Applications to Biotechnology", Academic Press, New York, 1985; and Kroner et al., Process Biochem., 19:170-179 (1984). Kroner et al. concluded that aqueous two phase conversion was economically the best method for production of enzymes providing that the cost of chemicals for creation of the two phases could be contained by recycling or reduction in the amount required by modification of the phase systems.
Aqueous two phase systems formed from poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and a salt, usually potassium phosphate or ammonium sulfate, have long been used for purification of enzymes in the laboratory. This system is economically viable on an industrial scale due to the low cost of the chemicals required to make up the phase system. Tjerneld, "Aqueous two phase partitioning on an industrial scale", in Poly(Ethylene Glycol) Chemistry: Biotechnical and Biomedical Applications, J. Milton Harris, Ed., Plenum Press, New York, 1992. However, there are certain disadvantages with the PEG-salt system. The high concentrations of salt present can be tolerated by many proteins but not by a cell or organelle. Per-Ake-Albertsson, Partition of Cell Particles and Macromolecules, 3rd Edn., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986. To encompass such sensitive separations, a much milder system is required in which salt is replaced by another polymer. High concentrations of salt may also interfere with affinity partitioning in which a biospecific ligand is bound to the PEG-rich phase. Johansson, G., Methods Enzym., 228:64-74 (1994); and Johansson, G., "Affinity Partitioning in PEG-containing Two phase Systems", in Poly (Ethylene Glycol) Chemistry: Biotechnical and Biomedical applications, J. Milton Harris, Ed., Plenum Press, New York, 1992. On an economic industrial scale, high concentration of phosphate and sulfate in effluent streams pose an economic and environmental problem. Kroner et al., Process Biochem., 19:170-179 (1984); and Tjerneld, "Aqueous two phase partitioning on an industrial scale", in Poly(Ethylene Glycol) Chemistry: Biotechnical and Biomedical Applications, J. Milton Harris, Ed., Plenum Press, New York, 1992.
Aqueous two phase systems using two polymers offer a number of advantages over PEG-salt systems in the laboratory situation. Mixtures of unlike polymers in aqueous solution will generally separate into two phases with water contents ranging from 85-99%. Such a system is very mild, and the polymers appear to stabilize particle structure and biological activity. Mattiasson, B., Methods Enzym., 137:657-667 (1988). Additionally there is an extremely low interfacial tension which does not damage delicate particles. Reproducible partitioning of macromolecules, cells and cell particles can be obtained under mild conditions. Per-Ake-Albertsson, Partition of Cell Particles and Macromolecules, 3rd Edn., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986.
The most commonly used two-polymer phase systems are of the PEG/dextran ("PEG-dx") type, using a synthetic hydrocarbon ether polymer and a sugar polymer which are mutually incompatible. Although alternatives to PEG are available, it remains the most widely used synthetic polymer for laboratory and commercial applications. Bamberger et al., "Preparation of Phase Systems and Measurements of their Physicochemical Properties" in Partitioning in Aqueous Two Phase Systems: Theory, Methods, Uses and Applications to Biotechnology, Academic Press, New York, 1985.
Dextran is available in a range of molecular weight fractions, however economic considerations preclude the use of fractionated dextrans on a large scale. Tjerneld and Johannsson, Bioseparation, 1:255-263 (1990). Crude dextran has been used for large-scale processes including semi-continuous enzymic hydrolysis of a model cellulose substrate and the enzymic hydrolysis of starch. Kroner et al., Biotechnol. Bioeng., 24:1015-1045 (1982); Tjerneld et al., Biotechnol. Bioeng., 27:1036-1043 (1985); Tjerneld et al., Biotechnol., Bioeng., 27:1044-1050 (1985); and Larsson et al., Biotechnol. Bioeng., 33:758-766 (1989). In these systems, the enzymes are retained in the lower dextran-rich phase, while the product is removed in the upper PEG-rich phase, which may be filtered and recycled. The high molecular weight fractions in crude dextran adversely affect the partitioning of the enzyme to the bottom phase so that some is lost in the top phase. This may be partially offset by the use of higher molecular weight PEG and the fact that lower concentrations are required for separation. However, the systems are considerably more viscous than those using fractionated dextrans. Moreover, the use of crude dextran only results in a four-fold reduction in cost over the use of fractionated dextrans. Kroner et al., Process Biochem., 19:170-179 (1984). Hydroxypropyl starch (HPS) derivatives have been evaluated as possible replacements for fractionated dextrans. Ling et al., Carbohydr. Polymers, 11:43-54 (1989); and Sturesson et al., Appl. Biochem. Biotech., 26:281-295 (1990).
Pullulan is a microbial polysaccharide which has been used in the form of a PEG-pullulan system for semi-continuous production of cellulases as well as batch separations of enzymes. Nguyen et al., Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 27:341-346 (1988). Pullulan, however, can cause viscosity difficulties at higher concentrations. Maltodextrins from corn starch (molecular weight average 1200, 1800, 3600) have been proposed as a low cost alternative to fractionated dextrans. Szlag et al., ACS Symposium Series 419:71-86 (1990); and Szlag and Giuliano, Biotechnol. Techniques, 2:277-282 (1988). Because of the lower molecular weight of the maltodextrins, higher concentrations are required to achieve phase separation. The maltodextrins also are susceptible to starch degrading enzymes, which could be a significant consideration in industrial scale bioconversion in which the sugar polymer would be exposed to the enzyme for long periods.
There is a need for the development of improved aqueous two phase systems for the partitioning of biological materials. It is therefore an object of the invention to provide methods for separating biological materials from cells and other debris using aqueous two phase systems. It is another object of the invention to provide aqueous two phase extraction systems containing enzymes for use in bioconversion applications. It is a further object of the invention to provide aqueous two phase systems which can be used to partition biological materials such as cells and macromolecules without degrading or modifying the materials, and without affecting biological activity of the materials.

Use of arabinogalactan in aqueous two phase extractions


A cord retraction device specifically adapted for use with window blinds is provided, having cord attachment member adapted to engage a cord loop to a take up spool, wherein the loop is free to slide through the attachment member when the cord is in the unretracted position.

Retraction devices for the taking up of slack in cord, free-ended chains, cables, string and the like (all of which will be referred to herein as "cord") serve an important safety and convenience function in many fields. The present invention is directed towards a device that has particular application for taking up the cords of window blinds. Such devises may serve an safety important function when used with window blinds, since the long dangling cords of window blinds can pose a hazard to young children. A retraction device for use with window blind cords is preferably adaptable for use with, alternatively, a pair of free-ended cords, as is found in a venetian blind, or a cord loop, as is found in a vertical blind. For use with a cord loop, the retraction device must be capable of allowing the cord to pass freely through the device when in the unretracted position. As well, it is desirable to provide a retraction device that can be readily engaged to a cord, in order for easy attachment to a installed window blind.
While many retraction devices exist for the taking up of cord, these existing devices do not provide an adequate solution to the requirements of window blind cord retraction devices.
Retraction devices typically comprise two elements: a rotatable take-up spool and a spool support. The take-up spool is generally spring loaded, although it may also be rotated by a crank. The spring is typically a coil spring positioned inside the spool, one end thereof being fastened to the perimeter of the spool and the other end being fastened to a central spindle engaged to the spool support. The spool support is generally incorporated into a case, with the cord entering the case through an aperture extending through the wall of the case. There may also be provided spool lock means, to releasably lock the spool in either the wound or unwound position, or any intermediary position.


The present invention provides core technologies necessary for a portable, low cost LED-based handheld fluorometer. The fluorometer is based on a heater integrated within the walls of the reaction chamber, and an orthogonal geometry LED based light source to provide optical excitation. Power is supplied through either an internal power supply, and data is collected in real-time through standard serial interfaces of personal computers, which can also be used to provide power, or personal digital assistants. Thermal regulation is automatically maintained using temperature sensor feedback control. Such a handheld system can allow applications requiring temperature sensitive photometric measurements for real time analyte detection to be performed in the field.

The advent of molecular biological techniques has led to a dramatic increase in the speed, efficiency and species resolution obtained in microbiological studies from virtually every environment on earth. While this has revolutionized the way microbiology is performed, a requirement for access to laboratory facilities and infrastructure still exists, thereby introducing a spatial and temporal separation between sample collection and analysis.
There has been an increasing need in the scientific and military communities to collect and analyze data in the field. In situ analysis holds many advantages over collecting samples, transporting them, and analyzing the samples in a laboratory. Timely analysis reduces degradation of the samples, permits more rapid feedback to the observer, and may reduce overall cost as well as improve the results of the analysis.
Toward achieving a truly portable sensor, several requirements must be kept in mind. The system must be operated on an internal battery or portable power; therefore the entire system must be conservative with its power usage in order to be operable for an extended period of time. There should be a method for giving feedback to the user, in order to verify the analysis is being performed properly. Preferably, a familiar graphical user interface (GUI) should be provided to display the data or other relevant information in real-time, this will allow the user to immediately interpret and react to the test results. In addition to displaying information, the data should be stored for later retrieval and further analysis on a desktop computer. To achieve widespread use, the system cost should be kept as low as possible. This is especially relevant for MEMS sensors, which take advantage of wafer-level processing capabilities, to reduce the cost of system components. To be truly portable and easily operated by the end user, the complete sensor assembly should be handheld.
As is known in the art, a filter fluorometer measures the ability of a sample to absorb light at one wavelength and emit light at a longer wavelength. A filter fluorometer is a good choice when sensitive quantitative measurements are desired for specific compounds. The comparative ease of handling and low cost make filter fluorometers ideal for dedicated and routine measurements. A fluorometer provides a relative measurement and can be calibrated with a known concentration standard or correlated to standard laboratory methods to produce quantitative measurements. Fluorometers are utilized in molecular biology for the detection and measurement of a variety of elements. In a particular application, it is known to use a filter fluorometer as a nucleic acid amplification device.
Due to the temperature sensitivity of fluorescence measurements, many fluorometers include heating and cooling capabilities. Heating systems know if the art for use in fluorometers, consist of ceramic block or resistive heaters and cooling fans. These components exhibit a high thermal mass.
Common bench top instrumentation platforms, including filter fluorometers, are large and expensive, and primarily target high throughput screening laboratory analysis. Such systems offer little recourse for laboratories operating on limited budget, tight space restrictions, small sample throughput, or to technicians collecting samples in the field. Environmental and clinical applications that require nucleic acid amplification, enzymatic studies and analytical biochemical reactions, that require precise thermal control, would benefit from a portable instrumentation system designed for these applications.
System in Package (SiP) design methodology in the electrical packaging field takes advantage of the integration of high degrees of chip scale packages onto interconnect substrates to develop novel compact electronic systems. SiP has numerous advantages over other packaging design paradigms such as System on Chip (SoC) where complete electronic systems are integrated onto a single chip. Typically SiP decreases design risk, developmental time and cost compared to SoC systems as each individual component is manufactured in its own optimised process and interfering components can be more easily isolated from each other during the design and manufacturing process. Similarly SiP systems provide more flexible design which allows for easy modification to circuitry when advances in processor speeds or memory occur. SiP delivers increased functionality and performance in a small form factor for mobile applications. As such, SiP has become the leading mechanism for the miniaturization and added functionality of consumer electronics such as laptop computers, mobile phones and portable music players, however, it has not been aggressively applied in the design and miniaturization of portable scientific equipment.
Compared to traditional culturing and biochemical analysis, molecular detection techniques such as the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) or Nucleic Acid Sequence Based Amplification (NASBA) have dramatically decreased the time required to analyse samples from virtually any environment. Point-of-use real-time molecular detection techniques have the potential to remove the spatial and temporal separation between sample collection and analysis that exists in standard laboratory practices. However, despite many molecular assays being adaptable to in-field use, at present the majority still reside in the laboratory, primarily due to a lack of small, cheap and portable instrumentation.
A portable hand-held heat regulated fluorometer capable of performing and detecting Real-Time (RT)-NASBA was previously developed used a commercially available infra-red heater and detector for thermal control and had relatively high power requirements. Various iterations of the instrument have been developed, however to date all have required an expensive user interface such as a personal computer or Personal Data Assistant (PDA).
Therefore, what is needed is a simplified and compact hand-held instrument to perform, detect and report a RT-NASBA reaction, as a demonstration for portable isothermal amplification and detection.

Portable reactor for real-time nucleic acid amplification and detection comprising a reaction chamber formed from a flexible printed circuit board


A method and system for tracking various objects utilizing a plurality of sensors. Separate locations or platforms are provided with a number of sensors collocated with an energy generation/ reflection device, and also a communication device. Each of the platforms is termed local nodes of a multi-sensor fusion system, and possibly can experience relative translational and/or rotational motion in as many as three dimensions with respect to itself and with respect to similar local nodes. Each local node is capable of measuring some combination of bearing angles and/or range and/or respective derivatives from the local node to cooperative local nodes by generating or reflecting energy such that cooperative local nodes may obtain mutual sensor measurements. Information obtained or processed by each local node, including track data or track estimates, are possibly transmitted to one or more central nodes denoted as fusion centers provided with processing capabilities. In addition, when an object or multiple objects which are not local nodes are being tracked, at least one cooperative local node can measure bearing angles and/or range and/or respective derivatives from the local node to the other object. After undergoing a series of processes, sensor data from multiple local nodes are combined at the fusion centers to provide estimates of both the relative geometry and relative orientation of each cooperative local node with respect to other cooperative local nodes and the relative geometry of other sensed objects with respect to each cooperative local node. Estimated relative geometries are either range normalized or scaled with actual ranges depending upon sensor capabilities.

The process of object state tracking has been accomplished for many years in a myriad of different ways. State tracking implies that some qualities of an object's geometry relative to a sensing device are being followed and estimated. These qualities are estimated by sensing the generated/reflected energy emissions of the object. Qualities of relative geometry which are tracked include range and/or bearing and/or the respective derivatives from a sensor to the energy source. The expressions state tracking and tracking are often used synonymously in the literature and will be used as such within this document. Early tracking methods often utilized single sensors. To achieve improved tracking accuracy these single sensors were upgraded or replaced with sensors having improved accuracy. Current methods continue to primarily utilize single sensors, although a trend is developing toward mixed mode and multi-sensor systems to overcome the limitations of single sensor systems.
Mixed mode systems utilize different types of sensors such as combined Radio Frequency (RF) and optic sensors collocated upon the same platform. Mixed mode systems are generally utilized when one sensor type complements the capabilities of another sensor type. One sensor type, for example, might have long range detection capability for initial tracking, and another collocated sensor type which has better but range limited accuracy is utilized to provide improved short range tracking. An example of a mixed mode multiple sensor system is U.S. Pat. No. 3,630,079, issued to Hughes.
Multi-sensor systems are utilized to overcome several limitations of single sensor systems. Multiple sensors provide an increasing quantity of available measurements as additional sensors are utilized. A greater number of measurements from multiple collocated sensors, for example, is combined to improve the statistics of tracking system estimates. Additionally, single sensor systems encounter significantly decreased accuracy when tracked objects are in poor relative geometry with the sensor. Multiple geometrically distributed sensors can significantly relieve this problem by viewing the object from different geometric perspectives. Another limitation of single sensor systems is that they are unable to provide information about the relative orientation of multiple bodies, whereas multiple sensor systems have this capability.
The field of spatially distributed multi-sensor tracking is an emerging one, having its major roots beginning around 1980 with developments sponsored by MIT Lincoln Labs. The problems addressed in this field are typically so highly constrained that results are usually not reusable in different multi-sensor tracking situations. Prior art systems, for example, are typically constrained with sensor array formations whereby sensors are permanently fixed at well known (a priori) relative locations and/or orientations. FIG. 1 depicts a typical prior art sensor platform arrangement. Sensors are arranged in an array grid having well known and often equal spacings between sensor elements, i.e. r.sub.x and r.sub.y known. Position vectors between sensor platforms are typically either directly measured with distance measuring equipment, or inferred through the use of an external absolute coordinate determination system such as any navigation system or Global Positioning System (GPS). The relative orientation between the coordinate frames in which pairs of sensor elements function is also typically well known, often identical, and not allowed to change dynamically. Sensors utilized in prior art multi-sensor systems, for example, are very often located upon the same rigid body. Additionally, these sensor arrays are not allowed to experience Own-Body motion or relative motion, and three dimensional problems are often approximated with substantially inaccurate two dimensional models. Prior art multi-sensor tracking methods also typically do not have the flexibility to utilize any combination of range, bearing, and respective derivative information as such information is available. Most major prior art developments are related to either distributed acoustic sensors or distributed ground based radars. Examples include Mati Wax and Thomas Kailath, "Decentralized Processing in Sensor Arrays" published in IEEE Trans. Acous. Speech Sig. Proc., ASSP-33, October 1985 pp. 1123-1128 and Cantrell, B.H., and A. Grindley, "Multiple Site Radar Tracking System" published in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf., April 1980 pp. 348-354.
A typical prior art distributed multi-sensor data fusion information flow diagram is shown in FIG. 2. The first process represented by Block I is to estimate relative sensor positions and alignments. A common prior art example is to align cooperative ground based radars with magnetic or true north. Alignment information is passed to Block V where it is stored for future use. The Measurement process, Block II, provides sensor data measurements of various sensed objects from the radar sites (local nodes) to a central processing agent via Block III, the Communication process. At the central node, the Object Association and Tracking process, Block IV, associates sensor data with common targets and updates object track filters as required. Results are passed to Block V, the Earth Coordinate Mapping and Fusing process, whereby fusion estimates are generated in a common coordinate frame, such a coordinate frame typically being earth coordinates. The fusion estimates are then passed to the Application Interface process, Block VI, which makes the estimates available to the application.
There are many different fusion system architectures which can be implemented to optimize performance under the given multi-sensor tracking system constraints. Examples of fusion system architectures include hierarchical, centralized tracking, and sensor level tracking. Sensor level tracking systems form object tracks at the sensor level. Centralized tracking systems gather sensor data at a single node and all tracking and fusion processing takes place at the central level, or central node. Hierarchical architectures combine the sensor data from groups of local nodes at an intermediate level. Intermediate level nodes feed higher level nodes until possibly reaching a central level. Any node where data processing takes place is generally referred to in the literature as an agent node. Any node where data from multiple sensors is combined (fused) is termed a fusion agent node or fusion node. The combination of a sensing device and a capability for communications with agent nodes is generally referred to as a local node. A local node which is also an agent node is sometimes additionally referred to as a local agent node.
A closely related area is that of multiple object track association. Developments in this area are concerned with associating a set of multiple objects tracked by a sensor with the set of objects tracked by another sensor. Objects appearing to have identical trajectories and falling within a confidence contour (gate) are determined to be common to each set of tracked objects. Early work in this area was concerned the problem of handing off a tracked object from one ground based radar to another. Multiple object track association has more recently received amplified attention due to programs sponsored by the U.S. Army and the Strategic Defense Initiative Organization (SDIO) for analysis of extended threat clouds. Much of the scholastic research in this area is occurring at the University of Connecticut Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering. Examples of work in this area include Blackman, S.S., "Multiple Target Tracking with Radar Applications" published by Artech House, Dedham, Ma 1986 and Bar-Shalom, Y., and T.E. Fortmann, "Tracking and Data Association" published by Academic Press, New York, 1988.
A research area just now receiving attention is concerned with a process termed registration. Registration is the process of determining the relative orientation of one sensor to that of cooperating sensors. The prior art typically does not consider the case of dynamic relative sensor orientations. Cooperative sensors in prior art multi-sensor systems, for example, are typically not located upon different platforms having relative Degrees of Freedom. A representative example of the prior art is one that determines the relative orientation of earth fixed cooperative sensors, a specific example being multiple cooperative ground based radar sites. Prior art techniques for accomplishing the registration process are typically restricted to determining bias offsets about only a single coordinate axis, such as determining the azimuth offset of cooperative ground based radar sites. This is accomplished through various forms of stochastic filtering, including a model of the geometry of multiple radar sites and the tracks of mutually tracked aircraft. An example of efforts in the area of sensor registration is Fischer, W.L., C.E. Muehe, and A.G. Cameron, "Registration Errors in a Netted Air Surveillance System", MIT Lincoln Laboratory Technical Note 1980-40, Sep. 2, 1980 AD-AO93691.
Examples of other patented multi-sensor tracking systems are U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,916,455 issued to Bent et al, 4,976,619 issued to Carlson, and 4,853,863 issued to Cohen et al. These systems utilize cooperative sensors having no relative motion at precalibrated relative positions. The patents to Bent et al and Carlson accomplish position tracking utilizing range-only triangulation whereby the sensor platform orientation is not required or estimated. The patent to Cohen et al uses arrays composed of three non-colinear sensors having known relative positions and orientations which are located upon a 6 Degree of Freedom (6DOF) platform. A different 6DOF platform has three non-colinear emitters at known positions. Geometric relationships are utilized to determine the relative orientations of the two platforms.

Method and system for relative geometry tracking utilizing multiple distributed emitter/detector local nodes and mutual local node tracking


An iris imaging system used for biometric identification provides a combined iris imager and wavefront sensor. The detector array allows for independent readout of different regions, such that a wavefront sensor region can be read out fast while allowing signal to integrate on the iris imaging region. Alternatively, the entire array may be used for wavefront sensing during an acquisition phase, and then at least a portion of the array may be switched to be used for iris imaging during a subsequent imaging phase. An optical periscope optionally allows various optics to be inserted in front of the combined iris imager and wavefront sensor. In another embodiment, the glint image of an on-axis or near on-axis illumination source is picked off at the image plane and directed to the wavefront sensor optics, while allowing all of the light from the iris field to pass through to the iris imaging camera.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to iris imaging, as may be used for biometric identification.
2. Description of the Related Art
A biometric iris imaging sensor can rapidly deliver more consistently high quality images by incorporating tip-tilt (tracking) and focus correction. At very long standoff distances, or under adverse conditions, some higher order aberration correction may also be performed. Deriving the signal to control tip-tilt and focus requires some sort of wavefront sensor ("WFS"). Sensing higher order aberrations puts more demands on the wavefront sensor and restricts design choices.
The traditional approach to wavefront sensing in these sorts of imaging applications is to carry out contrast sensing on the image to determine focus, and correlation tracking to determine tip-tilt. This approach is typically quite slow, and requires a strong signal to noise ratio for the image, which may be difficult to obtain using short exposures. The effectiveness of such techniques also depends on the contrast of the underlying image. Obtaining higher order wavefront signals from analysis of an unknown image is difficult, and requires very high signal to noise data.
In the case of biometric iris imaging we can arrange the illumination sources such that a strong glint can be produced on the surface of the cornea, and/or a strong retinal retro-reflection can be produced. In the case of the glint, the image is a diffraction-limited, or near diffraction-limited point source. By using on-axis or nearly on-axis illumination, the glint image of the illumination source appears near the center of the pupil. The glint image is produced by specular reflection from the surface of the cornea which largely maintains polarization. Due to the extreme curvature of the cornea, the glint image of the source is highly de-magnified, and will appear as a very compact or even diffraction limited source. In the case of the retinal retro-reflection the sharp edge of the iris border provides a near diffraction limited edge, which guarantees that high spatial frequency information can be measured. Both of these sources make excellent input to a wavefront sensor because they are compact with predictable high frequency contents.

Combined iris imager and wavefront sensor


A projector assembly having a mobile terminal, a first light source and a projection lens is provided. The mobile terminal has a display and a body where the display includes a first flat display panel and the body includes an input device. The first light source supplies light to the first flat display panel. The first flat display panel displays images using the light from the first light source. The projection lens projects the images displayed in the first flat display panel.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a projector assembly using a mobile terminal, and more particularly, to a projector assembly projecting images displayed on a mobile terminal where the mobile terminal includes a body and a display.
2. Discussion of the Related Art
As the International Mobile Telecommunication 2000 (IMT 2000) service, which is referred to as a dream mobile communication or a terminus of wireless communication, commercializes, the world has become a global community. The IMT 2000 service utilizes a low earth orbit satellite system. Thus, a high speed wireless communication with voice or images may be provided using only a single mobile terminal that is not limited by domestic location or a foreign location, even when users are traveling by ground, sea or air.
IMT 2000 may be classified as a third generation mobile communication, after analog mobile communication and personal communication service (PCS). Since the most important element of an IMT 2000 is a mobile terminal possessed by users, mobile terminals have been researched and developed. As a result, a mobile terminal for an information communication media such as a notebook computer, a laptop computer or a personal digital assistant (PDA) is utilized as an electronic data processing system (EDPS). In addition, a mobile terminal for specialized usage such as a cellular phone and a navigation system is widely used.
Functions of a mobile terminal have improved along with electric communication technology. For example, a cellular phone may have internet access and include a digital camera for taking a picture or moving images and transmitting the image information. In addition, a cellular phone may function as a small data base capable of schedule management or document editing and storage by virtue of increased in memory size. Accordingly, a mobile terminal having a portable size and sufficient user interfaces is required. At the same time, transmission and performance of audio/video (A/V) contents with high quality via a mobile terminal are required. As a result, a mobile terminal is designed to have a larger display area even with a smaller size mobile terminal, thus increasing the development of mobile terminals.
A liquid crystal display (LCD) device is widely used for displaying images in a mobile terminal since an LCD device has a better contrast ratio and color reproducibility in comparison to other flat panel displays (FPD). Currently, the display quality of an LCD device is similar to that of a cathode ray tube (CRT) due to recent technological improvements.
In general, a LCD device uses optical anisotropy and polarization properties of liquid crystal molecules to produce an image. Due to the optical anisotropy of the liquid crystal molecules, refraction of light incident onto the liquid crystal molecules depends upon the alignment direction of the liquid crystal molecules. The liquid crystal molecules have long thin shapes that can be aligned along specific directions. The alignment direction of the liquid crystal molecules can be controlled by applying an electric field. Accordingly, the alignment of the liquid crystal molecules changes in accordance with the direction of the applied electric field. Thus, by properly controlling the electric field applied to a group of liquid crystal molecules within respective pixel regions, a desired image can be produced by appropriately refracting and transmitting the incident light.
There are several types of LCD devices, one of which is commonly referred to as an active matrix LCD (AM-LCD) device. The AM-LCD device includes an array of pixels forming a matrix. Each of the pixels in the AM-LCD device includes a thin film transistor (TFT) and a pixel electrode. The high resolution and superior ability to display moving pictures makes AM-LCD devices an attractive option.
FIG. 1 illustrates a folder type mobile terminal including an LCD device according to the related art. In the folder type mobile terminal of FIG. 1, a larger display area is obtained with a smaller size in comparison with a mobile terminal in which a body having a key pad and a display having an LCD device are arranged in a single plane. The folder type mobile terminal includes a body 2 and a display 6 which are folded or unfolded using a hinge 10. The body 6 includes a control or input device 4 such as a key pad and the display unit 6 includes an LCD device 8. Accordingly, almost all of the area of the display unit 6, which is substantially the same as an area of the body 2, may be used for displaying images when the mobile terminal is unfolded. Thus, when folded, the size of the mobile terminal corresponds to either the body 2 or the display unit 6.
In the mobile terminal, however, images are displayed by a single LCD device 8 having an area smaller than the display unit 6. Accordingly, the ability to display high video contents is limited. In addition, mobile terminals now often combine several functions. For example, a cellular phone may include a digital camera or a navigation system, and movies may be displayed by a cellular phone using a satellite. However, since only a single LCD device having a finite display area is used for displaying images, the full size of the display area is limited to the single LCD device and the displayed images may not be commonly provided for a plurality of users.

Projector assembly using a mobile terminal


A coolant-shunt-providing cylinder liner of the flanged type is provided with a shunt circuit within the liner for coolant flow through the liner. The shunt circuit includes an array of three annular cooling channels separated from each other by two annular ribs. The width (axial extent) of each channel is substantially less than half the axial extent of the liner's cylinder block engaging portion that is associated with the upper end of the liner. The width (axial extent) of the array of three channels is substantially greater than half the axial extent of the cylinder block engaging portion. Cutouts in the ribs are provided for distributing incoming coolant to the three cooling channels from a main coolant chamber of a cylinder block in which the liner is receivable.

It is known to designers of cylinder liners that the highest temperatures occurring in a cylinder liner are near the top of the cylinder where the liner abuts the cylinder head, and where the exhaust gasses are driven from the cylinder head through the cylinder head exhaust valves. It is also known to provide annular cooling channels in the liners at these regions of greatest heating. Some examples of the prior art in this field may be briefly described as follows.
In United Kingdom patent 392,091 to Sulzer Freres, annular cooling channels 7–9 are provided in the upper engaging portion of the cylinder liner 1 where it engages and is supported by elements surrounding it including the jacket 5 and annular ring 21. Each of the channels 7–9 is substantially less than half the axial length (height) of the upper engaging portion of the liner. Coolant from the cooling chamber 14 passes in series up through the channels 9, 8 and 7 (in that order) and is exhausted through line 15. It is to be noted that the flow capacity of this cooling system is severely limited by the in-series (as distinguished from in-parallel) nature of the flow arrangement, the cross sectional flow area in the disclosed system approaching as little as a third of what it would be were the flow arrangement parallel in nature.
In United Kingdom patent 1,525,766 to Klockner-Humboldt, annular water jacket 14 and (in the FIG. 3 embodiment) annular water jacket 19, are both within the upper engaging portion of the cylinder liner, which extends down to the guide rib 13. Coolant enters water jacket 14 from below and flows in one or the other annular direction around the illustrated but un-numbered liner channel associated with annular water jacket 14 to exhaust passage 11. If annular water jacket 19 (shown in FIG. 3 of the patent) is also provided, flow occurs through its associated liner channel in the same manner. In each case, a first path of flow to exhaust occurs though a 90-degree angular distance, and the other or second path of flow occurs through angular distance of 270 degrees. In each case, the amount of cooling water that flows through the first path exceeds that flowing through the second path due to the difference in length, and therefore of flow resistance, of the two paths. The flow channel associated with water jacket 14 extends in axial length for a distance substantially greater than half the axial length (height) of the upper engaging portion of the liner, and the flow channel associated with water jacket extends in axial length for a distance substantially less than such height.
In U.S. Pat. No. 4,926,801 to Eisenberg et al. (Eisenberg), coolant flows in parallel through annular channels. The channels have an arcuate (rather than a predominately rectilinear) shape in cross-section, and are divided from each other by ribs whose radially outer extremities are the pointed ridges 40 (referred to in the patent as "thicker portions"). These pointed ridges are intended to engage the engine block 10 in load-bearing relationship as is evident from FIG. 3 and col. 2, lines 60–64 of the specification. This arcuate and "pointy" design has disadvantages as compared to "blunt" or predominately rectilinear ribs in two respects: limited heat exchange area and high mechanical stress. In respect of limited heat-exchange area, imagine two channels that are each one unit deep and two units wide. Imagine one channel is of a rectangular shape, and the other is semi-circular. Simple geometry establishes that, with respect to the total facial area of the sides and bottom of each channel, the facial area of the rectangular channel exceeds that of the semi-circular channel by more than 27%. In Eisenberg et al., this facial-area-reducing effect is not as large due the fact that the scallops are shallower than a full semi-circle, but the effect is nevertheless significant. In respect of high mechanical stress, mechanical loading between the ridge points and the engine block 10 is through line-contact or through very narrow regions of area contact, thereby subjecting the ridge points to high mechanical stress and the possibility of early failure.
In U.S. Pat. No. 5,299,538 to Kennedy et al. (Kennedy), the main portion of coolant flowing through the cylinder block reaches an outlet port directly and without diversion, but some of the coolant is diverted into the cylinder liner and then, after flowing within and absorbing heat from the liner, is sucked back out of the liner to rejoin the main portion of coolant flow in the vicinity of an outlet port for such main portion, providing what may be referred to as "coolant shunt flow" in the liner. The coolant shunt flow occurs through a single annular cooling channel 34. When the parts are assembled, engagement of the liner and cylinder block occurs at upper cylinder block engaging portion 26, whose top extremity is the stop shoulder 28, and whose bottom extremity is a an annular diameter-reduction shoulder (no reference number) formed in the liner wall, the outer diameter of the liner wall decreasing below such shoulder. The channel 34 extends in axial length (i.e. in width) approximately half way across the upper cylinder block engaging portion 26.

Cylinder liner providing coolant shunt flow


The core of a packaging machine for cigarette packets or similar packets is a rotary folding unit (11). On the perimeter of the folding unit, there are arranged holding members for packets or packet contents, for example folding mandrels (18) on the one hand and holding pockets (21) on the other hand. For reasons to do with their construction and/or function, the latter are positioned at an axial spacing from one another. In order to transfer packets or packet parts from the folding mandrels (18) to the holding pockets (21), the latter may moved relative to one another, in such a way that, in a transfer region, the folding mandrels (18) and the associated coaxial holding pockets (21) lie directly against one another.

The invention relates to a packaging machine, especially for the production of cigarette packets, which has a group of first receptacles--folding mandrels--moved along a continuous movement path and for receiving packet contents and/or packaging material, and a group of second receptacles--holding pockets--which may be moved in a plane offset to the first receptacles--folding mandrels--, partially completed packets being able to be transferred in an axially parallel direction from first receptacles--folding mandrels--to second receptacles--holding pockets--aligned thereto, in an axially parallel direction.
In the manufacture of packets, especially cigarette packets, by high-capacity packaging machines, folding and filling steps are carried out in the region of folding assemblies, especially rotary folding units, circulating preferably continuously. It is necessary here to lead the packaging material, the packet contents and the partially completed packets towards different groups of members which are arranged along the perimeter of the rotary folding unit. In the production of (soft) pouch-type packets, the first group of receptacles consists of folding mandrels. The packets, which are partially folded or practically completed on same, are transferred in an axially parallel direction--during the rotary movement of the rotary folding unit--to an adjacent group of members or receptacles, e.g. pockets, in the region of which the packets are completed.

Packaging machine for the production of cigarette packets


A collar for animals which serves the function of holding identification tags or medallions in place. The collar holds the tags in a manner that is integral to the structure of the collar, in an orientation such that the tags are easily visible and readable, and in such a way that the tags will not strike one another, thereby reducing noise produced when the animal moves and decreasing the risk of the tags catching on exterior surfaces.

1. Field of Invention
The present invention relates to collars for animals, mostly dogs, but any such animal collar to which it is customary to attach various tags and medallions. More particularly, the invention relates to the means of attaching such tags and medallions to the collar.
2. Description of Prior Art
Numerous types of collars for pets and livestock are known. They all have, however, disadvantages in that they either cannot accommodate various types and sizes of identification tags and/or securely hold the tags in such a way that they are readily accessible for reading.
The most common attempts to resolve these disadvantages include collars that have a band that runs through a metal ring or have a metal ring suspended from the band. The identification tags are then attached to this ring, usually by means of an S-hook or spring-clip. This configuration also has disadvantages in that the identification tags tend to hang on the underside of the animal""s neck, thereby making them difficult to access for reading. Another disadvantage of this configuration is that since the tags are hanging loose from the collar, and since the tags and hardware for attaching them to the collar are most often made of metal, they typically cause a jingling noise when the animal moves. The noise caused by the animal""s movement can be annoying or even detrimental, as in the case of dogs used for hunting in situations where stealth is desired. In addition, when the tags are in a hanging position, they can be pulled loose when they become caught in foliage or the wires of kennel cages and fences. Even worse, if the tag is not pulled loose in such a situation, the result can be injury or death to the animal.
A commonly available alternative to the previously referenced configuration is a metal identification plate that is permanently affixed to the collar band by means of rivets, staples, etc. While this configuration does offer the possibility of reducing noise and permitting visibility of the tag, it has two distinct disadvantages. The first is that this configuration can only be used with identification plates that are manufactured for this specific purpose. This factor eliminates the use of municipal identification of vaccination tags that are most often designed to be affixed to the collar in the traditional xe2x80x9changingxe2x80x9d configuration. The second disadvantage is that once the identification plate is affixed to the collar, it is in place permanently. The only way to replace such an identification plate would be through the destruction of the plate. Again, this configuration is not desirable for use with tags that must be replaced on a regular basis, such as the above-mentioned municipal tags.
Another technique, described by Cunningham (U.S. Pat. No. 4,178,879), makes use of a transparent window integral to the collar band which permits the insertion of an identification strip. As with the above-referenced prior art, this configuration is not well suited to use with common municipal animal identification tags, as it is designed to be used with a flexible, custom-made plastic strip to be displayed in the collar window.
Kelly (U.S. Pat. No. 1,539,744), teaches the attachment of common animal identification tags to a collar in such a way that they are readily visible and will not make noise when the animal moves. The disadvantage of Kelly is that it consists of a housing for each individual tag, a housing that is independent of the collar itself. In order to change the tag, the collar must be unbuckled and removed from the animal, the tag housing must be removed from the collar, and the housing must be disassembled. In addition to the inconvenience of this procedure, this invention also has the disadvantage of bulkiness that could make it difficult to use with more than one identification tag, as each tag would necessitate a separate housing.
What is needed, therefore, is a collar that will securely hold a plurality of tags in a manner that will allow the tags to be easily read and also prevent the tags from contacting each other in such a way as to cause a jingling noise when the collar wearer moves. What is further needed is such a collar that will accommodate tags and medallions of various sizes and shapes and provide easy attachment and removal of the tags without having to remove the collar from the animal.
For the above reasons, it is an object of the present invention to provide a collar that securely holds tags, in a variety of shapes and sizes, in a way that prevents the tags from contacting each other so as to cause a jingling noise. It is a further object of the invention to provide such a collar that will readily present the tags for easy reading. It is a yet further object to provide such a collar that provides easy attachment and removal of the tags without having to remove the collar from the animal.
The objects of the invention are achieved by providing a collar according to the present invention that permits tags and medallions to be attached to it in such a way that they are securely contained within the body of the collar. The collar band is made of two layers of material, an inner layer and an outer layer, stitched together to provide a means of affixing the tags between the layers such that the tags are secured in place, yet are readily visible and removable. A portion of the collar features an opening provided in the two stitched-together layers, which permits the insertion and removal of tags. The opening is closable by means of a conventional hook-and-loop type fastener material such as VELCRO that lines the inside surface of each layer. Thus, the two layers of material can be easily re-opened to permit removal or addition of tags.

Animal collar with integral identification holders


A key reception processing unit 203 receives a key-designated area designated by means of a tenkey 211, a timing detector 205 detects a timing at which the key-designated area was received, a meet section detector 204 detects a meet section where the center position of a ball object 402 displayed to move on a display screen of a monitor 22 passes, and a game progress processing unit 206 proceeds a game in accordance with a batting result obtained by combining a batting result corresponded beforehand to the detected timing and a batting result corresponded beforehand to the detected meet section.

(1) Field of the Invention
A special operable portion (controller) has been conventionally used to play a game using a video game device. Thus, it is possible to make complicated inputs. For example, in the case of playing a baseball game, a player (game player) can let a self character (batter character) make complicated motions at the time of an offense (at the time of batting) by operating a cross-key, a joystick or the like provided in the controller, so that a position to meet or hit a ball thrown from an opponent character (pitcher character) can be finely designated.
(2) Description of the Related Art
In recent years, games played using mobile phones as game devices have been spread as the mobile phones have become more functional and the number of users has increased. Games played using the mobile phones and the like include those proceeded, for example, by means of the transmission and the reception of game data to and from a server, those proceeded without any further data transmission and reception to and from the server once receiving a delivery of a game program from the server and downloading the game program in a storage in the mobile phone, and those proceeded by reading a game program stored beforehand in the storage of the mobile phone.
However, since keys usable in the games played using the mobile phone or the like are limited to so-called a tenkey provided in an operable portion of the mobile phone, it has been difficult to make complicated inputs. For example, in the case of playing a baseball game using the mobile phone, it has been difficult to finely designate a ball-hitting position. Some mobile phones are provided with keys capable of designating directions. However, these keys cannot be finely operated to quickly cope with a game situation. Thus, batting results become monotonous, making the game less interesting to game players.

Recording medium storing game progress control program, game progress control program, game progress control method and game device each defining a key set having correspondence to game display areas each having plural sections

Konami Computer Entertainment Osaka, Inc.


Disclosed are various embodiments for displaying pictures at high speed. In one embodiment, a system includes a buffer for storing parameters associated with a predetermined number of the pictures during a video display period. The system further includes a video decoder for decoding particular ones of the predetermined number of the pictures. The predetermined ones are either reference pictures or pictures that are to be displayed at high speed. The pictures that are displayed in high speed at each display interval have a constant time-lapse between the pictures that are displayed in high speed at the next display interval.

Television (TV) content distribution is quickly migrating from analog formats to compressed digital formats. Currently, distribution of digital video content for TV display is dominated by use of the MPEG-2 video compression standard (ISO/IEC 13818-2). MPEG-2 and its predecessor MPEG-1 define the standards to compress video content using a combination of various techniques. An MPEG-encoded stream may have three types of pictures, Intra-coded (I), Predicted (P) and Bi-directionally predicted (B). I-pictures are not compressed using any temporal predictions and can be decoded without the need of any other picture. The P-pictures perform temporal predictions from a picture that comes before it in the display order. Thus, decode of a P-pictures requires one picture (from the past) to be available with the decoder for performing temporal predictions. This prediction picture may be either an I-picture or another P-picture. The B-pictures are bi-directionally predicted and, hence, use two pictures for prediction, one from the past and another from the future (in display order).
During normal decode of MPEG streams, video decoders store the last two decompressed I/P pictures in memory. The last I/P picture is used for predicting an incoming P-picture and the last two I/P pictures are used for predicting an incoming B-picture.
However, additional functions allow the user to control the presentation of the video data. These functions include pause, freeze, slow motion, and high speed. The pause function stops the video during video playback. The video does not move forward and the last displayed picture is continuously redisplayed until the user releases the pause. When the user releases the pause, playback of the video resumes from the point where it was paused. The video freeze freezes a picture from a streaming broadcast (in contrast to video from a storage device). Since the video is streaming, when the user releases the freeze, play is resumed from the point where the freeze is released. The video to be displayed between the freeze and the freeze release is lost.
During the slow motion function, the video is displayed at a slower rate, controllable by the user. This can be implemented by repeating pictures. However, where the video comprises interlaced pictures, the display device scans alternating lines during each vertical synchronization pulse. The alternating lines during a first vertical synchronization pulse correspond to either a top field or a bottom field. The alternating lines during a second vertical synchronization pulse correspond to the other of the top field and bottom field. Displaying the top field and bottom fields in alternate order over several vertical synchronization pulses results in a jittery displayed picture.
During the high speed function, the video is displayed at a faster speed. However, because the display device scans the display pictures at the same speed, pictures are skipped to achieve the higher speed. Additionally, because I and P pictures are needed for decoding other pictures, the I and P pictures are decoded. A common scheme for implementing the high speed function involves skipping only B-pictures. However, in cases where B-pictures are back to back, the pictures are not dropped uniformly.
Further limitations and disadvantages of conventional and traditional systems will become apparent to one of skill in the art through comparison of such systems with the invention as set forth in the remainder of the present application with reference to the drawings.


A forced regeneration device which performs regeneration of a particulate filter includes oxidation catalysts (23, 24a) disposed upstream from the particulate filter or in said particulate filter and a burner (30) located upstream from the oxidation catalysts and operable switching between a combustion mode for combusting a fuel spray by inflammation to raise temperature of exhaust gases in an exhaust passage and a fuel supply mode for supplying only a fuel spray to the exhaust passage without inflammation. After the burner operates in the combustion mode, the burner operation is switched to the fuel supply mode.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an exhaust emission control device for an internal combustion engine, and more specifically to the technology of regenerating a particulate filter for capturing particulate matter contained in the exhaust gases.
2. Description of the Related Art
The exhaust gases emitted from a diesel engine mounted on a bus, truck and the like, include a large quantity of minute particulate matter (hereinafter abbreviated as PM), besides HC, CO, NOx, etc. Therefore, as a postprocessing device of a diesel engine, a diesel particulate filter (hereinafter abbreviated as DPF ad libitum), which has a configuration in which after the PM is captured, the trapped PM is directly incinerated by an external heat source, such as a burner, has been developed and come into practical use.
For instance, there is disclosed a device having a configuration in which a combustion heater is utilized to increase the temperature of exhaust gases and further the temperature of a DPF by combustion heat, and at the same time a combustion gas or vaporization fuel produced by the combustion heater in a high exhaust temperature is supplied to an exhaust emission control device (for example, a DPF having an oxidizing function) as an additive to eliminate the PM by reaction heat generated on the DPF (for example, Unexamined Japanese Patent Publication No. 2000-186545).
There has been recently developed a continuous regeneration-type DPF in which an oxidation catalyst that produces an oxidizing agent (NO2) for oxidizing and eliminating the PM is separately provided upstream from the DPF, to thereby eliminate the PM in the DPF continuously without an external heat source.
Even with the continuous regeneration-type DPF, if the engine temperature is low, or the like, the PM trapped in the DPF cannot be completely eliminated depending on the operating conditions, resulting in the accumulation of the PM. Therefore, even if the continuous regeneration-type DPF is provided, there needs to be means, such as an external heat source, for forcibly incinerating the PM trapped in the DPF.
According to a method for directly incinerating the PM by an external heat source, such as the above burner, however, the DPF is directly heated by flame. Consequently, while this method has an easy and inexpensive configuration, there is a problem that there generates unevenness in the PM combustion and that the PM in the outer circumferential portion of the DPF cannot be satisfactorily eliminated. Moreover, in this case where the DPF is directly exposed to flame, there is great fear that the DPF is liable to be melted and damaged by being overheated.
In the case of a technology using the combustion heater described in the above patent document, the combustion heater is designed basically to raise the temperature of the cooling water of the engine. Therefore, heat loss is great for raising the temperature of the DPF. If the temperature rise of the DPF is prioritized, it creates a problem that the engine is applied with unnecessary heat load since the temperature of the cooling water is increased too much during the summer season, and the like, in which the outside air temperature is high. Moreover, the combustion heater is provided with a vaporizing glow plug besides an ignition glow plug to vaporize fuel by carrying electricity to the vaporizing glow plug during a non-operation period of the combustion heater, which complicates the device and greatly deteriorates the energy efficiency.

Exhaust emission control device for an internal combustion engine

Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus Corporation


In one form of the present invention, a system for constructing a laminate (122) is disclosed. The system comprises a ply feeder (101) that sequentially stacks one or more plies (100) to form a ply stack (102). A computer (106) directs a laser (104) to cut each ply (100) to a desired shape after becoming part of the ply stack (102). The ply stack (102) is then placed on a reconfigurable tool (112). An applied pressure compresses the ply stack (102) against the reconfigurable tool (112) while an actuator (124) subsequently reconfigures the reconfigurable tool pins (114) to a predetermined shape. In a more particular embodiment, a composites forming process is used, such as diaphragm forming, to compress the ply stack (102) before the reconfigurable tool pins (114) are reconfigured. In another particular embodiment, the reconfigurable tool pins (114) are first reconfigured then a vacuum diaphragm forming process is utilized to compress the ply stack (102) against the reconfigurable tool (112).

This invention relates generally to the field of materials construction and, more specifically, to a system and method for constructing a laminate.
Laminated Object Manufacturing (LOM) is a commercial rapid prototyping process that is used to fabricate industrial design prototypes directly from computer-aided design (CAD) files. In the LOM process, a CAD file is first generated of a solid model of the part to be fabricated. The CAD model is next xe2x80x9cslicedxe2x80x9d into a series of thin sequential layers. This CAD file is then sent to the LOM rapid prototyping unit to build a three-dimensional model of the part by a layered manufacturing approach.
The layered manufacturing approach is briefly described as follows. First, an automated sheet feeder mechanism transfers a single oversized ply of material (woven or tape) to a LOM build platform. A heated roller next bonds the ply to the build layer (the back of the ply typically contains a thermally activated adhesive). A laser then cuts the ply into the geometric shape that corresponds with the particular xe2x80x9cslicexe2x80x9d layer from the CAD file. Regions of the ply that do not correspond with the part volume are laser cross-hatched for subsequent removal. Successive ply transfer, lamination, laser cutting and cross-hatching steps are performed for each corresponding geometric xe2x80x9cslicexe2x80x9d layer from the CAD file until the entire object is constructed (which is now embedded in the cross-hatched volume of the ply stack). In a final decubing step, the laser cross-hatched regions of the lamination stack are manually removed to expose the three-dimensional model. The standard LOM process typically utilizes adhesive backed sheets of paper as a build material that produces three-dimensional models having properties close to that of wood.
The commercial LOM process described above (designated 2D LOM) has a major disadvantage for fabricating continuous fiber, curved composite structures in that the planar build technique does not allow the reinforcement to follow the direction of curvature of the component. This particular shortcoming of 2D LOM for composites fabrication has been overcome by the development of the curved LOM process (designated 3D LOM). In 3D LOM, a mandrel or tool is first generated by 2D LOM onto which the final part will be fabricated. The tool serves as the mold for producing the overall curved part geometry. The process is thus similar to conventional composites processing in that the laminate plies are sequentially draped over the surface of a tool and compacted with a flexible, elastomeric heated diaphragm. In recent years, special LOM tape formulations have been produced that allow fabrication of parts from a variety of metal, ceramic, polymer and composite materials. The advantages of LOM for fabricating composite components is based on its inherent capability for handling sheet materials, its high degree of automation, and the additional benefit that the process requires no tooling (other than the mandrel which it generates).
For parts fabricated with materials that require low lamination temperatures, standard LOM paper is often adequate as a build material for the mandrel/tool. However, for laminating tapes, plies, or prepregs that require higher lamination temperatures and/or compaction pressures, alternate materials for the mandrel/tool are required. The time, cost, and technical development required for fabricating such a mandrel/tool from these materials can equal that of the desired part. These tooling requirements of 3D LOM make the process less attractive as an effective rapid prototyping technique, especially for rapid composites prototyping. A rapid method for generating the required mandrel/tool shape is needed to make 3D LOM a more viable rapid prototyping process. In addition, a rapid method for generating composite parts with complex curvature is needed to enhance and extend the capabilities of 3D LOM.
Another rapid prototyping technique utilizes reconfigurable tooling (RT). A reconfigurable tool typically consists of an array of discrete, moveable metal pins whose cross-sectional geometry can vary depending on the particular forming application. The reconfigurable tool is interfaced with a computer software algorithm to allow the rapid repositioning of the discrete pins to generate a range of tooling surfaces. Usually an elastomeric interpolating layer is placed between the reconfigurable tool surface and the material to be formed to eliminate part dimpling caused by the die pins. This interpolating layer produces a smoother tool surface contour. Initially, RT was utilized for rapid prototyping for sheet metal parts. In recent years, however, RT has been developed that allows fabrication of parts from a variety of metal, ceramic, polymer and composite materials. The advantage of RT for fabricating composite components is based on its inherent capability for forming sheet materials and its high degree of automation. An RT concept is needed as a rapid method for generating composite parts with complex curvature to enhance and extend the capabilities of both composites forming and LOM-based prototyping technology.
While these systems and methods have provided a significant improvement over prior approaches, the challenges in the field of materials construction have continued to increase with demands for more and better techniques having greater flexibility and adaptability. Therefore, a need has arisen for a new and rapid system and method for constructing a laminate.
In accordance with the present invention, a system and method for constructing a laminate is provided that substantially eliminates or reduces disadvantages and problems associated with previously developed systems and methods.
A system for constructing a laminate is disclosed. The system comprises a ply feeder that sequentially stacks one or more plies to form a ply stack. A computer directs a laser to cut each ply to a desired shape after becoming part of the ply stack. The ply stack is then placed on a reconfigurable tool. An applied pressure compresses the ply stack against the reconfigurable tool while an actuator, or actuators, subsequently reconfigures the reconfigurable tool elements to a predetermined shape. In a more particular embodiment, a composites forming process is used, such as diaphragm forming, to compress the ply stack before the reconfigurable tool elements are reconfigured.
A method for constructing a laminate is disclosed. The method comprises four steps. Step one calls for utilizing a laminated object manufacturing process to lay-up a stack of plies to create a ply stack. Step two requires positioning the ply stack on a reconfigurable tool. Step three calls for compressing the ply stack against the reconfigurable tool, and the last step calls for configuring the reconfigurable tool to a desired shape. In a more particular embodiment, additional steps provide for placing the ply stack between two resilient diaphragms and compressing the ply stack before the step of configuring the reconfigurable tool to a desired shape.
A technical advantage of the present invention is the rapid generation of LOM mandrels/tools suitable for high temperature materials processing, such as 3D LOM of composites. The time and cost of developing and fabricating these high temperature tools traditionally can equal that of the actual structure being constructed.
Another technical advantage of the present invention is the ability to utilize LOM and RT to fabricate composite structures with complex curvature. The advantages of LOM for fabricating composite structures is based on its inherent capability for handling sheet materials, its high degree of automation, and the additional benefit that the process requires no permanent tooling. The advantage of RT for fabricating composite structures is based on its inherent capability for forming sheet materials and its high degree of automation.
An additional technical advantage of the present invention is extending the capabilities of composites forming, resulting in a greater range of complex designs and shapes with a LOM-based laser cutting and darting step before the final forming process. The automated laser cutting and darting step before final forming minimizes wrinkling and distortion of the material during forming.


An improved adhesion-preventative physical barrier, wound dressing and drug delivery system comprising an oxidized cellulose film made up of multiple layers of a cellulose fabric or like material and a cellulose film. A method for forming an improved oxidized cellulose film and for using the same to prevent the formation of postsurgical adhesions and/or to dress a wound and/or to deliver one or more drugs.

The present invention relates to physical barriers for the prevention of adhesions, and more specifically, to a bioresorbable oxidized cellulose composite material composed of oxidized cellulose film for prevention of post-surgical adhesions.
Adhesions, or scar tissue bridges, are the abnormal connection of two or more body surfaces by fibrin associated with ingrowth of fibroblasts. Although the specific pathogenesis is not fully understood, such adhesions are likely produced as a result of the manipulative and chemical trauma associated with surgery. Such adhesions constitute a major source of postoperative morbidity and mortality. Indeed, up to ninety percent of all surgeries result in the formation of such adhesions and approximately ten percent of these adhesions result in serious complications for the patient. ELLIS, H., The Causes and Prevention of Intestinal Adhesions, BR. J. SURG. 69:241-43, 1982; WEIBEL M. A., MAJNO, G., Peritoneal Adhesions and their Relation to Abdominal Surgery, AM. J. SURG. 126:345-53, 1973. Such complications are location specific, but include infertility, intestinal obstruction, loss of range of motion in joints, and the like. For example, the formation of adhesions following cardiac surgery further increases the risks involved in a subsequent sternotomy. DOBELL A. R. C. AND JAIN, A. K., Catastrophic Hemorrhage During Redo Sternotomy, ANN. THORAC. SURG. 37: 273-78, 1984.
Potentially dangerous for patients and a nuisance for surgeons, adhesions have been the target of study for over a century. Previous attempts at prevention of adhesions can be classified as follows: (1) prevention of fibrin deposition; (2) removal of fibrin exudate; (3) inhibition of fibroblastic proliferation; and (4) separation of surfaces.
While each of these approaches have achieved a modicum of success, the use of physical barriers to limit tissue apposition during the healing period has yielded to date perhaps the most positive results. Wiseman, D. M., Polymers for the Prevention of Surgical Adhesions, in POLYMER SITE SPECIFIC PHARMACOTHERAPY, 369-421 (A. Domb ed. 1994)(John Wiley, Chichester, publisher). Early approaches to the use of physical barriers employed everything from fish bladder membranes to silver and gold foils. However, it was quickly realized that these attempts did not provide the prolonged effect necessary to prevent formation of adhesions. While more modern approaches have included the use of gels and liquids, the most promising approaches to date have utilized solid physical barriers.
One traditional approach to the use of a solid physical barrier includes the use of sheets of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (xe2x80x9cPTFExe2x80x9d) to achieve the desired physical separation, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,468,505 to Hubbel et al. and by HANEY, A. F., HESLA, J., HURT, B., KETTLE, L. M., MURPHY, A. A., ROCK, J. A., ROWE G. and SCHLAFF, W. D., Prevention of Pelvic Sidewall Adhesion Reformation Using Surgical Barriers: Expanded Polytetrafluoroethylene (Gore-Tex(copyright) Surgical Membrane) is superior to Oxidized Regenerated Cellulose (Interceed(copyright) TC7), FERTIL. STERIL. (Prog. Supp.), p. 265, s. 210 (1994). While providing the desired physical separation of the tissues, the PTFE is nonabsorbable and therefore is not preferred. The high potential for infection caused by foreign materials left in the body is well known in the art.
Attempts to utilize physical barriers made from absorbable materials, such as polylactide, polyglycolide and their copolymers have achieved limited success partly because the porosity and fibrous nature of the material exacerbates the natural defense mechanism of the body to foreign materials. WISEMAN, D. M. Polymers for the Prevention of Surgical Adhesions in POLYMER SITE SPECIFIC PHARMACOTHERAPY, 369-421 (A. Domb ed. 1994)(John Wiley, Chichester, publisher). Barriers such as that marketed by Johnson and Johnson under the trade name INTERCEED(copyright) (TC7) Absorbable Adhesion Barrier have been more successful because they are composed of oxidized regenerated cellulose (xe2x80x9cORCxe2x80x9d) which is less reactive with tissue. However even barriers composed of ORC described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,840,626 to Linsky, et al. have achieved only limited usage due in part to the fact that: (1) the material contains pores which do not close rapidly enough on hydration to prevent the penetration of fibrin from one side of the barrier to the other. It is this fibrin bridging from one tissue to another that initiates adhesion formation. The inventors of the composite material of the present invention have discovered that for some applications, such as for the prevention of pericardial adhesions, or in circumstances where there is prolonged fibrin deposition due to inflammation, a more substantial barrier with smaller pores is required for adhesion prevention; and (2) the barrier may lose its integrity or position too rapidly at certain anatomical sites (e.g. around the heart) where there is organ movement to facilitate disintegration and dislodgment.
It is known that materials composed of oxidized cellulose evoke a minimal tissue response. This was first discovered in 1936 by W. Kenyon at the Eastman Kodak Laboratories. During Mr. Kenyon""s fundamental research on the oxidation of cellulose, it was discovered that a new type of product could be made by oxidizing cellulose using nitrogen dioxide. The new material was soluble in alkali and in contrast to the usual friable materials produced through other methods of oxidizing cellulose, the new material maintained its original form and much of its original tensile strength. It was shown that the new product was a copolymer of anhydroglucose and anhydroglucuronic acid. This new oxidized cellulose material was later developed into a bioabsorbable fabric hemostat by Parke Davis and Johnson and Johnson. A good discussion of the process can be found in the following references, all of which are incorporated herein by reference: Kenyon, R., Oxidation of Cellulose, INDUS.and ENGIN. CHEM., vol. 41 (1) 2-8, 1949; U.S Pat. Nos. 2,232,990, 2,298,387, 3,364,200 and 5,180,398 and its foreign equivalents, EP 0,492,990 and Japanese Application No. 361083/91.
Thus a need remains for a bioresorbable physical barrier for the prevention of postsurgical adhesions which is: (1) less porous than conventional woven or knitted fabric materials; (2) capable of being easily and securely attached to the desired location; and (3) does not contain pores which will permit deposition of fibrin and cellular ingrowth.
In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, a continuous composite film of oxidized cellulose is used as a physical barrier to limit tissue apposition, minimizing or preventing altogether the formation of postsurgical adhesions. The use of a continuous composite film overcomes the difficulties. The oxidized cellulose composite is constructed by forming a multi-layer sandwich of a cellulose film and an internal rip stop material, such as rayon, cellulose knitted, woven or non-woven fabric or cellulose paper. The films and fabric or paper are bonded together with a cellulosic adhesive such as starch, methylcellulose or oxidized with nitrogen dioxide which renders it bioabsorbable. Subsequently, it can be sterilized with gamma irradiation. This oxidation step converts the primary hydroxyl groups in the cellulose polymer to carboxyl groups and renders the polymer susceptible to aqueous and enzymic hydrolysis.) The resulting material is then usefull for the preparation of surgically implanted, bioabsorbable medical products. The resulting oxidized cellulose multi-layered composite film has all of the desirable characteristics (e.g. bioresorbability, suturability, low tissue reactivity etc.) of a bioabsorbable fabric composed of oxidized cellulose along with the additional benefits of a smooth, lubricious, continuous non porous surface in contact with tissue. Because the composite film contains a rip-stop material, it may be sutured in place for example as a pericardial patch.
Additionally the adherence of cells and molecules will be reduced on the smooth film surface compared with that of a fabric surface due to the lower surface area available for absorption. This feature greatly improves the success rate of the physical barrier. Adhesion of cells to substrates strongly influences many of their functions and therefore plays an important role in a variety of biologic processes including growth, phagocytosis, hemostasis and the response of tissue to implanted materials. In a symposium on Surface Characterization of Biomaterials, sponsored by the American Chemical Society September 1986, Buddy Ratner and others showed that smooth surfaces of biomaterial implants evoke less cellular reaction and less tissue irritation than rough surfaces.
Moreover, the oxidized cellulose multi-layered film is flexible, durable and, most importantly, suturable. The flexibility of the material is improved by moistening with saline or other physiologically acceptable fluid just prior to use. Accordingly, the multi-layered film can be easily and securely attached (e.g. via suturing) to the desired location. The oxidized cellulose multi-layered film also lacks tackiness and therefore will not stick to gloves or surgical instruments.
In another aspect of the present invention, the oxidized cellulose film can be used without its combination with a rip-stop material. Since the oxidized cellulose film alone will tear if sutured, the oxidized cellulose film can be secured into position with a physiologically acceptable tissue adhesive such as fibrin glue or a cyanoacrylate based adhesive. The oxidized cellulose film alone will function as a suitable physical barrier, the smooth nature of the film reducing the adherence of cells and molecules to its surface.
In yet another aspect of the present invention, the oxidized cellulose composite film material can be combined with drug treatments, such as heparin, to increase the efficacy of the barrier. Such drugs may be bonded to the composite either by surface absorption or by soaking the composite in a solution of the drug after oxidation and before complete drying. In a related application, the oxidized cellulose composite film material can be used as a wound dressing. Due to its flexibility and drug absorption qualities, the oxidized cellulose composite material serves as a unique wound dressing. Additionally, such wound dressing can be used to deliver one or more drugs to a wound site to aid in the healing of such wound.
In its process aspects, the present invention includes a method for forming the oxidized cellulose composite film material of the present invention. Additionally, another process aspect of the present invention is the prevention of postsurgical adhesions through the positioning as a physical barrier, between the site of the surgery and the neighboring tissue, of the oxidized cellulose composite film material of the present invention to limit tissue apposition.
The use of the oxidized cellulose composite film multi-layered physical barrier of the present invention provides the physical barrier necessary to limit tissue apposition, the bioresorbability of an ORC material, as well as ease and security of attachment and reduced biosensitivity to the material.
In yet another aspect of the invention, the oxidized cellulose film is used as a wound dressing. And in yet a different aspect of the invention, the oxidized cellulose film used as a wound dressing also serves as a drug delivery device, delivering one or more drugs to the wound site to aid in healing the wound.

Bioresorbable oxidized cellulose composite material for prevention of postsurgical adhesions


A synchronizer mechanism for synchronizing the rotation of gears between a power input shaft and a power output shaft in a manual transmission includes a hub and a synchronizer sleeve disposed about the hub and moveable relative thereto into and out of engagement with adjacent gears to synchronize the rotation of the adjacent gears with the rotation of the power input shaft. An indexing mechanism is employed for indexing the synchronizer sleeve into and out of engagement with adjacent gears. The indexing mechanism includes a retaining mechanism and a detent portion having a pair of gear engagement positions and a neutral position disposed therebetween. The retaining mechanism is receivable in the gear engagement positions and the neutral position to positively hold the synchronizer sleeve in these positions thereby preventing errant movement of the sleeve as it is moved into and out of engagement with adjacent gears.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to transmissions and, more particularly, to a synchronizer mechanism for synchronizing rotation of gears in a manual transmission.
2. Description of the Related Art
Drive linkages are employed in automotive vehicles between the prime mover, typically an internal combustion engine, and the driven wheels. Such drive linkages generally include a line of rotating components from the rotating output of the engine to the rotating input to the driven wheels. A transmission is typically employed in order to vary the ratio of speeds between the engine output and the driven wheel input. The transmission is shifted to give the operating speeds or power ratios required. A clutch, torque converter or fluid coupling is also employed for interrupting power transmission between the engine output and the driven wheels.
A manual transmission typically includes two shafts, one forming the input shaft to which power is applied and the other forming the output shaft which is ultimately connected, usually through a differential mechanism, to the driven wheels. In its most common form, at least two pair of mated gears are mounted respectively on the input and output shafts, and the respective pair of gears are continuously engaged with one another. One gear of each pair is keyed non-rotatably to its respective shaft while the other is freely rotatable on its respective shaft. Thus, although the gears are continually meshed, with nothing more, rotation of the input power shaft does nothing to cause rotation of the output shaft.
In order to selectively key the rotatably mounted gear to its respective shaft, a gear clutch or synchronizer is located adjacent the gear. A synchronizer mechanism is one common form of such a gear clutch. Synchronizer mechanisms are small clutches maintained engaged by the change-speed control during the time required to obtain the equalization of the angular speeds of the elements to be clutched, e.g., the adjacent gears. In such synchronizer mechanisms, a synchronizer sleeve is disposed about a hub fixed to a shaft. The sleeve is moveable axially relative to the hub on the shaft and into or out of engagement with the adjacent gear. A shifting linkage is manually activated to provide this axial shifting. Cooperating teeth on the coupling member and gear are then engaged in the drive position to key the gear via the coupling member to the shaft. The teeth must be synchronized before shifting can take place and often a main clutch is needed to accomplish this and to interrupt torque transmission through the gear set.
It is not uncommon to encounter excessive play in the movement of the synchronizer sleeve with respect to the hub over many shift iterations. This deficiency is manifested in excessive hub to sleeve tilting which can ultimately result in excessive shift system play causing a popping out of gear condition. In addition, shift system inertial effects can cause jumpout during torque reversals between the gear clutch teeth and synchronizer sleeve.


Radar based HR and BR measurements by simultaneous decoding is a technical problem due to presence of intermodulation of BR and HR harmonics, which degrades simultaneous decoding. Embodiments herein provide a method and system for unobtrusive liveliness detection and monitoring of a subject using a Dual Frequency Radar (DFR) in an IOT network. The system has the capability to completely process the captured raw signals onboard to by applying required signal conditioning and extraction of relevant information using unique signal processing techniques for determining the HR and the BR of the subject accurately. The intermodulation of BR and HR harmonics is eliminated by the system by performing frequency spectrum averaging of both radars signals, which improves the accuracy. Further, the system is configured with a light MQTT protocol and encoding modules for any data to be shared for off board processing, ensuring data security and privacy compliance.

Vital signs are most important medical signs that indicate status of a body's vital functions body temperature, blood pressure, pulse (heart rate), and breathing rate (respiratory rate), and often notated as BT, BP, HR, and BR. Seamless detection and monitoring of these vital signs, typically the HR and BR is necessary to seamlessly track health condition of subjects who are diseased, very old aged, stay lonely. Radar based vital signs monitoring, which provides an unobtrusive sensing, is gaining importance with rapid development in sensing technology with small size, low cost radar set ups. Further, radar-based sensing, unlike camera based sensing, does not affect the privacy of the subject and enables vital sign detection and monitoring remotely.
Conventionally single frequency radars have been used for non-contact sensing of vital signs. However, a single frequency radar fails to accurately capture signal due to two distinct movements such as chest movement due to breathing and due to heartbeat. Attempts have been made to improve the accuracy of radar based sensing of vital signs using different types of radars and with different set ups such a twin frequency radars, triple frequency radar set ups using Continuous Wave (CW) radars, Impulse radio ultra-wideband (IR-UWB) radars and the like in a sensor module assembly. One of the technical problems lies in capturing signals associated with the HR and BR measurement simultaneously, detecting them distinctly and estimating the HR and BR accurately. Accuracy in HR and BR measurements is a challenge since these signals are derived from chest movement or activity of the subject, which is a lower frequency range (0 to 2 Hz) phenomenon with low amplitudes and are associated high noise presence. Further, the challenge is to transmit the captured data or signals associated while maintaining data privacy and security. Each of the existing radar-based sensing works in the literature has used different approaches to address preprocessing of the signal captured by the radar for noise reduction and clutter removal. Further different approaches have been used to further process the radar signals to extract the vital signs or measurements of HR, BR and the like. However, each existing approach has limitations affecting the accuracy, cost of HR and BR detection and monitoring. For example, existing UWB systems are hard to implement in real time scenarios. They also need complex hardware for signal generation and receipt, and may also be prone to environmental clutter. Another, existing three radar system approach requires reorientation of individual radars with respect to reach other. Further, requires complex triangulation methods in order to decipher the required information.
Further, accuracy of the vital signs or biosignals measurements such as the HR and the BR and the like, extracted from the radar signals, is critical factor for remote health monitoring to be completely reliable on such sensing. Thus, approaches used to handle preprocessing and processing of the radar signals to extract more and more accurate HR and BR to the requirements of clinical measurement standards are desirable to completely rely on such remote monitoring. However, there exists a challenge during simultaneous measurement of HR and BR due to presence of intermodulation of BR and HR harmonics, which degrades simultaneous decoding of both. Further, in an Internet of Things (IOT) network environments providing radar sensing based remote monitoring of vital signs, processing of raw biosignals sensed via a sensor module or node, conventionally takes place in a cloud network. The reason being, sensor module has limitation in processing capability and battery power. However, processing of raw signals into the cloud adds to latency in computation and may not be desirable, where quick actions or alerts need to be initiated for any major fluctuations in a subject's vital signs. Attempts have been made to perform processing of raw radar signals to extract the measurement at sensing end. Moreover, it is equally important to gather the data collected by sensors, whether raw or processed, over a prolonged period for further data analytics. Thus, it is necessary that sensors have the capability to share clinical data of the subject periodically to the cloud network, while ensuring compliancy with data security and privacy policies. Thus, data encryption, communication protocols used, and interfaces used for securely transmitting data need to be lightweight considering limitations in sensor (edge) capabilities in the IOT network.

Method and system for unobtrusive liveliness detection and monitoring using DFR in an IOT network


A solar concentrator assembly includes a light splitting element, a light converging element, an optical fiber unit and a photoelectric unit. The light converging element is located between the light splitting element and the optical fiber unit. The optical fiber unit is located between the light converging element and the photoelectric unit. The light splitting element splits sunlight into light of different wavelengths. The light converging element converges the split light onto different focal points. The optical fiber unit transmits the converged light to the photoelectric unit. The photoelectric unit converts the light into electrical energy.

Sunlight includes light of different wavelengths. Photoelectric conversion devices made of different materials have different photoelectric conversion efficiencies corresponding to different wavelengths of light. In particular, a photoelectric conversion device used in a solar concentrator assembly only converts light of one wavelength into electrical energy, so the light of other wavelengths is wasted. This causes a low photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar concentrator assembly.
Therefore, it is desirable to provide a solar concentrator assembly to overcome or at least alleviate the above-mentioned problems.

Solar concentrator assembly having a converging element to converge the multiple light beams with different wavelengths from a sunlight splitting element