An audio device adapted for altering the structure of water is provided. The device includes a rigid, enclosed cabinet with speakers mounted to the cabinet. The speakers are positioned on opposing walls, facing each other, within the cavity of the cabinet and a watertight container is placed between the speakers. The exterior surface of the container rests directly against with the cone or the voice coil of the speakers, which are connected to an external sound system. Because the container is flush against the surface of the speakers, vibrations from the sound waves generated by the cone or the voice coil are transferred directly through the water. The sound waves alter the structure of the water from a liquid form to a liquid crystalline form, such that the liquid crystalline takes coherent geometric shapes.

Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a device for altering water structure using sound waves. More specifically, the invention relates to a combination of an enclosure and a speaker system, comprising a cabinet with speakers mounted within the cavity of the cabinet. A user fills a container full of water and places it inside the cabinet so that the exterior surface of the container is making direct contact with the cone or voice coil of the speakers. The device can be connected to any sound system. When an audio recording is played through the speakers, the cone or the voice coil creates vibrations on the surface of the container, which generates sound waves directly through the water in the container. Exposing water to sound waves in this manner changes the structure of the water in the container.
Water molecules comprise one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms. The oxygen atom further comprises six electrons and each of the hydrogen atoms comprises one electron. The two hydrogen atoms each pair with one electron from the oxygen atom, resulting in two lone pairs of electrons on the oxygen atom. The two lone pairs of electrons make the oxygen atom a highly electronegative atom. As such, each of the lone pairs of electrons form a hydrogen bond with a hydrogen atom on another water molecule. These intermolecular hydrogen bonds are weak and therefore they are constantly breaking and reforming, which affects many of the physical and chemical properties of water. The physical and molecular shape of water easily adapts to its environment. In a solid state, water molecules are organized in a crystalline form. In a liquid state, the arrangement of the water molecules is random, often forming large clusters of water molecules. Water, however, can remain in a liquid state in a quasi-crystalline form, or a liquid crystalline form. Liquid crystals are flexible and many times more responsive than solid crystals. Water that forms a crystalline structure in a liquid state is more commonly known as structured water. Similar to ice, structured water can transmit signals and energy using its repeating structural pattern as a pathway.
Energy or vibrations in the environment changes the molecular shape of water. For example, a sound wave has the ability to change the molecular structure of water based upon its frequency and systematic resonance. Specifically, when sound waves travel through water, the water experiences a change in pressure. The changes in pressure vibrates the water molecules and alters the geometric structure of the water molecules, such that the water molecules arrange in clusters of six or less individual molecules of water. Additionally, water molecules may form a coherent geometric shape depending on the frequency of the sound, similar to the shapes formed in a solid state. Water in this form is referred to as structured water.
Structured water can be used for agricultural, industrial, household, recreational, and environmental activities. Although structured water has a variety of applications, studies show that structured water has numerous health benefits. Specifically, much of the water in human body, including cells and tissues, is in a liquid crystalline form. The crystalline structure of structured water allows the tissues to transmit signals and other biological information to every cell. For example, structured water keeps the DNA stable by supporting the electromagnetic field surrounding the DNA. As such, drinking structured water allows for a more efficient transmission of biological information between cells.
Obtaining structured water can be expensive and impractical, however. Current common methods of making structured water are often time consuming, expensive, and difficult. Many prior art devices for altering the structure of water require extensive maintenance and expensive replacement parts. The present invention is a combination of an enclosed cabinet and a sound system for altering water structure. The device includes a cabinet for holding a container of water. The cabinet has speakers mounted within its cavity. The speakers fit through a housing having a surface adapted to rest directly against the container of water. The speakers can broadcast audio recordings directly through the container, controllably altering the structure of the water contained therein. The present invention provides an effective and convenient way to make structured water for everyday use. The device is compact and easy to use as it can be used with any sound system. The present invention is ideal for use in homes, workplaces, and other similar venues.
Description of the Prior Art
There are several devices in the prior art that claim audio systems and a device for resonating water. These include devices that have been patented and published in patent application publications. These devices generally relate to devices that include a speaker system. These devices, however, do not disclose an enclosure with speakers mounted within the cavity of the enclosure. The prior art also fails to disclose an enclosure for generating sound waves directly to an enclosed container of water. As a result, the prior art devices do not effectively alter the structure of water. The following is a list of devices deemed most relevant to the present disclosure, which are herein described for the purposes of highlighting and differentiating the unique aspects of the present invention, and further highlighting the drawbacks existing in the prior art.
One such device in the prior art is U.S. Pat. No. 7,319,766 to Hall. The Hall device discloses an in-wall speaker assembly, comprising a rectangular housing, a cone and surround of a speaker, and a voice coil. The Hall speaker system is mounted within a wall, preferably between wall studs, to maximize a space in an interior of a home and minimize vibration in the wall. While the device of Hall discloses a speaker system mounted in an enclosed area, the purpose and design of the Hall device differs from the present invention. The present invention is a device for making structured water by generating sound waves that pass directly through a container filled with water. Unlike the Hall device, which minimizes vibration, the present invention utilizes vibration to change water structure. The present invention is a device that allows a user to easily produce structured water by placing a watertight container between two speakers facing each other so that the cone or the voice coil of the speakers are touching the container to generate sound waves through the water therein.
Similarly, U.S. Published Patent Application 2008/0085029 to Hagman also discloses an in-wall speaker system comprising a base frame, a speaker assembly, and an active member. Like the Hall device, the Hagman device is embedded in a wall. While the device of Hagman also discloses a speaker system in an enclosed wall, the Hagman device fails to address the issue of producing structured water by generating sound waves directly to the water. As such, the Hagman device does not disclose a speaker system having two speakers that face each other. Additionally, the enclosed wall is not adapted to receive a container for receiving sound waves. The present invention addresses this issue by providing a rigid cavity adapted to receive a watertight container. The container is directly exposed to the vibrations from the cone or the voice coil on the speakers placed within the cavity.
Another device, U.S. Published Patent Application 2007/0165899 to Garin describes an audio headphone comprising a headband, a speaker, and a shell. The speakers are designed to be positioned in front of the ear, without making contact the ear. While the Garin device works with any sound system and generates sound waves, the Garin device differs from the present invention in that the speakers of the Garin device do not make direct contact with anything. Additionally, the speakers of the Garin device are not mounted in an enclosure. The present invention includes a cabinet having a cavity in which the speakers are enclosed. When the watertight container is placed between the speakers inside the cabinet, the cone or the voice coil of the speakers directly contact the walls of the container. This allows sound waves to vibrate the water inside the container and change its form from liquid to liquid crystalline. Because the speakers of the Garin device would not make a direct contact with the container, it would not be able to generate sound waves directly to the water.
Yet another prior art device, U.S. Published Patent Application 2011/0196188 to Giertz describes a method and apparatus to create resonance in water. Giertz discloses creating resonance in water by exposing water to electromagnetic energy. The electromagnetic energy interferes with the resonance created by organisms such as bacteria. The waves generated from electromagnetic radiation differ from waves generated by sound, however. In the present invention, sound waves are formed from the vibration of a speaker cone and propagated through the water. Electromagnetic energy, on the other hand, is produced from electromagnetic radiation, which is composed of waves. Unlike sound waves, electromagnetic waves do not require a medium through which to propagate. While creating resonance using electromagnetic energy can improve the water quality, the Giertz device does not change the structure of the water. In contrast, the present invention converts the water from a liquid form to a liquid crystalline form. As a result, the water produced from the present invention can perform different functions compared to the water produced from the Giertz device. Specifically, the structured water generated by the present invention can transmit signals, rather than interfere with resonance created from organisms in the water.
The present invention discloses a combination of an enclosure and a speaker system adapted for altering the structure of water. The device includes an enclosed cabinet for holding a watertight container, wherein the container is preferably glass. The cabinet further includes speakers that are pivotably mounted within the cavity of the cabinet. The speakers may have a housing that rests flush against the container of water. The speakers can broadcast audio recordings directly at the container to structure water using any sound system. Specifically, the voice coil or the cone of the speakers make direct contact with the walls of the container holding the water so that the walls of the container vibrate with the cone of the speaker, propagating the sound waves directly through the water. The present invention provides an effective and convenient way to make structured water for various uses. While the devices disclosed in the prior art include various audio systems and a device for resonating water, none of these devices disclose an audio system adapted to structure water by generating sound waves.
It is submitted that the present invention is substantially divergent in design elements from the prior art and consequently it is clear that there is a need in the art for an improvement to existing audio systems and a device for resonating water. In this regard the instant invention substantially fulfills these needs.

Audio device for altering water structure


Systems and methods for monitoring a call directed to a telephony network-based voice messaging service (VMS) implemented using packet-switched data network telephone conferencing resources, such as an IP-based voice-over-IP conferencing system. The systems and methods use one or more media gateway systems providing an interface between a conventional telephony domain and packet-switched data domain. When a call is to be redirected to the VMS system, the telephony network routes the call via the packet-switched data network using the media gateway. An application server in the packet-switched data network maintains registration information associated with the subscriber. If the subscriber is logged onto the packet-switched data network, the conferencing resources are used to establish a conference call between the caller, the VMS and the subscriber.

Telephone systems have become a central means for communicating with others on a real-time basis. However, for a variety of reasons, it is generally not possible or convenient for subscribers to answer every telephone call received. For example, with the high volume of junk calls (e.g., telemarketing, wrong numbers, and the like) many subscribers choose not to answer an incoming call. Subscribers may screen their calls using an answering machine that allows them to monitor the message as the caller records it. If the subscriber then recognizes the caller as someone he wants to speak to, he can override the answering machine and take the call. Answering machines have also been beneficial in those circumstances where the subscriber is not available to receive a call. In that case, the caller can still leave a message for the subscriber.
However, answering machines are vulnerable to malfunction due to loss of power, depleted recording media, and the like. Furthermore, if the subscriber's line is busy, the caller cannot get through to leave a message on an answering machine. To solve these problems, telecommunications service providers have developed network-based voice messaging systems (VMS). Such systems are generally maintained in controlled environments with adequate backup power supplies and redundant systems for high reliability. Furthermore, VMS systems may be configured to receive inbound calls when the subscriber's line is not available. Accordingly, conventional VMS systems have greatly improved the capabilities for subscribers to ensure callers can leave a message when the subscriber does not answer a call. A problem remains, however, for those subscribers who desire the capability to monitor messages as they are being recorded and the capability to intervene in the call to speak to the caller.
FIG. 1 shows how conventional voice messaging services operate. PSTN domain 100 includes telephony systems such as switches 102 and 104. Switch 102 serves the subscriber's telephone 106 and switch 104 serves voice messaging system (VMS) server 108. Switches 102 and 104, for example, may be the same switch or may be different switches as shown in FIG. 1. Switches 102 and 104 may be a circuit-switched service switching points (SSPs) such as the switches used in advanced intelligent networks (AIN) or may be a packet-switched network element. PSTN domain 100 also comprises PSTN 110 which may include for example, local exchange carriers, competitive local exchange carriers, long distance carriers, and the like. PSTN 110 may provide a network link between switches 102 and 104, as shown in FIG. 1.
When a caller, using, for example, telephone 116 calls the subscriber at telephone 106, the call will be processed by the subscriber's host switch 102 in the normal manner. If subscriber line 106a is busy or the call is not answered, the call is forwarded from switch 102 to VMS server 108 via PSTN 110 and switch 104. VMS server 108 may provide a message to the caller prompting him to record a message. VMS server 108 may also provide a variety of other options to the caller (e.g., message priority, replay recorded message, and the like).

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Systems and methods for monitoring network-based voice messaging systems

AT&T Delaware Intellectual Property, Inc.


An apparatus comprises a body shell including a proximate end, a distal end, and a cylindrical passage. The apparatus also includes a piercing tube, which is slidably positioned within the cylindrical passage of the body shell. The piercing tube includes a proximate end including a piercing element with a central opening. The piercing tube also includes a distal end including a drinking spout. The piercing tube also includes a drink passage between the central opening of the piercing element and the drinking spout.

For recreation and competition reasons, some individuals consume beverages from beverage cans via a method known as shotgunning. When shotgunning a beverage, such as a beer, an individual may position a beverage can horizontally and puncture the beverage can with a sharp object such as a screwdriver, a key, etc. The individual positions their mouth over the punctured hole, tilts the beverage can vertically, and opens the beverage can. By providing two openings into the beverage can, air can enter the beverage can via the upper opening as the beverage pours from the lower opening. This allows air pressure in the beverage can to continuously equalize, which in turn prevents pressure differentials from reducing the flow speed of the beverage. The net result is that the beverage pours rapidly from the beverage can. Shotgunning can create multiple concerns. For example, some of the beverage may spill from the punctured hole in the beverage can due to a poor seal between the hole and the individual's mouth. As another example, an irregularly punctured hole may contain sharp edges which can cut the individuals mouth. As yet another example, the beverage can may be unsanitary.


A storing structure is used for a document camera. The storing structure includes a camera for picking up an image of a document and having a first lateral side, an extensible arm pivotally connected to the first lateral side of the camera for adjusting a distance between the camera and the document, a base having a second lateral side pivotally connected with the extensible arm for supporting the camera, a first pivot device connected to the first lateral side of the camera and the extensible arm for pivoting the camera, and a second pivot device connected to the extensible arm and the second lateral side of the base for pivoting the extensible arm to store the document camera.

The present invention relates to a storing structure, and more particularly to a storing structure for a document.
Generally, a document camera is used to be a peripheral equipment in a liquid crystal projector. For picking up an image of a document, the document camera is performed in a working condition as shown in FIG. 1. A document camera 10 includes a camera 15, a base 13, an extensible arm 11 having a first hinge 12 connected to the base 13 and a second hinge 14 connected to the camera 15, and two elongated plates 16 (only one shown in FIG. 1) for supporting the camera 10. When the document camera 10 is not at working condition, the document camera 10 is stored as shown in FIG. 2. Therefore, the structure of the document camera according to the prior art is space-consumption and also difficult to carry.
Therefore, the purpose of the present invention is to develop a storing structure for a document camera to deal with the above situations encountered in the prior art.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to propose a storing structure for a document camera for reducing space-consumption.
It is therefore another object of the present invention to propose a storing structure for a document camera for conveniently carrying.
According to the present invention, there is proposed a storing structure for a document camera. The storing structure includes a camera for picking up an image of a document and having a first lateral side, an extensible arm pivotally connected to the first lateral side of the camera for adjusting a distance between the camera and the document, a base having a second lateral side pivotally connected with the extensible arm for supporting the camera, a first pivot device connected to the first lateral side of the camera and the extensible arm for pivoting the camera, and a second pivot device connected to the extensible arm and the second lateral side of the base for pivoting the extensible arm to store the document camera.
Preferably, the first pivot device includes a first pivoting shaft disposed on one end of the extensible arm for pivoting the camera, a first inner sleeve fastened on the first pivoting shaft for transferring a pressure from the camera to the first pivoting shaft, and a first outer sleeve disposed on the first inner sleeve and connected to the camera for transferring the pressure from the camera to the first inner sleeve. The second pivot device preferably includes a second pivoting shaft disposed on the other end of the extensible arm for pivoting the extensible arm, a second inner sleeve fastened on the second pivoting shaft for receiving a pressure from the second pivoting shaft, and a second outer sleeve disposed on the second inner sleeve and connected to the base for transferring the pressure from the second pivoting shaft to the base.
Certainly, the first pivoting shaft and the second pivoting shaft can be integrally formed with the two ends of the extensible arm, respectively.
According to the present invention, there is proposed a storing structure for a document camera. The storing structure includes a camera for picking up an image of a document and having a first lateral side, a supporting arm pivotally connected to the first lateral side of the camera, a base having a second lateral side pivotally connected with the supporting arm for supporting the camera, a first pivot device connected to the first lateral side of the camera and the supporting arm for pivoting the camera, and a second pivot device connected to the supporting arm and the second lateral side of the base for pivoting the supporting arm to store the document camera.
Preferably, the supporting arm is an extensible arm for adjusting a distance between the camera and the document.
Preferably, the first pivot device includes a first pivoting shaft disposed on one end of the supporting arm for pivoting the camera, a first inner sleeve fastened on the first pivoting shaft for transferring a pressure from the camera to the first pivoting shaft, and a first outer sleeve disposed on the first inner sleeve and connected to the camera for transferring the pressure from the camera to the first inner sleeve. The second pivot device preferably includes a second pivoting shaft disposed on the other end of the supporting arm for pivoting the supporting arm, a second inner sleeve fastened on the second pivoting shaft for receiving a pressure from the second pivoting shaft, and a second outer sleeve disposed on the second inner sleeve and connected to the base for transferring the pressure from the second pivoting shaft to the base.
Certainly, the first pivoting shaft and the second pivoting shaft can be integrally formed with the two ends of the supporting arm, respectively.


An autogyro aircraft has freewheeling rotor blades that provide lift. A separate pusher propeller provides forward thrust. The rotor system (20) has a collective arm (30) as a control for selectively setting and maintaining a tension force on a collective cable to regulate the rotor blade angle of attack or pitch angle between a no-lift attitude and a positive lift angle. The collective arm (30) sets a tension on collective cable against a coil spring biasing. The collective arm is connected to pivot or tilt a pitch change horn assembly and, in turn, connected rotor blades. The collective arm can be selectively set and maintained and released and reset both on the ground and in flight.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to aircraft and particularly to autogyro aircraft with a freewheeling rotor which serves as the lifting surface for the aircraft. More specifically, this invention relates to control arrangements including a system for maintaining the pitch or angle of attack of the blades of the freewheeling rotor.
2. Prior Art
An autogyro aircraft derives its lift from a freewheeling, unpowered rotor with horizontal thrust provided by a separate engine turning a standard fixed wing type aircraft propeller. The autogyro is neither an airplane nor a helicopter. Rather, it incorporates a freewheeling rotor in place of a fixed wing. An airflow passing upwardly through the rotor blades provides lift in autorotation. A second generation autogyro is provided for bringing the rotor blades up to flight speed with the aircraft on the ground.
U.S. Pat. No. 1,590,497 to a Juan de la Cierva of Madrid, Spain illustrates a first embodiment of an autogyro aircraft. De la Cierva was a prolific inventor, patenting a number of improvements in autogyro systems both in the United States and abroad and was issued at least nine United States patents in the area of autogyro aircraft. None of which patents, however, involved apparatus for providing selective control of rotor blade angle of attack as does the present invention.
The de la Cierva autogyro was followed by improved versions that were embodied in a number of patents as were issued to H. F. Pitcairn from 1927 to 1956 that taught improvements upon the de la Cierva design and ultimately evolved into a helicopter-type aircraft. As an evolution from the de la Cierva aircraft, H. F. Pitcairn developed and marketed an autogyro known as a PCA2. PCA stood for Pitcairn Cierva Aircraft.
The helicopter aircraft of Pitcairn had a powered rotor system with the capability for selectively changing the rotor blade angle of attack to provide a steering capability as well as a forward thrust component for forward flight. The arrangement for selectively changing rotor blade angle of attack for a turned rotor is commonly known as a swashplate and provides for altering the blade of attack through a full three hundred sixty degrees (360.degree.). Of course, a helicopter rotor structure must also have a capability for selectively tilting the rotor mast. This rotor mast tilting is from the vertical to an angle where, in conjunction with the action of the swashplate, there is provided a forward thrust component to move the vehicle horizontally as the rotor blades provide lift. A forward thrust component is not required for an autogyro rotor system, as the autogyro aircraft incorporates a separate propeller for this purpose.
Both de la Cierva and Pitcairn ultimately recognized the desirability of providing for changing, between limits, the rotor blade pitch or angle of attack for pre-takeoff spin up of the autogyro rotor. After spin up, the rotor blade angle of attack could be changed from a neutral non-lifting angle to a lifting attitude facilitating the aircraft lifting off after only a short takeoff roll distance.
In U.S. Pat. No. 1,947,901, de la Cierva to set the rotor blades in a positive lift angle of attack prior to turning the rotor. Similarly, Pitcairn, in U.S. Pat. No. 1,977,834, also shows a sleeve arrangement for pre-setting a rotor blade angle of attack. Shifting the rotor blade pitch angle during rotation of the blades was recognized by Pitcairn in U.S. Pat. No. 1,884,847. This capability, however, was between limits and, unlike the present invention, did not provide for incrementally changing rotor blade angle of attack prior to and during flight.
As noted earlier, the autogyro lead to and was replaced by the helicopter as a preferred aircraft. The helicopter replaced the free-spinning rotor of the autogyro with a driven rotor system that included structure for both canting the turning rotor mast as well as for altering the angle of attack of the rotor blades. A tail fan system was also incorporated to control yaw. These developments are shown in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,247,034; 2,311,247; 2,350,126; 3,352,342; 2,352,404; 2,473,299; and 2,499,161.
With the development of the helicopter, a vertical takeoff and landing capability was achieved along with the ability to hover. Because the autogyro aircraft could not hover, the autogyro lost favor, and further development efforts ended. However, the autogyro has benefits which may be more appropriate for selected uses so that a practical autogyro, as contemplated by the present invention, is now viable.
Following the efforts of de la Cierva and Pitcairn to the present, autogyro aircraft improvements have essentially been refinements to early structure. For example, a patent by Salisbury, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 1,838,327, shows an early system for altering rotor blade angle of attack. U.S. Pat. No. 2,154,601 (Bennett) shows a system for changing rotor blade angle from a no-lift pitch to a lifting pitch as the rotor is rotated to takeoff speed. Like the earlier cited Pitcairn systems, this alteration of rotor blade pitch angle is accomplished between preselected limits rather than being incrementally controllable as with the present invention.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,092,084 (Barltrop) is also directed to a system for changing rotor blade pitch angle. Rotor blade pitch angle changes occur in relation to a rotor rotation rate. The blade angle changes between set limits. A rotor blade pitch angle control is also shown in U.S. Pat. No. 3,149,802, (Wigal). Like the Barltrop patent, Wigal shifts the rotor blade pitch angle between limits responsive to an increase in rate of rotation of the rotor. U.S. Pat. No. 3,465,705 (Bensen) is directed to a system for diverting engine power to rotate a rotor from rest to a takeoff rotation rate. The rotor blades cant between limits responsive to rotation rate of the rotor. U.S. Pat. No. 2,183,119 (Larsen) also shows a system for rotating a rotor from a rest position to a takeoff rotation rate.
None of the autogyro aircraft described in the above-referenced patents or autogyros known to applicants have a unidirectional control mechanism for variable control of an autogyro rotor in flight to control the pitch angle of the leading edges of oppositely disposed rotor blades and, in turn, the lift of an autogyro. U.S. Pat. No. 4,195,800 (Wallace) shows a helicopter collective system for changing the angle of attack of rotor blades of a rotor system during a period of rotation of the rotor and mast through a full circle of three hundred sixty degrees (360.degree.).
Summarizing, some autogyro aircraft heretofore known have an automated arrangement for pivoting the rotor blades from a no-lift to lift attitude on reaching a certain rotation rate. The rotor blades may be rotated either through linkage to an aircraft engine or by taxiing the aircraft under the urging of a conventional engine turning a propeller to spin up the rotor blade to a desired rotation rate to in turn provide takeoff lift. In such systems, centrifugal forces increase with the rotation rate and typically act upon a structure to cause the blade angle of attack to change between a first no-lift position and second lift or takeoff position. No system provides for selective control of rotor blade pitch angle or angle of attack independent of the rotor blade rotation rate.


An apparatus and method for amplifying low amplitude vibrations from stringed instruments, and in particular guitars while reducing Gaussian and 60 Hz hum noise from the signal. In particular, the invention incorporates the use of one or more bipolar magnets in conjunction with high precision differential amplifiers and a power source. The bipolar magnets may be arranged at varying locations on the guitar as long as they are within range to induce an electrical signal in the strings when they are played. The signal is then fed through the amplifier circuitry whereby noise is eliminated and then played through a standard speaker.

In stringed instruments, amplification of low amplitude string vibrations is usually accomplished by utilizing an arrangement of wire-wound magnets under the strings of the instrument. To produce sound, the wire-wound magnets sense the vibrations of the strings electronically and a signal cable routes an electronic signal to an amplifier and speaker. The sensing occurs in a magnetic pickup mounted under the strings on the guitar's body. A bar magnet is typically used. When a vibrating string cuts through the field of the bar magnet in the pickup, a signal is produced in the pickup's coil. This pickup consists of a bar magnet wrapped with as many as 7,000 turns of fine wire. In the case of an electric guitar, the vibrating steel strings produce a corresponding vibration in the magnet's magnetic field and therefore a vibrating current in the coil.
There are many different types of pickups. For example, some pickups extend a single magnet bar under all six strings. Others have a separate pole piece for each string. Some pickups use screws for pole pieces so that the height of each pole piece can be adjusted. The closer the pole piece is to the string, the stronger the signal.
The pickup's coil sends its signals through a very simple passive component circuit on most guitars. A potentiometer adjusts the tone along with a low-pass filter that eliminates higher frequencies. By adjusting the potentiometer, it is possible to control the frequencies that get cut out. An additional resistor (typically 500 kilo-ohms max) controls the amplitude of the signal that reaches the jack. From the jack, the signal runs via the signal cable to an amplifier, which drives a speaker.
The present invention is a device that uses an integrated system of electronics and at least one bipolar magnet that is packaged on a thin and compact plastic tray that can be slipped between a guitar's strings and the body of the guitar. The device requires no holes be cut into the guitar and includes a volume control, output jack and an off-on battery switch on the tray. The device typically works with batteries that provide direct current and the entire device can be unplugged and removed if the player wants to play the guitar acoustically. The bipolar magnets may be placed anywhere on the tray as long as they are located near, or preferably under the guitar strings. As the magnets may be moved to different locations near the strings, the change in location of the magnets causes the various tones to be available to the player. If the magnets are moved rapidly, tremolo effects can be heard. The magnets may be of virtually any shape, although it is preferred that the magnets remain small and compact in size.
The strings are coupled to digital electronic processing for amplifying the string current that is induced from the bipolar magnets while eliminating annoying audio noise, principally Gaussian and 60 Hz hum. By utilizing digital processing, one can selectively boost or cut frequencies and further reduce noise from the string signal that were not possible with analog filters as described above.
The amplifiers used in the preferred embodiment are high-precision differential amplifiers that have high common mode rejection of about 90 db or more and low output noise of about 10 nano volt root hertz or less. High CMR is achieved by use of laser trimming of internal resistors in the differential amplifier IC to perfect matching ratio, which provides very high CMR.
It is also desirable to utilize super high field strength neodymium magnets of at least grade ND40. By using the high field strength magnets, a high string current is induced and consequently, much of the common noise found with conventional guitar string pickups is rejected. The present invention can also be used with all shapes and sizes of neodymium magnets. Typically, these types of magnets are economical because the manufacturing process simply involves the use of molds filled with neodymium powder and compressed into that mold shape.


A light-emitting device includes a first conductive type semiconductor layer, a second conductive type semiconductor layer, and an active layer between the first conductive type semiconductor layer and the second conductive type semiconductor layer and having a plurality of V-pits. The light-emitting device further includes a layer-quality improvement layer between the first conductive type semiconductor layer and the second conductive type semiconductor layer and having a plurality of V-pits with substantially same size and shape as the plurality of V-pits of the active layer, wherein layer-quality improvement layer is a group III-V semiconductor layer including Al or In. Due to the improved layer quality, the luminescent quality of the light-emitting device is improved.

The inventive concepts relate to a light-emitting device and a method of manufacturing the same, and more particularly, to a light-emitting device having an improved layer quality and thus improved emission, and a method of manufacturing the light-emitting device.
A semiconductor light-emitting device is a semiconductor device that generates light of various colors at a junction between first and second conductive type semiconductors based on recombination of electrons and holes in response to a current applied thereto. Compared to a filament-based light-emitting device, the semiconductor light-emitting device has many advantages such as long lifetime, lower power consumption, excellent initial drive characteristic, etc. Thus, the need for semiconductor light-emitting devices has constantly increased. In particular, recently, a group-III nitride semiconductor capable of emitting blue light in a short-wavelength region has been highlighted.
In general, a semiconductor light-emitting device has a structure including an active layer disposed between first and second conductive type semiconductor layers. However, when the active layer is grown, if coagulation of particles occurs, the quality of the active layer deteriorates, and thus, the luminescent quality may deteriorate.

Light emitting device and method of manufacturing the same


Selected domains, normally 10.sup.3 .times.10.sup.3 such domains arrayed in a plane, within a three-dimensional (3-D) volume of active medium, typically 1 cm.sup.3 of spirobenzopyran containing 10.sup.2 such planes, are temporally and spatially simultaneously illuminated by two radiation beams, normally laser light beams in various combinations of wavelengths 532nm and 1024nm, in order, dependent upon the particular combination of illuminating light, to either write binary data to, or read binary data from, the selected domains by process of two-photon (2-P) absorption. One laser light beam is preferably directed to illuminate all domains of the selected plane in and by a one-dimensional spatial light modular (1-D SLM). The other laser light beam is first spatially encoded with binary information by 2-D SLM, and is then also directed to illuminate the domains of the selected plane. Direction of the binary-amplitude-encoded spatially-encoded light beam is preferably by focusing, preferably in and by a holographic dynamic focusing lens (HDFL). During writing the selected, simultaneously illuminated, domains change their isomeric molecular form by process of 2-P absorption. During reading the selected domains fluoresce dependent upon their individually pre-established, written, states. The domains' fluorescence is focused by the HDFL, and by other optical elements including a polarizer and polarizing beam splitter, to a 10.sup.3 .times.10.sup.3 detector array. I/O bandwidth to each cm.sup.3 of active medium is on the order of 1 Gbit/sec to 1 Tbit/sec.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally concerns three-dimensional optical memory apparatus and memory media, and methods of using such apparatus and media. The present invention particularly concerns (i) three-dimensional volumes of active medium selectively both alterable and interrogatable by use of at least two intersecting beams of radiation, thereby to form a radiation memory; (ii) the manner of using the intersecting radiation beams and the physical and/or intersecting radiation beams and the physical and/or chemical effects of such use; (iii) the construction of binary-stated informational memory stores, three-dimensional patterns, and/or three-dimensional displays based on these effects; (iv) the manner of selectively directing intersecting radiation beams to intersect within three-dimensional volumes for purposes of addressing selected domains within such volumes, particularly as addressable memory stores; and (v) the manner of selectively impressing information on, or extracting information from, one or more intersecting beams of radiation in order that such information may be radiatively written to, or radiatively read from, a three-dimensional memory.
2. Background of the Invention
2.1 The General Requirement for Information Storage in Memories
The need for computerized data storage and processing has been increasing, in the past decade, at a high rate. In response to this need, semiconductor-based computer technology and architecture have greatly improved. However, barriers to further reducing the size and price of semiconductors may now be inhibiting development of even higher performance computers, and the more widespread use of high performance computers.
The major determinant of the size and price of high performance computers is the memory. The data storage requirements of new high performance computers, circa 1990, are very great, typically many gigabytes (10.sup.12 bits). New and improved, compact, low cost, very high capacity memory devices are needed. These memory devices should be able to store many, many gigabytes of information, and should randomly retrieve such information at the very fast random access speeds demanded by parallel computing.
An optical memory offers the possibility of packing binary-stated information into a storage medium at very high density, each binary bit occupying a space only about one light wavelength in diameter. When practical limitations are taken into account this leads to a total capacity of about 10.sup.11 bits for a reasonably-sized two-dimensional optical storage medium--the amount of information contained in about 3000 normal size books. A comparison of the optical memory to existing types of computer memories is contained in the following Table 1.
TABLE 1 ______________________________________ MEMORY ACCESS TYPE CAPACITY TIME COST ______________________________________ TAPE 10.sup.10 bits 100 sec 10.sup.-5 .cent./bit DISK 10.sup.8 bits 300 msec 5.times.10.sup.-2 .cent./bit DRUM 10.sup.7 -10.sup.8 bits 10 msec 10.sup.-2 .cent./bit CORE 10.sup.6 bits 1 .mu.sec 2.cent./bit SEMI- 10.sup.5 bits 100 nsec 20.cent./bit CONDUCTOR OPTICAL 10.sup.9 -10.sup.12 bits 10 nsec 10.sup.-3 -10.sup.-4 .cent./bit ______________________________________
The present invention will be seen to be embodied in a 3-D optical memory system. Any optical memory system, 3-D or otherwise, is based on light-induced changes in the optical, chemical and/or physical properties of materials.
2.2 Optical Recording Media, and the Use Thereof in Optical Memories
At the present two general classes of optical recording media exist, namely phase recording media and amplitude recording media. Recording on the first is based on light-induced changes of the index of refraction (i.e., phase holograms). Recording on the second media is based on photo-induced changes in the absorption coefficient (i.e., hole burning).
Volume information storage is a particularly attractive concept. In a two dimensional memory the theoretical storage density (proportional to 1/.lambda..sup.2) is 1.times.10.sup.11 bits/cm.sup.2 for=266 nm. However in a 3-D memory the theoretical storage density is 5.times.10.sup.16 bits/cm.sup.3. Thus the advantages of 3-D data storage versus previous two dimensional information storage media become apparent.
Volume information storage has previously been implemented by holographic recording in phase recording media. Reference F. S. Chen, J. T. LaMacchia and D. B. Fraser, Appl. Phys. Lett., 13, 223 (1968); T. K. Gaylord, Optical Spectra, 6, 25 (1972); and L. d'Auria, J. P. Huignard, C. Slezak and E. Spitz, Appl. Opt., 13, 808 (1974).
The present invention will be seen to implement volume writable-readable-erasable optical storage in an amplitude recording medium. One early patent dealing with three-dimensional amplitude-recording optical storage is U.S. Ser. No. 3,508,208 for an OPTICAL ORGANIC MEMORY DEVICE to Duguay and Rentzepis, said Rentzepis being the selfsame inventor of the present invention. Duguay and Rentzepis disclose an optical memory device including a two-photon fluorescent medium which has been solidified (e.g., frozen or dispersed in a stable matrix, normally a polymer). Information is written into a selected region of the medium when a pair of picosecond pulses are made to be both (i) temporally coincident and (ii) spatially overlapping within the selected region. The temporally-coincident spatially-overlapping pulses create, by process of two-photon absorption, organic free radicals which store the information at an energy level intermediate between a fluorescent energy level and a ground state energy level. The free radicals store the desired information for but a short time, and until they recombine. The information may be read out by interrogating the medium with a second pair of coincident and overlapping picosecond pulses. In the case where the medium is frozen solid, interrogation may also be accomplished by directing a collimated infrared light beam into the selected region, thereby causing that region to liquefy and permitting its contained free radicals to undergo recombination. In each of the aforementioned cases, the interrogation beam causes the interrogated region to selectively fluoresce in accordance with the presence, or absence, or free radicals. The emitted radiation is sensed by an appropriate light detector as an indication of the informational contents of the interrogated region.
This early optical memory of Duguay and Rentzepis recognizes only that two-photon absorption should be used to produce excited states (e.g., singlet, doublet or triplet states) of an active medium over the ground state of such medium. These excited states are metastable. For example, one preferred fluorescent medium is excitable from ground to a singlet state by process of two-photon absorption occurring in about 10.sup.-15 second. The excited medium will remain in the singlet state for about 10.sup.-8 second before fluorescing and assuming a metastable triplet state. This metastable state represents information storage. Alas, this metastable state will spontaneously decay to the ground state by fluorescence after about 1 second (depending on temperature). The memory is thus unstable to hold information for periods longer than about 1 second. It should be understood that the fluorescent medium of the Duguay and Rentzepis memory is at all times the identical molecular material, and simply assumes various excited energy states in response to irradiation.
Another previous optical system for accomplishing the volume storage of information, and for other purposes, is described in the related series of U.S. patent Ser. Nos. 4,078,229; 4,288,861; 4,333,165; 4,466,080; and 4,471,470 to Swainson, et al. and assigned to Formigraphic Engine Corporation. The Swainson, et al. patents are variously concerned with three-dimensional systems and media for optically producing three-dimensional inhomogeneity patterns. The optically-produced 3-D inhomogeneity patterns may exhibit (i) controlled refractive index distributions, (ii) complex patterns and shapes, or (iii) physio-chemical inhomogeneities for storing data. The Swainson, et al. patents generally show that some sort of chemical reaction between two or more reactive components may be radiatively induced at selected cell sites of a 3-D medium in order to produce a somewhat stable, changed, state at these selected sites.
U.S. patent Ser. No. 4,471,470, in particular, describes a METHOD AND MEDIA FOR ACCESSING DATA IN THREE-DIMENSIONS. Two intersecting beams of radiation are each matched to a selected optical property or properties of the active media. In one embodiment of the method and media, called by Swainson, et al. "Class I systems," two radiation beams generate an active region in the medium by simultaneous illumination. In order to do so, two different light-reactive chemical components are typically incorporated within the medium. Both components are radiation sensitive, but to different spectral regions. The two radiation beams intersecting in a selected region each produce, in parallel, an associated chemical product. When two products are simultaneously present in a selected intersection region then these products chemically react to form a desired sensible object. The sensible object may represent a binary bit of information. One or both of the radiation-induced chemical products desirably undergoes a rapid reverse reaction upon appropriate irradiation in order to avoid interference effects, and in order to permit the three-dimensional media to be repetitively stored.
In other embodiment of the Swainson et al. method and media, called "Class II systems," one of the radiation beams must act on a component of the medium before the medium will thereafter be responsive to the other radiation beam. The class I and class II systems thusly differ by being respectively responsive to the effects of simultaneously, and sequentially, induced photoreactions.
The Swainson, et al. patents--including those patents that are not directed to information storage and that are alternatively directed to making optical elements exhibiting inhomogeneity in their refractive index, or to making physical shapes and patterns--are directed to inducing changes in a bulk media by impingent directed beams of electromagnetic radiation, typically laser light, in order that selected sites within the bulk media may undergo a chemical reaction. There are a large number of photosensitive substances that are known to undergo changes in the presence of light radiation. The changed states of these substances are, in many cases, chemically reactive. The patents of Swainson, et al. describe a great number of these photosensitive and photoreactive substances. Such substances may generally be identified from a search of the literature.
Swainson, et al. also recognize that molecular excitation from a ground state to an excited state may occur following a stepwise absorption of two photons. Swainson, et al. call this "two-photon absorption." Swainson, et al. describe that a solution of 8' ally-6' nitro-1, 3, 3-trimethylspiro(2' N-1-benzopyran-2'-2-induline) in benzene may be exposed to intersecting synchronized pulsed ruby laser beams transmitted through an UV elimination filter to form, at the region of intersection, a spot of color. The process of stepwise absorption of two photons in this solution, and in others, is recognized by Swainson, et al , only as regards its use to produce an excited state that may form (as in the example) colored products, or that may serve as an energy transfer agent.
In making all manner of excited states--including singlet, doublet, triplet, and quartet states--the patents of Swainson, et al. describe known photochemistry. Generally chemistry, and photochemistry, that is known to work in one dimension is equally applicable in three dimensions. For example, it is known that an electron may be knocked off an active substance so that it becomes an ion. For example, it is known that radiation may cause a substance to dissociate a proton, again becoming an ion. For example, it is even known how to induce spin changes and changes in parity by electromagnetic radiation. Once these changes, or others, are induced in an active medium then Swainson, et al. describe a reliance on the transportive capabilities of the liquid or gaseous support media in order to permit a chemical reaction to transpire.
The present invention will be seen to reject the Swainson et al. approach of inducing chemical reactions in a 3-D medium by creating one or more reagents by use of radiation. One reason why the present invention does so is because the same support medium, or matrix, that offers those transportive capabilities that are absolutely necessary to permit the chemical reactions to occur will also permit, at least over time, undesired migration of reagents or reaction products in three dimensions, destroying the integrity of the inhomogeneity pattern.
2.3 Spatial Light Modulators
The three-dimensional optical memory of the present invention will be seen to employ spatial light modulators.
A recent survey, circa 1990, of spatial light modulators is contained in the article Two-Dimensional Spatial Light Modulators: A Tutorial by John A. Neff, Ravindra A. Athale, and Sing H. Lee, appearing in Proceedings of the IEEE Vol. 78, No. 5, May 1990 at page 826. The following summary is substantially derived from that article.
Two-dimensional Spatial Light Modulators (SLMs) are devices that can modulate the properties of an optical wavefront--such as the properties of amplitude, phase, or polarization--as a function of (i) two spatial dimensions and (ii) time in response to information-bearing control signals that are either optical or electrical. SLMs usefully form a critical part of optical information processing systems by serving as input transducers as well as performing several basic processing operations on optical wavefronts.
SLMs, although once considered simply as transducers that permitted the inputting of information to an optical processor, have a broad range of applications, and are capable of performing a number of useful operations on signals in the optical domain. Some of the more important functions that have been demonstrated with SLMs are: analog multiplication and addition, signal conversion (power amplification, wavelength, serial-to-parallel, incoherent-to-incoherent, electrical-to-optical), nonlinear operations, and short-term storage.
The functional capabilities of SLMs can be exploited in a wide variety of optical computering architectures. Applications of 1-D and 2-D SLMs encompass just about every optical signal processing/computing architecture conceived.
SLMs may be classified as to type. The major classification categories result from (i) the optical modulation mechanism, (ii) the variable of the optical beam that is modulated, (iii) the addressing mode (electrical or optical), (iv) the detection mechanism (for optically-addressed SLMs), and (v) the addressing mechanism (for electrically-addressed SLMs).
The modulation of at least one property of a readout light beam is inherent in the definition of an SLM. Hence the first major category of SLMs is based on modulation mechanisms. The modulation mechanism employs an intermediate representation of information within a modulating material. An information-bearing signal, either optical or electrical, is converted into this intermediate form. The major forms of conversion mechanisms that are employed in 2-D SLMs are
(a) Mechanical
(b) Magnetic
(c) Electrical
(d) Thermal.
Of these conversion mechanisms, the electrical mechanism will be seen to be preferred for use in the three-dimensional optical memory of the present invention. In the electrical conversion mechanism, the electric field interacts with the modulating material at several levels, giving rise to different effects. The interaction can take the form of distorting the crystal lattice, changing the molecular orientations, or modulating the electron density functions.
A conversion mechanism and the modulating material so converted have a characteristic response time, activation energy, and spatial scale. These parameters, in turn, have a major impact on the respective speed sensitivity and spatial resolution of the optical modulation performed by the SLM. A modulation mechanism, however, becomes physically more specific only when combined with a choice of appropriate modulation variables, to be discussed next.
An optical wavefront has several associated variables that can be modulated as a function of the spatial coordinates and time in order to carry information. These variables include
(a) Intensity (amplitude)
(b) Phase
(c) Polarization
(d) Spatial frequency spectrum (texture).
Intensity (amplitude) and phase are the most commonly used representations in an optical computing system. Polarization and spatial frequency spectrum are often used as intermediate representations, and are converted into intensity or phase modulation before the information is used in the next stage of the optical computing system. Intensity (amplitude), phase, and polarization modulation will each be seen to be employed in the three-dimensional optical memory of the present invention.
Intensity, or amplitude, modulation commonly results when the absorption characteristics of a modulating material are changed. Because the intensity of a light beam is proportional to the square of its amplitude, the difference between these two modes depends on the variable that is employed in subsequent processing of a SLM output. The present invention will be seen to be more concerned with selectively controllably spatially modulating to zero intensity, and amplitude, then with any requirement that modulation at and to an opposite binary state should produce sufficient intensity, and amplitude, so as to permit a desired operation within an optical memory. This is because any presence of light intensity, or amplitude, in those spatial locations of an optical wavefront (i.e., at a particular time) where, and when, there is desirably no light intensity, nor any amplitude, constitutes optical noise.
The three-dimensional optical memory in accordance with the present invention will be seen to be innately highly insensitive to optical noise, being roughly sensitive to (noise/signal).sup.2, as opposed to the lesser figure of merit noise/signal, in certain operations. Nonetheless to this innate insensitivity, optical noise may be cumulative in degrading the integrity of informational stores within the optical memory over billions and trillions of read and write cycles. Accordingly, intensity, or amplitude, modulation in accordance with the present invention is desirably very "clean," with minimal, essentially zero, optical intensity or amplitude in those wavefront regions which are spatially modulated to one ("0") binary state. Spatial light modulation, and SLMs, will be seen to so operate in the present invention: veritably no light will be in regions where it is not wanted.
Polarization modulation is commonly achieved by modulating the birefringence associated with the modulating material of the SLM. Birefringence is a property of some materials in which the refractive index depends on the state of polarization and direction of light propagation. Depending upon the effect utilized, the state of polarization changes (e.g., from linear to elliptical), or the angle of the linear polarization changes without changing the state of polarization. The memory system of the present invention will be seen to use phase-modulating SLMs that produce each such effect.
Polarization modulation can be changed into intensity (amplitude) modulation by employing polarized readout light and an analyzer in the output. The memory system of the present invention will later be seen to be so change polarization modulation into intensity modulation. Indeed, this will be seen to be a primary approach by which the net effective intensity, or amplitude, modulation will be rendered exceptionally "clean," and of satisfactory quality to support reliable operation of the three-dimensional optical memory over great periods of time and astronomical numbers of read and write cycles.
2.4 The Figure of Merit of a Readable and Writable and Erasable Optical Memory
Most new memory technologies are typically immediately gauged by the figures of merit that have attended past technologies. These previous figures of merit, while generally representing criteria that must be met by an operational memory, are often substantially irrelevant to the truly critical performance aspects, and new figures of merit, appropriate to a new technology.
For example, the Intellectual Property Owners, Inc. gives annual awards in the name of its educational subsidiary the IPO Foundation to distinguished inventors. In the 1989 awards, Robert P. Freese, Richard N. Gardner, Leslie H. Johnson and Thomas A. Rinehart were honored for their improvements in erasable, rewritable optical disks introduced by the 3M Company during 1988. The optical disks can store 1,000 times as much information as conventional flexible diskettes used with personal computers. The inventors were the first to achieve a signal to noise ratio for an erasable optical disk in excess of 50 decibels.
Although the inventors of the present invention would be the first to recognize this contribution, and to acknowledge the necessity of an adequate optical (and electrical) signal-to-noise ratio for optical memories, a focus on signal-to-noise as a figure of merit may be rooted in the importance of this measurement in certain previous electrotechnology. For example, certain magnetic memories, such as garnet film and Block line memories, have undesirably small signal-to-noise ratios.
It is uncertain what constitutes the ultimate, or even the most appropriate, figure of merit (or figures of merit) for a readable and writable and erasable optical memory. However, it is suggested that, in the case of a three-dimensional optical memory, it is important to consider whether or not, and how fast, the memory might become "dirty" from use and suffer degradation in the integrity of its data stores.
The concept of a "dirty" three-dimensional optical memory arises because every read and write operation on the memory by use of radiation has the potential to perturb other storage domains than just those domains that are intended to be dealt with. The most analogous prior memory technology may be the original square loop ferrite magnetic core memories. In these early core memories many millions of interrogations of one memory location may cause a single magnetized core having a weak hysteresis to fail to provide a sense signal adequate for detection of its magnetic condition, meaning the binary data bit stored. Even more relevantly, unaddressed and/or unwritten cores, commonly in physically proximate positions, may sometimes inadvertently and erroneously change hysteresis state, causing attendant loss of data.
A three-dimensional optical memory is analogous. The radiation that is used to read and write selective domains of the memory can, if great care is not employed, end up, after millions or billions of cumulative cycles, changing domains other than those domains that are desired to be changed. Such an undesired change of domains degrades the integrity of the data stored within the memory.
Accordingly, the present invention concerns not only addressably reading and writing and erasing a three-dimensional optical memory and doing so at impressive levels of performance, but doing so by design, at a high figure of merit. A "high figure of merit" means that an optical memory constructed in accordance with the invention is practically and reliably useful in the real world, reliably storing and reading any and all data patterns with absolute integrity during indefinitely long periods of any pattern of use, or non-use, whatsoever. Consider that three-dimensional optical memories, storing information in a volume that is little more than a cube of plastic, are intrinsically physically amorphous and homogenous. It is prudent to use some care, and forethought, in the manner of radiative reading and writing of such a volume so that those changes that are selectively induced within selected domains of the volume should be absolutely stable and independent. Nothing should be done, or repetitively done, on any selected domains that adversely affects the integrity of non-selected domains.


A method, apparatus and computer program product are provided for classifying pages of a document with a linear regression model, and a deep learning (non-linear) model utilizing a neural network. The classification of each page is determined by determining which of the linearly predicted category or the non-linearly predicted category to use, such as for transmission to an auditor. Pages of medical records generated by concatenating reports from distinct sources are classified according to both models, and embodiments determine which classification should be used. The classifications may be optionally smoothed for continuity. The classifications may be sent to auditors and used to review and audit the medical records.

Healthcare providers often provide lengthy, unstructured medical records to service providers for the purpose of insurance claim processing, auditing and/or the like. The medical records are often a series of separate documents or reports, concatenated together and provided to the service provider as a single document in a file format such as portable document format (PDF). A broad range of information may be reflected throughout the medical record in various formats and may include information provided by different doctors, medical practitioners, departments, billing software, and/or the like.
The medical records may include hundreds of pages of test results, notes, observations and/or the like, and may further include information compiled from prior visits, measurements taken from nurses or other practitioners, lengthy transcripts from patient visits recorded and/or transcribed, lab results, and/or the like. Documents and information originating from the various sources are concatenated together, sometimes without page breaks, such that a particular page includes the end of one section or report, and begins a different section or report.
The unstructured medical records are often so lengthy, auditors reviewing the medical records may be required to review only certain pages or sections of the medical records at a given time, based on predefined categories. A service provider may therefore categorize individual pages of a medical record as desired by auditors, into categories such as "progress notes," "nursing notes," and "billing." Another category, such as "face sheet," may be used to categorize other pages of medical data that don't necessarily fit into one of the other categories, but are known to be important to an auditor. A face sheet may include discharge summaries, diagnoses, diagnosis-related notes, and/or the like. A "miscellaneous" category may be used to classify additional pages of medical data that also don't fit into another category, but are unimportant to the auditor, or are less important to the auditor than face sheet pages.
The service provider may utilize manual reviewers or "e-coders" to review the large unstructured medical records page-by-page and categorize each page as one of the predefined categories. However, the manual process is subject to human error such as mis-categorization of pages. For example, when reviewing the pages in isolation of other pages, an e-coder may correctly classify pages 1-4 and 6-10 as face sheet, but incorrectly classify page 5 as progress notes. When an auditor retrieves the face sheet pages, the page 5 would be missing from the face sheet series. Not only does the process result in erroneous categorizations, but the manual e-coding requires significant overhead with respect to human review time, such that processing a large quantity of lengthy medical records is inefficient.

Method, apparatus, and computer program product for performing machine learning on unstructured documents


A flat electrical wire having a substantially rectangular cross-section is prepared from an electrical conductor having a circular cross-section, first by applying a benzimidazol-based polymer coat to the wire, then rolling the coated conductor to yield the flat wire. The flat wire thus prepared has a high heat resistance and dielectric breakdown resistance and can avoid dislocation or slippage when used in a magnet coil.

There already exist flat wires such as polyimide coated wires; enamel-coated wires; highly heat-resistant, cementing enamel-coated wires, etc. In recent years, there has been great development in the miniaturization of electrical devices and high density assembly technology. This phenomenon has created a demand for the parts used in electrical devices to be heat-resistant. However, the maximum operating temperatures for polyimide coated flat wire; enamel-coated wire; or highly heat-resistant, cementing enamel-coated wire are 250.degree. C., 150.degree. C. to 220.degree. C., and 220.degree. C., respectively. This level of heat resistance is still not satisfactory for the above-mentioned requirements.
In a known flat wire manufacturing process, a cross-sectionally circular conductor is first rolled to give a flat conductor having an approximately rectangular cross-section. The flat conductor is then covered with a varnish solution and baked to give the flat coated conductor. A varnish solution of a benzimidazol-based polymer may be used in this known method to obtain a flat conductor coated with a reaction product of polymers of polybenzimidazol. However, applying a benzimidazol-based polymer varnish to a flat conductor does not always make it possible to obtain a uniform and homogeneous coating. In particular, the angle or corner portions of the flat conductor tend to have a thinner coating or to form pin holes, which makes the wire incapable of resisting high voltages. On the other hand, a process of first plating a cross-sectionally circular conductor and of rolling it thereafter to obtain a flat conductor is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,483,021. However, this process relates to the plating of a corrosion-resistant material; the mechanical problem with which the Invention is concerned is not approached in this art.

Heat-resistant, benzimidazol polymer coated flat electrical wire


A semiconductor device in which a plurality of rows are set along an X direction and a plurality of columns are set along a Y direction orthogonal to the X direction, comprises a first element region including a first trench disposed in a first column at one end thereof and a second trench disposed in a second column parallel to the first column at the other end thereof; a second element region including a third trench disposed at a position closer to the second trench than the first trench in the first column at one end thereof and a fourth trench disposed in the second column at the other end thereof; and a third element region including a fifth trench disposed at a position closer to the fourth trench than the third trench in the first column at one end thereof and a sixth trench disposed in the second column at the other end thereof.

As a semiconductor device having trenches, a trench capacitor memory cell of a DRAM is well known.
Improvement in the integration degree of a memory device such as the DRAM has been advanced year by year. Thus, process development has not been able to keep up with reduction in a memory cell size. It has emerged that, if trenches, for example, deep trenches (DTs) are used to form capacitors of DRAM memory cells, there is a close relationship between a layout of the DTs and a process margin.

Semiconductor device and manufacturing the same having multiple trenches formed in plural element regions or trench groups


A dual feed hydraulic lash adjuster includes a plunger assembly slidingly disposed in a lash adjuster body and having an end adapted to cooperate with a valve actuating mechanism, the plunger assembly forming a low-pressure first chamber and a high-pressure second chamber with the body, the plunger assembly having a first aperture fluidly communicating with the first chamber, a passageway fluidly communicating with the first chamber, and a second aperture fluidly communicating with the passageway, and a separate fluid pressure separator disposed in the plunger assembly between the first aperture and the second aperture to prevent passage of hydraulic fluid between the first chamber and the passageway, wherein a passage is provided through the fluid pressure separator to provide for evacuation of air from the lash adjuster.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to valve actuating mechanisms for engines and, more particularly, to a dual feed hydraulic lash adjuster for a valve actuating mechanism for an internal combustion engine.
2. Description of the Related Art
It is known to provide valve actuating mechanisms to open and close valves of an engine such as an internal combustion engine. These valve actuating mechanisms may be of a finger follower type including a finger follower having a pallet or web engaging a stem of the valve and a dome socket engaging a rounded end of a hydraulic lash adjuster (HLA) supported by a cylinder head of the engine. The dome socket is known to have a dome with a concave recess or socket therein. Typically, a circular opening or orifice is provided in the dome for spraying hydraulic fluid supplied by the HLA from the socket into a camshaft compartment for lubricating a cam and cam follower and associated components of the valve actuating mechanism.
Hydraulic lash adjusters for variable lift valve actuating mechanisms for internal combustion engines are well known. Typically, the hydraulic lash adjuster (HLA) is disposed on an engine block of the engine. The HLA generally comprises a slidable plunger that may be hydraulically extended to take up mechanical lash in a valve train for the engine. In an example where a valve lift change is accomplished by increasing fluid pressure to the associated variable lift valve actuating mechanism, the HLA is supplied with low-pressure engine fluid for conventional lubrication and lash adjustment. When a valve lift change is desired, fluid pressure in the HLA is increased, and high-pressure fluid flows through the same circuit in the HLA to actuate the variable lift valve actuating mechanism. To reverse the change, the fluid pressure is again reduced.
A problem exists in some conventional HLA assemblies having a single fluid feed wherein the hydraulic fluid pressure is varied between the two modes. Because a minimum lash-adjusting hydraulic fluid pressure is present in the HLA at all times, the minimum required switching pressure must include the HLA minimum pressure. That is, the minimum required switching pressure must be higher than in other known systems wherein the lash adjuster and the switching element are independently supplied. Thus, providing dual independent fluid supply to a hydraulic lash adjuster represents an advance in the art.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,047,925 to Hendriksma discloses a dual feed hydraulic lash adjuster. In this patent, a dual feed hydraulic lash adjuster (HLA) for use in an internal combustion engine includes a hollow body and a plunger assembly disposed in a bore of the engine. A one-piece plunger body includes a first chamber for forming a low-pressure fluid reservoir and receiving a lash adjustment mechanism, and a second chamber open at one end and partially closed hemispherically for supporting a rocker arm and providing valve deactivating fluid thereto for an auxiliary valve actuation system. The first and second chambers are separated by a transverse web, optionally having a small-diameter passage therethrough for air evacuation.
The above-described patented dual feed hydraulic lash adjuster suffers from the disadvantage that there is no separate fluid pressure separator. Another disadvantage of the dual feed hydraulic lash adjuster is that there is only a fixed web between chambers of a plunger assembly, which is undesired. A further disadvantage of the dual feed hydraulic lash adjuster is that it has a one-piece plunger body, which is undesired.
Therefore, it is desirable to provide a new dual feed hydraulic lash adjuster in a valve actuating mechanism for an internal combustion engine. It is also desirable to provide a dual feed hydraulic lash adjuster that has a separate fluid pressure separator for the hydraulic fluid. It is further desirable to provide a dual feed hydraulic lash adjuster with separation between the fluid feeds for lubrication that optionally provides air evacuation. Thus, there is a need in the art to provide a dual feed hydraulic lash adjuster in a valve actuating mechanism for an internal combustion engine that meets at least one of these desires.

Dual feed hydraulic lash adjuster for valve actuating mechanism


The present application provides a screen method for intaglio printing, comprising: dividing multiple classes of regions according to a brightness range; and generating screen dots with various screen patterns for the grouped classes of regions. The present application also provides a screen device for intaglio printing, comprising: a dividing module configured to group multiple classes of regions according to the brightness range; and a generating module configured to generate screen dots with various screen patterns for the grouped classes of regions. Since multiple kinds of screen patterns are applied in the technical solutions in present application, the problem, i.e., water ripple will occur in the prior art, may be addressed, so as to improve the quality of printing.

In the intaglio printing (gravure, for short), screen dots are concave relative to a surface of the plate. When printing, the printing ink is filled in the concave screen dots and is transferred to medium by imprinting.
Due to the above features of the intaglio printing, there is a space similar to a wall between screen dots, i.e., "screen wall". Concave screen dots are formed on the plate regardless of whether the platemaking the intaglio printing is finished in a manner of manual corrosion or in a manner of electrographic engraving. Therefore, change rules of the "screen wall" are very important, in particular, in dark areas.
The inventors found that the pattern of the "screen wall" and the change rule of the "screen wall" in the dark areas directly influence gradation quality and texture of the dark portions during the intaglio printing. During the intaglio printing, the "screen wall" becomes thinner relatively as the gradation becomes darker, i.e., the screen dots become larger. However, the "screen wall" becomes thinner, and thus it will make the "screen wall" to fracture or have non-uniform thickness or the like, which will cause problems, for example the dark area will present texture or "water ripple". That is, in the conventional art, the pattern of intaglio printing screen dot (i.e., screen pattern) is square and the pattern of "screen wall" is normal rectangle, but the "screen wall" will change as amplitude modulation screening points change due to the gradation changes. The screen pattern in the change process is similar to rectangle but is not rectangle, the thickness of the rectangle is non-uniform, which will cause texture or "water ripple".

Screening method and apparatus for use in intaglio printing

Peking University Founder Group Co., Ltd.


The present invention provides cold climatic protection to the hydro tanks and associated fluid conduits present on a frac pad. A modular endoskeleton is provided and covered by a plurality of rip resistant tarps. A heat entrapment canopy results which maintains an inner temperature above freezing even in extreme cold outside temperatures.

The present invention relates to the climatic protection of fracking tanks, more specifically, the protection of fracking hydro tanks and their associated fluid conduits from freezing temperatures during cold weather fracking operations.
Hydraulic fracturing is the propagation of fractures in a rock layer caused by the presence of pressurized fluid. When man-made to release petroleum products and natural gas, the procedure is called fracking or hydrofracking. The energy from the injection of highly pressurized fracking fluid creates new channels in rock which increases the extraction rate and ultimate recovery of fossil fuels. The fracture width is typically maintained after injection by introduction of proppant into the injected fluid. Proppant is a material such as grains of sand, ceramic or other particulates that prevent the fractures from closing when the injection is stopped.
Oil and natural gas recovery employing fracking technology is becoming more widespread in the United States and Canada with the increasing price of oil. Water with chemical additives is injected under pressure deep into the ground to break up rock formations to cause release of trapped oil and gas. Frac hydro tanks are used for storage of recovered water/brine held for recirculation and also as holding tanks for fresh water. During the winter months it is paramount to protect the hydro tanks, which often contain about 500,000 gallons of fluid, and associated fluid conduits (including piping, valves, pumps, etc.) from freezing since if the fluid became frozen in conduits, the fracking operation would need to be temporarily shut down, resulting in excessive expense.
G.B. 2322154A describes a tent apparatus for insulating a water tank in a roof space. The tent, which can be made of polythene, is placed over the tank, where it is attached to a rafter, and spaced from the tank, is secured at its lower points to ceiling joists. The tank can cover associated plumbing conduits and can contain means for gaining access to the water tank. GB'154 states that in an alternative embodiment, not depicted in the Drawing nor described in its specification, the tent may be supported by a frame, which could be an endoskeleton or an exoskeleton. A grill is provided in the ceiling below the tank and inside the tent to open and allow heat to rise into the tent when the air in the tent reaches below a predetermined temperature.
In contrast to G.B.'154, which involves a controlled inside environment and a relatively small capacity water tank, the present invention is directed to climatic protection from cold and wind of a plurality of large frac hydro tanks in the outdoors. Furthermore, the present invention, in contrast to the working embodiment of G.B.'154, utilizes a precisely erectable and removable endoskeletal truss system of uprights and rafters supporting rip resistant fabric tarps, and including securing means preventing its destruction from high winds. The endoskeletal truss system of the present invention can be quickly erected when needed as cold weather approaches and quickly disassembled upon advent of improved climatic conditions.
U.S. 2011/0089123A1 describes a mobile water treatment apparatus including a containment box which may be insulated and heated for protecting a fluid filtration system from freezing in extreme weather.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,971,395 describes a collapsible shelter for all season recreational use including a floor platform and front and rear plywood walls with a canvass tarp extended across beams positioned between the upright front and rear walls, the tarp defining an integral roof and side walls.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,005,241 describes a frost casing for a riser pipe attached to a water tank. Insulating sheets or panels form an insulating air space surrounding the riser.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,255,912 describes a temporary shelter of modular construction in which sheets of flexible material are used to form an insulating roof for a hallway.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,944,989 is directed to a kit for winterizing plants and trees. The kit when erected includes a skeletal upright frame wrapped in clear plastic, a canvass top and a hydro heat transfer subsystem adapted to extract heat from the ground and from heated air within the skeletal frame for transfer to the trunk of the plant or tree.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,389,785 describes a tent system including upright columns, horizontal eave members and rafters, with particular weldments uniting these structures. The tent cover can be canvass or nylon.
U.S. Pat. No. 1,450,143 describes a canvass tent structure to be positioned to either side of an automobile for forming a central garage area and side living areas. A slopping roof may be provided by angled rafters.

Climatic protection of fracking hydro tanks


A bimodal method for determining an unknown absorbed dose of radiation. An irradiated material is illuminated with ultraviolet or visible light and the luminescence which is emitted from the material is detected. The illuminating light is pulsed, with pulse widths varying from 1 ns to 500 ms. The luminescence emission from dosimetric traps is monitored after a delay following the end of the illumination pulse. The integrated luminescence signal is related to the initial absorbed dose of radiation and thus may be used to calculate the unknown absorbed dose after calibration. In a first mode, the material is completely detrapped--that is, all the dosimetric traps are emptied by the illumination beam. In a second mode the number of illumination pulses, each being followed by the time delay and by periods during which the luminescence signal is detected, is selected such that only a portion of the radiation-induced luminescence from the material is extracted.

1. Technical Field:
This invention relates generally to luminescence techniques for radiation dosimetry, and, more specifically, to rapidly determining an unknown absorbed dose of radiation using optically stimulated luminescence.
2. Background:
Following its first demonstration as a dating tool by Huntley et al.,.sup.1 optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) has developed into a popular technique among the geological dating community for the determination of equivalent doses in natural materials. The utility of the technique relies on the fact that the thermoluminescence (TL) signal from many natural materials is sensitive to light, and exhibits such light sensitive effects as light-induced fading, and phototransferred TL (PTTL). By exploiting this light sensitivity one can examine not only the loss of TL as a function of light exposure, but also one can monitor the luminescence emitted during light exposure, and use this luminescence signal as a dosimetric probe.
The application of OSL in personal and environmental dosimetry has been much less frequent. Although most of the popular TL materials exhibit light-induced effects there has been little exploitation of this as a dosimetric tool..sup.2 The main problem in OSL dosimetry arises from using a high intensity laser to stimulate an irradiated sample of a luminescent material compared to the very low intensity of luminescence that is to be detected from the material. Even the best interference filters and mirrors, like notch filters in combination with glass filters, partially transmit the intense laser light, and this leakage of stimulation light can be stronger than the OSL intensity by several orders of magnitude.
OSL measurements may be performed in two basic configurations--continuous wave (cw) or pulsed. In cw measurements, the luminescence is continually monitored during optical stimulation until all of the trapped charge is depleted. In existing pulsed OSL measurements, the luminescence is detected during the stimulating light pulse. However, existing methods for measuring OSL during continuous wave or pulsed light stimulation suffer from significant background signal interference caused by stimulation light leakage. Decreasing the stimulation light intensity results in longer data acquisition time requirements because the total luminescence output in general depends on the total amount of light delivered to the luminescent material.
It is thus an object of this invention to provide a method for achieving fast measurements with high sensitivity over a wide dynamic range of radiation doses without encountering significant background signal interference or stimulation light leakage.

Method for determining an unknown absorbed dose of radiation using optically stimulated luminescence

The Board of Regents of Oklahoma State University


Methods and systems are provided for analyzing a source code. The method includes collecting function entry information during the execution of tests on the source codes. The function entry information is then converted into symbolic codes. The function calls are replaced by the elements of the symbolic codes in the source codes. The elements can be in the form of functions. Subsequently, static analysis is performed on the source code by using the mapping between the function calls and the functions in the source code.

1. Field of Invention
The present invention relates, in general, to the field of analysis of source codes. More specifically, the embodiments of the present invention relate to systems and methods for improving the quality of static analysis.
2. Description of the Background Art
Static analysis is a technique used for finding bugs in a source code. Static analysis is the analysis of a source code carried out without executing the source code. Static analysis can provide information about the quality of the source code. In particular, static analysis gives measurements of the characteristics of the source code such as form, structure, content or documentation.
Conventional techniques offer tools performing static analysis for intra-procedural analysis and inter-procedural analysis. However, inter-procedural analysis can be difficult, if mechanisms that establish function calls at runtime are used. Some examples of the mechanisms are indirect function calls, registries, function vectors and jump tables. Functions that are called cannot be determined by the conventional techniques.
Conventional techniques also offer tools performing dynamic analysis. Dynamic analysis is a technique evaluating a system or component based on its behavior during execution. Dynamic analysis can determine the bugs in functions. However, this analysis is very time consuming.

Method and system for analyzing source code


A pipe gasket includes a toroidal gasket body and projections extending away from a peripheral surface of the gasket body. The gasket body is configured to allow the gasket body to roll along a spigot end of a first pipe as the spigot end is received inside a bell end of a second pipe. The projections each include a first surface and a second surface. The first surface is configured to facilitate rotation of the gasket body in a first rotational direction. The second surface is configured to inhibit rotation of the gasket body in a second, opposite, rotational direction.

The use of gaskets in bell and spigot pipe joints is well known. These gaskets are typically ring-shaped and are stretched around a spigot end of a first pipe. The spigot end is then inserted into a bell end of a second pipe. The pipes can be made from numerous materials, but most commonly are made from concrete or plastic. It is common practice to utilize a surface lubricant to facilitate the jointing of the pipe and gasket.
In a pipe joint that uses a gasket known as a "rolling gasket," as the spigot end is inserted into the bell end, there is an annular space between an external surface of the spigot and an internal surface of the bell. The gasket has a cross section larger than this clearance. Thus, the gasket rolls along the surfaces of the pipe ends until the first pipe is pushed home. The home position is where an annular end of the first pipe contacts an annular inner shoulder of the second pipe and an annular end of the second pipe contacts an annular outer shoulder of the first pipe.
Some of the known cross sections for rolling gaskets include a circular cross section, a teardrop-shaped cross section, and a D-shaped cross section. The circular gasket is a typical O-ring gasket. O-ring gaskets have been known to "back out" of a pipe joint. This happens when a movement of the pipes and/or forces on the pipes results in the O-ring gasket moving out of the joint area. Teardrop-shaped and D-shaped gaskets were introduced to overcome the disadvantage of the O-ring gasket's tendency to back out; however, these shapes were far enough removed from a circular cross section that is was hard to get these gaskets to roll evenly when inserting the spigot into the bell. A gasket that is difficult to roll can result in rotational misalignment. But, lubrication of the joint requires an additional step during pipe installation, which adds to the cost of the installation.
Accordingly, it is desirable to provide a gasket that rolls evenly when a spigot end of a pipe is inserted into a bell end of a pipe, while at the same time configuring the gasket to inhibit it from "backing out" of a pipe joint. Furthermore, eliminating the need for surface lubricants provides cost savings in time and material.


The present invention is an improved multi-point door latch. The door latch is for mounting in a stile of a door and for latching to a corresponding keeper mounted in a corresponding door jamb. The multi-point door latch includes a housing containing first and second gears, each gear being rotatably mounted to the housing, the gears intermeshing to rotate in opposite directions between first and second positions. One of the gears is mountable to a door lock lever to rotate in response to movement of the door lock lever. The door latch also includes a first and second hook pivotally mounted to the housing, each hook being movable between a latching position for engaging the keeper and a non-latching position. The door latch also includes an actuator coupling the first and second hooks to the first and second gears, respectively. The actuator permits the hooks to move between their latching and non-latching positions in response to the rotation of the gears between their first and second positions, respectively.

In a typical sliding door installation, a door latch unit having one or more hooked locking members is mounted into stile of a movable door. A keeper unit is mounted into a stationary door jamb. The door is closed by bringing the stile into contact with the jamb and then locked by rotating a door lock lever to cause the locking hooks to extend and engage the corresponding slots in the keeper. To ensure a strong locking relationship between the door jam and the stile of the door, multiple hooks are preferred, hence the term multi-point lock. However, while multi-point lock mechanisms do provide increased security, it is often difficult to lock and unlock these types of locks because only one door lock lever must operate several locking hooks simultaneously. A multi-point door lock assembly having a reduced amount of force required to engage the locking hooks is therefore desirable.


A data simplifying and merging method for a voice decoding memory system is disclosed. The method includes the steps of: reading a voice data from a non-volatile memory in a memory system; performing logic operation on the voice data in order to obtain an index; fetching corresponding decoded voice data in a table of the memory system in accordance with the index; and adding the decoded voice data to the voice data in order to obtain an original voice data.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to the technical field of voice data decoding and, more particularly, to a data simplifying and merging method for a voice decoding memory system.
2. Description of Related Art
For saving storage space, adaptive differential pulse code modulation (ADPCM) is frequently applied to process typical voice data before storage. FIG. 1 shows an ADPCM device. As shown, an 8-bit error signal e(n) is obtained by subtracting a previous voice signal ŝ(n) from an 8-bit input voice signal s(n). Next, a quantizer 100 quantizes the error signal e(n) and thus generates a 4-bit signal c(n) to output for storage. Next, a delay device 110 delays the 4-bit signal c(n). Then, the 4-bit signal c(n) is multiplied by a 4-bit step device 120 to obtain an 8-bit signal ŝ(n) for next subtraction as recited above. As such, only a quantized error signal is stored, thereby saving storage space.
The 4-bit signal c(n) after ADPCM coding is stored in a memory. When the 4-bit signal c(n) is to be used, as shown in FIG. 2, a multiplier 220 multiplies the signal c(n) by a 4-bit step device 200 to obtain an 8-bit signal d(n). Next, an adder 230 adds the 8-bit signal d(n) to a signal ŝ(n−1) and thus obtains an 8-bit signal ŝ(n). The original signal s(n) can be represented by the signal ŝ(n). The signal ŝ(n) is further delayed by a delay device 210 and thus generates a repeatedly delayed signal ŝ(n−1). However, the signal ŝ(n) is normally applied to lower-end products. Accordingly, upon the price consideration, the multiplier 220 in FIG. 2 seldom is used. Instead, the signal ŝ(n) is obtained by using a processor to look up a table. The 4-bit signal c(n) is stored in such a manner that two 4-bit signals c(n) are taken as a group for being stored in a byte, as shown in FIG. 3. The processor executes instructions shown in FIG. 4, thereby obtaining a pointer of the voice signal ŝ(n) at the lower four bits. A voice signal ŝ(n) is found by using the pointer to look up a predetermined table. Next, the processor executes instructions shown in FIG. 5, thereby obtaining a different pointer of the voice signal ŝ(n) at the upper four bits. Another voice signal ŝ(n) is found by using the different pointer to look up the predetermined table.
However, when the table is used to decode an ADPCM compression signal, it may occupy many processor resources. In addition, due to cost consideration, the processor may not be provided with multiplication instructions and Barrel Shift instruction (which can concurrently shift left or right n bits). Therefore, when the processor executes an instruction to shift right four bits, as shown in FIG. 5, it has to complete the instruction execution by shifting right four times, with one time one bit. Accordingly, the conventional ADPCM decoding method is not satisfactory and thus an improved data simplifying and merging method for a voice decoding memory system is desired.

Data simplifying and merging method for a voice decoding memory system