A system and method, associated with a wireless base station system ("BSS") coupled to a mobile service center ("MSC") via a plurality of trunk lines, that allow the BSS to hunt the plurality of trunk lines for available channels to carry calls from the BSS to the MSC and a Groupe Speciale Mobile ("GSM") wireless infrastructure employing the system or the method. The system includes: (1) a signaling controller, associated with the BSS, that sends a command signal to the MSC to cause the MSC to bypass hunting for the available channels, the MSC acknowledging bypassing of the hunting to the signaling controller and (2) a trunk hunting controller, associated with the BSS, that is enabled when the MSC acknowledges the bypassing of the hunting to allow the BSS to hunt the plurality of trunk lines for the available channels to carry the calls from the BSS to the MSC, the trunk hunting controller capable of utilizing the trunk lines more efficiently than the MSC.

Wireless telecommunications networks are built to accommodate mobile telephones and personal communication systems (collectively, mobile telephones and PCSs are referred to as "mobile stations") that are typically low powered. The mobility and low power requirements of these mobile stations impose major design constraints, not only upon these devices themselves, but upon BSS units and wireless telephony switching offices, commonly referred to as Mobile Switching Centers ("MSCs"), that provide communication means between the mobile unit and some other wired/wireless station.
Turning momentarily to FIG. 1, illustrated is a block diagram of a prior art infrastructure (generally designated 10) that includes a plurality of mobile stations 105, a plurality of Base Transceiver Stations ("BTSs") 110, a BSS 115, a speech transcoder unit ("STU") 120, a plurality of MSCs 125 and a Public Switched Telephone Network ("PSTN") 130, all of which are directly or indirectly linked together to form infrastructure 10.
BSS 115 is associated with multiple BTSs 110 (e.g., transceiver sites or cells) and STU 120 for communication between mobile stations 105 and a given MSC 125. Generally speaking, many BTSs 110 are built within a defined geographic area, so that BTS density causes each mobile station to be "close" to at least one BTS 110 at all times.
Wireless communication systems employ multiple BTSs 110 linked to a central computer associated with MSC 125 for coordination. BTSs 110 also overlap one another and typically operate at different transmitting and receiving frequencies to eliminate interference. Conventionally, wireless communication systems (e.g., Frequency Division Multiple Access ("FDMA"), Time Division Multiple Access ("TDMA"), etc.) commonly separate multiple wireless transmissions over a finite frequency range, allocating a discrete amount of frequency bandwidth to each mobile station to permit many concurrent conversations.
Each mobile station 105 is usually assigned a specific time slice/slot for transmission, occupying a finite amount of available frequency spectrum--the wireless telephony frequency band consists of several hundred channels/frequency slots available for conversations.
Within each BTS 110, approximately several dozen channels are available for mobile stations 105, different channels are therefore allocated for neighboring cell sites, allowing for re-use of frequencies with only minor amounts of interference. When a mobile station 105 is activated, it hunts (or searches) available communication channels for the strongest signal and locks onto it (note, if signal strength fades while in motion, mobile station 105 automatically switches (a "handoff") signal frequencies or BTSs 110, as necessary).
With reference to FIG. 1, BSS 115 includes a 64K time slot interchanger ("TSI") 160 and a plurality of subrate switching equipment modules 165. In addition, a select channel for communication with BTS 110 is one of wireless communication channels 140. Conventionally, the selected wireless channel 140 communicates an incoming call from mobile station 105 to BTS 110, BTS 110 in turn communicates the same to BSS 115 over one of communications trunks 145, BSS 115 communicates the same to STU 120 over one of communications trunks 150, and STU 120 in turn communicates the same to MSC 125 over one of communications trunks 155. The incoming channel on communications trunk 145 (channel A of channels A-D in this example) is chosen by BTS 110 and the outgoing channel on communications trunk 150 (channel E of channels E-H in this example) is chosen by MSC 125. This results in connection A-E through ESS 115 via module 165A.
Assume now that a second incoming call from the same BTS 110, and in the same BTS timeslot as the prior incoming call, must be connected through BSS 115 to STU 120. As MSC 125 is conventionally responsible for selecting one of communications trunks 150 (and hence STU 120 communications channel), it is very unlikely that an optimal connection in relation to existing connections (A-E) through BSS 110 may be made. Most often random connections will be made, resulting in connection such as B-J through BSS 115 via modules 165A, 165C.
If intelligent means existed to select a connection through BSS 115 to STU 120, an optimal selection would have been through channel F, allowing reuse of connection A-E to thereby conserve communications system resources (e.g., connection B-F) and subrate switching resources (e.g., module 165C). Commonly, the trunks for mobile station originated calls are hunted by MSC 125, this in point of fact a standard procedure of the GSM wireless standard. Such procedures, however, do not encourage an efficient use of BSS 115 and MSC 125 resources. There consequently exists a need in the art for improved systems and methods that allow BSS 115 to hunt for trunks used by call originated by mobile station 105 to increase MSC 125 call capacity and decrease waste of BSS 115 communications resources.

System and method for hunting trunk lines with a GSM wireless base station and GSM wireless infrastructure employing the same


There is disclosed a photoelectric conversion device comprising a substrate 1 serving as a lower electrode; first conductivity-type crystalline semiconductor particles 3 deposited on the substrate; second conductivity-type semiconductor layers 4 formed on the crystalline semiconductor particles 3; an insulator layer 2 formed among the crystalline semiconductor particles; and an upper electrode layer 5 formed on the second conductivity-type semiconductor layers 4, wherein the second conductivity-type semiconductor layers 4 each have a smaller thickness at or below an equator of each of the crystalline semiconductor particles than at a zenith region thereof, and the second conductivity-type semiconductor layers 4 include an impurity element with a concentration gradient decreasing with proximity to the crystalline semiconductor particles.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to photoelectric conversion devices used for solar power generation and the like, and in particular, to a photoelectric conversion device using crystalline semiconductor particles and a method of manufacturing the device.
2. Description of the Related Art
The advent of a resource saving, low cost new generation solar cell has been eagerly awaited. FIG. 9 shows the structure of a conventional photoelectric conversion device using granular or spherical crystalline silicon particles that are advantageous in saving silicon (Refer to Japanese Patent Application Laid-open (Kokai) No. 4-207085(1992), Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open (Kokai) No. 3-228379(1991)).
The photoelectric conversion device comprises a substrate 1, a low melting point metal layer 8 formed thereon, and first conductivity-type semiconductor particles 3 deposited on the low melting point metal layer 8. An insulator layer 2 is provided to fill the interstices among the semiconductor particles 3. A second conductivity-type amorphous semiconductor layer 4 and a transparent conductive layer 5 are deposited in this order on the semiconductor particles 3.
In the conventional photoelectric conversion device in FIG. 9, the insulator layer 2 on the semiconductor particles 3 is ground so that the semiconductor particles 3 are exposed, and the second conductivity-type amorphous semiconductor layer 4 is formed on the exposed surfaces of the semiconductor particles 3 so as to form PN junction. For this reason, physical damage due to the grinding remains at the PN junction interfaces deteriorating the quality of the PN junction, which leads to degradation of the conversion efficiency. In addition, such a grinding step poses the problem of reduction in productivity.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a photoelectric conversion device with high conversion efficiency and high productivity and a method of manufacturing the device.

Photoelectric conversion device and method of manufacturing the device


A flow passage component according to the present invention is a component composed of ceramics, which forms a flow passage through which a liquid flows. The flow passage has a discharge opening at an end of the flow passage, for discharging the liquid in the flow passage to a space outside of the flow passage component. The discharge opening is exposed to the outside space. A flow passage wall surface forming the flow passage is covered by/with a protection film (parylene-film) formed of a paraxylylene-based polymer. Further, the parylene-film is formed so as to have its end at a position upstream of the discharge opening by a predetermined distance along the flow passage wall surface from the discharge opening. This can decrease a possibility that the liquid goes around the “outer wall surface on which the discharge opening is formed.”

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a flow passage component forming a flow passage through which a liquid flows in its inside.
2. Description of Related Art
Conventionally, a "flow passage component composed of ceramics, or the like" is known, which includes a flow passage through which a liquid passes in its inside, and which injects the liquid from an opening which is an end of the flow passage and is formed on an outer wall surface. Such a flow passage component is used in a wide variety of fields, for example, as a device for producing a DNA chip, an "actuator for injecting a liquid" (e.g., a fuel injection device), an ink injection device for an ink jet printer, a fuel cell (SOFC), a switching device, and a sensor.
A wall surface (flow passage wall surface) forming the flow passage of the flow passage component may be covered by/with a protection film formed of a paraxylylene-based polymer for the purpose of improving a water-resistance property, a chemical resistance property, an electrical insulation property, a heat resistance property, a strength, or the like (refer to a patent literature 1). The paraxylylene-based polymer may also be referred to as "Parylene (Trademark)." Accordingly, the protection film formed of the paraxylylene-based polymer is also simply referred to as a "parylene-film."


Pneumatic conveyor for empty, lightweight bottles (1) of the kind incorporating a support flange (2) at an area of their neck (3). Said conveyor comprises a pair of coplanar, spaced apart supporting tracks (5) for supporting said flange (2), a pair of upper guiding tracks (11) opposed to tracks (5), and two bodies (12) arranged therebetween. Bodies (12) comprise passageways (13) communicating at one end with at least a pressurizable chamber (7) and defining at the other end blowing nozzles (6) which expel thrust air jets against the zone of the flange (2) of the bottles (1). The pressurizable chamber (7) is formed by a wrapping (8) easy to dismount, of a flexible and airtight material, such as a tarpaulin. The upper tracks (11) and bodies (12) are joined to the structure (4) by rigid means, while the tracks (5) are joined by elastic means allowing to manually withdraw the clogged bottles (1). Obturating plates serve for regulating the air flow through passageways (13).

This invention relates to a pneumatic conveyor for empty, lightweight bottles of the kind incorporating a support flange at an area of their neck and which are propelled by air jets along supporting and displacing guides.
In the state of the art, different pneumatic conveyors of this kind are well-known, among which those disclosed in patents EP-0 070 931, EP-A-0 705 777, EP-A-0 790 200 and WO 90/10587. In each of them the conveyors disclosed show a general common configuration which comprises, at least, a supporting structure for, at least, two coplanar parallel tracks for supporting said flanges and apart from each other by a predetermined gap which defines a guide path of said bottles run; a plurality of blowing nozzles, distributed along each of said supporting tracks and located adjacent to them which provide air jets which propel the bottles; at least a pressurizable chamber communicated with said blowing nozzles; and at least an inlet for supplying compressed air to said chamber.
The conveyor disclosed in said patent WO 90/10587 stands out in that, with a general configuration as above disclosed, said air nozzles are arranged above and under a single pair of supporting tracks for the flange, therefore the air jets affect the area of the neck and upper part of the bottle neck. Said patent EP-A-0 705 777 discloses, on its hand, a conveyor likewise provided with a single pair of supporting tracks but, that, in addition to said blowing nozzles, which in this case are directed up to the upper part of the neck, the pressurizable chamber has passageways for air circulating and deflectors which distribute other air jets which impinge, in upwards and forwards direction on the part of the upper half of the bottle body.
These conveyors which have a single pair of supporting tracks, show the drawback that the stability of the bottles run is very sensitive to any unbalance or irregularity between the thrust power of the air jets which impinge on the areas located above and the areas located under the flange guiding said bottles, so that the bottles have a significant likelihood to rotate each other and to get clogged in the conveyor guide path.
Patent EP-0 070 931 shows a conveyor of above kind in which two pairs or tracks are present; one pair of lower support tracks and one pair of upper guiding tracks. In this example, however, the air jets impinge exclusively on an area of the bottle neck located above the flange. Therefore, the possible benefits arising from the advantage of having a double guiding track are lost because of the unbalance sustained by the areas of the bottles which receive the thrust of the air jets. Actually, as the thrust is exclusively carried out by the part located above the guiding area, that is to say, above the flange, the bottles tend to tilt forwards, so that the front part of said flange presses against the sliding surface of the lower supporting track and the rear part against the upper guiding track, the friction force negatively increasing contrary to the bottles running forwards which implies a significant loss of power which means an increase of the air, supply cost and the likelihood of irregularity in the carriage and even eventual obstructions.
It is to be noted that in this kind of equipment the clogged bottles means a serious drawback because to remove them the line has to be stopped and part of the pressurizable chamber and of the guides must be dismounted which means an unbearable stop of the whole bottle feeding line at a bottling section, which obliges to arrange backup auxiliary conveying lines.
Finally, said patent EP-A-0 790 200, of which this applicant is the proprietor, discloses a conveyor which incorporates a pair of lower supporting tracks and a pair of upper guiding tracks, and characterised in that the blowing nozzles are located at either side of the guide path formed by them so that the air jets impinge just on the bottle guiding area, that is to say, on the flange and neck areas immediately adjacent so that a very even bottle run is achieved because of an accurate guiding and a balanced thrust. The conveyor in addition comprises two of said pressurizable chambers, independently feeding the nozzles at either side of the guide path in order to allow that a third chamber is incorporated, in this case a suction chamber, in the space located immediately above said guide path for lightly and upwardly sucking the bottles favouring this way a diminution of the flange friction with the supporting track.
Although this arrangement at operating level evidenced to be fully effective and satisfactory, however it can be improved over all on the construction aspect. Actually, in this conveyor, as well as in the remaining conveyors considered, the pressurizable chamber or chambers feeding the blowing nozzles are made of a rigid material, generally metal sheet, which is expensive as a raw material, expensive to conform, namely if airtightness is required, because it implies cutting, folding and welding with some accurateness and that calls for bothersome mounting and dismounting and therefore, an also expensive general maintenance of the equipment.
Therefore, an object of this invention is to contribute with a pneumatic conveyor for empty lightweight bottles, comprising accurate guiding means, a balanced distribution of the thrust air jets and at least a pressurizable chamber and blowing nozzles cheap to construct and easy to mount and dismount which imply therefore low cost of production, mounting and maintenance.
Another object of this invention is to contribute with a conveyor of this kind which has in addition means allowing to quickly remove from the line of bottles eventually clogged, even without stopping the conveyor is required.
These objects are achieved in a pneumatic conveyor for empty lightweight bottles, according to this invention, contributing at least with a pressurizable chamber formed by means of an airtight removable wrapping, secured along the supporting structure of the conveyor by airtight, removable junction means so that a quick access is provided to the area for distributing air to the tracks for their cleaning, maintenance and eventual fitting and/or adjustment. Said removable wrapping is flexible, preferably made of canvas although it could also be any other laminar flexible and airtight material, as for example, plastic sheet, coated or impregnated paper, or even a thin metal sheet such as aluminium.
The conveyor according to this invention is suitable to incorporate just one of those wrappings, forming a single pressurizable chamber associated to the blowing nozzles arranged at either sides of the tracks, along all of them, in which case the area comprised between said tracks, within said chamber, is covered by a profile configuring a reversed channel to allow the passage of the bottle necks. This profile, on one hand, partly acts as supporting structure joining the tracks to each other and keeping the suitable distance for the guide path, and on the other hand, closing the pressurizable chamber at the area of said guide path.
In the event that it is considered of interest to have a free space available at the higher area of the guide path or even an access to said path from said area, as it is the case of the suction chamber disclosed at mentioned patent EP-A-0 790 200, of which this applicant is the proprietor, the conveyor according to the invention can incorporate two of said wrappings forming two side pressurizable chambers, each associated to the blowing nozzles arranged along one of the tracks. Here, the area comprised between said tracks is also covered at the top by a profile, although in this case said profile only acts as said partly supporting structure, so that, as it does not constitute a part of the chamber closing, it can be provided with opening having access to the guide path. In addition, as the two pressurizable chambers remain in a lateral position, the area located immediately above said profile remains clear.
The embodiment of said chamber or chambers in a flexible laminar material, such as for example, a tarpaulin, allows a significant diminution of the costs as well of production as of mounting and maintenance, because it is a cheap material, easy to work and with little requirements of conformation because it is easily adapted to possible unevenness of the conveyor design and it allows quick mounting and dismounting which carries a saving in maintenance because it allows an easy access to the area distributing the air to the blowing nozzles for their cleaning or repair and even an access located at a portion of said area by partly dismounting an edge of the wrapping.
In an example of preferred embodiment of the invention, said blowing nozzles are arranged between each of said two supporting tracks and each of other corresponding two parallel, coplanar tracks for higher guide of said flanges. Therefore, the air jets injected by the nozzles impinge just on the flange, which is guided as well by the lower part as by the higher part, and neck areas immediately adjacent, that is to say, on the guiding areas of the bottles, which confer to them a balanced thrust which carries a great forwards run evenness.
In order to cut down ever more the costs, the conveyor of the invention includes the assembly of blowing nozzles at either side of the guide path in two bodies, each sandwiched between each of said two supporting tracks and each of said two higher guiding tracks, the bodies of which are crossed by passageways communicated by one end with at least one of said pressurizable chambers and the other ends of which define said blowing nozzles.
Each of said bodies is obtained from cutting a large-sized plate formed by two superposed sheets, close to each other, joined by walls parallel to each other, which cooperate with said sheets for defining said passageways, which are configured such as cells open by the edges. Cutting said large-sized plate can be carried out obliquely to the walls, so that it forms with them a given angle, which can be selected depending on the working angle required for each application for the propelling air jets. Said large-sized plate is of plastic material and is obtained through extrusion, therefore the making of said bodies, including air passageways and blowing nozzles, results very simple and cheap.
In addition, by giving to said body a suitable height, its sandwiching between a lower supporting track and a higher guiding track provides a gap between the actual portions of said tracks suitable to the thickness of the flange of the bottle, with which no further adjustments are required, which facilitates mounting to a great extent, having a favourable repercussion on the costs of said mounting in addition to those of the further maintenance.
In order to provide the conveyor according to the invention with means allowing to easily withdraw any bottle eventually clogged in the line, in at least one of said sandwich composed, the higher guide track and the body are joined to the structure by rigid means, while the supporting track is joined to said structure by independent elastic means, so that any bottle which unintentionally is clogged within the guide path of said tracks could be immediately released forcing at hand said elastic joining means to take the supporting track apart.
The supporting structure in addition comprises two extensions, each joined by one side to one of said sandwiches composed of the tracks and the body of the nozzles and on the other hand to an edge of said pressurizable chamber, which is at least one, therefore said extensions also constitute part of said chamber closing. At least, one of said extensions is joined to at least one supporting element of the conveyor, such as a column or an overhanging fixed arm.
In addition, means have been provided for adjusting the passage of the air between said pressurizable chamber, which is at least one, and said blowing nozzles through the passageways of the body. Said means comprise obturating plates associated to said nozzle bodies which can be locked in a position selectable for partly obturing all the passageways or for totally and selectively obturating some of the passageways at regular intervals. On the other hand, said obturating plates can be moved and/or fixed to said hand selectable position, having access to them by previously dismounting said removable wrapping, they can be longitudinally guided and be moved and/or fixed to said selectable position by suitable driving means, such as an electric motor or a fluid dynamic cylinder.
Last, it has been foreseen that the conveyor according to the invention comprises several of said inlets of compressed air supply to the chamber, distributed along the conveyor depending on the length thereof, and that the equipment comprises its own blowing or compressing air means connected to said different inlets for supplying compressed air to the chamber.
Said means, which must provide a great air feed at a relatively low pressure, can be formed by a single blower or compressor capable to feed the whole line, with a feeding duct provided with a branch for each of the inlets of the chamber, or a plurality of small blowers or compressors connected each to one inlet for feeding a length of the chamber. However, it is obvious that the conveyor of the invention can also be fed from a compressed air plant already existing in an industrial premise in which it is integrated or pertaining to another machine to which it is associated.

Pneumatic conveyor for light-weight empty bottles


A clutch housing for use in a transmission is generally cylindrical or cup-shaped and has an open end. Axially-extending inner planar portions and outer planar portions are alternately disposed about the periphery of the clutch housing. Angular planar portions are disposed between the inner and outer planar portions and are continuous with the inner and outer planar portions. A retaining member is formed on each inner planar portion by lancing each inner planar portion and inwardly displacing a portion of the inner planar portion adjacent the lance. Preferably, the lance is arcuate in shape, with the arc centered toward the open end of the clutch housing. The displaced portion is formed into a retaining member, which has for its shape two generally planar, generally triangular sidewalls and a generally regular-trapezoidal wall. The trapezoidal wall has a long parallel edge and a short parallel edge. The long parallel edge is defined by the open end of the clutch housing and the short parallel edge is defined by the lance. The displaced portion of material adjacent the lance defines the abutment surface for contacting a snap ring. Preferably the trapezoidal wall has a flattened portion adjacent the lance which is generally parallel to the inner planar portion. A lance and form tool and method for manufacturing the retaining members are also disclosed.

The present invention relates to clutch housings for use in transmissions and more particularly to a device for the retention of a snap ring within a clutch housing.
Clutch housings used in transmissions are generally cylindrical or cup-shaped and have an axis and an open end. A plurality of axially-extending inner planar portions and outer planar portions are alternately disposed about the periphery of the clutch housing to form splines. Angular planar portions are disposed about the periphery of the clutch housing between the inner and outer planar portions and are continuous with the inner and outer planar portions.
In operation, the clutch housing contains a plurality of annular driven clutch plates. Complementary teeth on the outer periphery of the driven clutch plates engage the interior splines of the clutch housing. Interposed between the driven clutch plates are a plurality of annular driving clutch plates having teeth on their inner periphery in engagement with the outer periphery of an interior hub, which is another splined clutch housing. When an axial engaging force is applied to the clutch plates, friction between the driving and driven clutch plates transmits torque from the internal hub to the clutch housing. The torque capacity of the clutch is proportional to the number of pairs of surfaces in contact; i.e., increasing the number of clutch plates in the clutch housing proportionally increases the torque capacity of the clutch.
The axial engaging force is imparted axially toward the open end of the clutch housing. In order to retain the clutch plates within the clutch housing, a snap ring is secured within the inner-periphery of the clutch housing between the clutch plates and the open end of the clutch housing. Various devices and methods have been used to secure the snap ring within the clutch housing. However, the axial engaging forces acting upon the clutch plates and snap ring are high, especially in heavy duty applications. This has required the placement of the snap ring at an increased distance from the open end of the clutch housing, in an effort to provide sufficient strength from that portion of the spline between the snap ring and the open end. Nevertheless, known clutch housings experience failure when the axial engaging forces cause the splines to be "peeled back" from the snap ring to the open end of the clutch housing. In particularly heavy duty applications such as in heavy equipment where the clutch housings are subjected to high stress, the clutch housings have required the use of an external reinforcement band welded about the outer periphery of the open end of the clutch housing in order to prevent failure. However, the external band interferes with the engagement of the external splines with other components and can interfere with the assembly of the clutch housing into the transmission. The external band also increases the cost of manufacturing the clutch housing and the total weight of the clutch housing.
One known clutch housing for use in a transmission retains the snap ring within a snap ring groove formed in the inner planar portions of the clutch housing. The snap ring groove is formed by machining slots, generally the thickness of the snap ring, across each of the inner planar portions around the inner circumference of the clutch housing. However, this method of machining the slots in the inner planar portions is expensive, and the removal of material from the splines weakens the clutch housing, causing failure of the clutch housing as described above or requiring the use of the aforementioned external reinforcement band.
Another known method for forming a snap ring groove is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,014,619, the assignee of which is the assignee of the present invention. In that method two parallel lances are formed across each inner planar portion. The material between the lances is then displaced radially outwardly to form the snap ring groove. However, the spline is weakened by the cuts which extend across each spline. In order to prevent the failure of the clutch housing, it is necessary to increase the distance of the snap ring groove from the open end of the clutch housing and/or to provide an external reinforcement band around the outer circumference of the open end of the clutch housing.
In another known method for forming a snap ring groove, disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,997,073, a single cut is made entirely across each inner planar portion. Below the cut, a section of the inner planar portion is deformed radially outwardly of the clutch housing. The section above the cut (toward the open end of the clutch housing) is not deformed, thereby exposing an edge. The radially outwardly deformed sections of the inner planar portions form a snap ring groove on the inner circumference of the clutch housing. The forces on the snap ring bear on the edge of the non-deformed section. The cut across the entire inner planar portion weakens the spline and the clutch housing, requiring the placement of the snap ring at an increased distance from the end of the drum and/or the use of an external reinforcement band to prevent failure.
In another known method for retaining snap rings, disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,922,932, an orifice is formed substantially across each of the outer planar portions. Material of the outer planar portion is displaced radially inwardly of the drum. The inwardly displaced material is used to retain the snap ring. The clutch housing formed by this method is weakened by the removal of material adjacent the snap ring. It is therefore necessary to retain the snap ring at a substantial distance from the open end of the clutch housing and/or use an outer reinforcement band around the open end of the clutch housing to prevent "peeling back" of the spline. Further, the removal of material adjacent the deformed portion is expensive.


A computer-implemented method comprises executing, in a first container of a first computer system, input source instructions; executing, using the same first computer system, a plurality of containerized application programs in different corresponding containers; monitoring, by the input source instructions, the one or more different containerized application programs by identifying one or more system calls that resulted from the different container applications generating statistical messages relating to operation of the containerized application programs; generating, by the input source instructions, one or more enriched messages based on the system calls that were identified and based on the statistical messages; transmitting the one or more enriched messages to a first metric collector, and aggregating a plurality of the enriched messages into a set of aggregated metrics values; sending, from the first metric collector to a monitoring application that is hosted on a second computer system, the aggregated metrics values.

The approaches described in this section are approaches that could be pursued, but not necessarily approaches that have been previously conceived or pursued. Therefore, unless otherwise indicated, it should not be assumed that any of the approaches described in this section qualify as prior art merely by virtue of their inclusion in this section.
Managing computer program applications running on networked computing devices typically involves some aspect of monitoring the applications. Monitoring can involve collecting application messages and other data traffic that the applications emit toward a network, directed at peer instances of the applications, directed at servers, or directed at client computing devices. The open source software project "statsd" (or STATSD) has emerged as a popular means of collecting application traffic and aggregating the traffic for analysis. The "statsd" software is organized as a daemon that can perform statistics aggregation and is available at the time of this writing in the Github repository system via the repository name etsy/statsd.
Containerization has emerged as a popular alternative to virtual machine instances for developing computer program applications. With containerization, computer program code can be developed once and then packaged in a container that is portable to different platforms that are capable of managing and running the containers. Consequently, containerization permits faster software development for the same program for multiple different platforms that would otherwise require separate source branches or forks, or at least different compilation and execution environments. However, containerization also can impose constraints on inter-program communications.


A low pressure gradient prosthetic heart valve for implant in a human. The valve includes a support frame with undulating inflow cusps and outflow commissure posts to which flexible leaflets attach and coapt in a flow area. The commissure posts angle outward in a neutral state to widen the outflow orifice area. Also, the leaflets are designed to fit within the support frame and expand outward in a valve open state without creating a shelf or belly that would restrict flow.

Heart valve disease continues to be a significant cause of morbidity and mortality, resulting from a number of ailments including rheumatic fever and birth defects. Currently, the primary treatment of aortic valve disease is valve replacement. Recent statistics show that valvular heart disease is responsible for nearly 20,000 deaths each year in the United States, and is a contributing factor in approximately 42,000 deaths. Worldwide, approximately 300,000 heart valve replacement surgeries are performed annually, and about one-half of these patients received so-called mechanical heart valves, which are composed of rigid, synthetic materials. The remaining patients received bioprosthetic heart valve replacements, which utilize biologically derived tissues for flexible fluid occluding leaflets. In general, bioprosthetic valve replacements have good hemodynamic performance and do not require the anticoagulation therapy necessary for mechanical heart valves. However, these bioprostheses sometimes fail as a result of calcification and mechanical damage.
Flexible leaflets used in heart valves are typically made from bioprosthetic homograft or xenograft materials. For example, the most successful bioprosthetic materials are whole porcine valves and separate leaflets made from bovine pericardium stitched together to form a tri-leaflet valve. In addition, flexible leaflets formed of polymeric, fiber-reinforced, and other synthetic materials have been proposed. The most common bioprosthetic valve construction includes three leaflets mounted around a peripheral support structure with free edges that project toward an outflow direction and meet or coapt in the middle of the flowstream.
Aortic stenosis is abnormal narrowing of the aortic valve. A number of conditions cause disease resulting in narrowing of the aortic valve. When the degree of narrowing becomes significant enough to impede the flow of blood from the left ventricle to the arteries, heart problems develop.
Aortic stenosis is characterized by a significantly higher than normal pressure gradient across the aortic valve. Studies have demonstrated that 85% of patients with surgically untreated aortic stenosis die within 5 years after the onset of symptoms. It follows that an important characteristic of a replacement aortic valve is minimal aortic pressure gradient, especially in symptomatic patients. Many aortic prosthetic valve manufacturers place emphasis on the placement of the prosthesis (sub-annular, intra-annular and supra-annular) in order to draw attention to the importance of implanting a prosthesis with the largest possible effective orifice area. Supra-annular placement (where the sewing cushion lies above the aortic annulus) is often preferred because usually a valve with a larger internal orifice diameter can be implanted. In patients with small aortic roots, either due to anatomy, physical stature, or severe calcification, only the smallest-sized valves (e.g., 19 mm) may be used. Sometimes an even smaller valve would be desirable, but valves smaller than 19 mm are not commercially available. Moreover, even with a supra-annular implant, the smallest prostheses may result in pressure gradients of between 20 and 60 mm Hg and clinically significant aortic stenosis. In all sizes, but in particular with small valves, a reduced gradient that approaches a human native heart valve is preferred and thought to improve long term patient survival rates.
Typical bioprosthetic heart valves have a rigid structure that supports the flexible leaflets. The constant valve seat shape helps ensure reliable closure of the leaflets. Many such artificial valves have circular suture rings made rigid by a metal insert so that they cannot adjust to the natural changes in size of the aorta which surrounds them after the implantation. A common design is a suture ring around a stent structure with three, equiangularly-spaced projecting legs or commissures which extended substantially parallel to one another in the axial direction of the ring. The stent supports three, separate leaflet cusps, and the suture ring interconnects the bottom portions of the projecting legs thereby preventing free, radial movement thereof. To overcome these disadvantages, flexible artificial heart valves have been proposed, such as in U.S. Pat. No. 4,291,420 to Reul, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,558,418 to Carpentier, et al. Though these designs are promising, the conventional rigid circular base remains the dominant surgeon preference.
Bioprosthetic heart valves made by Edwards Lifesciences of Irvine, Calif. have demonstrated excellent durability and hemodynamic performance for a majority of patients without the need for anti-coagulation therapy, which is usually required for mechanical heart valves. In particular, Edwards' bioprostheses such as the PERMOUNT line of valves with pericardial leaflets offer superior hemodynamic performance compared to those with porcine leaflets.
Another issue for some patients with low cardiac output or anticipated recovery difficulty is a small amount of regurgitation associated with some bioprosthetic valves. The three flexible leaflets in a typical bioprosthetic valve meet or coapt within the flow orifice but tend to separate at their convergence in the very middle, which allows a small amount of regurgitation. Though most patients tolerate such minor regurgitation, any increased demand on the heart is problematic for very sick patients and may lead to a slower recovery.
In view of actual and perceived drawbacks associated with current bioprosthetic heart valves, a valve across which there is a minimal pressure gradient and reduced regurgitation is desirable.


An object lens actuator can improve workability and operate with high reliability by prevention of damage to the object lens actuator and a disc and sticking of a moving part caused by an excessive movement of the moving part. In a disc drive employing the object lens actuation, stable writing/reading operation is implemented by always keeping a focal point of an object lens at a predetermined track of a recording surface of the disc even when being under the action of external perturbations such as a vertical deviation or a radial deviation of the disc, resulting in improved reliability. A solder-flux adhesion prevention gadget is provided between a substrate and a stopper receiving face, which may include a stepped stage, a partition protruding from the surface of the lens holder, or alternatively a combination of them arranged in order in the range.

(1) Field of the Invention
This invention relates to an object lens actuator which drives an object lens in a focusing direction or a tracking direction to position the focal point of the object lens to a target track on the recording surface of an optical disc for the purpose of reading/writing information from/to the recording surface of the optical disc.
(2) Description of the Related Art
For a higher data transfer rate, a disc drive which writes information to a disc-shaped information recording medium or reads information written on the medium is designed to rotate an optical disc at higher speed. For this purpose, the disc drive is mounted with an objective lens actuator which drives an objective lens in a focusing direction or a tracking direction to allow the focal point of the object lens to follow the track of the disc for the accurate writing/reading of information.
A typical object lens actuator includes a magnetic circuit including a yoke and permanent magnets, an object lens, a focusing coil, a tracking coil, a lens holder including them, and a linear support member which has one end fixed to the outer edge of the lens holder and the other end fixed to a stationary element. Of them, the object lens, the lens holder, the focusing coil and the tracking coil form a moving part which is supported movably relative to the stationary element by the support member.
The object lens actuator further includes a stopper member which makes contact with part of the moving part to limit the amount of travel of the moving part toward the disc in order to prevent the moving part to move excessively toward the disc and come into collision with the disc when the moving part is driven in the focusing direction.
In the process of assembling such an object lens actuator, during the soldering step, a solder flux oozes or flies, so that the solder adheres to the surface of a component. In particular, if the solder adheres to the stopper member or the contact surface of the moving part with the stopper member, the moving part and the stopper member may possibly stick to each other when the moving part moves excessively toward the disc to come into contact with the stopper member, which implies an impossibility of controlling the focal point of the object lens.
To solve this problem, an object lens actuator is known from, for example, JP-A No. 10-222858 (claim 1, FIG. 1), in which a protective film is applied to the stopper member in an initial step of the assembling process and then peeled away from the stopper member in the final step so that a solder flux or an adhesive is prevented from adhering to the stopper member in order to prevent the moving part from sticking to the stopper member.

Objective lens actuator and disc drive employing the objective lens actuator


The disclosed embodiments include systems and methods for creating trails indicative of a learned process. In one embodiment, a user provides a title and user input for generating the learned processed is received. Nodes are created to represent steps of the learned process in response to the user input. Information for each of the steps is associated with each of the nodes. The nodes are connected in an order for performing the learned process. The connected nodes are visually displayed as a trail for one or more users to perform the learned process.

The use of and development of online resources and electronic communications has grown nearly exponentially in recent years. The growth is fueled by larger networks with more reliable protocols and better computing and communications devices available to individuals, users and service providers. As a result, users utilize and rely on online resources more and more to perform tasks, both simple and complex. In many cases, users may perform a single task multiple times or may want to share information with friends, family, or strangers. Existing websites and tools are not focused on duplicating information and processes for users that would like to access the same information.

System and method for visually tracking a learned process


A process for the production of substituted vinylbenzenes of the general formula: ##STR1## wherein R is a lower alkyl group having 1 to 4 C atoms, R.sub.1 is hydrogen or an acetyl group and R.sub.2 is hydrogen, a lower alkyl group having 1 to 4 C atoms or a benzyl group. A trialkylhydroquinone is cyclized with an aldehyde to an acetal and the latter is pyrolized to the end product. The substituted vinylbenzenes are valuable intermediate products in the synthesis of antioxidants.

1. Field Of The Invention
The invention relates to a process for the production of substituted vinylbenzenes of general formula: ##STR2## wherein R is a lower alkyl group having 1 to 4 C atoms, R.sub.1 is a hydrogen or an acetyl group and R.sub.2 is a hydrogen, a lower alkyl group having 1 to 4 C atoms or a benzyl group.
2. Background Art
Substituted vinylbenzenes are valuable intermediate products for the production of antioxidants, such as, of Trolox C.RTM. (U.S. Pat. No. 5,080,886).
It is known from Chem. Berichte, Vol. 92, (1959), page 2958, that 1-vinyl-2,4,5-trimethyl-3,6-dihydroxybenzene can be produced over four stages starting from trimethylhydroquinone or trimethylphenol. In such process, especially the last stage, the decarboxylation of 3,6-dihydroxy-2,4,5-trimethyl cinnamic acid proves to be extremely difficult. Thus, the desired vinylbenzene was able to be obtained in a yield of only 4 percent relative to the cinnamic acid derivative used.

Process for the production of substituted vinylbenzenes


A segmented blade, which includes a first blade segment having a first main beam, wherein the first main beam includes a first body portion disposed within the first blade segment and a first engaging portion extending from an end portion of the first body portion toward a direction which is away from the blade root; a second blade segment having a second main beam, wherein the second main beam includes a second body portion disposed within the second blade segment and a second engaging portion extending from an end portion of the second body portion toward a direction which approaches the blade root, and the second engaging portion being engaged in the first engaging portion; and an outer skin, which covers a gap between the first blade segment and the second blade segment. Also provided are a method for connecting segmented blades and a wind power generator set.

Wind turbines are used to convert wind energy into electrical energy. At present, with the increase of the megawatt level of the wind turbines, the length of the blade gradually increases. For the manufacture and transportation of the blade, the gradually increasing length of the blade becomes a prominent problem that restricts the development of the wind turbines.

Segmented blade, method for connecting segmented blades and wind power generator set

JIANGSU GOLDWIND SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD.


In a motor, a rotor made of a permanent magnet which is equally divided in the circumferential direction to be alternately magnetized to different poles is formed into a cylindrical shape. The first coil, the rotor, and the second coil are sequentially arranged in the axial direction of the rotor. The first outer and inner magnetic poles excited by the first coil are set to oppose the outer and inner circumferential surfaces, respectively, of the rotor, and the second outer and inner magnetic poles excited by the second coil are set to oppose the outer and inner circumferential surfaces, respectively, of the rotor. The rotor is constituted by a rotor shaft, the permanent magnet, and an intermediate ring for holding the rotor shaft and the permanent magnet. The motor has good machinability.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a motor having improved machinability so that it can be made very compact.
2. Related Background Art
As a conventional compact motor, for example, a compact cylindrical stepping motor shown in FIG. 12 is available. A stator coil 105 is concentrically wound on each bobbin 101. The bobbin 101 is sandwiched and fixed by two stator yokes 106 in the axial direction. Stator teeth 106a and 106b are alternately arranged in each stator yoke 106 in the circumferential direction of the inner-diameter surface of the bobbin 101. The stator yoke 106 which is integral with the stator teeth 106a or 106b is fixed to a case 103, thus constituting each stator 102.
A flange 115 and a bearing 108 are fixed on one of the two cases 103, and the other bearing 108 is fixed to the other case 103. A rotor 109 is constituted by a rotor magnet 111 fixed to a rotor shaft 110. The rotor magnet 111 forms a radial gap portion together with the stator yokes 106 of the stators 102. The rotor shaft 110 is rotatably supported between the two bearings 108.
In the conventional compact stepping motor described above, however, since the cases 103, the bobbins 101, the stator coils 105, the stator yokes 106, and the like are concentrically arranged around the rotor 109, the outer size of the motor is undesirably increased. Since the magnetic flux generated by energization of the stator coils 105 mainly passes through an end face 106a1 of the stator tooth 106a and an end face 106b1 of the stator tooth 106b, as shown in FIG. 13, it does not effectively act on the rotor magnet 111. Therefore, the motor output is not increased.
The present applicant proposes a motor, in which these problems are solved, in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/831,863.
In this motor, a rotor made of a permanent magnet which is equally divided in the circumferential direction to be alternately magnetized to different poles is formed into a cylindrical shape. The first coil, the rotor, and the second coil are sequentially arranged in the axial direction of the rotor. The first outer and inner magnetic poles excited by the first coil are set to oppose the outer and inner circumferential surfaces, respectively, of the rotor, and the second outer and inner magnetic poles excited by the second coil are set to oppose the outer and inner circumferential surfaces, respectively, of the rotor. A rotating shaft serving as the rotor shaft extends from the inside of the cylindrical permanent magnet.
The motor having the above arrangement has a high output and its outer size can be made small. However, since the first and second inner magnetic poles have small diameters, it is difficult to machine their magnetic pole teeth. Since the rotating shaft extends from the inside of the cylindrical permanent magnet, it is difficult to machine the rotor having the rotating shaft.
For these reasons, recently, the present applicant has proposed a motor, in which the inner magnetic poles have shapes that can be machined well, in U.S. Patent Application the serial number of which is not yet assigned. In this proposed motor, the rotor has rotating shaft that can also be machined easily.


A ventilation interface and system is described which can be adapted to be connected to a source of ventilation. The ventilation interface and system includes an exhaust port positioned at a midpoint between at least two ventilation connectors. The ventilation interface system may optionally include feed tubes, y-connector, tube holder, and headgear.

1. Field of the Invention
Exemplary embodiments of the invention are directed to a nasal ventilation interface adaptable to be connected to a source of ventilation.
2. Discussion of Related Art
Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (commonly referred to as obstructive sleep apnea, sleep apnea syndrome, and/or sleep apnea) is a medical condition which includes repeated, prolonged episodes of cessation of breathing during sleep. During a period of wakefulness, the muscles of the upper part of the throat passage of an individual keep the passage open, thereby permitting an adequate amount of oxygen to flow into the lungs. During sleep, the throat passage tends to narrow due to the relaxation of the muscles. In those individuals having a relatively normally sized throat passage, the narrowed throat passage remains open enough to continue to permit the adequate amount of oxygen to flow into the lungs. However, in those individuals having a relatively smaller sized throat passage, the narrowed throat passage prohibits the adequate amount of oxygen from flowing into the lungs. Additionally, a nasal obstruction, such as a relatively large tongue, and/or certain shapes of the palate and/or the jaw of the individual further prohibit the adequate amount of oxygen from flowing into the lungs.
The individual having the above-discussed conditions can stop breathing for one or more prolonged periods of time (e.g., 10 seconds or more). The prolonged periods of time during which breathing is stopped, or apneas, are generally followed by sudden reflexive attempts to breathe. The reflexive attempts to breathe are generally accompanied by a change from a relatively deeper stage of sleep to a relatively lighter stage of sleep. As a result, the individual suffering from obstructive sleep apnea syndrome generally experiences fragmented sleep that is not restful. The fragmented sleep results in one or more of excessive and/or inappropriate daytime drowsiness, headache, weight gain or loss, limited attention span, memory loss, poor judgment, personality changes, lethargy, inability to maintain concentration, and/or depression.
Other medical conditions can also prevent individuals, including adults and infants, from receiving the adequate amount of oxygen into the lungs. For example, an infant who is born prematurely can have lungs that are not developed to an extent necessary to receive the adequate amount of oxygen. Further, prior to, during, and/or subsequent to certain medical procedures and/or medical treatments, an individual can be unable to receive the adequate amount of oxygen.
Under these circumstances, it is known to use a ventilation interface to apply a positive pressure to the throat of the individual, thereby permitting the adequate amount of oxygen to flow into the lungs. In the known ventilation interface, oxygen and/or room air containing oxygen is delivered through the mouth and/or nose of the individual. Known types of positive pressure applied by the known ventilation interface include continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in which a positive pressure is maintained in the throat passage throughout a respiratory cycle, bi-level positive airway pressure (BiPAP) in which a relatively high positive pressure is maintained during inspiration and a relatively low positive pressure is maintained during expiration, and intermittent mechanical positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) in which a positive pressure is applied when apnea is sensed (i.e., the positive airway pressure is applied intermittently or non-continuously).
One conventional ventilation interface for the application of such positive pressures includes a face mask that covers the nose and/or mouth, as well as a pair of nasal pillows that are inserted into corresponding nares of the naris.
In the conventional art, pressure must be applied between the required harness and the head of the individual to maintain the required seal. As a result, the harness is generally uncomfortable to wear, particularly when sleeping. The applied pressure often results in undesirable irritation and sores caused by movement of the mask and harness during periods of both wakefulness and sleep. Further, the required seal is generally difficult to maintain when the mask and harness is moved. The mask also generally applies an undesirable pressure to the sinus area that is adjacent to the nose, causing the nasal sinus airways to narrow. This causes an increase in the velocity of flow through the upper anatomical airways and a decrease in the lateral pressure against the nasal mucosal walls. Additionally, the tubing may fold undesirably exacerbating the above problem. The above-discussed combination of increased flow velocity and decreased pressure results in the removal of moisture from the mucosal walls during inspiration and may cause an undesirable drying and a burning sensation within the nares. As a result, the individual may remove the mask to alleviate these discomforts, consequently discontinuing the beneficial application of the positive pressure. Additionally the decreased pressure and increased air flow velocity deteriorate the laminar flow between the air input and output portions of the conventional mask.
For these reasons, it is desirable to provide an improved nasal ventilation interface that overcomes one or more of the above-discussed disadvantages.


A doll packaged in a test tube, the doll being constituted by a baby figure formed of compressible material whose plasticity is such that when the figure is compressed and thereafter released, it recovers its normal shape and size. When compressed, air is expelled therefrom and the figure is in a shrunken state so that it can be stuffed into the test tube which is then sealed by a stopper. To play with the doll, the stopper is removed and the figure is taken out of the test tube, the figure then inhaling air to recover its normal size and shape.

1. Field of Invention
This invention relates generally to doll packages, and more particularly to a doll package in which a doll in a compressed and shrunken state is stuffed into a test tube, the doll when taken out of the tube then recovering its normal size and shape.
2. Status of Prior Art
Children use dolls in order to simulate adult experiences, such as giving birth and taking care of a baby. Hence a child not only wishes to play with a doll resembling a baby, but with a nursing bottle and baby carriage for the baby. Thus when a child acquires a "Cabbage Patch Kids" doll, the child must fill out a birth certificate as well as adoption papers, and is required to give her adopted baby a name.
Not all babies come into existence as a result of natural birth. In this age of medical advances, not uncommon is a test tube baby developed from an egg fertilized outside of the body and then implanted in the uterus of a surrogate mother. While "test tube" refers to a clear tube open at one end and rounded on the other, this term also means conceived by or developed from artificial insemination. The present invention, in packaging in a test tube a baby doll, literally provides a test tube baby.
It is known to package small dolls and other items in a container resembling a nursing bottle having a nipple. One such package is disclosed in the Doorman et al. U.S. Pat. No. 4,878,867.

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A knob for performing a parallel operation, a rotational operation and a pushing operation relative to a case, a first rotor disposed rotatably to the case, a second rotor positioned face to face and adjacent to the first rotor in the direction of a knob rotational axis and disposed rotatably to the case and movable in a rotational, radial direction such that the knob performs the pushing operation in the direction of the knob rotational axis and makes rotational engagement to the second rotor, and a positioning engagement portion disposed between the first and the second rotor and disengaged against urging forces to allow movement of the second rotor in the direction of the knob rotational axis relative to the first rotor and perform rotational transmission between the first and the second rotor are provided. A detecting portion corresponding to any one of the parallel operation, the rotational operation and the pushing operation is activated based upon the operation.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a multi directional input apparatus and in particular, to a multi directional input apparatus for an automobile which can perform a parallel operation, a rotational operation and a pushing operation.
2. The Related Art of the Invention
FIG. 9 is a major cross-sectional view showing a conventional multi directional input apparatus. As shown in FIG. 9, the conventional multi directional input apparatus is so constructed that an inclining and pushing operation knob 203 is attached to a case 201 in such a manner as to be capable of performing an inclining operation and a pushing operation and a rotational knob 204 is attached to the case 201 in such a manner as to perform a rotational operation, where associated contact points operate due to each operation.
The inclining operation of the inclining and pushing operation knob 203 causes inclination of an oblique member 205, operating the contact point. The rotational operation of the rotational knob 204 causes rotation of a rotational body 207 together therewith, detecting the rotation. The pushing operation of the inclining and pushing knob 203 causes a pushing member 209 to axially be pushed down, operating the contact point.


A flow test chamber for diminishing and diverting the flow of a high pressure stream of water while testing a fire pump has a hollow chamber supported on a main support frame for receiving a high pressure stream of water forced by the fire pump through standard playpipes and nozzle tips retained in a stable position adjacent the hollow chamber on a playpipe support frame mounted on the main support frame. Screens suspended within the chamber diffuse and divert the flow of water as it enters the chamber with the water subsequently exiting through a discharge opening at a reduced rate of flow and diffused over a large area. An under carriage supports the main support frame for movement of the flow test chamber over the underlying surface in a generally horizontal orientation for easy positioning adjacent the fire pump to be tested.

In the construction of substantially all buildings, UL and/or FM approved fire pumps must be incorporated. The pumps provide water pressure for fire sprinklers, hydrants, or a standpipe system where the available source of water pressure is inadequate. All approved fire pumps are constructed and factory tested pursuant to the National Fire Protection Association ("NFPA") regulations. Most state and local fire and building regulatory agencies, as well as insurance underwriters, have adopted the NFPA regulations or code for testing fire pumps.
The NFPA code requires field testing of each new pump, and annual testing of existing pumps. Under supervision of the local building and fire authorities, the pumps are tested with full water flow to verify that the pump, the supply piping, and water source meet the design demand of the fire suppression system of the building.
Historically, although standard equipment is required for performing the test, there has been little standardization in the method of performing the test. Pursuant to the NFPA, the flow test is to be conducted using the underwriter's playpipe, 1 1/8 inch brass nozzle tips, a pitot flow measuring gauge, a calibrated pressure gauge set, a hand-held tachometer, a digital voltmeter and a clip on ammeter, but the method of performing the test is not specified. Consequently, the particular manner in which the standardized equipment is used to perform the test is left up to the individual, thereby resulting in varied test length, accuracy, and total consumption of water with each test conducted.
Many of the new pump installation tests are conducted on dirt pad sites of new building construction. Such sites cannot handle the high pressure sprays and large volume of water runoff for the full duration of the flow test. Thus, the tests are often shorter in length than necessary to assure accurate results. Other sites do not have the physical space necessary to accommodate the full spray of water under high pressure without damage to surrounding property. In that event, the tests are often conducted at less than full pressure, resulting in inaccurate testing. Building sites and crowded city locations rarely afford sufficient spray areas without interrupting traffic for long periods or without potential harm to pedestrians and nearby property.


Disclosed is a holding frame for holding plug connector modules, in particular for installation in plug connector casings and/or for screwing onto wall surfaces. In order to allow improved handling and more reliable populating and assembly of the holding frame having frame halves. The holding frame has an elastic fixing element adapted to releaseably fix the frame halves in a plug-in state and a holding state. At least a restoring force of the elastic fixing element must be overcome in order to release the fixing and/or to switch between the plug-in state and the holding state.

Holding frames of this kind are used for holding plug connector modules, the holding frame being populated with different plug connector modules and subsequently inserted to into a plug connector casing and fastened thereto. The holding frame must be mechanically stable in order to withstand the insertion and withdrawal forces that arise when forming or separating the plug connection.
A substantially rectangular holding frame provided with side walls extending at right angles to the mounting plane is known from the document entitled "Schwere Steckverbinder, Han-Modular, 16 3" published by the firm of HARTING Elektronik GmbH. The plug connector modules are provided with detent hooks which snap into the side walls when the plug connector modules are inserted into the holding frame, and are thus held securely in the latter.
Only with special removal tools is it then possible to replace the plug connector modules. i.e. to remove or release them.
A development of that solution is described in DE 197 07 120 C1 and EP 0 860 906 A2, in which a holding frame is disclosed. The object of the invention disclosed in DE 197 07 120 C1 and EP 0 860 906 A2 is that the plug connector modules can be installed and dismounted in the simplest possible manner. However, the intention is nevertheless to ensure that the holding frame has a high level of mechanical stability in order to withstand the insertion and withdrawal forces that arise when forming or separating the plug connection.
The holding frame described therein consists of two frame halves which are connected to each other by hinges and have fastening ends provided with fastening screws. The hinges are provided at the fastening ends of the holding frame, and the frame halves are able to pivot transversely to the side parts of the holding frame. To form the hinges, moulded portions which engage in matching recesses are provided in each case at the fastening ends of the holding frame or of the side parts.
There are known problems that arise when populating the holding or articulated frame disclosed in DE 197 07 120 C1 or EP 0 860 906 A2, and inserted modules may inadvertently jump out of their holders during installation. A separate component is already being used to counteract such inadvertent detachment of modules once they have been inserted, but that component can be lost.
The object of the present invention is to develop the holding frame known from the prior art in such a way that these known problems are surmounted or at least mitigated, the specific aim being to provide improved handling and a more reliable way of populating and mounting the holding frame.

Holding frame for holding plug connector modules


A lighting device includes a plurality of self-luminous elements formed on a substrate and emitting different wavelengths of light from each other, a hemispherical lens structure formed on the substrate to cover the self-luminous elements, and a plurality of translucent spherical particles covering a surface of the lens structure. Light emitted from the self-luminous elements passes through the lens structure and enters the translucent spherical particles where its direction is largely inclined to scatter due to a difference in refractive index between the translucent spherical particles and air. Consequently, different wavelengths of light from the self-luminous elements are mixed to produce a desired color of light.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a lighting device and a display apparatus using the same.
2. Description of Related Art
Self-luminous elements such as a LED (Light Emitting Diode) and an organic EL (Electro Luminescence) are currently at an advanced stage of development, so that they have the same level of energy efficiency as a fluorescent lamp. The use for such self-luminous elements as lightings to replace existing lightings such as an incandescent lamp and a fluorescent lamp according to their characteristics has been contemplated. Because most lightings are used as a white light source, it is necessary to produce white light when using a self-luminous element as well.
However, a self-luminous element normally can emit light in a very narrow wavelength range only. One approach to obtain white light from such a self-luminous element is to mix light with different wavelengths or colors. This technique has the advantage of excellent color reproducibility through adjustment of the light intensity of each wavelength but also has the disadvantage of difficulty in mixing light in a small space to cause an increase in the size of a lighting device.
Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2000-4050 discloses an illuminant that is capable of emitting light in many directions by covering the surface of a LED with a number of beads.
As described above, the technique of mixing light with different wavelengths for the purpose of obtaining a desired color of light using a self-luminous element has the problem that it is difficult to mix light in a small space, which causes a larger lighting device.


An example for operating a spark ignition engine comprises discharging exhaust gases via an exhaust system comprising exhaust pipes from the at least two cylinders coming together to form an exhaust manifold; and initiating autoignition with exhaust gas from a first, exhaust-gas-supplying cylinder, which is discharged from the first cylinder into the exhaust system, the exhaust gas is introduced into an adjacent, exhaust-gas-receiving cylinder via the exhaust system. Exhaust gas from the first cylinder mixes with the air-fuel mixture of an adjacent cylinder raising the temperature therein. Under high loads the higher temperature and density of the aircharge is suitable to undergo autoignition.

In a spark-ignition engine the load is generally controlled by a throttle valve provided in an intake tract. By adjusting the throttle valve it is possible to reduce the pressure of the intake air downstream of the throttle valve to a greater or lesser degree. In this way it is possible, for a constant combustion chamber volume, to adjust the air mass, that is to say the quantity of air, via the pressure of the intake air. Low loads use heavier throttling, that is to say extensive pressure reduction in the intake tract, so that large charge cycle losses have to be accepted, particularly in the partial-load range. In this respect the fuel-air mixture in the cylinder has a lower density at low loads than at higher loads.
The load-dependent variation of the aircharge density can present problems when initiating the spark-ignition. In order to ensure reliable ignition of the fuel-air mixture at low loads, that is to say, with a less dense mixture, the electrodes of the spark plug may have a relatively large gap, in order to form a large spark path for the ignition spark. A large electrode gap uses a high ignition voltage.
If the fuel-air mixture then becomes denser as the load increases, the voltage used in order to initiate reliable ignition is also increased, since the denser fuel-air mixture present between the electrodes has an insulating effect on the crossing of the ignition spark from one electrode to the other.
The high ignition voltage used can damage the spark plug itself and/or other components, in particular current supply components carrying a high voltage, that is to say components of the electrical system of the motor vehicle. In the event of an excessive ignition voltage demand, arcing may occur between the high-voltage leads and the chassis ground. No ignition spark is formed between the electrodes and misfiring may occur.
Besides the density of the mixture, the air/fuel ratio λ also has an influence on the initiation of the spark-ignition, in particular, however, on the combustion induced by ignition sparks. The fuel-air mixture of a spark-ignition engine can be enriched or made leaner as a function of the instantaneous load T prevailing, an enrichment preferably being undertaken, that is to say the air/fuel ratio λ being reduced, as the load increases.
Enrichment (λ<1) frequently ensues whenever high exhaust gas temperatures are to be anticipated, that is to say at high loads, in order to prevent a thermal overload of individual components of the internal combustion engine. This is done by injecting more fuel than can be burned with the quantity of air delivered, the excess fuel likewise being heated and vaporized, so that the temperature of the combustion gases falls. This approach is to be regarded as disadvantageous from various energy standpoints, particularly with regard to the fuel consumption of the internal combustion engine, and with regard to the pollutant emissions, but is recognized as admissible and practical.
Making the fuel-air mixture leaner as the load diminishes is a measure aimed at dethrottling of the internal combustion engine, less fuel being injected than could be burned with the quantity of air delivered, that is to say more fresh air is introduced into the cylinders than is necessary for combustion of the fuel introduced, thereby diluting the mixture. These variations in aircharge density and content may make spark initiation difficult.
The inventors have recognized the above mentioned problems and herein disclose a method for a spark ignition engine capable of initiating combustion via auto-ignition when it is advantageous. In the method according to the disclosure account is taken of the various load-specific demands of the spark plug in that the ignition of the fuel-air mixture is initiated either by spark-ignition or by auto-ignition—preferably as a function of load, T. In order to initiate auto-ignition, exhaust gas discharged from one cylinder into the exhaust discharge system, is introduced into another cylinder, in order to induce auto-ignition by this ignition gas.
A method is disclosed for operating a spark ignition engine, comprising: discharging exhaust gases from each of at least two cylinders via an exhaust system comprising exhaust pipes from the at least two cylinders coming together to form an exhaust manifold; and initiating compression ignition with exhaust gas from a first, exhaust-gas-supplying cylinder, which is discharged from the first cylinder into the exhaust system, the exhaust gas is introduced into an adjacent, exhaust-gas-receiving cylinder via the exhaust system. The hot exhaust gas from the first cylinder does not mix completely with the fresh charge of the adjacent cylinder. During the subsequent compression stroke the trapped hot exhaust gas is being compressed and its temperature further increased such that it can serve as ignition initiator in the same way like a spark plug does. Thus in contrast and in delimitation to the known auto-ignition this method provokes a more spark-ignition-like slower combustion and is therefore suitable for high loads. Additionally, the method of the present disclosure may be adapted such that spark ignition is still active under conditions for autoignition.
The above advantages and other advantages, and features of the present description will be readily apparent from the following Detailed Description when taken alone or in connection with the accompanying drawings.
It should be understood that the summary above is provided to introduce in simplified form a selection of concepts that are further described in the detailed description. It is not meant to identify key or essential features of the claimed subject matter, the scope of which is defined uniquely by the claims that follow the detailed description. Furthermore, the claimed subject matter is not limited to implementations that solve any disadvantages noted above or in any part of this disclosure. Further, the inventors herein have recognized the disadvantages noted herein, and do not admit them as known.

Method for operating a spark ignition internal combustion engine having at least two cylinders


A method of detecting pornographic images, wherein a color reference database is prepared in LAB color space defining a plurality of colors representing relevant portions of a human body. A questionable image is selected, and sampled pixels are compared with the color reference database. Areas having a matching pixel are subjected to a texture analysis to determine if the pixel is an isolated color or if other comparable pixels surround it; a condition indicating possible skin. If an area of possible skin is found, the questionable image is classified as objectionable. A further embodiment includes preparation of a questionable image reference shape database defining objectionable shapes. An image with a detected area of possible skin is compared with the shape database, and depending on the results of the shape analysis, a predefined percentage of the images are classified for manual review.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to methods of detecting pornographic images transmitted through a communications network, and more particularly to a detection method wherein pixels of a questionable image are compared with a color reference database and an area surrounding a questionable image is subjected to a texture analysis, and images with questionable areas are subjected to a shape analysis.
2. Description of the Prior Art
A variety of methods have been used to deter the display of "objectionable" images in a work site. "Pornographic-free" web sites, such as sites targeting families and children have been set up for shielding children from viewing objectionable material. Although a particular site may be pornographic free, and considered acceptable for access by children, it is still possible to gain access to an objectionable web site by starting from an acceptable site. Software applications and Internet services such as Net-Nanny and Cyber-Sitter were created and marketed to help parents prevent their children from accessing objectionable documents by blocking access to specific web sites. One type of protective software is designed to store the addresses of objectionable web sites, and block access to these sites. Another type of protective software blocks access to all "unapproved" sites from within a limited selection of sites. These approaches are not highly effective because it is a practical impossibility to manually screen all of the images on all of the web sites that are added each day to the web. They rely on either storing a local database of website URLs, or referencing the database on the Internet. Many next-generation Internet terminals for the consumer market have limited local storage capability and cannot store the database locally. Where the database is referenced on the Internet, there are two disadvantages: (i) the database must be referenced before each Web page is displayed, causing a significant delay to the display of web pages on a browser and (ii) there is a significant increase in the network bandwidth used by such an Internet terminal because of these database lookups. Various algorithms have been investigated for use in detecting objectionable media. For example, algorithms have been tested for use in recognizing shapes, such as people in general, and specific body parts. A detailed summary of work done with algorithms is found in David A. Forsyth and Margaret Flich, Finding Naked People, Journal Reviewing, 1996 and Margaret Flich, David A. Forsyth, Chris Bregler, Finding Naked People, Proceedings of 4th European Conference on Computer Vision, 1996; and David A. Forsyth et al., Finding Pictures of Objects in Large Collections of Images, Proceedings, International Workshop on Object Recognition, Cambridge, 1996.
In order for an algorithm to be useful for screening objectionable images, it is necessary for the algorithm to achieve a very high ratio of the number of objectionable images correctly identified to the total number of objectionable images in a database. This ratio will be referred to as the "recall", or otherwise referred to as positive identification. In addition, in order for a system to be useful, it should not mis-classify non-objectionable images and therefore generate what is referred to as "precision" or "false-alarm".
A perfect system will have full positive identification (100% of images that are suspicious will be flagged) and 100% precision (no images that are not objectionable will be flagged). Of course, no system can be perfect. It is therefore a balancing act to try and maximize the positive identification while not over loading the system with false alarms. However, it is important to note that when only a small fraction of the images are objectionable, it is highly important to maximize positive identification, even if the false alarm percentage increases.
One algorithm system reported by Forsyth had a 43% recall with a 57% precision. According to this report it took about 6 minutes of analysis per image to determine if an image pre-selected by a skin filter was an image of a person. In perspective, for a web site that handles 100,000 images per day, such percentages may mean that many images may not be detected and therefore, the algorithm may not be useful.

Automated detection of pornographic images


A schema is provided for Structured Query Language statements. Advantageously, through the use of this schema as a common model, different tools can be implemented to provide value-add functions on top of the common model. This invention allows tools that are interested in querying meta data to work off a higher abstraction model than is the norm.

Data collection is ever increasing in a world wherein more and more transactions occur electronically. Indeed, certain applications, such as data mining, that are made more useful by the combination of increasing processor power and increasing availability of data, tend to inspire further data collection. This inspiration to further data collection may be seen, for instance, in the proliferation of customer reward programs. In response to this increasing availability of data, industries have been built up over recent decades around database technology. Specifically, active members of these industries include database vendors, who sell databases either individually or collectively (in a catalog), and tool vendors, who sell software that is required to create a new database or alter, or query, existing databases.
The Structured Query Language (SQL) is a standard interactive and programming language for retrieving information from, writing information to and updating a database. Fundamentally, a set of data may be considered to be stored in one or more tables, where each table is made up of columns. When a request (or "query") is made to retrieve data from these tables, the resultant output is often also presented in a table form. There are many different versions of the SQL, but to be in compliance with the ANSI SQL '92 Standard, they all must use and support statements, made up of the same major keywords (such as SELECT, UPDATE, DELETE, INSERT, WHERE, and others), in a similar manner. For further information about SQL, see "ISO Final Draft International Standard (FDIS)—Database Language SQL—Part 2: Foundation (SQL/Foundation)", March 1999, which is incorporated herein by reference and referenced hereinafter as "the SQL specification".
Although the SQL has a standardized format for these statements, today, all database engines have an internal representation of these statements that is not necessarily exposed to the outside world. As such, each tool for manipulating a particular implementation of a database requires a proprietary means to translate standard SQL statements into an internal representation specific to that database.

International Business Machines Corporation


Provided is a positive photosensitive resin composition that includes (A) a polybenzoxazole precursor including a first polybenzoxazole precursor including a repeating unit represented by Chemical Formula 1 and a repeating unit represented by Chemical Formula 2, and having a thermally polymerizable functional group at least one terminal end; (B) a photosensitive diazoquinone compound; (C) a silane compound; (D) a phenol compound; and (E) a solvent. A photosensitive resin film fabricated using the positive photosensitive resin composition is provided.

Conventional surface protective layers and interlayer insulating layers for a semiconductor device can include a polyimide resin, which can have excellent heat resistance, electrical characteristics, mechanical properties, and the like. Recently, a photosensitive polyimide precursor composition which can be coated easily has been used to form the polyimide resin. The photosensitive polyimide precursor composition can be coated on a semiconductor device, patterned by ultraviolet (UV) rays, developed, and heat imidized, to easily provide a surface protective layer, an interlayer insulating layer, and the like. Accordingly, it is possible to significantly shorten processing times as compared to conventional non-photosensitive polyimide precursor compositions.
The photosensitive polyimide precursor composition can be a positive type in which an exposed part is dissolved by development, or a negative type in which the exposed part is cured and maintained. Positive type photosensitive resin compositions can be developed by a non-toxic alkali aqueous solution.
An exemplary positive photosensitive polyimide precursor composition includes a polyimide precursor of polyamic acid, a photosensitive material of diazonaphthoquinone, and the like. However, the positive photosensitive polyimide precursor composition may not provide a desired pattern because the carboxylic acid of the polyamic acid can be too highly soluble in an alkali.
In order to solve this problem, a material in which a phenolic hydroxyl group has been introduced instead of carboxylic acid by esterificating polyamidic acid with an alcohol compound having at least one hydroxyl group has been suggested. This material, however, may be insufficiently developed, which can cause problems of film loss or resin delamination from the substrate.
Recently, a material in which a polybenzoxazole precursor is mixed with a diazonaphthoquinone compound has drawn attention. When the polybenzoxazole precursor composition is actually used, however, film loss of an unexposed part may significantly increase, which can make it difficult to obtain a desirable pattern after the developing process. In order to improve this, if the molecular weight of the polybenzoxazole precursor is increased, the film loss amount of the unexposed part may be reduced, but development residue (scum) can be generated, which can decrease resolution and increase development times for the exposed part.
In order to solve the problem, it has been reported that the film loss can be suppressed in non-exposed parts during development by adding a specific phenol compound to a polybenzoxazole precursor composition. However, the effect of suppressing the film loss of the unexposed part can be insufficient. Accordingly, there is still a need for a composition which can sufficiently suppress film loss and prevent the generation of development residue (scum).
A photosensitive resin composition including a novolac resin widely used as a resin for a photoresist, a polyimide precursor or a polybenzoxazole precursor, and a quinone diazide compound has been proposed to improve sensitivity and curing at a low temperature. However, since this composition has deteriorated mechanical properties and storage stability after the thermal curing, it is not useful for forming an insulation layer or a protective layer for a semiconductor device.
Examples of reported solutions to the foregoing problem include the addition of various additives to the composition and the use of a precursor compound that can cross-link and polymerize during the thermal curing. However, while such compositions may improve mechanical properties such as elongation, they lack optical properties such as sensitivity, resolution, and the like. Therefore, there continues to be a need for a composition which can exhibit excellent mechanical properties without deteriorated optical properties.

Positive photosensitive resin composition, photosensitive resin layer prepared by using the same, and semiconductor device including the photosensitive resin layer


The honeycomb structure is an aggregate type honeycomb formed from a plurality of cells assembled together side by side laterally and cell walls isolating adjacent ones of the cells from each other by joining with a sealant layer (adhesive layer) or integral type honeycomb monolith, and a sealant layer (coating layer) provided on the outer surface of the aggregate type honeycomb or the integral type honeycomb monolith. The sealant layer (adhesive layer) or a sealant layer (coating layer) formed on the outer surface of aggregate type honeycomb or the integral type honeycomb monolith contains oxide particles, inorganic binder and a coloring agent.

The honeycomb structures used in the exhaust gas purification apparatuses for the automotive internal engines include a monolith type one, an aggregate type one formed a plurality of honeycomb units joined together with a sealant, and the like.
Many of the aggregate type honeycomb structures use the sealant (adhesive) to integrally assemble the honeycomb units together. As the sealant, there is used a mixture of, for example, ceramic particles of carbide, nitride or the like, which is high in thermal conductivity for an increased regeneration efficiency, and an inorganic binder as an additive (as in the Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 28246/1996). The honeycomb structure disclosed in the Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 28246/1996 uses a ceramic having a high thermal conductance as the sealant to join the honeycomb units together.


A reel drive apparatus for rotatably driving a reel of a magnetic tape recorder and playback unit, the apparatus including an elongated mounting shaft disposed on the base chassis of the magnetic tape recorder and playback unit, a reel hub rotatably engaging a tape reel, a reel disc having a tubular journal bearing portion and a cylindrical drum which is mounted on the elongated mounting shaft so that it supports and rotates together with the reel hub, and an elastic and resilient geared belt tensely mounted on the cylindrical drum and engaged to the last-stage gear in a drive gear train.

FIG. 1 shows a conventional reel drive mechanism, such as in a VCR, for providing a rotational drive for the supply and take-up reels of the cassette tape in which magnetic recording medium is accommodated. As shown in FIG. 1, the mechanism include a reel hub 14 for revolving with a reel of the cassette tape, a reel disc 16 having a tubular journal bearing portion which is assembled inside the reel hub 14, a torque transmitting plate 20 provided with the tubular journal bearing portion and tightly fitted inside the reel hub 16, a flat ring-type felt 18 placed between the reel drive gear 17 and the torque transmitting plate 20, helical springs 15 disposed to provide a frictional force so that gear 17 is urged against plate 20 through felt 12, and a mounting shaft 12 on which the above-mentioned elements are mounted so as to be rotational. With this conventional design configuration, if the reel drive gear 17 is engaged to, and rotatably driven by, a last-stage gear in a driver gear train, then the torque transmitting plate 20, in tight surface contact with the reel drive gear 17 by spring 15, begins to rotate about the mounting shaft 12, and therefore carries the twisting moment onto the reel hub 14 through the reel disc 16.
In this type of conventional drive mechanism design, the clutching force is generated between the reel drive gear 17 and the torque transmitting plate 20 by the spring force applied on the upper surface of the reel drive gear 17. This clutching force may be appropriately adjusted by proper selection of the spring constant so that a proper transmission of driving torque can be provided and, at the same time, the transmission of an overload twisting moment is prevented because of the slip on the upper surface of the flat ring-type felt 18.
Due to the fact that several elements must be employed in the conventional design in order to ensure the proper transmission of the driving torque (and to prevent an overload twisting moment), the cost of manufacture is high and the disassembly as well as the assembly of the mechanism is difficult. In addition to these problems, the bulky volume of the conventional reel drive mechanism has proven to be a significant hindrance to recorder/player design improvement, specifically, improved design to lower the weight and volume, especially the thickness, of the elements.

Reel drive apparatus for magnetic tape recording and playback units


A rotor (2) for a forced-air-cooled electric motor, in particular a universal motor, especially for use with electrical power tools, has a laminated armature (6) incorporating longitudinal slots (8) and with wire windings of a coil (10) protruding from the longitudinal slots (8) on the front face where the windings form coil connecting heads (20, 22). Some or all of the longitudinal slots (8) in the laminated armature (6) contain a rod (28) aligned in the longitudinal direction and protruding axially from one or both front faces (24, 26) of the laminated armature (6), whereby the protruding rod ends thus surround the coil connecting heads (20, 22) on the respective front face to protect the coil connecting heads from abrasive wear.

The invention relates to a rotor for a forced-air-cooled electric motor, in particular a universal motor, especially for use with electrical power tools, with a laminated armature having longitudinal slots and with wire windings of a coil protruding from the longitudinal slots on the front face where the windings form a coil connecting head.
With forced-air-cooled electric motors, in particular electrical power tools, e.g. angle grinders or drilling machines, where particulate dirt, swarf or bore dust emerges in the course of processing, there is, in principle, the problem of an impairment of the rotor coil, in particular the coil connecting head(s) of the rotor coil, since particles and dust are dragged along with the cooling air stream and have an abrasive impact on the rotor coil.
There have already been suggestions made as to how to counter that. With DE 1 613 074 A, it was suggested to cover the coil connecting head of a rotor with a highly absorbent, flexible and porous inlay made of textile fabric, glass fiber or fleece soaked with impregnated resin. This is to achieve a resistant reinforcement of the coil connecting head after hardening.
With DE 196 20 840 A1, it was suggested to apply strip-shaped elements out of felt strips soaked with lacquer or epoxy resin to the coil connecting heads according to their arched form. This is to prevent the particles from impinging on the coil connecting head when the drive of the rotor rotates.
With EP 0 261 306 A2 and DE 298 21 112 U1, it was suggested to provide a cage at one of or both the coil connecting heads, the cage narrowing in a cone- or dome-shaped manner and made of two ring-shaped elements running concentrically relative to the longitudinal axis with inclined rods connecting these elements, the cage being attachable in a rotationally secure manner to the coil connecting head or the laminated armature or the collector and also providing protection against the impact of particles on the coil connecting head when the drive rotates.
The stated solutions are relatively complicated. The task of this invention is to suggest an effective and simple as well as inexpensively realizable protection of rotor coil connecting heads from abrasive wear.

Rotor for a forced-air-cooled electric motor