The characteristic data for determining the characteristics of the transfer functions (for example, sigmoid functions) of the neurons of the hidden layer and the output layer (the gradients of the sigmoid functions) of a neural network are learned and corrected in a manner similar to the correction of weighting data and threshold values. Since at least one characteristic data which determines the characteristics of the transfer function of each neuron is learned, the transfer function characteristics can be different for different neurons in the network independently of the problem and/or the number of neurons, and be optimum. Accordingly, a learning with high precision can be performed in a short time.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention is related to a neural network and particularly to a neural network which can learn with high precision and at a high speed.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Neural networks which perform signal operations in parallel using neurons that process signals in a similar manner to neural elements can be provided with many functions such as
(1) a pattern recognition function, PA0 (2) an interpolation function, and PA0 (3) predicting and optimizing multivariable functions,
and have attracted considerable attention as new information processing means not only in the manufacturing industry but also in a variety of fields such as medical science and economic forecast.
In a neural network of a hierarchical structure consisting of an input layer, a hidden layer and an output layer, a learning algorithm of back propagation using training data has been known.
The learning algorithm based on the conventional back propagation operation is described below.
FIG. 14 shows an example of the neural network of a three-layer structure, wherein the input layer consists of P neurons 100(p) (p=1.about.P), the hidden layer consists of Q neurons 200(q) (q=1.about.Q) and the output layer consists of R neurons 300(r) (r=1.about.R). In this example, P=4, Q=6 and R=2. The numbers of neurons included in the input and output layers depend on the number of input and output data, and the number of neurons of the hidden layer can arbitrarily be set.
FIG. 15 is a conceptual diagram showing a neuron (unit) which is an element of a neural network. Each neuron fetches data obtained by respectively multiplying a plurality of supplied data X(1).about.X(n) by each of weights W(1).about.W(n) as input data, and calculates a value "x" by subtracting a threshold value .theta. from the total sum .SIGMA.W(n)X(n) of them. And, as a transfer function f(x) with this "x" as a variable, a function which can be differentiated by "x" is used. A sigmoid function, a typical example of transfer function, is described in equation (1) in FIG. 24A.
The relationships between "x" and f(x) when coefficient "k" of the sigmoid function (hereinafter referred to as gradient "k") is assumed to be 0.1, 1.0 and 10 are shown in FIG. 16, and the differentiated value of the sigmoid function is shown in equation (2) in FIG. 24A.
With reference to FIG. 17, a learning algorithm by the conventional back propagation is now described. XO1(1), XO1(2), . . . XO1(P) are output data of the individual neurons 100(p) in the input layer, XO2(1), XO2(2), . . . XO2(Q) are output data of the individual neurons 200(q) in the hidden layer, XO3(1), XO3(2), . . . XO3(R) are output data of the individual neurons 300(r) in the output layer, XI2(1), XI2(3), . . . XI2(Q) are input data of the individual neurons 200(q) in the hidden layer, XI3(1), XI3(2), . . . XI3(R) are input data of the individual neurons 300(r) in the output layer, and T(1), T(2), . . . T(R) are training data.
W12 is weighting data for obtaining input data of the hidden layer from output data of the input layer, and W12(1,1) is weighting data when the output XO(1) is given to XI2(1,1) and WI2(2,2) is weighting data when the output XO1(2) is given to XI2(2) In general, W12(P,Q) is weighting data when XO1(P) is given to XI2(Q). Accordingly, although not shown, for instance, the weighting data when XO1(2) is given to XI2(1) is W12(2,1), and that when XO1(P) is given to XI2(1) is W12(p,1).
Similarly, W23 is weighting data for obtaining input data of the output layer from output data of the hidden layer, and in general, W23(Q,R) is weighting data when XO2(Q) is given to XI3(R). .theta.2(1), .theta.2(2), . . . .theta.2(Q) are threshold values of the hidden layer, and .theta.3(1), .theta.3(2), . . . .theta.3(R) are threshold values of the output layer.
XI2(1), input data of the hidden layer, is expressed by equation (3). EQU XI2(1)=XO1(1).times.W12(1,1)+XO1(2).times.W12(2,1) +. . . +XO1(P).times.W12(P,1) (3)
Similarly, XI2(Q) is expressed by equation (4). EQU XI2(Q)=XO1(1).times.W12(1,Q)+XO1(2).times.W12(2,Q) +. . . +XO1(P).times.W12(P,Q) (4)
XI3(1), input data of the output layer, is expressed by equation (5). EQU XI3(1)=XO2(1).times.W23(1,1)+XO2(2).times.W23(2,1) +. . . +XO2(Q).times.W23(Q,1) (5)
Similarly, XI3(R) is expressed by equation (6). EQU XI3(R)=XO2(1).times.W23(1,R)+XO2(2).times.W23(2,R) +. . . +XO2(Q).times.W23(Q,R) (6)
In the hidden layer, output data XO2(1) is obtained from input data XI2(1) by the equation (7). ##EQU1##
Similarly, the calculation for obtaining XO2(Q) from XI2(Q) is based on equation (8). EQU XO2(Q)=f{XI2(Q)-.theta.2(Q)} (8)
The calculation for obtaining XO3(1) from input data XI3(1)and the calculation for obtaining XO3(R) from input data XI3(R) are based on equations (9) and (10), respectively. EQU XO3(1)=f{XI3(1)-.theta.3(1)} (9) EQU XO3(R)=f{XI3(R)-.theta.3(R)} (10)
When output data XO3(r) (r=1.about.R) have been obtained from the R neurons constituting the output layer for data XO1(p) (p=1.about.P) given to the P neurons constituting the input layer, as described above, error data E are calculated on the basis of a predetermined cost function using the output data XO3(r) (r=1.about.R) and training data T(r) (r=1.about.R). When training data are used as in this example, such an error function as shown in equation (11) of FIG. 24A can be used as a cost function. Then, equations (12) to (15) are calculated using the error or cost function E.
Equations (12) to (15) of FIG. 24A represent partial differentiations of the error or cost function E by weighting variables W23(q,r), threshold variables .theta.3(r), weighting variables W12(p,q) and threshold variables .theta.2(q), respectively. That is, in equation (12), E is partially differentiated by all the combinations of W23(q,r) (all the combinations of q=1.about.Q and r=1.about.R, namely, W23(1,1), W23(2,1), . . . , W23(Q,1), W23(1,2), W23(2,2), . . . , W23(Q,2), . . . , W23(1,R), W23(2,R), . . . , W23(Q,R)). Similarly for equations (13) to (15), E is partially differentiated using all of the threshold variables .theta.3(r), weighting variables W12(p,q) and threshold variables .theta.2(q).
Then, the changing amount of current processing of each weighting data or threshold value .DELTA.W12(p,q)0, .DELTA..theta.2(q)0, .DELTA.W23(q,r)0 and .DELTA..theta.3(r)0 are determined from equations (16) to (19).
The various changing amounts in one time before (previous), two times before, . . . , and N times before precessings are discriminated by replacing the suffix 0 for the changing amount in current processing shown in equations (16) to (19) with 1.about.N, as shown in equation (20). Further, the various changing coefficients in current, one time before, two times before, . . . , and N times before processings are determined by an equation (21).
These changing coefficients .alpha.0.about..alpha.N and .beta.0.about..beta.N may be preset to any values. The accumulated changing amounts .DELTA.W12(p,q), .DELTA..theta.2(q), .DELTA.W23(q,r) and .DELTA..theta.3(r) used in current processing are calculated from equations (22) to (25).
The accumulated changing amounts .DELTA.W12(p,q), .DELTA..theta.2(q), .DELTA.W23(q,r) and .DELTA..theta.3(r) calculated in this way are added to the weighting data and threshold value data W12(p,q), .theta.2(q), W23(q,r) and .theta.3(r), respectively, to correct them.
If there are "A" sets of combinations of input data and training data, those processings are repeated "A" times on all sets of said combinations. With this, one-time learning operation is finished. Predetermined times of such learnings are subsequently executed.
For example, for the learning of a problem of exclusive-OR (XOR) as shown in Table 1 described at the end of the specification, the numbers of neurons are two for the input layer and one for the output layer, and the hidden layer may have any number of neurons. In this example, the sets of the combinations of input data and training data is four.
As mentioned above, in the conventional back propagation operation, only weighting data and threshold values were subject to change by learning. The above described learning process is further described with reference to FIG. 18.
FIG. 18 is a flowchart showing an example of the learning algorithm according to the traditional back propagation operation.
In step S1, an input data pattern is selected (in the example of Table 1, one of four sets of input data is selected), and the selected data is supplied to the input layer.
In step S2, predetermined calculations are performed in the input hidden and output layers using the input data. By this, data (calculation result) is output from the output layer.
In step S3, the output data is compared with the training data corresponding to the selected input data, and error data "E" is calculated by equation (11).
In step S4, accumulated changing amounts .DELTA.W12(p,q), .DELTA..theta.2(q), .DELTA.W23(q,r) and .DELTA..theta.3(r) are calculated by equations (22) to (25).
In step S5, the calculated accumulated changing amounts are added to W12(p,q), .theta.2(q), W23(q,r) and .theta.3(r), which are weighting data and threshold value data, respectively, thereby to correct them.
In step S6, it is determined whether or not all of the input patterns have been selected. If all of the input patterns have not yet been selected, the process returns to step S1, and the process moves to step S7 if they have all been selected.
In step S7, it is determined that one learning operation has been completed.
In step S8, it is determined whether or not the learning has been completed predetermined times, and the process returns to step S1 if it has not been completed and terminates if it has been completed. Alternatively, in step S8, it may by determined whether or not output data can be obtained with precision higher than a pre-determined value, that is, whether or not the error data "E" has become smaller than a predetermined one.
The functions of the above described neural network is described more specifically using FIG. 19 in which input data and training data as shown in Table 1 are stored in an input/training data memory means 11, for instance. A selection means 12 sequentially transfers input data from the memory means 11 to neurons 100(p) of the input layer, and simultaneously sequentially outputs training data corresponding to the transferred input data to error calculation means 13.
Weighting calculation means 51 multiplies each output signal XO1(p) of neurons 100(p) by weighting data W12(p,q) stored in weighting data memory means 21 and outputs the result to each neuron 200(q) of the hidden layer. Similarly, weighting calculation means 52 multiplies each output signal XO2(q) of neurons 200(q) by weighting data W23(q,r) stored in weighting data memory means 22 and outputs the result to each neuron 300(r) of the output layer.
Transfer function calculation means 61 performs the calculations shown in equations (7), (8), etc. in each neuron 200(q), using the input data and the threshold values .theta.2(q) stored in threshold value memory means 31. Similarly, transfer function calculation means 62 performs the calculations shown in equations (9), (10), etc. within each neuron 300(r), using the input data and the threshold values .theta.3(r) stored in threshold value memory means 32.
The error calculation means 13 calculates error data "E" by performing the calculation of equation (11) using the training data and the data output from the output layer.
Accumulated changing amount calculation means 20 uses error data "E" and weighting data W12(p,q) to calculate accumulated changing amount .DELTA.W12(p,q). In addition, using the error data "E" and weighting data W23(q,r), it calculates accumulated changing amount .DELTA.W23(q,r).
Accumulated changing amount calculation means 30 uses error data "E" and threshold values .theta.2(q) to calculate accumulated changing amount .DELTA..theta.2(q). Also, using the error data "E" and threshold values .theta.3(r), it calculates accumulated changing amount .DELTA..theta.3(r).
The accumulated changing amounts .DELTA.W12(p,q), .DELTA..theta.2(q), .DELTA.W23(q,r) and .DELTA..theta.3(r) calculated in the individual accumulated changing amount calculation means 20 and 30 are added, in the adding means 23, 33, 24 and 34, respectively, to W12(p,q), .theta.2(q), W23(q,r) and .theta.3(r) which are the weighting data and threshold values respectively stored in the memory means 21, 31, 22 and 32. The weighting data and threshold values after the additions or change are stored again in the memory means 21, 31, 22 and 32.
In such conventional back propagation, the learning speed and precision of a neural network largely varied depending on the characteristics (in the case of a sigmoid function, the value of gradient "k") of the transfer function of individual neurons (in the above described example, sigmoid function), and sometimes the learning did not advance or the error could not converge.
A table 2 shows the result obtained by the learning of the problem of exclusive-OR as shown in Table 1 by a neural network which uses a sigmoid function as a transfer function according to the prior art. The neural network used in the learning comprises two neurons for the input layer, three neurons for the hidden layer and one neuron for the output layer. Table 2 shows the error sum of squares after the learning was performed ten thousand times respectively for the gradients "k" of the sigmoid function being fixed at 0.1, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 10.0. The error sum of squares is the error data for one-time learning, namely, the mean value of four kinds of E's calculated when all of the four input patterns are supplied, and it is defined by equation (11).
As mentioned above, the learning speed and precision of the neural network greatly changes when the gradient "k" of the sigmoid function varies. Accordingly, a learning with high precision can be performed in a short time if the gradient "k" is set to an optimum value.
However, only the fact that the optimum value of the gradient "k" depends on the problem and the number of the neurons constituting the neural network has been revealed by the studies which have been made up to now, and the rule of trial and error must be applied for each problem to find the optimum value of "k", which is cumbersome and time-consuming. In addition, sufficient precision cannot be obtained unless the value of "k" is set at a different value for each neuron.

Neural network having an optimized transfer function for each neuron


The present invention is a method for manipulating source code in a text editor, which includes receiving an input, the input designating an identifier. The method further includes associating a plurality of source code fragments with the identifier. Additionally, the method includes adding comment characters to each source code fragment of the plurality of source code fragments associated with the identifier.

When developing source code for a software program, such as in a text editor of an Integrated Development Environment (IDE), a developer may suspect that some portion(s) of the code are faulty (i.e., likely contain something that causes a certain error which prevents the program from executing properly). In such instances, the developer will typically utilize a commenting feature of the IDE to comment out the lines or blocks of code that are believed to be causing the problem. Commenting out the suspected faulty code fragments prevents those code fragments from being run when the IDE attempts to execute the program. This way, a developer can comment out the portion of the code he or she believes is faulty and test the remaining code by allowing the IDE to execute the program running only the remaining code. If the remaining code runs properly, the developer may ascertain that the error was caused by some portion of the commented out code, which the developer can fix at a later time. Once the commented out, faulty code is fixed, the developer can uncomment the previously faulty code, thereby allowing it to be run with the remaining code of the program.
Typically, a line or block of code is commented out by adding the required commenting characters to each line or block of code which the developer wants commented out. For example, in order to comment out a line of code in JAVA, a developer may add // at the beginning of the line. When commenting out a block of code, a developer may bracket the block of code with /* */. Possibly, there may be a number of related, faulty code fragments within a program that may be responsible for causing the same error(s). Further, these faulty code fragments may be scattered (i.e., non-adjacent) throughout the program text. For every non-adjacent line or block of code which the developer wants to comment out, currently he or she is typically required to go through manually and add the above-referenced characters to each line or block. Further, if the developer is able to fix the commented-out code, he or she may then wish to uncomment the code, so that it may be run with the remaining code when executing the program. Uncommenting code currently requires manual removal of the above-referenced characters from each line or block of code. If there are a large number of non-contiguous lines or blocks of faulty code which is related (ex.—responsible for causing the same error(s)), a developer may have to spend a significant amount of time locating and manually entering/removing the above-referenced commenting characters from the code in order to comment/uncomment each line or block of the faulty code. The time inefficiency is compounded if the program is being worked on by different developers of a development team at different times. For instance, when one of the developers wants to make edits to try and fix the faulty code fragments, he or she may be required to locate all of the related, faulty code fragments and manually comment out/edit/uncomment each one.
Therefore, it may be desirable to have a system and method for manipulating source code in a text editor of an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) which addresses the above-referenced problems and limitations of the conventional solutions.

System and method for manipulating source code in a text editor

International Business Machines Corporation


A halide discharge lamp has a an evacuated outer envelope including a getter comprising from about 60 to about 85 percent zirconium, from about 10 to about 20 percent vanadium, and from about 2 to about 10 percent manganese having an activation temperature of less than about 350 degrees Centigrade for reducing the tendency of the lamps to discolor during operation.

Metal halide lamps have an inner arc tube containing a fill of an arc-sustaining material and surrounded by an outer glass envelope. The metal halide lamp's arc tube fill includes a rare gas for starting and a quantity of mercury. However, as compared to a mercury lamp, the metal halide lamp's emission spectrum is primarily due to the presence in the arc tube fill of one or more metal halides, usually iodides. These metal halides are responsible for a much higher luminous efficacy and better color rendering capability of the lamp output than is possible for the mercury vapor lamp.
The luminous efficacy, color rendering index and other lamp output characteristics may be varied, depending upon the particular composition of the metal halides in the arc tube. GTE's Metalarc M100/U lamp, with a NaIScI.sub.3 CsI chemistry, has a CRI (color rendering index) of 65, an initial LPW (lumens per Watt) of 85, and a 10,000 hour lifetime. In the lighting industry, these specifications are considered very good for standard lighting applications. Each chemical in the lamp is chosen to contribute specific effects to the lamp's performance. The mercury controls the current-voltage characteristics of the lamp, and the alkali metal iodides adjust the color quality, and contribute to lumen output through strong emissions. Scandium is added to the lamp as an iodide and as a pure metal. The scandium iodide improves color quality by adding a variety of lines to the color spectrum. The elemental scandium chip is used to adjust the metal/iodine ratio in the lamp and to getter oxygen impurities.
By modifying the above chemistry by the replacement of the element Cesium with Lithium to form a chemistry of NaIScI.sub.3 LiI, the resulting lamp has an improved CRI of 73 and a high LPW of 85 while still maintaining the 10,000 hour life.
In general, maintaining a proper arc cold spot temperature for the arc tube is conducive to long lamp life. The cold spot temperature is dependent on multiple factors such as light transmissive properties, diameter, length, and wall thickness of the arc tube. Providing an evacuated outer jacket tends to increase the cold spot temperature. The presence of gases in the outer jacket tend to decrease the wall temperature due to convection. Hence, in the vacuum outer jacket of lower wattage bulbs with their smaller volume, it is important to control the presence of gas.
Even though the outer jacket is evacuated, the presence of residual materials may tend to cause darkening of the outer envelope and reduce the lumen output of the lamp. The presence of gas in the outer envelop can result in lower cold spot temperatures which may result in poorer lamp performance. During the operation of the lamp, undesirable materials including hydrogen tend to outgas into the outer envelope so that it is desirable to maintain the vacuum integrity of the outer envelope throughout the entire life of the lamp.
Heretofore, getters have been utilized in the prior art to maintain the vacuum in the outer envelope. However, although prior art getters may be suitable for the higher temperatures achieved in the higher wattage lamps, such getters are not necessarily desirable for lower wattage lamps which operate at lower temperatures. Also, many prior art getters have the disadvantage that high activation temperatures are required to initiate the gettering properties. This activation may be performed prior to lamp operation as a separate step or may occur during operation of the lamp. In either case, proper activation of the getter is a concern. Hence, it is desirable to produce an improved low wattage lamp which obviates one or more disadvantages of prior art lamps. Especially, desirable is a low wattage lamp which is properly gettered so as to desirably enhance the performance of the above discussed lamps.


A method for managing heat energy in a metal casting plant includes executing a local control optimization model to control mass of solid metal charges to each modular melting furnace. The local control optimization model is configured to achieve a commanded total mass of molten material and coincidentally minimize waste heat for each of the modular melting furnaces. The method for managing heat energy in the metal casting plant further includes executing a system control optimization model to manage operation of a heat energy recovery system. The system control optimization model is configured to manage the operation of the heat energy recovery system including transferring the waste heat from the modular melting furnaces to a plurality of heat demand centers while minimizing total loss of the waste heat in the metal casting plant.

The statements in this section merely provide background information related to the present disclosure. Accordingly, such statements are not intended to constitute an admission of prior art.
Metal casting plants use heat to melt metal ingots, chips, and other solid forms, to provide molten metal that is transferred to casting locations. The molten metal is transported to casting locations for molding into a final part. The melting process generates waste heat. Casting plants (i.e., foundries) can be complex industrial facilities that include equipment and processes that demand heating and cooling. This demand for heat energy can be satisfied in part by utilizing the waste heat from the melting process, thus increasing overall energy efficiency of the casting plant.

Method and apparatus for managing heat energy in a metal casting plant


A backlight unit for slimmed structure and exhibiting uniform brightness through the improvement of its luminance efficiency and the quality in appearance of which is improved by the removal of bright lines, and a liquid crystal display device having the same are disclosed. The backlight unit includes a plurality of light emitting lamps disposed above a cover bottom such that the light emitting lamps are arranged at regular intervals, a diffusion plate disposed above the light emitting lamps, the diffusion plate including a substrate, a light control part formed on the bottom surface of the substrate corresponding to the light emitting lamps, and lens parts mounted on the top surface of the substrate, and an optical film disposed above the diffusion plate.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a backlight unit, and more particularly, to a backlight unit for slimmed structure and exhibiting high brightness through the improvement of its luminance efficiency and the quality in appearance of which is improved by the removal of bright lines, and a liquid crystal display device having the same.
2. Discussion of the Related Art
A cathode ray tube (CRT), one of the generally used display devices, has been mainly used in television receivers (TV) and monitors of measuring instruments or information terminals. However, the CRT has a relatively heavy weight and a large size. Thus, the CRT cannot satisfy the current demands of small size and light weight.
Hence, flat panel display devices, such as a liquid crystal display device (LCD) using an electric field optical effect, a plasma display panel device (PDP) using a gas discharge, and an electro luminescence display device (ELD) using an electric field luminous effect, have been proposed to substitute for the CRT device. Among them, much research has been carried out on the LCD.
The liquid crystal display device is much slimmer and lighter than any other display devices, and it requires less power consumption. Recently, the liquid crystal display device has been developed to such an extent that the liquid crystal display device sufficiently serves as a flat panel display device, with the result that the liquid crystal display device has been used in monitors of desktop computers and large-sized information display devices as well as monitors of laptop computers. For this reason, the demand for the liquid crystal display device is continuously increasing.
The liquid crystal display device is a non-emissive display device that displays images through the adjustment of the amount of light incident from the outside, and therefore, the liquid crystal display device needs an additional light source for irradiating light to an LCD panel, i.e., a backlight unit.
Generally, the backlight unit, used as the light source of the liquid crystal display device, may be classified as a direct-type backlight unit or an edge-type backlight unit based on the arrangement of cylindrical fluorescent lamps.
The edge-type backlight unit is constructed in a structure in which a lamp unit is mounted at the side of a light guide plate for guiding light. The lamp unit includes a lamp for emitting light, lamp holders fitted on opposite ends of the lamp for protecting the lamp, and a lamp reflection plate surrounding the outer circumference of the lamp, while one side of the lamp reflection plate is fitted into the side of the light guide plate, for reflecting the light, emitted from the lamp, toward the light guide plate.
The edge-type backlight unit, constructed such that the lamp unit is mounted at the side of the light guide plate, is applied to relatively small-sized liquid crystal display devices, such as monitors of laptop computers and monitors of desktop computers. The edge-type backlight unit exhibits a high light uniformity and durability, and the edge-type backlight unit is advantageous to the slimness of a liquid crystal display device to which the edge-type backlight unit is applied.
On the other hand, the direct-type backlight unit has been intensively developed with the increase in size of the liquid crystal display device to more than 20 inches. The direct-type backlight unit is constructed in a structure in which a plurality of lamps are arranged at the bottom of a diffusion plate in a line to directly irradiate light to the front of an LCD panel.
The direct-type backlight unit exhibits a higher optical efficiency than the edge-type backlight unit. For this reason, the direct-type backlight unit is mainly used in a large-sized liquid crystal display device requiring a high level of brightness.
However, a liquid crystal display device adopting the direct-type backlight unit, used in large-sized monitors or large-sized television receivers, is normally used for a longer period of time than a liquid crystal display device adopting the edge-type backlight unit, used in laptop computers. Furthermore, the liquid crystal display device adopting the direct-type backlight unit has a larger number of lamps than the liquid crystal display device adopting the edge-type backlight unit. As a result, a possibility of some lamps not lighting due to breakage and death of the lamps is stronger in the liquid crystal display device adopting the direct-type backlight unit than the liquid crystal display device adopting the edge-type backlight unit.
In the liquid crystal display device adopting the direct-type backlight unit, the diffusion plate is manufactured by forming milk-white resin, such as acryl or polycarbonate, mixed with a diffusion agent, into a plate shape by extruding molding using rolls and printing a pattern on the extruded plate.
Even though the above-described diffusion plate is disposed in the liquid crystal display device, however, a brightness difference occurs between regions where the lamps are disposed and remaining regions where the lamps are not disposed, with the result that it is possible to accomplish uniform brightness throughout the backlight unit and the liquid crystal display device.
Furthermore, even though the above-described diffusion plate is disposed in the liquid crystal display device, the shapes of the lamps, disposed below the diffusion plate, appear on the top, i.e., bright lines appear on the top, with the result that the quality in appearance of the backlight unit and the liquid crystal display device deteriorates.

Backlight unit and liquid crystal display device having the same


A deflection circuit generates a deflection current (If) through a deflection coil (Lf). The deflection circuit includes a series resistor (Rs) arranged in series with the deflection coil (Lf) to supply a feedback voltage (Vf;Vr), and a drive circuit (1,5) which has an output coupled to the series arrangement of the deflection coil (Lf) and the series resistor (Rs). The drive circuit (1,5) has an input coupled to the series resistor (Rs) to receive a feedback voltage (Vs). The drive circuit (1,5) further is coupled to a conversion resistor (Rc) for receiving an input waveform (Vi). The drive circuit (1,5) is arranged in a feedback loop to obtain a deflection current (If) with a shape resembling the input waveform (Vi). The deflection circuit further includes a damping impedance (Rd) arranged in parallel with the deflection coil (Lf), and a current generating circuit (3) for generating a correction current (Ic) within the flyback period (Tf). The current generating circuit (3) is coupled to the conversion resistor (Rc) and/or the series resistor (Rs), and is activated during at least a last part of the flyback period (Tf). In this way, the correction current (Ic) can easily be adapted with external components and does not suffer from tolerances in an integrated circuit.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a deflection circuit for generating a deflection current through a deflection coil to deflect an electron beam in a cathode ray tube, the deflection current having a scan period and a flyback period, the deflection circuit comprising: a series resistor arranged in series with the deflection coil to generate a feedback voltage related to the deflection current, a damping impedance arranged in parallel with the deflection coil, a drive circuit having an input terminal coupled to the series resistor to receive the feedback voltage, the drive circuit further being coupled to a conversion resistor to receive an input waveform, and having an output coupled to the series arrangement of the deflection coil and the series resistor, the drive circuit generating the deflection current in response to a difference between the input waveform and the feedback voltage, and current generating means for generating a correction current within the flyback period.
The invention also relates to a picture display apparatus comprising such a deflection circuit, and to an integrated circuit for use in such a deflection circuit.
2. Description of the Related Art
The Philips Semiconductors Application Note AN95029 "TDA 8350 and TDA 8351 deflection output circuits Application information" discloses an integrated power circuit for use in a raster scan circuit. The integrated power circuit has a first and a second output amplifier which are arranged in a bridge configuration to generate a deflection current through a raster scan deflection coil. The deflection current generates a magnetic field for deflecting electron beams in a cathode ray tube in the vertical direction. A measurement resistor is arranged in series with the deflection coil. Across this measurement resistor, a voltage is generated which is related to the deflection current through the deflection coil. The voltage across the measurement resistor is sensed with a first voltage-to-current converter which has a first and a second current output. To provide a feedback, the first current output is connected to an input of the first output amplifier, and the second current output is connected to an input of the second output amplifier. The integrated power circuit further comprises a second voltage-to-current converter which has two inputs for receiving an input waveform occurring across an input resistor. The second voltage-to-current converter has a first and a second current output. The first current output is connected to the input of the first output amplifier, and the second current output is connected to the input of the second output amplifier. The first and the second voltage-to-current converters are identical. The current outputs of the first and the second voltage-to-current converters, which are interconnected, supply output currents which have opposite polarities. In this way, the output voltages of the output amplifiers will be controlled such that the voltages across the measurement resistor and the input resistor are substantially equal.
A damping resistor is arranged in parallel with the deflection coil for smoothening switching points of the currents and voltages which occur in the raster scan circuit, as well to prevent ringing. However, this damping resistor deteriorates the flyback performance of the deflection circuit. Depending on the application, compressed lines, bright lines or flyback lines become visible.

Deflection circuit with damping impedance and current compensation


An electric-wire holding structure includes a wire accommodating slot for linearly wiring a covered wire, and a pair of first wire clamping pieces and a pair of second wire claming pieces, each of which are disposed at the wire accommodating slot and are opposed each other with respect to the wire accommodating slot for holing the covered wire. A center line between the pair of first wire clamping pieces is offset in one direction from a center line between the pair of second wire clamping pieces. A shortest interval connecting an inner end corner of the first wire clamping piece and an inner end corner of the second wire clamping piece is set to be equal to an opposing interval between the pair of first wire clamping pieces and an opposing interval between the pair of second wire clamping pieces.

1. Technical Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an electric-wire holding structure which is formed in a wiring board for forming predetermined circuits inside a connector housing or an electrical connection box used in the electrical connection of a wire harness in a vehicle such as an automobile, and more particularly to an electric-wire holding structure having wire clamping portions capable of speedily and reliably clamping various electric wires of different wire diameters.
2. Related Art
In a vehicle such as an automobile in which various electronic apparatuses are mounted, a large number of connectors are used for electrical connection between the respective electronic apparatuses or between each wire harness and the electronic apparatuses. As a related connector, one disclosed in, for example, JP-A-2-295074 or the like is known. As shown in FIGS. 8 and 9, a connector 10 is known in which an electric wire 1 having a covering 2 is inserted and fitted in a plate-like housing 11 in which a wire accommodating slot 12, a wire cutting blade 13, a pair of covering cutting-in blade 14, and a pair of wire clamping pieces 16, which are linearly arranged in order, are integrally molded.
With the above-described connector 10, with the exception of the metallic wire cutting blade 13 which is insert-molded for cutting an end portion of the wire 1, the pair of covering cutting-in blades 14 made of a metal are formed by bending as single pieces separately from the plate-like housing 11. The covering cutting-in blades 14 are provided with the so-called function of an insulation displacement terminal, and are adapted to cut the covering 2 of the wire 1, which is press-fitted between the opposing portions of a substantially U-shaped gap portion, by their edge portions, and are thereby brought into contact with a core so as to obtain a conducting state.
In addition, the flexural rigidity of the wire clamping pieces 16 toward the covering cutting-in blades 14 is weakened by a pair of vertical slots 15 each provided between the wire clamping piece 16 and the covering cutting-in blade 14, a pair of undercut portions 18 provided so as to separate the wire clamping portions 16 from a bottom 12a of the wire accommodating slot, and a pair of chamfered portions 19 for forming an inverse V-shaped opposing gap 17. When the wire 1 is press-fitted in the opposing gap 17, the wire clamping pieces 16 are resiliently displaced toward the covering cutting-in blades 14 while displacing the covering 2 and clamping the outer surface of the covering.
In addition, the displacement of the wire clamping pieces 16 in an opposite direction to the direction toward the covering cutting-in blades 14 is suppressed, thereby preventing the wire 1 from coming off in its axial direction. Further, the coming off of the wire 1 in the upward direction is prevented by the inverse V-shaped opposing gap 17 between the pair of wire clamping pieces 16.
However, the above-described related connector 10 has a drawback in that the force with which the wire 1 is clamped is likely to deteriorate with a decline in the flexural rigidity of the wire clamping pieces 16 in the plate-like housing 11 due to the vertical slots 15, the undercut portions 18, and the chamfered portions 19.
In addition, because the wire 1 is clamped by one pair of wire clamping pieces 16, in a case where the wire diameters are of various types, it is impossible to cope with the various wire diameters since the opposing gap 17 between the wire clamping pieces 16 is fixed. Hence, there has been a problem in that exclusive-use plate-housings 11 are required for the respective kinds of wires.
The invention is aimed at overcoming the above-described problems of the conventional art, and its object is to provide an electric-wire holding structure which is capable of speedily and reliably clamping electric wires having various diameters over a relatively wide range.
In accordance with the invention, the above-described problems can be solved by an electric-wire holding structure including:
a wire accommodating slot for linearly wiring a covered wire; and
a pair of first wire clamping pieces and a pair of second wire claming pieces, each of which are disposed at the wire accommodating slot and are opposed each other with respect to the wire accommodating slot for holing the covered wire;
wherein a center line between the pair of first wire clamping pieces is offset in one direction from a center line between the pair of second wire clamping pieces, and
wherein a shortest interval connecting an inner end corner of the first wire clamping piece and an inner end corner of the second wire clamping piece is set to be equal to an opposing interval between the pair of first wire clamping pieces and an opposing interval between the pair of second wire clamping pieces.
In addition, preferably, to solve the above-described problems, wire clamping portions respectively including the pair of first wire clamping portion and the pair of second clamping portion are separately provided at the wire accommodating slot as a large-size wire clamping portion for large-size wire and as a small-size wire clamping portion for a small-size wire in correspondence with outside diameter of the covered wire.
Further, preferably, the electric-wire holding structure according to claim 1 further comprises an insulation displacement terminal for press-fitting the covered wire provided at the wire accommodating slot.
Further, preferably, opposing end faces of the pair of first wire cramping pieces are substantially parallel each other.
In accordance with the above-described electric-wire holding structure, the opposing interval between the pair of first wire clamping pieces in the wire accommodating slot and the opposing interval between the pair of second wire clamping pieces located adjacent to the pair of first wire clamping pieces are set to be equal, and the center line between the pair of second wire clamping pieces is offset in one direction from the center line between the pair of second wire clamping pieces. In addition, the shortest interval connecting an inner end corner of the first wire clamping piece and an inner end corner of the second wire clamping piece is set to be equal to the opposing interval between the pair of first wire clamping pieces and the opposing interval between the pair of second wire clamping pieces.
Accordingly, as the wire is inserted between the pairs of first and second wire clamping pieces, the wire can be held by the inner end corner of the first wire clamping piece and the inner end corner of the second wire clamping piece as well. Hence, the wire can be clamped in a meandering state at three positions between the pair of first wire clamping pieces, between the pair of second wire clamping pieces, and between the inner end corners of the first and second wire clamping pieces. Accordingly, electric wires having various wires diameters over a relatively wide range can be held speedily and reliably, and it is possible to reliably prevent the wire from coming off in the axial and upward directions.
In addition, in the above-described electric-wire holding structure, since the pair of large-size wire clamping portions and the pair of small-size wire clamping portions are provided in the same wire accommodating slot in correspondence with outside diameters of the covered wires, it is possible to apply the electric-wire holding structure to electric wires having at least two kinds of wire diameter, and an appropriate meandering state can be formed inside either wire clamping portions depending on the wire diameter. Accordingly, the electric wires of various diameters can be clamped more reliably between the wire clamping pieces.


A jet pump of a personal watercraft of the present invention includes a pump casing 10 provided with a fairing vane part including a plurality of fairing vanes 12, and the front portion of each of the fairing vanes 12 has two attack angles which are an attack angle α of the fairing vane and the front end attack angle β which is larger than the attack angle α. Thereby, the attack angle of the fairing vane is adapted to the water jet flow so that reduction of pump efficiency is suppressed.

In recent years, so-called jet-propulsion personal watercraft (PWC) have been widely used in leisure, sport, rescue activities, and the like. The personal watercraft is generally configured to suck water under a body from a water intake provided on a hull bottom surface and to pressurize and accelerate the water by an impeller of a jet pump to eject the water rearward of the body. As the resulting reaction, the personal watercraft is propelled forward.
As used in the specification and claims, directions are referenced from the perspective of a rider riding in the personal watercraft, and therefore, travel direction of the personal watercraft is "forward."
FIG. 6A is a cross-sectional view of an outer peripheral portion of fairing vanes of a conventional pump casing. FIG. 6B is a view showing a detailed structure of an attack angle at a front end portion of the fairing vane shown in FIG. 6A. In these Figures, the left side is forward. As shown in FIG. 6A, an impeller placement part 63 in which an impeller is placed is provided at a front portion of a tubular pump casing 60, and a fairing vane part 64 in which a plurality of fairing vanes 62 are arranged to guide a rotational jet flow pressurized, accelerated and ejected by the impeller and to convert a rotational component thereof into a propulsion force, is provided behind the impeller placement part 63. Each fairing vane 62 provided in the fairing vane part 64 has a structure in which a front end portion thereof is directed toward an entry angle direction of a rotational jet flow generated by the impeller to form an attack angle α and an axis of a rear portion thereof conforms to an axis of the pump casing 60. As shown in FIG. 6B, the attack angle α at the front end of the fairing vane is an angle with respect to the axis of the pump casing 60.
In recent years, large-sized personal watercraft have been developed. Engines mounted in relatively large-sized personal watercraft are designed to output much higher power than the conventional engines. As one example of such high-power engines, an engine equipped with a supercharger which is a supercharging machine for pressurizing air taken into the engine has been manufactured. For the purpose of increasing pump efficiency, the jet pump of the personal watercraft equipped with the high-power engine is expected to reduce pressure loss by minimizing a distance between the impeller disposed in the front portion of the pump casing and the fairing vanes arranged in the rear portion of the pump casing. In addition, the jet pump is expected to increase efficiency by increasing the fairing vanes in number.
However, as the distance between the impeller and the fairing vanes decreases, cavitation is more likely to be generated particularly at a region near outer peripheral portions of the fairing vanes, causing decreasing pump efficiency. In many cases, such cavitation is generated by the fact that the impeller is driven to rotate at a high speed by the high-power engine so as to increase a speed of the water jet flow.
To avoid generation of the cavitation, increasing the attack angle α of the fairing vanes 62 shown in FIG. 6B is effective. However, in the case of the jet pump of the personal watercraft, it is difficult to increase the attack angle α of the fairing vanes 62, considering the fact that the pump casing is mounted in a narrow space and has a small diameter, and the pump casing 60 and the fairing vanes 62 are integrally cast. To be specific, in a case where the fairing vanes 62 are integrally formed inside the pump casing 60 by casting, it is necessary to design the shape of the fairing vanes 62 so that they can be taken out from a casting mold. So, increasing the attack angle of the fairing vanes will make it difficult to take out the fairing vanes from the casting mold.
Furthermore, it is difficult to increase the fairing vanes 62 in number, because a flow passage formed in the pump casing 60 having a small diameter as described above is narrowed, reducing pump efficiency.
As a prior art fairing vane of this type, a fairing vane of a turbine which is cut in straight-line shape from an intermediate point of its back-surface side exit portion to its tip end to inhibit separation of a jet flow is disclosed (see Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application Publication No. Hei. 9-125904). However, this prior art is intended to inhibit separation of the jet flow at the exit portion of the fairing vane, and is incapable of suppressing generation of the cavitation at the front portion of the fairing vane in the jet pump of the personal watercraft.


A technique for securing a conduit box to a housing of an electric motor is disclosed. The technique includes forming a hollow extension from a surface of the conduit box. The conduit box is placed on a motor frame so that the hollow extension is inserted into a hole in the motor frame that passes into the hollow interior of the motor frame. The hollow extension is plastically deformed inside the motor housing to a greater width than the diameter of the hole in the motor housing so that the conduit box cannot be removed from the motor housing. A stator is placed in the motor housing and wiring is routed from the stator to the interior of the wiring box through a passageway formed by the hollow extension.

The present invention relates generally to the field of electric motors and wiring enclosures for housing the electrical connection between an external electrical power cable and internal electrical wiring of an electric motor. More particularly, the invention relates to a novel technique for securing a conduit box to an electric motor.
Electric motors of various types are omnipresent in industrial, commercial and consumer settings. In industry, such motors are employed to power all types of rotating machinery, such as pumps, conveyors, compressors, fans and so forth, to mention only a few. Conventional alternating current electric motors may be constructed for single or multiple phase operation, and are typically specifically designed to operate at predetermined synchronous speeds, such as 3600 rpm, 1800 rpm, 1200 rpm and so on. Such motors generally include a stator, comprising a multiplicity of coils, surrounding a rotor which is supported by bearings for rotation in the motor frame. In the case of AC motors, alternating current power applied to the motor causes the rotor to rotate within the stator at a speed which is a function of the frequency of alternating current input power and of the motor design (i.e., the number of poles defined by the motor windings and rotor resistance). In DC motors power is similarly applied, and the speed of the motor may be controlled in a variety of manners. In both cases, however, a rotor shaft extends through the motor housing and is connected to elements of the machinery driven by the electric motor.
In conventional electric motors, stator winding coils are disposed in parallel slots formed around the inner periphery of a stator core. Certain of the winding coils are electrically connected in groups around the stator core to establish the desired electro-magnetic fields used to induce rotation of the rotor. The number and locations of the windings in the stator core generally depends upon the design of the motor (e.g., the number of poles, the number of stator slots, the number of winding groups, and so forth). Each winding coil includes a number of turns of wire that loop around end or head regions of the stator between the slots in which the winding coil is installed. Following installation in the slots, the coils in each group are generally pressed into a bundle at either end of the stator. The stator windings are connected to electrical wiring that is routed from the stator to a wiring or conduit box located on the outside of the motor through corresponding holes in the motor frame and the conduit box.
The conduit box enables an external power cable to be connected to the electrical wiring coupled to the stator windings without having to access the interior of the motor housing. The conduit box, typically, has a removable cover to enable unimpeded access to the wiring within the conduit box. In general, a conduit box is a housing that is configured to receive a length of electrical conduit housing a power cable. The power cable is routed through a hole in the conduit box into the interior of the conduit box. The conductors of the power cable and the electrical wiring from the motor stator are spliced together and the cable splice is placed in the interior of the conduit box. The cover is then secured to the conduit box and other facets of motor installation may be completed.
While conventional conduit boxes and motor arrangements have been generally satisfactory in may applications, they are not without drawbacks. For example, conduit boxes are typically secured to the motor via screws installed through the box wall and into the motor frame. To provide a seal between the conduit box and motor frame, a grommet is typically placed in the hole between the conduit box and the motor frame to prevent chafing of the wiring passing through the hole. Multiple screws are typically used to secure the conduit box to the motor frame. The resulting structure is relatively complex, includes a number of separate parts, and, in a typical procedure, is assembled by hand. Despite attempts to protect the wiring at the location where it passes through the motor frame and conduit box, damage and even short circuits can occur. Moreover, the cost of the assembly can be considerable as compared to the overall cost of the motor, particularly for smaller or fractional horsepower models.
There is a need, therefore, for an improved technique for securing a conduit box to an electric motor. There is a particular need for a technique that provides a more straightforward structure from a manufacturing and assembly standpoint and that therefore offers possible cost reductions. The technique should notably provide effective prevention of chafing of the wiring passing through the conduit box, while offering a satisfactory seal between the box and the motor frame.

Method of manufacturing an electric motor


The present technology provides for an LTE system comprising a UE which is configured to perform blind HARQ combining of PDCCH messages, and an eNB which is configured with a HARQ transmission mechanism for such PDCCH messages. The PDCCH messages may be uplink or downlink grant messages, for example. In some embodiments, up to 8 messages may be combined via HARQ. Such HARQ combining may facilitate realizing a practical coverage gain.

Improved coverage in wireless communication systems such as Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP™) LTE is sought after for various reasons. Coverage improvements may call for an increase in practical gain of various physical channels such as the PDCCH.
For example, a 3GPP™ work item entitled "Study on Provision of low-cost MTC UEs based on LTE," RP-121441, September 2012, sets forth a requirement for a new ultra high coverage mode for LTE with +20 dB of coverage. This may require up to 9 dB of practical gain for the PDCCH, provided in a dynamic way. More gain may be possible at the cost of additional memory and processing at the user equipment (UE).
One method for providing additional gain on channels such as the PDCCH is to increase the aggregation level (AL), which corresponds to the number of resources allocated to a control message. The current maximum AL in LTE is 8 control channel elements (CCEs). Even if the AL is increased to 32 CCEs, it is expected that this would contribute only 6 dB of gain for the PDCCH. Aggregation beyond 32 CCEs is problematic since it leads to an exponential increase in blind decoding options for the UE. Additionally, for bandwidth-constrained systems high levels of aggregation may not be feasible. For example, in a typical deployment scenario with a 10 MHz system bandwidth, a sub-slot is only capable of accommodating 55 CCEs, so the next aggregation level of 64 CCEs is not feasible.
Another potential approach is to dynamically increase the power of the CCEs for UEs which are in limited coverage situations. However, this solution currently provides only about 5 dB of coverage gain before spatial re-use problems arise.
As described for example in Chapter 2 of "LTE—The UMTS Long Term Evolution: From Theory to Practice," 2nd Edition, S. Sesia, I. Toufik, M. Baker, Wiley, 2011, the concept of blind HARQ combining has been proposed for broadcasted system information blocks sent on the physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) of an LTE system. However, in this case the PDCCH is used to indicate the location of repeated data within a sliding window.
Therefore there is a need for a method and system for implementing HARQ on an LTE downlink control channel that is not subject to one or more limitations of the prior art.
This background information is provided for the purpose of making known information believed by the applicant to be of possible relevance to the present technology. No admission is necessarily intended, nor should be construed, that any of the preceding information constitutes prior art against the present technology.

Method and system for hybrid automatic repeat request combining on an lte downlink control channel


A surface light source device includes a light source body, first and second electrodes, a light reflecting layer, and a fluorescent layer. The light source body is configured to generate light. The first and second electrodes are each disposed adjacent to a corresponding opposite end portion of the light source body. The first and second electrodes receive a discharge voltage that creates a potential difference across the light source body. The light reflecting layer is disposed at an internal surface of the light source body. The light reflecting layer includes light diffusing particles having at least two sizes. The fluorescent layer is disposed at selected regions of the light source body. Therefore, the light reflecting layer is not deformed by heat and enhances reflectivity without changing a color coordinates.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a surface light source device and a liquid crystal display device having the surface light source device. More particularly, the present invention relates to a surface light source device capable of enhancing a luminance and a liquid crystal display device having the surface light source device.
2. Description of the Related Art
Generally, a liquid crystal display (LCD) device displays an image by varying an optical transmittance of liquid crystal. The LCD device has many advantages, which make the LCD device popular for use in various fields. Some examples of advantages of the LCD device include a thin thickness, a lightweight, a low power consumption, a low driving voltage, etc.
The LCD device includes a liquid crystal display panel that converts light into images, and a light source device that provides the liquid crystal display panel with light. A conventional light source device employs a cold cathode fluorescent lamp (CCFL) that has a cylindrical shape. The conventional light source device is classified as either an edge illumination type or direct illumination type according to a position of the CCFL.
In the edge illumination type light source device, the CCFL is disposed at a side portion of a light guide plate, so that light generated from the CCFL enters the light guide plate through a side face of the light guide plate. Light then exits the light guide plate through an upper face of the light guide plate.
In the direct illumination type, a plurality of CCFLs are disposed below the liquid crystal display panel, and a diffusion plate is disposed between the CCFLs and the liquid crystal display panel.
Use of either the light guide plate or the diffusion plate decreases light utilization efficiency of the convention light source device. Additionally, use of either the light guide plate or the diffusion plate increases manufacturing cost for the LCD device, and uniformity of luminance is still low.
In order to solve above-mentioned problems, a surface light source device has been developed. The surface light source device includes a light source body and electrodes. The light source body has an internal space divided into discharge spaces. The electrodes receive a discharge voltage that creates a potential difference across the light source body, which is sufficient to induce an electrical discharge of a discharge gas in the discharge spaces. The discharge spaces are connected to each other so that the discharge gas is uniformly distributed in the discharge spaces. The electrical discharge of the discharge gas generates ultraviolet light that may be converted into visible light.
The surface light source device includes a light reflecting layer formed in the light source body. The light reflecting layer reflects light toward the liquid crystal display panel. Generally, the light reflecting layer includes, but is not limited to, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) or metal.
Manufacturing processes for the surface light source device include a process performed at a temperature higher than about 500 F. At such a high temperature, when the light reflecting layer is formed in the light source body, the light reflecting layer may be deformed by heat during the manufacturing process. Such heat deformation may prevent the light reflecting layer from operating normally. Thus it is desirable to produce a light reflecting layer that is not deformed by heat and has a high reflectivity.

Surface light source device and liquid crystal display device having the same


Adhesive compositions having a reduced cure time and methods for making and using same are provided. In at least one specific embodiment, the adhesive composition can include a mixture of one or more phenolic-aldehyde resins and one or more cure accelerants. The one or more cure accelerants can be selected from the group consisting of: ammonia, ammonium hydroxide, one or more primary amines, one or more secondary amines, one or more tertiary amines, one or more alkanolamines, one or more aromatic amines, one or more polyamines, one or more amides, one or more polyamides, one or more compounds containing at least one amine functional group and at least one sulfur functional group, and any mixture thereof. In one or more embodiments, the adhesive composition can also include one or more hardeners.

1. Field
Embodiments described herein generally relate to adhesive compositions having a reduced cure time and methods for making and using same. More particularly, such embodiments relate to adhesive compositions having a reduced cure time that include one or more phenolic-aldehyde resins and one or more cure accelerants and methods for making and using same.
2. Description of the Related Art
The preparation of phenolic-aldehyde adhesive compositions, e.g., phenol-resorcinol-formaldehyde (PRF) resins, typically involve forming a solution of a water-soluble, fusible phenolic-aldehyde resin and making an adhesive mix therefrom by adding to the resin solution a methylene donor that can act to cure the resin to a cross-linked state. Common methylene donors or "hardeners" include, for example, aqueous formaldehyde, paraformaldehyde, hexamethylenetetramine, and the like.
One drawback with phenolic-aldehyde adhesives is that these adhesives tend to be slow to cure at ambient or "cold" pressing conditions. A slow cure rate equates to a slow gel time, which translates into slow product production and/or, depending on the particular product, difficulty in making a product with the phenolic-aldehyde adhesives. Slow gel times mean that the phenolic-aldehyde adhesives remain fluid, i.e., have a low viscosity, which it makes it difficult, if not impossible, to evenly apply the adhesive to wood or other substrate surfaces, especially vertically oriented surfaces.
Typically, the cure rate for a particular adhesive mix is often adjusted with an alkali metal hydroxide and/or alkali metal sulfite cure accelerants. For example, alkali metal hydroxides such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and/or potassium hydroxide (KOH) are commonly used to speed the cure rate, i.e., reduce the gel time, of phenolic-aldehyde adhesives in wood laminating processes. These accelerants, however, reduce the viscosity of the adhesive. Reducing the viscosity of the adhesive leads to lower quality composite products and/or composite products having inconsistent strength. These accelerants are also incompatible with Radio-Frequency (RF) presses because the metals present tend to cause arcing in the press. Additionally, the degree the cure time can be accelerated with such catalysts or accelerants is limited because there is a point where the metal hydroxides solubilize the adhesive and can cause the composite products to swell during curing of the adhesive.
There is a need, therefore, for improved adhesive compositions having increased viscosity, reduced metal concentration, and/or a reduced cure time for making composite products.


The present invention includes a gas-permeable, hydrophilic, graphite fuel cell electrode for use in conjunction with an ionomer membrane. The fuel cell electrode includes a first graphite portion enclosing micropores and mesopores, terminating in a first surface for contacting fuel or oxidant. The electrode also includes a second graphite portion enclosing micropores, adjacent and integral to the first portion. The second portion terminates in a second surface, opposing the first surface, for contacting fuel or oxidant. The electrode also includes a catalyst layer which is deposited onto the second surface.

Fuel cells are primary generators of electrical power. Fuel cells are similar to chemical batteries, such as lead or alkaline batteries, in that electricity is generated from the reaction of the fuel and the oxidant. Unlike chemical batteries, however, the fuel and oxidant in a fuel cell is continuously resupplied. Thus, a fuel cell never has to be electrically recharged. The cell only requires a new supply of fuel and oxidant for continued operation.
A fuel cell consists of two chambers, one containing the fuel, usually hydrogen, and the second containing an oxidant, usually oxygen or an oxygen-rich gas such as air. The hydrogen and oxidant chambers sandwich two electrodes which in turn surround an electrolyte. Hydrogen molecules are adsorbed at one electrode (the anode) to break the hydrogen molecular bonds, creating hydrogen ions and free electrons. These electrons, as will be discussed, flow from the anode to a load device, such as a light bulb, and flow on to the other electrode, the cathode. Oxygen molecules are adsorbed at the cathode, and the hydrogen ions, migrating through the electrolyte, react with the oxygen molecules at the cathode in a reduction reaction to produce water. The adsorption of the hydrogen and oxygen molecules is stimulated by the use of a catalyst layer serving as the interface of each of the two electrodes and the electrolyte. The potential difference existing between the hydrogen and oxygen electrodes (anode and cathode, respectively) thus creates an electrical current. Once the electrons reach the cathode, they are consumed by the reduction reaction.
Fuel cells which use an ionomer membrane as the electrolyte have a significant advantage over fuel cells which use a liquid electrolyte system. Liquid electrolyte systems, such as the alkaline or phosphoric acid systems, require complex subsystems to assure the purity of the electrolyte, its continuous circulation and, most importantly, that a fixed three-phase boundary is maintained. The three-phase boundary is the interface at which the reactant gases, the catalyst and the electrolyte meet. Unless precise controls are maintained, the liquid electrolyte can flood the three-phase boundary and thereby prevent the reactant gases from efficiently reaching the catalyst.
An ionomer membrane, e.g., the DuPont product known as Nafion.RTM., eliminates the need for complex electrolyte subsystems and the precise controls otherwise necessary to maintain a fixed, three-phase boundary in a fuel cell. Nafion.RTM. is a proton exchange type of ionomer membrane. Acid groups, bonded within the membrane, facilitate the transit of protons from one side of the membrane to the other. Hydrogen ions are the typical species of proton which is transported using a proton exchange membrane. The transport of hydrogen ions within the membrane proceeds via a Grothius chain mechanism and, therefore, four to six water molecules are required for each hydrogen ion transported. If the ionomer membrane is not sufficiently hydrated, reduced hydrogen ion transfer will occur, and the fuel cell's performance will degrade. In extreme cases, dehydration of the membrane at elevated temperatures can lead to cracking of the membrane and loss of its ion-conducting capability. Thus, while ionomer membranes represent an advance over liquid electrolyte systems for fuel cell purposes, they present their own unique problems in designing a practical fuel cell assembly.
In order to deal with the dehydration problem, which is inherent to the use of an ionomer membrane, other fuel cell designers have chosen to use a hydrophobic electrode in conjunction with the membrane. A hydrophobic electrode will tend to retain water within the membrane and thereby reduce the overall loss of water from fuel cell assembly during operation. Hydrophobic fuel cell electrodes are typically composed of high surface area carbon particles, a graphite cloth backing layer and Teflon.RTM.. Teflon.RTM. particles, dispersed in an aqueous suspension, and the carbon particles are mixed. The mixture is applied to the graphite cloth backing layer. The electrode is then heated in order to sinter the Teflon.RTM. particles. The sintered Teflon.RTM. particles are hydrophobic and also serve to provide channels for the reactant gasses to reach the three-phase boundary. The electrical current produced at the catalyst layer flows via the carbon particles to the graphite cloth backing and then to a current collector. A typical hydrophilic electrode is the Prototech.RTM. electrode, manufactured by E-Tech in Ohio.
Unfortunately, hydrophobic electrodes present significant water management problems also. Indeed, water management has been a continuing and vexatious problem when hydrophobic electrodes are used in conjunction with a proton exchange membrane. In order to supply sufficient humidification for the membrane, water must be condensed onto the hydrogen-side electrode through the use of a separate complex subsystem.
Thus, state-of-the-art fuel cell electrodes, when used in conjunction with an ionomer membrane, have two principal deficiencies. First, the electrodes rely upon a pressure contact between carbon particles for electrical conductivity. Even with a graphite cloth backing, there is significant electronic resistance within the electrode because of this type of structure. Second, maintaining humidification of the membrane is difficult and requires an elaborate subsystem.

Hydrophilic, graphite fuel cell electrode for use with an ionomer membrane


A circuit for driving a plurality of light emitting units includes a current biasing unit that biases a light emitting current with an overshoot current and supplies the resultant current to each of the light emitting units. The light emitting current is determined based on an amount of light emitted from each of the light emitting units.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a light-source driving device for driving a plurality of light emitting units in an image forming apparatus.
2. Description of the Related Art
An electrophotographic image forming apparatus that employs a laser as a light source is widely used for forming an image on a recording medium. Typically, the image forming apparatus includes an optical scanning device that forms an electrostatic latent image on a photosensitive drum by scanning the photosensitive drum with a laser beam in an axis direction of the photosensitive drum via a polygon scanner (e.g., a polygon mirror) while the photosensitive drum rotates. There has been a demand to increase image density, processing speed, and image quality, and improve operability of image forming apparatuses.
For this purpose, a method of scanning a plurality of lines on the photosensitive drum with a plurality of laser beams simultaneously has been proposed.
For example, an image forming apparatus disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 2000-012973 includes a light emitting element array in which a plurality of light emitting elements, to which a first electrode and a second electrode for applying a current are connected, are two-dimensionally arranged in a rectangular area, and first wires as a row wiring aligned in a longitudinal direction of the rectangular area and second wires as a column wiring aligned in a lateral direction of the rectangular area are arranged in a matrix form. The first electrodes are connected to the first wires, and the second electrodes are connected to the second wires. The light emitting element array is divided into a plurality of groups each of which can be driven independently, the row wiring and the column wiring are provided for the light emitting elements in each group, and the wires in the row wiring are drawn in the column direction.
Moreover, a light emitting element array disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 2002-314191 includes a plurality of light emitting elements arranged on a substrate and a plurality of electrode pads that are individually connected to the light emitting elements through a plurality of wires provided on the substrate. In the light emitting element array, the stray capacitances of the wires are approximately the same.
In recent years, attention has been paid to the use of a surface-emitting laser element as a light source of an image forming apparatus, such as a vertical-cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) element.
For example, a VCSEL element disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 2002-217488 includes a multiple quantum well (MQW) structure between an active layer and a top mirror, a first electrode for injecting a current into the active layer, and a second electrode for applying an electric field into the MQW structure. The electric field is applied to the MQW structure, so that a refractive index of the MQW structure is changed, thereby making an oscillation wavelength variable. A GaInNAs compound crystal is used as a material of a well layer of the MQW structure in the surface-emitting laser element.
If a light source including a plurality of light emitting units and a driver for supplying a driving current to each light emitting unit are provided on the same substrate and a wiring is conducted between the light source and the driver, it becomes difficult to keep the length of each wire the same between each light emitting unit and the driver as the number of the light emitting units increases.
If the lengths of the wires are different, rise characteristics of lights emitted from the light emitting units differ from each other. In addition, fluctuation in the rise characteristics can arise due to fluctuation in characteristics between the light emitting units, such as thermal characteristics and a resistance.

Light-source driving device, optical scanning device, and image forming apparatus


An actuator arrangement for a motor vehicle transmission includes a pump device, a shifting interface, and a switching logic device. The pump device has a pump for fluidic actuation of a clutch, and an electric motor for driving the pump. The shifting interface is connected to the pump device for actuating the motor vehicle transmission. The shifting interface has at least one of a shift lever, a shifting pawl mechanism, or a shifting shaft. The switching logic device is arranged between the shifting interface and the pump device. The pump device is arranged to actuate the shifting interface sequentially with respect to the clutch.

DE 10 2012 003 415 A1 discloses an actuator arrangement for a motor vehicle drive train, which has at least one friction clutch for transmitting drive torque, in particular in the form of a starting clutch, and a double clutch transmission having at least two gears stages, which can be engaged and disengaged by means of a shifting clutch arrangement. The actuator arrangement comprises a hydraulic circuit, which has a pump that can be driven by means of an electric motor and which has a hydraulic clutch cylinder, by means of which the friction clutch can be actuated, and a shifting-actuator arrangement for actuating the shifting clutch arrangement.
In this case, the shifting actuator arrangement has a shifting drum as a shifting interface, which is coupled or can be coupled to the electric motor via a shifting drum coupling device in such a way that the shifting drum can be set in rotation by means of the electric motor in order to actuate the shifting clutch arrangement. For this purpose, it is envisaged that the shifting drum coupling device is arranged between the pump and the electric motor which drives the pump.

Actuator arrangement for a motor vehicle transmission


Systems and methods are described in the present disclosure for determining the location and orientation of an object placed on a surface. One such system, among others, includes an optical device physically supported by an object at a fixed position with respect to a reference point of the object. The system also includes a surface upon which the object can be placed. A reference pattern, which is applied to the surface, includes an array of markings visible to the optical device. The array of markings includes encoded location information and orientation information. In addition, the system includes a processing device in communication with the optical device. The processing device is configured to calculate the location and orientation of the reference point of the object with respect to the surface.

Laparoscopy is a surgical procedure that involves the introduction of surgical instruments through small incisions in the outer layers of skin of a patient. Normally in a laparoscopic procedure, incisions are made to allow the introduction of two or more instruments. The advantage of laparoscopy over "open" surgical procedures is that smaller incisions are made, which enables the patient to recover more quickly than when a larger incision is required. Also, due to the reduced exposure of internal organs to airborne germs during a laparoscopic procedure, the odds of developing an internal infection is reduced.
Normally in laparoscopic procedures, trocars are first positioned through the skin to provide a channel through which other instruments can be inserted. For example, a laparoscopic video camera can be inserted through the trocars to view the patient's internal organs. Other instruments can be inserted as well to perform cutting, removing, stitching, and other surgical actions.
In order to practice the skills necessary to perform laparoscopic procedures or other types of surgical procedures, surgeons in training can sometimes use virtual reality systems, which have been developed in recent years to allow a trainee to practice on virtual patients in a virtual realm. With regard to virtual reality laparoscopic simulators, manipulation of physical handles of laparoscopic tools controls the virtual laparoscopic tools in the virtual realm. By manipulating the tools, the trainee can virtually insert instruments into the abdomen of a virtual patient and perform surgical procedures on the virtual patient.
The location of the physical handles of laparoscopic simulators is usually fixed. Also, the entry location through which the virtual instruments are introduced into the abdomen of the virtual patient is fixed. However, recent developments have been made in the field of laparoscopic simulators to free up each individual laparoscopic instrument. For instance, rather than placing the virtual instruments in a fixed position, manufacturers have created individual modules for each laparoscopic tool to allow placement of each module in any reasonable location.
This development allows a trainee to place tools in positions that may be more ergonomic or comfortable to the trainee. One of the shortcomings of these systems, however, is that the conventional laparoscopic simulators are not designed to correlate the location information of these modules in the physical realm with the location of the virtual instruments in the virtual realm. Therefore, virtual images of a number of laparoscopic tools may not match with the actual physical location of the modules in the real world, which can lead to confusion on the part of the trainee. Also, the trainee may experience an awkward situation where the physically manipulated tools interact with their physical environment in a way that is different from the tool interaction in the virtual realm. Thus, it may be evident that further developments can be made in the current state of the art to address these and other inadequacies of the conventional systems and methods.

Determining location and orientation of an object positioned on a surface


A method and mechanism for managing shifts in a shifting queue. A reservation station in a processing device includes a queue of shifting entries. On a given cycle, zero, one, or two instructions may be dispatched and stored in the queue. Depending upon the dispatch conditions and the state of the queue, existing entries within the queue may be shifted to make room for the newly dispatched instruction(s) at the top of the queue. Shift vectors are generated which identify entries of the queue which are to be shifted and by how much. A queue management approach is adopted in which three rules are generally followed: (i) Only shift entries that must shift due to dispatch pressure from above; (ii) If an entry must be shifted elsewhere, shift it as far down the array as the particular implementation allows; and (iii) Don't allow the previous conditions to force additional entries to shift that are not required to shift by dispatch pressure.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention is related to the field of processors and, more particularly, to an efficient shifting mechanism in a queue.
2. Description of the Related Art
Today's microprocessors have many varying, sometimes conflicting, requirements. For example, on the one hand, performance is a prime concern and may override other concerns. On the other hand, power consumption may be a prime concern. In other cases, a balance between performance and power consumption is a goal.
In processors, instruction schedulers are frequently used to keep track of program ordering information—in addition to various other control and data fields which may be required for instruction execution. Although it may be possible for many fields to be stored in static or non-shifting arrays, one approach to determining program order is to store some critical fields in a shifting structure that always maintains program dispatch ordering. In such a case it is generally necessary to design an appropriate shifting algorithm to manage the movement of the elements of the shifting arrays. In a case where only a single instruction or operation may be dispatched to a given scheduler in a clock cycle, the design of an efficient shifting algorithm may be relatively straightforward. However, in the more complex case of dispatching multiple instructions or operations to a single scheduler in one clock cycle, there are many different possible shifting algorithms, many of which may be inefficient in terms of shifting and power consumption.
Accordingly, an efficient method and mechanism for shifting data in queues or arrays is desired.

Optimum power efficient shifting algorithm for schedulers


An article of manufacture made of a magnesium alloy is made by casting the magnesium alloy to provide a billet, forging the billet to render material of the billet to have an average crystalline particle size of not greater than 100 .mu.m; and carrying out a T6 treatment (a solution treatment and an artificial aging treatment) with respect to the billet. Physical properties such as, for example, the tensile strength, elongation and the like of the article are considerably improved by virtue of the synergistic effect of the micronized crystalline particles and the T6 treatment.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method of making an article of manufacture made of a magnesium alloy such as, for example, a wheel or a suspension arm of an automotive vehicle.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Aluminum alloys are generally used for the manufacture of a wheel, a suspension arm, or the like of an automotive vehicle for the purpose of reducing the weight of the automotive vehicle. In recent years, magnesium alloys tend to be used in order to aim at a further reduction in weight. Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication (unexamined) No. 59-67102 discloses a disc wheel which is obtained by casting a molten magnesium alloy under a high pressure to provide a wheel casting and by carrying out a T6 treatment (a solution treatment and an artificial aging treatment) with respect thereto.
In the case of the magnesium alloys, however, the manufacture of the entire wheel only by the casting results in insufficient strength of, for example, a rim portion which carries a tire. Because of this, the problem arises that physical properties of the wheel cannot be sufficiently improved even by the T6 treatment.
On the other hand, the so-called casting and forging is known as a method of making an article of manufacture such as an automotive part or the like, and comprises the steps of: casting a metal alloy to provide a casting (a blank to be forged) of a shape analogous to that of a target product; and forging the casting. For example, in applications where an automotive wheel is manufactured by the casting and forging, a molten alloy 103 is initially poured into a cavity 102 defined in a sand mold 101, as shown in FIG. 30, to provide a forging stock 104 shown in FIG. 31 for finisher-forging. This forging stock 104 is then placed in between and finisher-forged by upper and lower dies 105 and 106, as shown in FIG. 32, thereby providing a forging. Thereafter, the forging is held between a mandrel 107 and a pressure member 108, as shown in FIG. 33, so that only a rim portion may be subjected to spin forging with the use of a roll 109. The finisher forging may be omitted according to circumstances.
As discussed hereinabove, the casting and forging has the advantage of considerably simplifying the required processes as compared with the normal forging in which a billet is used as a stock. Because of this, this method is primarily applied to the manufacture of articles made of an aluminum alloy. This method, however, has little advantages in improving the physical properties of such articles.
More specifically, the aluminum alloys include casting alloys having a high strength, and a specific casting process or increasing the strength such as, for example, liquid metal forging can be applied thereto. Accordingly, it is possible to make high-strength parts of a shape close to that of a target product only by the casting. Furthermore, even if the crystalline particle size of a casting of an aluminum alloy is micronized by forging, remarkable effects cannot be expected in respect of the physical properties.
Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication (unexamined) No. 4-147938 discloses an article of manufacture made of a magnesium alloy and a method of making such an article. According to this disclosure, the so-called sputtering process is applied to the manufacture of a magnesium alloy containing a high-melting metal, for example, tantalum (Ta) or niobium (Nb). By the application of the sputtering process, magnesium together with tantalum or niobium is held as a solid solution of a uniform phase. The magnesium alloy thus obtained is light and superior in resistance to corrosion, resistance to wear, and toughness. However, the problem arises that because each of tantalum and niobium has a high-melting point, the use of the sputtering process s inevitably required, thus complicating the manufacturing method.

Method of making an article of manufacture made of a magnesium alloy


A method and system for user authentication and identity theft protection. A typing typeprint is used to validate users for access to a computer system. The typeprint may also include a watermark, a timestamp, or voice stamp for further security. The method and system provide multi-modal biometric protection by supplementing keystroke-scan methods and systems with fingerprint, voice-scan, signature-scan and mouse-scan verification. The authentication program may be built into a keyboard.

The need for people to have passwords that are easy to remember goes contrary to what makes up a good password. People are not very rigorous when insuring the randomness of passwords. Furthermore, people usually have several passwords to keep track of and therefore are less tempted to create random and difficult-to-remember passwords. The preferred defense is to make passwords nearly impossible to guess, but such strength requires that the password be selected in a totally random fashion. That's a tall order for humans, because humans are not very good at making up randomness. Furthermore, because people usually have several passwords to keep track of, locking user accounts with random, but difficult-to-remember, strings of characters such as "wX %95qd!" is a recipe for a support headache.
Bending the wrists sideways or up and down while using the keyboard or mouse can cause musculoskeletal disorders such as carpal tunnel syndrome. Numerous studies have shown that the split keyboard design gives the operator a more neutral forearm position compared to a traditional keyboard. Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a condition that can cause pain, tingling, numbness, and weakness in the fingers and thumb. CTS from work causes is highest between the ages of 20 and 40.
In accessing a secure computer system most of us use a username and password. The combination of a username and a password does not constitute strong authentication. That has traditionally been a weak point in authentication systems. In the modern world of global computerization we need a shift from a simple ID and password authentication that is easily intercepted to using a two-factor authentication, which requires people to identify themselves using two unique factors, such as a password along with either a digital certificate, a smart card, or a biometric proof.
The proposed method for password authentication of the present invention uses keystroke-scan characteristics that are unique for each individual. Accordingly, the password authentication method of the present invention is unobtrusive, reliable and could be used on any data input device that could measure typing intervals with accuracy better than one millisecond.
While typing or working at a computer keyboard and performing regularly 10,000 keystrokes per hour users must have a keyboard that will alleviate the stress by improved allocation of keys and decreased force during typing. Split keyboards are designed to straighten the wrist. This can be done in two ways: by increasing the distance between the right and left sides of the keyboard or by rotating each half of the keyboard so that each half is aligned with the forearm. The proposed design uses these two methods. It also uses negative slope and concave well keyboard, elements of which could be found in special expensive keyboards offered on the current market.
The combination of advanced ergonomic design and multimodal biometric security protection provides a user-friendly solution that is easy to implement and gives maximum access, communication and transaction security, accompanied by increased functionality and comfort of use. Naturally, the user authentication method described in the current invention could be also implemented on computers with conventional keyboards as a software-only solution. Furthermore, the ergonomic design of the present invention may also be implemented without the advanced authentication method of the present invention.
A keyboard-embedded microchip or keyboard microcontroller with the capability of recording time events with the resolution from 30 millisecond down to 30 microseconds is used for static and dynamic password and user authentication according to the proposed algorithm. The proposed statistical processing of measured keystroke-scan characteristics results in creating a digital signature that contains unique typing characteristics of a person who types the password during login procedure. The same algorithm creates a unique digital signature irrespective of the input text, which could be used for dynamic unobtrusive verification of the user who is currently working at the keyboard.
The example of implementation described below incorporates elements of artificial intelligence in helping customers to select a random password that is hardened by an additional digital signature. The password created during first login procedure with an input from a customer becomes a password-for-life. The ultimate keyboard provides also multimodal biometric protection, supplementing keystroke-scan method with fingerprint, voice-scan, and signature-scan or mouse-scan verification. Signature-scan authentication is performed through modified touchpad or Tablet PC and does not require special hardware. Voice-scan verification and/or authentication is performed through two or more microphones embedded in the keyboard. External microphones could be also used for identity verification purpose.
The proposed voice-scan module allows to record the low- and high-frequency characteristics of voice input and to use them along with the time characteristics of a recorded input for hardening the user's password and/or for protection against identity theft.
In one embodiment of the invention, training of the user is required before a strong random password is created and tested. A short self-training program is included in the first login procedure. The algorithm-created password could be used as a single sign-on password for multiple applications.
The proposed keystroke-scan and signature-scan authentication may be used in physical keyboards and/or virtual (on screen) keyboards, in USB tokens and USB Flash drives, and/or projection keyboards.
The ultimate keyboard has a great potential in becoming the first choice for OEM manufacturers since it allows tailoring keyboard during ordering according to customers needs and personal preferences. One of the key strengths of the ultimate keyboard is versatility. For example, instead of two Enter keys in the middle of a keyboard along left and right side of the Touchpad, a customer may select Enter and Space functions for these two keys. Or instead of a RollerBall in the middle or at the top or at the bottom of the keyboard, users could select a Trackbar, a Trackball, a reversed optical mouse, or any other pointing device for manipulating the movements of the cursor. And to give another example, a Touchpad or a Trackball could be placed at the bottom of the keyboard; this solution might be preferable for laptop users who have developed the habit of using their thumbs for mouse navigation.
The attached drawings of ergonomic keyboards do not limit the number of modules that could be incorporated in a keyboard of customers' choice. The included figures serve only as an example of choices users have in configuration of their keyboards that ensure comfort of use and security in the modern world of global computerization but do not limit the scope of applications of the proposed ultimate keyboard with built-in security protection.
Customization of keyboards during ordering will provide unparalleled functionality, comfort of use and unobtrusive and reliable security in financial and business transactions along with identity theft protection.

User input authentication and identity protection