A projecting apparatus includes a casing, a projector and a foldable arm set. The foldable arm set is connected with the projector and selectively in a folded state or an unfolded state. The projector is capable of performing a projecting operation when the foldable arm set is in the unfolded state. A containing space is defined by the foldable arm set and the casing for containing the projector therein when the foldable arm set is in the folded state.

Generally, the designated values F indicative of the focal lengths of projectors are ranged from 1.8 to 2.4. According to the focal lengths, household projectors are usually classified into three types: short focal length projectors, medium focal length projectors and long focal length projectors. For example, the short focal length projector with F<1.6 is properly placed on the household coffee table. The medium focal length projector with F=2.0˜2.4 is properly hung on the ceiling. The long focal length projector with F>2.4 is properly placed on the backside of the living room. Recently, the short focal length projectors capable of projecting out 80-inch images when spaced from the projection screen by a distance less than one meter are gaining popularity.
Take a projector used to give a lecture in classrooms for example. In views of the height and the location of the image to be projected, the projecting zone thereof is usually on a whiteboard or blackboard. In a case that a long focal length projector is used, the projector is placed on a desk or hung on a ceiling such that the projector may project images onto the whiteboard or blackboard. Whereas, in a case that a short focal length projector is used, the projector is usually fixed at a position in the vicinity of the whiteboard or blackboard because the projecting distance is about 80 cm˜100 cm. In addition, the short focal length projector is fixed on a wall above the whiteboard or blackboard in a suspended or wall-hung manner. Since the short focal length projector is gradually adopted in the market, the structure and the assembling method of the short focal length projector are continuously improved in order to meet diverse demands. Depending on the structures, the retractile properties or the lens angles, a variety of projecting apparatuses are developed. For convenience, most projecting apparatuses are designed to be fixed above the projection screen. These projecting apparatuses, however, lack burglarproof functions. In addition, it is troublesome to store these projecting apparatuses.
FIG. 1 is a schematic perspective view illustrating a projecting apparatus described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,179,426. As shown in FIG. 1, the projecting apparatus 10 is fixed on a position above a projection screen (e.g. a whiteboard) 11. The projecting apparatus 10 may be rotated in the left or right direction and stored at a position near a wall above the projection screen 11. As shown in FIG. 1, the projecting apparatus 10 may be stored at the position A. When the projector of the projecting apparatus 10 is rotated to the position B, the projector may be used for projecting images. Since the lens of the projector is stored in the open space above or in front of the projection screen 11, the projector is easily stolen. Similarly, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,540,366 and 6,604,829, the lens of the projector is also stored in the open space above or in front of the projection screen. As such, similar drawbacks occur.
Therefore, there is a need of providing a projecting apparatus having a burglarproof function to obviate the drawbacks encountered from the prior arts.


A readily disposable ion selective electrode assembly, free of onboard reagents, for use in analyzers has a reference element and plural sensor elements linearly positioned in parallel on a substrate. An elastomeric flow channel member containing two parallel grooves creates flow channels on the substrate above the elements. The substrate holds the elastomer in compression and is retained by snaps injection molded into a housing. Electrical contacts and leakfree fluidic connections are provided by spring loaded connectors through the housing. Reference and sample fluids are drawn through the respective flow channels and come together to form a liquid junction downstream from the sensor elements. Bubbles, that might otherwise cause erroneous results, are detected.

In the field of clinical diagnostics, there exists a need for reliable, low cost devices, i.e., for the routine quantitative determination of electrolytes and certain metabolites in physiological fluids. For this purpose, ion selective electrodes (ISE) have routinely been applied in the clinical measurement of sodium, potassium, chloride and similar ions. Most ion selective devices on the market today have a limited lifetime in the sense that the materials of construction tend to deteriorate with use and time. For example, flow conduits become coated and clogged due to clotting, or coagulation, of protein. Also the ion sensing membranes tend to degrade in performance with time due to membrane poisoning by sample constituents or general loss of ionophore potency. Such electrodes typically require a high degree of maintenance. It is desirable, therefore, to be able to replace the ion selective electrodes simply and conveniently with a low cost assembly before performance deteriorates when the occasion or need arises. This is preferable to the substantial maintenance that would be otherwise required to achieve high operating efficiency and effectiveness.
Disposable solid state sensors possess significant advantages over ion selective electrodes of conventional design. The ability to discard the sensor after each or several uses is highly desirable. A number of the sensor designs described in the prior art have sought to achieve this end result.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,994,167, issued to Schults et al., discloses a device in which a removable cartridge protects a membrane of an electrode assembly. However, the design does not define flow channels and also does not provide a particularly good seal, thus the unit is incapable of being used for analyzing multiple ions.
Another United States patent, issued to Pfab et al , U.S. Pat. No. 5,018,527, describes a complex flow system having multiple solid state membrane sensors, but the sensors are complex and difficult to manufacture.
In United States patent issued to Calzi, U.S. Pat. No. 4,966,670, an apparatus is provided for the differential measurement of electrolytes using a conventional ISE design. Unfortunately, the apparatus described uses bored channels disposed within a relatively large mounting block. This makes the device relatively expensive and requires relatively large volumes of sample and calibration solutions to operate. The need of present day sensors is that they efficiently operate with relatively small reagent volumes and they should be of low cost so that it is feasible to make them easily and they are readily replaceable. U.S. Pat. No. 4,871,439 issued to Enzer et al. incorporates a plurality of solid state electrodes in a disposable cartridge. The cartridge includes calibration solutions in self contained containers, a reference electrode fluid container and a container for spent fluids. These subassemblies are all integrated into a single structure. The whole unit is disposable but represents a relatively expensive, complex unit that is not suitable for the low cost testing large numbers of samples.
Finally, U.S. Pat. No. 4,786,394 Enzer et al. disclose a clinical analyzer which comprises a disposable cartridge containing sensors and further describes an electrically connected plug-in contained within the disposable cartridge, described previously, which contains bags for reagents, calibrators, waste dispose, etc.

Disposable cartridge for ion selective electrode sensors


A negative-working lithographic printing plate having a radiation-sensitive layer comprising a diazo resin, an acid-substituted ternary acetal polymer and an unsaturated polyester is developed with an aqueous developing composition comprising an organic solvent, an anionic surface active agent, sodium oxalate, sodium nitrate or an alkali metal tetraborate an aliphatic monocarboxylic acid, an aliphatic dicarboxylic acid and sufficient alkaline buffering system to provide an alkaline pH. The method effectively avoids problems of blinding and background sensitivity which are of critical concern in the printing art.

The art of lithographic printing is based upon the immiscibility of oil and water, wherein the oily material or ink is preferentially retained by the image area and the water or fountain solution is preferentially retained by the non-image area. When a suitably prepared surface is moistened with water and an ink is then applied, the background or non-image area retains the water and repels the ink while the image area accepts the ink and repels the water. The ink on the image area is then transferred to the surface of a material upon which the image is to be reproduced; such as paper, cloth and the like. Commonly the ink is transferred to an intermediate material called the blanket which in turn transfers the ink to the surface of the material upon which the image is to be reproduced.
The most common type of lithographic printing plate to which the present invention is directed has a light-sensitive coating applied to an aluminum base support. The coating may respond to light by having the portion which is exposed become soluble so that it is removed in the developing process. Such a plate is referred to as positive-working. Conversely, when that portion of the coating which is exposed becomes hardened the plate is referred to as negative-working In both instances the image area remaining is ink-receptive or oleophilic and the non-image area or background is water-receptive or hydrophilic. The differentiation between image and non-image areas is made in the exposure process where a film is applied to the plate with a vacuum to insure good contact. The plate is then exposed to a light source, a portion of which is composed of UV radiation. In the instance where a positive plate is used, the area on the film that corresponds to the image on the plate is opaque so that no light will strike the plate, whereas the area on the film that corresponds to the non-image area is clear and permits the transmission of light to the coating which then becomes more soluble and is removed. In the case of a negative plate the converse is true. The area on the film corresponding to the image area is clear while the non-image area is opaque. The coating under the clear area of film is hardened by the action of light while the area not struck by light is removed. The light-hardened surface of a negative plate is therefore oleophilic and will accept ink while the non-image area which has had the coating removed through the action of a developer is desensitized and is therefore hydrophilic.
Most developer compositions for negative-working printing plates disadvantageously consist primarily of organic solvents which are offensive through their volatility and high concentration, pose toxic exposure hazards to the end user and are pollutants to the environment when evaporated into the air and/or discharged into public waterways. Presently there is a trend toward the use of aqueous developers Typically, these aqueous developers also contain organic solvents at concentrations which are still environmentally harmful and toxic to the end user. The prime advantage is that the solvents are not odor-wise offensive. They have the disadvantage of having a strongly alkaline pH, cause redeposit on the plate and machine parts, and solubilize the coating residue which creates disposal problems and reduces the effective life of the developer in a processing machine. The present invention utilizes a composition which substantially alleviates these problems.
Aqueous alkaline developing compositions, for use with negative-working lithographic printing plates, which contain an organic solvent and a surface active agent are well known. Such developing compositions are described for example in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,701,657, 3,707,373, 4,186,006, 4,308,340, 4,350,756, 4,395,480, 4,716,098, 5,035,982, European Patent No. 0 080 042, British Patent No. 1,515,174 and British Patent No. 0 2,110,401. As disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,701,657, 3,707,373, 4,350,756, 4,395,480 and 4,716,098 it is also known to incorporate in such developing compositions an aliphatic carboxylic acid or salt thereof. Such developers are generally quite effective but suffer from disadvantages which have hindered their commercial utilization, for example, they may not be able to adequately desensitize residual coating which remains in the background areas of the printing plate.
One of the more serious problems which can afflict negative-working lithographic printing plates is inability of the developer to remove all residual coating from the non-image areas of the plate. When sufficient residual coating remains, a condition exists for background sensitivity to occur during the printing process. Minimally, the effect would be to increase the amount of water required in the fountain solution Under more severe conditions, ink may adhere to the background and ultimately to the printed sheet, thereby resulting in a condition known as "tinting" or "toning." Under extremely severe conditions, there is so much ink in the background that it is referred to as "scumming."
Among the requirements for an effective developer are (1) that it be resistant to oxidation, (2) that it be capable of dissolution-type processing, i.e., that the photosensitive composition dissolves fully in the developing solution rather than breaking up in the form of particles, and (3) that it be effective in desensitizing the non-image areas.
A particularly advantageous negative-working lithographic printing plate is that described and claimed in copending commonly assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 918,868, filed Jul. 23, 1992; "Photosensitive Compositions And Lithographic Printing Plates With Reduced Propensity To Blinding" by John E. Walls. This plate comprises an imaging layer containing a diazo resin, an acid-substituted ternary acetal polymer and an unsaturated polyester. One of its major advantages is its ability to resist blinding. As is well understood in the art, the term "blinding" refers to inability of the image areas to adequately take up the printing ink. In the printing plates of the aforesaid U.S. patent application Ser. No. 918,868, an important feature contributing to the ability to resist blinding is the presence of the unsaturated polyester. However, these plates sometimes exhibit a yellow stain. The use of the unsaturated polyester is, in part, connected with the stain. There appear to be other, as yet poorly understood, factors contributing to the stain. The yellow stain is known to be an extremely thin but strongly adhering layer of diazo resin and polymeric binder which is not removed in the developing process when conventional developers are used. The intensity of the stain is proportional to the amount of residual coating.
It is toward the objective of providing an improved development process which overcomes problems of the prior art with respect to both blinding and background sensitization that the present invention is directed.

Method for developing lithographic printing plates


Communication data is relayed to vehicle-mounted terminals in vehicles traveling in a particular area via vehicle-mounted terminals in vehicles. Each of the vehicle-mounted terminals functioning as intermediary terminals relays communication data to vehicle-mounted terminals in vehicles existing in a particular direction only until the communication data reaches the vehicle-mounted terminal in the vehicle closest to the target position, i.e., the center of the particular area. The communication data having reached the vehicle-mounted terminal in the vehicle closest to the target position is relayed to surrounding vehicle-mounted terminals through broadcasting.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a communication-data relaying method and an inter-vehicle communication system for sending and receiving communication data containing various messages among vehicles.
2. Description of the Related Art
Inter-vehicle communication systems are known which send/receive communication data among traveling vehicles wirelessly connected to each other, as disclosed in, for example, Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 10-47975 (pages 14 to 28 and FIGS. 1 to 44). The inter-vehicle communication system disclosed in this Publication No. 10-47975 is provided with two communication modes, a near-vehicle communication mode and a far-vehicle communication mode, so that the user in a vehicle specifies an area to communicate with other vehicles traveling in the specified area. The near-vehicle communication mode, typically used for communication between vehicles traveling relatively close to each other, allows communication data to be wirelessly sent/received directly between such vehicles. On the other hand, the far-vehicle communication mode, typically used for communication between vehicles traveling relatively far away from each other, requires the user in a first vehicle to specify the area in which a second vehicle to communicate with is traveling, acquire the telephone number of the second vehicle, and dial the number for the second vehicle to send/receive communication data to/from the second vehicle.
Unfortunately, the vehicle to communicate with in the near-vehicle communication mode described above should be traveling within a communication radio-wave reachable range. In general, a first source vehicle can communicate with a second destination vehicle traveling beyond a radio-wave reachable range by using a third intermediary vehicle as a radio-wave relay. This approach, however, does not always ensure that data from the first source vehicle reaches the second destination vehicle, because the first source vehicle, the second destination vehicle, and the third intermediary vehicle are not moving in cooperation with one another. The first source vehicle could broadcast communication data so that nearby vehicles relay the data sequentially up to the second destination vehicle. This approach also poses a problem in that a large amount of communication data results until the data reaches the second destination vehicle, especially if the second destination vehicle is far away from the first source vehicle.
The far-vehicle communication mode described above overcomes these problems by allowing the first source vehicle to dial the number for the second destination vehicle traveling far away within mobile-phone coverage to connect specifically to the second destination vehicle. Although this approach ensures that a minimum required amount of data is used to send data from the first source vehicle to the second destination vehicle, it can be achieved only when a vehicle-mounted terminal database outside the vehicle (telephone central office, for example) is available; that is, it is difficult to employ the far-vehicle communication mode if a new infrastructure cannot be established. Thus, a new communication system has been demanded that overcomes the above-described disadvantages using vehicle-mounted devices only.

Communication-data relaying method and inter-vehicle communication system


Disclosed herein are systems, methods, and non-transitory computer-readable storage media for calculating and reporting the cost-savings associated with communicating content on a single stream of data from a content server versus communicating that same content to clients where each client has an individual data stream connection, and the comparison of those costs over various data paths. These costs can be the actual bandwidth, the data throughput, or monetary in nature. They can also include other factors beyond communication rates, such as setup, maintenance, and switching costs.

1. Technical Field
The present disclosure relates to cost-savings reporting and more specifically to cost-savings reporting associated with the difference in cost between communicating content from a content server and communicating that same content directly from the content server to individual clients using individual data stream connections.
2. Introduction
Classic radio broadcasting is limited to specific geographic areas associated with the radio station, the radio station tower, and any repeater radio towers broadcasting the audio signal. While differences in tower signal strengths and attenuation differences between Frequency Modulation (FM) and Amplitude Modulation (AM) radio signals could vary specific broadcast distances, generally radio broadcasts are limited to a radius of several hundred miles. While repeater radio towers can increase this distance, such broadcast capability is often restricted by cost or by regulations from the Federal Communication Commission (FCC).
For radio broadcasts to reach larger audiences, many stations have begun communicating their audio signals over the Internet. This communication over the Internet generally requires the radio station to use a server capable of producing a multitude of connections, or sockets, where a connection can communicate data to one of a group of clients accepting the content over the internet. These connections all require a large use of bandwidth, which can be costly to maintain. As an alternative to communicating through Internet connections and using large amounts of bandwidth, some broadcasters have begun uploading communications to a server connected to phone lines. Users can then establish a telephone connection and through that telephone connection listen to streaming audio. Communicating content over a telephone connection can be advantageous because it utilizes telephone networks, such as the public switched telephone network, which can be significantly more cost-efficient to content providers than data networking over the Internet. Unknown, however, is precisely how advantageous this move can be for any given content provider.

System and method for cost-savings reporting


A power converter for a switched reluctance motor (SRM) or a permanent magnet brushless direct current (do) motor (PMBDCM) may include a front-end boost partial circuit for connecting with a first phase winding of the motor to form a front-end boost circuit and a back-end boost partial circuit for connecting with a second phase winding of the motor to form a back-end boost circuit. The front-end boost partial circuit generates a first step-up voltage in cooperation with the inductance provided by the first phase winding. The back-end boost partial circuit generates a second step-up voltage in cooperation with the inductance provided by the second phase winding.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to an apparatus for drive control, power conversion, and start-up control in a PMBDCM or a two-phase SRM drive system.
2. Description of Related Art
Variable speed motor drives are expected to play an increasingly important role in improving home appliances particularly in their ability to meet existing and proposed federal efficiency requirements. In such motor drives, cost reduction is important. Cost reductions can come from one or more subsystems, i.e., the motor, power converter, and controller. Of all existing motor drive systems, switched reluctance machines (SRMs) offer the greatest potential for cost reduction in their subsystems, and the power converter is the primary subsystem where cost can be substantially reduced. Following is a brief description of related art power converter topologies for a two-phase SRM.
FIG. 1 illustrates a related art asymmetric power converter for driving a two-phase SRM. Power converter 100 has two controllable and two uncontrollable power devices for each phase winding 101, 102 of the SRM. Therefore, four controllable 103-106 and four uncontrollable 107-110 power devices are required for power converter 100 to operate. The primary advantage of power converter 100 is that it gives full controllability in terms of its ability to apply full positive or negative direct current (do) link voltage and, therefore, does not diminish or restrict any operating mode of the SRM. The disadvantage of this power converter topology is that it uses eight power devices. A more detailed description of power converter 100's circuit operation may be found in "Switched Reluctance Motor Drives", R. Krishnan, CRC Press, June 2001.
FIG. 2 illustrates a related art single switch-per-phase power converter for driving a two-phase SRM. Power converter 200's circuit topology is based on splitting a dc input source voltage 201 equally to the machine side power converter. This results in a circuit requiring one controllable and one uncontrollable power device per phase winding 202, 203. Therefore, overall, power converter 200 requires two controllable power devices 204, 205 and two uncontrollable power devices 206, 207 for a two-phase SRM. The major advantage of this circuit design is that it uses a reduced number of power devices (e.g., a total of four) compared to the asymmetric converter. The disadvantage of this circuit is that it reduces the available dc source voltage by half and, therefore, doubles the current rating required for the devices and for the machine, resulting in low efficiency machine operation. A fuller description of this circuit may also be found in "Switched Reluctance Motor Drives", R. Krishnan, CRC Press, June 2001.
FIG. 3 illustrates a related art C-Dump power converter for driving a two-phase SRM. Power converter 300's circuit uses three controllable power devices 301-303 and three uncontrollable diodes 304-306, resulting in the use of six power devices. This is an intermediate circuit between those illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2. The operating modes are somewhat restricted for this circuit, since it can apply full dc source voltage 309 to machine windings 307, 308 only in the positive direction. Furthermore, this circuit requires an external inductor 310 or a resistor (not shown) to dissipate the energy stored in C-dump capacitor 311. Use of external inductor 310 increases the cost, whereas the use of the power resistor (not shown) will result in a lower efficiency of the system and higher package volume, due to increased thermal considerations. Therefore, this circuit is not ideal for use with two-phase SRMs. A more detailed description of this circuit may be found in "Switched Reluctance Motor Drives", R. Krishnan, CRC Press, June 2001 and in Miller et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,684,867, published in Aug. 4, 1987.
FIG. 4 illustrates a related art single switch-per-phase power converter for driving a two-phase SRM. Power converter 400 requires one uncontrolled 401, 402 and one controlled power device 403, 404 per phase 405, 406, and therefore, requires four power devices to function. Furthermore, power converter 400 requires a special winding in the machine, known as a bifilar winding. This special winding increases the copper volume in the machine windings, resulting in increased cost for the machine. Additionally, power switches 403, 404 experience higher voltage stresses due to the leakage inductance between the windings of the respective phase. This leakage inductance can be minimized but cannot be eliminated in a practical machine. Therefore, this converter circuit is not widely used, despite the fact that a full do source voltage 407 can be impressed on the machine with full controllability of the current. A more in depth description of this circuit may be found in "Switched Reluctance Motor Drives", R. Krishnan, CRC Press, June 2001 and in Miller, U.S. Pat. No. 4,500,824, published Feb. 19, 1985.
All other power converter circuit topologies fall into one of the above-described categories, in terms of the total number of power devices required for their operation. From the foregoing, it may be seen that a minimum of four power devices are required for operating a related art two-phase SRM.
Generally speaking though, commercial power converters used to drive a two-phase SRM usually have more than two controllable switches and more than two diodes. Circuits requiring only two controllable switches and two diodes have the disadvantages of high power loss, low efficiency, and sometimes a bifilar winding in the machine, thereby reducing the power density of the machine. Therefore, existing solutions are not attractive with regard to considerations of high efficiency operation, full range of speed control, compactness in the converter's packaging and, most importantly of all, the overall cost of the system.
The fundamental challenge in power converter development has been to reduce the number of power devices, both controllable and uncontrollable, to a level corresponding to that of a single-quadrant chopper drive, such as is commonly used in a dc motor drive or in a universal motor drive. A description of these drives is provided in "Switched Reluctance Motor Drives", R. Krishnan, CRC Press, June 2001. When the number of power devices has been reduced to this level, a brushless SRM drive becomes commercially competitive for variable speed applications. Moreover, the brushless SRM has the superior advantage of high efficiency, since there are no brushes and commutators in the SRM. Also, the brushless SRM is further endowed with high-speed operability, high reliability, maintenance-free operation, greater overload capability and, most of all, a cost advantage over the dc motor drive.
All reference material cited herein is hereby incorporated into this disclosure by reference.

Apparatus for drive control, power conversion, and start-up control in a PMBDCM or two-phase SRM drive system

Virginia Tech Intellectual Properties, Inc.


A method for facilitating a data session in an initiation protocol (SIP) environment is provided that includes receiving a solicitation for participation in a SIP communication session that involves a first endpoint and a second endpoint. The method also includes identifying an identity trait associated with the first endpoint. In more particular embodiments, various alternative methods may include generating a network search associated with the first endpoint that is seeking to contact the second endpoint in order to conduct the SIP communication session. The results of the network search may be displayed for the second endpoint.

The field of communications has become increasingly important in today's society. In particular, the ability to quickly and effectively interact with an individual (through any suitable communications media) presents a significant obstacle for component manufacturers, system designers, and network operators. This obstacle is made even more difficult due to the plethora of diverse communication technologies (e.g. Instant Messaging, cellular communications, simple voice sessions, etc.) that exist in the current marketplace.
As new communication platforms (such as session initiation protocol (SIP), for example) become available to the consumer, new protocols need to be developed in order to optimize this emerging technology. For example, one problem often encountered by a caller in any communications environment is being unable to identify characteristics about a calling party associated with the incoming call. This inability prohibits a receiving party from adequately preparing for the call, rejecting the call in cases where receiving the call from a specific individual is not preferred, or properly anticipating the needs of the calling party. Accordingly, this deficiency in information for the receiving party presents a burden for any employee, employer, individual, or endpoint that seeks to execute a successful and productive communication session.

System and method for providing enhanced caller ID in a session initiation protocol (SIP) environment


Techniques for generated regular expressions are disclosed. In some embodiments, a regular expression generator may receive input data comprising one or more character sequences. The regular expression generator may convert character sequences into a sets of regular expression codes and/or span data structures. The regular expression generator may identify a longest common subsequence shared by the sets of regular expression codes and/or spans, and may generate a regular expression based upon the longest common subsequence. Alignment of span data structures may be performed when generating the regular expression.

Big data analytics systems can be used for predictive analytics, user behavior analytics, and other advanced data analytics. However, before any data analysis may be performed effectively to provide useful results, the initial data set may need to be formatted into clean and curated data sets. This data onboarding often presents challenges for cloud-based data repositories and other big data systems, where data from various different data sources and/or data streams may be compiled into a single data repository. Such data may include structured data in multiple different formats, semi-structured data in accordance with different data models, and even unstructured data. Repositories of such data often include data representations within various different formats and structures, and also may include duplicate data and erroneous data. When these data repositories are analyzed for reporting, predictive modeling, and other analytics tasks, a poor signal-to-noise ratio of the initial data set may lead to results that are inaccurate or not useful.
Many current solutions to the problems of data formatting and preprocessing include manual and ad hoc processes to clean and curate the data, in order to manipulate the data into a common format before performing a data analysis. While these manual processes can be effective for certain smaller data sets, such processes may be inefficient and impractical when attempting to preprocess and format large-scale data sets.

Regular expression generation using span highlighting alignment


A reinforcing bar binding device of simple structure and light weight capable of preventing exposure of wire from concrete which may cause corrosion of reinforcing bar, by reducing the height of the twisted portion of a wire rope, comprising a main body 1, and a loop forming unit 3 having a pair of curved members 2A, 2B with grooves disposed at the leading end of the main body 1 so as to be free to open and close, in which the main body 1 comprises a wire feeder 5 for forming a loop of wire 4 by feeding the wire 4 into the grooves of the pair of curved members 2A, 2B in a closed state so as to enclose the intersection of reinforcing bars 60, and a driving mechanism 6 incorporating a motor 21 for opening or closing the pair of curved members 2A, 2B and, after forming the loop, advancing and retracting a cutter 36 for cutting off the wire 4 being sent out to the grooves, twisting the formed loop, and advancing, retracting and rotating a pair of pin members 37 disposed at an interval for binding the reinforcing bars 60 by the wire 4, sequentially.

The present invention relates to a portable reinforcing bar binding device for binding reinforcing bars, laid down laterally and longitudinally at construction sites, by a wire at their intersections.
Hitherto, as the means for improving the reinforcing bar binding work at construction sites, a reinforcing bar binding device as shown in FIG. 29 has been proposed (Japanese Patent Publication No. 5-13223). This reinforcing bar binding device has a J-shaped loop forming unit 102 provided at the leading end of a main body 101, and a wire reel 103 provided at the rear part of the main body 101, and the loop forming unit 102 is moved back and forth by a reciprocal driving mechanism 104, and a wire 105 is sent out from the wire reel 103 by a pair of pinch rollers 107 driven by a motor 106. This wire 105 is further fed into the loop forming unit 102 through a bar-shaped wire twisting unit 110 rotated by a wire cutter 108 driven by solenoid or the like, not shown, and a motor 109. The intersection of reinforcing bars 111 is placed in the loop forming unit 102 in opened state, and the loop forming unit 102 is moved back to close, and the wire 105 is supplied in the loop forming unit 102 to form a wire loop 112, and the wire 105 is cut by the wire cutter 108, and the wire loop 112 is twisted by the wire twisting unit 110.
Furthermore, in other reinforcing bar binding device (Japanese Laid-open Utility Model No. 5-3495 (a microfilm of Japanese Utility Model Application No. 3-51320), by a drive mechanism composed of motors, gears, cams, clutches, rollers, and others, a wire is supplied from the wire reel into the J-shaped loop forming unit to form a wire loop, the wire is cut off, and the wire loop is twisted, and in this reinforcing bar binding device, after supplying the wire into the loop forming unit, it is cut off by a cutter provided near the i-shaped leading end, and the wire loop is formed by hooking and twisting by a hook provided in the bar-shaped wire twisting unit.
In the case of the first reinforcing bar binding device disclosed in Japanese Patent Publication No. 5-13223, four driving devices are used, that is, the reciprocal driving device 104, motor 106, solenoid, and motor 109. As a result, the device is not only bulky but also heavy, and the efficiency of the reinforcing bar binding work by this device is, hence, poor. Besides, the loop is twisted by the bar-shaped loop twisting unit 110. That is, the loop is twisted at its one point. Accordingly, only the portion closer to the loop twisting unit 110 is easily twisted, and the height of the twisted portion of the loop is increased. As a result, when the reinforcing bar is buried in concrete, this wire twisted portion is exposed, and corrosion of reinforcing bar may be originated from this exposed portion. Moreover, the intersection of reinforcing bars must be bound by forming loops plural times by the wire, but in the case of this reinforcing bar binding device, it seems difficult to form loops of wire plural times.
In the case of the second reinforcing bar binding device mentioned above, after forming a wire loop, the wire is cut off near the leading end of the J-shaped loop forming unit considerably remote from the loop twisting unit. Accordingly, according to the example disclosed in the microfilm of Japanese Utility Model Application No. 3-51329, at least 3/4 of the periphery of the wire loop is displaced out of the twisted portion of the wire, and it is a wasteful portion.
In this reinforcing bar binding device, too, same as in the first reinforcing bar binding device, the wire loop is twisted at its one point by the bar-shaped loop twisting unit. Accordingly, same as above, the twisted portion of the wire loop is high, and the wasteful portion is further extended above the twisted portion, and the wire is exposed from the concrete, which gives rise to corrosion of reinforcing bar.
Moreover, in this reinforcing bar binding device, various mechanical elements are used in the driving mechanism, such as motor, gears, cam, clutch and rollers, and the structure is too much complicated.
The invention is devised to solve the problems of such prior arts, and it is an object thereof to present a reinforcing bar binding device of simple structure and light weight, capable of preventing exposure of wire from the concrete which may cause corrosion of reinforcing bar, by reducing the height of the twisted portion of wire.


The wavelength of light emitted by a laser and modulated by a frequency response modulator is determined from the power of the emitted light and the current drawn by the modulator. From the temperature and current applied to the modulator and the optical power of the emitted light; the wavelength of the beam of light is determined as a function of a ratio of the current and power for each temperature of operation. As the wavelength of the emitted light shifts, for example as the laser ages or the laser temperature shifts, the inventive methods and devices then detect the wavelength shift and implement any necessary adjustments in the operating conditions of the laser diode. For example, a thermoelectric cooler can be used to heat or cool the laser diode as necessary to thereby adjust the wavelength of the emitted light.

1. The Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to high speed data transmission systems. More particularly, the present invention relates to methods for identifying the frequency of light emitted by a laser and adjusting the laser operating conditions as necessary to maintain the laser emitting light at a desired frequency.
2. The Relevant Technology
The use of fiber optic technology is an increasingly important method of data transmission. Through fiber optics, digital data in the form of light signals is formed by light emitting diodes or lasers and then propagated through a fiber optic cable. Such light signals allow for high data transmission rates and high bandwidth capabilities. Other advantages of using light signals for data transmission include their resistance to electro-magnetic radiation that interferes with electrical signals; fiber optic cables' ability to prevent light signals from escaping, as can occur with electrical signals in wire-based systems; and light signals' ability to be transmitted over great distances without the signal loss typically associated with electrical signals on copper wire. In practice, however, it is often necessary to convert an electrical signal to a light signal and vice versa.
Transceiver modules are widely used in the field of optoelectronics for this purpose. Typically, a transceiver module includes a transmitter optical subassembly (TOSA), a receiver optical subassembly (ROSA), and a printed circuit board (PCB) for coordinating the operation of each of the TOSA and the ROSA. Each of the TOSA and the ROSA may have an optical receptacle, for example an LC cable receptacle or an SC cable receptacle, at one end for attachment to an optical cable and some device at the other end to enable a conductive connection to a printed circuit board. The entire transceiver module, in turn, is connected to a computer system, such as a host system, for controlling the operation of the transceiver module. Thus, the computer system can direct the transceiver module to transmit an optical signal by directing an electronic signal through the printed circuit board and into the TOSA.
The TOSA in turn generates a modulated digital optical signal via an internal laser or light emitting diode (LED). The modulated digital optical signal typically includes pulsed light. The production of a pulse of light by the laser or LED can correspond to a digital "one" or "zero," while no pulse corresponds to a "zero" or "one," respectively, according to the configuration of the network. The modulated optical data signal produced by the laser can then be transmitted in a fiber optic cable via the optical network.
Similarly, the ROSA receives a modulated digital optical signal from the incoming optical cable at a photodiode, converts the optical signal into an electrical signal, and transmits the electrical signal to a PCB within the ROSA. From the PCB the electrical signal is relayed to a computer system.
The PCB includes, for example, a controller, which governs general operation of the transceiver, a laser driver for controlling operation of the laser in the transmitter portion of the transceiver, and a post-amplifier for controlling the conversion of incoming optical signals into electrical signals in the receiver portion. These components are typically configured as integrated circuits on the PCB.
One challenge in optimizing optical data transmission technology is the need to have precise control over the transmission or carrier wavelengths. Such control over the carrier wavelengths is necessary in order to provide stable communication. Problems in wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) systems, for example, occur when one or more of various multiplexed wavelength signals in an optical fiber begin to drift and thereby interfere with one or more multiplexed wavelength signals traveling on adjacent wavelength channels. These problems can be accentuated when the channel spacing becomes closer, for example with dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) systems.
Wavelength drift can occur for a variety of different reasons. For example, wavelength drift can happen when optical elements, such as a laser, within a WDM system experience a temperature variation or a laser ages. Regardless of why the wavelength of a laser is prone to change, however, it is necessary to ensure that the laser emits at a relatively constant wavelength. Devices to adjust the lasing wavelength to a desired wavelength are known in the art, but to properly adjust the lasing wavelength it is nevertheless necessary to monitor emitted light and thereby know the actual wavelength of the emitted light. Devices external to a transceiver are often conventionally used to monitor the wavelength of a laser.
Certain devices and methods internal to a transceiver are also known for monitoring the wavelength of a laser. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,469,265 ("the '265 patent") discloses various methods for determining wavelength. Among the disclosed methods is the determination of a ratio between unfiltered and filtered light, wherein the ratio can be used directly to ascertain the laser wavelength. Another disclosed method light uses a multiple quantum well electroabsorption device. In this embodiment, the multiple quantum well electroabsorption device is switched between reference and tracking modes to determine a ratio between the two. This has the disadvantage, however, of losing independent wavelength-dependent and wavelength-independent detector readings.
Another example of a device internal to a transceiver for monitoring wavelength is U.S. Pat. No. 6,243,401 ("the '401 patent"), which discloses the use of a semiconductor laser amplifier (SLA) as a wavelength discriminator. According to the '401 patent, the wavelength can be determined by measuring the transparent current of an SLA from the induced voltage across the diode junction when incident light is intensity-modulated. Based on the value of the transparent current, the wavelength is calculated by referencing a lookup table.
What is still needed, however, are improved and simpler methods for monitoring and controlling laser wavelengths.

Wavelength locker using modulator current and photodetector


A method for manufacturing a sheet of paper from a pulp and a sheet of paper obtained by the present method, wherein said pulp comprises a mixture of natural and/or synthetic fibers, water, and at least one aqueous suspension and/or dispersion comprising at least one mineral material, wherein said dispersion or suspension comprises, as a steric dispersing agent of at least one mineral material, at least one copolymer comprising at least one vinylic monomer, at least one non-ionic monomer, or a mixture of several monomers having formula (I) in the present method, wherein said agent limits the presence of divalent ions in the aqueous phase and said agent is not a chelating agent.

In connection with the manufacture of a sheet of paper, a first stage consists in converting the paper pulp, by means of the paper machine, into a sheet of paper, which is not yet coated. The paper pulp essentially contains natural or synthetic fibers, water, and one or more mineral fillers such as calcium carbonate, together with various other additives, said mineral filler being mixed with the fibers in the form of an aqueous suspension and/or dispersion. It is then said that a mineral filler (such as calcium carbonate) is used as a mass filler. The sheet thereby obtained can then possibly be coated during a second operation which consists of depositing on the surface of the support paper an aqueous compound called a "paper coating", which notably contains water, one or more mineral fillers (such as calcium carbonate), one or more binders, and various additives.
Calcium carbonate, of natural or synthetic origin, is commonly used as a mass filler, making it possible to improve the optical properties of the sheet of paper, particularly including its gloss. This calcium carbonate is generally implemented in the form of an aqueous suspension and/or dispersion, wherein the mineral material is stabilized in water by means of dispersing agents.
In the particular case of sheets of paper known as "supercalendered" papers which undergo a very high compression in the calendering operation with a view to providing a very smooth sheet, intended notably for offset and rotogravure printing, it is well known that the gloss of the final product deteriorates as the pH of the medium containing the pulp and the mineral material increases. Attempts have thus been made to manufacture such papers in an acidic environment, through the introduction, just before manufacturing the sheet of paper, of carbon dioxide or a weak acid particularly including phosphoric acid, with a view to reducing the pH of the medium containing the pulp and the mineral material, and to maintaining it at a value of under 7.
However, it is well known that calcium carbonate, used in an acidic medium, becomes partially soluble, leading to the presence of calcium ions in the aqueous phase. This solubilization poses the double problem of:                reducing the quantity of calcium carbonate which the formulator seeks to introduce in the final stage in the sheet of paper, since this carbonate is partly solubilized,        and of increasing the concentration of calcium ions in the aqueous phase of the medium containing the pulp and the calcium carbonate, and thus of increasing the pH of the medium, which harms the final optical properties of the paper, such as its gloss.
There is thus a real technical need for a solution enabling calcium carbonate to be used in a method for manufacturing paper in an acidic medium, to compensate for the disadvantages outlined above.
This solution was engineered using the technology known as "Weak Acid/Chelatant" (or "WAC"), which was described in the document "Neutral ground wood papers: practical and chemical aspects" (International Paper and Coatings Chemistry Symposium, 5th, Montreal, QC, Canada, Jun. 16-19, 2003, Publisher: Pulp and Paper Technical Association of Canada, Montreal, Quebec). It is based on the use of a weak acid in combination with a chelating agent of calcium. Calcium carbonates manufactured in this manner were then qualified as "acid-stabilized" or "acid-resistant" calcium carbonates. The action mechanism of the "weak acid/chelating" technology, as proposed in this document, is as follows. Initially, the reaction between the calcium carbonate and the weak acid gives rise to chemical species which play a role as a pH buffer, in relation to the medium in which the calcium carbonate is used. For example, when phosphoric acid is used as a weak acid, soluble species are created in the presence of calcium carbonate, namely calcium hydrogeno- and dihydrogenophosphate. These species make it possible to buffer the aqueous medium in which said carbonate is used. A chelating agent is then introduced into the medium, the role of which is to stabilize the previously created buffer system, notably through the mechanism of sequestering the ions in the solution. The Applicant indicates that the expression "chelating agent" refers to a compound having the ability to bind itself to a positive ion with which it forms a compound (or chelate), in which the central atom is bound to the neighboring atoms by at least two links, forming a ring structure (see on this subject the definition given by Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Vol. 5, pp 339-68).
Thus, document U.S. Pat. No. 5,043,017 describes an "acid-stabilized" calcium carbonate, by combining a chelating agent of calcium (or a combined base) with a weak acid, the carbonate thereby obtained being in chemical balance with the chelating agent or combined base, and also with the weak acid. The chelating agent is very preferentially sodium hexametaphosphate, while the weak acid is chosen from among the phosphoric, hexametaphosphoric, citric, boric, sulfurous, and acetic acids, or mixtures thereof. A calcium carbonate is thereby obtained which can be used in the manufacture of paper in an acidic medium, giving said paper improved optical properties in terms of its light scattering coefficient, opacity and gloss.
In relation with the previous document, document U.S. Pat. No. 5,156,719 describes a method to increase the optical properties of a paper (said paper being manufactured notably in an acidic medium), such as its gloss, through the use of "acid-stabilized" calcium carbonate, as described in document U.S. Pat. No. 5,043,017.
As for document WO 98/29601, it describes an aqueous suspension of "acid-stabilized" calcium carbonate comprising water, calcium carbonate, and a stabilizing acid found in a sufficient quantity to achieve a pH less than 7. Said stabilizing acid is chosen from among a water-soluble salt of calcium, a weak acid, a chelating agent, and the mixture of a water-soluble salt of calcium with a weak acid or a chelating agent. Said chelating agent is notably chosen from among the polycarboxylic, acrylic, phosphonic or sulfonic acids. A calcium carbonate is thereby obtained which breaks down weakly when the pH is below 7, and which allows the manufacture, in an acidic medium, of a paper with improved gloss.
The presence of a chelating agent of calcium has even been extended to the manufacture of paper in a neutral medium, as indicated in document WO 97/41302. The goal of this document is to limit not only the presence of calcium ions in the papermaking method, but also, more generally, the presence of divalent ions: as instructed by this document, these divalent ions may be derived from the breakdown of calcium carbonate, but also through the presence of certain chemical compounds in the method for manufacturing a sheet of paper, such as aluminum sulfate or polyaluminum chloride. In the method for manufacturing a sheet of paper, these divalent ions may chelate the gluing agents such as rosine, which reduces the effectiveness of the said gluing agents: a reduction of the phenomenon of retention of mineral fillers within the fibers is then observed. With a view to limiting the presence of divalent ions in the method for manufacturing a sheet of paper, document WO 97/41302 proposes a solution which lies in the use of a chelating agent or precipitating agent of these divalent ions, where said agent is a phosphated compound.
However, it now appears that these solutions based on the use of chelating agents of divalent ions, and notably the calcium ion, have a serious disadvantage for the person skilled in the art. Indeed, due to their chelating effect, these agents give rise to complexes of ions present in the aqueous phase, particularly including soluble calcium complexes. When such complexes form, an excessive concentration of these species in an aqueous phase will lead to the precipitation of insoluble species.
However, the formation of insolubles in water used in the method for manufacturing a sheet of paper is particularly undesirable, because it leads to the formation of deposits which can clog sieves, filters, pumps, pipes, or boilers or refrigerators, and such a phenomenon can even lead to the total blockage of the papermaking machine. These problems are related in "Deposition and scaling in the pulp & paper industry" (Congresso e Exposicao Anual de Celulose e Papel, 35th, Sao Paulo, Brazil, Oct. 14-17, 2002 (2002) 516-534 Publisher: Associacao Brasileira Tecnica de Celulose e Papel, Sao Paulo, Brazil) and "Treatment of waste water from a cellulose and paper factory by ozone and activated sludge" (Vom Wasser (1976), 46, 221-39), which note the disadvantages relating to the deposition of calcium oxalate-based insoluble species in papermaking installations, or in the document "Calcium oxalate in bleach plant filtrates" (Minimum Effluent Mills Symposium, San Francisco, Oct. 23-24, 1997 (1997), 51-62 Publisher: TAPPI Press, Atlanta, Ga.) which generalizes the problem of deposits of insoluble chemical species in the papermaking process in the presence of calcium and barium ion complexes.
At this stage of the account, the Applicant wishes to emphasize that, although the state of the technique clearly demonstrates that the problems relating to the presence of calcium oxalate-based insoluble species are well-known to the papermaking industry, there is no document demonstrating that these disadvantages may be related to the use of calcium-chelating agents as used according to the "weak acid/chelating" technology. The identification of this new technical problem is thus in itself one of the merits of which the Applicant has shown evidence.

Use of a mineral-material steric dispersing agent in water, aqueous dispersion thus obtained and use thereof in paper making


A two-dimensional periodic pattern that is symmetrical with respect to a first and a second direction allows the determination of an overlay accuracy that is obtained during the fabrication of the two-dimensional structure. Due to the symmetry of the structure, the overlay accuracy in the first direction may be determined on the basis of substantially the same reference data as used for the determination of the overlay accuracy of the second direction so that establishing libraries is simplified. Moreover, depending on the capability of the metrology tool, the overlay accuracy in both directions may be obtained simultaneously.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to the field of fabrication of integrated circuits, and, more particularly, to a method and structure for estimating an overlay accuracy that is obtained in forming successive material layers requiring the alignment of the successive material layers to each other.
2. Description of the Related Art
Fabrication of integrated circuits requires tiny regions of precisely controlled size to be formed in a material layer of an appropriate substrate, typically a silicon substrate. These tiny regions of precisely controlled size are generated by patterning the material layer by performing known photolithography and etching processes, wherein a mask layer is formed over the material layer to be treated to define these tiny regions. Generally, a mask layer may consist of or is formed by means of a layer of photoresist that is patterned by a lithographic process. During the lithographic process, the resist may be spin-coated onto the wafer surface and is then selectively exposed to ultraviolet radiation. After developing the photoresist, depending on the type of resist, positive resist or negative resist, the exposed portions or the non-exposed portions are removed to form the required pattern in the layer of photoresist. Since the dimensions of the patterns in sophisticated integrated circuits are steadily decreasing, the equipment used for patterning device features have to meet very stringent requirements with regard to resolution and overlay accuracy of the involved fabrication processes. In this respect, resolution is considered as a measure specifying the consistent ability to print minimum size images under conditions of predefined manufacturing variations. One important factor in improving the resolution is represented by the lithographic process, in which patterns contained in a photo mask or reticle are optically transferred to the substrate via an optical imaging system. Therefore, great efforts are made to steadily improve optical properties of the lithographic system, such as numerical aperture, depth of focus and wavelength of the light source used.
The quality of the lithographic imagery is extremely important in creating very small feature sizes. Of at least comparable importance, however, is the accuracy with which an image can be positioned on the surface of the substrate. Integrated circuits are fabricated by sequentially patterning material layers, wherein features on successive material layers bear a spatial relationship to one another. Each pattern formed in a subsequent material layer has to be aligned to a corresponding pattern formed in the previously patterned material layer within specified registration tolerances. These registration tolerances are caused by, for example, a variation of a photoresist image on the substrate due to non-uniformities in such parameters as resist thickness, baking temperature, exposure and development. Furthermore, non-uniformities of the etching processes can also lead to variations of the etched features. In addition, there exists an uncertainty in overlaying the image of the pattern for the current material layer to the etched pattern of the previously formed material layer while photolithographically transferring the image onto the substrate. Several factors contribute to the ability of the imagery system to perfectly overlay two layers, such as imperfections within a set of masks, temperature differences at the different times of exposure, and a limited registration capability of the alignment tool. As a result, the dominant criteria, determining the minimum feature size that may finally be obtained, are resolution for creating features in individual substrate layers and the total overlay error to which the above explained factors, in particular the lithographic process, contribute.
Therefore, it is essential to steadily monitor the resolution, i.e., the capability of reliably and reproducibly creating the minimum feature size, also referred to as critical dimension (CD), within a specific material layer, and to steadily determine the overlay accuracy of patterns of material layers that have been successively formed and that have to be aligned to each other. Recently, scatterometry has become a powerful tool in characterizing periodic patterns of features with a size in the range of 1 μm to 0.1 μm and less. In analyzing a substrate by scatterometry, the substrate containing a periodic structure is illuminated with radiation of an appropriate wavelength range and the diffracted light is detected to obtain measurement spectra, from which information on the periodic structure may be extracted. Many types of apparatus may be used for illumination and detecting of the diffracted light beam. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,867,276 describes a so-called two-θ-scatterometer, wherein the angle of incidence of a light beam is continuously varied by synchronously rotating the sample and the detector. Furthermore, this document describes a scatterometer system utilizing a rotating block to translate a light beam emitted from a light source to different points to the entrance aperture of a lens to illuminate the substrate at different angles of incidence. This document further describes a scatterometer with a fixed angle of incidence that utilizes a multi-wavelength illumination source to obtain the required information from the diffracted multi-wavelength beam. From this information contained in the measurement spectrum, the optical and dimensional properties of the individual elements that form the periodic structure and the thickness of underlying films can be extracted, for example, by statistical techniques. The sample parameters of interest may include the width of lines if the periodic pattern contains lines and spaces, the sidewall angle, and other structural details. In case of a more complex periodic structure having, for example a two-dimensional periodicity, the parameters may include dimensional properties such as hole diameter or depth.
Frequently, metrology tools such as an ellipsometer and the like, are employed as "scatterometers," which emit a substantially linearly polarized light beam, wherein structural information may then be obtained on the basis of changes in the polarization state of the light beams scattered from the periodic structure. Although scatterometry has proven to be a promising candidate in determining structural properties of periodic structures, applying scatterometry to overlay measurements requires the provision of specially designed overlay patterns as well as the establishment of corresponding reference data to extract the required information. In particular, establishing the reference data may be a complex and laborious procedure, since the response of a periodic structure is theoretically derived from the basic equations (Maxwell's equations). Usually, reference data for a specific type of periodic structure or overlay structure is calculated for a variety of different parameter values and is then stored in a so-called library. The measurement data is then compared with the data of the library to extract the required information. Since, generally, a pattern for measurement of overlay accuracy is more complex than a periodic pattern for determining, for example, critical dimensions, great effort is required to establish a corresponding overlay library. A further criterion in determining the overlay accuracy is the floor space that corresponding overlay structures occupy on the substrate. As chip area is very precious, it would be highly desirable to efficiently determine the overlay accuracy without wasting an undue amount of chip area.
In view of the above-mentioned problems, there exists a need for an improved technique for determining the overlay accuracy to thereby simplify the measurement procedure and/or reduce the required chip area occupied by the corresponding structures.

Two-dimensional structure for determining an overlay accuracy by means of scatterometry


A superalloy article which comprises a substrate comprised of a superalloy, a bond coat comprised of MCrAlY wherein M is a metal selected from the group consisting of cobalt, nickel and mixtures thereof applied onto at least a portion of the substrate and a ceramic top coat applied over at least a portion of the bond coat. The bond coat is exposed to a temperature of within the range of between about 1600-1800° F. subsequent to its application onto the substrate.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to sprayed instrumentation and in particular to composites used for thermal sprayed instrumentation.
2. Description of the Prior Art
As the gas temperature in turbine engines increases, improvements to existing thermal spray instrumentation are necessary to meet the challenges associated with monitoring the temperature and strain of the various engine components operating at temperatures in excess of 2200° F. (1200° C.). A thermal spray instrument can include wire instrumentation laid down within a thermal barrier coating having a bond coat and a top coat. The wire instrumentation can facilitate the measurement of direct strain and temperature inside an engine when coupled with a data acquisition system. In a typical engine test, the thermal spray instrumentation must survive at least 50 to 100 hours of thermal cycling so that sufficient data can be collected. The main failure mechanism in thermal spray instrumentation is decohesion/delamination at the top coat/bond coat interface due to oxidation of the bond coat and a mismatch in the thermal coefficient of expansion (TCE) between the top coat and the bond coat. Lei, J. F., "Protective Coats for High-Temperature Strain Gages", NASA Lewis, Tech Briefs, September 1993; Gregory, O. J., "Flame Spray Strain Gages with Improved Durability and Lifetimes", Annual Technical Report for NASA Aerospace and Power Program NRA-01-GRC-02, October 2002; Roesch, E., "Improved Strain Gage for High Temperature Test Engine Application" Eighth Hostile Environmental Conference, Dearborn, Mich., October 1995; Wachtman, J. B. et al., "Ceramic Films and Coatings", Noyes Publications, Westwood, N.J., 1993; Niska, H. et al., "Chemical Vapor Deposition of Alpha Aluminum Oxide for High Temperature Aerospace Sensors", Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology, 4 (2000), 1653-1659; and Trottier, C. M. et al., "Dielectric Stability of Native Oxides formed on NiCrAlY-Coated Substrates", Thin Solid Films, 24 (1992), 254-260.
A need exists, therefore, to improve fatigue life of the sprayed coatings used to imbed strain gages and thermocouples.

Composite used for thermal spray instrumentation and method for making the same

Board of Governors for Higher Education, State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations


An ultrasonic wave nebulizer for converting water or liquid to mist has a disc-shaped piezoelectric vibrator (TD) which has a pair of surfaces one of which is defined as an operation surface. A thin plate (21) having a plurality of small holes or mesh is located close to the operation surface so that a gap or a thin water or liquid film is defined between the mesh and the operation surface. The gap spacing is smaller than the diameter of a water drop which is composed by surface tension of water where no mesh is located. Upon excitation of the vibrator with high frequency power, the water film is converted to mist. The exciting frequency is almost the same as the resonant frequency of the vibrator. The high frequency power is intermittent having duty ratio (D.sub.ON /D) in the range from 10% to 70% so that instantaneous exciting power is high to facilitate water to mist conversion while average power is low to keep temperature at the operation surface low. The present nebulizer has many applications, including medical inhaler, a toy which generates pseudo smoke, etc. (FIG. 3)

The present invention relates to an ultrasonic wave nebulizer which atomizes water or liquid with small power consumption, in particular, relates to such a nebulizer which operates with low temperature, and may adjust to the size of mist easily.
Conventionally, an ultrasonic wave nebulizer for atomizing water to adjust room humidity has been known. In that atomizer, an ultrasonic wave vibrator which vibrates in thickness direction is mounted at a bottom of a water tank. FIG. 1A shows a prior atomizer in which a tank 102 which has an ultrasonic wave vibrator 103 at the bottom of the same contains water 101. When the piezoelectric vibrator 103 vibrates a water column 104 is generated on surface of water 101, and the water column 104 generates fine mist.
FIG. 1B shows the relationship between water depth (H) and amount of generated mist (vertical axis). When the vibration frequency is 1.7 MHz, and the diameter of the vibrator is 20 mm, the maximum generation of mist is obtained when the water depth is from H=30 mm to H=40 mm.
However, the prior atomizer has the disadvantage that the size of the device is rather large, since the vibrator must be mounted at the bottom of the water tank with the depth of 30-40 mm.
Further, the prior atomizer has the disadvantage that the power consumption is rather large as shown in FIG. 1C in which the horizontal axis shows the power consumption, and the vertical axis shows the amount of the mist. The minimum power consumption W.sub.0 in a prior art is around 6 watts. As an atomizer for converting 400 cc/hour cm.sup.3 /hour) of water to mist consumes about 40 watts, that power consumption is too high for a battery operating atomizer or a portable atomizer.
Another prior atomizer is shown in JP UM second publication 38950/88, which has a cone shaped horn having a resonator plate on one end having a small diameter, and a piezoelectric vibrator on the other end having a large diameter. Water is supplied on the resonator plate. The spacing between the resonator plate and the vibrator is designed to be half wavelength. As the vibration of the vibrator is amplified according to the ratio of the area of the plate to the area of the vibrator, the amplitude of the plate is very large, and water drop on the plate is atomized.
However, the atomizer shown in JP UM 38950/88 has the disadvantages that (1) the essential operation area of the plate for atomizing is small, (2) as the vibration is mechanically amplified, the horn must be manufactured very precisely, and a problem could occur due to the difference of the thermal expansion between the vibrator and the horn, and (3) the size of mist is rather large for instance 20 .mu.m), as the operation frequency must be rather low (100-150 KHz for instance) because of the mechanical amplification.
In order to solve the above disadvantages, we have proposed an improved nebulizer in U.S. Ser. No. 07/889067, and EP 420177.5, which shows a nebulizer having a disc-shaped piezoelectric vibrator, and a mesh located close to the vibrator so that thin water film is provided between the mesh and the vibrator. Upon excitation of the vibrator with high frequency, which is almost the same as the resonant frequency of the vibrator, the water film is converted to mist.
The present invention is an improvement on said previously filed nebulizer. The improvements reside in that the operation temperature of a vibrator is decreased, and that the size of generated mist is easily adjustable.
When the temperature is high, the nebulizer cannot be used for atomizing liquid which dissolves at high temperature. Further, the size of mist in the prior art is not easily adjusted, although the size of mist depends upon the exciting frequency of a piezoelectric vibrator, since the exciting frequency must coincide with the resonant frequency of a piezoelectric vibrator.


A formwork element for a molded wall panel end, comprising: a sole plate having a first lateral edge, a second lateral edge, an outer face, an inner face bearing a caisson, said caisson leaving free, on the inner face of the sole plate, a first lateral zone, defined between the first lateral edge and the caisson, and a second lateral zone, defined between the second lateral edge and the caisson; a form stripping assistance device cooperating with the sole plate. The form stripping assistance device includes at least one first sacrificial section comprising a first portion disposed on the first lateral zone of the inner face of the sole plate.

One known problem is that, during the concreting step, the concrete has a tendency to bypass the formwork element. After hardening, the concrete adheres to the formwork element, which makes its extraction from the trench difficult.
To solve this problem, EP 1 039 038 teaches the use of a form stripping assistance device cooperating with the sole plate.
This form stripping assistance device consists of sacrificial rectangular elements which are disposed along the lateral edges of the sole plate, the lateral edges consisting of the end edges of the sole plate.
To accomplish form stripping, it is known to use a form stripping device, known per se, provided with form stripping hooks which are moved along the first and second lateral edges to detach the formwork element from the concrete.
If the rectangular elements described in EP 1 039 038 give complete satisfaction for trenches of small and medium depth, the inventors have noted that they were less effective for trenches of great depth, i.e. more than 40 meters.

Formwork element provided with sacrificial sections


Method and embodiments in a multipath wireless communication system employing a wireless frame having alternating cyclic prefixes to reduce inter-symbol interference (ISI) are presented herein.

In wireless communications systems, multipath is one of many concerns that may affect performance of a wireless communication. Multipath, for instance, may cause signals from a previous symbol to interfere with signals from a subsequent symbol, which is know as inter-symbol interference (ISI). Although traditional techniques have been developed to combat ISI, these techniques significantly reduce the amount of bandwidth that is available to communicate over a wireless medium.

Wireless frame having alternating cyclic prefixes


A ducted propulsion assembly for an aircraft includes a duct and a plurality of stators. The distal ends of the stators are coupled to the duct. The ducted propulsion assembly includes a line replaceable centerbody assembly isostatically coupled to the proximal ends of the stators. The line replaceable centerbody assembly includes one or more electric motors driving an output driveshaft. The ducted propulsion assembly also includes a proprotor assembly interchangeably coupled to and rotatable with the output driveshaft of the line replaceable centerbody assembly. The proprotor assembly is rotatable in a rotational plane to generate thrust.

Ducted rotor systems offer several benefits over open rotor systems in which rotor blades are exposed. For example, ducted rotor systems emit less noise and are therefore preferred when a reduced noise environment is desired, such as during air reconnaissance, clandestine operations or flight in urban airspace. Ducts increase safety for ground personnel and crew by preventing contact with an operating rotor. Openly exposed rotors can lead to blade tip thrust losses during flight. By reducing rotor blade tip losses, a ducted rotor system is more efficient in producing thrust than an open rotor system of similar diameter, especially at low speed and high static thrust levels. Also, the thrust vectoring capabilities of open rotor systems are limited as is the use of pressure differentials to augment thrust. Ducted propulsion systems that utilize proprotors may be implemented on aircraft that convert between a vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) flight mode in which the ducted propulsion system is in a generally horizontal orientation and provides thrust-borne lift and a forward flight mode in which the ducted propulsion system is in a generally vertical orientation and provides forward thrust to enable wing-borne lift.
At the center of a ducted propulsion system is a permanently affixed centerbody assembly that may house several systems and components that are critical to the operation of the ducted propulsion system. The rotor or proprotor assembly of the ducted propulsion system may also be coupled to the centerbody assembly. Over time, the systems and components housed in the centerbody assembly deteriorate or fail. The maintenance and repair of such systems and components in previously implemented centerbody assemblies is both expensive and labor-intensive because previous centerbody assemblies must be repaired while the centerbody assembly is installed on the aircraft. Maintenance of previous centerbody assemblies must also be performed at facilities capable of housing entire aircraft since previous centerbody assemblies are permanently affixed thereto. The systems and components in previous centerbody assemblies may also be difficult to access by technicians while the centerbody assembly is attached to a ducted propulsion system. Accordingly, a need has arisen for improved centerbody assemblies that can be interchanged in a ducted propulsion system to allow for easier access, repair and maintenance of the systems and components included in the centerbody assemblies.

Line replaceable centerbody assemblies for ducted propulsion


A thermoregulation apparatus for a solar thermal energy capture system comprising a piping infrastructure in fluid communication with a fluid storage tank and one or more solar thermal energy collectors. The thermoregulation apparatus comprises: (i) a thermostatically actuated valve interposed the piping infrastructure downstream from the one or more solar energy collectors and upstream from the fluid storage tank, and (ii) piping for interconnecting the thermostatically actuated valve with the piping infrastructure, and the fluid storage tank. The thermostatically actuated valve can be configured for diverting the flow of working fluid away from the fluid storage tank when the temperature of the working fluid is below a selected set point for actuating the valve, and for diverting the flow of working fluid to the fluid storage tank when the temperature of the working fluid is about or greater than the selected set point.

The use of solar radiation for heating fluids, such as water, has been known for many years. Modern solar heating systems incorporated into buildings typically include one or more solar energy collector panels suitable for absorbing energy from the sun wherein the solar energy is converted into thermal energy transferred to fluids circulating therethrough and which subsequently circulate throughout the buildings for heating purposes or for storage.
Solar energy collector panels are generally installed on the roofs of buildings. A small residential home will typically require a solar system having at least about three or four square meters of solar energy collection surface area to supplement domestic water heating. A home that also uses solar energy for space heating or other heating applications will typically require ten to twenty square meters of collection surface area whereas an industrial or commercial facility may need thirty square meters or more depending on the solar heating application.
Solar collector panels are usually mounted flat on roofs to be the least obtrusive to the overall appearance of the building. Such configurations do not maximize the amounts of solar energy that may be captured by the collectors. In more northern regions, the solar energy collectors should be tilted up towards the southern horizon, and in more southern regions, they should be tilted up towards the northern horizon. Tilting solar collector panels increases the capture of solar energy in winter months, but this can cause wind load problems, especially with flat-plate collectors. Evacuated-tube collectors are not as prone to wind loading due to spacing provided between the tubes. Tilting of the solar energy collector panels, however, results in prominent views of the solar energy collectors which may be undesirable. One solution has been to mount the solar energy collectors on a south-facing wall (in northern hemispheres). Such installations are possible during new building construction, but may be difficult or impossible for retrofitting existing buildings. Other solutions for mitigating the visual prominence of solar collector panels are achieved by architecturally integrating the collector area into the building structure. Examples of architecturally integrated solar collectors include window shutters, balcony railings, awnings, facia, fences and privacy screens.
Solar water heaters known in the art generally comprise one of two systems. "Combined systems" have one or more solar energy collector panels mounted directly onto a water storage tank. Combined systems are generally used in warm climates because the water tanks are exposed to the ambient environment and consequently, fluids stored therein are rapidly cooled as ambient temperatures drop. "Distributed systems" have solar energy collector panels mounted on surfaces receiving solar radiation and are connected by piping infrastructures to water storage tanks located in sheltered spaces to minimize heat losses due to cooler ambient temperatures.
Additionally, solar water heaters are classified as either "direct systems" or "indirect systems". Direct systems can comprise combined or distributed systems, and are configured to circulate domestic water through the solar energy collector panels. One problem with direct systems is that circulation of domestic water often causes the formation of mineral scales along the interior surfaces of piping comprising the solar energy collector panels. Another problem with direct systems is that solar energy collector panels must be drained when ambient temperatures fall below freezing to prevent damage to the piping. Indirect systems are more sophisticated distributed systems that circulate a heat transfer fluid, also commonly referred to as a working fluid, between the solar energy collector panels through a piping infrastructure to a heat exchange unit communicating with the working fluid on one side, and a flow of potable water on the other side. The heat exchange unit transfers thermal heat from the working fluid to the potable water. The heat exchange unit may be placed inside a water tank wherein potable water is stored. Alternatively, the heat exchange unit may be located on an external surface of the water storage tank and directly connected thereto, or further alternatively, the heat exchange unit may be located in a separate location and connected to the water tank by a piping infrastructure. Working fluids used in the indirect systems typically are provided with antifreeze agents.
The above classification of solar water heaters also applies to solar heaters used in other heating applications such as pool heating, space heating, process heating or any other application where heating a fluid is desired. In all cases a fluid heated by solar energy collector panels is used directly or indirectly to provide heat energy.
Conventional solar heating systems are usually configured to enable stoppage of the circulation of the potable water or working fluid through the piping infrastructure connected to the solar energy collector panels, the water storage tanks and the heat exchange units during periods of low or no solar irradiation in order to avoid the loss of thermal energy that has been previously captured by the solar collector panels and reduce unnecessary pump operation costs. Some systems use a "drain-back" approach to drain the working fluid into a holding tank during shutdown periods. Non-"drain-back" systems require the addition of sufficient anti-freeze agent to ensure working fluids do not freeze and cause physical damage to the piping and/or the solar energy collector panels. Regardless of the shutdown strategy used, the working fluids cool significantly during idle periods and have to be re-heated once the system starts operating. This results in inefficient operation during the first few minutes or hours of operation of the solar thermal energy capture systems depending on how low the ambient temperatures become and the quantity of working fluid in the solar heating system. It is a particular problem in cold climates where overnight temperature drop significantly below freezing.
Solar thermal energy capture systems must also be configured to prevent damage that may be caused by excessive heat build-up during periods of high solar energy. Control methods are necessary to mitigate damage from high-temperature fluid flowing through either or both of the working fluid side and the load side of the heat exchange units and piping infrastructure. Additionally, as a fail-safe precaution, allowances must be made for relief of pressure that may accumulate through excessive heat on the working fluid side caused by extended intense solar radiation. Strategies used for controlling overheating in conventional solar thermal energy capture systems include among others: (i) "heat dumps" which are a remote heat application where unwanted heat is dumped such as under an outdoor patio; (ii) draining back and shutting down the system and permitting the solar collectors to stagnate; (iii) manually setting the system controller to a "vacation" setting when the primary application is not required, as is the case when a homeowner with a solar water heater goes on vacation, which activates a control sequence to avoid over heating such as by circulating the working fluid through the collectors over night to increase heat losses; or (iv) deliberately under-sizing the system such that the system's peak output provides 90% of the minimum anticipated heat load, which means that other energy providers exemplified by gas utilities and electric utilities, must be relied upon as supplemental heating sources.
Consequently, conventional systems configurations for solar thermal energy capture have become fairly complex. Some systems are designed to have multiple fluid circuits wherein one circuit is dedicated for dissipation of excess heat energy. Other strategies employ complex piping infrastructures with separate heat dissipater circuits for cooling overheated working fluid exiting the solar energy collector panels. With such systems, all of the working fluid is heated by the solar panels and then cooled after egress resulting in system inefficiencies.
Most conventional solar thermal energy capture systems incorporate electronic control systems for activating or de-activating the fluid circulation pumps and valves to enable control over and manipulation of fluid flow throughout the system, filling or imposing drain-backs, directing working fluid through solar collector panels and heat exchange units, or for activating over-heating mitigation mechanisms. These control and operating systems require electrical energy usually supplied by an electric utility company. Electrical power interruptions will result in loss of control over the solar thermal energy capture system that could result in physical damage to the system, and in collateral damage to the building in the event that the piping infrastructure fails. One solution to ensure electrical power supply has been to use battery backups. In some systems, solar photovoltaic (PV) systems are available to supply the necessary electrical energy either directly to the solar heating system and controller, or indirectly, such as battery packs and the like. However, battery systems have a relatively short life expectancy. Moreover, failure to test and replace the battery can lead to the same type of damage as seen with loss of electrical power. Furthermore, the electronic control methods are prone to component failures, particularly within the twenty- to thirty-year life expectancy of solar collector systems.

Solar thermal energy capture system with overheating protection and cold temperature bypass


A radial-shaped wireless fence system is provided that contains one or more dogs in a user-defined area without the need for a physical fence or underground wire. The system includes a base unit and at least one collar, and is easy to set up and use. Each of the base unit and the one collar include a component for reducing clock speed variation between the base and collar units, preferably to +/−5 ppm, to effectively eliminate communication errors between the base and collar units.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention is related to the field of animal containment and, more particularly, to a system and method for defining a wireless dog fence that surrounds a user-defined area and for using the fence to contain one or more dogs within the user-defined area.
2. Description of the Related Art
Containing one or more dogs within a prescribed area has been achieved in many different ways, most traditionally through the construction of a fenced enclosure that is high enough to prevent the dog from escaping the enclosure by going over the fence. Since some consider above-ground fencing to be unattractive or otherwise undesirable, "invisible" fence products have been developed that rely on a wire buried underground that defines a desired "fence" border for the dog or dogs. The wire transmits a signal that activates a specially designed collar worn by the dog when the dog comes within a certain proximity of the border. The collar, once activated, can issue an audible warning and/or an electric shock to the dog to ensure that the dog does not leave the "fenced-in" area. Buried wire systems are labor intensive to install. Further, since the wire may be unintentionally cut, or otherwise damaged, such as by digging or tilling during lawn maintenance or the like, such buried wire fence systems are also labor intensive when attempting to find the location of the broken wire or other difficulty.
More recently, wireless fence products have been developed that radiate a low frequency signal to saturate a spherical volume which translates to a generally circular area on the ground plane. The radius of the circle is user-definable and, according to one such product manufactured by PetSafe, generally extends radially from about 5 feet to about 90 feet. When the dog, while wearing a specially designed collar, is "inside" the signal saturated area, the collar receives a signal and no action is taken. When the dog moves outside the signal area, however, the collar delivers a correction signal.
Another wireless system is that marketed by Perimeter Technologies, Inc. which, rather than creating a signal-saturated area, uses a distance measuring technology between the collar and a base unit to determine the range of the dog from the base unit. However, interference created by objects often found within a household environment can cause the collar and base to lose communication with one another, resulting in artificially high range values caused by attenuation or reflection, and/or undesired corrections being delivered to the dog, i.e., corrections when the animal is within the defined containment radius.
Precision matching of the clock rate or clock speed of the collar and base components is also a problem. Normal RF practice for a wireless fence circuit calls for +/−40 ppm for adequate control, which equates to a clock speed of 32 MHz+/−1280 Hz. However, this level of control has been found to be inadequate to produce an acceptable yield of product free of Received Signal Strength Indication (RSSI) failures. RSSI failures occur when there is a mismatch between the nominal 32 MHz clock frequencies of the base and collar components.
Accordingly, a need exists for an improved wireless fencing system that is easy for the consumer to set up and use and that overcomes the problems encountered with prior art systems.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Radial-shape wireless dog fence system and method with reduced clock speed variation between base unit and collar


During surgery, a physician speaks commands that are received by a microphone (10). A speech processor (12) converts audio signals from the microphone into word signals. A command interpreter (14) compares each word signal with a list of previously authorized command words. When the word signal corresponds to one of the preselected command words, a corresponding command signal is generated and sent to a volume imager (18), a video recorder (20), a hard copy, printer (28), or other system component. The volume imager generates an image representation signal indicative of a portion of image data stored therein which is displayed on a video monitor (B) or recorded on the video recorder.

The present invention relates to the art of medical diagnostics. It finds particular application in conjunction with the display and processing of non-invasive image data, such as MRI, CT, and analogous images and will be described with particular reference thereto.
Electronic medical diagnostic information is often collected in three dimensions. For example, a series of contiguous planar CT or MRI images may be collected and stored as volume image data in a three dimensional or triply subscripted memory. Other imaging techniques, such as spiral CT scanning, PET scanning, and the like, may also be utilized to generate three dimensional information.
Various cutting planes and cutting surfaces may be defined through the three dimensional volume and corresponding data accessed in order to generate images of selected regions within the volume. The images can represent three dimensional projection of the imaged volume with selected regions removed, slices or surfaces through the volume, or the like. Among other purposes, these selectable images are conveniently displayed during surgery. As the surgery progresses, it is advantageous for the surgeon to be able to look progressively deeper into the volume undergoing surgery to ascertain each layer of underlying structure and tissue.
However, the keyboard or other control panels for controlling the display of the selective images from the three dimensional image data are not readily amenable to sterilization. If the surgeon is to control the exact views which are displayed, the surgeon must touch the keyboard compromising the sterile condition of his surgical gloves, necessitating re-sterilization or the application of a new pair of sterile gloves.
Medical diagnostic images can be less than perfect for any one of a wide variety of reasons. Various filters have been developed to compensate for various types of image degradation. However, the selection of the appropriate filter is conventionally made by a trained radiologist based on his experience and the nature of the defects in the viewed image. It is often necessary for even the trained radiologist to try several different filters in order to optimize the image. Moreover, many of the correction or filter algorithms have selectable weighting controls which affect how much correction or filtering is performed. The selection of such weighting or analogous functions is again operator selected and optimized by trial and error.
Often, the CT and MRI images are evaluated by radiologists. Many of the radiologists started their careers evaluating x-ray exposed photographic film. The computer control of image planes, filters, and the like can be intimidating and can slow the image data evaluation process. Moreover, in order for the radiologist's evaluation to be usable by other doctors, it is commonly recorded on a physical medium, such as recording tape, or handwritten or typed on paper. Typed or printed text is easiest for another physician to read and evaluate. Audio recordings are easiest for evaluating radiologists, as well as the operating surgeon, to make.
The present invention provides a user friendly diagnostic image display and evaluation recordation system that is conveniently utilized by radiologists, surgeons, and others.

Voice actuated volume image controller and display controller


Described is an apparatus of a User Equipment (UE). The apparatus may comprise a first circuitry, a second circuitry, and a third circuitry. The first circuitry may be operable to determine that the UE is in an Inactive Radio Resource Control (RRC) state. The second circuitry may be operable to process a first transmission received by the UE while the UE is in the Inactive RRC state, the first transmission carrying a set of one or more Access Control (AC) parameters. The third circuitry may be operable to regulate the sending of a second transmission, in accordance with the set of one or more AC parameters, while the UE is in the Inactive RRC state.

A variety of wireless cellular communication systems have been implemented, including a 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Universal Mobile Telecommunications System, a 3GPP Long-Term Evolution (LTE) system, and a 3GPP LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) system. Next-generation wireless cellular communication systems based upon LTE and LTE-A systems are being developed, such as a fifth generation (5G) wireless system/5G mobile networks system, and a 5G New Radio (NR) system. Next-generation wireless cellular communication systems may provide support for enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) capable devices, massive Machine-Type Communication (mMTC) capable devices, and Ultra-Reliable and Low Latency Communications (URLLC) capable devices.

Access control for wireless cellular communication systems