Diamond materials are formed by sandwiching a carbon-containing material in a gap between two electrodes. A high-amperage electric current is applied between the two electrode plates so as cause rapid-heating of the carbon-containing material. The current is sufficient to cause heating of the carbon-containing material at a rate of at least approximately 5,000.degree. C./sec, and need only be applied for a fraction of a second to elevate the temperature of the carbon-containing material at least approximately 1000.degree. C. Upon terminating the current, the carbon-containing material is subjected to rapid-quenching (cooling). This may take the form of placing one or more of the electrodes in contact with a heat sink, such as a large steel table. The carbon-containing material may be rapidly-heated and rapidly-quenched (RHRQ) repeatedly (e.g., in cycles), until a diamond material is fabricated from the carbon-containing material. The process is advantageously performed in an environment of a "shielding" (inert or non-oxidizing) gas, such as Argon (Ar), Helium (He), or Nitrogen (N.sub.2). In an embodiment of the invention, the carbon-containing material is polystyrene (e.g., a film) or glassy carbon (e.g., film or powder). In another embodiment of the invention, the carbon-containing material is a polymer, fullerene, amorphous carbon, graphite, or the like. In another embodiment of the invention, one of the electrodes is substrate upon which it is desired to form a diamond coating, and the substrate itself is used as one of the two electrodes. This would be useful for forming a thin-film diamond coating on a cutting tool insert.

As is known, diamond materials exhibit outstanding physical properties including, but not limited to: exceptional hardness; excellent thermal conductivity; high electrical resistance; chemical inertness; high optical transmissiveness; high electrical carrier mobility; and high dielectric breakdown strength. For these reasons, efforts have been made to synthesize diamond and optimize its growth conditions. For example, diamond powders are useful as abrasives, diamond films are useful as optical windows, and diamond coatings are useful to enhance the utility of cutting tool inserts.
Various techniques are known for synthesizing (fabricating) diamond material (e.g., crystals) from carbon, including: high-pressure, high-temperature (HPHT) techniques; conventional flame; torch; alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC) arc; arc jets; hot filament; radio-frequency (RF) chemical vapor deposition (CVD); electron-cyclotron resonance (ECR) enhanced CVD; supersonic beam; ion beam; laser ablation; and laser plasma-assisted synthesis techniques.
As used herein, a "diamond material" includes both diamond (carbon primarily in the sp3 configuration) and "diamond-like carbon" (DLC) (carbon in the sp2 and sp3 configurations).
Generally, for example, CVD processes are used for depositing diamond and DLC films on a substrate (e.g., on a cutting tool insert), and require a vacuum chamber in which to carry out the process, preheating the substrate and a carbon-containing gas, and result in relatively low rates of deposition. There are a number of basic CVD deposition processes currently in use, for depositing diamond coatings. Generally, these processes involve dissociation and ionization of hydrogen and methane precursor gases, which are then passed over and deposited onto a heated substrate. In DC plasma CVD, a DC arc is used to dissociate the precursor gases, and can provide higher gas temperature and energy than most other prior art processes. Microwave CVD uses microwaves to excite the precursor gases, resulting in deposition rates of several microns per hour. Another coating process, related to CVD, is Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD). In PVD, a target in a vacuum chamber is evaporated, as opposed to introducing a gas to the vacuum chamber with CVD. Generally, in any process of fabricating diamond material that requires the use of a vacuum chamber, the size of the substrate that can be coated is limited by the size of the vacuum chamber in which the process is carried out. Generally, in most known processes of fabricating diamond material, the rate of fabrication is relatively low (i.e., the process time is relatively high), and often the process results in the formation of DLC only, containing SP.sup.2 and/or SP.sup.3 configurations and non-diamond carbon phases (e.g., graphite).
These and other limitations of the prior art are addressed by the techniques of the present invention, which do not depend upon a vacuum environment and which do not require the use of a precursor gas.

Formation of diamond materials by rapid-heating and rapid-quenching of carbon-containing materials


A hair drying and shaping system is provided and has a vacuum channel connected to a vacuum source for containing hair disposed therein for treatment; a hot air channel connected to a hot air source and having communication with the vacuum channel for measurable delivery of heated air into the vacuum channel; and a control interface for determining, setting, and activating features and parameters thereof during operation.

In the field of cosmetology, hair processing is one of the more prevalent tasks performed. There are many types of processes performed on hair including hair cutting, hair shaping, hair styling, hair coloring, and so on. In hair shaping or styling, typically heating is used for such as hair straightening, hair curling, or simply hair drying.
Hair straightening and curling may involve a hand-held device that provides a heat source and has suitable apparatus for accepting locks of a client's hair for processing. A curling iron is one such device. Likewise, simple devices meant to be inserted into one's hair are available to hold the hair in a conforming position while a hair dying device is used to heat and dry the hair allowing it to conform to whatever shape it was positioned by the inserted device. Curlers and hair clips are included in these types of simple devices.
A complete styling process may include the use of one or more chemicals and several different types of devices before satisfactory results may be obtained. In a home setting, such devices and home-styling products are also available.
A problem with many hair styling applications is that there are timing requirements, complex instructions, and numerous devices that must be used. Poor results may be realized particularly when the right devices and heat settings are not used properly for the prescribed time periods for those portions of the styling process. For example, not enough heat may result in poor hair shaping conformity while too much heat can damage hair. Likewise, using differing devices may prove somewhat clumsy in that devices have to be set aside and then picked up again repeatedly.
What is clearly needed is a hair drying and shaping device having a manageable heat source that may be used as both a hair-shaping tool and a hair-drying tool. Such a device would result in fewer processing steps for many hair-processing applications performed in the home or in a place of cosmetology.


An exemplary housing includes a first cover, a second cover for coupled with the first cover, a trigger, two movable latches, a first resilient member, two second resilient members, and two extending arms. The first cover includes two engaging portions. The trigger is disposed on the second cover and slidable along a first direction. The movable latches are disposed on the second cover and slidable along a second direction. Each movable latch includes an engaging portion for engaging the engaging portions of the first cover. The resilient members are configured for resetting the trigger and the movable latches. The extending arms are rotatably connected to the trigger and the movable latches. A slide of the trigger forces the movable latches to slide, thus making the engaging portions of the first cover and the movable latches engage or disengage each other.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to housings of foldable electronic devices and, particularly, to a housing typically used for a notebook.
2. Discussion of the Related Art
Referring to FIGS. 6 and 7, a typical housing 10 of a foldable electronic device is shown. The housing 10 includes a main body 11, a top cover 12, a sliding member 13, a hook 14, and a spring 15. A latching groove 111 is defined in the main body 11 and the latching groove 111 is adjacent to a side of the main body 11. A rectangular mounting groove 121 is defined in a side of the top cover 12 and the top cover 12 forms a resisting member 123 that is adjacent to the mounting groove 121. The sliding member 13 is disposed in the mounting groove 121 and is capable of sliding, left or right, along the mounting groove 121. The hook 14 is configured to be latched in the latching groove 111. The hook 14 includes an end that is fixed to the sliding member 13 so that the hook 14 is movable together with the sliding member 13. One end of the spring 15 abuts the resisting member 123 and the other end of the spring 15 abuts the hook 14 so that the hook 14 and the sliding member 13 are normally forced to remain on the left side of the mounting groove 121.
To open the top cover 12, a user has to slide the sliding member 13 towards the right side of the mounting groove 121. However, the sliding member 13 is generally designed to be inconspicuous, thereby having a small outer surface area and the outer surface of the sliding member 13 may line up with the surface of the edge (side) of the cover. Thus when sliding the sliding member 13 with a finger, to open the top cover 12, the finger may slip. As a result, opening the top cover 12 is bothersome.
Therefore, a new housing of a foldable electronic device is desired in order to overcome the above-described shortcomings.

Hong Fu Jin Precision Industry (ShenZhen) Co., Ltd.


A graphical user interface (GUI) is polled to identify updates for transmission to a client device. A generalized poll of the GUI is conducted at a first frequency, wherein the poll compares color values of each pixel in a general region of the GUI with a previously known color value for that pixel to detect changed pixel color values. A local region that is a subset of the general region is determined to have a greater likelihood of being updated, e.g., regions encompassing a location of mouse and/or keyboard activity. A localized poll is conducted at a second frequency of only the local region of the GUI.

Display remoting involves accessing the graphical user interface generated by a first computing system at a second computing system remote from the first computing system. Display remoting is used in many contexts, including, for example, server-based computing models. Virtual desktop infrastructures (VDI) are one example of server-based computing, in which complete centrally-managed desktops are provided to users using computer virtualization technology. VDI may be used to create a large number of independent computing environments for a large number of users. In a typical VDI architecture, user displays and input devices are local to the user, but applications execute remotely in a server. As such, a virtual desktop may be accessible by one or more remote users through a network. The virtual desktop may mimic a desktop computer interface or an interface of another computer or system by providing a virtual screen or virtual display to an end user. Display remoting is used in many other contexts, however, including desktop sharing, network conferencing, and remote access to home or work computing systems, etc.
Display remoting requires identifying which portion of the virtual display have changed in a low-latency manner. Various methods have been used to identify display changes when the remote display server is integrated in the graphics display stack. To detect display changes, the contents of the frame buffer may need to be repeatedly read and compared with a previous frame buffer data. For an optimal user experience, it is desirable to reduce the latency between when a change occurs and when it is detected. However, polling the full screen at a high frequency consumes large amounts of a central processing unit (CPU) resources. Because of the amount of CPU resources required to read and differentiate a full frame, the minimum average latency that can be achieved also decreases as the monitored resolution increases.
To address this challenge, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/428,949, filed Apr. 23, 2009 and entitled "Method and System For Identifying Drawing Primitives for Selective Transmission to A Remote Display" and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/428,971, filed Apr. 23, 2009 and entitled, "Method And System for Copying a Framebuffer For Transmission to a Remote Display," both of which are incorporated herein by reference, describe an efficient method of detecting display updates (differences between previous and current frames) and transmitting the updates to a remote system.

Systems and methods for using screen sampling to detect display changes


Provided is a tunnel magnetoresistive effect element such that a high TMR ratio and a low write current can be realized, and the thermal stability factor (E/kBT) of a recording layer and a pinned layer is increased while an increase in resistance of the element as a whole is suppressed, thus enabling a stable operation. On at least one of a recording layer 21 and a pinned layer 22 each comprising CoFeB, electrically conductive oxide layers 31 and 32 are disposed on a side opposite to a tunnel barrier layer 10.

In recent years, a magnetic random access memory (MRAM) has been developed as a memory using magnetic material. The MRAM uses, as an element device, a magnetic tunneling junction (MTJ) that utilizes a tunneling magnetoresistive (TMR) effect. The MTJ element has a structure of a non-magnet layer (insulating layer) sandwiched by two ferromagnet layers (a recording layer and a pinned layer), in which the magnetization direction of one of the ferromagnet layers (recording layer) can be reversed by an external magnetic field. Thus, in the MTJ element, information is recorded by controlling the magnetization direction of a magnet layer. Because the magnetization direction of the magnet layer does not change even when power supply is turned off, a non-volatile operation in which the recorded information is retained can be realized. The magnetization direction of the MTJ element can be changed (i.e., information can be rewritten) by, in addition to the system of applying a magnetic field from the outside, a spin transfer torque magnetization reversal (spin injection magnetization reversal) system that has recently been identified, by which the magnetization is reversed by causing a DC current to flow through the MTJ element directly. For example, Patent Document 1 discloses a MTJ element using the MTJ element with an in-plane magnetization easy axis (in-plane MTJ element) as the recording layer, and utilizing spin injection magnetization reversal, and a spin-transfer torque magnetic random access memory (SPRAM) which is a memory integrating the MTJ elements. The SPRAM may be referred to as a STT-MRAM.
The resistance of the MTJ element is varied by a difference in magnetization direction between the recording layer and the pinned layer. The ratio of change in resistance is referred to as a tunnel magnetoresistive (TMR) ratio. In memory applications, a high TMR ratio is desirable in order to read the information of "0" and "1" without error. In order to obtain a high TMR ratio, crystal orientation control of a tunnel barrier layer and high polarizability magnetic layers on both sides of the tunnel barrier layer is important. From the past studies on the in-plane MTJ, it is known that a high TMR ratio can be obtained when MgO (001) with a NaCl structure is used as the tunnel barrier layer, with CoFeB layer or CoFe layer with a bcc (001) crystal structure disposed on both sides of the tunnel barrier layer. When CoFeB is formed at room temperature, CoFeB grows amorphously. When MgO is formed thereon, a MgO (001) crystal grows. After CoFeB is formed further thereon, when an anneal process is performed, a CoFeB layer is crystal-oriented in bcc (001) with the MgO (001) crystal as a nucleus. In the case of an in-plane magnetization TMR element, MgO (001) and bcc (001) orientation of CoFeB are realized by using such a mechanism.
Further, in a SPRAM, current is caused to flow by a transistor connected to the MTJ element so as to reverse the magnetization of the recording layer of the MTJ element. When the gate length of the transistor is decreased as a result of an increase in memory integration, the amount of current that the transistor can cause to flow is also decreased. Thus, a lower write current Ic0 is required for the MTJ element used in the SRPAM. Further, when element miniaturization is attempted, thermal stability of magnetic information in the MTJ element presents an issue. When the thermal energy (kBT, where kB is the Boltzmann constant, and T is the absolute temperature) due to environment temperature is high with respect to the magnetic energy barrier (E) required for reversing the magnetization direction of the recording layer of the MTJ element, magnetization reversal occurs without application of an external magnetic field or current. Because the magnetic energy barrier of the MTJ element is decreased with decreasing size, the thermal stability factor E/kBT is reduced as a result of element miniaturization. Accordingly, the MTJ element applied in a SPRAM requires high TMR ratio and E/kBT, and a low write current Ic0.
As a promising structure for improving the high E/kBT and low Ic0 characteristics, development of an MTJ element using perpendicular magnetization material (perpendicular MTJ element) is underway (see Patent Document 2, for example). Also, a new perpendicular MTJ element structure that uses CoFeB as a perpendicular magnetization material has been identified (Non-Patent Document 1). Normally, CoFeB is a material that exhibits an in-plane magnetization easy axis. However, in a structure in which an oxide layer, such as MgO, is disposed on an interface of CoFeB, perpendicular magnetic anisotropy appears as the CoFeB film thickness is decreased.    Patent Document 1: JP 2005-116923 A    Patent Document 2: JP 2007-142364 A    Non-Patent Document 1: S. Ikeda et al., Nature Materials, 9, 721 (2010)

Tunnel magnetoresistive effect element and random access memory using same


Noise suppression system for a relay-switched windshield wiper, wherein reversal of current to a motor driving the wiper causes the motor to reverse. Filters contained within the motor, together with filters and shielding located external to the motor, suppress rf emissions.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention concerns suppression of electrical noise in motors which are controlled by mechanical relays and, in particular, motors in which the relays periodically reverse the current fed to the motors, in order to reverse motor rotation. Windshield wipers in motor vehicles utilize such motors.
2. Description of Related Art
FIG. 1A illustrates a prior-art system for changing direction of an electric motor M, which drives windshield wipers (not shown) in an automotive vehicle. When the relays S1 and S2 are in the position shown in FIG. 1B, current I flows in the direction indicated, and the motor M rotates in one direction. When the relays S1 and S2 switch to the position shown in FIG. 1C, the current reverses to Ir, and the motor reverses direction.
This motor M is can be located on a tailgate of a motor vehicle.
The Inventors have found that the system of FIGS. 1A-1C produces the radio-frequency emissions shown in FIGS. 3A-3B. The dotted line in FIG. 3 indicates a reference, for use in comparison with other plots, discussed later.
These emissions can interfere with radios, tape players, televisions, ham radios, cellular telephones, and possibly radar detectors, which are used by the occupants of the vehicle, or used by nearby persons. Capacitors Cl and C4 in FIGS. 1A-1C are intended to suppress these emissions, but, as the plot of FIGS. 3A-3B indicate, they do not achieve full suppression.

Noise suppression in relay-switched motors


The present invention provides a localization entity in association with a business entity requested by a requester. During instantiation of the requested business entity, a localization event is triggered which causes a policy handler to implement a localization policy to identify localization values (found in the associated localization entity) for attributes in the business entity. The localization values are received from the localization entity associated with the business entity and are placed in the business entity, as localized values.

The present invention deals with localization of data in a computing environment. More specifically, the present invention relates to localization of data in business objects (or business entities).
Business entities are objects that are employed in a business computing environment. For example, objects that represent customers (Customer entities), inventory (Inventory entities), and orders (Order entities) can all be business entities. These entities represent data that is related to business applications. The data in a Customer entity, for example, represents a customer such as the customer's name, address, etc. The data in an Inventory entity represents inventory such as part number, description, name, etc., and the data in an Order entity represents a particular order from a customer such as order number, quantity, etc.
Business entities can be used by developers in creating many different types of business applications. Such applications, for example, can track orders and inventory, and implement customer management and customer relations, and many other business related activities.
Localization is a process by which information is adapted to more closely conform to how the data would be expressed in a particular locale, using norms of that particular locale. A very straightforward example of localization is simply language translation. In other words, a particular expression is displayed to the user in the language indigenous to the locale of the user.
In the past, localization has been accomplished through the use of resource files. Specific resource files were retrieved based on the locale of the user, and the information in the retrieved resource file was used. However, this presents a variety of problems. Foremost among those problems is that resource files may typically be unchangeable by a developer. Therefore, while the use of resource files may work for localizing static information, it does not work for localizing dynamic information.
Business applications will typically contain a wide variety of dynamic information that will desirably be localized. For example, inventory entities will contain descriptions for one company, that will be entirely different for another company, simply because the inventory for two different companies will be different. Therefore, the dynamic information used in business applications is not a good candidate for localization through the use of resource files.

Localization of data represented by business entities


A scroll compressor utilizes scroll wrap profiles which are designed with a rapid compression scroll wrap profile. This profile utilizes a shorter wrap and lower vane aspect ratios during the compression process. The non-orbiting scroll member is integrated with the main bearing housing. The drive shaft extends through the main bearing housing, through the non-orbiting scroll member and through the orbiting scroll member. In one embodiment, a counterweight is disposed adjacent the orbiting scroll member. In another embodiment, and upper bearing housing is disposed adjacent the orbiting scroll member. In yet another embodiment, an upper bearing housing is disposed adjacent the orbiting scroll member with a counterweight disposed adjacent the upper bearing housing.

Refrigeration and air conditioning systems generally include a compressor, a condenser, an expansion valve or its equivalent, and an evaporator. These components are coupled in sequence to define a continuous flow path. A working fluid typically called a refrigerant flows through the system and alternates between a liquid phase and a vapor or gaseous phase.
A variety of compressor types have been used in refrigeration systems, including, but not limited to, reciprocating compressors, screw compressors and rotary compressors. Rotary compressors can include both the vane type compressors, the scroll machines as well as other rotary styled compressors.
Scroll machines are becoming more and more popular for the compressor of choice in both refrigeration as well as air conditioning applications due primarily to their capability for extremely efficient operation. Scroll compressors are typically constructed using two scroll members with each scroll member having an end plate and a spiral wrap extending from the end plate. The spiral wraps are arranged in an opposing manner with the two spiral wraps being interfitted. The scroll members are mounted so that they may engage in relative orbiting motion with respect to each other. During this orbiting movement, the spiral wraps define a successive series of enclosed spaces, each of which progressively decreases in size as it moves inwardly from a radially outer position at a relatively low suction pressure to a central position at a relatively high discharge pressure. The compressed gas exits from the enclosed space at the central position through a discharge passage formed through the end plates of one of the scroll members.
An electric motor or another power source is provided which operates to drive one of the scroll members via a suitable drive shaft affixed to the motor rotor. In a hermetic compressor, the bottom of the hermetic shell normally contains an oil sump for lubricating and cooling the various components of the compressor.
Relative rotation between the two scroll members is typically controlled by an anti-rotation mechanism. One of the more popular anti-rotation mechanisms is an Oldham coupling, which is keyed to either the two scroll members or to one of the scroll members and a stationary component such as a bearing housing. While Oldham couplings are a popular choice, other anti-rotation mechanisms may also be utilized.
Due to the increasing popularity of scroll compressors, the continued development of these compressors has been directed towards designs that reduce size, reduce complexity and reduce cost without adversely affecting the performance of the scroll compressor.
The present invention provides the art with a scroll compressor design that provides the design objectives detailed above. All of the embodiments of the present invention incorporate an orbiting and a non-orbiting scroll member that are designed with a rapid compression scroll wrap profile. This scroll wrap profile provides the advantages of a shorter wrap, lower vane aspect ratios and a reduction in the amount of machining for the scroll members. The non-orbiting scroll member is integrated with the main bearing housing, which reduces both cost and complexity. Another feature of the present invention is that the drive shaft extends through the central portion of each of the scroll members and the counterweight is positioned above both of the two scroll members. This allows for the option of positioning the counterweight in closer proximity to the center of gravity of the orbiting scroll member, thus allowing for the reduction in its size. With the counterweight positioned above the two scroll members, the counterweight can also be designed to limit axial movement of the scroll members and it can also be designed to function as a rotary discharge valve.
In one design option, an Oldham coupling is used as the anti-rotation device. In another design option, the Oldham coupling is replaced with a swing link. In yet another design option, the drive shaft is supported by a bearing located above both scroll members, rather than being unsupported at its upper end as is the case in other designs.
Further areas of applicability of the present invention will become apparent from the detailed description provided hereinafter. It should be understood that the detailed description and specific examples, while indicating the preferred embodiment of the invention, are intended for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.


An electric device having a first body unit and a second body unit connected through a hinge unit is provided. A Flexible Printed Circuit (FPC) having coil portions wrappable around the shafts of the hinge unit is also provided so that when the second body unit pivots or rotates in relation to the first body unit, the FPC's length is automatically adjusted by way of the coil portions coiling and uncoiling about the shafts.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a connector mechanism and, particularly to, a hinge mechanism for rotatably connecting a display screen to the body of an electric device, the hinge mechanism including an enclosure for housing an electrical medium for electrically connecting the display screen and the electric device.
2. Description of the Background Art
Some electric equipment such as digital cameras include a display panel that pivots about an axis to an open and a closed position. A certain folding type portable phone has been also developed and marketed that includes a foldable display panel that pivots about an axis. Pivoting the display away from the body of the phone, and toward it in the opposite direction, respectively provide for the open and closed positions.
A Flexible Printed Circuit (FPC) can be used in a digital camera and a portable phone to connect a power or video source to a display panel. The FPC electrically connects a main board in the body of the equipment with the display panel through a hinge mechanism. The hinge mechanism connects the body and the display unit.
Most of the currently utilized hinge mechanisms allow for the bi-directional movement of the display panel about a single axis, only. What is needed is a connecting mechanism that allows the display panel to pivot and rotate in multiple directions. Also needed is a durable FPC connecting structure wherein the FPC structure does not limit the movement of the display panel or signal transmission.
FIGS. 1 through 5 illustrate a FPC connecting structure according to conventional art as used in digital cameras. FIGS. 1 and 2 are respective planar front and side views of a FPC connecting structure of a digital camera when the display panel is in a closed position. FIGS. 3 and 4 are respective top and side views of a FPC connecting structure of the digital camera of FIG. 1 when the display panel is in an open position. FIGS. 5A through 5C are respective top, front and side views of a hinge mechanism installed on a digital camera by a third angle projection method.
Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, a display unit 20 is connected to the body 10 through a hinge 30. The display unit 20 may rotate in a counter clockwise direction to an open position, away from body 10. From the open position, the display panel 20 may rotate in a clockwise direction to a closed position, as shown in FIG. 2.
Hinge coupling portions 12 are mounted on body unit 10 with a hinge cover 31 installed between the hinge coupling portions 12. The display unit 20 is positioned below the hinge cover 31, as shown.
A hinge assembly 33 is housed inside the hinge cover 31. Hinge assembly 33 comprises a first hinge shaft 35 coupled to the body 10 via coupling portion 12. A second hinge shaft 37 is connected and extends outwardly from the hinge assembly 33 and is coupled to the display unit 20.
The first hinge shaft 35 allows the display unit 20 to pivot about a first axis (X) away and toward the body unit 10. The second hinge shaft 37 allows the display unit 20 to rotate around only if the display unit 20 is sufficiently removed from the body unit 10 in an open position.
Referring to FIG. 2, a main board 15 is enclosed in the body 10. A display panel 25, such as Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) or a Plasma Display Panel (PDP), for displaying character or image information according to a video signal transmitted from the main board 15 is enclosed in the display unit 20.
A FPC 40 electrically connects the main board 15 and the display panel 25 to allow for the transmission of electric power and image signals. The FPC 40 is partially housed inside of the hinge cover 31. Connectors 41 and 42 disposed on two opposite ends of the FPC 40 are connected to the main board 15 and to the display panel 25 respectively. An intermediate part of the FPC 40 is flexibly extended from the main board 15 of the display unit 10 to reach inside the hinge cover 31, and thereafter extends toward the second hinge shaft 37 to connect to the display panel 25.
A part 40a of the FPC 40 housed in the body unit 10 is connected so as to have a predetermined marginal length when the display unit 20 is opened, and a part 40b is wrapped around the second hinge shaft 37 so that the display unit 20 can be rotated without restriction. That is, part 40 is wrapped or unwrapped around the second hinge shaft 37, as the display unit 20 rotates, allowing uninterrupted movement of the display unit 20 and safeguarding the FPC 40 from damage.
Referring to FIGS. 2 and 4, a rounded portion 13 provides sufficient pivoting space for the display unit 20 within the cavity 13a formed in body 10. Referring to FIG. 1, a bracket 39 connects the hinge assembly 30 to the display unit 20.
Unfortunately, in the conventional FPC connecting structure described above, when a user opens the display unit 20 away from the body unit 10 more than a predetermined angle, a part 40c positioned between parts 40a and 40b of the FPC 40 is exposed as shown in FIG. 4. This exposed part 40c is aesthetically undesirable. In addition, the FPC 40 can be easily damaged in an open position, due to this exposure. Such damage can degrade image quality and data transfer between main board 15 and display 25.
Also, external particles can enter the body unit 10 through cavity 13a. Sealing the cavity 13a to prevent the entering of particles can adversely affect the smooth or range of operation of the hinge assembly 30. As such, a hinge assembly is needed that can address the above-described shortcomings.

Rotatable hinge mechanism with enclosure for housing flexible printed circuit


By forcibly grounding a selected one of three phases of a three-phase power distribution line, a higher line-to-ground voltage is applied to other phases thereby causing very small-scale grounding at a fault position so that the fault position can be specified by detecting the small-scale grounding current as generated.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to very small-scale ground occurrence detection equipment, and more particularly to very small-scale ground occurrence detection equipment capable of detecting very small-scale grounding in a distribution power system while maintaining the line energized.
2. Description of Related Art
When deterioration occurs in any equipment or materials in a distribution line, it is required to quickly identify, out of many electric poles, the equipment or materials thereof where it is actually occurring, thereby to remedy it.
For this purpose, deterioration inspecting methods have been proposed, for example, in "Electric Review" January, '90, p 46, "Electric Joint Research", vol. 42, no. 1, p 23 and "Japan Electric Association", 68th General Session, Research Report p. 114-115, in which the distribution line is divided into a plurality of zones by switches and the zones are successively inspected for identifying the defective zone by interrupting a power supply to the zone to be inspected and applying a high tension pulse between the zone and the ground.
Further, there are proposed detection methods in "Electric Joint Research", vol. 42, no. 1, p-35 or in "Electric Joint Research", vol. 43, no. 2, p-204 to 205 for detecting ultrasonic noises or high frequency noises occurring from a discharge-type deterioration point using microphone or antenna.
The former methods hereinabove are implemented on the premise that the defective line must be specified in advance. In addition, the detection of the defective zone must be performed under outage of the power, resulting in inconvenience of the users.
The latter methods hereinabove are implemented under live wire condition thereby eliminating the inconvenience of the users due to outage of power imposed at any time when the inspection is required. However, they are effective only when the discharge-type ground fault phenomena in the degraded equipment or materials continue under a normal line voltage. Namely, according to these methods, the detection of deterioration is possible only when the deterioration has progressed to such an extent as to cause discharge phenomena to occur under the normal line voltage. Thus, the methods are contrary to the object of the present invention to detect any deterioration in equipment and materials at its earlier stage of occurrence.

Forcible grounding generation equipment and grounding occurrence detection equipment using the same


An auger planter for forming small holes in the earth for the planting of flower bulbs, plant seedlings and plants, and for the insertion of termite monitors and baits. The auger includes a central shaft and a single helical flighting having its leading edge configured to have a sickle blade shape with a cutting edge. The opposite end of the flighting has a portion which is directed in an essentially vertical orientation proximating an alignment parallelling the axis of shaft.

The inventor herein has used commercially available auger planters but has found several problems with the reliability and performance of the available devices. The inventor found circumstances where the flighting would break off the shaft, or the device was not effective with cutting encountered heavy roots, or its performance was not impressive in dense soils like clay and when breaking through rocky ground. The objective of the present invention is to provide an auger planter that would solve or minimize the above encountered problems.


A circuit and method for memory characterization. The circuit includes first and second programmable delay lines, address and data registers, an output register and a finite state machine controller. The finite state machine controller supplies an address to the address register, data to the data register and controlling a delay of the first programmable delay line and the second programmable delay line in at least one predetermined sequence to determine an operating characteristic of the memory to be tested. The programmable delay lines may be connected as a ring oscillator. Determination of the frequency of the ring oscillator via a counter determines the delay of the delay line. The programmable delay lines, the address register and data registers, the output register, the finite state machine controller and the memory to be tested are preferably constructed on a same semiconductor substrate.

Memory is a part of every CPU design and SoC. Integrated memories have timing requirements to be met just as any mega-module. These timing parameters are dictated by the address/data decoders, the bit cells and the latches; that vary with the type of memory.
These timing parameters include setup time and hold time on the input interface and the clk-to-output delay. These timing parameters have a significant bearing on the maximum achievable frequency of the design. Placement and routing tools rely on timing parameters given by liberty files. Thus the characterization and validation of these numbers are crucial. The spice characterization data has to be validated on silicon by actual measurement of these parameters. Memory testchips have test circuits meant for timing characterization.
The problem is to design a circuit to characterize these timing parameters for the memory:
1. Setup/Hold for Address bus;
2. Setup/Hold for Data bus;
3. Clk to Q delay.
The circuit should be self-contained requiring minimal user intervention and be capable of characterizing all bit-lines in the bus.
FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram of a prior art characterization circuit 100. Characterization circuit 100 includes circuit under test 110, signal generator 120 and oscilliscope 130. Signal generator 120 generates test signals. These are applied to the inputs of memory 115 via multiplexers 111 and 113 in an appropriate sequence. Oscilloscope 130 receives outputs from memory 115 and the test signals from signal generator 120. Thus user of characterization circuit 100 observes the response of memory 115 on the display of oscilloscope 130.
In this prior art circuit, measurement was based on oscilloscope observations. Characterization circuit 110 required differential signaling and had tight constraints on the physical design. Characterization circuit 110 does not measure the parameters directly. The user must make measurements via oscilloscope 130 outside the circuit under test 100.

On chip characterization of timing parameters for memory ports


A synchronization extraction apparatus for a communication system and a method thereof are disclosed. A frame synchronization is obtained in a manner that the sum of an input signal and a delay signal is obtained without obtaining a simple correlation value between the input signal and the delay signal, and then a correlation value between a summed signal and the delay signal is obtained. The synchronization extraction apparatus and method can reduce the implementation complexity and power consumption in obtaining the frame synchronization, and thus increase the battery cycle of a terminal provided with the synchronization extraction apparatus or method.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a synchronization (sync) obtaining apparatus using periodically repeated signal patterns and a method thereof.
2. Description of the Related Art
In a communication system, a transmitter transmits a sync signal to a receiver, and the receiver performs a synchronization using the sync signal.
Recently, for a high-rate data transmission, a communication system that adopts an OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) system has been proposed in the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) 802.16 standard committee. According to this IEEE 802.16 Standard, in the OFDMA type communication system, a transmitter transmits a preamble pattern to a receiver, and the receiver acquires the start of a frame, i.e. the frame sync, from the received preamble pattern. This preamble pattern is illustrated in FIGS. 1A and 1B.
FIGS. 1A and 1B are diagrams illustrating the preamble pattern used for an initial sync in a communication system. Specifically, FIG. 1A illustrates a repeated pattern of the preamble pattern, and FIG. 1B illustrates how the preamble pattern is detected.
Referring to FIG. 1A, the preamble pattern 10 has repeated patterns 11, 12 and 13. In any two successive periods of such repeated patterns, the receiver delays a signal of an 'A' period, correlates the delay signal of the 'A' period with a signal of a 'B' period, and then sums the two signals. In this case, if the 'A' period signal and the 'B' period signal have the same pattern, their summed value becomes a maximum value. Accordingly, if the respective signal period is composed of m samples, 2 m samples must be accumulated. For example, referring to FIG. 1B, the repeated patterns of the preamble pattern are indicated as reference numerals 11 and 12. Specifically, a signal period of "−1 −1 1 1" is obtained by delaying the first signal period 4 of "1 1 1 1" and correlating the delayed first signal period with the second signal period 11 of "−1 −1 1 1", and then "0" is obtained by summing the obtained signal period. Then, a signal period of "1 1 1 1" is obtained by correlating the second signal period 11 of "−1 −1 1 1" with the third signal period 12 of "−1 −1 1 1", and "4" is obtained by summing the obtained signal period. Accordingly, if the same signals are repeated, the start point thereof can be found by detecting the signal period by detecting when the summed correlation value becomes a maximum value, and in the same manner, the frame sync can also be extracted.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a conventional sync extraction apparatus. Referring to FIG. 2, the conventional sync extraction apparatus includes an delay unit 32, a conjugator 34, a correlator 36, and a Z−2m moving sum unit 38. The delay unit 32 delays an input signal for a period corresponding to m samples. The conjugator 34 conjugates the input signal. The correlator 36 correlates an output signal of the delay unit 32 with an output signal of the conjugator 34, and outputs a correlated signal to the Z−2m moving sum unit 38. Here, the Z−2m moving sum unit 38 sums the correlation values output from the correlator 36, but in this case, the summing should be performed with respect to 2 m samples. As a result, this summing operation causes an increase in of circuit complexity and power consumption.

Sync extraction apparatus in communication system and method thereof


A system for translating a first word set in a source language into a second word set in a target language, the system comprising: input means for inputting the first word set into the system; tagging means for tagging the first word set input to the system so as to at least substantially reduce non-essential variability in the first word set; translation means including a single a posteriori conditional probability model and a target candidate store for storing target language candidate word sets, wherein the translation means employs the single model to evaluate the target language candidate word sets in order to select the target language candidate word set having a best score with respect to the first word set; and output means for outputting the best scoring target language candidate word set as the second word set in the target language.

This invention relates to translation systems for translating a source language, e.g., natural language, into a target language, e.g., artificial language, and more particularly, the invention relates to such translation systems employing statistical methods.
It is known that statistical translation models were first introduced by P. F. Brown et al. in the article entitled: "The Mathematics of Statistical Machine Translation; Parameter Estimation," Computational Linguistics, 19(2), pp. 263-311 (June 1993). Such models were created in the context of French to English translation and were based on a source-channel paradigm. The source-channel paradigm uses two component models. The first model is known as the channel model and is defined as the probability of occurrence of a source language sentence S given a target language sentence T, that is, the conditional probability of the occurrence of S, given T, i.e., P(S.vertline.T). The second model is known as the language (or source) model and is defined as the probability of occurrence of T, i.e., P(T). The two component models are then used to compute the probability of the occurrence of T, given S, i.e., P(T.vertline.S), via the relationship P(T.vertline.S)=P(S.vertline.T).multidot.P(T)/P(S). The target language sentence T which maximizes the product P(S.vertline.T).multidot.P(T) is chosen as the translation of the input source language sentence S. The channel model can also be thought of as a translation model, but, with the translation being performed from target to source. Each of the component models are estimated independently.
It is also known that such a priori models, as described above, may be used in the context of natural language translation as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,510,981 to Berger et al. issued on Apr. 23, 1996, and more recently for understanding in both the paper by M. Epstein entitled "Statistical Source Channel Models for Natural Language Understanding," Ph. D. Thesis, New York University (September 1996) and in a related patent application identified by U.S. Ser. No. 08/593,032.
However, given a source sentence S, for example, in a natural language such as English, it would be advantageous to be able to translate such sentence into a target language sentence T, for example, in an artificial (formal) language such as a database query language, utilizing a translation system employing a single statistical translation model. It would further be advantageous if said system were generally data-driven, built automatically from training data, and did not use domain-specific rules developed by experts so that it could be easily ported to new domains.

Statistical translation system with features based on phrases or groups of words

International Business Machines Corporation


The invention is a lead frame (30) with tie bars (32-35) having reenforcing channels (44, 53, 64) extending at least a portion of the length of the tie bar. The lead frame (30) and channels (44, 53, 64) in the tie bars (32-35) may be formed either by stamping or by chemical etching. Each channel tie bar has at least two parts (51,52) forming a channel, the parts extending from each other at an angle less than 180.degree..

Presently manufactured lead frames, particularly Quad Flat Package devices, have the die mount pad supported by flat tie bars. The tie bars are attached between the corners of the die mount pad and the lead frame which may form, in part, the dam bars that hold the leads spaced at desired intervals during the package molding process. An example of this prior art structure is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 5,285,104 in which the corners of the die mount pad are attached by tie bars to the lead frame.
Another example of tie bars extending from the die attach area is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 5,429,992. In this example, a die pad is not used. The tie bars are connected to an X-type or cross shaped structure which supports the semiconductor die.
Still other examples of lead frames utilize only two tie bars to support the semiconductor die mount pad. An example of this structure is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 5,096,852, wherein the die mount pad is supported by two diagonally opposite tie bars extending out opposites sides of the die mount pad. A similar structure is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 5,548,884.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,517,056 also shows the lead frame structure where the die mount pad is attached to the lead frame by tie bars extending from the corners of the die mount pad.
The prior art, as indicated above, utilizes two to four flat tie bars. The tie bars extend from the corners of the mount die pad when four die pads are used, and when two tie bars are used, the tie bars extend from two opposite sides of the die mount pad. These flat tie bar configurations do not provide adequate support to the die mount pad during molding. Often, during the molding process of the package, the die mount pad will shift upward or downward to the surface of the package. When this happens, the device is rejected. The movement is caused by the pressure of the mold compound on the surface of the die or die mount pad, and the flexing of the tie bars. This problem is common, particularly in thin packages. In order to prevent the flexing of the tie bars, the bars need to be strengthen.

Semiconductor lead frame with channel beam tie bar


A safety electrical outlet including a plurality of raised socket bodies with a respective pair of blade insertion slots for receiving metal contact blades of an electrical plug, a plurality of rotary safety socket covers respectively covered on the socket bodies and revolvably supported thereon, each rotary safety socket cover having two blade insertion slots for receiving metal contact blades of an electrical plug, and a plurality of spiral springs connected between the socket bodies and the rotary safety socket covers to hold the respective socket covers in a sealing position in which the blade insertion slots of the rotary safety socket covers are retained out of alignment with the blade insertion slots of the respective socket bodies.

The present invention relates to electrical outlets, and more particularly to a safety electrical outlet which automatically seals off its blade insertion slots upon removable of an electrical plug.
When an extension cable is used, it may disorderly put on the floor, Because the blade insertion slots of the socket bodies of the electrical outlets of conventional extension cables are constantly exposed to the outside for receiving electrical plugs, water may pass to the inside to wet the electrical circuit, causing a short circuit. Furthermore, children may insert pointed metal object into the blade insertion slots, causing an electric shock.
The present invention has been accomplished to provide a safety electrical outlet which eliminates the aforesaid problems. According to one aspect of the present invention, the safety electrical outlet comprises a rotary safety socket cover revolvably covered on each socket body thereof, and a spiral spring connected between each rotary safety socket cover and the corresponding socket body to hold the respective rotary safety socket cover in a sealing position in which the blade insertion slots of the corresponding socket body in sealed. According to another aspect of the present invention, the rotary safety socket cover has a recessed portion or raised portion through which the rotary safety socket cover can be positively turned relative to the corresponding socket body with one finger. According to still another aspect of the present invention, a fuseless switch is installed in the electrical wire of the safety electrical outlet which automatically trips off upon an overcurrent.


A clip for joining structural parts comprises a disk having an inner portion and an outer portion forming a rim about the inner portion. The inner portion has a depression with a recess extending downwardly from the depression and provided with a laterally-extending opening for receiving a mounting member, such as a pin.

This invention relates to a clip for joining structural parts and to fastening systems using a clip. Various types of clips are widely used to join structural parts, such as inner and outer vehicle panels. Since the clips are used in such large numbers, simplicity, ease of use, and cost are of paramount importance.

Clip for joining structural parts and fastening systems using a clip


The invention relates to a process for preparing (xe2x88x92)-(1S,4R) N protected 4-amino-2-cylcopentene-1-carboxylate esters represented by the formula (I)

The invention relates to a process for preparing (xe2x88x92)-(1S,4R) N-protected 4-amino-2-cylcopentene-1-carboxylate esters represented by the formula (I):
wherein
R1 and R2 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl and aralkyl.
Compounds of formula (I) are useful as an intermediate in the synthesis of a substituted cyclopentane derivatives described in pending application PCT US 98/26871, filed Dec. 17, 1997. The substituted cyclopentane derivatives described in pending application PCT US 98/26871 inhibit influenza virus neuramidase and are thus useful in the treatment and/or prevention of influenza virus infection.
Known methods for preparing the compounds of formula (I) are disclosed in pending application PCT US 98/26871, filed Dec. 19, 1997.
A known method for the preparation of cis-4-aminocyclopent-2-ene-1-carboxylic acid using enzymatic resolution of the (xc2x1)2-Azabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-3-one (xc2x1)lactam is disclosed by Taylor, J. C., et al. JCS Chem Commun. 1990, 1120 (EP 424064). Similarly, the enzymatic resolution of (xc2x1)-cis-Methyl 4-acetamidocyclopent-2-ene carboxylate using pig liver esterase is disclosed by Sicsic, J. et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 1987, 28, 1887. The use of enzymes, however, makes these processes impractical for large scale production.
A method for classical resolution of (xc2x1)-cis-4-benzamidocyclopent-2-ene carboxylic acid with (+)-cis-2-(benzylamino) cyclohexanemethanol is disclosed in EP 590685 (Nohira, H., et al.). Classical resolution of (xc2x1)-4-aminocyclopent-2-ene-1-methanol using dibenzoyl-D-tartaric acid is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,034,394 (S. M. Daluge). Application of classical resolution techniques to large scale production of compounds of formula (I) is not practical due to cost and availability of reagents.
Thus, there exists a need for resolution of the enantiomers of (xe2x88x92)-(1S,4R) N-protected 4-amino-2-cyclopentene-1-carboxylare esters of the formula (I) in high chemical yield and high enantiomeric purity.
The invention relates to a process of preparing a compound of formula (I)
wherein
R1 and R2 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, substituted aryl and aralkyl;
comprising
reacting (xc2x1)2-azabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-3-one of formula (II) with an alcohol of formula (III), and a non-aqueous acid, to form the corresponding Compound of formula IV, wherein X is the corresponding acid anion;
reacting the Compound of formula (IV) with L-tartaric acid and a tertiary amine, to form the corresponding Compound of formula (V);
suspending the Compound of formula (V) in an organic solvent and treating with a Compound of formula (VI) or a Compound of formula (VII), wherein Y is chlorine or bromine and wherein R1 is as set forth above, in the presence of a base, to form the corresponding Compound of formula I.
In another embodiment of the invention, the Compound of formula (I) is prepared by resolution of the Compound of formula (IV) with D-tartaric acid, followed by treatment with L-tartaric acid.
As used herein, the term xe2x80x9calkylxe2x80x9d whether used alone or as part of a substituent group, include straight and branched chains of one to eight carbon atoms, preferably one to three carbon atoms. For example, alkyl radicals include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl and the like.
As used herein, unless otherwise noted, xe2x80x9ccycloalkylxe2x80x9d shall denote a monocyclic, saturated ring structure containing three to eight carbon atoms. Suitable examples of cycloalkyl groups include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, and the like.
As used herein, unless otherwise noted, xe2x80x9carylxe2x80x9d shall refer to unsubstituted carbocyclic aromatic groups such as phenyl, naphthyl, and the like, preferably phenyl.
As used herein, unless otherwise noted, xe2x80x9caralkylxe2x80x9d shall mean any C1-C6 alkyl group substituted with an aryl group. Suitable examples of aralkyl groups include benzyl, phenylethyl, and the like.
As used herein, unless otherwise noted, substituents on the aryl, and aralkyl groups are one or more, preferably one to two substituents, of halogen.
With reference to substituents, the term xe2x80x9cindependentlyxe2x80x9d means that when more than one of such substituents is possible, such substituents may be the same or different from each other.
Examples of xe2x80x9cnon-aqueous acidxe2x80x9d useful in the present invention include, but are not limited to gaseous hydrochloric, gaseous hydrobromic, p-toluenesulfonic, sulfuric, perchloric, tetrafluoroboronic, methanesulfonic, and the like.
As used herein, the notation xe2x80x9c*xe2x80x9d shall denote the presence of a stereogenic center.
Where the compounds of the invention contain one stereogenic center, they exist as enantiomers. Where the compounds contain two or more stereogenic centers, they exist as diastereomers. It is to be understood that all such isomers and mixtures thereof are encompassed within the scope of the present invention.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the claimed process is used to prepare a Compound of formula (I) wherein R1 is tert-butyl and R2 is methyl.
The present invention relates to a process for preparing a compound of formula (I) as outlined in Scheme 1, below:
More particularly, a compound of formula (II), a known compound, is reacted with an alcohol of formula (III), a known compound or compound prepared by known methods, and a non-aqueous acid, preferably gaseous hydrochloric, preferably at a temperature of less than or equal to about 75xc2x0 C., more preferably at a temperature in the range of about 65-70xc2x0 C., to form the corresponding Compound of formula (IV).
The solution containing the Compound of formula (IV) is preferably cooled to between about 15-50xc2x0 C., more preferably to between about 20-25xc2x0 C., reacted with L-tartaric acid, in an amount in the range of 0.4-2.2 eq, preferably in an amount in the range of about 0.5-0.6 eq, and preferably treated with water. The resulting solution is treated with a tertiary amine such as triethylamine, diisopropyl ethylamine, N-methyl morpholine, and the like, preferably triethylamine, in an amount sufficient to adjust the pH to between about 1-7, preferably to a pH between about 1-5, preferably the temperature is maintained in the range as set forth above, and preferably seeded with the compound of formula (V), to form the corresponding Compound of formula (V). Alternatively, the solution containing the Compound of formula (IV) is treated with a mixture of the L-tartaric acid, water and tertiary amine, to form the corresponding Compound of formula (V).
The Compound of formula (V) is suspended in an organic solvent such as ethyl acetate, an alcohol of formula (III), and the like, preferably an alcohol of formula (III), and reacted with a Compound of formula (VI), (R1OCO)2O, or a Compound of formula (VII), R1OCOY, wherein Y is chlorine or bromine, in the presence of a base such as sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, triethylamine, diisopropyl ethylamine, N-methyl morpholine, and the like, preferably triethylamine, preferably in an amount equal to at least 2 equivalents, preferably at a temperature in the range of about 25-35xc2x0 C., to form the corresponding compound of formula (I).
The compound of formula (I) is isolated by known methods, for example by adding water and seeding or by recrystallization.
A further aspect of the invention is a process for preparing the Compound of formula (I) as outlined in Scheme 2, below:
More particularly, a compound of formula (II) is reacted with an alcohol of formula (III), and a non-aqueous acid, preferably gaseous hydrochloric, preferably at a temperature of less than or equal to about 75xc2x0 C., more preferably at a temperature in the range of about 65-70xc2x0 C., to form the corresponding Compound of formula (IV).
The solution containing the Compound of formula (IV) is preferably cooled to a temperature of between about 15-50xc2x0 C., more preferably to a temperature between about 20-25xc2x0 C., reacted with D-tartaric acid, in an amount in the range of 0.4-2.2 eq, preferably in an amount in the range of about 0.5-0.6 eq, and preferably treated with water. The resulting solution is treated with a tertiary amine such as triethylamine, diisopropyl ethylamine, N-methyl morpholine, and the like, preferably triethylamine, in an amount sufficient to adjust the pH to between about 1-7, preferably to a pH between about 1-5, preferably the temperature is maintained in the range as set forth above, and preferably seeded with compound of formula (VIII) to form the corresponding Compound of formula (VIII).
The compound of formula (VIII) is collected by filtration.
The filtrate, containing the compound of formula (IVa), is treated with L-tartaric acid, in an amount in the range of 0.5-1.2 eq, preferably in an amount in the range of 0.5-0.6 eq. The resulting solution is treated with a tertiary amine such as triethylamine, diisopropyl ethylamine, N-methyl morpholine, and the like, preferably triethylamine, in an amount sufficient to adjust the pH to between about 1-7, preferably to a pH between about 1-5, preferably the temperature is maintained in the range of about 15-50xc2x0 C., more preferably in the range of 20-25xc2x0 C., and preferably seeded with the compound of formula (V) to form the corresponding Compound of formula (V). Alternatively, the filtrate containing the Compound of formula (IV) is treated with a mixture of the L-tartaric acid, water and tertiary amine, to form the corresponding Compound of formula (V).
The Compound of formula (V) is suspended in an organic solvent such as ethyl acetate, an alcohol of the formula (III), and the like, preferably an alcohol of formula (III), and reacted with a Compound of formula (VI), (R1OCO)2O, or a Compound of formula (VII), R1OCOY, wherein Y is chlorine or bromine, in the presence of a base such as sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, triethylamine, diisopropyl ethylamine, N-methyl morpholine, and the like, preferably triethylamine, preferably in an amount equal to at least 2 equivalents, preferably at a temperature in the range of about 25-35xc2x0 C., to form the corresponding compound of formula (I).
The compound of formula (I) is isolated by known methods, for example by adding water and seeding or by recrystallization.
The following examples are intended to illustrate the invention but not to limit it.

Process for preparing (-)-(1S, 4R) N-protected 4-amino-2-cyclopentene-1-carboxylate esters

Abstract: wherein R1 and R2 are as described within the specification.


A feed roll for tree handling has a number of strips which substantially cover its outer face. The strips have leading and trailing edges shaped to interdigitate with one another. A layer of resilient or slippery material is located between the strips and a drum. The strips can rock slightly.

Some tree delimbers include a pair of curved knives that can be brought into contact with the outer surface of a log. The log is pulled past the knives which shear off any limbs projecting from the log. In typical tree delimbers the log is moved by compressing it between a pair of counter-rotating feed rollers. The feed rollers grip the log and move it along. Examples of tree delimbers which work in this general manner are the SIDEWINDER™ and LIM-MIT™ delimbers made by Risley Manufacturing Ltd. of Grande Prairie, Alberta, Canada.
Some existing feed rollers are faced with spikes to enable them to better grip the outer surface of a log. These spikes can incise the outer layer of wood of the log, which is undesirable.
Other commonly-used feed rollers comprise a rubber-coated cylinder having a chain mesh stretched over its outer surface. These feed rollers, while reducing damage to the log surface, suffer from relatively short service lives and can be undesirably expensive.
Commonly-owned U.S. Pat. No. 4,972,890 describes a type of feed roller which comprises a cylindrical drum having contour-edged bars bolted to its outer surface. The contour-edged bars are relatively widely spaced apart. These feed rollers have not been completely successful, because they can cause chipping of the outer surface of logs.
Despite the variety of feed rollers available for use in tree processing machinery there remains a need for feed rollers which improve on the performance and/or cost effectiveness of current feed rollers.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.


A washing machine capable of minimizing tangle and damage of the laundry is disclosed. The washing machine includes: a wash shaft installed perpendicularly at a lower center of an inner tub, and rotated by a rotational force transferred from a motor; a wash plate orbiting about a rotational center of the wash shaft to form a stream of water; and a movement converting unit for converting a rotational movement of the wash shaft to a orbiting movement of the wash plate.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a washing machine, and more particularly, to a washing machine capable of minimizing tangle and damage of the laundry and decreasing usage of the wash water.
2. Discussion of the Prior Art
Generally, washing machine is an apparatus in which energy such as impact or the like is applied to the laundry so as to remove contaminants. According to the applying method of the energy, the washing machines are classified into the pulsator washing machine, drum washing machine and agitator washing machine. In the drum washing machine, the laundry is dropped and impacted by the rotation of the drum, to be washed. In the pulsator washing machine and the agitator washing machine, the rotation of the pulsator or agitator coupled to the washing shaft perpendicular installed at the inner tub allows the laundry to impact, and the wash action of detergent is added thereto, so that wash is performed. In other words, the aforementioned washing machines utilize a method in which impact is applied to the laundry by a mechanical method to perform the washing.
Referring to FIG. 1, a conventional pulsator washing machine will be now described as follows.
An outer tub 3 for containing wash water is installed inside a case 1 of the washing machine, an inner tub 5 is installed inside the outer tub 3 and is impacted, and a pulsator 7 is installed inside the inner tub 5. A motor 9 for rotating the inner tub 5 and the pulsator 7 is installed below the outer tub 3.
In more detail, a dehydration shaft 15 is coupled with the inner tub 5, a wash shaft 13 that can be selectively coupled with the dehydration shaft 15 is installed inside the hydration shaft 15, and the pulsator 7 is rotatably installed at a predetermined portion of the wash shaft 13.
The rotational force of the motor 9 is selectively transferred to the inner tub 5 and the pulsator 7 by a clutch assembly 11. Also, the wash shaft 13 and the dehydration shaft 15 are selectively serration-coupled by a solenoid 11a.
Referring to FIG. 1, operation of the conventional pulsator washing machine will be described as follows.
First, wash cycle is described as follows. Laundry is loaded into the interior of the inner tub 5, and the washing machine is driven, so that wash water is supplied into the inner tub 5. After the completion of the wash water supply, in a state where the laundry is dipped in the wash water, the pulsator 7 is rotated in the forward or backward direction to wash the laundry. In other words, the rotational force of the motor 9 is transferred to the pulsator 7 through the wash shaft 13, and washing is performed by water stream generated by the stirring of the pulsator 7 and friction between the pulsator 7 and the laundry.
Next, dehydration cycle is described. In the dehydration cycle, the wash shaft 13 and the dehydration shaft 15 are rotated as if they are one body by the operation of the solenoid 11a. In other words, the inner tub 5 and the pulsator 7 are rotated at a high speed together to perform the dehydration.
As aforementioned, the conventional washing machine carries out the washing by stirring the pulsator to rub the laundry in a state where the laundry is dipped in the wash water, or by water stream.
Accordingly, the conventional washing machine is difficult to avoid tangling or damage of the laundry. Also, since the conventional washing machine carries out the washing in a state where the laundry is dipped in the wash water, the amount of the wash water and the amount of the detergent increase, and a total washing time is lengthened due to the increase in the supply and drain time of the wash water not directly related with the washing time.


Providing queuing in a log streaming system. A state of each of a set of queues of messages is maintained by sending messages to a state topic in the log streaming system. Responsive to a client writing a message to one of the queues, writing the message to a message topic for the queue in the log streaming system. Responsive to the client reading from one of the queues, reading a message from the message topic for the queue and storing property types relating to the availability of the message in the state topic for the queue by sending messages to the state topic referencing the message in the message topic.

One or more aspects of the present invention relate to log streaming messaging systems, and more specifically, to providing queuing in a log streaming messaging system.
Log streaming messaging systems, such as Apache Kafka (Apache and Kafka are trademarks of Apache Software Foundation) and Amazon Kinesis (Amazon and Kinesis are trademarks of Amazon.com, Inc.), offer a very lightweight, high-throughput system for data transferal and storage.
Features of log streaming messaging systems include topics in the form of streaming log files written sequentially, which may be partitioned and distributed across a cluster. Each message in a log has a unique identifier, called an offset and messages can be read from any location in the log by specifying the offset to read. Messages may also contain a key; when specified, the message key and payload essentially become a key-value pair. Multiple messages may be written to a topic with the same key, any of which can be read back by jumping to the offset of that message. The latest message may be considered the current value for that key. Messages in topics have a lifespan after which they are deleted. This lifespan is fixed for the whole topic, so a topic represents a rolling window of historical messages.
Apache Kafka additionally has the concept of "log compaction". When enabled, the same deletion of messages older than their lifetime occurs except for those that are the last message for a given key. This means that the current value associated with a key is always kept and the latest state of all keys can be rebuilt by reading the messages back.
Messages in log streaming messaging systems are always available for consumption and the same message can be consumed by multiple clients. These systems lack the ability to behave in a typical queuing way.

Providing queueing in a log streaming messaging system

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION


A radio broadcast receiver is provided which reduces the degradation in quality of diversity-received signals. When a difference in level between a reception signal of a main antenna and a reception signal of a sub antenna is less than a predetermined threshold value, and when a difference in phase between the reception signal of the main antenna and the reception signal of the sub antenna exceeds another predetermined threshold value, a combination ratio of a combiner for combining outputs of a main tuner and of a sub tuner is set to 1:1, where in-phase combination type diversity is carried out. In other cases, the combination ratio of the combiner is switched between 1:0 and 0:1 depending on the occurrence of a multipath, where selection diversity is carried out.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to diversity reception techniques for radio broadcast receivers.
2. Description of the Related Art
The well-known diversity reception techniques for reducing multipath interference or the like in radio broadcast receivers include a selection diversity scheme which selects and uses a signal in a good reception condition from among signals respectively received by a plurality of antennas provided in the receiver, as disclosed in, for example, JP-A-7-283767, and an in-phase combination type diversity scheme which combines in phase a plurality of signals respectively received by the antennas provided in the receiver, as disclosed in, for example, JP-A-5-235812.
The in-phase combination type diversity can generally reduce multipath interference more effectively than the selection diversity. In some cases, however, even the in-phase combination type diversity cannot completely reduce the multipath interference. For example, suppose that two antennas respectively receive two wave signals having passed through different paths at the same level, and that the first wave signal having traversed the first path reaches the two antennas in phase, while the second wave signal having traversed the second path reaches the two antennas at different times by a difference in phase angle X.
FIG. 4(a) illustrates a relationship between a difference in phase angle X and a distortion ratio of a reception signal received by the in-phase combination type diversity scheme.
As shown in the figure, in the in-phase combination type diversity scheme, when the phase-angle difference X is large, the distortion ratio of the received signal can be reduced to a smaller value, while, when the phase-angle difference X is small, the in-phase combination type diversity scheme does not function effectively, and the distortion ratio cannot be reduced to the smaller value.
FIG. 4(b) illustrates a relationship between a distortion ratio of a reception signal received by the in-phase combination type diversity scheme, and a level ratio of a reception signal received by the first antenna to that received by the second antenna when the first wave signal having traversed the first path reaches in phase the two antennas, and the second wave signal having traversed the second path reaches the two antennas at different times by a phase-angle difference of 60 degrees. In the in-phase combination type diversity scheme, when the level of the received signal at the first antenna is approximately the same as that of the received signal at the second antenna, the distortion ratio of the received signal can be reduced to a smaller value, but when a difference in level of the received signals between the two antennas is large, the scheme does not function effectively and the distortion ratio cannot be reduced to the smaller value.
Thus, the in-phase combination type diversity scheme has an area of operation where the multipath interference cannot be reduced effectively.


The present invention relates to novel crystal forms of 4-{[4-({[4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)-1,2-benzisoxazol-3-yl]oxy}methyl)piperidin-1-yl]methyl}-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-carboxylic acid. More particularly, the invention relates to polymorph forms (Polymorph Form I or Polymorph Form II), and to processes for the preparation of, compositions containing and to uses of, such polymorph forms.

4-{[4-({[4-(2,2,2-Trifluoroethoxy)-1,2-benzisoxazol-3-yl]oxy}methyl)piperidin-1-yl]methyl}-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-carboxylic acid is disclosed in WO2006/090224 as a 5-HT4 receptor antagonist, which is useful in the treatment or alleviation of disease conditions mediated by 5-HT4 receptor activity; in particular 5-HT4 receptor agonistic activity, such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), gastrointestinal disease, gastric motility disorder, non-ulcer dyspepsia, functional dyspepsia (FD), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), constipation, dyspepsia, esophagitis, gastroesophageal disease, gastritis, nausea, central nervous system disease, Alzheimer's disease, cognitive disorder, emesis, migraine, neurological disease, pain, cardiovascular disorders, cardiac failure, heart arrhythmia, diabetes, and apnea syndrome (See {NPL 1} TiPs, 1992, 13, 141; {NPL 2} Ford A. P. D. W. et al., Med. Res. Rev., 1993, 13, 633; {NPL 3} Gullikson G. W. et al., Drug Dev. Res., 1992, 26, 405; {NPL 4} Richard M. Eglen et al, TiPS, 1995, 16, 391; {NPL 5} Bockaert J. et al., CNS Drugs, 1, 6; {NPL 6} Romanelli M. N. et al., Arzheim Forsch./Drug Res., 1993, 43, 913; and {NPL 7} Kaumann A. et al., Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's. 1991, 344, 150-59).
The previously known methods of preparing 4-{[4-({[4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)-1,2-benzisoxazol-3-yl]oxy}methyl)piperidin-1-yl]methyl}-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-carboxylic acid, described in WO2006/090224, have produced simply an white solid, which is not a crystal or mixture of other crystal forms.

Polymorph form of 4-{[4-({[4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)-1,2-benzisoxazol-3-yl]oxy}methyl)piperidin-1-yl]methyl}-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-carboxylic acid


Systems, methods, and computer program products for synchronizing items at replicas within a topology is disclosed. Items are stored in physical tables at the replicas. The physical table layouts at each replica can differ but are mapped to a common logical view. When a replica receives an indication that synchronization should be performed, the replica determines if changes have been made at the replica that should be mapped to the logical views. Replicas can facilitate this by comparing local change enumerations for changes made in physical tables to synchronization local change enumerations for changes in the logical views. Any changes that need to be synchronized are sent through the logical views to other replicas in the topology.

1. The Field of the Invention
The invention generally relates to data processing and handling. More specifically, the invention relates to the field of data synchronization between computer systems.
2. Background and Relevant Art
Within computer systems, data synchronization is an important function. There is often a need to have the same data available in a number of different settings and locations. Among the many examples where it is useful to synchronize data, one illustrative example involves a digital address book. A computer user may have a digital address book stored at their desktop work computer. While at work, this is a convenient and accessible location to store addresses, phone numbers and general contact information. While away from the work location, the computer user may need their address book in a mobile form such as at a personal digital assistant (PDA) or other mobile information storage system. The contact information at the PDA should match the contact information at the desktop work computer.
Further, the same computer user may have a home computer where the contact information is stored. Ideally, the contact information at the home computer, the PDA and the work computer should all be in synchronization. Returning to the computer user's work location, some of the data that is stored in the digital address book may be information that is available to other computer users within the organization where the computer user works. Thus, this data may also be stored in a centralized database accessible by a number of different computer users and yet still be able to be synchronized with the computer user's PDA, work computer and home computer.
Accordingly, in the example illustrated above, there are at least four different types of platforms for storing the digital address book. Namely, a work computer, a PDA, a home computer and a centralized database. Each of these platforms may have a replica that stores a copy of the digital address book in a data store.
Data in each data store may be maintained in different physical arrangements, for example, in a physical table and/or group of physical tables. The physical tables are an actual arrangement of the data at a computer storage device such as a database mass storage array, a computer hard drive or flash memory. As can be appreciated, each of the different platforms may store, in a replica, the exact same data that is in the other replicas. However, because of the limitations or features of a particular platform, the data may be stored in a different physical arrangement at the particular platform (i.e. in a different physical table arrangements or in files). Physically storing data differently at different replicas within the same topology presents various challenges when synchronizing the different replicas with each other.
Data at a replica is generally divided into discrete groupings of data often a referred to as "items." For example in a digital address book, an item may be a name, and address, a phone number, an entire contact, or any other discrete grouping. In other examples, an item may be a file, an image, a folder, etc. Items at a replica can be changed by, for example, adding, deleting, and modifying an item. Due to different physical arrangements, it can be difficult to synchronize changes between replicas.
Another challenge that arises in synchronizing data at different replicas relates to the context of synchronization data granularity. As previously mentioned, data in a replica can be divided into items. These items represent discrete pieces of information that are synchronized. Commonly, the granularity of an item is defined and unchangeable for a particular replica topology. In the digital address book example, an item has a fine granularity when the item is a single field of a contact, e.g., first name, last name, phone number, street address, state, or ZIP code. In contrast, an item has a medium granularity when the item is such as one of full name (both first and last), contact numbers, or address. An item with coarse granularity might include an entire contact as an item in the replica.
Synchronization of items within the replica often requires metadata to be associated with each item. The metadata may include information such as a time stamp indicating when the item was last changed. If the item granularity is too fine, an excess of metadata can unnecessarily consume resources (e.g., storage and system memory) of the particular replica since each item must have associated metadata. For example, in the digital address book discussed above if the item granularity includes street address, city and ZIP code, metadata for each of the three items would need to be maintained. However, it is likely that a change in a street address would also result in a change in the city and ZIP code, meaning that metadata for city and ZIP are typically changed when street is updated.
On the other hand, if the granularity is too coarse, at least two problems arise, namely; too much synchronization data may need to be transmitted during synchronization and unnecessary conflicts may appear. For example in the digital address book discussed above, if the item is defined in terms of an entire contact, a change in any part of the contact results in the entire contact being sent during the synchronization. Much of this data may already be synchronized between the replicas in a topology. Therefore, redundant data is sent between two replicas during synchronization. For example, a change to a telephone number in a contact does not require that name and address information be sent to synchronize a corresponding contact. However, when an item is defined as an entire contact, a change to telephone number nonetheless causes name and address to be sent during synchronization. Thus, communication recourses are consumed to transfer data that is already synchronized.
Further, when item definitions are too coarse, the replicas may inappropriately detect a conflict between data at the replicas. For example, if the phone number of a contact is changed at a first replica and the address of the contact is changed at a second replica, the first and second replicas may appear to be in conflict if the item granularity is an entire contact. However, no real conflict may exist as the change in phone number may be completely valid and is independent of the change in the address.
In commercial digital storage applications, optimizations are often not discovered until after the particular application has been on sale and used by a number of users and optimizations can result in changes to the physical storage. Thus, a physical table containing data at an earlier version of a digital storage application may not have the same layout as a physical table storing the same data in a later version of the digital storage application. To synchronize data between different versions of a digital storage application can require that new code be written to utilize the optimizations of the later version and, yet, still provide synchronization capabilities.
While the above examples have been framed in the context of a digital address book, there are many other environments that utilize data synchronization. Some examples include document versioning, sharing files and information, software updates, etc. Each of these environments, as well as other environments, can suffer from the challenges described above. Accordingly, synchronization mechanisms that more efficiently utilize computer system and communication resources would be advantageous. Synchronization mechanisms that more appropriately detect data conflicts would also be advantageous.

Synchronizing logical views independent of physical storage representations


A backing material is made of low-density and/or high-density polyethylene(s) and/or a flexibilizer to provide high-strength, low-cost, and recyclable backing material for fabrics. The backing material can incorporate polypropylene(s), additional flexibilizers, fillers, flame-retardants, anti-microbials, odor minimizers/eliminators, scent, and protectants for further desired properties.

Weaving two strands of filament, usually called the weft and the warp, generally makes woven textiles. A third strand, the pile, is included to make woven carpet. The pile can be formed of free ends or of loops. Sometimes the loops of the pile are cut to form tufts. Tufts are also sometimes inserted individually rather than as part of the continuous weave, such as by stitching the tufts to a previously woven or non-woven fabric, or by needle-punching fibers into a woven or non-woven substrate.
For many woven and non-woven fabrics, it is desirable to apply a backing to the fabric. Backings are applied to carpets, carpet tiles, moldable carpets, liners, covers, mats, moldable mats, rugs, moldable rugs, and other applications. Backings can be used to obtain fiber-lock performance and tuft-lock performance, give stability and structural integrity to the fabric, afford non-skid characteristics, and provide various levels of flame retardancy. A structural layer, such as fiberglass, can be incorporated into the backing layer for further strength and dimensional stability.
Traditionally, latex or hot melt adhesives have been used for backing of fabrics and especially for backing of carpets, mats, and rugs. Both adhesives provide strength, penetration, and flexibility; key criteria in the selection of a backing material. Both adhesives, however, have drawbacks.
Conventionally-used latex requires the use of high-energy drying ovens, which increases operating costs. In addition, latex-based products lose strength when subjected to water and regain only a portion of their strength when dry. In addition to these drawbacks generally associated with latex, there can be further product-specific drawbacks. For example, the existing products on the market for the washable mat and rug business use a latex backing, but sacrifice fiber-lock and tuft-lock performance in order to achieve the desired non-skid and machine-wash properties.
Conventionally-used hot melt applications require the use of special compounding equipment, which increases operating costs. In addition, hot melt requires the use of additives such as tackifiers and heat stabilizers which increase product cost and also degrade and impair product performance over time.
Another material often used for backing for carpets is polyvinyl chloride. This material, however, as is well known, creates smoke and extremely toxic fumes upon combustion and is therefore undesirable for indoor use.
Accordingly, a need exists for a backing material that is strong, durable, inexpensive, recyclable, able to be applied to fabrics without the use of drying ovens, able to eliminate the need for undesirable processing additives, and able to incorporate custom additives without product degradation or impairing performance as needed for specific product enhancements. The present invention meets this need. Other features and advantages of the present invention will become clear upon a reading of the attached specification.

High-strength, low-cost, recyclable backing for fabrics