An interleaving method comprises storing input data in a memory according to a sequential address; providing a virtual address determined by adding a predetermined value to a size of the input data so that a partial bit reversal ordering interleaving rule is satisfied; matching the virtual address to an address interleaved according to the interleaving rule; and reading the input data from the memory using an address other than the address corresponding to the specific value, out of the interleaved addresses.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to an interleaving/deinterleaving device and method, and in particular, to an interleaving/deinterleaving device and method for a turbo encoder used in radio communication systems such as satellite, ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network), digital cellular, W-CDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access), IMT-2000 and W-ATM (Wideband Asynchronous Transfer Mode) communication systems.
2. Description of the Related Art
In a turbo encoder, interleaving is performed to randomize information input to the encoder and to improve the distance property of a codeword. In particular, it is expected that the turbo encoder will be used in a supplemental channel (or traffic channel) of an IMT-2000 (or CDMA-2000) communication system and in a data channel of a UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System) as proposed by the ETSI (European Telecommunication Standards Institute). Thus, a method for embodying an interleaver for this purpose is required. In addition, the use of turbo encoders results in an increase in the reliability of a digital communication system, and in particular, in a performance improvement of existing and future digital mobile communication systems.
The turbo encoder encodes an input frame of L information bits into parity symbols using two simple parallel concatenated codes, typically using recursive systematic convolutional (RSC) codes for component codes.
FIG. 7 shows a common turbo encoder, which is disclosed in detail in U.S. Pat. No. 5,446,474, issued on Aug. 29, 1995, which is hereby incorporated by reference.
Referring to FIG. 7, the turbo encoder includes a first component encoder 11 for encoding input frame data, an interleaver 12 for interleaving the input frame data, and a second component encoder 13 for encoding an output of the interleaver 12. A RSC encoder is typically used for the first and second component encoders 11 and 13. Further, the interleaver 12 has the same size frame as the input information bit frame, and rearranges the sequence of the information bits provided to the second component encoder 13 to reduce a correlation between the information bits.
Various interleavers have been proposed for the internal interleaver (or a turbo interleaver) 12 of the turbo encoder, such as a PN (Pseudo Noise) random interleaver, random interleaver, block interleaver, non-linear interleaver, and S-random interleaver. However, thus far, such interleavers are mere algorithms designed to improve the performance of the system based on scientific research, rather than actual implementation. Therefore, when implementing an actual system, the hardware implementation complexity must be taken into consideration. A description will now be made of the properties and problems associated with the conventional interleaver for the turbo encoder.
Performance of the turbo encoder is dependent upon the internal interleaver. In general, it is not possible to design an interleaver guaranteeing optimal performance of the system because an increase in interleaver size requires a geometric increase in calculations. Therefore, in general, the interleavers are implemented by determining conditions satisfying several given criteria. The criteria are as follows:
Distance Property: The distance between adjacent codeword symbols should be maintained to a certain extent. Since this has the same function as a codeword distance property of the convolutional code, it is preferable that the interleaver be designed to have a longer distance, if possible.
Weight Property: The weight of a codeword corresponding to a non-zero information word should be higher than a threshold value. Since this has the same function as the minimum distance property of the convolutional code, it is preferable that the interleaver be designed to have a greater weight, wherever possible.
Random Property: The correlation factor between output word symbols after interleaving should be much lower than a correlation factor between original input word symbols before interleaving. That is, randomization between the output word symbols should be completely performed. This has a direct effect on improving the quality of extrinsic information generated during continuous decoding.
Although the above three design criteria are applied to the turbo interleaver, the properties are not definitely analyzed. According to experiments, the random interleaver is superior in performance to the block interleaver. However, the random interleaver is disadvantageous in that an increase in the variety and size of the frame causes an increase in the required memory capacity for storing an interleaver index (i.e., mapping rule or address). Therefore, taking the hardware size into consideration, it is preferable to employ an enumeration method for reading data stored at a corresponding address by generating an address at every symbol clock using an index generating rule rather than a look-up table method for storing the interleaver index.
In conclusion, when various interleaver sizes are required and the hardware implementation complexity is limited in the IMT-2000 or UTMS system, the turbo interleaver should be designed to guarantee the optimal interleaver performance by taking the limitations into consideration. That is, it is necessary to define an address generating rule and then perform interleaving/deinterleaving according to the address generating rule. Of course, the interleaver should be designed to completely satisfy the above stated turbo interleaver""s properties.
The IMT-2000 or UMTS specification has not yet given any definition to the turbo interleaver. The forward link and the reverse link defined by the IMT-2000 specification have various types of logical channels and various interleaver sizes. Therefore, in order to meet these varying requirements, an increase in memory capacity is required. For example, in a N=3 forward link transmission mode, an interleaver of various sizes ranging from 144 bits/frame to 36864 bits/frame may be used.
To sum up, the prior art has the following disadvantages.
First, for the conventional internal interleaver of the turbo encoder, PN random interleavers, random interleavers, block interleavers, non-linear interleavers, and S-random interleavers may be used. However, such interleavers are mere algorithms designed to improve their performances based on scientific research rather than actual implementation. Therefore, when implementing an actual system, the hardware implementation complexity of such interleavers must be considered. However, this is not specifically defined.
Second, since a controller (CPU or host) of the transceiver stores interleaving rules according to the respective interleaver sizes in the conventional interleaving method using a look-up table, a host memory requires a separate capacity in addition to an interleaver buffer. That is, when the frame size varies and increases in size, an increased memory capacity for storing the interleaver index (i.e., mapping rule or address) is required.
Third, it is not easy to implement an interleaver satisfying both the distance property and the random property.
Fourth, a detailed turbo interleaver design specification for the turbo encoder of the CDMA-2000 forward link is not established yet.
It is, therefore, an object of the present invention to provide a device and method for interleaving/deinterleaving data of various sizes in a communication system.
It is another object of the present invention to provide an interleaving/deinterleaving device and method satisfying all the properties of a turbo encoder, including the distance property, weight property and random property, in a communication system.
It is yet further another object of the present invention to provide an offset controlled interleaving/deinterleaving device and method in a communication system.
To achieve the above objects, an interleaving method is provided which comprises storing input data in a memory according to a sequential address; providing a virtual address determined by adding an offset value to a size of the input data so that an interleaving rule is satisfied; matching the virtual address to an address interleaved according to the interleaving rule; and reading the input data from the memory using an address other than the address corresponding to the specific value, out of the interleaved addresses.

Interleaving/deinterleaving device and method for communication system


An apparatus and a process for making semi-finished products in the form of ti metal bars having a width-gauge ratio of over 60 and a maximum sheet metal gauge tolerance of 2%. A metal profile is fed continuously and upwardly through a pool of melt material having the same composition as the metal profile so as to form a coated metal profile. The metal profile is fed at a rate which would result in a coated metal profile having a thickness of at least three times that of the uncoated metal profile. The coated metal profile is subjected to a smoothing pass between a pair of smoothing rolls when the mean temperature in the crystallized layer of the coated metal profile meets a given condition. The smoothing rolls are adjustably disposed inside a housing at a distance of 0.5 to 5 m from the melt pool surface.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a process for making semi-finished products in the form of thin metal bars in accordance with the introductory part of Patent Claim 1 and to a device for implementing the process and a device bars in which, an uncooled, cleaned metal profile having a low heat content is run continuously from the bottom to the top through a melt pool of material of the same composition.
2. Description of the Prior Art
For this purpose, there is a slot-type opening in the bottom of the melt container that is equipped with a sealing device in for preventing the melt from flowing out. The temperature of the melt lies in the vicinity of the liquidus temperature T.sub.liq. The steel strip moves through the melt at a constant speed and passes out of the melt in the upward direction. Because of the low heat content of the steel strip (strip temperature is approximately equal to room temperature), an adherent layer of crystallized and still molten melt develops on its surface. The thickness of this layer may be several times the thickness of the original blank. The thickness of the layer depends, on retention time in the melt (speed of blank), the melt temperature (temperature difference relative to the solidus temperature T.sub.sol), the melt heat and the specific heat of the material used, and the thickness of the blank. The operation must be conducted in such a manner as to avoid remelting the already adherent crystalline like. Under these conditions, a temperature gradient is induced across the thickness of the strip. As the strip moves through the melt pool, the temperature is lowest in the interior of the blank and rises toward the edge. A qualitatively similar temperature curve is also present in the adherent layer. The temperature in the outermost region of the layer is the liquidus temperature T.sub.liq (mushy zone). The proportion of the molten phases in the layer increases in a direction toward the melt. After leaving the melt pool, the blank and the adherent layer cool, whereby the temperature gradient that has existed until now is reversed. The adherent layer then solidifies completely.
EP 0 311 602 B1 also discloses that the semi-finished product produced as described above kept, after it leaves the melt pool and until it cools or enters a forming machine to undergo a hot or cold forming process is to be kept, in an atmosphere protection against oxidation. A portion of the total amount of finished product produced in this manner is then fed back to the start of the process as blank and run through the melt pool once again.
Until now, a crucial obstacle has hindered the practical application of this process in making steel strip material. Consumers of high-quality cold or hot strip demand; among other things, that the range of deviation in sheet metal thickness be no greater than 2% of the nominal thickness. A tight tolerance of this kind cannot be reliably maintained using the aforementioned process. Irregularities in strip thickness which exist after the strip left the melt pool and which exceed the prescribed maximum limit are practically impossible to eliminate by means of subsequent forming procedures. This is because, given the extreme flatness of the semi-finished product used in the rolling process (width-gauge ratio of at least 60), the subsequent forming (with decreasing thickness) takes place, essentially, in the longitudinal direction only; no further significant widening occurs. Existing differences in thickness; along a line at a right angle to the longitudinal direction of the strip; therefore relatively, unchanged.
EP 0 311 602 B1 also describes another embodiment of the process wherein, in a reverse fashion, the blank is introduced into the melt pool from above and then drawn through the bottom of the melt vessel. The problem of sealing the bottom is particularly serious for the because the outflow directions of the melt and the strip material are the same. As a result, not only is there no dynamic sealing effect, but there is also carry along which helps a negative "effect" that supports induce the melt to flow out of the vessel. For this reason, a special sealing device in the form of a sealing roll pair is positioned in the bottom region of the melt vessel. This sealing roll pair causes a drastic compression of the "mushy zone," and thus large portions of the molten phase are squeezed out of the already formed "spongy" crystalline like formation. Consequently, the thickness attainable in the adherent layer, compared to the first embodiment, is considerably, smaller. For economic considerations alone, such a process is unsuitable for practical applications.

Device for making semi-finished products


An oral administration carbamazepine medicament with a retarded active substance release is disclosed. An aqueous plasticised polymer dispersion is applied on carbamazepine crystals without causing formation of carbamazepine dihydrate. The carbamazepine crystals with their aqueous coating may be mixed with appropriate auxiliarly substances, shaped into divisible tablets or filled into capsules.

The invention is relative to an orally applicable carbamazepine medicament with retarded active substance release. Carbamazepine, a 5 H-dibenz(b,f)azepine-5-carboxamide, is used in particular as an antiepileptic. Commercial forms of administration are tablets with 200 mg active substance, delayed-action tablets with 200 to 600 mg active substance and syrups.
It is known that carbamazepine very rapidly forms a dihydrate upon contact with water. This dihydrate is present in a crystalline form as needles which can grow up to a particle size of 500 .mu.m. This has a negative effect on the further processing, especially when developing retarding coatings. The known methods of production therefore do not use aqueous media and prefer to use organic solvents.
The retarding of an active substance can take place in various ways. DE patent 23 77 520 describes a formulation for carbamazepine in which the active substance is mixed with customary inactive tableting ingredients and pressed to a core or filled into capsules. The core or the capsule is coated with a methacrylic acid-methacrylic acid methylester mixture dissolved in isopropanol which mixture contains acetyltributylcitrate as softener. In this manner the forming of dihydrate by carbamazepine is prevented by the use of an organic solvent.
DE patents 38 68 077 and 37 25 824 claim a carbamazepine inactive ingredient composition containing a protective colloid which inhibits the crystalline growth of carbamazepine in the presence of water. The carbamazepine-containing core is coated in them with an organic solvent of cellulose acetate. A passage in the form of a perforation is placed in the film in a suitable manner.
The methods of producing these formulations have the disadvantage that the work must be carried out with organic solvents, which impacts the environment and signifies great effort and expense.
Furthermore, these medicaments produced as described above (tablets and capsules) are not divisible, since the casing is damaged in a division and the retarding action is lost therewith. Thus, the dosing possibilities are limited.
In addition, preparations (tablets) are known which do not lose their retarding action in a division or a disintegration into individual particles in liquids outside of or within the gastrointestinal tract. Pharm. Ind. 55, No. 10 (1993) pp. 940-947 describes compact oral preparations in which individual particles are coated with aqueous dispersions of copolymers of methacrylic acid and methylmethacrylic acid esters and pressed to tablets. The addition of 25-50% inactive ingredients brings about a more rapid decomposition of the tablets. The addition of a softener makes it possible to considerably increase the elongation at break of the coating and assures the mechanical stability. The coating of paracetamol-, potassium chloride- and acetylsalicylic acid active substance crystals, theophylline granulate and indomedacine and theophylline pellets are cited in this connection.
The present invention has the problem of making available a carbamazepine medicament in which, in spite of the use of water as solvent or dispersing agent, the crystal growth associated with the formation of dihydrate by the carbamazepine is prevented and the release of the carbamazepine is sufficiently retarded.

Carbamazepine medicament with retarded active substance release


In the case of a pipelined processor, a performance gain is achievable through dynamically generating a main clock signal associated with a synchronous logic circuit and generating at least one backup register clock signal, the backup register clock signal at the same frequency as the main clock signal and phase shifted from the main clock signal to thereby provide additional time for one or more of the logic stages to execute. Error detection or error recovery may be performed using the backup registers. The methodology can further be extended, to design a system with cheaper technology and simple design tools that initially operates at slower speed, and then dynamically overclocks itself to achieve improved performance, while guaranteeing reliable execution.

Modern processors, and in fact all synchronous logic circuits use a clock to control execution of the circuit. The speed of this clock, which in large part determines how quickly the processor runs applications, is traditionally limited by worst case delay. That is, the clock must be slow enough to give the circuit the maximum time it will need to execute correctly, also called its propagation delay. However, this delay cannot be determined precisely because of three main factors. First, when computer chips are produced, manufacturing induced variations create variable delays in the chips. Second, during operation, variations in environmental conditions such as temperature and voltage affect the delay through the circuit. Finally, although it is possible to find the longest paths through the logic, it is not known how often the input combinations given during operation will use these paths. To avoid timing errors, traditional design assumes worst case values for these factors, giving an overly high delay estimate, and causing the clock period to be set too low.
The main limitation that this solution overcomes is the worst case delay assumption that places a minimum on the clock period of modern digital circuits. Overcoming this assumption allows circuits, such as superscalar or pipelined processors, to run at a much higher speed.
Despite numerous efforts have been made to enhance processor performance, problems remain.

Superscale processor performance enhancement through reliable dynamic clock frequency tuning

Iowa State University Research Foundation, Inc.


Examples disclosed herein may involve a computing system that is operable to (i) present, via a visual interface, a virtual shape associated with a three-dimensional (3D) coordinate system, (ii) present, via the visual interface, a visual indicator positioned in proximity to the virtual shape and indicating that a specified spatial parameter of the virtual shape will be modified along a specified dimension of the 3D coordinate system in response to a given type of user input associated with the visual indicator, (iii) while presenting the visual indicator, detect an instance of the given type of user input associated with the visual indicator, and (iv) after detecting the instance of the given type of user input, update the virtual shape that is presented via the visual interface by modifying the specified spatial parameter of the virtual shape along the specified dimension.

Tools for creating and manipulating virtual shapes are increasingly being used in various technological fields. In one example, as part of the development of technology that enables vehicles to operate with some level of autonomous capability, tools for creating and manipulating virtual shapes may be used to create and/or manipulate virtual labels (e.g., bounding boxes) that are applied to objects appearing in sensor data that is representative of a real-world environment, and this labeled sensor data may then be used to create machine learning models and/or maps that are employed by AVs. In yet another example, as part of the development of manufacturing processes, tools for creating and manipulating virtual shapes may be used to create toolpaths that drive machine tools to manufacture physical parts. In another example, as part of the creation of architectural designs, tools for creating and manipulating virtual shapes may be used to create and/or manipulate high definition three-dimensional (3D) models, and these 3D models may then be used to create physical models and/or construction plans.

Systems and methods for manipulating virtual shapes in three-dimensional space


In an embodiment of the present invention is provided a varactor comprising a substrate, a plurality of bottom electrodes positioned on a surface of the substrate separated to form a gap therein, a tunable dielectric material positioned on the surface of the substrate and within the gap, the tunable dielectric at least partially overlaying the plurality of electrodes, and a top electrode in contact with the tunable dielectric.

An embodiment of the present invention provides a varactor comprising a bottom electrode supported by a substrate; a tunable dielectric in contact with the bottom electrode and in contact with a top electrode; and an interconnect in contact with the top electrode and capable of being in contact with a voltage source. The top electrode and the tunable dielectric may be encapsulated and the tunable dielectric layer may comprise one of: barium strontium titanate, barium calcium titanate, lead zirconium titanate, lead lanthanum zirconium titanate, lead titanate, barium calcium zirconium titanate, sodium nitrate, KNbO3, LiNbO3, LiTaO3, PbNb2O6, PbTa2O6, KSr(NbO3), NaBa2 (NbO3)5, KH2PO4, and composites thereof. Further, the substrate may comprise one of: MgO, alumina (AL2O3), LaAlO3, glass, sapphire, quartz, silicon, gallium arsenide and any material classified as low temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) and the top or bottom electrode may comprise one of: gold, aluminum, copper, nickel, palladium, platinum, platinum-rhodium, and ruthenium oxide, indium tin oxide.


A system and method for coding identification in a wireless transmit and receive protocol for single-frequency peripheral devices. A wireless system, consisting of a first data transmitting unit, a second data transmitting unit, and a data receiving unit, is able to send a packet twice using an Amplitude-Shift Keying (ASK) Modulation technique, repeated sending, and a single frequency, during one packet transmission. In order to lower the cost of the wireless module, the length of a packet transmission period is to be four times the sum of the time required to send two separate packets, thus allowing simultaneous control of two data transmitting units, and recognition of two different packets using a single data receiving unit.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention is a coding method and system. More specifically, the invention is a system and method for coding and identification in a wireless transmit and receive protocol for single-frequency peripheral devices such as a wireless mouse or keyboard.
2. Related Art
Most peripheral devices for computers today, such as keyboards or mice, perform data transfer through cords. The cords of these devices often limit movement, and prevent the user from operating at a distance.
Keyboards and mice with wireless designs that overcome the aforementioned problems have hit the market, but are accompanied by a relatively expensive price tag. Moreover, most of these wireless peripheral devices have been designed independently and therefore come with their own set of transmit and receive units. If one purchases two wireless peripheral devices, one would also have bought two separate sets of wireless transmission and reception units, wasting money on functionally redundant devices.
Yet another product uses only one receiving unit for the wireless keyboard and mouse, however some issues still remain. For example, the wireless keyboard and wireless mouse use different carrier frequencies, thus requiring different designs in the wireless transmitting and receiving devices. That is, the receiving unit must receive two distinct frequencies. Referring to FIG. 1, the first data-transmitting unit 10 (e.g. a mouse) uses a carrier frequency F1 to transmit data through a wireless transmission module 101, while the second data-transmitting unit 20 (e.g. a keyboard) uses a carrier frequency F2 to transmit data through a wireless transmission module 201. The receiving end, i.e. the data-receiving unit 30, receives both carrier frequencies F1 and F2 through a wireless reception module 301. Because of the discrepancy in the carrier frequencies, the first data-transmitting unit 10 and the second data-transmitting unit 20 must use different radio frequency (RF) modules, i.e. the wireless transmitting modules 101 and 201 must have different designs. Similarly, the receiving end, i.e. the data-receiving unit 30, must use two different frequency-switching technologies in its software design. In order to provide such technologies, a company must spend more on the R&D of both software and hardware design. This extra expenditure is then reflected in the price of the product. The current focus of R&D in the field has been to find a common transmit and receive protocol, and thus use only one frequency to achieve data transmission between multiple wireless peripheral devices.

System and method for coding and identification in a wireless transmit and receive protocol for single-frequency peripheral devices


For easy washing and sterilizing of a holding tray for drill bits used in a dental implant operation, a holding tray X includes a tray main body 1 made of a hard material capable of autoclave sterilizing and holding members 2 made of an elastic material capable of autoclave sterilizing, the tray main body 1 includes holding plates 1b and holding member supporting plates 1c on a back surface of a substrate part 1a having rows of linearly aligned through holes 1aa for drill bits, the holding plates 1b include half circular cylindrical recessed parts 1ba at portions corresponding to the through holes 1aa, the supporting plates 1c have a fixed interval to a plane 1bb along the recessed part 1ba, and the holding members 2 are detachably held between the holding plates 1b and the supporting plates 1c to hold the drill bits together with the recessed parts 1ba.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a holding tray for inserting and holding a plurality of drill bits and instruments other than the drill bits, which are used for every patient at a time of performing drilling of an embedding hole for a dental implant fixture and following operations after the drilling.
2. Description of the Conventional Art
In recent years, as a treatment method for recovering the lost oral cavity function of a lost tooth part, an implant treatment has been greatly used. In the implant treatment, a dental prosthesis is fixed on the oral cavity inner side of a dental implant fixture, which is embedded in a jawbone of the lost tooth part, is bone-bonded to the jawbone, and comes to be an artificial tooth root.
In the implant treatment, drilling of an embedding hole for a dental implant fixture and following operations after the drilling are performed by steps of incising or removing a gingiva to expose a jawbone of a lost tooth part; forming the embedding hole in the jawbone of the lost tooth part by using drill bits, such as guide drill bits, depth drill bits, pilot drill bits, twist drill bits, counter bore drill bits, and bone taps, direction indicators, and the like; embedding a dental implant fixture having a proper size into the embedding hole by using a fixture driver; and covering the oral cavity inner side of the embedded dental implant fixture with a cover screw by using a skill driver.
Accordingly, when the drilling of the embedding hole for a dental implant fixture and the following operations after the drilling are performed, a plurality of drill bits and instruments other than the drill bits are used. Thus, in order to make an operator's operation during a treatment easy, these drill bits and instruments other than the drill bits are inserted and held in a holding tray having a plurality of through holes provided therein.
For example, Japanese Translation of PCT Publication No. 2008-526298 discusses such a holding tray. In this holding tray, a rubber grommet having a center hole is fitted to each of the plurality of through holes provided in a tray substrate, to thereby insert and hold each of the drill bits and the instruments other than the drill bits in each through hole. Further, each of the drill bits and each of the instruments other than the drill bits can be easily taken out from each through hole when using the drill bits and the instruments. However, in this holding tray, since each of the drill bits and the instruments other than the drill bits is returned to the holding tray together with blood and the like which adhere during an operation, it is necessary that the rubber grommets fitted to each of the through holes are taken out one by one, washed together with the tray substrate, re-fitted to each of the through holes, and subjected to an autoclave sterilizing treatment. Therefore, since it takes time and efforts for the washing and sterilizing treatments, there is a problem that an enormous burden is put on the operator.


A system and method for permitting the switches of a telecommunications network to process a call and deliver Automatic Number Identification information elements of Charge Number, Calling Party Number, and Presentation Indicator across the network. Upon receipt of a call from an origination trunk group, the origination switch creates an appropriate message based upon the termination trunk group type, the Presentation Indicator set by the originating party for that particular call, and the delivery option selected by the receiving party on a subscription basis. Then the message containing the proper Automatic Number Identification information is transported to the destination switch for eventual Caller ID delivery to the receiving party.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to telecommunications and more specifically, to switches of a telecommunications network that transport and process the Charge Number, Calling Party Number, and Presentation Indicator elements of Automatic Number Identification information to deliver Caller ID information across the network.
2. Related Art
A typical telecommunications network comprises multiple telecommunication switches located throughout a geographical area. FIG. 1 illustrates such a typical telecommunications environment. An originating party 102 utilizes a telephone 104 to place a call. The call is routed to an origination switch 108 on a transmission line referred to as the originating trunk. The originating trunk is one of many transmission lines coming into the origination switch 108 from the same geographical location as the telephone 104. These transmission lines including the originating trunk is referred to as an origination trunk group 106. After processing an incoming call, the switch transmits the call to a destination switch 114. The call is transmitted over a transmission line (referred to as the intermatching trunk) to the destination switch 114. Similar to the originating trunk, a terminating trunk 110 is one of a group of trunks connecting the destination switch 114 to a local exchange carrier (LEC), public branch exchange (PBX) or a caller identification (ID) box 116, which is, in turn, connected to a receiving telephone 118. Thus the Caller ID information is available before the first ring and a receiving party 120 can know the telephone number of the originating party 102 before actually picking up the telephone receiver to answer the incoming call.
At times, the originating party 102 may not want the receiving party to have the Caller ID information for privacy reasons. Therefore the origination switch 108 must transport a Presentation Indicator (PI) across the network to the destination switch 114. The PI indicates whether the originating party's 120 telephone number may be presented, via Caller ID, to the receiving party 120 ("Address Presentation Allowed") or must remain private ("Address Presentation Restricted"). The PI is defaulted to the "Address Presentation Allowed" setting, but may be set to "Address Presentation Restricted" by the originating party 102 before placing the call. This is usually done by dialing a certain prefix (e.g., "*67") before placing the call.
Automatic Number Identification (ANI) information is encoded on every incoming call, which box 116 can decipher. ANI information is comprised of the Calling Party Number (CgPN) parameter, the Charge Number (ChgN) parameter, and PI information. The CgPN is the information that identifies the number of the originating party and the ChgN is the actual telephone number charged for that particular phone call. In normal home dialing, these two parameters are identical. However, when dealing with a Private Branch Exchange (PBX (i.e., several business lines in a building), the ChgN may be the owner of the services, and thus not the same as the CgPN who is the subscriber of the services behind the PBX.
There are many switch and trunk group types, each having their own configurations and protocols with different message formats for transmitting switch signaling and voice data. Types include: (a) Signaling System Seven/Integrated Services Digital Network User Part (SS7/ISUP) which is a phone out-of-band signaling protocol system that allows a greater bandwidth by separating the phone signaling (supervising, alerting, and addressing functions) and voice data; (b) Integrated Services Digital Network/ Primary Rate Interface (ISDN/PRI), which is an out-of-band 1,544,000 bits/sec network that combines voice, data, signaling, etc., and operates on a T-1 line; and (c) Per Trunk Signaling (PTS) Inband which is a tone signaling system that passes within the same band as voice data. The origination trunk group 106 and termination trunk group 110 may be the same or different trunk types, thus effecting Caller ID delivery.
The different protocols for the above mentioned trunk group types are well known in the art. For example, the SS7/ISUP trunk type uses an Initial Address Message (IAM) to send the ChgN, CgPN, and the PI as parameters in the message from the origination switch 108 to the termination switch 114. The format of this message is defined in American National Standards Institute, Inc. (ANSI) ISUP Issue 1, T1.113-1988 (which is incorporated herein by reference). A typical IAM format is shown below in Table 1:
TABLE 1 ______________________________________ Parameter Type Length ______________________________________ Message Type F 1 Nature of Connection Indicators F 1 Forward Call Indicators F 2 Calling Party's Category F 1 User Service Information V 3-n Called Party Number V 2-11 Access Transport O 3-n Business Group O 9-n Call Reference O 8 Calling Party Number O 5-12 Charge Number O 3-14 Circuit Assignment Map O 6 Generic Address O 6-13 Generic Digits O 4-n Forward Call Special Information O 3 Multiple Business Group O 9 Network Specific Facility O 3-n Operator Information O 9-n Software Indicator O 3 Supplementary Line Information O 3-n Network Transport O 5-n Originating Line Information O 3 Redirection Information O 3-4 Transit Network Selection O 5-6 ______________________________________
A typical CgPN parameter, which includes the Presentation Indicator as a subparameter, format is shown below in Table 2:
TABLE 2 ______________________________________ Byte 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 ______________________________________ 1 Parity Nature of Address Indicator 2 Spare Numbering Plan PI SCREENING 3 D2 D1 4 D4 D3 : : : n-1 D(m-2) D(m-3) n Dm (or filler) D(m-1) ______________________________________
The CgPN parameter includes some of the following data elements:
Parity--This field is a parity indicator which shall be coded as follows:
______________________________________ 0 Even number of Dm digits; 1 Odd number of Dm digits; ______________________________________
Nature of Address Indicator--this field defines the type of data identifying the call originator;
PI--the Address Presentation Restricted Indicator specifies whether the originating address may be disclosed or must be kept confidential. Coding is as follows:
______________________________________ 00 Address presentation allowed (default); 01 Address presentation restricted; 10 Address unavailable due to interworking; 11 Spare/Reserved; ______________________________________
D1 to Dm--These subfields are digits representing the value of the calling party number type specified in the indicator field. Each digit (0 to 9) occupies 4 bits, encoded in BCD format.
The typical Charge Number Parameter format is shown below in Table 3:
TABLE 3 ______________________________________ Byte 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 ______________________________________ 1 Parity Nature of Address Indicator 2 Spare Numbering Plan Reserved 3 D2 D1 4 D4 D3 : : : n-1 D(m-2) D(m-3) n Dm (or filler) D(m-1) ______________________________________
Similarly, the ISDN/PRI trunk group type uses a SETUP message containing the appropriate data elements to delivery ANI information. Also, PTS/Inband trunk types implement a variety of protocols to delivery of ANI information. These vary according to manufacturer and are also well known in the art.
Current implementations for Caller ID delivery map the ChgN parameter to the CgPN parameter and deliver that information to the receiving party 120 as the CgPN. This mapping is done at the origination switch 108 and thus limits the information available at the destination switch 114 and consequently to the receiving party 120.
The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has recently required that Local Exchange Carriers (LECs) (i.e., local telephone service companies) and Interexchange Carriers (IXCs) (i.e., long distance telephone service companies) to transmit the CgPN and honor the PI, where the information is available, for all SS7/ISUP calls. Therefore there is a need to comply with these orders but still provide the ability to map the ChgN to the CgPN. Furthermore, there is a need, to allow different telephone subscribers to choose different Caller ID delivery options based on the data available, the PI, and the origination/termination trunk group types without impacting current implementations for billing and switch call processing.

System and method for charge number/calling party number switch call processing


The invention described herein pertains to the synthesis and use of certain N-substituted indenoisoquinoline compounds which inhibit the activity Tyrosyl-DNA Phosphodiesterase I (Tdp1) or Topoisomerase I (Top1) or both, or otherwise demonstrate anticancer activity. Also disclosed are novel N-substituted indenoisoquinoline compounds and pharmaceutical compositions comprising the novel N-substituted indenoisoquinoline compounds.

As is elaborated below, Topoisomerase I (Top1) and Phosphodiesterase I (Tdp1) are involved in DNA replication, transcription and repair; and it appears that inhibition of either enzyme, or both of them, is useful in treatment of disease, particularly in cancer. Certain N-substituted indenoisoquinoline compounds have been reported which inhibit the activity of Top1 and have potential in cancer chemotherapy. See for example US-2008-0318995-A1.
It has been discovered that N-substituted indenoisoquinoline compounds are useful as inhibitors of Tdp1 and that some of them inhibit both Tdp1 and Top1. Further, novel N-substituted indenoisoquinoline compounds which inhibit Top1 and/or show anticancer activity have been discovered.

Synthesis and use of dual tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase I (Tdp1)—topoisomerase I (Top1) inhibitors


Methods and compositions for increasing the production of erythromycins are provided. In particular, the invention relates to the engineering of erythromycin-producing organisms to express a heterologous oxygen-binding protein.

Erythromycin is a potent antibiotic with current annual production of some 2,200 tons. This clinically useful, broad-spectrum macrolide antibiotic is naturally produced by the actinomycetes Saccharopolyspora erythraea. In spite of extensive classical strain development efforts, classical mutagenesis and selection, volumetric yields of erythromycin in fermentation processes remain rather low at 8 to 9 g/l, as compared to 5-10 fold higher yields in the case of penicillins. Hence, production costs remain high.
Genetic engineering is one approach to overcome the limitations of classical strain improvement programs (see, for review, Lal et al., 1996, Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 22(4):201-255). Thus far, recombinant DNA techniques with erythromycin-producing strains of S. erythraea have been attempted on only a few strains. The approach generally used has been to identify and clone the genes encoding antibiotic biosynthetic proteins, so as to modify or amplify them.
For example, Hanel et al. attempted to achieve higher levels of erythromycin A production in S. erythraea by inserting into the chromosome an extra copy of eryC1, a gene presumably involved in directly regulating expression of erythromycin biosynthetic genes. Hanel et al., 1993, Biotech. Lett. 15:105-110. In the presence of thiostrepton, the selectable marker gene used for transformation, erythromycin A production of the transformants was two to three fold higher than the non-transformed strain. However, this increased production was lost in the absence of thiostrepton.
Other approaches that have been advanced to increase production levels of erythromycin have been to clone and amplify the biosynthetic erythromycin gene cluster (Lal et al. supra.), or to transfer the erythromycin biosynthetic gene cluster into another organism for potentially higher production. Kao et al., 1994, Science 265:509-512.
Production of some antibiotics is highly dependent on the amount of oxygen available during culture conditions. Clark et al., 1995, Microbiology 141:663-669. Accordingly, one way of increasing production of these types of antibiotics has been to engineer the microbial host to express the Vitreoscilla hemoglobin gene (VHb). Such a metabolic engineering strategy has been shown effective in increasing actinorhodin and cephalosporin C production in Streptomyces coelicolor and Acremonium chrysogenum, respectively (Magnolo, S. K. et al., 1991, Bio/Technology 9:473-476; DeModena, J. A. et al., 1993, Bio/Technology 11:926-929). At low dissolved oxygen levels (DO below 5% of air saturation), S. coelicolor transformed with the VHb gene produced ten fold more actinorhodin than non-transformed S. coelicolor. Magnolo et al., supra. However, when oxygen was not limiting (DO greater than 40% air saturation), both transformed and non-transformed strains produced similar amounts of antibiotic. Id. Production of cephalosporin C by the filamentous fungi A. chrysogenum is also severely reduced under low oxygen conditions. DeModena, J. A. et al., supra. Cultures of transformants expressing high levels of VHb yielded higher amounts of cephalosporin C, especially under oxygen limited conditions.
In contrast to these and many other antibiotics, erythromycin production does not appear sensitive to the levels of dissolved oxygen during culture. Heydarian et al., 1996, Biotechnol. Letts. 18:1181-1186; Clark et al., 1995, Microbiol. 141:663-669. Heydarian et al. reported that although growth of S. erythraea cultures is inhibited at a low constant dissolved oxygen tension (DOT) of 10% air saturation, the specific erythromycin production is virtually identical to that of a culture where the DOT did not fall below 65%. Similarly, Clark et al. found that erythromycin was produced in both oxygen limited and oxygen sufficient cultures. At the same time, however, Clark et al. discovered that a different actinomycete, Amycolatopsis orientalis, produced the antibiotic vancomycin only in oxygen-sufficient cultures. The results for both species were comparable in both shake flasks and bioreactors. Accordingly, availability of oxygen was not considered a critical limitation to erythromycin production, as long as the dissolved oxygen concentration in culture are above minimal levels required for growth.

Methods and compositions for increasing production of erythromycin


An active tracking filter reduces low frequency noise (such as a 20 Hz ringing signal) riding on a DC voltage (e.g., on the order of (xe2x88x9240 VDC) applied to a load such as a subscriber line interface circuit (SLIC). A controllable impedance device, such as a FET operating in its linear range, is coupled in circuit between a source of the DC voltage and the load. A low frequency voltage average detector circuit senses the average low frequency variation of the DC voltage. An output voltage sensor senses a DC output voltage at the output of the controllable impedance. A differential error amplifier circuit has a first input coupled to the low frequency voltage average detector circuit, a second input coupled to the output voltage sensor, and an output coupled to a control terminal of the controlled impedance device. The error amplifier controls the drive to the controllable impedance device such that the voltage drop thereacross reduces the low frequency variation of the DC voltage by an amount sufficient to accommodate the maximum amplitude of the noise, and thereby provide a DC output voltage to the load in which the unwanted low frequency noise has been effectively removed.

The present invention relates in general to communication circuits and components, and is particularly directed to a new and improved active noise (ripple) filter circuit, that is operative to effectively reduce or cancel unwanted, relatively low frequency AC component variations (such as a 20 Hz ringing voltage signal) riding on a DC voltage supplied over (tip/ring) wireline conductors to a load such as, but not limited to, a subscriber line interface circuit (SLIC).
As a result of continuing improvements to and miniaturization of telecommunication equipment and components therefor, unwanted variations (e.g. noise and ripple) on the voltage supply rails powering various signaling components has increased. As a non-limiting example, a significant reduction in size and improvement in the efficiency of circuitry employed to ring a POTS (plain old telephone service) line can be attained by using a four-quadrant ringing signal generator, which recycles energy back to the xe2x88x9248V supply, rather than simply dissipating that energy (in the form of heat). Unfortunately, this energy recovery process causes modulation of the (xe2x88x9248V) DC voltage supply rails at frequencies down to less than a few Hertz (depending upon ringing frequency, cadence, and sequencing). Since the DC power source also supplies power to one or more SLICs, ripple can cause compatibility problems with some devices.
For example, the circuitry configurations of relatively inexpensive, low end SLICs are not able to adequately attenuate excessive ripple, so that some amount of ripple will still be transmitted to the POTS loop. In addition, ripple on tip and ring can prevent inexpensive Caller-ID devices from receiving on-hook data transmissions. Although filtering ripple and noise using passive components, such as resistors, capacitors and inductors, would appear to be a logical answer, it is impractical due to the very low frequencies involved.
Another potentially viable solution to ripple cancellation is to use a linear voltage regulator. However, to be employable in most telecommunication industry applications, a linear voltage regulator would be required to operate at up to xe2x88x9270 VDC and, as a result of thermal considerations, would have to track the input, rather than providing a prescribed reference voltage. For example, the range of a xe2x88x9248 VDC supply is typically on the order of xe2x88x9240 VDC to xe2x88x9256 VDC, depending on the battery state of charge. In addition, a linear voltage regulator must be provided with some amount of voltage rail xe2x80x98headroomxe2x80x99, in order to be able to attenuate the ripple. In some cases, even a low dropout regulator would require on the order of one volt of headroom due to excessive amounts of ripple. As a result, a fixed regulator would typically be adjusted to provide xe2x88x9239 VDC. Although this regulated voltage is sufficient for the input voltage range, at a high line voltage power dissipation would be unacceptable (on the order of twelve watts), since the loop current required by multiple (e.g., 24) POTS lines can exceed 700 mA.
In accordance with the present invention, the problem of low frequency ripple noise riding on a DC voltage to be delivered to a load is effectively obviated without the attendant shortcomings of strictly passive or voltage regulator solutions, discussed above, by an active tracking filter that is operative to sense the average value of low frequency variation of the DC voltage, and then controllably reduce that average voltage value by a voltage drop that is sufficient to accommodate the maximum amplitude of the unwanted AC (ripple) component.
Pursuant to a non-limiting application example of a telecommunication circuit application of the invention, the DC voltage may be supplied from an upstream (e,.g., central office-resident) DC voltage source to respective tip and ring conductors of a telecommunication wireline pair, by means of one or more subscriber line interface circuits (SLICs). A low frequency voltage average detector circuit (such as a low pass filter) is coupled across the power input conductors upstream of the SLIC(s). This detector supplies an output voltage representative of the average value of the low frequency composite voltage (DC source voltage plus ripple) on the wireline pair to a first input of an error amplifier of a ripple voltage cancellation circuit that is coupled between the DC voltage source and the load (SLIC). The error amplifier has a second input coupled to receive the output voltage produced by an output voltage sensor coupled across the power input conductors feeding the SLIC(s).
The output of the error amplifier is coupled to the control terminal of a controlled impedance installed in the current flow path of one of the conductors of the DC source. As a non-limiting example, the controlled impedance may comprise a controllable semiconductor device, such as a field effect transistor (FET), having its source-drain path installed in the wireline path of interest. The FET is biased to operate in its linear range, and produces a controlled drain-source voltage drop thereacross in proportion to applied gate voltage.
The parameters of the circuit are defined such that the value of the controlled voltage drop across the FET accommodates the maximum amplitude of the unwanted AC/ripple component of the DC voltage. Namely, the error amplifier controls the FET, such that the output voltage applied from its downstream end effectively corresponds to the average value of the low frequency DC voltage sensed by the average detector, minus a small offset or xe2x80x98headroomxe2x80x99 voltage associated with and attenuating the ripple.
Each of the average detector and output voltage sensor includes a respective resistor-configured voltage divider to scale down the input and output voltages. In a practical circuit, by appropriate choice of the values of the voltage divider resistors, the adjusted output voltage at the output of the controlled FET may be set at a value that is slightly less than the low frequency average value of the input voltage. For an average input voltage value on the order xe2x88x9240V, the resulting output voltage may be on the order of xe2x88x9239V, which provides sufficient headroom for attenuating unwanted AC ripple under normal operating conditions.
Because of the high voltages involved in telecommunication wireline applications, implementing the error amplifier with a standard operational amplifier would mandate the use of a relatively cumbersome powering circuit. This potential problem is readily obviated by employing discrete components to emulate the function of an operational amplifier. The error amplifier may be configured of a differentially coupled pair of bipolar transistors, which controllably steer an emitter coupled bias current to either the gate of the FET or to the FET""s output terminal. When the output voltage increases incrementally, the current is steered so as to increase the gate-source voltage of the FET and thereby increase the conductivity of the FET. As a result, its output voltage is reduced. Conversely, when the value of the output voltage is incrementally decreased, the current is steered so as to decrease the gate-source voltage of the FET and thereby reduce its conductivity, and increase the output voltage.
Protection diodes may be incorporated into the error amplifier to protect the base-emitter junctions of its differentially coupled transistor pair during power-up and transients. A protection diode may be coupled with the low pass filter circuit to reset the filter capacitor during anomalies in the power supply voltage or power cycling. To protect the FET gate during transients, a Zener diode may be coupled across its gate and source.
Current limiting protection may also be provided by installing a supply current sense resistor in the wireline path through the FET. An additional by-pass transistor may be connected with its base-emitter terminals coupled across the sense resistor, and its collector coupled to the gate of the FET. As the sensed voltage approaches the Vbe threshold of the by-pass transistor, that transistor begins to turn on and divert error amplifier output current around the FET. The collector of the sense transistor may additionally be coupled to the base of a capacitor-discharging transistor for the low pass filter of the average detector. This allows the sense transistor to control the FET indirectly by discharging the low pass filter capacitor (through the capacitor-discharging transistor).

Active ripple and noise filter for telecommunication equipment powering


A precast module built specifically with a dimension of 28′−0″×11′−8″ vertical exterior walls 4″ thick, horizontal walls 3″ thick and a floor 4″ thick. The horizontal walls are connected with attachment of rods to the vertical wall, while providing a number of openings in the horizontal and vertical walls allow access to the interior of the building unit and carrying out various plates weld in the top of the walls. The roof is constructed separately from the module, pouring concrete and is provided with through holes for locating screws and passes, and several welding plates to attach or connect to the roof and walls and have a connection to the roof and thus form an integral unit of construction.

Precast concrete structures offer an alternative to conventional construction. The benefits of precast concrete structures include flexibility, feasibility and reduction of construction period. Quality of the final object is raised due to the structures which are produced in a controlled environment. Moreover, this construction is the environment due to the reduction of waste materials. These structures, once produced, can be easily transported and assembled with a minimum of time and labor.
Previous prefabricated concrete elements, formed by assembling the individual components, such as floor, walls and roof. This type of installation creates connections between elements that may cause leakage and cracking in the near future. Later U.S. Pat. No. 4,606,878 shows a prefabricated unit on the floor, three walls, and roofs were cast as an integral unit. The fourth wall is left open in order to remove the inner mold. U.S. Pat. No. 5,893,241 showed a specific unit in which the floor and perimeter walls are cast as an integral unit. The roof is a separate component that is inserted with the other unit,                The U.S. Pat. No. 3,201,907 shows the construction technique, and more particularly to the use of standardized forms preformed units, made in the form of segments precast concrete molding material or other segments each having side walls and a floor or roof, and be of standardized shapes which are joined together to form buildings of various shapes and sizes.        The U.S. Pat. No. 3,596,417 "shows concrete rooms, each having an integrally molded top segment, which consists of a top panel and three side walls, and a floor panel segment, secured to the upper segment during its integral casting, are stacked on top other to form a rigid multi-story structure. The rear ends of the rooms have integrally cast cantilevered eaves so that when the rear ends of two stacks of the rooms are located adjacent to each other forming the eaves overhanging floors and roofs of the corridors defined by the space between the stacks. Room Each stack consists of an alternating long and short disposal rooms, each room having a short locking rib at its forward end for locking in an aperture formed through the front end of a room and corresponding".        The U.S. Pat. No. 3,729,875 shows "a construction of new buildings and in particular to a building consisting of a number of modular preformed sections is interlocked finesse. Until now, particularly in the conventional way of building houses, a wooderi or similar framework is first set up and then walls and trim are mounted to the main frame, the cost involved in the manufacture of such houses has risen to astronomical figures in particular of the high cost of skilled labor. In the recent past, many advances have been made in relation to manufactured homes, was to reduce the cost of labor in place. However, the cost has been moved from the site in the factory where preformed walls and floors are still made according to conventional methods. In large apartment houses, new complete precast concrete units have been produced that can be stacked on top of each other, or suspended from a main center frame. However, these larger units prefabricated are expensive to make and transport costs are sometimes formidable".        The U.S. Pat. No. 3,742,660 shows "building construction and more particularly to multi-layer precast concrete construction unit and a method of constructing buildings using such units.
The main object of this invention to provide precast concrete components that can be assembled with such accuracy and tolerance to ensure that the acceptable horizontal alignment of the structure is maintained during and after erection field unsupervised. To this end, this invention provides connections between the components for transmitting vertically stacked horizontal scissors vertical component of the vertical component corresponding below.
The invention in all its forms, the same connections used for transmitting vertical loads on a time to the part of the structure in which such transmission of the load is driven by other permanent means (such as grout or elastomeric filler) Base or for permanent transmission of vertical loads in which no other transmission medium required vertical load.
The invention in the preferred form includes horizontal flat plates bearing at the top and bottom vertical precast concrete positioned with such accuracy and tolerance with respect to the vertical separation in a particular component and to ensure fulfillment acceptable vertical alignment (leveling and height) of the structure is maintained during and after erection without the use of wedges or monitoring field leveling."                The U.S. Pat. No. 3,778,528 shows "precast building module substantially all plastic construction which may comprise a housing unit of whole rooms or more thereof. The module is made in a nearly finished state ready for delivery to a construction site for final assembly and finishing. The module has walls, floor, roof and interior partitions can include the section of the unit into a plurality of rooms and household plumbing and windows and doors. The walls, floor and roof are formed from inner and outer layers of reinforced plastic molding. An insulating core of polyurethane foam material is sandwiched between the shells. All heating, ventilation, air conditioning electrical and/or gas conduits, junction boxes, terminals and the like may be provided on the insulated core in place and ready to connect and use in the construction site. A method is also provided for forming the building unit module."        The U.S. Pat. No. 3,898,776 shows "A couple of precast concrete buildings are joined together to form a modular concrete home. Each unit includes a concrete building floor slab, vertical load bearing exterior walls connected with the perimeter of the floor slab and molded integrally with the top of the outer walls sloping roof. Building units are arranged so that each unit meeting roof slopes upward toward the other unit, with the ends of the raised roof to form a roof of V-shaped passage inverted. The interior walls are cast integrally with the exterior walls and roof to divide the building units in separate rooms. The lower parts of the interior walls are spaced above the floor slab, so no loads are transmitted to the floor slab the walls, and plumbing and wiring running through the space between the bottoms of interior walls and wrought. A reinforcement cage formed from welded wire mesh is embedded in each outer wall."        The U.S. Pat. No. 3,952,465 shows "A building constructed mainly of a series of modular units joined together permanently. Several different forms of units are provided, and units of different shapes can be arranged in several different relationships with each other to provide a selection of floor plans. Each unit is a rigid structure having a floor slab part and one or more wall portions integrally connected to the flat plate portion and increasing the entire height of the story, at least some wall portions most units is offset laterally inwardly from the edges of the flat plate portion. When several units of the same story are assembled in side by side relationship, the side wall or part of a unit cooperating with the wall portion or portions of one or more additional units to provide an enclosure which constitutes a room. The portions of the floor immediately above history rest on the upper edges of the wall portions of the history immediately below. A suitable roof structure is provided in assembled units, and several special or additional units are used to provide stairways, hallways, or other special situations. Accessories adequate plumbing and kitchen appliances are preferably installed in the modular units of the factory where the units are made so that only a few connections need to be completed on site when the units are assembled to make the structure habitable building, in order to bring the pipes and cooking equipment in full working order."        The U.S. Pat. No. 4,195,453 shows "modular multi-story buildings where each floor has a plurality of semi-boxes are poured concrete as separate rigid units that are basically rectangular, comprising walls perpendicular to each other, but no floor or roof. The semi-boxes are arranged between the horizontal concrete slabs that function as both floors and roofs, and a plurality of vertical post tensioning tendons pass through the semi-boxes and slabs to join the building together."        The U.S. Pat. No. 7,673,422 shows "A module building has an open box structure and comprises a plurality of interconnected modules coaxial segments. Each segment is molded as an open box structure of a composite material. The segments are held together by elongated rods connection forming part of a lifting frame and which extend substantially along the length of the module. The lifting frame comprises end racks that are embedded in end portions of the modules and which are connected together by columns."        The U.S. Pat. No. 2011/0265395 shows "An earthquake shelter comprising a container size for human occupation, the container has walls and an access opening and a main door can be opened and closed quickly to cover and uncover the opening, the container walls and the door panel material has high strength in excess of 10,000 psi load resistor; container supports for sliding movement compensation for earthquake induced movement of a support surface, the shock or impact absorbing damping means inside the vessel, to cushion sudden movement of an occupant relative to the container as the container is suddenly brought by an earthquake conveys strength."
Notes:
However, most of the precast units are internal voids. Partitions inserted into the damaged units in mixed areas caused by the vibrations of transport and other forces. Our modules comprise a floor perimeter walls and interior walls cast as an integral unit. Later, a precast concrete roof is introduced to complete the unit. Allowing the interior walls to be molded into the module, instead of inserting them, improves vibration resistance, while minimizing joint to be sealed. These modules can have multiple spatial configurations. This breaks the idea of creating a module to use.
Objectives of Invention                A. A goal would be to build a fast, efficient and high quality module.        B. Another objective would be to provide modules to be used more efficiently, producing more units per day at low cost.        C. Another objective would be to provide a single module structure for a unit that can be managed with a team of construction of low capacity.
                To avoid confusion, the numbers shown in the illustrations are referenced in the caption above.
To start building the module, the floor slab (1) is made after inserting the welding plates (9) to be used (FIG. A-1). The position of the welding plates available depends on the spatial configuration and the base. After the perimeter of vertical walls (2) with several openings are then manufactured with welding plates (9) are inserted to 18″ at each end of the wall and one in the center of the wall to the roof fitting (5) and screws (7) to the lifting plate (10) (FIG. a-2). the perimeter of the horizontal wall (3) with various opening (6) is connected to the perimeter of the vertical wall (2) to bring closer (15) and welding plate (9) the same way as the vertical wall (2) (FIG. a-3) and the inner wall (4) is welded in the floor slab (1) (FIG. a-4 is also inserted).
Welding the plates of the inner wall (4) (FIG. A-4) are inserted. Each inner wall has a welding plate (9) at the bottom to the floor slab (1) of low bandwidth, the top is connected to the roof (5) and on the side wall is connected adjacent (FIG. A-4). The welding plates 18 are placed side "of the lower and upper edge. At the top there is a hook (8) which is inserted to allow movement of said wall in place (FIG. A-9). Once the wall welded lace, gap left for the hook (8) is filled with mortar bonding agent or another. Retaining walls that are welded in place allows for different spatial configurations and unconventional partitions.
FIG. A-5, the roof (5) is constructed separately, welding plates are inserted (9) in the bottom of the roof in the same position all walls are inserted and is formed by the grid system of steel conventional reinforcement, and 5½″ thickness. Roof consisting of pre-stressed cables (12). These cables (12), as shown in FIG. a-5, are pre-stressed 4.500 lbs. addition of the cables (12) improves the tensile strength of the concrete shell, thereby avoiding cracks and leakage caused by the module transportation and other sources of damage. After pouring the concrete roof (5) is ready for installation, each wire (12) is cut as close as possible to the roof.
The roof (5) is provided with holes for the screws (14) to pass through the roof to allow attachment to the upright walls (2) (FIG. A-5). The roof (5) also contains holes for ventilation tubes (13) to comply with existing building codes (FIG. A-5). Hooks (8) are placed one meter from each end of the side surface of the roof (5) and on each side of the center of said roof. These hooks (8) are only used for roof installation (5) a unit. Once installed, the hooks (8) are removed. Lifting plate (10) is used both for fixing the roof and elevation of the module (FIG. A-7). These lifting plates (10) are located in each screw (7) in position. As illustrated in FIG. A-10 each lifting plate (10) has two holes oriented vertical to the bolt (7) passing through, and a horizontal oriented hole (10) for lifting the module (FIG. A-7).
During the roof (5) of the installation, a bonding agent (17) is applied on the upper edge of the walls as shown (FIG. A-11) to fill the gaps between said walls and roof. Once set, the excess adhesive agent (17) is removed and welded plates (9) are welded. Once the roof (5), as described above, is installed, the module is ready for desirable aesthetic appearance.
Once the module is finished, it is transported to its final destination. Once at the site, is welded to the pillar of the corresponding foundation (11) (FIG. A-7 and FIG. A-8) for welding. The welding plates (9) to be placed in exact position on the surface.
Caveat
Although the present invention has been illustrated by a detailed description of several preferred embodiments thereof, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that various changes in form and detail may be made therein without departing from the true scope of the invention. Therefore, the invention should be measured by its appended claims and not by the preferred embodiments above.
PATENT CITATIONSCited patentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleU.S. Pat. No. 3,201,907Dec. 5, 1956Aug. 24, 1965AlbertPrecastHendersonsegmentalbuilding unitsU.S. Pat. No. 3,356,183Apr. 9, 1969Aug. 3, 1971Henry ZacharyPrecast RoomsU.S. Pat. No. 3,729,875Dec. 17, 1970May 1, 1973R. FelsonPrefabricatedbuildingU.S. Pat. No. 3,742,660Mar. 3, 1972Jul. 3,1973R. BierweilerBuildingconstructionU.S. Pat. No. 3,778,528Mar. 27, 1972Dec. 11, 1972Mandelbaum,Modular buildingHeifetzunit and methodfor making sameU.S. Pat. No. 3,898,776Jul. 2, 1973Aug. 12, 1975Cox Elmer, TinerPrecast concreteWayne, WoodshousingJrU.S. Pat. No. 3,952,465Mar. 19, 1971Mar. 27, 1976DominicBuildingMasiellostructure formedof modular unitswith cantileveredportions forforming acorridor floorU.S. Pat. No. 4,195,453Nov. 9, 1977Mar. 1, 1980AugustModular, multi-Komendantfloor buildingU.S. Pat. No. 4,606,878Feb. 4, 1985Aug. 19, 1986James D. Day, D.Method forDay II Jamesconstructingmodular precastconcretebuildingsU.S. Pat. No. 5,893,241Jan. 5, 1998Mar. 13, 1999Michael P.Precast concreteSchoedertarget houseU.S. Pat. No. 7,673,422Nov. 23, 2005Mar. 9, 2010Peter William DeModularLa MarcheBuildingsUS2011/0265395Mar. 30, 2010Nov. 3, 2011Sidney S. ChenEarthquakeshelter
Referenced byCited patentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleU.S. Pat. No. 2,202,745Mar. 8, 1938Mar. 28, 1940Robert MuseBuildingconstructionU.S. Pat. No. 2,691,291Aug. 2, 1949Oct. 12, 1954AlbertBuilding ofHendersonprecast concretesegmentsU.S. Pat. No. 3,356,183Aug. 4, 1966Dec. 5, 1967Noah ShellRetractablerefuse receptacleassemblyU.S. Pat. No. 3,564,795Jul. 25, 1968Feb. 23, 1971Jesse HentonPrecast modularbuilding unitswith utility ductsU.S. Pat. No. 3,805,461Oct. 10,1972Apr. 23, 1974A.JagodaModular buildingsystemU.S. Pat. No. 3,842,558May 30, 1972Oct. 22, 1974Scholz FullerWall attachmentsystemU.S. Pat. No. 3,882,64927 Apr. 1973May 13, 1975Walk Jones,InterlockedWilliammodular buildingLemessurier,systemFrancis MahU.S. Pat. No. 3,990,197Mar. 15, 1976Nov. 9, 1976Clifford JohnsonLiftable woodenframe buildingunit and methodof constructionU.S. Pat. No. 4,279.536Mar. 7, 1979Jul. 21, 1981Gerard JarlanFlow-guidingmonolithicblocks for marinestructuresU.S. Pat. No. 4,539,780Nov. 29, 1983Sep. 10, 1985William RiceStorm Cellar orthe like

Precast concrete module which can be adapted internally to multiple uses


A start-up circuit includes a long channel current generator, a subtracting reference current generator, and a gain scaling current mirror-circuit. The long channel current generator circuit uses a long channel transistor circuit that simulates a high value resistor to provide a low-level current. The low-level current is sensed by the subtracting reference current generator to provide a reference current that tracks the low-level current until a diverting current is activated, where the diverting current is subtracted from the reference current such that the reference current increases at a slower rate than the low-level current for increasing supply voltages. The gain scaling current mirror-circuit generates the start-up current as a gain scaled version of the reference current. Once the bias generator circuit is active, a stop-current can be used to shut down the gain scaling current mirror-circuit to conserve current.

Typical microelectronic systems have various electronic components that often share one or more common biasing circuits. Examples of circuits that have common biasing arrangements include current sources, operational amplifiers, comparators, as well as other various analog functions.
Most biasing circuits that utilize metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) type transistors which have two stable operating states, one state where the MOS transistor is on or active, and another state where the MOS transistor is off or inactive. Since biasing circuits do not provide any utility when the transistors are off, a start-up circuit is often used to ensure that the biasing circuit reaches an active operating state after power is applied. Many biasing circuits have the desirable property that after they complete the task of ensuring active operation they cease to influence the operation of the biasing circuit with as little current consumption as possible.

Start-up circuit with folding current arrangement


A natural language processing system that trains task models for particular natural language tasks programmatically generates additional utterances for inclusion in the training set, based on the existing utterances in the training set and the existing state of a task model as generated from the original (non-augmented) training set. More specifically, the training augmentation module 220 identifies specific textual units of utterances and generates variants of the utterances based on those identified units. The identification is based on determined importances of the textual units to the output of the task model, as well as on task rules that correspond to the natural language task for which the task model is being generated. The generation of the additional utterances improves the quality of the task model without the expense of manual labeling of utterances for training set inclusion.

Natural language processing (NLP) techniques can be used for many analytical linguistic tasks, such as sentiment inference (e.g., whether a user feels positive, negative, or neutral), intent recognition (e.g., "purchase ticket", "return product"), or named entity recognition (e.g., "ABC Corporation", "Jonathan"). When training a natural language processing model, the training set used as input to the training must contain some minimum number of samples in order to properly generalize and produce sufficient accuracy when applied to new inputs. However, preparing samples for the training set is costly, in terms both of time, labor, and money, given that the samples must be assigned labels—typically by skilled humans—that indicate the proper result for the particular natural language task for which the model is designed.
It would be desirable to programmatically expand the number of samples in the existing training set, without human intervention, but care must be taken that any such automated augmentation does not reduce the quality of the training set data. For example, any automated augmentation that altered the characteristics of the samples that are of relevance to the natural language processing task for which the model is designed would harm the accuracy of the resulting model. E.g., altering words expressing positive or negative sentiment would reduce the accuracy of a resulting sentiment analysis model. Likewise, augmenting a training set's words at random may make the resulting model more likely to adapt to the training set itself, resulting in inaccurate results when used on real-world data.

Intelligent training set augmentation for natural language processing tasks


Prior to authentication, a business system generates a password list and sends the password list to a commercial service system. A request for use of the commercial service system is sent from a terminal that a user is using to the business system. In response to this, the business system that received the request for use checks the request for use of a commercial service use authority of the user. A password is selected from the password list and returned to the terminal. The terminal sends the returned password to the commercial service system. The commercial service system compares the password with a password in accounting information including the password list. If they match, login is permitted and the used password is nullified.

The present invention relates to a login authentication technique that allows a user who is using a business system to use a commercial service system safely and enables multiple users who are using the business system to share an account of the commercial service system.
At present, a user frequently uses various commercial services via an intranet business system and the Internet at the same time. The intranet business system performs login authentication to enable processing in accordance with the user's official authority. However, if a service via the Internet is charged, the login authentication is required for utilization of the service. The following requirements are provided for utilization of these multiple systems.
(1) When a user uses a commercial service system from inside an enterprise, the user needs not to be aware of the system or service that the user is using. That is, the login authentication of the commercial service system needs not to be performed explicitly.
(2) Because in-house users who can use a commercial service system must be limited in accordance with their official authority, security concerning information (accounting) about login authentication needs also to be considered. That is, even if a password is leaked to another user, the password is rejected by the login authentication.
(3) Because a business system that is already operating and a commercial service may be linked, a load on the business system is minimized.
(4) Because it is mostly unrealistic from the standpoint of accounting that accounts for in-house users who use a commercial service are secured, multiple in-house users can share an account.
To satisfy the requirement (1), a method for transferring a special key generated in accordance with a protocol arranged between a business system and a service system to a client (terminal) is considered so that the commercial service can directly be used from the client. In this case, to satisfy the requirement (2), a fixed user ID and a password in the normal login authentication cannot be used as the key. To realize the above login authentication function, utilization of what is called a one-time password is considered. The prototype of the one-time password is a Lamport's Hash algorithm, and is described in 'Password Authentication with Insecure Communication' by Leslie Lamport of "Communications of the ACM, Volume 24, Issue 11 (November 1981)", pages 770 to 772.

One-time logon method for distributed computing systems


A label production apparatus includes a printing unit that prints a image onto a medium that includes a first base material, a second base material, and an adhesive layer between the first base material and the second base material; an inspection unit that inspects the image printed onto the medium; and a post-processing unit that cuts the first base material based on an inspection result from the inspection unit, the post-processing unit cutting the first base material using a first cut line that separates an area where the image is formed from the first base material in the case where a print defect has not been detected in the image, and cutting the first base material using a second cut line in which part of the first cut line is not cut in the case where a print defect has been detected in the image.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to label production apparatuses and label production methods.
2. Related Art
Label production apparatuses that, for example, form images such as pictures, graphics, symbols (text), barcodes, and the like (label images) on a printing medium in which a mount, an adhesive layer, and a base material are layered in that order are known. Such a label production apparatus includes a printing unit that prints an image onto the base material and a post-processing unit that cuts the base material and the adhesive layer at the area where the image has been printed. After the cutting, unnecessary areas outside the image area are peeled away from the mount (this will also be called "scrap removal" hereinafter).
A label production apparatus in which an inspection unit that inspects printed label images is provided and only non-defective label images are cut while defectively-printed label images are removed as scraps along with the unnecessary areas has also been proposed (see JP-A-2010-149333, for example).
An operator positions and applies non-defective label images to areas from which the defectively-printed label images have been peeled away during the scrap removal.
However, according to the label production apparatus, when a printing defect has been detected, the defectively-printed label image is peeled away along with the unnecessary areas without being cut, and there has thus been a problem in that the operator cannot understand proper positions when applying the non-defective label images.

Label production apparatus and label production method


A step conveyor for fresh boxless sand moulds includes at least two sets of interdigitating parallel bars adapted to support and move the sand moulds. The top of each bar is covered or coated by a layer of a material with a considerably lower thermal conductivity than that of steel. In a specific embodiment, a top rail is secured to a base member by screws, and this top rail is made of a suitable synthetic resin, such as low-pressure polyethylene with ultra-high molecular weight. With this arrangement, the tendency for moisture from the fresh sand moulds to condense on the conveyor bars is considerably reduced or eliminated, thus reducing or eliminating the tendency for sand from the moulds to adhere to the conveyor bars.

Conveyors of the kind referred to initially are used extensively in foundries, examples being described in DK Patent Specifications Nos. 119,373 and 127,494 as well as in the DE Published Patent Application No. 3,613,845 and in U.S. Pat. No. 4,540,036.
In conveyors of this kind, the bars used for supporting and moving the moulds or mould parts are normally made of steel. As the sand moulds or mould parts are hot and moist, water will condense on the bars, causing a build-up of sand due to the adhesive properties of the binders used in the mould sand.
This may lead to that the moulds are lifted slightly from the conveyor bars, in many cases causing offset between the parts of the finished casting.


A ceramic heating element includes a heat-generating portion 1 formed of a ceramic composite material with 3 to 40 vol. % of silicon carbide (SiC) whiskers and the balance substantially of molybdenum disilicide (MoSi.sub.2), and electrode portions 2a and 2b provided on both ends of the heat-generating portion 1.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a ceramic heating element to be used as a heating element in an infrared ray source as well as an electric furnace.
2. Description of Related Art
A ceramic resistance heating element as disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 296,833/1993 is shown as a conventional example in FIG. 1.
In FIG. 1, a ceramic heating element 10 is produced, for example, by extrusion of molybdenum disilicide prepared using water as a binder, winding up the resulting molybdenum disilicide of small diameter in a coiled form, drying it, and firing it in a vacuum furnace to form a heating element. Lead wires 12a and 12b are connected to both ends of the coiled ceramic wire (heating element) 10. When electricity flows through the coiled ceramic wire 10 via the lead wires 12a and 12b, the coiled ceramic wire 10 generates heat.
The coiled ceramic wire 10 is disposed in a heat resistant ceramic (e.g., alumina) tube 16 provided with an infrared ray irradiation window 14. The joints between the ceramic wire 10 and the lead wires 12a and 12b are fixed in the ceramic tube 16 by means of a heat-resistant adhesive 18a and 18b. Accordingly, when electricity flows through the coiled ceramic wire 10 via the lead wires 12a and 12b, infrared rays emanated from the coiled ceramic wire 10 come out via the irradiation window 14.
Meanwhile, MoSi.sub.2 is utilized in the form of a heating element for use in a high-temperature furnace (e.g., at 1,750.degree. C.) in the air since it exhibits an excellent oxidation resistance by virtue of its capability of forming a protective film of silicon dioxide. Accordingly, MoSi.sub.2 has attracted attention as a high temperature structural material for use in a gas turbine member and the likes and has been evaluated as such a material.
Since MoSi.sub.2 involves problems of brittleness at low temperatures and low strength at high temperatures, however, a difficulty has been experienced in materializing therefrom a heating element. Further, since the resistivity of MoSi.sub.2 as a property of the material is as low as 0.0003 (.OMEGA.cm), a large amount of electric current is necessary for heat build-up of MoSi.sub.2 to a high temperature (1,300.degree. C.). This involves the problem of increased electric power consumption. Furthermore, the large amount of electric current to heat the MoSi.sub.2 to a high temperature develops an electromagnetic force. Attractive and repulsive forces developed by the electromagnetic force as well as thermal stress developed by the heat build-up act on the heat-generating portion of the heating element, so that creep deformation may occur leading to rupture thereof. Thus, the heating element made of MoSi.sub.2 involves the drawback of a short life span.
As for electric power consumption, various methods of increasing the apparent value of resistance of MoSi.sub.2 have been proposed, a representative one of which is a method wherein a small-diameter wire is formed from MoSi.sub.2.
Since a general method of producing an MOSi.sub.2 heating element comprises firing of an MoSi.sub.2 powder, however, not only formation therefrom of a small-diameter wire but also miniaturization of the heating element are out of the bounds of possibility. A primary cause of this is that the firing method itself is not suitable for formation of a small-diameter wire. Accordingly, even when formation of a small-diameter wire is attempted, the diameter of the resulting wire becomes large to some extent whereby a high value of resistance thereof cannot be secured, thus requiring a large amount of electric current.
Even if mechanical working of an MoSi.sub.2 wire is effected after firing thereof, the ceramic is so brittle in itself that the wire cannot be worked to such a small diameter as to be usable as a light source. Thus, it has been considered very difficult to develop a high-temperature MoSi.sub.2 heating element usable as an infrared ray source element at a temperature of at least 1,000.degree. C.
An invention according to which molybdenum disilicide is combined with a second phase of a boride in order to improve the toughness and high-temperature strength of molybdenum disilicide for use as a high-temperature structural material or as a heating element is disclosed in Japanese Patent Application-Laid-Open No. 195,061/1985. Another invention according to which molybdenum disilicide is combined with a second phase of molybdenum and tungsten boride in order to endow molybdenum disilicide with a sufficient oxidation resistance even at a temperature of at least 1,600 .degree. C. in addition to improve mechanical properties is disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 115,876/1989.
However, the ceramic composite materials according to the above-mentioned inventions cannot be said to be satisfactory for use as an high temperature infrared ray source element as mentioned above.

Ceramic heating element made of molybdenum disilicide and silicon carbide whiskers


A network controller operates in an unlicensed wireless communication system including a first radio access network. The network controller includes a Up interface for communicating with a mobile station and an IP network interface. The network controller includes a network interface for connecting the network controller to a UMTS core network that is accessible to a second radio access network that includes a UTRAN. The network interface includes an Iu-CS interface to communicate with a MSC in the UMTS core network. The network interface supports signaling protocols for circuit-switched services while inter-working with the UMTS core network via the Iu-CS interface using a layered protocol that includes a RANAP layer over a SCCP layer and several Iu-CS control plane lower layers. The network controller includes modules for generating and/or processing messages transmitted over the network interface. The network controller appears to the UMTS core network as a UTRAN RNC.

Licensed wireless systems provide mobile wireless communications to individuals using wireless transceivers. Licensed wireless systems refer to public cellular telephone systems and/or Personal Communication Services (PCS) telephone systems. Wireless transceivers include cellular telephones, PCS telephones, wireless-enabled personal digital assistants, wireless modems, and the like.
Licensed wireless systems utilize wireless signal frequencies that are licensed from governments. Large fees are paid for access to these frequencies. Expensive base station (BS) equipment is used to support communications on licensed frequencies. Base stations are typically installed approximately a mile apart from one another (e.g., cellular towers in a cellular network). The wireless transport mechanisms and frequencies employed by typical licensed wireless systems limit both data transfer rates and range. As a result, the quality of service (voice quality and speed of data transfer) in licensed wireless systems is considerably inferior to the quality of service afforded by landline (wired) connections. Thus, the user of a licensed wireless system pays relatively high fees for relatively low quality service.
Landline (wired) connections are extensively deployed and generally perform at a lower cost with higher quality voice and higher speed data services. The problem with landline connections is that they constrain the mobility of a user. Traditionally, a physical connection to the landline was required.
In the past few years, the use of unlicensed wireless communication systems to facilitate mobile access to landline-based networks have seen rapid growth. For example, such unlicensed wireless systems may support wireless communication based on the IEEE 802.11a, b or g standards (WiFi), or the Bluetooth™ standard. The mobility range associated with such systems is typically on the order of 100 meters or less. A typical unlicensed wireless communication system includes a base station comprising a wireless access point (AP) with a physical connection (e.g., coaxial, twisted pair, or optical cable) to a landline-based network. The AP has a RF transceiver to facilitate communication with a wireless handset that is operative within a modest distance of the AP, wherein the data transport rates supported by the WiFi and Bluetooth™ standards are much higher than those supported by the aforementioned licensed wireless systems. Thus, this option provides higher quality services at a lower cost, but the services only extend a modest distance from the base station.
Currently, technology is being developed to integrate the use of licensed and unlicensed wireless systems in a seamless fashion, thus enabling a user to access, via a single handset, an unlicensed wireless system when within the range of such a system, while accessing a licensed wireless system when out of range of the unlicensed wireless system. unlicensed wireless networks and for directing them to an appropriate network controller.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Mechanisms to extend UMA or GAN to inter-work with UMTS core network


A work machine for removing asphalt from a roadway is disclosed. The work machine includes a plurality of blade members to remove asphalt from the roadway. The plurality of blade members are interconnected by way of hinges.

Many miles of asphalt-surfaced roadways have been built to facilitate vehicular travel. Depending upon usage density, base conditions, temperature variation, moisture variation, and/or physical age, the asphalt surface eventually becomes misshapen, non-planar, unable to support wheel loads, or otherwise unsuitable for vehicular traffic.
In order to rehabilitate the roadways for continued vehicular use, spent asphalt may be removed in preparation for resurfacing. One device utilized for the removal of spent asphalt is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,560,207 (the '207 patent) issued to Eftefield et al. on Dec. 24, 1985. The '207 patent describes an asphalt processor having a leading edge which is insertable between a ribbon of asphalt and a base to provide separation of the asphalt from a partial width of a roadway surface. A ramp and elevating structure guide the separated asphalt ribbon into a pair of breaker drums, which are rotatable in opposite circumferential directions to bend and facture the asphalt ribbon. As the asphalt ribbon is fractured, the resulting fragments may be deposited in an accompanying transport work machine for hauling away from the worksite.
Although the asphalt processor of the '207 patent may sufficiently remove spent asphalt from a roadway surface, it may be depth and/or contour limited. In particular, because the asphalt processor of the '207 patent is designed to separate an asphalt ribbon only from a base, it may be limited from removing layers of asphalt at varying depths within the asphalt ribbon. In addition, because the asphalt processor of the '207 patent includes only a single leading edge, it may be incapable of removing asphalt at a desired contour such as, for example, at a contour substantially matching a crown of a roadway surface.
The disclosed asphalt-removing work machine is directed to overcoming one or more of the problems set forth above.

Asphalt-removing machine having a plurality of blade members