A process cartridge of the present invention includes a photoconductive member with a rotatable axis, a cleaning member to contact on the photoconductive member, and plates to support both ends of the rotatable axis of the photoconductive member. The plates further support the supporting member, so that the process cartridge is improved accuracy between the photoconductive member and the cleaning member. Further, an image forming apparatus of the present invention can mount the same process cartridge inside.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a process cartridge and an image forming apparatus, and more specifically to the process cartridge for forming images in a copying apparatus, a facsimile apparatus, a printer or the like by an electrostatic image transfer process, and to the image forming apparatus which uses the process cartridge.
2. Discussion of the Related Art
In an image forming apparatus of the type using an electrostatic image transfer system, a process cartridge is often used. The process cartridge collectively includes a photoconductive member and a process device e.g. a charging device, a developing device, a cleaning device and the like to form an image on the photoconductive drum. The process cartridge allows a user or a service person to replace the process cartridge currently installed in the image forming apparatus with a new one if maintenance or replacement of parts is needed in the installed cartridge. In the case that a service person can maintain the image forming apparatus, the maintenance time may be shorter because maintenance can be simply done. Also, a user can replace the process cartridge with a new one when a service person is unavailable.
In such an image forming apparatus, process devices should be accurately assembled within a process cartridge to form a higher quality image. Especially, unless a cleaning blade formed by a light rubber accurately contacts a photoconductive member, the cleaning blade can not adequately remove a residual toner so that an unusual image may be formed. For example, inaccurate contact may cause an undesirable change of pressure in a length direction, a change in cleaning angle, or the like of the cleaning blade. Conventional image forming apparatus include a cleaning blade and a photoconductive drum included in a removable process cartridge. However, many of these conventional designs mount the cleaning blade in the process cartridge without consideration of the accuracy of contact between the cleaning blade and photoconductive drum.
Japanese laid-open patent publication no. 5-134484 is directed to maintaining accurate contact between a photoconductive member and a cleaning device with a cleaning blade within a process cartridge. This reference shows a cleaning blade directly connected to a support plate, which in turn is connected to a strength frame formed of sheet material. The strength frame is coupled to a shaft by way of an L shaped member. The shaft is rotationally coupled to side plates of the process cartridge, so that the cleaning blade can rotate into and out of contact with the photoconductive member. A bias spring connected to a top wall of the process cartridge is coupled to the L shaped member in order to bias the cleaning blade toward the photoconductive drum. However the present inventors have recognized that such a complex support structure of interconnected parts can diminish the accuracy of contact between the cleaning blade and photoconductive drum.
Thus, there is a strong demand in which each cleaning member, e.g. a cleaning blade, a cleaning roller and the like, further accurately contacts on a photoconductive member to improve cleaning ability.

Process cartridge and image forming apparatus


Fire resistant glass fiber products are produced by coating the glass fibers with at least one nitrogen containing compound and at least 10 weight percent of at least one boron containing compound, drying the glass fibers and curing a binder that is in the coating. The nitrogen containing compound(s) are present in sufficient amounts that there is at least one mol or atom of nitrogen present for each mol or atom of boron present in the boron containing compound(s). When the product is exposed to a fire or high temperatures, such as about 1000 degrees F. or higher, the nitrogen released from the nitrogen containing compound(s) reacts with boron or boron oxide to form a sheath of refractory material around the fibers that protects the fibers and allows the fibers to maintain integrity to higher temperatures and/or for longer times than untreated fibers.

Fire-resistant materials are important in the fabrication of many building materials like doors, wall components, ceiling components, roof components, etc. In the event of a fire, fire resistant products protect the integrity of the building and its components for longer periods of time giving occupants longer to escape and giving firemen longer to get to strategic points to rescue people and to fight the fire. Of secondary importance is the reduced damage to contents of the buildings. Fire-resistance relates to the maximum temperature a material can endure without burning through or collapsing (loosing its integrity) or the time it takes at a certain high temperatures to burn through, collapse or otherwise destroy the integrity of a component. Codes have been established for many products which set forth high temperature performance they must meet to be considered fire rated or fire-resistant. Fire-resistance is thus distinguished from fire retardency which is the ability of a material or component to withstand high temperature and time without catching on fire and burning.
Glass fibers and products made therefrom like insulation blankets and boards, woven fabrics and nonwoven mats are widely used in building products. Most homes and commercial and industrial buildings are thermally insulated with fiber glass insulation products in the form of bats, blankets, higher density boards, ceiling tile, etc. Most asphalt shingles have a fiber glass nonwoven mat as a base. Glass fiber is used in gypsum wall board to make the board fireproof. There are numerous other building products that use glass fiber and there are other opportunities if the glass fiber had a higher use temperature.
The majority of glass fiber products used in building products today are either sodium borosilicate glass having a softening point of as low as about 1290 degrees F. or E type borosilicate glass having a softening point as low as about 1529 degrees F. The softening points of these fiber products will vary some from manufacturer to manufacturer since slightly different glass compositions are used, but will be within a narrow range of about 10-40 degrees F. While more refractory glass fibers are known, like magnesia aluminosilicate S glass, the high cost of these types of fiber are prohibitive for all but a very few specialty building products.
As disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,284,700, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference, it is known to treat or coat glass fibers with a phosphate containing compound to improve its fire-resistance. The theory was that the phosphate compound either broke down at high temperature to form phosphoric acid which combined with silica in the glass to form a silicate phosphate ceramic coating on or near the glass fiber or via formation of a high melting temperature phosphate surface coating or layer. It was also taught in this patent to add the phosphate to a binder solution normally used to coat the fibers and bond them together as a way of applying the phosphate compounds. Finally, this patent also taught a fire-resistant laminated fiber glass insulation product in which a nonwoven fiber glass mat, treated in accordance with that invention to make it fire-resistant, was laminated on each surface to a layer of fiber glass insulation blanket to make a fire-resistant insulation product.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,145,371 by Tohyama et al discloses a flame-retardant textile fiber consisting of PVA and an amino resin. The amino resin is a condensation product of formaldehyde with melamine and other amino compounds selected from urea, dicyandiamide and benzogranamine. The use of phosphorous additives is suggested to enhance the flame-retardant characteristics of the fiber. The addition of dicyandiamide was found to improve the color fastness of the fiber.
It is also known to use relatively large amounts of a phosphorus containing compound to produce a fire retardant condensate as taught by Goulding et al in U.S. Pat. No. 4,195,139. There a melamine-aldehyde is reacted with a relatively large amount of at least one oxyacid of phosphorous in a condensation reaction to form the fire retardant, the inorganic phosphorus compound being added in sufficient amounts that phosphorous is present in the resulting condensation product in the ratio of 0.4-1.7 moles of phosphorus for every mole of melamine.
After making the present invention and doing literature search to try to find out why and how the invention works, it was discovered that it is known to react urea and condensation products of urea with boric acid and boron oxide to produce boron nitride, as described by Podsiadlo and Gontarz in the POLISH JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY, 58, 3 (1984) and Podsiadlo and Gorski in the POLISH JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY, 58, 13, (1984). It is also know to react calcium, strontium and barium cyanamides with boric acids and boron oxide to form a boron nitride containing material as described by Podsialdlo and Orzel in the POLISH JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY, 58, 323 (1984). However, each of these three articles, which are hereby incorporated by reference, reported only on the nature of the reactions and neither of the articles involved or suggested treating glass fibers, or other substrates, or making fire resistant glass fibers and glass fiber products using these reactions. Therefore, it is not known yet whether boron nitride is in fact being formed as a refractory sheath around the fibers making the fibers more fire resistant, but it is believed by the inventor that this is why the invention works.
It is known in the art to add boric acid to phenol-formaldehyde resins to obtain reactions with the resin to achieve stronger bonds and to allow the resin to withstand higher temperatures before breaking down or decomposing. Thus, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,480,068 (Santos), U.S. Pat. No. 4,176,105 (Miedaner) discloses that the temperature resistance of binders can be increased by the addition of boron compounds to modified phenolic resins, but attempts to employ borates in sufficient quantities needed to give the binder improved thermal resistance frequently result in resins having poor storage stability and poor tensile strength. The reason given was that the addition of larger amounts of boric acid disrupts, accelerates, the cure of the binder resulting in precure before the product the binder is in has been collected or molded, reducing the final strength of the bonds formed in the final cure. Santos taught adding an amide such as dicyandiamide and a pre-mixed boric acid-hydroxyl component to a urea modified phenol formaldehyde resin to permit the cured resin to withstand higher temperatures, but only up to 455 degrees C (851 deg. F.). Santos only showed one binder containing over four percent boric acid and this sample showed reduced dry tensile and very poor wet tensile strengths. Santos did not teach or suggest that the binder of his invention would be fire resistant or that it would allow glass fiber products to withstand temperatures in excess of the softening or melting points of the glass fibers.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,218,279 (Stalego) taught punk resistant borated alkyd resin binders for glass fiber products in which a relatively small amount of phenol formaldehyde resin was also present, but the amounts of nitrogen compound and boron compounds in the binder were relatively low. There was no suggestion in this patent that the binder would protect the fibers in a fire or at temperatures above the softening and melting points of the glass fibers.
U.S. Pat. No. 2,990,307 taught using boric acid with phenol formaldehyde/melamine resins to bond glass fibers to give the product increased punk resistance, but only 2.5 percent boric acid is used and the product was only heated to 600 degrees F. There was no suggestion that the binder would protect the fibers in a fire or at temperatures above the softening and melting points of the glass fibers.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,095,010 taught using 0.5-2 percent boric acid as a cure accelerator, because of its low pH, in a phenolic resole resin fiber glass binder containing 5-15 percent urea or melamine. There was no suggestion that the binder would protect the fibers in a fire or at temperatures above the softening and melting points of the glass fibers.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,529,467 taught a thick, paste-like, epoxy resin based fire protecting intumescent composition containing a few percent of melamine and enough boric acid to produce a boron content of 0.1-10 percent. The purpose of the melamine was to produce a gas to cause the mastic to expand when exposed to fire. The composition could contain from 1-50 percent, based on the weight of the epoxy resin, curing agent and melamine, of fibrous reinforcements like chopped glass fiber to hold the composition together when it was heated by a fire to form a char. This composition also required the presence of zinc and phosphorous. A fiber glass mesh membrane could also be embedded in the mastic to hold the charred mastic together and on or around a steel member it was intended to protect. There was no suggestion that the mastic would protect the fibers at temperatures above the softening and melting points of the glass fibers and the highest temperature used for testing the compositions was 1000 degrees F (538 degrees C.).


A virtual storage system is equipped with a plurality of storage systems and a virtualization device for virtualizing the plurality of storage systems logically into a single storage resource provided to a host computer. When one of the storage systems receives a command from the host computer, in the event that the storage system itself is not in possession of a function corresponding to the command, the storage system retrieves a storage system in possession of a function corresponding to the command and transfers this command to the storage system in possession of the function corresponding to the command.

The present invention relates to a virtual storage system and control method thereof for virtualizing a plurality of storage systems logically as a single storage resource.
In the storage field, notice is being taken of "storage grids (wide area wide band shared file systems)" capable of achieving high processing performance and fault tolerance that operate in such a manner that a plurality of computing resources distributed over a network operate as a single computing resource. A method of virtualizing a plurality of storage systems logically as a single virtual storage resource is well-known as a storage grid operation method.
Technology where a logical unit of a second storage system existing outside of a first storage system is managed within the first storage system is well-known as technology for virtualizing a volume (refer to Japanese Patent Laid-open Publication No. Hei. 7-210439, Japanese Patent Laid-open Publication No. 2001-318833, or Japanese Patent Laid-open Publication No. 2004-220450).

Virtual storage system for virtualizing a plurality of storage systems logically into a single storage resource provided to a host computer


A separator and method according to which substances having relatively high densities are separated from a pressurized flow stream.

The present disclosure relates in general to a separator and in particular to a separator for separating substances having relatively high densities, such as solids, liquids and/or gases having relatively high densities, from solids, liquids and/or gases having relatively low densities in a pressurized flow stream such as, for example, a natural gas flow stream.
During the operation of a typical rotary separator, a vortical flow is developed in the process stream as it flows through a rotating drum. The fluid is subjected to an inertial acceleration field, resulting in centrifugal forces directed radially outward towards the inner surface of the drum. The substances having relatively high densities in the vortical flow stream, such as liquids, are subject to the highest centrifugal forces. Thus, liquids present in the flow stream are centrifuged and captured against the inner surface of the drum, thereby radially separating the liquids (high-density substances) from the gas (low-density substances). As a result, a "clean" or substantially non-liquid-transporting gas flow stream exits axially from the drum and flows downstream of the rotary separator.
However, several problems may arise during the operation of a typical rotary separator. For example, a rotary separator may require one or more bearing assemblies to support one or more components such as, for example, a rotating shaft, and these bearing assemblies may in turn require costly case separations and seal systems to ensure proper bearing and/or separator functions.
Also, a secondary flow stream may be driven around the outside of the drum in response to one or more factors such as, for example, flow resistances associated with the rotating drum. Since the secondary flow stream has not undergone rotary separation in the drum, it may transport liquid and/or other contaminants which then may be reintroduced into the flow stream downstream of the drum. Thus, re-contaminated gas (or liquid-carrying gas) may be transported downstream of the separator, frustrating the purpose of the separator.
Therefore, what is needed is a separator and/or method that overcomes one or more of the above-described problems, among others.


An exerciser includes a post having a lower portion rotatably secured to a base. Two pulleys are rotatably supported on the base. Two foot supports are pivotally supported on the base and are coupled to the post by one or two cables which are engaged over the pulleys and the post, such that the foot supports may rotate the post via the pulleys and the cables and such that the user may twist his body while stepping with the foot supports. Two actuators are coupled to the foot supports for applying the resistive force against the foot supports.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an exerciser, and more particularly to a stepping and swinging exerciser.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Two typical stepping exercisers are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,545,111 to Wang et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 5,645,512 to Yu and comprise a complicated structure for coupling the handle to the foot supports and for allowing the handle to be rotated by the foot supports. However, the structures are complicated such that the manufacturing costs are greatly increased.
The applicant had developed a swinging and stepping exerciser and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 5,749,809 to Lin, which includes a pair of foot supports coupled to a handle by a gear engagement.
The present invention has arisen to provide a novel stepping exerciser.


In one embodiment, a first selection of a data item in an interactive table is received. Further, one or more data items related to the first selected data item in the interactive table are identified. The interactive table is modified to render the data items identified as related to the first selected data item. Furthermore, a second selection of a data item within the data items identified as related to the first selected data item is received and one or more data items related to the second selected data item within the data items identified as related to the first selected data item are identified. Further, the previously modified interactive table is again modified to render the data items identified as related to the second selected data item.

Data presentation, such as data presentation in a graphical user interface (GUI) on a display device of a computer system, facilitates a user in understanding and interpreting the data. Depending on the type of data, the data is presented using different formats such as tables, maps, graphs, charts and the like. In a scenario where high-density dataset has to be presented, tables are preferred. Presently, tabular representation of data suffers from a number of limitations that affect their usefulness. In particular, in a table having a number of rows and columns, only a few may be of interest to the user. Further, in-line table controls that allow users to filter table information and to re-arrange the table format limit the presentation of data based on manual selection of data items and do not provide relationships between the data items in the table.

Interactive table to present multi-level relationships between data items


Compounds having the structure (or their salts):

This invention relates to novel inhibitors of sex steroid activity, for example to compounds having antagonistic activity on sex steroid receptors. More particularly, the invention relates to certain compounds having specified side-chains which interact with the helix 12 of the androgen receptor and metabolites thereof which block androgen action by acting, among other mechanisms, through the androgen receptors, while not activating such receptors in some or all androgen-sensitive tissues.

Helix 12 directed non-steroidal antiandrogens

Abstract: are used to treat or reduce the likelihood of acquiring androgen-dependent diseases, such as prostate cancer, benign prostatic hyperplasia, polycystic ovarian syndrome, acne, hirsutism, seborrhea, androgenic alopecia and male baldness. The compounds can be formulated together with pharmaceutically acceptable diluents or carriers or otherwise made into any pharmaceutical dosage form. Combinations with other active pharmaceutical agents are also disclosed.


A computer-implemented method and system for processing a document such as a structured document in which information such as a term, name and belonging department is used as shared information and word consistency or modification can be automatically and easily reflected on all documents. In the document processing method, a shared information editing program edits shared information shared information frequently described in a plurality of documents, a shared information storage program stores the edited shared information in a secondary memory, a shared information list-up program lists up the shared information for each information type, a structured document editing program edits a structured document to describe a link to the shared information selected from the edited shared information listed up, a structured document storage program stores the structured document in the secondary memory, and a structured document output program reads out the shared information and structured document from the secondary memory and embeds the contents of the shared information in the structured document for its display or printout.

The present invention relates to techniques for creating and processing a document with use of a word processor or personal computer for its display and print and more particularly, to a technique for processing a document which uses information that frequently appears in the document as shared information.
For the purpose of efficiently sharing and re-using document information, a recent active move is to use such a document language as a standard generalized markup language (SGML) or XML to obtain and utilize a document.
Since a document prepared in a structured document language can be prepared by dividing the document into its structural elements as document parts for editing and describing links to the respective parts, it is easy for the document parts to be shared with another document or to re-use another document on every part basis.
When it is desired to display or print the link-described document having such links to the parts described therein, the document converted to a document having the contents of the document parts of the other link-destination document embedded in the locations, and then displayed or printed.
To this end, a conventional editor for editing such a document provides a means for designating a document part as a part of the other document to describe a link to the document in the editing document.
When such a document editor is used, it can facilitate such an operation that a figure, which was prepared in a functional specification as another document, can be re-used, for example, during editing of a design document.
Further, when a re-used part was edited, its edited result can be reflected throughout the entire document having the shared part. As a result, consistency management can be facilitated.
JP-A-8-44718 (Fuji Xerox Ltd.) discloses a method that, when a figure or table is shared among a plurality of documents, its shared relationships are managed so that, even the shared constituent element is edited in the sharing original document, its edited result can be correctly reflected even on the other shared documents (figure or table), thus maintaining a consistency of the shared information.
In addition, even in a document system for performing edition management, the above method can keep the shared information consistency. Thus, when it is desired to reduce the number of versions, it becomes possible to judge whether a constituent element or elements are shared among a plurality of versions, thus realizing such a management as to prevent an inconsistency in the shared relationships.
Constituent elements of documents which are effective when the elements are shared include, in addition to such a figure or table as mentioned in connection with JP-A-8-44718, a character string which are used in many documents.
For example, at the time of preparing a document, it is very often for a document writer to consistently use the same character string as in a plurality of documents or in one document. More specifically, when it is desired to prepare specifications in a product development project, it is required to use common module names, unique abbreviations and coinages which constitute the project.
In reality, however, it is often required to modify such words to more appropriate ones as the project goes on. In such a case, it has been conventionally inevitably required to manually modify all the documents at the modified time point.
When such documents are written as shared by a plurality of writers, it becomes further difficult to obtain a word consistency throughout the documents and thus it inevitably involves an enormous amount of labor of finally proof-reading the documents.
Further, person's names or belonging departments are frequently appear in a plurality of documents regardless of the document types. For this reason, when a belonging department was modified, it is also required to modify many associated documents.
Furthermore, when a document is prepared, it is often not to prepare the document newly but to copy the same type of document as a template and to edit the contents thereof. Thus, even when it is required to change the old department to the new one, it is often to erroneously leave some of the old departments as they are without being modified to the new ones.
When such modification information is treated as a document part to be shared among a plurality of documents, the information consistency can be automatically realized. And even when the information is corrected, its corrected contents can be reflected on all the documents. As a result, highly efficient document preparation and editing can be carried out.
However, when such shared information is edited in the conventional system for its sharing, this involves problems which follow.
FIG. 5 shows an example of a plurality of documents which contain a document part or parts as a part or parts of the other documents with use of a known document editor.
For example, when a FIG. 504 (which is called share originator information), which forms one of constituent elements of a document A 501, is designated to describe its link to a document B 502, this causes appearance of contents of the document part (FIG. 504) of a link destination in the document B 502 (as a figure 505).
Next, when it is desired to share the same FIG. 504 even in a document D 506, a document containing the share originator information, that is, the document A 501 is searched to perform similar share designation to the above.
When information is shared in such a large unit as the figure and the number of sharing units as document parts is not so large as in the example of FIG. 5, the conventional system may be applicable. However, when such document parts such as terms, names and belonging departments appear frequently, this share designating operation becomes highly troublesome.
That is, when many pieces of information are to be shared in such a small unit, it becomes difficult in the share designation to search the other documents containing the share originator information. Meanwhile, it is often that an identical type of shared information is simultaneously modified as when many terms are modified or a plurality of persons changes their belonging departments at a time in a project. In this case, the prior art system is required to search and modify the other documents containing the share originator information, which makes the modifying operation complex.
Meanwhile, information on person's name or belonging department is associated with each other, and thus when a person is determined, its name, belonging department, extension telephone number ought to be automatically determined. However, when the prior art system is employed to edit the document to share information associated with the person, its name, belonging department and extension telephone number are shared respectively independently. For this reason, modification of, e.g., name cannot follow automatic modification of the belonging department and extension telephone number associated with the name and require individual editing of the shared information. As a result, its editing operation becomes highly complicated.
For the purpose of controlling such related information, a database management-system is employed. This system however has a problem that, since schema design for determining a data structure is difficult in database, the system cannot be easily applied to document preparation. Another problem is that, once the data structure is determined, it becomes hard to modify the structure.
Further, when the shared information was modified, there are considered two cases where it is desired to reflect the modification on all documents having the shared part and the other, it is desired not to reflect the modification on past documents already edited.
For example, in the case of a term used in a project, it is necessary to reflect the term modification even on the documents already edited, but with respect to reporter's name and belonging department described in a report submitted in the past, the information at the time of the submission must remain.
The prior art system has a problem that the management of consistency between the above two cases cannot be realized since the part modification is inevitably reflected on all the documents having the shared part.
The prior art system also has another problem that, when it is desired to modify shared information and to reflect the information modification on documents having the shared information, the correlation between the document and shared information link varies depending on the modification contents of the shared information, resulting in a wrong reflection thereof.

Document processing method and system, and computer-readable recording medium having document processing program recorded therein


The same executable instruction stream as an executable instruction stream generated by a dynamic compiler is reproduced to facilitate debugging of the dynamic compiler. Provides compiler program for computer functioning as: an execution status obtaining section for obtaining an execution status of the program; a dynamic compilation section for compiling one of the partial programs to be executed during execution of the program; an execution status recording section for recording the execution status in a memory area allocated on a memory of the computer; a file reading section for reading a file containing contents of the memory area allocated on the memory; and a replay compilation section for compiling the one partial program on the basis of the execution status obtained from the file to generate the same executable instruction stream as the executable instruction stream generated by the dynamic compilation section during the execution of the program.

Dynamic compilers such as JIT (Just In Time) compilers, have been used in Java® program execution environments in recent years. When the need for executing an uncompiled portion of a program such as a Java® application arises during execution of the program, a dynamic compiler compiles a partial program in the program that is to be executed. This prevents a delay in activation of the program, which would arise if the entire program were compiled first, and also enables the program to be executed faster than interpreter execution.
For a faster execution of a program, a dynamic compiler obtains the status of execution of the program when compiling a partial program and compiles the partial program to generate an executable instruction stream optimized and compiled for that execution status. Information about the execution status which a dynamic compiler refers to in order to optimize an executable instruction stream includes information as to whether a class has been loaded or not and profile data during execution of the program. Even for a partial program that has been optimized for a certain execution status and compiled, the dynamic compiler may possibly further optimize and compile the partial program for a different execution status.
During debugging such a dynamic compiler, a problem in the dynamic compiler may not be able to be reproduced even if it compiles the same partial program, because the operation of the dynamic compiler changes depending on the execution status of the program. Furthermore, when a dynamic compiler is debugged in an environment different from a runtime environment of a program where a problem occurred, the problem in the dynamic compiler may not be able to be reproduced because the execution status of the program varies from runtime environment to environment.
A technology for reproducing an executable instruction stream compiled by a dynamic compiler has been disclosed in which, if a storage area for an executable instruction stream becomes insufficient during the execution of the program, the executable instruction stream is discarded and the execution status of the program is temporarily held and, when subsequently the executable instruction stream is required again, that execution status is used to re-compile the executable instruction stream (see Non-Patent Document 1), K. Konno, H. Komatsu, K. Ishizaki, "Offset-safe Compilation Method for Fixed-size Code Area Management," Research Disclosure (Japan) 11-1998, v41, n415, article 415108

Compiler, dynamic compiler, and replay compiler

International Business Machines Corporation


A bonnet for an automobile, the bonnet having an outer member made from fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) and an inner member made from FRP, joined to the back-surface side of the outer, wherein the inner is separated into two parts in the forward and backward direction of a vehicle body. The bonnet can satisfy impact absorbing performance and predetermined required performance for deformation in a collision accident etc., and can improve easiness of production.

Recently, enhancement of safety at a collision accident etc. has been required for an automobile, and in particular, enhancement of performance for protecting a pedestrian at an accident etc. as well as enhancement of safety for a passenger side, when an impactive external force is applied, have been required. When an automobile collides with a pedestrian, the pedestrian receives an impact load to the leg or the head against a front portion, a bonnet, etc. of the automobile and, particularly, to reduce deadly accidents, it is said that it is desirable to reduce damage to the head. Therefore, for a bonnet which is likely to damage the head, it is required to absorb an impact force as much as possible even at the time of collision, thereby suppressing the damage to the head.
With respect to this reduction of damage to the head, regulations on impact relaxation performance of a bonnet are being standardized, and in particular, a head injury criterion (HIC), which is calculated by an acceleration received by the head and the duration thereof, is required to be suppressed at a predetermined value or less. Further, together with such an impact relaxation performance, when a bonnet is deformed toward the inside (that is, the side of an engine room) at the time of collision to prevent the deformed bonnet from coming into contact with inner rigid mounted materials, a rigid vehicle body, etc. to give an excessive impact to the head, an amount of deformation of the bonnet is required to be suppressed at a predetermined level or less, although the level is different depending upon the kind of automobile. Namely, from the viewpoint of protection of a pedestrian, while a property wherein a bonnet can be deformed in a desirable manner and a high impact relaxation performance can be exhibited is required, it is required to suppress the amount of deformation of the bonnet at a predetermined level or less. Furthermore, from the viewpoint of protecting both pedestrians and passengers, when a bonnet is deformed at the time of collision accident, etc., it is desirable that the bonnet is bent in a dogleg-like shape.
By the way, although recently FRP bonnets for automobiles have been developed for a the purpose of lightening and various structures are proposed mainly to increase the strength and the rigidity of a required part (for example, JP-A-2003-146252), there is almost no proposal to form an adequate structure for a bonnet for an automobile, from the viewpoint of satisfying the above-described required performance at the time of collision.
Although various conventional FRP bonnets are proposed wherein an FRP bonnet comprises an FRP outer member forming a surface side and an FRP inner member bonded to the back-surface side of the outer member, the inner member of the conventional FRP bonnet is provided in the same layout as that of an inner member of a metal bonnet, or formed in a shape like a picture frame extending over the entire circumference of the outer member along the outer edge of the outer member. When such an inner member with a picture frame-like shape is bonded to an outer member, although the rigidity of the entire FRP bonnet can be maintained and the amount of deformation thereof can be suppressed, it becomes difficult to exhibit a desirable impact relaxation performance as aforementioned. Particularly, when attempting to achieve a bending deformation of a bonnet in a dogleg-like shape at the time of collision accident, etc., it becomes necessary to provide a constriction, which becomes a trigger of the bending deformation in a dogleg-like shape, to the inner member with a picture frame-like shape, the configuration of the entire inner member becomes complicated, and the difficulty of molding increases. Further, in the inner member with a picture frame-like shape as described above, at the time of molding the inner member, a large-sized mold having substantially the same size as that for an outer member is required, the scale of equipment becomes large, and the cost for production and difficulty of production increases.
Accordingly, paying attention to the aforementioned various performances required to a bonnet for an automobile at the time of collision and the above-described problems in conventional FRP bonnets, it could be advantageous to provide a bonnet made from FRP for an automobile which can satisfy such required performance at the time of collision and increase the easiness of production.

Bonnet for automobile having automobiles that protects the heads of pedestrians


In an object detecting method, an imaging condition of an image pickup unit is determined, a detecting method is selected based on the determined imaging condition, and at least one predetermined object is detected from an image picked up through the image pickup unit according to the selected detecting method.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an object detecting method provided to detect a predetermined object such as a foot passenger from an image picked up through an image pickup device and an apparatus therefor.
2. Description of the Related Art
In recent years, the installation of monitoring cameras in shops for the sake of security has become widespread rapidly. Further, it has been proposed that the above-described cameras should be used for not only acquiring video, but automatically counting the number of people going in and out of a shop and/or people passing near the shop so that data obtained through the camera can be used for a marketing research of the shop.
A technology of counting foot passengers existing in a predetermined area from video data acquired through a camera has been disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 4-199487. According to the above-described document, a camera 2 is installed above a passage so that the camera 2 points directly below, as shown in FIG. 2. Since the shape of the head of a person 1 viewed from the camera 2 installed above is a circle, a person can be detected and counted by extracting data of a circular object from video data obtained through the camera 2.
On the other hand, in the recent years, technologies for detecting face data from image data by using the technologies proposed in the following documents, that is, Rowley et al, "Neural network-based face detection", IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PATTERN ANALYSIS AND MACHINE INTELLIGENCE, VOL. 20, NO. 1, Jan. 1998, and Viola and Jones, "Rapid Object Detection using Boosted Cascade of Simple Features", Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR'01) have become commercially practical. The use of the above-described technologies allows for installing a camera 4 forward of a passage as shown in FIG. 3 and detecting face data from video data obtained through the camera 4 so that a person 3 can be counted.
However, for counting people, a pattern of the identification target varies according to whether a camera installed on the ceiling is used to count people passing directly below the camera or a camera installed at the side of a passage is used to count people crossing the field of vision. Therefore, identification functions used to perform the people counting also vary. Accordingly, contrary to expectations, where the camera should be installed has been restricted depending on identification functions implemented on a system.

Method of detecting predetermined object from image and apparatus therefor


A noise signal prediction system includes a signal detector for receiving a mixed signal having a voice signal and a background noise signal and for detecting the presence and absence of the voice signal contained in the mixed signal. A noise level detector is provided for detecting an actual noise level at each sampling cycle during the absence of the voice signal. A storing circuit stores the noise levels for a predetermined number of past sampling cycles. A predicting circuit predicts a noise level of a next sampling cycle based on the stored noise levels in the storing circuit. The storing circuit receiving and stores the actual noise levels during the absence of the voice signal, but stores the predicted noise levels during the presence of the voice signal.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a noise prediction system for estimating or predicting the noise signal contained in a data signal such as a voice signal.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Conventionally, there have been developed techniques capable of predicting the noise signal contained in a data signal, such as in a voice signal, and removing the same so as to obtain a voice signal of an excellent quality. The important point in these techniques is an prediction method for predicting the noise signal contained in the data signal.
For example, there is known a method for analyzing the voice signal containing a white noise signal by a Fourier transformation. The white noise signal is continuously present, whereas the voice signal is present intermittently. The white noise signal is detected during the absence of the voice signal, and the noise signal data is obtained immediately before the leading edge of the voice signal, and the noise signal data is stored and is used for counterbalancing the white noise signal present during the presence of the voice signal. According to this method, the noise prediction for the noise signal contained in the data portion is effected based on the noise information immediately before the voice signal portion.
However, according to this prediction method, since the noise signal data immediately before the voice signal is used, the prediction of the noise signal in the voice signal areas is likely to be coarse and inaccurate.

Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.


A method, system, and computer program are disclosed. Statistics are read from a data dictionary on a target system. The statistics include statistics for a table in a database in the target system. The statistics are exported to a test system separate from the target system. A command is received to use the statistics in emulation. In response the statistics are copied to a cache in the test system and the target system is emulated on the test system using the statistics in the test system's cache.

It is sometimes useful to emulate the operation of one database system, i.e., a target database system, on a test database system. Such emulations can be helpful in troubleshooting the processing of requests, i.e., queries and utilities, and in testing proposed hardware or software changes without interrupting operations on the target database system.
The test database system often uses an optimizer to generate parallel query plans or strategies for executing a request and then to select the plan to execute. Such optimizers often use table statistics, which are typically stored in a data dictionary, in their analysis. One conventional approach for providing such data to an optimizer in a test database system is to extract table statistics from the target database system's data dictionary, store the table statistics in the test database system's data dictionary, and run the emulation on the test database system. Using such an approach when the test system is being used to emulate more than one target database system is a challenge especially when there are many users logged on to the test system.

Using target database system statistics in emulation


A thermal curing device is used to manufacture a high-pressure gas tank by FW method. In the thermal curing device, a tank vessel configured to have a fiber layer formed on its outer surface by winding carbon fibers impregnated with a thermosetting resin is held to be rotatable about a virtual central axis of the tank vessel. In the thermal curing device, the tank vessel is heated by a heating unit during rotation, so as to thermally cure the thermosetting resin in the fiber layer and thereby form a fiber-reinforced resin layer. A bubble removal process for preventing formation of air bubble in the fiber-reinforced resin layer is performed at multiple different stages during such heating.

In some applications, a high-pressure gas tank may be mounted on a moving body, such as a fuel cell vehicle, and there is accordingly a demand to reduce the weight of the high-pressure tank. The manufacturing method of the high-pressure gas tank by filament winding method (hereinafter referred to as "FW method") is known as one method of reducing the weight of the high-pressure gas tank (see, for example, PTL1). The manufacturing method of the high-pressure gas tank by the FW method winds reinforcement fibers impregnated with a thermosetting resin, such as an epoxy resin, on the outer periphery of a resin tank vessel called liner and then thermally cures the thermosetting resin of the reinforcement fibers to form a fiber-reinforced resin layer.
In the FW method, however, during the thermal curing process of the thermosetting resin, the air contained inside the thermosetting resin or between the reinforcement fibers may gradually move outward to form air bubbles and cause resulting irregularities on the surface of the fiber-reinforced resin layer. The irregularities caused by the air bubbles on the surface layer of the high-pressure gas tank may cause the dimension error of the high-pressure gas tank and the resulting poor assembly of the high-pressure gas tank. Such irregularities on the surface layer may also adversely affect the aesthetic appearance of the high-pressure gas tank.

Manufacturing method and manufacturing apparatus of high-pressure gas tank


An inkjet printhead having an array of ink chambers is disclosed. Each ink chamber has a nozzle and a heater element for generating vapour bubbles to eject ink through the nozzle. The heater element has multiple current paths connected in parallel. Each current path has at least one portion with a reduced cross-section relative to the remainder of the current path. A cross bracing structure is also provided for connecting intermediate portions of the current paths.

The present invention involves the ejection of ink drops by way of forming gas or vapor bubbles in a bubble forming liquid. This principle is generally described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,747,120 (Stemme). Each pixel in the printed image is derived ink drops ejected from one or more ink nozzles. In recent years, inkjet printing has become increasing popular primarily due to its inexpensive and versatile nature. Many different aspects and techniques for inkjet printing are described in detail in the above cross referenced documents.
One of the perennial problems with inkjet printing is the control of drop trajectory as it is ejected from the nozzle. With every nozzle, there is a degree of misdirection in the ejected drop. Depending on the degree of misdirection, this can be detrimental to print quality.

Inkjet printhead with heater elements having parallel current paths


A semiconductor test device of the present invention for conducting a test on a device under test, includes: a plurality of comparison units which compare a signal obtained from the device under test with a predetermined reference voltage and output a comparison result; a plurality of measuring units which are provided in correspondence with the plurality of comparison units, and measure a time from when a measurement start signal is input thereto to when the comparison result from a corresponding comparison unit is input thereto, and output a measuring result; a start signal output unit which outputs the measurement start signal at a same timing to each of the plurality of measuring units; and a computation unit which computes time differences between a plurality of signals obtained from the device under test based on the measuring results of the plurality of measuring units.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a semiconductor test device which conducts tests on an IC (Integrated Circuit), an LSI (Large Scale Integration), and the like.
Priority is claimed on Japanese Patent Application No. 2007-295698, filed Nov. 14, 2007, the content of which is incorporated herein by reference.
2. Description of Related Art
FIG. 4 is a block diagram showing a configuration of principal portions of a conventional semiconductor test device. As shown in FIG. 4, the conventional semiconductor test device 100 includes a pin electronics unit 110, selectors 120 and 130, and a time measuring circuit 140. The semiconductor test device 100 conducts various kinds of tests on a device under test (hereinafter, referred to as a "DUT") 200 by using signals obtained by applying test signals on the DUT.
The pin electronics unit 110 includes a plurality of pin electronics circuits 110a to 110n which have a driver 111, a high-side comparator 112, and a low-side comparator 113. Each of the pin electronics circuits 110a to 110n is used for one of pins of the DUT 200. The driver 111 generates a test signal which is applied to the DUT 200. The high-side comparator 112 is a circuit that compares a signal output from the DUT 200 with a predetermined reference voltage (VH) and outputs a signal which indicates the comparison result. The low-side comparator 113 is a circuit that compares a signal output from the DUT 200 with a predetermined reference voltage (VL) which is lower than the reference voltage (VH), and outputs a signal which indicates the comparison result.
The selector 120 is a circuit that selects one of the signals output from each of the high-side comparators 112 provided in the pin electronics circuits 110a to 110n, and outputs it. The selector 130 is a circuit that selects one of the signals output from each of the low-side comparators 113 provided in the pin electronics circuits 110a to 110n, and outputs it. The time measuring circuit 140 has an input channel (Ach) to which a signal selected by the selector 120 is input, and an input channel (Bch) to which a signal selected by the selector 130 is input. The time measuring circuit 140 measures a cycle and a frequency of a signal input to either one of these input channels, or measures a time difference between the signals input to both of these input channels. Signals to be selected by selectors 120 and 130, and measurement to be performed in the time measuring circuit 140 are set under control of a control device (not shown in the figures).
An operation is described in the case of measuring a time difference between signals output from two arbitrary pins (pins P101 and P102 in the example shown in FIG. 4) of the DUT 200, using the semiconductor test device 100 configured as above. Either two of the pin electronics circuits 110a to 110n (for example, the pin electronics circuits 110a and 110b) provided in the pin electronics unit 110 are connected to the pins P101 and P102 of the DUT 200, respectively. Under control of the control device (not shown in the figures), the selectors 120 and 130 are set so that signals output from the pin electronics circuits 110a and 110b are selected. Furthermore, under control of the device, the time measuring circuit 140 is set so that the time is measured from when a signal is input to the input channel (Ach) to when a signal is input to the input channel (Bch).
After completion of the above settings, application of test signals to the DUT 200 starts, and signals corresponding to the test signals are output from the pins P101 and P102 of the DUT 200. These signals are input to the pin electronics circuits 110a and 110b, respectively, and compared with the reference voltages (VH, VL). The signals which indicate the comparison results are then output to each of the selectors 120 and 130 from the pin electronics circuits 110a and 110b. The selector 120 selects the signal from the high-side comparator 112 in the pin electronics circuit 110a. The selector 130 selects the signal from the low-side comparator 113 in the pin electronics circuit 110b. The time measuring circuit 140 measures the time from when the signal selected by selector 120 is input to the input channel (Ach) of the time measuring circuit 140 to when the signal selected by selector 130 is input to the input channel (Bch) of the time measuring circuit 140. As a result, the time difference between the signals output from the pins P101 and P102 of the DUT 200 is measured.
FIG. 4 shows a configuration which is necessary to test a single DUT 200 in order to simplify the description. If a plurality of DUT are tested simultaneously, a semiconductor test device is required to be configured to include a plurality of selectors 120 and 130, and a plurality of time measuring circuits 140 which are shown in FIG. 4. The number of DUT 200 which can be tested by the semiconductor test device 100 simultaneously depends on the number of the time measuring circuits 140 provided in the semiconductor test device 100. Here, it is assumed that the semiconductor test device 100 is merely configured to include a plurality of selectors 120 and 130. In this configuration, if the number of tests carried out to the DUT 200 simultaneously is large, the scale of circuits and the number of wirings are dramatically increased. FIG. 5 shows a configuration of portions of a conventional semiconductor test device which can perform a plurality of tests on DUT simultaneously while suppressing an increase in the scale of circuits and the number of wirings. In FIG. 5, the total number of the pin electronics circuits 110a to 110n provided in the pin electronics unit 110 is 512.
The semiconductor test device shown in FIG. 5 includes eight selectors 151 to 158 which are positioned at a front stage and three selectors 161 to 163 which are positioned at a rear stage. FIG. 5 shows a configuration in which three time measuring circuits 140 are provided in the semiconductor test device. Each of the selectors 151 to 158 is provided for each of 64 of 512 pin electronics circuits. Each of the selectors 151 to 158 selects one of 64 signals and outputs it. The selectors 161 to 163 receive each of the eight signals selected by the selectors 151 to 158, select one of the received eight signals and output it. The signals selected by the selectors 161 to 163 are output to the three time measuring circuits 140, respectively. By configuring the semiconductor test device as above, it is possible to test three DUT 200 simultaneously while suppressing an increase in the scale of the circuits and the number of wirings.
For detail of the conventional semiconductor test device which can measure, for example, a time interval between two signals output from a DUT, refer to, for example Japanese Patent Publication No. 3594135.
The time measuring circuit 140 provided in the conventional semiconductor test device has only two input channels. Thus, for example, when a DUT which outputs three or more signals such as three-phase PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) signals are tested, it is impossible to measure time differences between a plurality of signals simultaneously. Conventionally, when such a DUT is subjected to tests, the time difference between two selected signals among a plurality of signals is measured multiple times while changing combinations of selected signals. Therefore, there is a problem that a long time is required for tests.
Moreover, in the conventional semiconductor test device, if the number of DUT to be tested simultaneously is increased greatly, it is required to increase the number of the selectors 151 to 158 at the front stage. However, if the number of the selectors 151 to 158 at the front stage is increased, the number of wirings is largely increased and the circuit scale of the selectors 161 to 163 at the rear stage is increased. Thus, it is not easy to increase the number of DUT to be tested simultaneously.
Furthermore, in the conventional semiconductor test device shown in FIG. 5, the allocation of pins of the DUT 200 cannot be performed freely because of constraints due to the selectors 151 to 158 at the front stage. For example, the selector 151 is used for selecting and outputting one of the signals output from first to sixty-fourth pin electronics circuits. Thus, it is impossible to allocate two of the 64-pin electronics circuits connected to the selector 151 to two pins of the DUT 200 so as to measure a time difference between signals output from these pins. Because of such constraints, there is a problem that wiring of connecting wirings which connect pin electronics circuits with DUT is complicated.


A semiconductor device comprising: a substrate, a gate insulating layer formed on the substrate, insulating isolation layers formed on each side of the gate insulating layer, an impurity diffusion region formed in the substrate beneath the insulating isolation layer, a first conductive layer formed on both the gate insulating layer and the insulating isolation layer, and an element splitting trench which split up at least the insulating isolation layer and the impurity diffusion layer into two parts respectively and form a trench in the substrate and is buried with conductive material.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a semiconductor memory device such as electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM) and a method of manufacturing the same.
2. Description of the Related Art
In recent years, there has been much activity in development of electrically programmable-erasable non-volatile memory devices such as EPROMs or flash memory devices. A low cost and high density flash memory device is currently in great demand. Among flash memories, a flash memory in which both writing and erasing are performed by using the Fouler Nordheim (F-N) tunneling effect has various advantages compared with another type flash memory.
For example, this type of device can improve writing speed with inner booster circuit due to the small power consumption than channel hot electron (CHE) injection type devices.
It is well known that as to endurance of writing cycles the F-N tunneling over the entire area of the channel region has advantage in both writing and erasing.
In a device which write data by extracting electrons from a control gate using the F-N tunneling, it suffers from the disadvantage of low writing speed with the inner circuit due to tunnel current when writing data.
However, a flash memory described above requires a high voltage of about 20V when writing, so that it suffers from the disadvantage that it is hard to ensure withstand voltage for inversion and for punch-through in the isolation area between memory cells next to each other along a bit line.
In the case of isolation of a LOCOS and the like, if the thickness of the LOCOS would be thicker to ensure higher withstand voltage for inversion, isolation width would be wider because the LOCOS is thicker, the birds-beak is wider, so that the integration of large numbers of devices in a small area is more difficult.
It is possible to use trench isolation instead of LOCOS. But, to form trench isolation having both wide widths and narrow widths, it requires complex burying and planalization processes such as chemical mechanical planarization (CMP), so there is a problem of increased manufacturing costs.
Further, it is possible to form a more heavily doped channel stop. But, to ensure proper junction voltage, an isolation area between the source-drain region and the channel stop ion implantation region is required, so it would degrade the ability to have higher density.

Semiconductor memory device and method of manufacturing the same


An auto-latching latch assembly is mounted to a follower door of a double door. The latch assembly includes a latch movable between an unlatching position and a latching position and a movable member jointly movable with the latch. A positioning member is jointly pivotable with the movable member. When the latch moves to the unlatching position, the positioning member positions the latch in the unlatching position. When the follower door is closed while a primary door of the double door is closed, an actuation latch presses against and releases the positioning member to move the latch to the latching position, reliably locking the follower door.

The present invention relates to an auto-latching latch assembly and, more particularly, to an auto-latching latch assembly installed in a follower door of a double door for locking when the follower door is closed.
A double door generally includes a primary door and a follower door pivotably mounted to a door frame. A lock is mounted to the primary door and includes a handle on a side of the primary door and a latch on an end face of the primary door. The latch can be retracted into the primary door upon pivotal movement of the handle. A latch assembly mounted to an upper end of the follower door is referred to as a top latch assembly. A latch assembly mounted to a lower end of the follower door is referred to as a bottom latch assembly. Although there are no obstacles for the upper end of the follower door in the pivotal path thereof, the ground is located beneath the lower end of the follower door, such that the structure of the top latch assembly is generally different from the structure of the bottom latch assembly. Specifically, a latch of the top latch assembly can still be in the latching position (because there are no obstacles) even though the follower door is not in the closed position. When the follower door is pivoted to the closed position, the door frame can press against a slant face of the latch of the top latch assembly to move this latch to the retracted, latching position until the follower door reaches the closed position. When the follower door is in the closed position, the latch of the top latch assembly is not pressed by the door frame and is biased by a spring to the latching position engaged with a receptacle in the door frame.
However, if the follower door is not in the closed position and the latch of the bottom latch assembly is not in the latching position, the friction between the latch of the bottom latch assembly and the ground adversely affects the pivotal movement of the follower door. As a result, the bottom latch assembly is so designed that the latch of the bottom latch assembly cannot be in the latching position when the follower door is not in the closed position. Consequently, the manufacturers have to design two latch assemblies having different structures to respectively serve as the top latch assembly and the bottom latch assembly, resulting in an increase in the production costs.


A multiple access transmitting method in communication resources using a multicarrier signal in which subcarriers of a predetermined number are allocated with a predetermined frequency separation, includes a coding processing step of processing a plurality of individual signals generated from a plurality of signal sources, respectively, a multiplexing step of multiplexing output signals obtained in the coding processing step, and a converting step of converting an output signal obtained in the multiplexing step into a multicarrier signal. A multiple access receiving method in communication resources using a multicarrier signal in which subcarriers of a predetermined number are allocated with a predetermined frequency separation, includes a converting step of converting a received multicarrier signal into an information including every subcarrier, a demultiplexing step of demultiplexing output signals obtained in the converting step and of generating plurality of codes, and a coding processing step of processing a plurality of individual signals generated in the demultiplexing step.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a communication method, a communication apparatus to which the communication method is applied, a reception method and a reception apparatus therefor which are suitable for application to a radio telephone system, for example.
2. Description of the Related Art
In a mobile communication such as a radio telephone system or the like, a multiple access in which a plurality of mobile stations (terminal apparatus or subscribers) are permitted to access a single base station is employed. In this case of a radio telephone, a number of mobile stations commonly utilize a single base station. Therefore, various communication systems have been proposed for avoiding interference between respective mobile stations. For example, a frequency division multiple access system (FDMA: Frequency Division Multiple Access), a time division multiple access system (TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access), a code division multiple access system (CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access) and so on are conventionally proposed as this kind of communication systems.
Of these systems, the CDMA system is a multiple access system in which a particular code is assigned to each of the mobile stations, a modulated wave of an identical carrier wave (carrier) is spread in spectrum with the code and then transmitted to the identical base station, and a reception side takes code synchronism based on each code to identify a desired mobile station.
Specifically, the base station occupies the whole frequency band owing to the spread spectrum, and transmits signals to respective mobile stations using an identical frequency band at the same time. Each of the mobile stations inversely spreads a signal of a fixed spread band width transmitted from the base station to extract a corresponding signal. Further, the base station discriminates each of the mobile stations by different spread codes to one another.
In the CDMA system, communication can be achieved at every direct calling so long as a code is shared. Further, the system is excellent in secrecy of telephone conversation. Therefore, the system is suitable for a radio transmission utilizing mobile stations such as a portable telephone apparatus and so on.
In the CDMA system, it is difficult to establish a precise communication relationship between mobile stations. Therefore, each communication between respective mobile stations cannot be dealt completely separately, and hence another mobile station can become a source of interference upon communication with a mobile station. Further, data is spread within a particular frequency band in this system. Therefore, it is necessary to define a band width in advance over which the data is spread (i.e., a band width for use of transmission). Therefore, it is difficult to change the transmission band width.
The above matter will be described more concretely. FIGS. 1A and 1B shows a model in which a transmission signal of a particular user is extracted by an inverse spread from transmission signals of stations (users) which are spectrum spread with predetermined codes and multiplexed, for example. As shown in FIG. 1A, if a signal of a user U0 is to be extracted by the inverse spread from signals of eight users U0 to U7 which are multiplexed with codes, then as shown in FIG. 1B, the signal of the user U0 can actually be extracted. However, signals of other users U1 to U7 which are dealt by the same base station also become an interference source, serving as a noise. This fact results in deterioration of an S/N characteristic. For this reason, in a radio transmission employing the CDMA system, electric wave does not reach well due to the deterioration caused by the interference, which in fact narrows a service area. Further, interference due to other users can be suppressed only by an amount of inverse spread gain which is obtained in a process of spectrum inverse spread. Therefore, a number of users (mobile stations) permitted to access is limited and a channel capacity becomes small.
There can be considered a communication system for solving such problems in which a multicarrier signal having a plurality of subcarriers is transmitted as a transmission signal of one system. However, since in a radio telephone system it is necessary for the base station to simultaneously access a plurality of terminal apparatus, if such transmission system using such multicarrier signal is applied thereto, then the base station requires complicated transmission processing systems each for converting a data into a multicarrier signal to then carry out a transmission processing as much as the terminal apparatus which the base station simultaneously access, and also requires complicated reception processing systems each for converting a multicarrier signal subjected to a reception processing into an original data as much as the terminal apparatus which the base station simultaneously access. Hence, an arrangement of the transmission and reception system of the base station disadvantageously becomes complicated.

Communications method, communication apparatus, reception method, and reception apparatus


A headphone (1) comprising a first earphone (2) and a headband (3) to be arranged around the head of a user. The headband (3) comprises a first headband part (4) and a second headband part (5), that are telescopically connected, so that the length of the headband (3) can be adjusted in a longitudinal direction (Y). The first headband part (4) comprises an inner wall (9) with a protruding longitudinal first rib (8), which first rib (8) has a first rib sidewall (35) with a first rib protrusion (33) and a second opposite rib sidewall (36) with a second rib protrusion (34). The second headband part (5) comprises an outer wall (7) with a first longitudinal groove (6), which first groove (6) has first groove sidewall (20) with a first groove protrusion (22) and a second opposite groove sidewall (21) with a second groove protrusion (23). The first rib (8) is received in the first groove (6), and the first and second rib protrusions (33, 34) and the first and second groove protrusions (22, 23) defines small well-defined contact areas between the rib sidewalls (35, 36) and the groove sidewalls (20, 21).

Headphones with headbands are normally adjustable in way, where the length of the headband can be adjusted in order to adapt the headphone to the size of the user's head. Duo headphones comprise two earphones, which are interconnected by the headband. Monaural headphones comprise just one earphone at one end of the headband and an abutment device at the other end of the headband. The length adjustability mechanism of the headband can be carried out in many ways. The object of the invention is to provide a new and simple mechanical length adjustability mechanism.

Headphone with a headband guiding mechanism


Described herein is a sliding element for seals mainly comprised of 25 to 75 weight % carbon aggregate and 20 to 50 weight % thermosetting synthetic resin binder. The element has spherical pores whose diameter is in the range of from 1 to 100 μm. The pores are isolatedly scattered in the element. The sliding element for seals is excellent both in solid and fluid lubrication properties.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a sliding element for seals used such as for mechanical seals and to their process of manufacturing. More particularly, the invention relates to a sliding element for seals that are excellent in lubrication property and can prevent sliding face from surface damage like wear or Blister caused such as by an adhesion or a seizure when sealing the fluid and to their process of manufacturing.
2. Description of the Related Art
Generally, carbon sliding elements are widely used as seal rings such as mechanical seals to seal the fluid. These carbon sliding elements have, in addition to solid lubrication property, moderate uneven portions on sliding surface. Accordingly, fluid film of sealed fluid can be maintained between seal sliding face of carbon sliding elements and that of mating sliding elements. Thus the carbon sliding elements show excellent lubrication property.
However, when the mechanical seals are used under a heavy load condition, though the carbon sliding elements show excellent solid lubrication property, seal sliding faces become in boundary lubrication condition and partially, by solid contact of seal sliding faces, adhesion effect may occur. Consequently, friction coefficient may be notably high and the carbon sliding elements may be short lived due to the wear. Also the sliding faces may be mirror surfaced and as Blister effect, surface blister may occur and consequently, seal function may deteriorate and sealed fluid may leak in cases.
In order to solve these problems, instead of the carbon sliding element, as a material having a high degree of hardness and strength, a hard material represented by silicon carbide may be used. And also as a mating sliding material, a hard material represented by silicon carbide with scattered pores inside may be used. This combination of mechanical seals is occasionally used. However, these mechanical seals have below mentioned problems.
First, although the silicon carbide has a high degree of hardness and is excellent in the wear resistance, it is poor in solid lubrication property. Accordingly, when the combination of silicon carbide elements are used under a heavy load condition, the sliding faces readily become mirror surfaced and while deactivation of sliding, when lubrication film between the sliding faces run out, mirror surfaced seal sliding faces may be secured to each other. This extraordinarily increases a friction coefficient of the initial running of sliding and consequently, seizure may occur in cases.
Secondly, due to the pores scattered inside the matrix of silicon carbide, the incoming sealed fluid into the sliding face may cause liquid storing effect or hydrodynamic effect during sliding, and this may reduce the anomaly or seizure of the sliding torque. However, at any cause, even for a short time, when sealed fluid is not located to a neighborhood of seal sliding face, or when relatively movable sliding faces is not under the fluid lubrication condition at the time of initial running or deactivation of sliding, it will be under the solid contact condition between the sliding faces and consequently be the same condition with the above first problem.
When under such solid contact condition, there are cases in which extreme increase of sliding heat generation occur and secondary seal portion of rubber packing or the like may be damaged by the heat, or materials dissolved in the sealed fluid may be precipitated and accumulated between the sliding faces. Consequently seal function may not stably be maintained.
On the other hand, silicon carbide sliding material with scattered pores and carbon material are combined to use as mechanical seals in cases. In this case, relative to the combination of silicon carbide sliding element, due to the solid lubrication property of carbon sliding material, the abovementioned inconvenience is modified. However, in this case, a hard material having isolated pores and concaves has a sliding motion with relatively soft carbon material. Due to this sliding motion, the hard material scratches the carbon material and this may lead to the increase of torque, further, to the wear of carbon sliding element. Also pores (concaves) on silicon carbide sliding face may be clogged by carbon wearing powder and pores on the sliding face may not maintain the stabled fluid lubrication effect in cases.

Sliding element for seals and their process of manufacturing


According to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, a method for operating a multi-unit printing arrangement, including multiple individual motors is provided. The method comprises the steps of operating the multi-unit printing arrangement, stopping the multi-unit printing operation by braking the multiple motors in stop operations, and staggering impression throw operations for individual units by a preselected time delay between commencement of each impression throw operation, a duration of the time delay between commencement of sequential impression throw off operations being selected to be of sufficient duration such that there is no overlap of large torque disturbances experienced at the multiple motors.

In many printing operations, a printer comprises multiple print units, arranged in a sequence, in a processing line. Each of the print units comprises rollers arranged and configured to impress an image on a substrate such as newsprint, as it passes between the rollers, in a well known printing technique. The rollers comprise, for example, in a offset printer, a blanket cylinder and an opposed printing plate cylinder. The print units may each apply a different color ink, for example, the three primary colors and black.
Typically, a motor is coupled to each of the cylinders of each print unit. Conventional electrical braking methods are often implemented for stopping each motor quickly, when necessary, as for example, during an emergency stop of multiple print units. The braking methods include dynamic braking. In a dynamic braking method, the flow of current in the motor armature is reversed while, at the same time, maintaining the motor field. This action effectively converts the rotating energy of the motor armature into current flow, so that the motor acts as a generator, producing a back-EMF current flow in reverse direction from the flow of drive current, a regenerative power.
A high-wattage braking resistor is then switched across the armature to dissipate this regenerated current, bringing the motor to a stop. The effective stopping speed is a function of resistance; the lower the resistor value (therefore, the greater the reversed current flowing through the armature), the faster the motor can be stopped. In many multi-print unit arrangements, all of the motors of the various print units utilize a common bus for drive current, and share a single braking resistor arrangement. The braking resistor arrangement can comprise a single resistor, or multiple resistors, such as a common arrangement of several resistors coupled in parallel to one another.
In a print unit braking operation there is an impression cylinder throw off. There can be a transient torque peak during the impression cylinder throw off. The peak condition results in a requirement for a certain size of braking resistor arrangement to handle the increased current flow caused by the surging regenerative power, during the transient event.
In an emergency stop condition, when the entire multi unit operation must be stopped, all of the motors are stopped, and all of the impression cylinders are thrown off, essentially simultaneously. This results in a cumulative transient torque peak event. Thus, the braking resistor arrangement must be of sufficient size to handle the transient event characteristics of several motors, at the same time. This requirement for a relatively large braking resistor arrangement and other corresponding braking components, adds considerable cost to the overall cost of the print unit arrangement, and also adds to the physical space requirements for the installation of the units.

Conservation of energy transfer during an emergency stop


A stereo-projection device comprises at least one light source, at least one collimator for converting visible light generated by the light source into light with a substantially parallel beam path, and at least one interference filter which is transparent at a given angle of incidence for at least one wavelength interval having an interval width of at most 50 nm and which is designed to cross the light with the substantially parallel beam path.

Field of the Invention
The present invention concerns a stereo projection device, a stereo projection system, a use of a stereo projection device, and a method for projecting stereoscopic images.
Description of the Background Art
Known from DE 102 49 815 A1 is a projection device for a stereo projection system having a light source, a color wheel with multiple interference filters, an imaging unit, a set of projection optics, and a controller for synchronizing the imaging unit with the color wheel. The color wheel exhibits one or more triplets of interference filters. In this design, each of the triplets has one interference filter of the colors red, green, blue, wherein the interference filters represent narrow-band filters with a bandwidth below 30 nm, in particular of approximately 20 nm. Also disclosed is a stereo projection system, in particular a virtual reality projection system, having one or more such projection devices. Very high contrast and economical stereo projection is made possible with the stereo projection device and the stereo projection system.
Furthermore, complementary interference filters for stereo projection are known from DE 103 59 788 A1, in which passbands and stop bands are designed to be complementary to one another.

Stereo-projection device, stereo-projection system and method for projecting stereoscopic images


A method and system for making glass sheets is provided. At least one grinding wheel is provided for grinding a lateral edge of a glass sheet. An airbag and corresponding air pressure regulator are provided for biasing the grinding wheel against the lateral edge of the glass sheet being ground. In certain example embodiments, the airbag is advantageous in that it permits the grinding wheel to be biased against the lateral edge of the glass sheet with a substantially constant pressure, where this pressure does not substantially fluctuate due to small changes in the location of the edge of the passing glass.

The edges of glass sheets are conventionally finished by passing glass sheets by one or more grinding wheels that grind the lateral edge(s) of the glass sheet. This grinding is sometimes called "seaming" in the glass manufacturing art. This grinding is also sometimes called "polishing" in the glass manufacturing art. Thus, the term "grinding" as used herein covers seaming and polishing of glass sheet edges as will be appreciated by those of skill in the art. For example and without limitation, example edge grinding is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,685,541, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference.
Prior art FIG. 3 is a drawing taken from U.S. Pat. No. 6,685,541, and is provided for purposes of understanding with respect to edge grinding of glass sheets. In FIG. 3, a plurality of grinding wheels are provided on each side of the glass sheets. FIG. 3 illustrates a glass sheet designated generally by reference numeral 10 being conveyed on a conveyor system in the direction of arrow 15 while both edges of the glass sheet 10 are being ground (which includes polishing) by grinding wheels 20A, 20B, 30A, 30B. The grinding wheels 20A, 20B, 30A and 30B have respective grinding surfaces 22, 21, 32 and 31. Grinding wheels 20A and 20B may be more coarse than grinding wheels 30A and 30B in certain example instances. The major surfaces 19, 23, 29 and 33 of the grinding wheels are parallel to the major surface 16 of the glass sheet 10. In FIG. 3, grinding wheels 20A and 20B may rotate in opposite directions (e.g., wheel 20A may rotate in a counterclockwise direction and wheel 20B in a clockwise direction). Similarly, grinding wheels 30A and 30B which may perform a polishing effect may also rotate in opposite directions. Grinding wheels 20A and 30A grind the lateral edge 12 of the glass sheet 10, whereas grinding wheels 20B and 30B grind the opposite lateral edge 14 of the glass sheet 10, as the conveyor system including belts 17, 17′ and rotating wheels 18 conveys the glass sheet 10 by the grinding wheels. The belts 17 below the glass sheet(s) 10 may said to be support belts or tractor belts, whereas the belts 17′ above or over the glass sheet(s) 10 may be referred to as hold-down belts. The hold-down belts 17′ in FIG. 3, which are to be provided over the glass sheet(s) 10, are only partially illustrated for purposes of simplicity.
Conventionally, the grinding wheels are biased against the respective glass edges by air cylinders or springs. Unfortunately, the use of an air cylinder or spring to bias a grinding wheel against a glass edge is highly problematic for at least the following reasons. As glass sheets are conveyed by a grinding wheel, the lateral edges of the glass sheets are not always in the exact same location. In particular, the position of a given edge of a glass sheet is often laterally offset from one glass sheet to the next, and sometimes even within a single glass sheet if that sheet is slightly misaligned or has a crooked lateral edge. When the edge of a moving glass sheet moves toward the center of the grinding wheel (compared to a previous edge or edge portion of another glass sheet or even the same glass sheet), this creates an added force against the grinding wheel. When an air cylinder or spring is being used to bias the grinding wheel against the glass edge, this causes a contraction in the stationary air cylinder or spring which in turn causes the pressure in the air cylinder or spring to increase significantly thereby significantly increasing the force with which the grinding wheel is biased against the glass edge.
For example, when an air cylinder or spring is used to bias the grinding wheel against a glass edge(s), one inch of lateral movement of a glass edge toward the grinding wheel may result in a bias force (force by which the grinding wheel is biased against the glass edge) increase of from about 5 psi to about 10 psi. Thus, it will be appreciated that small changes in the position of a glass edge result in significantly different bias forces being applied to the grinding wheel for biasing the wheel against the glass edge(s). This is highly problematic in that such unpredictable fluctuations in biasing force (a) cause significantly increased wear on the grinding wheel, and (b) result in an uneven or non-uniform grinding of the edge(s) since the biasing force is continuously changing to significant degrees.
In view of the above, it will be appreciated that there exists a need in the art for a method and system for grinding edges of glass sheets which is more tolerant of changes in position of lateral edges of glass sheets passing by a grinding wheel(s). For instance, there exists a need in the art for method and system for biasing a grinding wheel(s) against a glass edge(s) in a manner that does not result in substantial pressure or biasing force fluctuations upon the occurrence of small changes in location of glass edge(s).

Method and system for making glass sheets including grinding lateral edge(s) thereof


A method, apparatus, and computer instructions for managing a data buffer. Data for the data buffer is received. A security action is performed in response to detecting data for the data buffer having a size greater than a designated size.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates generally to an improved data processing system, and in particular, to a method and apparatus for processing data. Still more particularly, the present invention provides a method and apparatus for preventing security exploits associated with buffer overflows.
2. Description of Related Art
Computers and networks are commonplace tools for many companies and businesses. Networks are used internally by a company to share information and conduct business. Often times, many types of applications and programs will be used within a network or a computer. Some of these applications and programs may be commercial packages while others may be customized for the particular client. These systems are often subject to attack or exploitation by unauthorized users.
For example, a hacker may attempt to gain unauthorized access to a computer system by trying to obtain a user ID and password that allows access to privileged objects within a system. Another area of concern involves security problems arising from coding errors that occur when a data buffer is allocated and data is copied into that buffer in a manner that the data "overflows" the end of the allocated storage. These types of overflows may allow an unauthorized or unprivileged subject to execute or access privileged objects in a computer or in a network.
For example, a command line argument may be added to a print command. If a buffer overflow is caused by the command line argument, a user may be able to print files that are normally unprintable by the particular user.
Another example of such a vulnerability is in Windows XP, which is an operating system available from Microsoft Corporation. With respect to universal plug and play (UPnP), an unchecked buffer is present in one of the components that handles NOTIFY directives, which are messages that advertise the availability of UPnP-capable devices on the network. By sending a specially-malformed NOTIFY directive, it would be possible for an attacker to cause code to run in the context of the UPnP service, which runs with system privileges on Windows XP. This situation would enable the attacker to gain complete control over the computer.
When these types of security holes or exploits are identified, programs may be patched to prevent future exploits. However, such a solution does not prevent buffer overflow exploits for programs and functions in which the bugs in coding that may allow unanticipated access remain unidentified.
Therefore, it would be advantageous to have an improved method, apparatus, and computer instructions for preventing security exploits based on buffer overruns.

Method and apparatus for preventing buffer overflow security exploits