The present invention provides a gallium nitride based compound semiconductor light-emitting device having high light emission efficiency and a method of manufacturing the same. The gallium nitride based compound semiconductor light-emitting device includes: a substrate 11; an n-type semiconductor layer 13, a light-emitting layer 14, and a p-type semiconductor layer 15 that are composed of gallium nitride based compound semiconductors and formed on the substrate 11 in this order; a transparent positive electrode 16 that is formed on the p-type semiconductor layer 15; a positive electrode bonding pad 17 that is formed on the transparent positive electrode 16; a negative electrode bonding pad 18 that is formed on the n-type semiconductor layer 13; and an uneven surface that has random convex portions formed thereon and is provided on at least a portion of the surface 16a of the transparent positive electrode 16.

In recent years, gallium nitride (GaN) compound semiconductor light-emitting devices have drawn attention as short wavelength light-emitting devices. The gallium nitride based compound semiconductor light-emitting device is formed on various kinds of substrates, such as a sapphire single crystal substrate, an oxide substrate, and a III-V group compound substrate, by a metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) method or a molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) method.
The gallium nitride based compound semiconductor light-emitting device is characterized in that a small amount of current is diffused in the horizontal direction. Therefore, a current is applied to only a semiconductor immediately below an electrode, and light emitted from a light-emitting layer immediately below the electrode is shielded by the electrode, which makes it difficult to emit light from the light-emitting device to the outside. In addition, in the light-emitting device, a transparent electrode is generally used as a positive electrode, and light is emitted to the outside through the positive electrode.
In the related art, a transparent positive electrode composed of the transparent electrode has a laminated structure of a Ni or Co oxide layer and an Au contact metal layer. In addition, in recent years, a technique has been proposed which uses as a positive electrode having a laminated structure of a layer formed of a conductive oxide, such as ITO (In2O3—SnO2), and a contact metal layer having a very small thickness, thereby improving transparency and the emission efficiency of light from a light-emitting layer to the outside.
However, the external quantum efficiency of the light-emitting device is represented by the product of light emission efficiency and internal quantum efficiency. The internal quantum efficiency means the ratio at which the energy of a current applied to the light-emitting device is converted into light. The light emission efficiency means the ratio of light emitted to the outside to light generated from the inside of a semiconductor crystal.
In recent years, the internal quantum efficiency of the light-emitting device has increased up to about 70 to 80% by improving the state or structure of crystal, and high internal quantum efficiency with respect to the amount of current applied has been obtained.
However, in light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as well as the gallium nitride based compound semiconductor light-emitting devices, generally, the light emission efficiency with respect to the amount of current applied is very low. Therefore, it is difficult to emit a sufficient amount of light to the outside with respect to the current applied.
The reason why the light emission efficiency is low in the gallium nitride based compound semiconductor light-emitting device is that, since the light-emitting layer of the gallium nitride based compound semiconductor has a refractive index of about 2.5 that is considerably higher than that of air, which is 1, and a small threshold angle of about 25°, no light is emitted to the outside due to repeated reflection and absorption of light in the crystal.
In order to improve the light emission efficiency, a gallium nitride based compound semiconductor light-emitting device has been proposed in which a rough emission surface is provided to emit light at various angles, thereby improving the light emission efficiency (for example, Patent Document 1, i.e. JP-A-6-291368).
However, in the light-emitting device disclosed in Patent Document 1, since the rough emission surface is formed on a semiconductor material, a large load is applied to the semiconductor layer, and the semiconductor layer is greatly damaged. Therefore, even though the external quantum efficiency (light emission efficiency) is improved, the internal quantum efficiency is lowered. As a result, it is difficult to improve emission intensity.
Further, a method of roughening the semiconductor layer requires minute mask patterning. Therefore, the manufacturing process becomes complicated, which results in low manufacturing efficiency.
Furthermore, since an uneven pattern formed by the mask patterning method causes interference, constructive interference occurs at a specific wavelength.
The invention has been made in order to solve the above problems, and an object of the invention is to provide a gallium nitride based compound semiconductor light-emitting device having high light emission efficiency and a small variation in wavelength and a method of manufacturing the same.

Gallium nitride based compound semiconductor light-emitting device and method for manufacturing same


An azeotropic refrigerant particularly useful as a working fluid in chilled water refrigerating systems to be used in possible juxtaposition to sea water comprises at least about 2 mol percent 1,1,2-trifluoroethane (R143) and the balance bis-(difluoromethyl) ether (E134).

Fluorocarbon-based refrigerants have found widespread use in industry as working fluids for refrigeration, air conditioning and heat pump applications.
Vapor compression is one form of refrigeration. In its simplest form, vapor compression refrigeration involves repetitively vaporizing a liquid refrigerant through absorption of heat at a low pressure and temperature and recondensing the vapor to the liquid phase though heat removal at elevated pressure and temperature. The liquid refrigerant is first vaporized in an evaporator in thermal contact with the mass to be cooled. Heat flowing from the mass to the refrigerant vaporizes the refrigerant. The vapor formed is then removed by means of a compressor, in order to maintain the low pressure in the evaporator. Mechanical energy imparted by the compressor raises the temperature and pressure of the vapor. The high pressure vapor then passes to a condenser for heat exchange with a cooler medium. The cooler medium removes the sensible and latent heats from the vapor thereby condensing the vapor. The liquid refrigerant then passes to an expansion valve and thence to the evaporator for repetition of the cycle.
The choice of the working fluid for any refrigeration system is based on a number of engineering criteria. Typically the refrigerant is chosen so that its normal boiling point (that is, its boiling point at one atmosphere) is below the temperature of the mass to be cooled, so that the vapor pressure of the working fluid is above atmospheric; under these circumstances, leaks do not cause contaminants in the vicinity of the equipment to be drawn into the moving parts of the machinery. The vapor pressure of the working fluid (and hence the gas phase density) also influences the thermodynamic efficiency of the machinery.
In a conventional chilled water air conditioning system, for example, a working fluid is repetitively compressed and expanded as above; the reduced temperature expanded vapor is passed through a heat exchanger comprising a number of tubes containing water, chilling the water. The water is then pumped to areas requiring cooling, where warm air is blown over heat exchange surfaces in thermal relation with the chilled water, chilling the air. Such systems are more economical to operate than systems moving cold air a long distance from a chilling plant to a location to be cooled. Such chilled water refrigeration systems are in common use in buildings, and in ocean-going vessels and the like. A key characteristic of a refrigerant for a chilled water system is that its boiling point be just above 0.degree. C., to avoid freeze-up of the water while obtaining efficient operation.
The majority of refrigerants utilized in vapor compression systems are either single component fluids or azeotropic mixtures. Single component fluids or azeotropic mixtures are characterized as constant boiling because they exhibit isothermal and isobaric evaporation and condensation. Azeotropic or, more generally, azeotrope-like compositions are desired refrigerants because they do not fractionate upon boiling or evaporation. This behavior is desirable because unless the refrigerant is constant-boiling, i.e., is azeotrope-like, fractionation and segregation will occur upon evaporation and condensation carried out in vapor compression equipment. Moreover, leakage from the machinery will cause the composition to shift, altering the properties of the working fluid.
The art is continually seeking new fluorocarbon-based azeotrope-like mixtures for refrigeration and heat pump applications. Environmentally acceptable fluorocarbon-based refrigerants are of particular interest as substitutes for fully halogenated chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) which have been for many years the dominant refrigerants. CFCs are implicated in causing environmental problems associated with the depletion of the earth's protective ozone layer.
Any CFC substitute material must possess the useful properties of the CFC to be replaced, including chemical stability, low toxicity, non-flammability, and efficiency in use. The latter characteristic is important, for example, in refrigeration applications where a loss in refrigerant thermodynamic performance or energy efficiency may produce secondary environmental effects due to increased fossil fuel usage arising from an increased demand for electrical energy. Furthermore, an ideal CFC substitute refrigerant would not require major engineering changes to vapor compression technology currently used with CFC refrigerants. Thus, a CFC substitute must have boiling point, speed of sound, thermal conductivity and like characteristics similar to the CFC it is to replace.
The present invention concerns replacement of CFC refrigerant fluids used in water chillers specifically intended for marine application, that is, where the system may at some time be exposed to salt water. This factor presents an additional constraint on the selection of a refrigerant; specifically, one must take into account the possibility that at some point the components of the system may leak. If the vapor pressure of the working fluid is below atmospheric at the usual working temperature of the system, such a leak may cause water or water vapor in the vicinity of the leak to be drawn into the system. If salt water is drawn into a typical vapor compressor the compressor may be very badly damaged and possibly destroyed.
Refrigerant fluids for use in chilled water refrigeration units for marine application have been selected to have above-atmospheric vapor pressures at the usual working temperature, so that a leak does not tend to draw salt water into the components in contact with the working fluid. Specifically, a known refrigerant referred to in the industry as R114, that is, CClF.sub.2 CClF.sub.2, has been widely used in water chillers for marine use. This compound is a fully halogenated chlorofluorocarbon (CFC). Such CFC's are rapidly being eliminated throughout industry due to their tendency to cause environmental damage, specifically to the ozone layer of the atmosphere. Therefore a need exists in the art for a replacement for R114, retaining its desirable physical properties, but avoiding chlorine or other halogens as constituents.
Fluoro-ethers, such as pentafluorodimethyl ether, are known as potentially useful refrigerants. See U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,362,180 and 3,922,228. In particular, bis-(difluoromethyl)ether, CHF.sub.2 OCHF.sub.2, has been suggested for use as a refrigerant, either alone or in combination with other refrigerants. See U.S. Pat. No. 4,961,321 to O'Neill et al. However, no particular examples of suitable combinations are given. The O'Neill patent discloses that bis-(difluoromethyl)ether is physically similar to the R114 refrigerant used in marine water chilling systems.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,948,526 to Fellows et al discusses combinations of pentafluorodimethyl ether and monochloro-difluoromethane for use in heating and cooling applications, that is, as refrigerants for heat pumps.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,810,403 to Bivens et al discusses a variety of halocarbon blends for refrigerant use, specifically including FC-143 (also known in the art as R143), that is, CHF.sub.2 CH.sub.2 F, or 1,1,2-trifluoroethane. However, the combinations disclosed in the Bivens et al patent do not suggest combination of FC-143 or other halocarbons with ethers. Moreover, the data given by Bivens et al regarding FC-143 is not accurate, according to detailed measurements carried out by the present inventor; in general, FC-143 has not been well characterized in the literature and has not been the subject of detailed study.
U.S. Pat. No. 2,066,905 to Booth discusses halogenated methyl ethers generally for use as refrigerants.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,139,607 to Simons et al discusses fluorinated dimethyl ethers as aerosol propellants, including bis-(difluoromethyl)ether.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,041,148 also to Simons et al is generally similar.
Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to provide azeotrope-like compositions for use as CFC substitute refrigerants, avoiding the use of chlorinated fluorocarbons.
It is another object of the invention to provide an environmentally acceptable, chemically stable, non-flammable and energy efficient refrigerant suitable for use in water chillers, specifically marine water chillers.

Azeotropic refrigerant comprising bis-(difluoromethyl)ether and 1,1,2-trifluoroethane

The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of Commerce


A heating device for a vehicle is provided with a radiation-heat generating unit for generating radiation heat, a first light-distributing unit for converting irradiation directions of the radiation heat into a substantial single irradiation direction, and a second light-distributing unit for distributing the radiation heat to at least one heating object in a passenger compartment of the vehicle. The second light-distributing unit slantways intersects the radiation heat which has the substantial single irradiation direction converted by the first light-distributing unit.

Generally, in an air conditioner for a vehicle, cooling water which cools an engine of the vehicle to become warm water is circulated through a heating heat exchanger. In the heating heat exchanger, warm water is used as a heat source to heat air, which will be introduced into a passenger compartment of the vehicle to temperature-condition it. In this case, heating of air introduced into the passenger compartment may be insufficient before the temperature of cooling water in the engine is heightened, thus deteriorating a heating capacity of the air conditioner. For example, in a hybrid vehicle or a vehicle having a high-efficiency traveling engine, it is difficult for engine cooling water to supply a sufficient heat amount to a heating operation of the air conditioner.
Therefore, in addition to engine cooling water, another heat source is to be used for a quick-acting heating in the passenger compartment. A quick-acting heating can be provided by a home-used heating device which has a similar construction to a home-used electric fan, for example, referring to JP-U-3078539. The heating device has a halogen lamp (instead of fans and motor) for emitting infrared rays. The halogen lamp is provided with a concave reflector which is big-sized, so that heat of the infrared rays is transferred in a facing direction of the reflection plate to heat the passenger compartment.
However, in this case, the home-used heating device (halogen heater) is too big when being mounted in the vehicle. On the other hand, if the halogen heater is small-sized, the density of the infrared rays from the halogen heater will be heightened to be dangerous.
Because the power of the halogen lamp which is mounted in the vehicle is to be restricted, a sufficient heating sense cannot be provided for the passenger if the irradiation range of the halogen lamp is enlarged. On the other hand, if the infrared rays are converged at a single zone in order to improve the heating sense, a cold/hot difference between the zone and other zones (without being irradiated with infrared rays) will be amplified to deteriorate the comfort.
Moreover, smell may be generated because dust accumulated at a high-temperature portion of the halogen heater is burned, for example, in an initially winter-use of the halogen heater which has not been used in summer.


A transformer assembly for a microwave oven having a magnetron, including a transformer to apply voltage to the magnetron of the microwave oven; a container receiving the transformer therein and having a base plate coupled to the microwave oven and a cover body coupled to the base plate; and a cooling material contained in the container to cool the transformer.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a liquid-cooled transformer assembly for microwave ovens, a method for manufacturing the same, and a microwave oven equipped with the same.
2. Description of the Related Art
A conventional transformer for microwave ovens increases a voltage of a power source, and includes a core and primary and secondary windings wound around the core. The transformer is installed in an electrical components area, partitioned from a cooking chamber, together with other electrical components such as a high-voltage capacitor and a cooling fan. The transformer inherently generates heat by resistance of the coils and generation of eddy current due to variation of magnetic flux density of the cores. The heat is removed by a cooling device having a fan and a fan motor in an air-cooling manner.
Because the transformer generates vibration and noise during its operation, the transformer is provided with a separate rubber cushion to overcome the above problems.
Furthermore, because the cooling procedure for the transformer, which involves only air cooling, has a low cooling efficiency, an operational efficiency of the transformer is decreased. Consequently, the components, such as the core and the coils, must be manufactured with large surface areas to compensate for the decrease of operational efficiency, thereby increasing production costs. In addition, because vibration-absorbing elements such as the rubber cushions are required to absorb the vibration and noise, the production cost is further increased.
To prevent noise, rise of temperature, and corrosion of the core, the conventional transformer is immersed in a varnish solution to form a thin film on outer surfaces of the transformer during the manufacturing process, thereby increasing production cost and manufacturing time. Furthermore, because insulating material is required to prevent electric leakage from the transformer mounted on a microwave oven, labor costs are increased.

Transformer assembly for microwave oven, method for manufacturing the same, and microwave oven having the same


An apparatus and method for processing a packet in a multi-protocol label switching-transport profile (MPLS-TP) network are provided. In the method of processing a packet, a packet transport layer (PTL) index and a layer stack (LS) or multiple label pop (MPOP) loopback header are used, and it is possible to remove a size limitation on lookup results of a lookup table when multiple labels are stacked, and solve the problem of having to extract all labels as label keys regardless of label operations upon an incoming label map (ILM) table lookup.

1. Field
The following description relates to multi-label processing technology in a multi-protocol label switching-transport profile (MPLS-TP) network, and more particularly, to an apparatus and method for processing a packet in an MPLS-TP network.
2. Description of the Related Art
Due to an increase in data traffic caused by the proliferation of the Internet and the combination of the wired and wireless Internet, existing complex networks have limitations to accommodate a high-quality service such as Internet protocol (IP) television (TV). Thus, methods have been researched for transmission service of providing expandability and end-to-end quality of service (QoS) using the data link layer such as MPLS-TP of the International Engineering Task Force (IETF), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.1ah (provider backbone bridges (PBB)) and IEEE802.1ag (PBB-traffic engineering (TE)).
Among the methods, an MPLS-TP network includes an ingress provider edge (PE) node that is located at a boundary point with an existing network, generates an MPLS-TP packet by attaching a label to an input packet, and forwards the generated MPLS-TP packet into an MPLS-TP network, an egress PE node that disconnects an MPLS-TP connection for transmission from the MPLS-TP network to another existing network, and a transit provider (P) node that performs a label switching function.
Due to a limitation on the size of a lookup table, an existing MPLS-TP network has a limitation on a label stack when multiple labels are stacked. In addition, when a lookup is performed for multi-label processing, stack bits need to be continuously checked to generate a label key. Furthermore, all MPLS labels, even including labels that are not used in a specific node, need to be extracted as label keys regardless of label operations such as swap, push, swap and push, and pop, which is complicated and may deteriorate performance.

Apparatus and method for processing packet in MPLS-TP network

Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute


The invention is an improvement in a machine having a housing and a pin received in the housing and coupled to a link-like movable part, either directly or with a bushing interposed between the part and the pin. The improvement comprises a retainer, preferably of cruciform-shape, which is attached to one end of the pin and has a plurality of radially-extending retaining arms. The improvement also includes a plurality of arc-shaped abutment members, each of which extends between and is in torque-absorbing contact with a pair of arms. The pin, a wearing component like the movable part or the bushing, is intended for eventual replacement when sufficiently worn. The pin is prevented from rotating with respect to the housing which is a non-wearing part expensive to replace or repair. The invention also includes a method for assembling machine components including a housing and a pin so that there is substantially zero clearance between each abutment member and a retainer arm. Relative pin-housing rotational or axial movement is prevented without the necessity of resorting to close-tolerance machining at the field erection site.

Pins and pin-like cylindrical parts are frequently used in stationary mounted "in-factory" machines and in mobile machinery to secure certain machine components to one another. One type of application for such pins involves "linking" two components together in a way that one is relatively movable with respect to the other. Rotating crank arms pinned to stationary structures are but one example. A piston-type engine as in most automobiles uses a pin to connect a reciprocating piston head with a connecting rod which not only reciprocates with the head but which also rotates through a few degrees with respect to such head.
In what might be termed small scale machines (an auto engine, for example), pin retention is by a cotter key or other type of known retainer. However, with larger machines, pin retention can be and often is a substantial design problem. Nowhere is this more true than in large mobile machines such as earth-moving and earth-excavating machinery.
Such machinery is available in a wide variety of types ranging from the familiar rubber-tire mounted and crawler-mounted to the less-common dragline. A dragline is often used for removing top soil and "overburden" to expose a valuable mineral, e.g., coal, beneath but near the earth's surface.
Draglines are equipped with an angularly-extending boom from which is suspended a "bucket" having an open mouth and digging teeth, both toward the main portion of the machine. Overburden is removed by placing the bucket on the ground at a point distant from the machine and pulling it toward the machine, filling the bucket in the process. Once filled, the machine pivots about a central axis and the bucket emptied at a spoil pile somewhat away from the area being excavated.
Smaller draglines are crawler mounted (much like a military tank) and capable of movement in the same way albiet at much slower speeds. However, as draglines (and their digging buckets) increased in size, crawler mounting was found to be impractical and in the early 1900's, the "walking" dragline was developed. The walking dragline is so named because it takes short "steps" and uses a "walk leg" mechanism (which resembles a human leg) to do so. A difference is that in a walking dragline, both legs step simultaneously.
To give some perspective to the following discussion, a large walking dragline--made by Harnischfeger Industries of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and incorporating the invention--has a main housing portion (including the machinery deck, operator's cab and the like) which is about 105 feet long, about 80 feet wide, about 40 feet high and weighs about nine million pounds. The boom extends about 300 feet and the capacity of the digging bucket is about 80 cubic yards. The walk legs of such dragline take steps about seven feet in length.
At least because of its size, weight and complexity, several problems attend draglines of earlier configuration. One is that such machines are usually used in remote sites and replacement parts are difficult to deliver and, because of their size and weight, even more difficult to install. Another is that the machine is shipped in pieces to the site and erected there. While certain types of relatively "loose tolerance" machining equipment are available to facilitate machine assembly (which can take several months), close tolerance machining equipment is not available, at least not readily so.
Wear cannot be avoided in any device having relatively moving parts but the efforts of earlier designers of draglines have not been entirely successful in reducing the effect of wear. For example, some known draglines are configured so that wear between parts involved at least one expensive, heavy, hard-to-replace part. And while such parts have been relatively durable and in many cases last for years, repair is accomplished only at great expense for the purchased part and at extended downtime. A machine like a walking dragline represents an enormous capital investment and working "uptime" must be maximized.
Yet another difficulty with earlier draglines is that they were sometimes designed and built with "loose" clearances where close or "zero clearance" construction would have been preferred. In the alternative, small clearances were used where indicated and the necessary close-tolerance machining was undertaken in the field at great expense and, on occasion, with questionable results.
As will become apparent, the invention resolves some of these difficulties in unique and imaginative ways.

Apparatus and method for retaining a pin


Hose coupling component, especially for a hose connection between a turbo charger and an air cooler in an internal combustion engine, comprises a pipe sleeve (12) of pressed sheet metal, which has a peripheral flange (16) to be fixed by means of a V-shaped clamp to a corresponding mirror image flange on a complementary coupling component. The sleeve has a groove (18) for a gasket in the flange and has a circumferential depression (15) for indexing a hose (1) forced onto the coupling component.

The present invention relates to a process for manufacturing a hose coupling component, which comprises a pipe sleeve, which is provided at a first end with a periferal flange projecting from the lateral surface of the sleeve, said flange having a side facing towards a second end of the pipe sleeve and inclined towards said first end, said flange forming an outer limitation of a circumferential groove which is open towards said first end for a gasket ring, said pipe sleeve having as well between its ends a portion with a circumferential profile. The invention also relates to a hose coupling component of this type.
Such a coupling component is used, for example, in hose connections between a turbo charger unit and an air cooler in turbo charged internal combustion engines. The hose connections are intended to absorb the relative movement between the spring suspended engine and the charge-air cooler rigidly mounted on the vehicle frame and it must therefore be able to withstand high temperatures, excessive pressure and mechanical stresses.
A known hose coupling of the type in question consists of an inner pipe sleeve, over which a flexible hose is forced, and an outer ring which is pressed over the hose coaxially with the inner sleeve. The inner sleeve is made of aluminum and the details described in the introduction, such as the flange, the periferal gasket groove and the profiles are made by turning a sleeve blank. In addition to these details, a radial flange is made during the lathe turning of the sleeve blank axially inside the first mentioned flange. The radial flange is intended, inter alia, to serve as an end abutment for the hose and thereby assure that the hose will always be forced the same distance onto the sleeve for assembly, which is important to prevent variations in the total length of the hose and the hose connection between vehicles produced on the assembly line.
This known coupling component, due to its two flanges and the periferal gasket groove at one end, thus has a relatively complicated shape which cannot be produced effectively in any other manner than by machining.

Process for manufacturing a hose coupling component intended particularly for a hose connection between a turbo unit and an air cooler, and a hose coupling component of this type


A semiconductor device having many pins is tested using a test system having fewer pins. The test system includes a pin electronics (PE) card and a pattern memory. The PE card preferably includes a plurality of comparator and driver units to drive predetermined input signal pattern to be applied to an input pin of the semiconductor device and to compare data output from an output pin of the semiconductor device with a predetermined output signal pattern. Some or all of the pins of the semiconductor device may be divided into pin groups having K number of pins. The PE card also preferably includes a plurality of control units for electrically connecting each of the comparator and driver units to a selected pin in a selected pin group in response to a control signal.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a semiconductor device test system, and more particularly, to a system for effectively testing a semiconductor device having many pins using test equipment having few pins.
2. Description of the Related Art
In general, testing a semiconductor device involves a process in which the DC characteristics, AC characteristics, and functions of a semiconductor device are tested using a test system. Testing the functions of a semiconductor device is generally performed by using the test system to generate predetermined input signal patterns. The input signal patterns are applied to input pins of the device. The test system then receives and compares output signal patterns from the device to predicted output signal patterns. In order to test the functions of the semiconductor device, the test system must be electrically connected to all of the pins of a device under test (DUT). To make this connection, a test head of the test system generally includes a pin electronics (PE) card that is used to electrically connect the test system to each of the pins of the DUT.
Conventionally, the PE card includes a number of channels at least equal to the number of pins in the DUT. That is, in the conventional semiconductor test system, if the number of pins in the DUT is N, the number of channels in the PE card of the test system must be also be N or more. The PE card channels are connected to the pins of the DUT. As a result, when a device has more pins than channels in the semiconductor test system, upgrades to the test system, such as expanding the PE card and increasing pattern memory, are required. When upgrades to the semiconductor test system are no longer feasible, such as when the PE card cannot be expanded any further, the conventional test system can no longer effectively test the characteristics of the semiconductor device.
FIG. 1 illustrates a conventional semiconductor device test system. Referring to FIG. 1, the conventional test system includes a test head 10 having at least one PE card 12. The PE card 12 includes a plurality of comparator and driver units 120_1, . . . , 120—i. Each comparator and driver unit 120_1, . . . , 120—i includes one comparator CP and one driver DR. Pattern data stored in a pattern memory (not shown) is applied to the pins of a DUT 20 by the driver DR, and data output from the pins of the DUT 20 is compared with predicted data. If the output data is the same as the predicted data, the DUT 20 is functioning normally. If the output data is not the same as the predicted data, the DUT 20 is not functioning normally.
The conventional test system's ability to test a semiconductor device having many pins is limited because each comparator and driver unit 120_1, . . . , 120—i corresponds to a single pin of the DUT 20. A semiconductor device having more pins than the test system cannot be tested using a conventional semiconductor test system and method, and upgrading the conventional semiconductor test system for testing a semiconductor device increases test cost.

Semiconductor test system and method for effectively testing a semiconductor device having many pins


A system transmits a plurality of media programs in a network. In one embodiment of the invention, a media program distribution system determines a first resource attribute of a first media program and a second resource attribute of a second media program. The distribution system compares the first resource attribute with the second resource attribute to determine a relative value. In turn, the media server assigns a first distribution resource to the first media program and a second distribution resource to the second media program in response to the relative value and applies one of a plurality of transmission modes to each media program in response to the resource attribute and distribution resource type. Examples of distribution resources include unicast, multicast and broadcast channels. Examples of transmission modes include various protocols such as error checking protocols and encoding mechanisms such as codecs.

As the Internet continues to grow in popularity, providing streaming media such as video content to the online public is also continuing to grow in popularity. Streaming media is a technique for transferring data such that it is processed as a steady and continuous stream. Streaming media is an important technique for distributing large quantities of data because a client system can start displaying the data before the entire file is transmitted. Ideally, the client system receiving the data must be able to collect the data and send it as a steady stream to the application processing the data and converting it to sound and pictures. If the client system receives data more quickly than required, the client system needs to save the excess data to a buffer. If the data is not received quickly enough by the client system, the presentation of the data is not smooth.
Various distribution techniques such as unicast, multicast and broadcast distribution are used for media content delivery.
Unicast distribution is a methodology for distributing content in which the sending server transmits a separate copy of the content over a network to each individual recipient. This technique is simple to implement, but it has significant scaling restrictions if the recipient group is large. In addition, unicast distribution requires extra bandwidth because the same information has to be carried multiple times, even on shared links.
Multicast distribution is a methodology for distributing content whereby the sending server sends out a copy of the content addressed to all of the intended recipients. In IP multicast, a single message is transmitted from a source and the network replicates the message as needed in any particular leg of the network route necessary so that the content reaches each of the different intended recipients. Application-layer multicast schemes typically involve organizing members of a multicast group into a mesh topology in which each node in the topology maintains a state for some number of other nodes sufficient to maintain a high degree of reliability of connectivity. For large amounts of data, multicast distribution is more efficient than unicast transmission because the server sends a message to many recipients simultaneously, but as recipient groups grow large, multicast distribution loses efficiency compared to broadcast distribution. Efficiency of multicast distribution relative to unicast distribution is greatest in areas of the network close to the transmitter and also where there are a plurality of receivers in the same local area network such as in a residential neighborhood or corporate office building, all receiving the same transmission.
Like multicast distribution, broadcast distribution is a methodology in which the same message is sent to multiple recipients. Broadcasting, however, sends a message to all recipients in the network whereas multicasting sends a message to a select list of recipients.
Both multicast and application-layer multicast require some memory resources and some message costs per-ongoing transmission or active receiver/receiver-group. Therefore, multicast distribution typically has some in-network cost related to the size of the audience, even though it usually consumes less bandwidth for a given data message than unicast distribution. Neither unicast nor broadcast requires much, if any, in network memory or administrative messaging, though they consume more bandwidth. Whether broadcast or unicast distribution consumes the most bandwidth depends on the size of the audience relative to the size of the total network. For these reasons and the fixed and variable costs associated with the deployment and operation of data communication networks, there are limited amounts of unicast, multicast and broadcast capacity, respectively, available to network users, and the cost of using capacity of each type may differ from the others and vary over time.
Media content, as distributed by the various distribution techniques described above, is transmitted over a network using one of a number of combinations of formats and protocols. Examples of streaming video file formats are Advanced Streaming Format (ASF) developed by Microsoft Corporation and QuickTime File Format originating from Apple Computer Corporation.
Media content files tend to be very large files and require some data compression in order to be transmitted over a network followed by some decompression in order to be played at the recipient. The hardware or software performing the compression and decompression is typically referred to as a codec. There are many codecs to choose from when sending data across a network. Typically, a codec is selected according to the file format being transmitted.
Other factors in data transmission are error correction protocols. Various error correction protocols are used in media distribution, including protocols such as acknowledgment (ACK) protocols, negative acknowledgment (NAK) protocols and forward error correction codes. An ACK code is a transmission control character used to indicate that a transmitted block of video content was received without errors and that the recipient is ready to accept additional transmissions. The recipient sends an ACK to the sender to indicate that the transmission has been accepted. If the sender does not receive an ACK from the recipient within a predetermined timeframe, the sender interprets the failure to receive the ACK as an indication that the associated block of video content failed to reach the recipient successfully and will resend the block of video content. Although the use of error correction protocols using ACK's can increase transmission accuracy, the increase in accuracy occurs at the expense of a decrease in bandwidth (i.e. a reduction in the capacity of signal transmission due to the consumption of transmission capacity by the ACK's) and consumption of computational resources for processing ACK's.
In contrast to methods using ACK codes, NAK codes are employed to report to a sender when blocks of video content have been received with errors or corruption, rather than report all of the blocks that are received without errors (i.e. as in the case of an ACK-based protocol). The recipient sends a NAK code to the sender to indicate that such a block, received by the recipient, with errors or corruption, must be present. Upon receipt of such a NAK, the sender will resend the appropriate block to the recipient. In the case of connections with a small amount of errors and/or corruption, NAK-based protocols typically consume less bandwidth than ACK-based protocols. Other methods for employing ACK or NAK codes also exist, such as, for example, periodically transmitting ACK's or NAK rather than exchanging them in response to a successful transmission of a block of video content or exchanging them in response to a block of video content with errors or corruption. Both ACK and NAK-based protocols have some versions where ACK or NAK messages may be processed by in-network devices such as routers and switches. This processing typically reduces the requirement for ACK/NAK processing by the sender, but requires the usage of additional memory resources in the participating routers and switches.
In order to determine if a block of content has been received accurately, in both the ACK and NAK based error correction protocols, both the sender and recipient perform a numeric analysis of the video content block sent by the sender and received by the recipient, which generates a numerical code that can be checked in order to determine if errors of corruption has occurred in the block of video content. The sender can send such a code to the recipient after conducting the numerical analysis. Upon receipt of the code, the recipient conducts a parallel numerical analysis of the block of video content to generate an equivalent numerical code. The recipient can then compare the numerical code that the sender created, which it received from the sender, to the numerical code that the recipient calculated and if the recipient finds that the numerical codes are not equal, determine that the block of video content received has experienced an error or corruption. A failure of the two codes to match indicates that corruption has occurred during the course of transmission of the video content, thus indicating that the block in question should be resent by the sender. A match of the two codes by the recipient indicates the completion of a successful transmission of the block of video content. Various alternative methods of calculating the numerical codes include the generation of check bits, cyclic redundancy check codes, and others.
Forward error correction is another method for providing error correction of video content. Forward error correction is a method by which the sender duplicates some of the content (e.g. certain data that is part of the video content) that the sender sends to a recipient. The recipient, upon making a determination that the video content, which the recipient received, has errors or was corrupted, uses the duplicate content to re-create the content originally transmitted. Various schemes are used to determine which content and how much redundant content should be transferred between the sender and recipient. Although forward error correction can reduce transmission errors, it consumes transmission and processing capacity.

Methods and apparatus for transmitting media programs


A closed end financial instrument for the monetization of greenhouse gases is disclosed. The closed end security has unique features providing for the securitization of greenhouse gas reductions (e.g., avoidance, sequestration, transformation) on global and sub-global scales. A universal carbon index based on the computed value for metric tons fossil fuel derived CO2 from measurements of the carbon 14 isotope, directly linked to fossil fuel emissions, is also disclosed. The 14C based universal index provides a unique and novel market mechanism to value and track fossil fuel carbon across all reduction genres and measurement platforms. Sub-global indexes for 14C and other GHGs representing partial carbon budgets for specific regions are accounted for within the global budget. The global and sub-global GHG indexes may operate in real time across all GHG currency transactions constituting a live GHG trading regime. An asset allocation system, based on trace gas emissions over small to large scales is also disclosed providing a means to manage and reduce GHG emissions with market-based risk assessment versus return and modern portfolio theory paradigms. Features such as small, mid and large, growth and value are applied to GHG reduction efforts by trace gas type. The unique elements of financial mechanism, global and sub-global carbon indexes and asset allocation options provide a means to manage, reduce and monetize the burden of GHGs to the atmosphere and resultant global warming.

The forests of the world play a key role in providing resources for humanity including food, materials for commerce, clean water and as habitat for the planet's biodiversity. However, forests which cover about 30% of the Earth's surface currently play a relatively minor role in the management of global carbon and in the monetization of carbon. One of the reasons for this circumstance is the difficulty of measuring carbon flux over a given area of forest such that the amount sequestered can be verified and monetized. Models typically used for estimation of forest carbon flux do not capture the essential features of forest ecosystems that determine the net carbon (e.g., sequestered or emitted) of a forest. For example, below ground carbon is approximately twice as high as above ground carbon and any model or estimation that precludes below ground carbon is of no value. Yet, according to estimation routines and model programs used to infer forest carbon for carbon trading do not address soil carbon. Thus, inclusion of below ground soil carbon in methods to derive total forest carbon stores for managing and monetizing forest carbon would represent a vast improvement over current methods. Additionally, the world's forests, particularly the forests of the developing world, are under pressure from deforestation and degradation in part due to the cash value for forest products and for crops grown on deforested lands. Deforestation then is due in part also to the lack of a method to measure forest carbon and monetize it accordingly. The invention disclosed herein addresses fundamental issues related to measuring, verifying and accounting for forest carbon (above and below ground) that provides a means to manage forests on small and large scales. Effective management of the world's forests will be needed for a future where reduction of carbon concentrations in the atmosphere will be needed to slow global warming and associated climate change.
The use of a real-time measuring system, or system of systems, for forest carbon that is verifiable and can be uniformly accounted for provides the basis for monitization that can be understood by the financial community and investors. A framework in which forest carbon can be expressed in terms of shares of an investment, in some ways similar to certain types of stocks and equity funds, will allow forest carbon to be considered in terms of asset classes and investment risks in those asset classes. Investors design and adjust portfolios of investments based on risk and return. Another key component of the securitization of forest carbon is a reference or standard value benchmark that ensures that all carbon monetized is equivalent regardless of the forest location, type or other difference. Still another dimension of forest carbon essential for successful monetization is selecting a financial framework that resonates with the dynamic of forests as biological entities. Forests, for example, have defined growing seasons (e.g., summer) and periods of senescence (e.g., winter) and it is the difference between carbon sequestration in the summer and carbon release during the winter, that defines the net carbon flux as source or sink. While there is a wide range of security options those that offer periods of dormancy or features that restrict security sales/purchases for at least a period of one year are desired. In fact, if forests are to be managed for future generations, total periods of securitization should last for 50, 100 or more years. Thus, a forest carbon system that can be expressed in real terms of shares with given values and bounded by common benchmarks, as well as being compatible with longer term securities management would be essential to monetizing, managing and securitizing forest carbon. The invention described herein addresses methods to securitize forest carbon with the aforementioned features.
While the focus on securitizing forest carbon is needed, other essential aspects and intrinsic value of forests are often diminished. Biodiversity, for example is directly benefited by reductions in deforestation and degradation and, in many cases, diminishing forest habitats threaten organisms to extinction. Likewise, indigenous peoples that occupy much of the remaining forests in the developing world are themselves at risk for loss of culture and loss of forest products that define their lifeways. Thus, any additional features related to the securitization of forest carbon that ensured or placed a premium on biodiversity and on indigenous culture would be highly desirable. The invention described herein addresses methods to emphasize biodiversity and human culture by placing a premium on these features in any given forest location.

Systems and methods for managing global warning


(57) A roll control system (20) for installation between axially aligned wheels of a motor vehicle, the roll control system comprising a torsion bar (22); a damper (24) attached to one end (28) of the torsion bar and attachable to one of the wheels; and attachment means (25) attached to the other end (29) of the torsion bar and attachable to the other wheel; wherein the damper comprises an axially extending cylindrical housing (52); a piston (34) slidably mounted inside the housing; a piston rod (58) connected to the piston, extending out of one end (55) of the housing, and movable in an axial direction relative to the housing; a floating piston (35) slidably mounted in the housing between the piston and the other end of the housing; a compensation chamber (37) between the floating piston and the other end (54) of the housing containing a first pressurised fluid; a compression chamber (30) between the floating piston and the piston containing a second pressurised fluid; a rebound chamber (32) between the piston and the one end of the housing containing the second pressurised fluid; valve means (36) on the piston allowing restricted flow of the second pressurised fluid between the compression chamber and the rebound chamber; a rebound stop (60) positioned in the rebound chamber between the piston and the one end of the housing and providing a spring-effect on the movement of the piston towards the one end of the housing; and a compression stop (62) providing a spring-effect on the movement of the piston towards the floating piston. Provides an improved passive roll controle system.

In order to prevent excessive rolling (which has an impact on vehicle attitude and handling) of a motor vehicle, especially during cornering, it is known to provide a passive roll control system comprising a torsion bar between the front wheels of a motor vehicle, and, in some cases, a second torsion bar between the rear wheels. However, during straight line motion of a vehicle and when the vehicle is off-road, the torsion bar can have a detrimental effect on comfort and wheel articulation because the torsion bar provides solely a spring effect. Semi-active roll control systems have been proposed which monitor various vehicle conditions. Such roll control systems include a locking device associated with the torsion bar and the wheels. When the sensed vehicle conditions indicate roll stiffness is not required, the locking device is unlatched to effectively disconnect the effect of the torsion bar between the wheels. When the sensed vehicle conditions indicate that roll stiffness is required, the locking device is latched to connect the wheels by way of the torsion bar. EP-A-0829383 describes a roll control system having a latch/de-latch arrangement.


A control apparatus controlling a rotating machine includes a signal output unit that outputs an excitation signal to a resolver used for detecting a rotational angle of the rotating machine; a demodulation unit that demodulate a signal related to the rotational angle based on a detection of a modulated signal and the excitation signal so as to output a demodulated signal; a filter that eliminates higher harmonics in the demodulated signal outputted by the demodulation unit so as to output a calculated angle of the rotational angle; and an operating unit that controls a switching element included in a DC-AC conversion circuit to be ON and OFF based on the calculated angle of the rotational angle outputted by the filter, so as to control the rotating machine with an output voltage of the DC-AC conversion circuit supplied to the rotating machine.

1. (Technical Field)
The present disclosure relates to an apparatus for controlling a rotating machine based on an output signal of a resolver.
2. (Description of the Related Art)
Conventionally, a motor control system provided with a resolver and a resolver digital converter (hereinafter is referred to RD converter) is known. In the motor control system, a control apparatus controls a rotating machine based on the output signal of the resolver. Specifically, the control apparatus controls, based on the output signal of the resolver, a switching element included in the DC (direct current)-AC (alternating current) conversion circuit which is electrically connected to the rotating machine. For example, a Japanese Patent No. 5148394 discloses a motor control system provided with a resolver that generates a modulated wave in which an excitation signal is modulated by an amplitude-modulation based on the rotational angle of the motor, and a RD converter that calculates/outputs a calculated value of the rotational angle based on the detection of the generated modulated wave and the excitation signal.
In developing the motor control system, the inventors faced a problem that an accuracy of calculating the rotational angle outputted by the RD converter decreases when controlling the switching element in the DC-AC conversion circuit connected to the rotating machine to be ON and OFF thereby increasing the current flowing into the rotating machine. Therefore, there is a concern that the controllability of the rotating machine is decreased when the calculation accuracy of the rotational angle decreases.

Apparatus for controlling rotating machine based on output signal of resolver


A multiple access mechanism allows sources to simultaneously access different target registers at the same time without using a semaphore. The multiple access mechanism is implemented using N holding registers and source identifiers. The N holding registers are located in each slave engine. Each of the N holding registers is associated with a source and is configured to receive partial updates from the source before pushing the full update to a target register. After the source is finished updating the holding register and the holding register is ready to commit to the target register, a source identifier is added to a register bus. The source identifier identifies the holding register as the originator of the transaction on the register bus. The N holding registers are able to simultaneously handle N register transactions. The max value of N is 2n, where n is the number of bits in the source identifier.

Modern semiconductor devices have a large programmable space that is used to enable features and provide debugging. This programmable space is programmed by software running on a combination of on and off chip processors. The programmable space is divided into subsections based on functionality. The subsections are further partitioned into logical register definitions that correlate with a corresponding feature set of the subsection. The lowest level of the programmable space is dictated by logical features and can have variable data widths. The width of a processor interface to the programmable registers is dictated by specifications of a processor and interconnect technology used between the processor and the programmable space.
Due to recent trends of multi-threading, virtualization, and the like, there can be multiple accesses to the programming space. These may or may not be coming from the same physical processor, which can be problematic when a wider end register is being accessed simultaneously by multiple sources in a piece meal manner. For example, if two threads are trying to access a 200-bit end register through multiple 32-bit transactions, then there needs to be some mechanism and check to ensure that all the 200-bits are updated from the same original source.
Semaphores are used between the sources to ensure that only one source is accessing the end registers at any time. Current implementations use two techniques to ensure atomicity. The atomicity can be implemented purely in software in some shared memory or can be hardware assisted by use of a register which ensures atomicity across a RMW (read modify write) access.
One limitation of the semaphore mechanism is that it limits performance by controlling how many sources can simultaneously access the end registers. Acquiring the semaphore adds overhead to each register access. This overhead comes even when two sources are not accessing the same end register. Assume two sources, namely SOURCE 0 and SOURCE 1, are trying to access two 64-bit registers, namely X and Y. FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary sequence of operations 100 using the semaphore mechanism, which demonstrates unnecessary overhead. Unnecessary overhead affects performance.
In some applications, two sources may not be sharing the same software code base, which makes implementing the same semaphore logic even harder. One example of this scenario is when customer software is running on an external processor, while a debugging software is running on an embedded software.

Smart holding registers to enable multiple register accesses


Utilization of thermodynamic ratios to produce pure rac and pure meso isomers or a mixture thereof.

Protocols for the preparation of isospecific .alpha.-olefin polymers may require use of only the substantially pure rac isomer of a symmetrical metallocene catalyst. Likewise, only the meso isomer is useful to implement certain non-isospecific .alpha.-olefin polymerization protocols. Typical metallocene catalyst ligand synthesis yields a mixture containing about equal amounts of the meso and rac isomers. Consequently, half of the chemicals used in the ligand synthesis is wasted. Various metallocene .alpha.-olefin isospecific polymerization catalysts which have no meso form have been suggested to solve this problem. See, e.g., European patent EP 544,308 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,612,428.
A need exists for technology practically useful to resolve mixtures of rac and meso metallocene ligands, and to convert substantially pure rac and meso metallocene ligands to the correspondingly substantially pure meso or the correspondingly substantially pure rac isomers.

Preparation and separation of RAC and MESO compound mixtures


A binder assembly includes a sheet retaining device having a plurality of rings for engaging corresponding holes in sheets of material retained by the sheet retaining device. The sheet retaining device is attached to a cover member by a fastener having a portion which is insertable into apertures in the sheet retaining device and securable thereto by pressing. The fastener includes a rectangular base having deformable claws which become embedded in the cover member when installed to securely hold the sheet retaining device to the cover member. The embedded claws are concealed from an outer surface of the cover member, thereby improving the exterior appearance of the binder assembly.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a ring binder assembly, and more particularly, to a fastener for securing a sheet retaining apparatus to a binder cover to form the ring binder assembly.
2. Description of the Background Art
Various ring binders are known in the art which have a paper sheet retaining device attached to a cover member by a plurality of fasteners, such as rivets, which extend through the cover member and which are deformed, for example, by punching, to securely and permanently fix the paper retaining device to the cover member.
A disadvantage associated with such conventional ring binders is that the assembling process is both laborious and prone to error. It is necessary to provide the assemblers with rivets properly sized and shaped to fit both of the corresponding holes in the paper retaining device and the cover member. The assemblers must secure the paper retaining device to the cover member by first inserting the rivet through the cover member, then through the paper retaining device, and then deforming the tail of the rivet by punching to engage the upper plate of the paper retaining device.
A further disadvantage associated with such conventional ring binders is that the rivets extend through the cover member and are visible on the exterior of the cover member, thereby detracting from the overall appearance of the ring binder.

Fastener for a ring binder and method of producing a binder assembly

World Wide Stationery Manufacturing Co., Ltd.


The present application relates to the identification of novel DNA methyltransferases including CHG methylation in algal species. The present application relates to algal mutants permitting the expression of exogenous genes by alleviating the epigenetic mechanisms of CHG and CHH methylation of exogenous DNA and mono- and tri-methylation of lysine 9 of histone 3 (H3K9). This is achieved by mutating or attenuating the methyltransferase (MTase) genes in algae. The present application also relates to methods for efficiently expressing exogenous genes in algal species.

Methylation of DNA is a common epigenetic signaling tool that cells use to lock genes in the "off" position. Generally, DNA methylation occurs at the cytosine bases of eukaryotic DNA, which are converted to 5-methylcytosine by DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) enzymes. DNA methylation can be categorized into three types according to the sequence context of the cytosines, namely CG, CHG, and CHH (H=A, C, or T). Typically, in eukaryotes, methylation is found sparsely but globally, distributed in definite CpG sequences throughout the entire genome, with the exception of CpG islands.
Methylation of cytosine is more prevalent in CpG sequences than in CHG or CHH sequences in the algal species Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Feng. et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2010 May 11; 107(19):8689-94).
Aside from methylation of DNA, methylation of histone can silence a gene as well. For example, mono-methylation of lysine in histone 3 (H3K9) has been found to mark transgene tandem repeats in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. SET3, an H3K9 monomethyltransferase was identified as involved in the methylation of H3K9. The role of H3K9 mono-, di- and trimethylation is species-specific and serves distinct functions (Caras-Mollano et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 2007; 35(3):939-50)

Avoiding epigenetic silencing of exogenous nucleic acid in algae


An overmolded electrical connector including an insulative block, the insulative block receiving connecting members and being mechanically joined to a rear connection housing, the insulative block being protected by a first metal half-shell and a second metal half-shell adapted to be coupled together to form a shielded housing having electrical continuity with the rear connection housing, the rear connection housing being overmolded with an insulative material jacket. Both the first metal half-shell and the second metal half-shell are twinned and include a female member and a male snap-fastener member for coupling the first metal half-shell and the second metal half-shell together in pairs. At least one of the female member of the first metal half-shell, the male snap-fastener member of the first metal half-shell, the female member of the second metal half-shell and the male snap-fastener member of the second metal half-shell includes an area which is at least in-part elastically deformable and adapted to face an aperture formed in the complementary member of the complementary metal half-shell. At least one of the female member of the first metal half-shell and the female member of the second metal half-shell includes a flexible tang cut out from a lateral skirt of the corresponding metal half-shell and a seat for snap-fastener engagement with the male member of the complementary metal half-shell, the flexible tang having a two-fold attachment and vent function.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention concerns a shielded electrical connector in the form of an insulative block provided with compartments adapted to receive electrical contact members housed in a shielded housing comprising two metal half-shells having complementary coupling means, the casing being intended to be overmolded with an insulative material.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Electrical connectors of the above design are described and shown in the documents FR-2 654 558 and EP-A-0 180 594 which provide a full treatment of the design of this equipment and the problems raised by its manufacture. These problems include industrial constraints but also and more importantly problems relating to the electrical continuity of the shielding and to the mechanical strength of the housing when subject to the injection molding pressure when the insulative material is overmolded onto it.
According to the document FR-2 654 558, the mechanical strength problem is apparently solved by a housing in the form of two stamped metal half-shells a "lower" one of which is provided with a lateral skirt nesting in the "upper" half-shell, the rear part of the peripheral wall of which is provided with openings into which clip locking lugs of complementary shape provided on the rear surface of the skirt of the opposite half-shell.
The two half-shells have at the rear a semi-cylindrical part for the electrical conductors to pass through surrounded in the assembled position by a crimping ferrule. Here mechanical strength and good electrical continuity to achieve the required shielding against interference is provided by stiffening ribs pressed into each half-shell and by the partial interengagement of said shells which incorporate a ledge against which the edge of the skirt on the opposite half-shell bears.
The shielded housing is joined t the standardized rear housing comprising the insulative block by indenting the free edges at the front of the half-shells. Claw-like folded lugs obtained by cutting/stamping and then work hardening are arranged at regular intervals along the entire length of these free edges and, when the two housings are coupled together, cooperate with respective notches provided in the flange of the rear housing.
Despite this design, there is a high risk of the shells of the shielded housing being deformed by the injection molding pressure during overmolding of the insulative material with consequent transmission of forces to the parts of the insulative block (leading to breakdown and short-circuiting) if no leakage path is provided to act as a pressure limiter and to regulate temporary pressure rises during molding.
Furthermore, although the shells have some degree of symmetry, they cannot be arbitrarily substituted for each other because they are of complementary design (male and female) and necessarily require differently conformed cutting tools, in particular punches.
According to the document EP-A-0 180 594 the problem of the mechanical strength of the shielded housing during overmolding of the insulative material is solved by pressure relief vents in the form of flaps obtained by cutting the back of the shells in a figure that is not closed. If the molding pressure is within permissible limits, the flaps remain in the same plane as the back (to oppose the intrusion of plastics material into the housing). However, if the pressure crosses a critical threshold, the flaps are pushed back towards the interior of the housing by pivotting about the uncut portion to allow a quantity of the material to be extruded into the interior of said housing. This design enables a pressure regulation effect but does not, however, authorize strict control of the mass of material flowing into the interior of the housing with the risk, in the case of high pressure, of affecting the electrical connections, in particular the insulative sheaths of the electrical conductors connected to the connecting members, or of modifying the position of the connecting terminals.
An object of the invention is to alleviate the drawbacks encountered with the prior art equipment.


An IC package includes a substrate and a plurality of thermal dissipating vias perforating the substrate. The substrate includes a power plane, a ground plane, and a dielectric layer disposed between the power plane and the ground plane. The power plane includes a power region and a non-power region isolated from each other. The thermal dissipating vias are connected to the non-power regions of the power plane and to the ground plane.

1. Field of the Invention
The present application relates to IC packages, and more particularly to IC packages with internal heat dissipation structures.
2. Description of the Related Art
FIG. 1 shows a conventional BGA package 10. The conventional BGA package 10 includes a substrate 2, a plurality of conductive vias perforating the substrate 2, a plurality of external connection terminals such as solder balls, an upper conductive layer 12 formed on the upper surface of the substrate 2, a lower conductive layer 14 formed on the lower surface of the substrate 2, a chip mounting adhesive layer (conductive or non-conductive) 4 on the upper conductive layer 12, and a semiconductor chip 6 attached to the chip mounting adhesive layer 4. The substrate 2 includes a dielectric layer 3, a power plane 8, and a ground plane 11. The semiconductor chip 6 is electrically connected to the upper conductive layer 12 by bonding wires 16.
The conductive vias include a plurality of thermal dissipating vias 18, power vias 20, and signal vias 22 perforating the substrate 2. The solder balls include a plurality of thermal dissipating balls 24, power balls 26, and signal balls 28.
The thermal dissipating balls 24 are connected to the ground plane 11 through thermal dissipating vias 18. The thermal dissipating vias 18 are not connected to the power plane 8. As a result, only the ground plane 11 is part of the direct pathways for dissipating heat in the package 10. The power plane 8 is not part of the pathways for dissipating heat in the package 10.

Hong Kong Applied Science and Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd.


Spin-on coatings are applied by ramping-up the exhaust level in the spin coating chamber to achieve a predetermined minimum exhaustion level prior to accelerating rotation of the coating substrate to a high speed to effect spreading of the coating fluid. The resulting spun-on coatings exhibit reduced defect formation and reduced aerosol particle redeposition thereon.

Spin-on coating processes are conventionally employed in semiconductor processing to deposit a variety of layers on semiconductor substrates, typically single-crystal silicon wafers used in integrated circuit manufacture. In addition, spin-on coating processes enjoy utility in processes wherein the substrate to be coated does not exhibit a high degree of crystallinity, e.g. in the manufacture of low-cost photovoltaic solar cells employing economical multi-crystalline semiconductor materials.
Coating materials conventionally applied by spin-coating processes include but are not limited to: dopant containing materials which are subjected to post deposition treatment, such as heat treatment, to diffuse a dopant into a semiconductor substrate for forming e.g. a p-n diode junction therein; materials which upon post-deposition treatment form antireflective layers; electrically conductive materials for forming transparent or opaque electrodes or contacts; dielectric materials used as insulative layers, protective coatings, and gap-fill and damascene style metallization process materials; and photoresist materials used in photolithographic or other type selective patterning processing as by chemical or physical etching.
A conventional spin-on deposition technique of, for example, a dielectric material involves preparing a fluid consisting of the coating material dissolved, dispersed, or suspended in a suitable volatile solvent or other vehicle, along with any other process or product enhancing additive; dispensing an amount of the fluid on a substrate, e.g., a semiconductor wafer; and spinning the wafer with a rotational speed sufficient to spread the coating fluid in a uniform thickness over at least the portion of the wafer intended to be coated. The rotational speed, surface tension, and viscosity of the coating fluid generally determine the thickness of the resulting coating. Following spin-on deposition, the deposited film is cured at an elevated temperature and for a time sufficient to obtain a dielectric film having the desired properties.
A typical apparatus for spin-on coating of substrates, such as semiconductor wafers, is illustrated in FIG. 1 and comprises a coating chamber, generally 10, which includes a support 11 for mounting thereon a substrate 12, typically a semiconductor wafer comprising an integrated circuit. The support 11 is mounted on a rotatable shaft 13 which is coupled to a motor 14 for spinning the support 11. The chamber 10 is coupled through outlet 15 to an exhaust system (not shown). A dispenser 16 is provided above the height of the support 11 for introducing a fluid containing a desired coating material 17 or precursor thereof on the exposed upper surface of the wafer substrate 12.
A typical operational sequence, termed a "recipe", for applying a spin-on coating such as a dielectric gap fill material (e.g., methyl siloxane-based spin-on glass (SOG) or hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ)) to a semiconductor wafer including integrated circuitry formed therein or thereon is illustrated in FIG. 2. As may be apparent from FIG. 2, the recipe comprises several stages, including dispensing the coating material while spinning the wafer at a low speed, accelerating the rotation of the coated substrate to spread the coating material over the substrate surface in a desired thickness, and simultaneously increasing the exhaust level of the atmosphere surrounding the coated wafer.
More particularly, and with reference to the spin coating apparatus 10 illustrated in FIG. 1, a substrate, e.g. a silicon wafer 12, is mounted for rotation on support 11. Starting at time (t)=0 and continuing for a preselected dispense time interval (t.sub.d), a preselected amount of fluidized coating material 17 is dispensed from dispenser 16 to form a mass at about the central portion of the wafer, while simultaneously rotating the substrate at a preselected relatively slow speed (r.sub.s). During the dispensing interval (t.sub.d), the atmosphere within the coating chamber 10 is maintained at ambient, i.e. atmospheric pressure. Immediately following completion of the dispense phase of the process, the spin rate is rapidly accelerated ("ramped up") over a short time interval (t.sub.a) to reach a preselected, substantially faster rotational speed (r.sub.f) which is sufficient to uniformly spread by centrifugal force the dispensed coating material 17 over at least a desired portion of the wafer 12. Concomitant with the acceleration of the wafer rotation speed, the atmosphere in the coating chamber 10 is exhausted by vacuum means (not shown) connected to exhaust port 15. The exhaust level is increased ("ramped up") over a preselected time interval (t.sub.r) to reach a preselected exhaust level (p.sub.e), and maintained at that level for the remaining time interval (t.sub.e) of the process recipe. The rotational speed of the wafer is maintained at the substantially higher speed (r.sub.f) for a preselected time interval (t.sub.s) sufficient to ensure proper spreading of the dispensed coating material, and thereafter reduced to a lower rate over a preselected time interval (t.sub.f). Finally, the coated wafer is removed from the spin-on chamber 10 and subjected to further processing, e.g. heat treatment, to develop a desired property or characteristic. In some instances, the dispensed coating material contains a precursor of the final coating material, in which instance the precursor must be subjected to additional processing in order to obtain the desired coating.
In the above-described process recipe, the principal function of exhausting of the atmosphere surrounding the coated wafer is to assist in removal by evaporation of volatile, non-coating components from the dispensed coating fluid, e.g. solvents, vehicles, flowing agents, viscosity adjusting agents, etc. However, solid components of the coating material fluid tend to become entrapped in the vapors of such evaporating components, particularly solvents, thereby forming aerosol type particulates which can redeposit on the surface of the coating layer if not removed quickly enough from the vicinity of the coating surface. The result of such aerosol particle formation and redeposition results in a coating containing surface protrusions and interior defects. Redeposition of aerosol particles is acutely problematic when depositing newer, low dielectric constant ("low k") spin-on materials, such as hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ), which employ volatile solvents such as methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK). Accordingly, a need exists for spin-on methodology enabling the deposition of coatings, such as dielectric coatings, while substantially reducing or eliminating the generation of defects, particularly defects caused by redeposition of aerosol particles.

Method of exhaust control for spin-on films with reduced defects


The present invention relates to the use of a non-aqueous liquid such as phenols, glycols, aromatic hydrocarbons, diesel fuel, kerosene, and mixtures thereof as a moistening agent in a packed bed process, wherein the packed bed contains a composition for removing sulfur compounds from fluid streams, the composition containing a carrier composition, an iron oxide composition, and a non-aqueous liquid moistening agent. The non-aqueous liquid moistening agent is used in place of water and thus avoids the problems associated with using water as a moistening agent.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a composition, and a method for preparing the composition, for use in packed beds designed to scavenge and remove sulfur compounds found in hydrocarbon fluids, with the composition made from the combination of carrier particles, oxide particles, and non-aqueous liquid moistening agents. More specifically, the present invention relates to the use of non-aqueous liquid moistening agents in moistening oxide-bearing carrier particles.
2. Description of the Related Art
The use of water moistened carriers with iron oxide particles were disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,320,992, which issued on Jun. 14, 1994. Oxide particles are used in reactor beds to remove sulfur compounds and sweeten hydrocarbon fluids, such as gasoline. Typically the oxide particles are mixed with a carrier composition, so that the composition used to sweeten the gas is a combination of carrier and oxide particles.
In order to have a process wherein oxide particles efficiently remove sulfur compounds from gasoline, it is necessary for the oxide particles to remain spaced apart from one another. A moistening agent is used to hold the oxide particles onto the carrier particles, so that the oxide particles will remain spaced apart. If a moistening agent is not used the oxide particles will flow through the reactor bed with the gasoline and clump together, which is undesirable because clumping decreases the uniform permeability and porosity of the reactor bed. Additionally, the clumping of the oxide particles will result in decreased contact between the oxide particles and the hydrocarbon fluids, resulting in a lesser amount of sulfur being reacted and an increased likelihood that the hydrocarbon fluids will remain contaminated. It has been known to moisten the oxide-bearing carrier particles with water so as to allow the oxide particles to adhere to the carrier particles found in a reactor bed. However, the use of water alone as a moistening agent suffers from a number of disadvantages.
One disadvantage associated with water, is that it will migrate into the hydrocarbon fluids, including gasoline, being treated in the present process, known as the packed bed process. This is disadvantageous because commercial providers of, for instance, gasoline can sell fluids with only a very limited amount of water present in the gasoline. In fact, if too much water migrates into the gasoline, then the gasoline must be treated to remove the water that migrated into the gasoline. Another disadvantage associated with the use of water is that the water used to moisten the carrier particles can contaminate the hydrocarbon fluid being, sweetened. Essentially water is considered a contaminant that must be removed before the gasoline can be sold. The migration of water into the gasoline is especially undesirable because the gasoline must be passed through an additional processing step to remove the water, which can be costly and potentially raises the price of the gasoline. As can be seen, the use of water as a moistening agent is undesirable because it readily migrates into hydrocarbon fluids being treated in a packed bed process and because once the water migrates into the hydrocarbon fluids it is considered a contaminant that must be removed.
Thus, it is desirable to have a moistening agent available for moistening oxide-bearing carrier particles that is not considered a contaminant of hydrocarbon fluids and that does not readily migrate into the hydrocarbon fluids being treated. Specifically, it is desirable that water alone is not used as a moistening agent in the packed bed process.

Non-aqueous liquids for moistening an oxide-bearing carrier in sulfur sweetening


Techniques are provided to append packet handling information “in the clear” ahead of security related information in a packet to be routed over a network to optimize wide area network deployments of security-configured equipment. In one form, at a network device that performs connectionless secure communication and network routing of packets, data is received from a source device to be sent through a network to a destination device. Packet handling information is inserted in a packet that is to be used to transport the data. The packet handling information is configured to enable controlled handling of the packet in the network and is inserted in an unprotected portion of the packet. Encrypted payload data is generated from the data received from the source device. The encrypted payload data and security information are inserted in a protected portion of the packet and the packet is sent to the network.

MACSEC, defined in the IEEE 802.1AE standard, is a connectionless secure communication protocol that was initially defined for point-to-point security between two devices. Over time usage of MACSEC has been extended to provide end-to-end encryption across a third party network using tunnels, bridges, and labels. Today, to transport MACSEC packets across third party networks requires at least two devices or boxes. The first box encrypts the packet with and the second box tunnels the packet through the network.
The security information is inserted in the packet immediately following the destination address/source address (DA/SA) fields, and all of the lower level packet information is hidden from the network that is forwarding the packets.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Enabling packet handling information in the clear for MACSEC protected frames


An operating table including at least three elements which are moveable in relation to each other; at least two actuators, each controlling displacement of two elements in relation to the other; a controller which drives each actuator; a sensor to detect a risk of collision of one of the elements with an obstacle when executing a displacement request of a first actuator; a controller which determines a corrective command order of a second actuator different from the first actuator upon detecting a risk of collision, wherein execution of the corrective command order by the second actuator causes cessation of the detected risk of collision upon subsequent execution of the displacement request of the first actuator; and a display to view the corrective command order.

In modern surgical operating tables each mobile element is controlled by a motorized actuator, especially electrically powered, enabling the surgeon or an operator to effortlessly displace the controlled element.
Because of the multiplication of the mobile elements in relation to each other and thus the multiplication of the possible configurations of the table, numerous risks of collision of the elements with each other can occur. Similarly, the end elements can strike obstacles present in the operating room, especially the floor.
When such a collision occurs or immediately before such an occurrence, the movement of the operating table controlled by the user is interrupted. The stopping of the maneuver is often perceived by the user as a malfunction of the operating table. Moreover, such a stopping is difficult for the user to interpret because he helplessly encounters a request for displacement that he wants to execute but that he can not implement for mechanical reasons that he does not always perceive.
After an involuntary stopping of a maneuver, the user often acts blindly on the other controls available to him but nevertheless is unable to subsequently perform with certainty the maneuver that he initially wanted to implement.
It would therefore be advantageous to provide an operating table that prevents this user predicament when a collision occurs or risks to occur between an element of the table and a neighboring obstacle especially on the floor, or when there is the risk that two of the table's mobile elements might collide with each other.

Motorized operating table with multiple sections


Embodiments of this application disclose a method for determining camera pose information of a camera of a mobile terminal. The method includes: obtaining a first image, a second image, and a template image; performing feature point detection on a first feature point of the template image and a second feature point of the second image, to obtain a first homography; determining a first target homography according to a first optical flow feature point in the first image and a second optical flow feature point in the second image, and determining a second homography according to the first target homography and a second target homography; and performing complementary filtering processing on the first homography and the second homography, to obtain camera pose information of the camera. In the embodiments of this application, complementary filtering processing may be performed on two homographies obtained in a camera pose tracking process.

An augmented Reality (AR) technology is a technology for calculating positions and angles of camera images in real time and adding corresponding images, videos or 3D models. This technology is aimed to apply the virtual world on a screen to the real world and perform interactions.
Currently, in interactive scenarios such an AR type game promotion and an AR type educational application, a natural image may be used as a template (Marker) image used for matching and corresponding camera pose information may be obtained. The natural image is a normally shot image, and the Marker image may be a natural image or a regular image, that is, an image having very obvious geometry features. In a process of obtaining camera pose information according to the Marker image, the Marker image needs to be detected first, and after the Marker image is detected, camera positioning is performed depending on tracking for feature points of the Marker image, to obtain the camera pose information.
However, during tracking for the feature points of the Marker image in the current image, changes of the feature points are not considered. When the affine transformation is obvious, if feature points of one image layer in the Marker image is matched with feature points in the current image, the obtained camera pose information has relatively low precision; and if a plurality of image layers of the Marker image are obtained, and feature points of each image layer are matched with the feature points in the current image, excessive match overheads are needed, and it is adverse to the running efficiency.

Method, device and storage medium for determining camera posture information

TENCENT TECHNOLOGY (SHENZHEN) COMPANY LIMITED


A drive transmission device having motor, a first pulley configured to be driven to rotate by the motor, a second pulley configured to be connected to a device, and a belt unit configured to be wound around the first pulley and the second pulley. The belt unit includes a metal layer and a dielectric layer configured to be provided between the first pulley and the metal layer and between the second pulley and the metal layer. The drive transmission device also includes a voltage supply unit configured to supply voltage to cause attraction between the first and second pulleys and the belt and a controller configured to control the voltage of the voltage supply unit based on information indicating load of the device.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a drive transmission device in which rotary force of a driving source is transmitted to a driven unit through a belt wound around a driving pulley and a driven pulley, and the like.
2. Description of the Related Art
Various known apparatuses, such as image forming apparatuses, include a drive transmission device in which rotary force of a driving source, such as a motor, is transmitted to a driven unit.
For example, in an image forming apparatus, driving force of a motor as a driving source is transmitted to a driving roller which drives a driven unit (for example, a photosensitive drum or an intermediate transfer belt) through a plurality of gears. However, the configuration of transmitting driving force using gears has had a problem that vibrations may occur in the image forming apparatus due to vibromotive force caused by a rotation transmission error (especially, an engagement transmission error) between a driving gear and a driven gear. There has been a possibility that vibrations which have occurred at the gears are transmitted to supporting members, such as a shaft, a bearing, and a side plate, and generate noise.
There has been a known drive transmission device that includes a driving pulley, a driven pulley, and a belt wound around the pulleys, and transmits rotational driving force of a driving source (motor) to a driven unit by using friction force between the individual pulleys and the belt. However, in the case where the driving force is transmitted using such a device, if the driving force is increased excessively, slippage of the belt occurs. Therefore, the driving force of the driving source cannot be transmitted to the driven unit with high accuracy.
As described in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 08-146783, there has been a technique of increasing the friction force between a pulley and a belt by allowing electrostatic attraction between the belt and the pulley, and suppressing slippage of the belt. The image forming apparatus described in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 08-146783 applies a bias to a core metal of a driving roller as the pulley to cause electrostatic attraction force to act between the driving roller and the intermediate transfer belt, and thus transmits the driving force of the driving roller to the intermediate transfer belt.
In the technique described in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 08-146783, the larger the potential difference between the individual pulleys and the belt, the larger the electrostatic attraction force. Therefore, a high voltage is applied to the pulleys to prevent slippage of the belt.
Furthermore, a load applied to a driven unit is not necessarily constant but may vary. Taking into consideration variations of the load onto the driven unit, it is necessary to set a high set value of an applied voltage for the case of the maximum load condition, in order to reliably prevent the occurrence of slippage between the pulleys and the belt. However, applying a high voltage to the pulley or the belt increases power consumption.
The present invention has been designed to solve the problems of the related art. The present invention appropriately suppresses the slippage between a pulley and a belt by efficiently generating a necessary friction force without performing excessive voltage application.

Drive transmission device and image forming apparatus