The subject matter relates to an apparatus for insertion of a conduit into a well system bore to introduce a reactant fluid over a subterranean catalyst to initiate decomposition of the reactant fluid which resultant energy release may be utilized to perform work or perform heating of the subterranean environment. The energy released from the catalytic reaction and subsequent combustion of fuels may also be used for cutting, welding, powering pumps, compressors, turbines, generators, or to heat well system fluids, pipes, subterranean reservoir fluids, subterranean solids, and completion devices in the well system.

The present invention relates to an apparatus and method to release energy and perform work with said energy release in a well system; more specifically, to release chemical energy in a well system utilizing at least one fluid transmitted down a continuous conduit disposed in a well or riser reacting said fluid across a subterranean catalyst to release energy in the well system.
More particularly a method to continuously supply a fluid to a down hole catalyst and apparatus for using the energy release of the catalytic reaction and any subsequent reaction of said fluid after the catalytic reaction to heat the subterranean environments claimed herein. This invention can also use said energy release to do useful work, such as but not limited to jetting perforations, drilling, cutting, welding, powering pumps, compressors, turbines, generators, or more simply heat well system fluids, pipes, subterranean reservoir fluids, subterranean solids, and completion devices in the well system. For example, the released energy can be used to cut a window in a casing for further down hole processing through such window or weld a junction in a multi-lateral well or otherwise create a weldment.
It is well known that the application of down hole energy in gas and oil well systems can be used to slot, or perforate, or cut off well tubulars. This is commonly done with high pressure water jets with abrasives or shaped explosive charges in the art of well perforating.
The use of abrasive fluid jets require large amounts of hydraulic horsepower to be generated on the surface and transmitted to the well depth required. Frictional losses in the transmission conduits, the accumulation in the well system of the abrasives, and the accumulation of the jetting fluid in the well system can provide limitations with existing technology.
The shaped explosive charges on the other hand release energy rapidly by means of a chemical reaction. These charges are ignited with various electrical and mechanical triggers. These explosive charges are very dangerous to transport, store, and handle on the surface and many people have been killed when the charges are set off on surface by accidental electrical excitation, like a radio being keyed up in the vicinity of the well where the explosives are being prepared on surface. Moreover, the explosive charges fire instantaneously such that they can only penetrate at a focused point in the well and hence many charges have to be used to penetrate various depths in the well system. Some explosive charges are not well suited for cutting slots, which yield more inflow area as is often required in wells that will require a gravel pack. This often means that many runs, for example runs of wire line deployed perforating guns, of explosive charges must be run in a well. Furthermore, the use of explosive charges, boosters, and the primer cord represents an extreme hazard to store and transport around the world. These charges, primer cord, and boosters can easily be used by groups that have evil intentions and hence the world wide use of explosive perforating in the oil and gas industry and the inherent storage, transport, and disposal of this explosive device represents a very difficult security challenge. These charges are very small and can be transported and concealed in shoes, toothpaste tubes, and many other stealthful methods. These explosive charges are used in hundreds of countries around the world, where oil and gas is produced and the continual monitoring of the storage sites and bunkers, the monitoring of their transport and movement becomes impossible.
The present invention allows for an improved method to transmit and release chemical energy down hole. The present real problem of security represented by the art of explosive well perforating is wholly avoided. Furthermore, the present invention can allow one trip down the bore to perform any service work involving perforating, avoiding the need for multiple trips down hole to perforate at different zones as bore hole conditions are experienced. Finally, the present invention solves the problem of high fluid friction losses present in current hydraulic jet cutting methods.

Method and apparatus to deliver energy in a well system


An illuminator includes a primary power supply and a secondary supply. The first power supply includes a primary wire. The secondary power supply includes two energy-recycling units each comprising a magnetically conductive annular core made of iron powder and a secondary wire wound around the magnetically conductive annular core. The primary wire is wound around the energy-recycling units. A first illumination unit is connected to the primary wire. A second illumination unit is connected to the secondary wires. A first pulse modulator is connected to the primary wire and the first illumination unit. A second pulse modulator is connected to the primary wire and the second illumination unit. An oscillator is connected to the primary wire and the first pulse modulator.

Global warning causes catastrophes and changes in ecosystems. Hence, much attention is paid to so-called green industries focused on low consumption and high efficiency. A lot of effort is made to develop light-emitting diodes because they are small in size, long in life and quick in response, produce a little heat, consume a little energy and do not include mercury. Most of the effort is made to improve the efficiency of the light-emitting diodes.
Conventionally, light-emitting diodes are connected to one another in parallel or serial, thus forming an array. The array is connected to a power supply so that each light-emitting diode therein emits light. If the illumination is not enough, more light-emitting diodes care connected to one another in parallel or serial, thus forming another array. The additional array is connected to an additional power supply.
As discussed above, each array is connected to a power supply, i.e., two power supplies are used for two arrays. To double the illumination, the consumption of energy must be doubled.
The present invention is therefore intended to obviate or at least alleviate the problems encountered in prior art.

Illuminator based on primary and secondary power supplies


A method for manufacturing a semiconductor device includes forming a lower electrode pattern on a substrate, forming a first insulating layer on the lower electrode pattern, forming an upper electrode pattern on the first insulating layer, forming an etch blocking spacer at a side of the upper electrode pattern, forming a second insulating layer on the upper electrode pattern, etching the second insulating layer to form a cavity which exposes the etch blocking spacer, and forming a contact ball in the cavity.

1. Field of the Disclosure
Embodiments of the invention relate to a semiconductor device and a method for manufacturing the same, and more particularly, to a Micro Metal Sphere switch and a method for manufacturing the same.
2. Discussion of the Related Art
A Micro Metal Sphere system (MMSs) device, a form of microelectromechanical switch (MEMS), is a device having a small size in a micro-scale, for performing a specific function of an electronic mechanical operation. The MMSs device is produced by a special process based on a semiconductor process, and a low priced batch manufacturing.
MEMS devices have wide application, such as a sensor, for example, a pressure sensor, an inertia sensor, a position sensor in GPS and game consoles, an image sensor in a digital camera, a camcorder, and so on, and also in an RF switch, a micro-resonator, a variable capacitor, and a variable inductor. Particularly, the MMSs device for a switch must be reliable as a switching device, and the process for manufacturing the MMSs device should have a stable yield.

Semiconductor device and method for manufacturing the same


A transfer device and an image forming apparatus having the same are provided. Shapes of cam profiles of first cam members and second cam members controlling movement of first slider members moving a first transfer roller corresponding to a black developer, and second slider members moving a second transfer roller corresponding to a color developer. Times are different as when movement of the first slider members is completed and when movement of the second slider members is completed in mode conversion among a ready mode, a mono mode and a color mode, and thus a driving load generated when the first and second cam members are rotated is reduced, non-uniformity of the rotating speeds of the first and second cam members is reduced, and problems generated due to non-uniform rotating speeds of the cam members are reduced.

1. Field
The embodiments discussed herein relate to a transfer device that transfers an image to printing media and an image forming apparatus having the same.
2. Description of the Related Art
An electrophotographic image forming apparatus, which is a kind of image forming apparatus, irradiates light onto photoconductors charged with a designated potential to form electrostatic latent images on the surfaces of the photoconductors, and supplies developers to the electrostatic latent images to form developer images. The developer images formed on the photoconductors may be transferred to a printing medium through a transfer unit, and the developer images transferred to the printing medium pass through a fixing process and discharged to the outside of the image forming apparatus.
In such an image forming apparatus, developing cartridges for corresponding developers for respective colors may be disposed in parallel, and developer images for respective colors overlap with each other by the photoconductors of the respective developing cartridges and respective transfer rollers corresponding thereto to form a color image. Further, in the image forming apparatus, the developing cartridge corresponding to black from among the developing cartridges is operated to form a monochrome image.
If the monochrome image is formed, the photoconductors of the developing cartridges corresponding to colors, except for black, do not need to be operated. Therefore, the photoconductors corresponding to colors, except for black, are not rotated, and the transfer rollers corresponding to these photoconductors are separated from the photoconductors, thereby extending a lifespan of the photoconductors.
Such an image forming apparatus may be changed between three modes, e.g., a ready mode in which a transfer nip between a transfer belt and the photoconductors is not formed, a mono mode in which only a transfer nip of a single color between the transfer belt and one photoconductor is formed through contact, and a color mode in which transfer nips of plural colors between the transfer belt and plural photoconductors are formed through contact. In order to change the image forming apparatus between the three modes, cams and sliders may be used as a mode conversion device for form/release the transfer nips.
In case of such a mode conversion device, two or more cam members may be provided on the same shaft, and as the cams are rotated, the sliders move by the cam members and links connected to the sliders move positions of the transfer rollers of the respective colors, thereby achieving mode conversion among these three modes.
When the cams are rotated, the different cam members having the same phase on the same shaft are simultaneously rotated and simultaneously cause friction with the different sliders, thereby increasing cam driving load.
That is, in order to form/release transfer nips between the photoconductors and the transfer belt, the different cam shapes having the same phase on the same shaft are simultaneously rotated, and thus a friction load between a mono cam shape and a mono slider and friction load between a color cam shape and a color slider may be simultaneously generated and are added to increase cam driving load. A reason for this is that when the color cam and the mono cam move the corresponding sliders, the phases, where the cam shapes reach the top dead centers, are the same.
That is, a time when the mono cam is rotated, contacts the mono slider and maximally pushes the mono slider, and a time when the color cam is rotated, contacts the color slider and maximally pushes the color slider are the same, and thus loads generated when the cams respectively push the corresponding sliders overlap with each other to increase cam driving load.
When the cam driving load is increased, the capacity of a motor driving the cams needs to be increased and the increase in the capacity of the motor raises costs and increases a set size. Further, when the cam driving load is increased, the lifespan of the mode conversion device to form/release transfer nips is lowered, reliability in joint and abrasion is lowered, and thus the lifespan of the transfer device is

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Transfer device and image forming apparatus having the same


A method for fabricating three-dimensional structures. In-flight heating or UV illumination modifies the properties of aerosol droplets as they are jetted onto a target surface. The UV light at least partially cures photopolymer droplets, or alternatively causes droplets of solvent-based nanoparticle dispersions to rapidly dry in-flight, and the resulting increased viscosity of the aerosol droplets facilitates the formation of free standing three-dimensional structures. This 3D fabrication can be performed using a wide variety of photopolymer, nanoparticle dispersion, and composite materials. The resulting 3D shapes can be free standing, fabricated without supports, and can attain arbitrary shapes by manipulating the print nozzle relative to the target substrate.

Field of the Invention (Technical Field)
The present invention is related to the fabrication of 3D electrical and mechanical structures, microstructures, and nanostructures by in-flight curing of aerosol jetted nanoparticle and polymeric inks.
Background Art
Note that the following discussion may refer to a number of publications and references. Discussion of such publications herein is given for more complete background of the scientific principles and is not to be construed as an admission that such publications are prior art for patentability determination purposes.
Three-dimensional printing is a rapidly evolving technology which promises to revolutionize additive manufacturing. With 3D printing, various structural materials such as plastics and metals can be fabricated into net-shaped structures without the need for subtractive machining or etching steps. There is little materials waste and the reduced processing steps promise to make 3D printing a cost-effective, green technology. Several 3D printing technologies are currently available today and it is useful to briefly compare these technologies to the current invention.
Stereolithography is an additive manufacturing process that works by focusing an ultraviolet (UV) laser on to a vat of photopolymer resin. With the help of computer aided manufacturing or computer aided design (CAM/CAD) software, the UV laser is used to draw a pre-programmed design or shape on to the surface of the photopolymer vat. Because photopolymers are photosensitive under ultraviolet light, the irradiated resin is solidified and forms a single layer of the desired 3D object. This process is repeated for each layer of the design until the 3D object is complete. Layer resolution of 50-150 um is typically with lateral dimension approaching 10 um. The process is generally limited to photopolymer materials and sacrificial structures are required to support overhangs.
Ink jet technologies are typically used to print graphitic and pigmented inks in 2D. Recent materials innovations enable ink jet printers to jet polymeric and metal nanoparticle inks. Generally the inks used in ink jet printing must have relatively low viscosity, meaning the inks will spread substantially after printing, thus limiting the minimum feature size and aspect ratio of the printed features. The ink jetter does not contact the substrate, but it is in close proximity (less than mm).
Extrusion technologies are popular for 3D printing of thermoplastic polymers. In this case, a thermal plastic is heated to the melting point in a nozzle and extruded onto a substrate. The plastic rapidly cools and solidifies on contacting the substrate, and a three-dimensional shape can be maintained. 3D parts are typically fabricated layer wise, with each layer consisting of a raster pattern of extruded filament. Overhangs can be fabricated by extruding a sacrificial support material and later dissolving or mechanically removing the support structure. Typically feature sizes are hundreds of microns, and materials are largely limited to thermoplastics and a few thermoset polymers, as well as conductive pastes. The nScrypt tool is capable of printing on 3D surfaces by robotic CAD/CAM control of the nozzle positioning.

Fabrication of three dimensional structures by in-flight curing of aerosols


Coverage event counters for hardware verification emulations are implemented as linear feedback shift register-based counters generating encoded counter values indicative of a detected number of coverage events. To decode those counter values, a counter algorithm utilized to generate the encoded counter value may continue to be iterated after counting is complete until reaching a defined pattern, while counting the number of iterations (K) necessary to reach the defined pattern. The resulting counter value having the defined pattern is correlated with a mapping table to identify a numerical value, and an ordinal counter value indicative of the number of coverage events is determined based on the identified numerical value, less K.

Coverage data collection is an important means for hardware verification. There are many kinds of coverage data that may be collected on verification test runs: functional coverage data, code coverage data, toggle coverage data, etc. For many kinds of coverage data collection, a coverage event (e.g., bit toggle, occurrence of some temporal sequence, simultaneous assertion of two specific signals, etc.) has associated a counter containing a number of times this coverage event has been hit during the test run.
In emulation, for each coverage event usually a separate counter is allocated. Since the coverage space size may be huge, many millions of hit counters may need to be allocated in the emulator hardware. The contents of these counters should then be transmitted to the host computer. Both coverage counter allocation and communication with the host impose a heavy burden on an emulator and result in a significant requirement for capacity and performance overhead. There is also a tradeoff between capacity and communication overhead introduced by the coverage collection. In addition to performance and capacity overhead, the communication between the emulator and the host requires complex FPGA routing to allow connection of every counter with the host. This makes FPGA compilation much more complex and leads to less efficient use of FPGA resources, thus increasing even more the capacity overhead, let alone of increasing the model compilation time.
It has been determined to allocate all counters on the host. This requires sending signal traces to the host, with subsequent simulation of the stimuli collected in these traces using simulation software in the postprocessing mode. The downside of this solution is the overhead introduced by the signal trace collection, communication with the host, sophisticated routing and slow simulation performance.
Various embodiments as discussed herein address the resource overhead problem introduced by coverage collection support in emulation: to minimize capacity, communication and routing overhead.

Efficient realization of coverage collection in emulation


A power source device is disclosed with a transformer having a plurality of windings provided with the secondary of the transformer, first and second smoothing means connected to a predetermined winding in the plurality of windings, a first voltage detection means for detecting a change of an output voltage from the first smoothing means and means for superimposing an output from the first voltage detection means on an output from the second smoothing means and feeding back a superimposed value to the primary of the transformer. The disclosed power source device has less ripple in the output and is stably responsive to an abrupt change of load.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a power source device, and more specifically, to a power source device suitable for an image formation apparatus such as a copy machine, printer and the like.
2. Related Background Art
Conventionally, a copy machine and printer include various kinds of independent electric components such as a sequence controller circuit with a microprocessor as a central component thereof for controlling a print sequence as a whole, DC power source, power source for exposure, high voltage power source for charging, and the like, and thus the electric components have a limit in miniaturization and cost reduction.
In particular, since high voltage power supplies are arranged in many cases such that the voltage thereof is lowered once by a DC power source and increased again by a transformer, they employ a plurality of transformers which are disadvantageous in cost, volume and weight in electric components and further have a low power efficiency.
To cope with this problem, there is a proposal to employ a transformer having a plurality of low voltage outputs and high voltage outputs to cover almost all the necessary voltage outputs by a single transformer, wherein the primary of the transformer is usually controlled by detecting a particular output of the secondary thereof and other power source outputs are controlled on the secondary by connecting any control means to a next stage.
FIGS. 8A to 8C show an output voltage detection circuit provided with the secondary of a prior art. In the case shown in FIG. 8A, an output from a diode D2 is simply divided to provide an output voltage detection signal r. In the case shown in FIG. 8B, a detection winding N2-1 is provided and an output therefrom is rectified and smoothed by a diode D3 and capacitor C3 and divided by resistors R1 and R2 to provide an output voltage detection signal r. In the case shown in FIG. 8C, an output from a winding N which is similar to a particular output is rectified and smoothed by a diode D3 and capacitor C3 and divided by resistors R1 and R2 to provide an output voltage detection signal r.
Nevertheless, when a system covering a plurality of voltage outputs by a single converter transformer is employed in the prior art, the circuit shown in FIGS. 8A to 8C are used for detecting a particular output of the secondary.
When control is carried out by the same output as in FIG. 8A, a problem arises in that since a capacitor C2 has a large capacity, an output from the diode 2 has a very slow response and the response of a system as a whole using a signal obtained by dividing an output voltage as the output voltage detection signal r has a slow response with the result that a power source system cannot catch up with a load fluctuation and a ripple is increased, whereas when the rippled is reduced, the system is made unstable.
Further, when the detection winding N2-1 is independently provided as in FIG. 8B and an output voltage detection signal proportional to a particular output is used, a problem arises in that a balance between an output from a winding N and an output from the winding N2-1 causes an error, and further since a current flowing through a diode D2 is changed by a change of load although a response characteristic can be relatively freely set by the resistors R1 and R2 and capacitor C3, a particular output voltage is changed by the V.sub.F /I.sub.F characteristic of the diode D2.
When two rectifying/smoothing paths are provided for an output from a converter transformer as in FIG. 8C and a detection system with a time constant sufficiently shorter than that of an output as a power source is provided, a problem arises in that the DC voltage level of a particular voltage output system may be different from that of a sensing system due to a change of the V.sub.F of the diode D2 caused by a change of load.

Power source device responsive to supplemental plural output voltages


A process and catalyst for the direct oxidation of an olefin having three or more carbon atoms, such as propylene, by oxygen to an olefin oxide, such as propylene oxide. The process involves contacting the olefin with oxygen under reaction conditions in the presence of hydrogen and a catalyst. The catalyst comprises gold on a support of titanium dispersed on silica. The titanium phase is disorganized and substantially free of crystalline titanium dioxide, as determined by analytical methods, such as, high resolution transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. Selectivity to olefin oxide is high at good conversions of the olefin. The time between catalyst regenerations is long, and the catalyst is readily regenerated.

This invention pertains to a process and catalyst for the direct oxidation of olefins, such as propylene, by oxygen to olefin oxides, such as propylene oxide.
Olefin oxides, such as propylene oxide, are used to alkoxylate alcohols to form polyether polyols, such as polypropylene polyether polyols, which find significant utility in the manufacture of polyurethanes and synthetic elastomers. Olefin oxides are also important intermediates in the manufacture of alkylene glycols, such as propylene glycol and dipropylene glycol, and alkanolamines, such as isopropanolamine, which are useful as solvents and surfactants.
Propylene oxide is produced commercially via the well-known chlorohydrin process wherein propylene is reacted with an aqueous solution of chlorine to produce a mixture of propylene chlorohydrins. The chlorohydrins are dehydrochlorinated with an excess of alkali to produce propylene oxide. This process suffers from the production of a low concentration salt stream. (See K. Weissermel and H. J. Arpe, Industrial Organic Chemistry, 2.sup.nd ed., VCH Publishers, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1993, p. 264-265.)
Another well-known route to olefin oxides relies on the transfer of an oxygen atom from an organic hydroperoxide or peroxycarboxylic acid to an olefin. In the first step of this oxidation route, a peroxide generator, such as isobutane or acetaldehyde, is autoxidized with oxygen to form a peroxy compound, such as t-butyl hydroperoxide or peracetic acid. This compound is used to epoxidize the olefin, typically in the presence of a transition metal catalyst, including titanium, vanadium, molybdenum, and other heavy metal compounds or complexes. Along with the olefin oxide produced, this process disadvantageously produces equimolar amounts of a coproduct, for example an alcohol, such as t-butanol, or an acid, such as acetic acid, whose value must be captured in the market place. (Industrial Organic Chemistry, ibid., p. 265-269.)
Although the direct oxidation of ethylene by molecular oxygen to ethylene oxide has been commercialized with a silver catalyst, it is known that the analogous direct oxidation of propylene exhibits a low selectivity to the olefin oxide. Disadvantageously large amounts of acrolein and oxygen-containing C.sub.1-3 byproducts are produced. (See Industrial Organic Chemistry, ibid., p. 264.) Some patents represented by U.S. Pat. No. 4,007,135 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,845,253, teach the use of metal-promoted silver catalysts for the oxidation of propylene with oxygen to propylene oxide. Among the metal promoters disclosed are gold, beryllium, magnesium, calcium, barium, strontium, and the rare earth lanthanides. These promoted silver catalysts also exhibit low selectivities to the olefin oxide.
Alternatively, EP-A 1-0,709,360 discloses a process of oxidizing an unsaturated hydrocarbon, such as propylene, with oxygen in the presence of hydrogen and a catalyst to form an epoxide, such as propylene oxide. Gold deposited on titanium dioxide, preferably the anatase phase of crystalline titanium dioxide, further immobilized on a carrier such as silica or alumina, is taught as the catalyst composition. The catalyst exhibits lower olefin oxide selectivity and less efficient hydrogen consumption when operated at higher temperatures. Additionally, the catalyst has a short run time.
PCT publication WO-A1-96/02323 discloses the oxidation of an olefin, including propylene, with oxygen in the presence of hydrogen and a catalyst to form an olefin oxide. The catalyst is a titanium or vanadium silicalite containing at least one platinum group metal, and optionally, an additional metal selected from gold, iron, cobalt, nickel, rhenium, and silver. The productivity of olefin oxide is low in this process.
In view of the above, a need exists in the chemical industry for an efficient direct route to propylene oxide and higher olefin oxides from the reaction of oxygen with C.sub.3 or higher olefins. The discovery of such a process which simultaneously achieves high selectivity to the olefin oxide at an economically advantageous conversion of the olefin would represent a significant achievement over the prior art. For commercial viability such a process would also require that the catalyst exhibit a long lifetime.
In another aspect, U.S. Pat. No. 4,937,219 discloses a composition comprising gold particles having a particle size smaller than about 500 .ANG. immobilized on an alkaline earth oxide or titanium oxide. It is disclosed that the preparation of this composition involves deposition of a gold compound onto the alkaline earth or titanium oxide followed by calcination so as to form metallic gold having a particle size smaller than about 500 .ANG.. This teaching is silent with respect to a process of preparing olefin oxides.

Process for the direct oxidation of olefins to olefin oxides


A bi-directional magnetic recording/reproduce head surface contour that provides the lowest possible Head-to-Media separation at high media-to-head relative speeds with accompanying best condition head or media wear conditions. The Bernoulli Pockets provide the mechanism that forces the media to fly very close to the recording head gap(s). Depending upon the speed, data rate and capacity goals of the Tape Product the Bernoulli Pocket design can be developed per this invention to provide the required flying conditions. This operating performance is equivalent in both directions selected by a Magnetic Data Recorder. It is intended for use on single, or multiple gap data recorders that record data upon media in a Serpentine manner, in single track or multiple track formats, but may be used in single direction Data Recorders also. The design is not limited to a particular width of tape and can be used on many different data recorders using various width media. It will work well at low, medium or high speeds, but it's main advantage is reliable operation at high speeds (above 3 Meters/Sec or 120 Inches/Second).

FIELD OF INVENTION
This invention relates to improved magnetic recording of data utilizing an unique Read/Write Recording Head surface contour shape. This shape minimizes the separation between the magnetic media and the recording head gap. Demands for increased Data Storage Device data capacity and data rate to the host systems have required increased recording densities, both track and linear data. This need has been for both flexible and rigid Magnetic Data Storage Devices. In order to record data at these increased rates and densities the Data Storage Devices have had to fly the medias closer than ever before at the Media-to-Recording Head Interfaces. Otherwise Read-Write Reliability, the ability to record and recover data without error, will be degraded. In the Data Storage Arena this Reliability goal must be sustained and continuously improved.

Bidirectional magnetic read/write recording head surface contour with plurality of Bernoulli Pocket cavities for generating very low media-to-head separations


A remote (10) communicates with a graphical proxy server (12) over a network (14). The graphical proxy server (12) controls the user interface on the remote (10) responsive to user interaction with the remote (10). Responsive to actions taken with the user interface, the graphical proxy server sends commands to control various devices (17).

1. Technical Field
This invention relates in general to electronic devices and, more particularly, to a universal premise controller for controlling appliances via a global network connection.
2. Description of the Related Art
Remote control of appliances, such as audio/visual equipment and garage doors, has become commonplace. Typically, each piece of equipment is supplied with its own remote control. Some remote controls are designed to work with other devices as well; for example, a stereo receiver remote control will sometimes come with a large number of codes that allow the user to program the remote to operate other devices, such as the television and an audio recording device. Seldom, however, does a remote control for one device satisfactorily control another device, without a large learning curve.
An alternative is the "universal" remote control. These remotes generally are of two types. The first type, a non-learning remote, is programmed with the remote codes for a large number of devices by a large number of manufacturers. The user selects the codes for the manufacturer of each device. The second type, a learning remote, includes the functionality of the non-learning remote, and additionally allows a user to program specific keys of the using the original manufacturer's remote.
More recently, programmable remotes have become available. Programmable remotes allow a user to program certain features of a remote using a computer. A user could, in some instances, program any key to output any remote code. Some expensive remotes include a graphical display where a user may provide graphics to be associated with a function; these graphics can be generated by the user or selected from existing graphic icons. A programmable remote give the users more control over the functionality of the remote; however, programmable remotes require a large investment of time.
In the future, more appliances will be controlled remotely. Cooking devices, washing machines, security systems, and so on will all have the ability to be controlled remotely, either through a local wireless signal or through a direct or wireless connection to a global network, such as the Internet. As the number of controllable devices increases, the frustration with having multiple remotes, with multiple remote user interfaces, will similarly increase.
Accordingly, a need has arisen for a universal premise controller that can efficiently control multiple devices through a single interface.


Enabling users of systems maintaining periodically sampled error logs to selectively make real-time responses to certain error conditions. An error management system which comprises an implementation for monitoring error conditions and responsive to the monitoring for recording the error conditions in an error log together with an implementation for periodically sampling said error log for said error conditions. The user is enabled to sense one or more of the error conditions prior to the periodic sampling of the condition in the error log to thereby bypass the error log sampling to provide for a possible real-time response to a sensed error condition. The implementations for monitoring, for recording, for sampling and for the real-time sensing are preferably in the server computer.

Error logs have been implemented in communications systems for almost as long as communication systems have existed. Error logs are normally maintained as files in the communication network servers that serve the client computers in the network. The error log maintains a record of everything that went wrong while the server was running. It also contains diagnostic messages, such as notifications of when the particular server was started or shut down. The user is enabled to set his error log level to control the number and type of messages that will be in his error log file. The errors may be in several categories, e.g. document errors such as "document not found"; communication errors, on the Web, for example, CGI (Common Gateway Interface) errors; as well as "server start", "server stop messages". Thus, entries are made to error logs on server stop/start, access failures, lost connections, timeouts and cancellations by visitors. Error logs, and particularly Web applications thereof, are generally described in the text, Internet, The Complete Reference, Millennium Edition, Margaret L. Young et al., Osborne/McGraw-Hill, Berkeley, Calif., 1999 at Chapter 32, Analyzing Web Traffic at pp. 755–768.
Conventionally, such communication error logs were used for diagnostic or trouble-shooting purposes in response to server or other communication shortcomings or failures. Consequently, the error data was sensed or listened for at selected points or nodes in the server controlled communications and the data, indicative of particular error conditions, stored in error log files in association with the communication network servers. Then the stored data in the error log was periodically sampled in regular cycles.
However, over the past decade, data communications has been greatly changed through the rapid development of the Internet or Web with its related distribution of documents, media and files. The convergence of the electronic entertainment and consumer industries with data processing exponentially accelerated the demand for wide ranging communication distribution channels, and the Web or Internet, which had quietly existed for over a generation as a loose academic and government data distribution facility, reached "critical mass" and commenced a period of phenomenal expansion. With this expansion, businesses and consumers have direct access to all matter of documents and computer files. This rapid expansion has brought hundreds of millions of Web users at hundreds of millions of Web stations, i.e. client computer stations, to the Web.
Because of the varying business needs involved, many of these users of communication systems customers have shown dissatisfaction with conventional error logging, and are seeking to be able to make real-time responses to certain error conditions.

System for the tracking of errors in a communication network enabling users to selectively bypass system error logs and make real-time responses to detected errors

International Business Machines Corporation


A display which does not require color filters, has low optical losses, and is not heavy and large, and a method for displaying an image using the display includes a substrate on one side of which sub-pixels are arranged. Each sub-pixel includes two opposite electrodes and an emitter layer which is interposed between the two electrodes. The emitter layer receives the light projected from an excitation light source, and is able to radiate photoluminescence light. The photoluminescence light from the emitter layer may be controllably quenched by an electrical field formed by the electrodes.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a display using a photoluminescence quenching device, and a method for displaying an image using the same.
2. Description of the Related Art
Projection displays may be constructed using cathode ray tubes (CRTs) wherein an intermediate image is formed on a phosphor screen by electrical excitation and the intermediate image is projected onto a screen via an optical unit. The light intensity used by a CRT is very high, thereby reducing life span of the projection display. Also, projection displays constructed with CRTs consume a high amount of power and are relatively heavy and large.
Projection displays may also be constructed using liquid crystals. The light source used in liquid crystal projection displays typically consists of a white light lamp whose light is modulated with spatial resolution by a liquid crystal matrix. The colors are produced by color filters, and an enlarged image is obtained by mixing colors on reflecting and transmitting screens.
In some projection displays, an array of micro-mirrors may be used to modulate incident light. In this case, color filters are used for the production of required colors.
In other projection displays, such as those disclosed in EP 0 838 715 A1 and EP 0 869 388 A1, organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) are used as a light source. The modulation of the light intensity is achieved by a liquid crystal matrix which is located upstream of the light source. In this case, the OLED functions as a light source, similar to a back light in a liquid crystal display (LCD) and does not function as an active driving element. Brighter OLEDs are used to compensate for the optical losses caused by a polarizer and liquid crystals.

Method for displaying image using display having a photoluminescence quenching device


The invention provides a photo-patternable multifunctional polymer nanocomposite. The nanocomposite comprises a solvent suspension of multiferroic nanostructures uniformly dispersed in SU-8 polymer matrix. The invention also provides a composite comprising a substrate and a photo-patterned multifunctional polymer nanocomposite layer formed on the substrate. The nanocomposite layer comprises a UV-photolithographed SU-8 polymer having a solvent suspension of multiferroic nanostructures uniformly dispersed in the polymer matrix.

Polymer nanocomposites prepared by incorporating inorganic nano-sized structures into organic polymers have high-performance polymer characteristics which are superior to the characteristics of conventional polymer compositions reinforced by micro-sized structures. This is because of the synergy between the properties of the polymer and the properties of the inorganic structures at the nanoscale level. Other features attributable to polymer nanocomposites include improved thermal resistance, moisture resistance, decreased permeability, charge dissipation and chemical resistance. Most polymer's function effectively below room temperature and so polymer nanocomposites comprising such polymers display good magnetic properties below room temperature. For many applications, there is a need for polymer nanocomposites to perform consistently even at temperatures above room temperature. Generally above room temperature, polymer nanocomposites tend to show paramagnetic properties which are undesirable from a device point of view.
SU-8 is a commercially available UV patternable epoxy based negative photoresist polymer that can be patterned into high aspect ratio structures. It has a very low Young's modulus of about 6 GPa as compared to Si based materials which typically have a Young's modulus of over 100 GPa. SU-8 is therefore a good candidate as structural layer in MicroElectro Mechanical Systems (MEMS). While SU-8 is inherently electrically insulating and non-magnetic, its properties can be modified by the introduction of functional nanostructures into the polymer matrix. Polymer nanocomposites comprising SU-8 embedded with magnetic nickel nanoparticles, carbon black nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, gold nanoparticles or silver nanoparticles are known for lab-on-a-chip applications. However, such polymer nanocomposites are piezoresistive ie they respond to a change in mechanical conditions through a change in electrical resistance. Hence, the applications of such polymer nanocomposites are limited to systems requiring only unidirectional sensitivity such as sensors.

Photo-patternable multifunctional polymer nanocomposite


A luminous lamination structure includes a first layer made of n-type nitride semiconductor and a second layer made of p-type nitride semiconductor and disposed over the first layer wherein a luminous region is defined between the first and second layers. The second layer is removed to expose the first layer in a first area which is a partial surface of the first layer. A p-side electrode is disposed on a surface of the second layer and electrically connected to the second layer. An insulating film covers the p-side electrode. An n-side electrode electrically connected to the first layer is disposed in the first area. A reflection film disposed on the insulating film extends to the n-side electrode and electrically connected to the n-side electrode. The reflection film is made of silver containing alloy or silver.

A) Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a semiconductor light emitting device, and more particularly to a semiconductor light emitting device which uses nitride semiconductor and has positive and negative electrodes disposed on the same side of a substrate.
B) Description of the Related Art
FIG. 15A is a cross sectional view of a semiconductor light emitting device disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-open Publication No. 2003-224297. On a sapphire substrate 200, a buffer layer 201 is formed. On the buffer layer 201, an n-type contact layer 202 of n-type GaN, an n-type clad layer 203 of n-type AlGaN, a light emitting or luminous layer 204 of InGaN, a p-type clad layer 205 of p-type AlGaN and a p-type contact layer 206 of p-type GaN are stacked in this order. In a partial region, the layers from the p-type contact layer 206 to the surface layer of the n-type contact layer 202 are etched to expose a partial area of the n-type contact layer 202.
A p-side ohmic electrode 207 is formed on the p-type contact layer 206 and an n-side ohmic electrode 208 is formed on the exposed surface of the n-type contact layer 202. The lamination structure of these layers is covered with a translucent insulating film 210. Openings 210a and 210b are formed through the insulating film 210 to expose partial surfaces of the n-side ohmic electrode 208 and p-side ohmic electrodes 207, respectively.
A reflection film 211 is formed on the insulating film 210, covering the p-side ohmic electrode 207. A p-side pad 213 is formed on a partial surface of the reflective film 211, and an n-side pad 212 is formed on the n-side ohmic electrode 208.
The reflection film 211 is made of Al, Ag or Rh and reflects light radiated in the luminous layer 204 toward the substrate 200 side. Light passes through the substrate 200 to be output to an external. In order to improve a light output efficiency, it is desired to increase a reflectance of the reflection film 211. Ag has a very high reflectance in the range from ultraviolet light to visual light. Ag is, however, the metal likely to evolve electrochemical migration. According to "High Reliability Micro Soldering Techniques" by Tadashi TAKEMOTO and Ryouhei SATO (Kogyou Chousakai, Publishing, Co., Ltd), the Ag migration evolution mechanism is described as in the following.
As an electric field is applied under the existence of moisture, Ag is dissolved at the anode and hydrogen (H2) is generated at the cathode. Ag+ ions and OH− ions react near the anode and silver hydroxide AgOH is formed. Chemically unstable silver hydroxide AgOH is decomposed and colloidal silver oxide Ag2O is formed. Silver oxide further reacts to form Ag+ ions. These reactions are repeated so that Ag2O and Ag+ ions move to the cathode, Ag is precipitated and silver grows on the anode dendritically.
As silver migration evolves, silver grown dendritically short-circuits the anode and cathode and leak current increases. Inventions relating to suppressing silver migration are disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-open Publications Nos. 2003-168823 and HEI-11-220171.
FIG. 15B is a cross sectional view of a semiconductor light emitting device disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-open Publication No. 2003-168823. On a sapphire substrate 220, an AIN buffer layer 221, an n-type GaN layer 222, an InGaN luminous layer 223 and a p-type GaN layer 224 are stacked in this order. The p-type GaN layer 224 and luminous layer 223 are partially etched to expose a partial area of the n-type GaN layer 222. On the surface of the p-type GaN layer, an Ag layer 225 is formed being covered with a silicon oxide film 227.
A via hole is formed through the silicon oxide film 227 to expose a partial upper surface of the Ag layer 225. An Au layer 228 is formed on the silicon oxide film 227. The Au layer 228 is connected to the Ag layer 225 via the via hole formed through the silicon oxide film 227.
On the exposed surface of the n-type GaN layer 222, an n-side ohmic electrode 226 is formed which has a lamination structure of a V layer and an Al layer. Since the Ag layer 225 is covered with the silicon oxide film 227, Ag migration can be suppressed.
FIG. 15C is a cross sectional view of a semiconductor light emitting device disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-open Publication No. HEI-11-220171. On a sapphire substrate 230, an AIN buffer layer 231, an n-type GaN layer 232, an n-type GaN clad layer 233, a luminous layer 234, a p-type GaN clad layer 235 and a p-type GaN contact layer 236 are stacked in this order. The lamination structure from the p-type GaN contact layer 236 to n-type GaN clad layer 233 is partially etched to expose a partial area of the n-type GaN layer 232.
An Ag layer 237 is formed on a partial surface of the p-type GaN contact layer 236. The Ag layer 237 is covered with a V layer 238 and an Al layer 239 so that Ag migration can be suppressed.
As disclosed in the above-described Japanese Patent Laid-open Publication No. 2003-168823 and Japanese Patent Laid-open Publication No. HEI-11-220171, Ag migration can be suppressed by covering the Ag layer used as the reflection film and electrode with an insulating film or another metal film. However, this migration suppression effect is not sufficient. It is desired to provide a semiconductor light emitting device capable of effectively suppress Ag migration.

Semiconductor light emitting device capable of suppressing silver migration of reflection film made of silver


A method and apparatus for processing a signal is present. Information is carried in a frequency hopping signal. The frequency hopping signal is sent to a gateway in a communications network through a satellite. The frequency hopping signal is unprocessed by the satellite to identify the information in the frequency hopping signal.

1. Field
The present disclosure relates generally to communications and, in particular, to satellite communications. Still more particularly, the present disclosure relates to a method and apparatus for reducing interference with satellite communications.
2. Background
Many different types of satellites are present for different purposes. For example, satellites include observation satellites, communication satellites, navigation satellites, weather satellites, research satellites, and other suitable types of satellites. Additionally, space stations and human spacecraft in orbit are also satellites that may perform different purposes.
With respect to satellites, communication of information is performed by most satellites. Communications may include receiving information and transmitting information. The information received may be commands, data, programs, and other types of information. Information transmitted by satellites may include data, images, communications, and other types of information.
When a satellite is primarily used to relay communications, the satellite may relay information to different destinations across the Earth using signals. In these illustrative examples, the signals are used to establish a communications link between the satellite and another device. Typically, when communications are sent to a satellite, the communications link is in an uplink. Information transmitted by a satellite is typically in a downlink.
For example, a transmitter in one location may send information in a communications link in the form of an uplink to a satellite. The satellite may process the information and send the information in a communications link in the form of a downlink to a destination terminal in another location across the globe.
In other examples, satellites may relay the information received to multiple destination locations. For example, the information may be a video broadcast received by the satellite in signals for an uplink to the satellite by a transmitter for a user. The satellite may then retransmit this video broadcast in signals in downlinks to the multiple destination locations.
In still other examples, if the destination device is not in the coverage area of a satellite, that satellite may relay the communications to a second satellite via a communications link in the form of a satellite crosslink. The second satellite may then send the communication in a downlink to the destination location.
Users transmitting these types of communications may desire that the communications be protected from interference by others. This interference may be anything which alters, modifies, or disrupts a signal from the transmitter as the signal travels along a channel between the transmitter and the receiver. This interference may be unintentional interference from the environment or intentional interference from others. This intentional interference may be known as "signal jamming."
Signal jamming is a process of intentionally transmitting radio signals using the same or substantially the same frequencies as those in the uplink, downlink, or both the uplink and downlink to disrupt communication of information by a sender. For example, an adversary may attempt to jam communications signals from an operator at a military ground station to prevent the operator from communicating with troops in other locations. In some cases, users perform signal processing, such as frequency hopping, to protect satellite communications from signal jamming. Users may also perform signal processing. This signal processing may include, for example, without limitation, frequency hopping to protect satellite communications from unintentional sources of interference, and to prevent signal detection, signal interception, or other undesired results.
When relaying communications via satellite, some current and proposed anti-jam systems perform a large part of this signal processing onboard the satellite in orbit. This signal processing may be, for example, frequency hopping, frequency dehopping, time permutation, and time de-permutation. The signal processing also may include, for example, channel interleaving, scrambling, rotation, interspersal techniques, or other types of processing that may be used to increase the security of the communications.
In particular, frequency hopping and frequency dehopping may be used to reduce or avoid interference with communications. In other words, the frequency on which information is carried may be changed over time.
Frequency hopping involves employing a carrier frequency that changes over time. Frequency dehopping involves reversing the process of frequency hopping to identify a carrier frequency that does not change over time in order to enable extraction of the information from the carrier wave.
Signal processing can be a calculation intensive and complex process. As a result, additional equipment may be needed onboard the satellite to perform this signal processing. Consequently, currently used signal processing systems intended for use onboard satellites may increase the size, weight, and cost of the satellite.
Additionally, upgrading or changing signal processing systems may be more difficult than desired. For example, if more sophisticated equipment is needed to perform onboard signal processing on a satellite, a satellite may be modified or replaced. The process of modifying or replacing a satellite may be more time intensive and costly than desired.
In other cases, the increased size, weight, and complexity of a modified satellite may result in undesired or inefficient performance of the satellite. Therefore, it would be desirable to have a method and apparatus that takes into account at least some of the issues discussed above, as well as other possible issues.

Satellite communications management system


An apparatus, method and system to reduce interference between frequency-division duplex and time-division duplex signals in a communication system. In one embodiment, an apparatus includes a processor (520) and memory (550) including computer program code. The memory (550) and the computer program code are configured to, with the processor (520), cause the apparatus to allocate a time-division duplex carrier for a frequency-division duplex downlink signal for communication with a communication element, and employ the time-division duplex carrier with a truncated time duration for the frequency-division duplex downlink signal.

Long term evolution ("LTE") of the Third Generation Partnership Project ("3GPP"), also referred to as 3GPP LTE, refers to research and development involving the 3GPP LTE Release 8 and beyond, which is the name generally used to describe an ongoing effort across the industry aimed at identifying technologies and capabilities that can improve systems such as the universal mobile telecommunication system ("UMTS"). The notation "LTE-A" is generally used in the industry to refer to further advancements in LTE. The goals of this broadly based project include improving communication efficiency, lowering costs, improving services, making use of new spectrum opportunities, and achieving better integration with other open standards.
The evolved universal terrestrial radio access network ("E-UTRAN") in 3GPP includes base stations providing user plane (including packet data convergence protocol/radio link control/media access control/physical ("PDCP/RLC/MAC/PHY") sublayers) and control plane (including a radio resource control ("RRC") sublayer) protocol terminations towards wireless communication devices such as cellular telephones. A wireless communication device or terminal is generally known as user equipment (also referred to as "UE"). A base station is an entity of a communication network often referred to as a Node B or an NB. Particularly in the E-UTRAN, an "evolved" base station is referred to as an eNodeB or an eNB. For details about the overall architecture of the E-UTRAN, see 3GPP Technical Specification ("TS") 36.300 v8.7.0 (2008-12), which is incorporated herein by reference. For details of the communication or radio resource control management, see 3GPP TS 25.331 v.9.1.0 (2009-12) and 3GPP TS 36.331 v.9.1.0 (2009-12), which are incorporated herein by reference.
As wireless communication systems such as cellular telephone, satellite, and microwave communication systems become widely deployed and continue to attract a growing number of users, there is a pressing need to accommodate efficiently a large and variable number of communication devices that transmit an increasing quantity of data within a fixed spectral allocation and limited transmitter power levels. The increased quantity of data is a consequence of wireless communication devices transmitting video information and surfing the Internet, as well as performing ordinary voice communications. Such processes are generally performed while accommodating substantially simultaneous operation of a large number of wireless communication devices.
Significantly enhanced communication services are anticipated to be offered in LTE-A based communication systems by utilization of higher data rates in a communication channel between a user equipment and a base station, with lower latency and reduced cost. Higher data rates can be enabled by carrier aggregation ("CA"), which allows scalable expansion of effective bandwidth delivered to a user equipment through concurrent utilization of communication resources across multiple carriers. The carriers may be of different bandwidths, and may be in the same or different bands. Normal practice in wireless and other communication systems is to deploy a frequency-division duplex ("FDD") system in a frequency-division duplex spectrum, and deploy a time-division duplex ("TDD") system in a time-division duplex spectrum. Then carrier aggregation is performed by either FDD-to-FDD carrier aggregation or by TDD-to-TDD carrier aggregation.
It is now a frequent occurrence, however, that a particular cellular operator may have both frequency-division duplex and time-division duplex spectral allocations and in some countries (e.g., Germany), some operators share portions of the time-division duplex spectrum with other operators. In the time-division duplex spectrum, there is a high likelihood that one operator will choose to operate with a time-division duplex system, but that another operator may use the same spectrum to support frequency-division duplex-capable user equipment.
Additionally with respect to the time-division duplex spectrum, separate time-division duplex carriers on adjacent frequencies should be time synchronized so that uplink and downlink transmissions can occur at the same time. If uplink and downlink transmissions on adjacent time-division duplex carriers occur at the same time, however, then the user equipment performing the uplink transmission may cause interference with another user equipment receiving a downlink transmission on the adjacent time-division duplex carrier. An analogous interference may occur at the base station on uplink and downlink transmissions on adjacent time-division duplex carriers occurring at the same time.
The future LTE-A based communication systems will typically be deployed with frequency-division duplex systems and future variants will incorporate time-division duplex systems. Operators are identifying carriers for the time-division duplex systems. Deploying time-division duplex systems, however, is expensive and introduces interference issues in maintaining frequency separation between carriers. Furthermore, as the initial coverage of such time-division duplex system deployment may be limited, good intersystem handover performance to other systems such as a frequency-division duplex system is necessary to maintain service continuity at border areas that are beyond the planned time-division duplex coverage.
Therefore, it is anticipated that some operators may wish to use time-division duplex spectrum for a frequency-division duplex-capable user equipment by utilizing interband carrier aggregation between a frequency-division duplex downlink ("DL") carrier and a time-division duplex carrier. Additionally, another operator may select a different approach and use time-division duplex spectrum for a time-division duplex system to support time-division duplex-capable user equipment as originally intended. If so, it will become difficult for operators to co-exist because downlink transmissions from an operator using frequency-division duplex carriers for downlink carrier aggregation may interfere with the time-division duplex operator's uplink ("UL") transmissions. Additionally, a time-division duplex uplink transmission from a user equipment may interfere with a frequency-division duplex downlink reception of a user equipment in a time-division duplex spectrum.
Thus, there is need for an improved method and system that can capitalize on the advantages of carrier aggregation with coexistence between time-division duplex and frequency-division duplex systems that avoids the deficiencies of current communication systems.

Apparatus and method to reduce interference between frequency-division duplex and time-division duplex signals in a communication system


Rotation torque of the hub rotating together with the road wheel is reduced to improve the driving performance of the vehicle such as acceleration performance, fuel consumption.

Construction of a rolling-bearing unit for wheel support, as disclosed in Japanese patent publication No. Tokukai 2001-221243, is shown in FIGS. 10 and 11. First, a first example of this construction as shown in FIG. 10 will be explained. A wheel rim 1 is supported by the rolling-bearing unit 2 for wheel support on the end section of the wheel axle 3 of the suspension apparatus such that it can rotate freely. In other words, the inner races 5, 5 of the rolling-bearing unit 2 for wheel support are stationary races and fit around the outer surface of the support shaft 4 that is fastened to the end of the wheel axle 3, and are fastened by a nut 6. On the other hand, the wheel rim 1 is connected and fastened to the hub 7 of the rolling-bearing unit 2 for wheel support, which is a rotating race, by a plurality of studs 8, 8 and nuts 9, 9.
A double row of outer-race tracks 10a, 10b, which are both rotating race tracks, are formed around the inner peripheral surface of the hub 7, and an installation flange 11 is formed around the outer peripheral surface of the hub 7. The wheel rim 1, together with the drum 12 of the braking apparatus, is connected to and fastened to the surface on one side of the installation flange 11 (outside surface in the example in the figure) by the studs 8, 8 and nuts 9, 9.
A plurality of rolling bodies or balls 14, 14 are located between the outer-race tracks 10a, 10b and the inner-race tracks 13, 13, which are stationary race tracks and are formed around the outer peripheral surface of the inner races 5, 5, and are held by retainers 15, 15 such that they can roll freely. By combining all of these components in this way, a back-to-back double-row angular ball bearing is formed, and it supports the hub 7 around the inner races 5, 5 such that it rotates freely, and supports radial load and thrust loads. Seal rings 16a, 16b are located between the inner peripheral surfaces on both ends of the hub 7 and the outer peripheral surface of the end sections of the inner races 5, 5, and they seal off the space where the balls 14, 14 are located from the outside space. Furthermore, a cap 17 covers the opening sections on the outside end of the hub 7 (throughout this disclosure, the outside in the width direction when the bearing is installed in the vehicle is referred to as the outside in the axial direction, and similarly, the center in the width direction is referred to as the inside).
As shown in FIG. 10, when using the rolling-bearing unit 2 for wheel support described above, the support shaft 4, around which the inner races 5, 5 are fastened, is fastened to the wheel axle 3, and the wheel rim 1, combined with the tire (not shown in the figure), and the drum 12 are fastened to the installation flange 11 of the hub 7. Also, of these, the drum 12, combined with the wheel cylinder and shoes (not shown in the figure) that are supported by the backing plate that is fastened to the end of the wheel axle 3, form a drum brake for braking. During braking, a pair of shoes that are located on the inner-diameter side of the drum 12 press against the inner surface of the drum 12.
Next, a second example of prior construction as shown in FIG. 11 is explained. In the case of this rolling-bearing unit 2a for wheel support, the hub 7a, which is the rotating race, is supported on the inner-diameter side of the outer race 19, which is a stationary race, by a plurality of rolling bodies or balls 14, 14 such that it rotates freely. In order for this, a double row of outer-race tracks 10a, 10b, which are stationary race tracks, are formed around the inner peripheral surface of the outer race 19, and a first and second inner race track 20, 21, which are rotating race tracks, are formed around the outer peripheral surface of the hub 7a. This hub 7a comprises a hub member 22 and inner race 23. Of these, an installation flange 11a for supporting the wheel is located on the outside end section of the outer peripheral surface of the hub member 22, and similarly, a first inner-race track 20 is formed in the middle section, and also similarly, a small-diameter section 24, which has a smaller diameter than the section where the first inner-race track 20 is formed, is formed in the middle section near the inside end of the hub 7a. Moreover, an inner race 23, around whose outer peripheral surface there is a second inner-race track 21 having an arc shaped cross section, fits around this small-diameter section 24. Furthermore, the surface on the inside end of the inner race 23 is held in place by a crimped section 25 that is formed by plastically deforming the inside end section of the hub member 22 outward in the radial direction, and this fastens this inner race 23 to the hub member 22. Also, seal rings 16c, 16d are located between the inner peripheral surface on both ends of the outer race 19, and the outer peripheral surface in the middle section of the hub 7a and the outer peripheral surface of the inside end of the inner race 23, and they seal off the space between the inner peripheral surface of the outer race 19 and the outer peripheral surface of the hub 7a where the balls 14, 14 are located from the outside space.
In the case of the rolling-bearing unit for wheel support described above, an increase in the torque (rotation resistance of the rolling-bearing unit for wheel support) required to rotate the hub 7 (or 7a) due to the existence of the seal rings 16a, 16b (or 16c, 16d), which seal off the openings on both ends of the internal space where the balls 14, 14 are located, is unavoidable. As a result, the driving performance, centered on the acceleration performance and fuel consumption of the automobile in which the rolling-bearing unit for wheel support is installed, becomes poor, so in the recent trend for more energy efficiency, improvement is desired.
Construction for reducing the resistance of the section of the sealing rings, and reducing the rotation torque of the rolling bearing has been considered in the past, such as the construction disclosed in Japanese Patent Publication No. Tokukai Hei 10-252762 in which the design of the interference of the seal lip is considered, and also the internal design such as the type of bearing, amount of pre-loading, shape of the components, contact angle or the radius of curvature of the race track surfaces, or also the type of grease used, and shape and material of the seal rings, and the like have all been considered. However, performing design work that correlates and properly regulates all of these elements, maintains the necessary seal performance and reduces the aforementioned rotation torque is troublesome. Therefore, simpler construction that is capable of reducing the rotation torque of a rolling-bearing unit for wheel support is desired.
The object of the rolling-bearing unit for wheel support of this invention is to solve the problems described above.

Rolling bearing unit for supporting wheel

Abstract: The opening at both ends of the space where balls 14, 14 are provided is covered by seal rings 16c, 16d each having two or three seal lips. The whole rotation torque of the both seal rings 16c, 16d based on the friction between the seal lips and the mating surface is reglated between 0.06 N·m and 0.4 N·m.


A water leak detection valve system is provided including a water inlet pipe for receiving an unlimited amount of water. Also included is a water outlet pipe for supplying various water appliances within a building with water. A water valve is connected between the water inlet pipe and the water outlet pipe. The water valve is adapted to preclude the flow of water therebetween upon being closed. Next provided is a water flow monitor device connected between the water inlet pipe and the water outlet pipe. The water flow monitor device serves to monitor the current flow rate of water through the water pipes and further begin a timer upon the beginning of water flow after each cessation of such water flow, wherein the timer continues to track time only as long as water flow continues. The water flow monitor device is further adapted to close the water valve upon certain criteria being met.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to water cut off valves and more particularly pertains to a new water flow monitoring device for precluding the flow of water within a building upon the detection of the water amounting to a predetermined amount.
2. Description of the Prior Art
The use of water cut off valves is known in the prior art. More specifically, water cut off valves heretofore devised and utilized are known to consist basically of familiar, expected and obvious structural configurations, notwithstanding the myriad of designs encompassed by the crowded prior art which have been developed for the fulfillment of countless objectives and requirements.
Known prior art water cut off valves include U. S. Pat. No. 5,409,037; U.S. Pat. No. 5,287,884; U.S. Pat. Des. 277,286; U.S. Pat. No. 5,086,806; U.S. Pat. No. 4,481,562; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,659,063.
In these respects, the water flow monitoring device according to the present invention substantially departs from the conventional concepts and designs of the prior art, and in so doing provides an apparatus primarily developed for the purpose of precluding the flow of water within a building upon the detection of the water amounting to a predetermined amount.


When a first node is considering setup of dual-connectivity service for a UE, the first node will take into consideration an uplink power headroom level of one or more candidate second nodes (representing uplink power headroom of one or more UEs served by such a node), in order to decide whether to set up the dual-connectivity service for the UE and/or to decide which of multiple second nodes to use for the UE's dual-connectivity service. For instance, if a candidate second node has a threshold high uplink power headroom level, then, based on that fact, the first node may decide to not use that second node for dual-connectivity service of the UE. Or the first node may decide to use a given candidate second node based on the given candidate second node having a higher uplink power headroom level than one or more other candidate second nodes.

A cellular wireless network typically includes a number of base stations that are configured to provide wireless coverage areas in which user equipment devices (UEs) such as cell phones, tablet computers, machine-type-communication devices, tracking devices, embedded wireless modules, and/or other wirelessly equipped communication devices (whether or not user operated) can operate. Each base station could be coupled with a core network that provides connectivity with various application servers and/or transport networks, such as the public switched telephone network (PSTN) and/or the Internet for instance. With this arrangement, a UE within coverage of the cellular network could engage in air interface communication with a base station and could thereby communicate via the base station with various application servers and other entities.
Such a network could operate in accordance with a particular radio access technology (RAT), with communications from the base stations to UEs defining a downlink or forward link and communications from the UEs to the base stations defining an uplink or reverse link.
Over the years, the industry has embraced various generations of RATs, in a continuous effort to increase available data rate and quality of service for end users. These generations have ranged from "1G," which used simple analog frequency modulation to facilitate basic voice-call service, to "4G"—such as Long Term Evolution (LTE), which now facilitates mobile broadband service using technologies such as orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and multiple input multiple output (MIMO). And most recently, the industry is now exploring developments in "5G" and particularly "5G NR" (5G New Radio), which may use a scalable OFDM air interface, advanced channel coding, massive MIMO, beamforming, and/or other features, to support higher data rates and countless applications, such as mission-critical services, enhanced mobile broadband, and massive Internet of Things (IoT).
In accordance with the RAT, each coverage area could operate on one or more radio-frequency (RF) carriers, each of which could be frequency division duplex (FDD), defining separate frequency channels for downlink and uplink communication, or time division duplex (TDD), with a single frequency channel multiplexed over time between downlink and uplink use.
Further, on the downlink and uplink, each carrier could be structured to define various physical channels including time-frequency resources for carrying information between the base station and UEs. For example, the air interface could be divided over time into frames, each divided in turn into subframes and timeslots, and the carrier bandwidth (frequency width of the carrier on the downlink and/or uplink) could be divided over frequency into subcarriers, which could be grouped within each subframe and timeslot to define physical resource blocks (PRBs) in which the subcarriers can be modulated to carry data.
In addition, certain resources on the downlink and/or uplink of each such carrier could be reserved for special purposes. For instance, on the downlink, certain resources could be reserved to define a reference signal that UEs could measure in order to determine coverage strength, other resources could be reserved to carry downlink control-plane signaling from the base station to UEs, and other resources could be reserved to carry user-plane communications from the base station to UEs. And on the uplink, certain resources could be reserved to carry uplink control-plane signaling from UEs to the base station, and other resources could be reserved to carry user-plane communications from UEs to the base station.

Use of uplink power headroom as a basis to control configuration of dual-connectivity service


A lens loading apparatus for loading a lens held by a holding member into a lens loading unit disposed in the center of a support plate which extends substantially in a horizontal direction. The lens loading apparatus has a first reference surface formed in the upper surface of the support plate along a lens insertion direction and used for placing the holding member thereon. A second reference surface is formed on the support plate along the lens insertion direction and against which one end surface of the holding member, which extends along the lens insertion direction, abuts. The holding member, which is inserted from a horizontally-extending one end, is guided along the second reference surface by a first pressing member. Further, the holding member is guided along the first reference surface by a second pressing member, thereby making it possible to stably position the lens in a predetermined place.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a lens loading apparatus for loading a printing lens in a photographic printer.
2. Description of the Related Art
A printer-processor is referred to as a so-called mini laboratory and placed in a developing, printing and enlargement (DPE) shop or the like. In the printer-processor, an exposure unit for subjecting images recorded on a negative film to exposure and a processor unit for subjecting an exposed photographic paper to development are combined into a single unit. By simply setting an elongated photographic paper in place, the elongated photographic paper can be automatically conveyed to the exposure unit and the processor unit and processed thereat. In the exposure unit of the printer-processor, the images recorded on the negative film are enlarged to predetermined sizes and printed on photographic paper. The photographic paper on which the images of the negative film have been printed, is continuously conveyed to the processor unit where they are subjected to development so as to be finished as photographic prints.
With the spread of photographic cameras and the diversification of image processing, there is a demand for enlarging a part of an image frame of a negative film to a desired size and then printing the same. A lens employed in the exposure unit of the printer-processor is required to not only print each image of the negative film on photographic paper to a given size, but to have a zooming function as well.
Therefore, a printer-processor is known which is provided, as the lens of the exposure unit, with, for example, a fixed focus lens for printing an image of a negative film on photographic paper in a given size and a zoom lens for enlarging a part of an image of a negative film and printing the same on photographic paper. One of these lenses may be selected as needed for enlarging the image of the negative film to a desired size so as to print it on the photographic paper.
A lens loading/unloading apparatus for loading a lens into an exposure unit of a printer-processor has been disclosed in Japanese Utility Model Application Laid-Open No. 1-130108, for example. In this lens loading/unloading apparatus, rollers are provided on both sides as seen in a lens insertion direction in a state in which a rotatable shaft has been inclined at a predetermined angle. Further, a lens is provided with a substantially-flattened holding member having a surface inclined at a predetermined angle in opposing relationship to a plurality of respective rollers. When the lens is loaded into a lens deck, the holding member is guided toward a predetermined position by the respective rollers disposed in facing relationship to the inclined surface thereof. Further, the lens is supported on the lens deck by these rollers together with the holding member.
It is however difficult to accurately place the rollers in facing relationship to the inclined surface of the holding member. When the lens is loaded into the lens deck, the lens is apt to shake or jolt. The lens, which has been loaded into the lens deck, is simply supported and held by these rollers which have been held in abutment against the inclined surface of the holding member. It is therefore difficult to reliably fix and hold the lens in a given position. Thus, the lens is jolted and becomes unfocused, so that a blurred image is often printed on the photographic paper.


A method for preventing data loss in a hard disk drive by projecting reduction in gas concentration using insitu non-repeatable runout is disclosed. The method includes using servo tracking error to obtain a measured value of insitu non-repeatable runout (NRRO) for the hard disk drive, the hard disk drive having been filled with the gas and hermetically sealed. The measured value of NRRO is then deconvolved into a plurality of values for flow induced NRRO components. These values of NRRO and of flow induced NRRO components are compared to predetermined limiting values and a time when one of the predetermined limiting values will be reached is predicted. Action is then applied as appropriate.

Hard disk drives are used in almost all computer system operations. In fact, most computing systems are not operational without some type of hard disk drive to store the most basic computing information such as the boot operation, the operating system, the applications, and the like. In general, the hard disk drive is a device which may or may not be removable, but without which the computing system will generally not operate.
The basic hard disk drive model was established approximately 50 years ago and resembles a phonograph. That is, the hard drive model includes a storage disk or hard disk that spins at a standard rotational speed. An actuator arm with a suspended slider is utilized to reach out over the disk. The arm carries an assembly that includes a slider, a suspension for the slider and in the case of the load/unload drive, a nose portion for directly contacting the holding ramp during the unload cycle. The slider also includes a head assembly including a magnetic read/write transducer or head for reading/writing information to or from a location on the disk. The complete assembly, e.g., the suspension and slider, is called a head gimbal assembly (HGA).
In operation, the hard disk is rotated at a set speed via a spindle motor assembly having a central drive hub. Additionally, there are tracks evenly spaced at known intervals across the disk. When a request for a read of a specific portion or track is received, the hard disk aligns the head, via the arm, over the specific track location and the head reads the information from the disk. In the same manner, when a request for a write of a specific portion or track is received, the hard disk aligns the head, via the arm, over the specific track location and the head writes the information to the disk.
Recently some disk drives are being filled with low-density gases other than air (i.e., helium) to enhance their performance. The lower density gas can reduce the aerodynamic drag between the disks and their read/write heads. This reduced drag can, in turn, reduce arm and suspension flutter and actuator buffeting. This reduced drag can also result in a reduction in power requirements for the spindle motor. The lower density gas also is more effective than air for conducting away heat generated during operation of the disk drive.
Unfortunately, in spite of the advantages associated with the low-density gas fill, these gas filled disk drives have associated problems that have impacted their commercial success. These problems are associated with a leaking of the gas from the disk drives over time. Data loss can occur if the gas fill becomes too low.
Additionally, during the manufacture of the low-density gas filled disk drives, the series of tests that are performed on the drives for quality assurance are frequently failing due to leakage of the helium. These tests are performed on disks that have been filled with helium and semi-sealed. These tests may take a period of days to complete, and if a failure occurs many hours into the test and the failure is due to loss of helium, the disk must be refilled and the test restarted, thereby resulting in a significant time loss.

Method for preventing data loss in a hard disk drive by projecting reduction in helium concentration using insitu non-repeatable runout

Hitachi Global Storage Technologies Netherlands B.V.


An apparatus or bag stand has at least one elongated bail having a pair of oppositely extending ears at each end for supporting and holding open a bag. An elongated slot is defined at least in part by the bail and co-extends therewith. Preferably, a support base elevates the bail in a substantially horizontal position allowing the bag to drape generally freely and downward from the bail. An external face of the bag contacts the portion of the support base that generally defines in part the slot as a portion of a continuous peripheral edge of the bag extrudes through the slot. The extruded portion of the peripheral edge is generally flipped or overturned about the bail and preferably tucked behind the ears so that an internal face of the bag is in contact with and generally encompasses the bail.

Portable refuse and recycling containers are well known in the art. Typical containers consist of wheeled carts formed from PVC or another suitable polymeric material. Such carts are cumbersome to move, difficult to empty and must be thoroughly rinsed after each use. Various bins and barrels are also used for collecting and storing recyclable materials; however, such containers typically have rigid, opaque sides that conceal the contents of the containers, thus increasing the likelihood that refuse and recyclable materials will be inadvertently deposited and mixed together within a single container.
While containers exist which are intended for use with disposable plastic bags, such containers are not designed to permit simple installation and removal of the bags therefrom. To the contrary, the components used in such containers often fail to effectively engage the bags or maintain the bags in a stationary position relative thereto. Because the bags are inadequately secured to the containers, the bags tend to rip away from the containers soon after the bags begin to fill with recycled materials. Such containers are also difficult and time consuming to assemble and distribute, which makes them unsuitable for use at special events or other large scale public gatherings.