A rotation disturbance compensation control unit applies a compensation signal to a positioning control unit so as to cancel out rotation disturbance vibration components detected by using acceleration velocity sensors. At predetermined timing, a position error detection unit detects respective position errors of the case in which the rotation disturbance compensation control unit is turned on and the case in which it is turned off. A compensation control switching unit switches the rotation disturbance compensation control unit to be on if the position error of the case in which the compensation control of rotation disturbance is turned on is small and switches the compensation control switching unit to be off if the position error of the case in which the compensation control of rotation disturbance is turned off is small.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a storage apparatus such as a magnetic disk apparatus, a control method, and a control device which positions a head on a target track of a rotating storage medium and causes the head to follow it and particularly, relates to the storage apparatus, the control method, and the control device which compensates for rotation disturbance vibrations applied to the apparatus so as to ensure head positioning accuracy.
2. Description of the Related Arts
Conventionally, in a magnetic disk apparatus, a head position signal is demodulated from servo information of a magnetic disk read from a head, and following control (also referred to as "on-track control") which positions the head so that the head tracks the track center of a target track is carried out based on the head position signal. However, in a usage environment of the magnetic disk apparatus, it is put in a rack of, for example, a server or a storage system; therefore, it is affected by the vibrations of a fan or another magnetic disk apparatus. These vibrations physically vibrate a rotary actuator, and the vibrations appear in the head position signal as disturbance. The vibrations applied to the magnetic disk apparatus include translation vibrations and torsion vibrations. The translation vibrations are the vibrations that move the entire apparatus in one direction and do not affect head positioning since the rotary actuator also integrally vibrate. On the other hand, the torsion vibrations are the vibrations that moves the entire apparatus in a rotation direction about a certain position, become the vibrations that moves the rotary actuator rotatably supported by a pivot shaft in the rotation direction, and become disturbance that causes a head position error, which is called rotation disturbance vibrations. In order to eliminate the deterioration in the positioning accuracy due to such rotation disturbance vibrations, in a conventional magnetic disk apparatus, an acceleration velocity sensor, which detects the disturbance vibrations, is provided, and a servo compensation signal which is proportional to the output of the acceleration velocity sensor is added to a positioning control servo system so as to cancel them out; thus, even when unexpected disturbance vibrations from outside are applied, the head position error caused by the external vibration factor can be reduced (Patent document 1).    [Patent document 1] Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Publication No. S63-213176    [Patent document 2] Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Publication No. 2006-221732    [Patent document 3] Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Publication No. H08-17151
However, in the conventional compensation control using the acceleration velocity sensor, the signals output from the acceleration velocity sensor may include noise components caused by the factors other than the rotation disturbance vibrations such as translation vibrations, power source ripples, and the S/N ratio of the sensor itself in some cases, and there is a problem that the positioning accuracy is deteriorated by the influence of the noise components contained in the compensation signals of the rotation disturbance vibrations added to the positioning control system. The acceleration velocity sensor used in the compensation control is intended to detect the rotation disturbance vibrations in the disk plane (X-Y plane) of the magnetic disk apparatus; however, in practice, there is a problem that the output of the acceleration velocity sensor includes signal components other than the rotation disturbance vibrations caused by power source ripple noise or translation in the direction (Z direction) orthogonal to the disk plane, appropriate sensor signals are fed forward to the positioning control system as a result, and the head positioning error is worsen. Even in a normal case in which no disturbance vibrations or noise are applied to the acceleration velocity sensor, the sensor signal contains noise, components due to the influence of the S/N ratio of the acceleration velocity sensor itself. There is also a problem that the positioning accuracy is worsen when such sensor signal is fed forward to the positioning control system.

Storage apparatus, control method, and control device which enable or disable compensation control


The present invention is related to a microminiature lens module and a lens device with the microminiature lens module. The microminiature lens module is applied in the lens device in order to decrease the entire outer diameter of the lens device. The microminiature lens module comprises a containing base and a lens set, wherein the containing base has a through hole, and an inner thread is located on a partial inner wall of the through hole. A radius with the inner thread of the through hole is smaller than a radius without the inner thread of the through hole. The lens set is female-connected to the through hole. An outer thread is on an outer rim of the lens set where relative to the inner thread, and the outer thread collocates the inner thread. A radius with the outer thread of the lens set is smaller than a radius without the outer thread of the lens set. As a result of the containing base collocating the lens set, the entire outer diameter of the lens module can be effectively reduced so as to microminiaturize, simplify, and easily assemble the lens module.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention is related to a microminiature lens module and a lens device with the microminiature lens module, more particularly, to a microminiature lens module, in which overall dimensions of the lens module are capable of being effectively microminiaturized by way of a thread located on a front end of a lens set collocating a thread located on a front end of a containing base.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Referring to FIG. 1A and FIG. 1B, which are an exploded longitudinal schematic view and an assembled longitudinal schematic view of a conventional lens module. The conventional lens module 1 comprises a containing base 10 and a lens set 11, wherein an inner rim of the containing base 10 has an inner thread 101, an outer rim of the lens set 11 has an outer thread 111, the lens set 11 is screwed into the containing base 10 through a front end of the containing base 10, and the inner thread 101 of the containing base 10 collocates the outer thread 111 of the lens set 11 to fasten the prior lens module 1.
By defining a radius of the lens set 11 as Φ, thicknesses of the inner threads 101 and the outer threads 111 as S, and a wall thickness of the containing base 10 as D, the total thickness of the prior lens module 1 is 2×(Φ+S+D). However, such an assembly for the lens set 11 installed in the containing base 10 may be too complicated and, as a result, costly. As an example, the total thickness of the lens module 1 results in an overall larger volume and a heavier weight of the product to which the lens module 1 is applied. Additionally, difficulties are encountered with respect to the processes for installing the lens set 11 in the containing base 10. This runs counter to current trends of increasing the effective number of pixels and reducing weight. On the other hand, two or more devices may be integrated as a single device so as to obtain more functions. Examples of such integration include combining a camera and a mobile phone, assembling a camera and a PDA, and merging a camera and a laptop. Therefore, important issues addressed by those skilled in the art relate to how to achieve reduced volume, lower cost, and save energy by using the same power source so as to increase the life time of the power source.
These are important issues that require continued development, and are addressed by the present invention discussed in the following.

Microminiature lens module and lens device having the same


An input device includes an operation portion, a holding portion, a detection portion and at least a switch. The holding portion holds the operation portion so that the operation portion is rotatable around a given axis. The detection portion detects a rotational position of the operation portion with respect to the holding portion. A condition of the switch changes according to an external force exerted to the operation portion.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention generally relates to an input device which can be applied to an electronics device such as a mobile terminal device like a cellular phone or a PDA (Personal Digital Assistance), a personal computer, an electrical component of a car, or a game machine.
2. Description of the Related Art
There are some types of input devices for an electronics device, as typified by a mouse and so on. Japanese Patent No. 3530764 and Japanese patent Application Publication No. 2003-306149 disclose examples of the input devices. It is necessary to reduce the size or the thickness of the input device in order to apply the input device to a small electronics device.
For example, it is necessary to reduce number of switches or to remove movable portions in order to reduce the size or the thickness of the input device.
However, a function of the input device is decreased and operating feeling is degraded, when the number of switches is reduced or movable portions are removed. That is, an operator can operate the input device easily and can carry out many operations with the input device, if there are as many as switch functions and rotary portions.


A polymer-platinum compound for use in tumor treatment is described. The compound is composed of a polymer backbone having platinum-containing side chains spaced along the polymer backbone. The side chains are composed of an oligopeptide attached at one end to the backbone and at the other end to the platinum compound.

Cis-diaminedichloroplatinum(II) (cisplatin) is widely used in cancer chemotherapy for treatment of solid tumors, including ovarian, testicular and head and neck, and is especially effective in combined chemotherapy against squamous cell carcinoma and small cell lung carcinoma (Sur, et al., 1983; Steerenberg, et al., 1987).
Antitumor activity of cisplatin results from the ability of the diaquo species to crosslink the N-7 guanine residue of DNA producing intrastrand and interstrand crosslinks. To display antitumor activity, platinum complexes require two cis amine or ammine functionalities having at least one hydrogen atom that will hydrogen-bond to the oxygen atoms of the DNA phosphate groups and two strongly-bound leaving groups, e.g., chloride.
Like other cancer chemotherapeutic agents, cisplatin is a highly toxic drug. The main disadvantages of cisplatin are its extreme nephrotoxicity, which is the main dose-limiting factor, its rapid excretion via the kidneys, with a circulation half life of only a few minutes, and its strong affinity to plasma proteins (Freise, et al., 1982).
Attempts to minimize the toxicity of the drug have included combination chemotherapy, synthesis of cisplatin analogues (Prestayko, 1991; Weiss, et al., 1993), immunotherapy and entrapment in liposomes (Sur, et al., 1983; Weiss, et al., 1993) and preparation of polymer-platinate conjugates (Bogdanov, Jr., et al., 1996; Filipova-Voprsalova, et al., 1991; Fuji, et al., 1996; Han, et al., 1994; Johnsson and Cavallin-Stahl, 1996; Fiebig, et al., 1996; Neuse, et al., 1995; Schechter, et al., 1989).
With respect to the synthesis of cisplatin analogues, numerous platinum analogues have undergone preclinical and clinical trials, however only cisplatin and carboplatin have been approved for routine clinical use (Prestayko, 1991; Weiss, et al., 1993). Many of the analogues show no significant improvement in therapeutic index when compared to cisplatin. Cisplatin and its analogues have other drawbacks. Many are inactive when administered orally, some have low solubility in water and most induce severe toxic side effects including renal disfunction, nausea and vomiting, myelosuppression and neurotoxicity.
With respect to the preparation of polymer-platinum conjugates, such conjugates have been proposed as an approach to increasing solubility and reducing systemic toxicity. Although several platinum-polymer systems have been reported (Bogdanov, Jr., et al., 1996; Filipova-Voprsalova, et al., 1991; Fuji, et al., 1996; Han, et al., 1994; Johnsson and Cavallin-Stahl, 1996; Fiebig, et al., 1996; Neuse, et al., 1995; Schechter, et al., 1989) none have so far entered clinical investigation and few have displayed significant benefit in vivo. Failure has been due to lack of biocompatibility, toxicity of the proposed carrier, lack of antitumor activity and other problems.


An electric pitch control apparatus for a variable-pitch propeller capable of properly controlling the pitch angle of the propeller blade in accordance with instantaneous operational conditions of the propeller and of effecting adjustment of the pitch angle of the propeller blade without any delay of a time in response to operation of the engine output lever for promptly coinciding an actual rotational number of the prime engine with a target rotational number.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a propeller system for installation in aircrafts, and more particularly to an electric pitch control apparatus for a variable-pitch propeller.
2. Description of the Prior Art
A conventional pitch control mechanism for a variable-pitch propeller includes a hydraulic actuator which is operated under control of a governor to vary a pitch angle of the propeller blade. The governor is mechanically operated to detect a difference between target and actual rotational numbers of the propeller for controlling a supply amount of hydraulic fluid under pressure to the hydraulic actuator. The operation timing of the governor is manually adjusted by a pilot of the aircraft, separately from operation of an output lever for torque control of a prime engine of the aircraft. It is, therefore, difficult to properly control the pitch angle of the propeller blade in accordance with an instantaneous operational condition of the propeller.
To overcome such a difficulty, there has been proposed a pitch control apparatus which is designed to determine a target rotational number of the prime engine in response to operation of the engine output lever and to control the pitch angle of the propeller blade in such a manner as to coincide an actual rotational number of the prime engine with the target rotational number. In the case that a supply amount of hydraulic fluid under pressure to the hydraulic actuator is controlled in accordance with a difference between the actual and target rotational numbers of the prime engine, however, there will occur response delay in operation of the hydraulic actuator and the component parts of the pitch control mechanism. As a result, adjustment of the pitch angle of the propeller blade to a desired value is effected with delay of a time after operation of the engine output lever. For this reason, a hunting phenomenon in rotation of the propeller will occur particularly when the difference between the target and actual rotational numbers of the prime engine becomes less than a predetermined value, and it takes a time for coinciding the actual rotational number with the target rotational number.

Electric pitch control apparatus for variable pitch propeller capable of controlling the pitch angle based instantaneous operational conditions of the propeller


An acrylic ester copolymer plastisol composition comprises (A) copolymer particles comprising, as the major components thereof, (a) 98 to 50 weight % of an alkyl acrylate unit having an alkyl group of 1 to 8 carbon atoms and/or an alkyl methacrylate unit having an alkyl group of 1 to 8 carbon atoms and (b) 2 to 50 weight % of a diene monomer unit, (B) a plasticizer and, optionally, (C) a vulcanizing agent. Another acrylic ester copolymer plastisol composition comprises (A) copolymer particles comprising an ionic crosslinked copolymer prepared by ionic crosslinking of a copolymer comprising, as the major components thereof, (a) 97 to 50 weight % of an alkyl acrylate unit having an alkyl group of 1 to 8 carbon atoms and/or an alkyl methacrylate unit having an alkyl group of 1 to 8 carbon atoms, (b) 2 to 40 weight % of a diene monomer unit and (c) 1 to 20 weight % of a radical polymerizable unsaturated carboxylic acid unit of 3 to 8 carbon atoms having a carboxyl group and (B) a plasticizer. The ionic crosslinking is made through the carboxyl group in the copolymer by addition of a monovalent or divalent metal cation. The acrylic ester copolymer plastisol composition has excellent storage stability even when generally used inexpensive plasticizers are used, gives a molded sheet showing no bleeding and generates no toxic gas on heating to a high temperature, on burning or in case of fire.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a novel acrylic ester copolymer plastisol composition. More particularly, the present invention relates to a novel acrylic ester copolymer plastisol composition having excellent storage stability even when generally used inexpensive plasticizers are used, giving a molded sheet showing no bleeding and generating no toxic gas on heating to a high temperature, on burning or in case of fire.
2. Description of the Prior Art
A plastisol is a viscous composition of a liquid or paste form which is prepared by homogeneously dispersing polymer particles having a specifically adjusted particle size (for example, an average size of primary particles of 0.05 to 2 .mu.m) and a specifically adjusted particle size distribution in a liquid substance comprising a plasticizer as the major component and other components added according to necessity, such as diluents and liquid stabilizer, together with other powder materials utilized according to necessity, such as pigments, fillers, thixotropic agents, blowing agents, powder stabilizers and the like. As the polymer particles, particles of polyvinyl chloride, such as homopolymer of vinyl chloride, copolymer of vinyl chloride with vinyl acetate and the like, are generally utilized.
The polyvinyl chloride plastisols have excellent storage stability at room temperature for a long time and form a homogeneous gel by heating to give soft sheets and coated layers having high tensile strength with ease. They are widely utilized in the field of coating of steel plates, building materials, clothing materials, daily necessary goods, sundries, automobile parts and the like.
Polyvinyl chloride has good mechanical properties, handling, cold resistance, transparency, foaming property and flame retarding property and is inexpensive. However, it has a problem that hydrochloric acid is generated on heating to a high temperature, on burning or in case of fire and is not a desirable material from the point of view of safety, health and environmental protection.
For improving the problem, plastisols comprising a polymer of alkyl (meth)acrylate and an ester plasticizer as the essential components thereof have been proposed (Laid Open Japanese Patent Applications Showa 51-71344 and Showa 52-42590, which correspond to English Patent 1516510 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,071,653, respectively).
However, even though the homopolymers and copolymers of alkyl (meth)acrylates do not have the problem of polyvinyl chlorides described above, they have a problem that, when a plastisol is prepared by dispersing the polymer of alkyl (meth)acrylate in a general use plasticizer, such as di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DOP) which is generally utilized for polyvinyl chlorides, and a sheet is prepared by heat gelation of the plastisol, the sheet inevitably shows a large extent of bleeding when it is cooled to the room temperature. To avoid the problem of bleeding, an expensive plasticizer, such as tricresyl phosphate (TCP), butyl benzyl phthalate, acetyl tributyl citrate or the like, must be utilized for preparation of the sheet. These plasticizers have another problem in that they have high polarity and the polymers are swollen with the plasticizer to cause remarkable increase of viscosity of the plastisol during storage.
Compatibility of the polymers of alkyl (meth)acrylates with the general use ester plasticizers can be improved by using alkyl acrylates or alkyl methacrylates having a bulky alkyl group for copolymerization (Japanese Patent Publication Showa 62-3868 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,199,486). However, plastisols prepared according to this method have a problem that viscosity is remarkably increased during storage, leading occasionally to gelation at the room temperature and, therefore, they are not advantageous for practical use.
In general, the storage stability of plastisol tends to be improved by increasing the size of the dispersed particles. When the size of the dispersed particles is increased, the gelation property of the plastisol is generally decreased, leading to unfavorable properties, such as deteriorated appearance of heat molded sheets and decrease of mechanical strengths.
A plastisol having good storage stability of viscosity was disclosed which utilizes resin particles prepared by three stages: the first stage polymerization of forming particles of homopolymer or a copolymer of methyl methacrylate, the second stage polymerization of adding a polymerizable carboxylic acid to the polymer formed and the last stage of adding a salt-forming agent (Japanese Patent Publication Showa 55-35420. This plastisol has problems that multiple stages of polymerization are essential and production efficiency is decreased and that molded products show bleeding unless an expensive highly polar plasticizer such as TCP is utilized.
A copolymer of a micro particle form prepared by reaction of a copolymer comprising carboxyl group with a polyfunctional base substance was proposed as resin particles giving plastisol having good storage stability (Laid Open Japanese Patent Application Showa 63-95248 and Laid Open German Patent Application 3713462). This copolymer has a problem that the applicable plasticizers are limited to those having high polarity.

Acrylic ester copolymer plastisol composition


An automatic transmission includes a transmission case containing oil, a transmission structure housed in the transmission case, for varying the ratio of rotational speeds between a driving shaft connected to wheels and an engine shaft connected to an engine, a transmission control valve housed in the transmission case, for controlling the transmission structure, and a motor as a driving source for driving the transmission control valve. The motor includes a cover, a motor body having a coil disposed under the cover and formed with a wound conductor, a shaft rotated by an electrical current applied to the coil, and a converting structure for converting the rotational movement of the shaft into linear movement. The motor is fixed to the transmission case so that the motor body is disposed in air.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to automatic transmissions such as continuously variable transmissions for automotive vehicles.
2. Description of the Related Art
FIG. 4 shows a known continuously variable transmission for a motor vehicle. The known continuously variable transmission includes a stepping motor 1 having a reciprocating rod 16, a first link 100 connected to the reciprocating rod 16, a second link 101 connected to the first link 100, and a transmission control valve 102 connected to the second link 101 at an intermediate part thereof. The known continuously variable transmission also includes a first pulley 103 connected to the second link 101 at an end of the second link 101 and to an engine 107 via an engine shaft 106, a second pulley 105 connected to the first pulley 103 via a metallic belt 104 and to a wheel 109 via a driving shaft 108, and a hydraulic servo structure for driving the transmission control valve 102.
The hydraulic servo structure includes an oil pump 110, an oil pan 111, a controller 112 for controlling the transmission control valve 102 and the like so that the driving shaft 108 and the engine shaft 106 rotate at a predetermined ratio of rotational speeds between each other, and a speed sensor 113 for determining the rotation of the first pulley 103 and the second pulley 105, respectively.
A transmission structure for controlling the ratio of rotational speeds between the driving shaft 108 and the engine shaft 106 is formed with the first pulley 103, the second pulley 105, and the metallic belt 104.
In the continuously variable transmission, the rod 16 is reciprocated by the rotation of the stepping motor 1, thereby opening and closing the transmission control valve 102 via the first and second links 100 and 101, whereby an operating oil for the first pulley 103 is supplied and discharged through the transmission control valve 102. The second link 101 pivots on a supporting point A.
The operating oil from the transmission control valve 102 moves a drum 103a of the first pulley 103, thereby varying the ratio of the diameters between the first and second pulleys 103 and 105 on which the metallic belt 104 is mounted, and controlling the ratio of the rotational speeds of the driving shaft 108 and the engine shaft 106.
FIG. 5 is a plan view of the stepping motor 1 shown in FIG. 4. FIG. 6 is a sectional view of the stepping motor 1 shown in FIG. 5 along a line VIxe2x80x94VI. FIG. 7 is a sectional view of the stepping motor 1 shown in FIG. 6 along a line VIIxe2x80x94VII. FIG. 8 is a sectional view of the stepping motor 1 shown in FIG. 6 along a line VIIIxe2x80x94VIII. FIG. 9 is a perspective view of a critical portion of the stepping motor 1 shown in FIG. 4.
In the drawings, the permanent-magnet-type stepping motor 1 includes a resin casing 2, a resin cylindrical housing 12 connected with the casing 2, a motor body 3 housed in the casing 2, a shaft 4 to be rotated by the motor body 3, and a converting structure 31 for converting the rotational movement of the shaft 4 into linear movement. The cover is composed of the casing 2 and the housing 12.
The motor body 3 includes a stator 5 fixed to the casing 2, and a rotor 6 fixed to the shaft 4. The stator 5 includes a coil 7 having a conductor made of a copper wire covered with an insulative film which is wound in a plurality of turns, coil terminals 8 led out from the coil 7, connector terminals 9 connected to the coil terminals 8, and external terminals 25 connected to the connector terminals 9. The rotor 6 includes a bush 10 fixed to the shaft 4, and a hollow cylindrical permanent-magnet 11 fixed to the bush 10.
The housing 12 is fixed at a first end thereof to the casing 2 by a plurality of screws 12A extending parallel to the shaft 4. The casing 2 is provided with a circular mating hole 2a formed therein, and the housing 12 is provided with a mating member 12a so as to be inserted in the mating hole 2a. In FIG. 7, the mating member 12a is provided with three positioning-protrusions 12b at the outer periphery of the mating member 12a, the positioning protrusions 12b protruding in the radial directions and in contact with the inner periphery of the mating hole 2a. The housing 12 is provided with an annular groove 12c formed therein at a face in connection with the casing 2.
The housing 12 is provided therein with a housing through-hole 12d communicating between the outside and the inside of the housing 12, the housing through-hole 12d being provided at a side face of the housing 12. A filter 13 for capturing contamination of oil is provided in the housing through-hole 12d. The shaft 4 is rotatably supported by bearings 14 and 15. The bearing 15 affixed in the housing 15 is a rubber-seal-type bearing.
The housing 12 is provided, at a second end thereof opposite to the first end fixed to the casing 2, with a rod 16 which reciprocates along the axis of the shaft 4 with the rotation of the shaft 4. The rod 16 is inserted into the housing 12 at the base end of the rod 16, and the other end of the rod 16 protrudes from the second end of the housing 12. The rod 16 is provided therein with a through-hole 16a communicating between the inside of the housing 12 and the inside of the rod 16. The housing 12 is provided at the inner face of the second end thereof with a sleeve 17 for guiding the rod 16 linearly moving, an oil seal 18 for avoiding contamination to penetrate from the outer periphery of the rod 16, and an annular stopper 19 for restricting the linear movement of the rod 16.
The converting structure 31 includes a threaded part 4a of the shaft 4, a resin guide member 20 disposed at the base end of the rod 16 and coupled with the threaded part 4a, and a metallic stopper 21 for restricting the linear movement of the rod 16 at the other side of the annular stopper 19. The guide member 20 and the stopper 21 include stopper faces 20b and 21a, respectively, perpendicular to the rotational axis of the shaft 4. In FIG. 8, the guide member 20 is provided with rotation-restricting protrusions 20a for restricting rotation of the rod 16 formed extending in the radial directions at the outer periphery of the guide member 20. With this arrangement, the guide member 20 is moved in the axial direction of the shaft 4 by the rotation thereof. The rod 16 is mounted with a resin member 22 to be coupled with the first link 100 at the end opposite to the base end of the rod 16.
In the stepping motor 1 having the above-described configuration, when electrical current is applied to the coil 7 via the connectors 25, a rotation-driving magnetic field is generated in the coil 7, thereby rotating the rotor 6 and the shaft 4 as a unit. The shaft 4 is coupled with the guide member 20 at the threaded part 4a of the shaft 4, and the rotational movement of the guide member 20 is restricted, whereby the rotational movement of the shaft 4 is converted into the linear movement of the guide member 20 and the rod 16.
By the linear movement of the rod 16 in both directions, the transmission control valve 102 is opened and closed via the first and second links 100 and 101, whereby the ratio of rotational speeds between the driving shaft 108 and the engine shaft 106 varies, as described above.
In the known continuously variable transmission, the stepping motor 1 is dipped in oil containing sulfur and organic sulfur compounds. Therefore, sulfur and the like transmit through an insulative film of a conductor included in the coil 7, and a sulfur compound is produced so as to be disposed between a copper wire and the insulative film by the chemical reaction between the copper wire and the sulfur, whereby the adhesion between the insulative film and the copper wire is reduced. In this case, there is a risk in that the insulative film is damaged by friction of the adjacent copper wires with each other caused by repeated thermal expansion and contraction due to a thermal hysteresis of the copper wires, whereby copper dissolves due to the potential gradient between the adjacent copper wires, thereby causing short circuits or, sometimes disconnection. Particularly, the insulative film is more likely to be damaged at a position in which the conductor and a bobbin is in contact with each other which have thermal expansion coefficients differing from each other, whereby there is a greater risk of short circuits and disconnection.
Moreover, when the temperature in the oil is increased by the heat from the coil 7 to a level higher than the vaporization temperature of volatile components, sulfur and the like are more likely to transmit through the insulative film and to cause short circuits between the wires.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide an automatic transmission including a motor in which the risk of short circuits and disconnection of conductors is significantly reduced.
To this end, according to a first aspect of the present invention, an automatic transmission comprises a transmission case containing oil; a transmission structure housed in the transmission case, for varying the ratio of rotational speeds between a driving shaft connected to wheels and an engine shaft connected to an engine; a transmission control valve housed in the transmission case, for controlling the transmission structure; and a motor as a driving source for driving the transmission control valve. The motor includes a cover, a motor body having a coil disposed under the cover and formed with a wound conductor, a shaft rotated by an electrical current applied to the coil, and a converting structure for converting the rotational movement of the shaft into linear movement. The motor is fixed to the transmission case so that the motor body is disposed in air.
A smaller case which houses the motor body therein may be provided in the transmission case so as to communicate with the air.
The cover may include a casing for housing the motor body and a housing connected to the casing, and a shoulder part of the housing may be in contact with the transmission case at the periphery of a connecting hole formed in the transmission case.
The cover may include a casing for housing the motor body and a housing connected to the casing, and a shoulder part of the housing may be in contact with the smaller case at the periphery of a connecting hole formed in the smaller case.
According to a second aspect of the present invention, an automatic transmission comprises a transmission case containing oil; a transmission structure housed in the transmission case, for varying the ratio of rotational speeds between a driving shaft connected to wheels and an engine shaft connected to an engine; a transmission control valve housed in the transmission case, for controlling the transmission structure; and a motor as a driving source for driving the transmission control valve. The motor includes a cover, a motor body having a coil disposed under the cover and formed with a wound conductor, a shaft rotated by an electrical current applied to the coil, a converting structure for converting the rotational movement of the shaft into linear movement, and a heat-releasing plate in contact with the motor body at the periphery thereof and provided with a corrugated part formed on a surface of the heat-releasing plate.
According to a third aspect of the present invention, an automatic transmission comprises a transmission case containing oil; a transmission structure housed in the transmission case, for varying the ratio of rotational speeds between a driving shaft connected to wheels and an engine shaft connected to an engine; a transmission control valve housed in the transmission case, for controlling the transmission structure; and a motor as a driving source for driving the transmission control valve. The motor includes a cover, a motor body having a coil disposed under the cover and formed with a wound conductor, a shaft rotated by an electrical current applied to the coil, and a converting structure for converting the rotational movement of the shaft into linear movement. The value of the electrical current applied to the coil and the number of winding turns of the conductor are set so that the temperature in the oil is below the vaporization temperature of the oil.
The motor may further include a heat-releasing plate in contact with the motor body at the periphery thereof and provided with a corrugated part formed on a surface of the heat-releasing plate.
The motor may be a stepping motor.


The invention relates to a routing apparatus for routing data packets in a network comprising a sub-network, in particular a broadcast sub-network. The routing apparatus is included in a first network element of the sub-network, the first network element being arranged to support first and second protocol sets, for example OSI protocols and IP protocols. Upon designation of the first network element to represent the other network elements in the sub-network in respect of the first and second protocol sets, the routing apparatus is arranged to create a respective routing data packet for each protocol set and to cause the routing data packets to be propagated through the network. Upon resignation of the first network element as representative in respect of one of the protocol sets, the routing apparatus is arranged to cause the respective routing data packet for that protocol set only to be purged from the network.

In a communications network it is common for each network element to issue routing data packets which are then distributed to the other network elements in the network. Each routing data packet normally carries information about the network element that issued it. By gathering the information carried by received routing data packets, a network element can learn about the other network elements in the network.
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standard ISO 10589 specifies procedures for the transmission of configuration and routing information between network elements. The procedures are defined in terms of the interactions between network elements in the form of Intermediate System (IS) network entities through the exchange of protocol data units (PDUs), including routing data packets in the form of Link State PDUs (LSPs). ISO 10589 is hereby incorporated herein by way of reference.
ISO/IEC 10589 includes a specification of what is commonly known as Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System (IS—IS) routing protocol. Section 7.2.3 of ISO 10589 relates to IS—IS routing protocol in the context of networks which comprise a broadcast sub-network, for example an Ethernet LAN (Local Area Network). It is stipulated that if a plurality of IS network elements, serving as IS—IS routers (hereinafter "routers"), are connected on a broadcast sub-network, then one of the routers must be elected to serve as a Designated Router (DR). The DR produces a pseudonode LSP for representing all of the other routers on the broadcast sub-network. The routers on the sub-network advertise, in their respective LSPs, an adjacency with the pseudonode rather than with one or more other actual routers.
In the event that a DR relinquishes its status as a DR, it is required to initiate a network-wide purge of its pseudonode LSP. In addition, a replacement DR must be elected, its pseudonode LSPs must be propagated through the network and each router in the network must assimilate resulting new routing information. During this time, some routers in the network will be unable to communicate with other routers in the network. It is desirable therefore to minimize the amount of LSP purging that is required in order to minimize the disruption to the network.
Recent developments in telecommunications technology allow routers which support a first set of communications protocols to exist on a network, or sub-network, with other routers which do not support the first protocol set. For example, a router which supports only OSI (Open system Interconnection) protocols may be connected to a LAN which also includes a router which supports only IP (Internet Protocol) protocols. Such developments are described in ITU-T (International Telecommunications Union Telecommunications Standardization Sector) recommendation G.7712.
In such cases, it is required to elect a DR in respect of each protocol set supported by routers on the network. This can complicate the purging of pseudonode LSPs and increase the disruption caused to the network. It is desirable, therefore, to provide an efficient way of purging pseudonode LSPs in a mixed protocol network.
It will be understood that the term "protocol" as used herein is intended to embrace protocol set, or protocol stack, where the set (or stack) may comprise one or more protocols. For example, OSI and IP may each be considered to comprise a respective set of protocols, but may be referred to herein as OSI protocol or IP protocol respectively.
The present invention is described hereinafter in the context of OSI and IP protocols, although it is not limited to use with such. Respective ISO (International Organisation for Standardisation) and IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) standards describing these protocols are publicly available.
OSI traffic comprises OSI data packets, where OSI data packets conform with OSI protocol, particularly CLNP (ConnectionLess mode Network Protocol), CLNP being an OSI network layer protocol. CLNP is the name given to the type of data packets or PDUs (Protocol Data Units) that are used to provide CLNS (ConnectionLess mode Network Service). CLNS is the service provided by the network layer of an OSI protocol stack to higher layers of the stack. Provision of CLNS service results in CLNP packets or PDUs being passed to lower layers of the stack.
IP traffic comprises IP data packets, where IP data packets conform with IP protocol, particularly IPv4 and IPv6 which are IP network layer protocols.
An IP-only network element, or node, is a node that can natively route IP packets but not OSI packets. An OSI-only node is a node that can natively route OSI packets, but not IP packets. A dual, or bi-lingual, network element, or network node, is a node that can natively route at least two protocols, particularly network layer protocols. This term is used hereinafter particularly to indicate either a node that routes both CLNS/CLNP and IPv4, or alternatively a node that routes both IPv4 and IPv6.
It will be understood that the term "router" as used hereinafter is intended to embrace a network element, network entity or network node (or part thereof) that is arranged to act as a data router. Hence, a "dual router" is a network node (or part thereof) that is capable of routing at least two protocol sets.
An adjacent network node ("adjacency") is a reachable neighbouring node. The term "adjacency" is defined in section 3.6.3 of ISO/IEC 10589 and may be used herein to denote a reachable neighbouring node. A physical neighbouring node is not necessarily a valid adjacency, since it might be in a different network area or network level. Thus, an adjacency may be maintained between nodes that are not physical neighbours.

Selective purging of routing data packets in a network


The present invention is directed to an integrated scintillator and collimator array for a CT detector. The integrated scintillator and collimator are fabricated from a manufacturing process or technique whereupon an array of scintillator material is positioned on a tooling base such that a collimator mold housing having a collimator mold therein may be positioned on the block of scintillator material. The block and mold housing are then aligned allowing a collimator mixture to be disposed into the mold. The collimator mixture is then allowed to cure to form an integrated scintillator and collimator.

The present invention relates generally to diagnostic imaging and, more particularly, to an integrated scintillator and collimator and method of manufacturing same.
Typically, in computed tomography (CT) imaging systems, an x-ray source emits a fan-shaped beam toward a subject or object, such as a patient or a piece of luggage. Hereinafter, the terms "subject" and "object" shall include anything capable of being imaged. The beam, after being attenuated by the subject, impinges upon an array of radiation detectors. The intensity of the attenuated beam radiation received at the detector array is typically dependent upon the attenuation of the x-ray beam by the subject. Each detector element of the detector array produces a separate electrical signal indicative of the attenuated beam received by each detector element. The electrical signals are transmitted to a data processing system for analysis which ultimately produces an image.
Generally, the x-ray source and the detector array are rotated about the gantry within an imaging plane and around the subject. X-ray sources typically include x-ray tubes, which emit the x-ray beam at a focal point. X-ray detectors typically include a collimator for collimating x-ray beams received at the detector, a scintillator for converting x-rays to light energy adjacent the collimator, and photodiodes for receiving the light energy from the adjacent scintillator and producing electrical signals therefrom.
As stated above, typical x-ray detectors include a collimator for collimating x-ray beams such that collection of scattered x-rays is minimized. As such, the collimators operate to attenuate off-angle scattered x-rays from being detected by a scintillator cell. Reducing this scattering reduces noise in the signal and improves the final reconstructed image. Therefore, it is necessary that the scintillator array and the collimator, typically plates extending along one dimension above the scintillator array, are uniformly aligned. That is, exact mechanical alignment is required between the collimator plates and the cast reflector lines in the array of scintillators.
Known manufacturing processes attempt this exact alignment by constructing a continuous collimator that is sized to dimensionally match the width and length of the entire detector array. That is, the collimator plates are arranged or arrayed in a continuous consistent pattern or pitch that spans the entire detector length and is placed and attached to the detector rail structure. As such, individual scintillator arrays or packs are must then be exactly aligned to the continuous collimator to ensure that all scintillator cells and collimator cells are aligned exactly; otherwise the collimator must be discarded or repaired, or the scintillator packs must be discarded. This process requires excessively tight tolerancing and requires great operator skill and patience to assemble. Accordingly, these known processes are susceptible to waste of parts, material, and labor.
Additionally, as CT detectors grow in the z-direction, alignment requirements will tighten and the number of cells requiring alignment will increase. Therefore, the low process yields and high-end process scrap and re-work associated with these known manufacturing processes will increase the cost and time associated with CT detector assembly.
Notwithstanding the advances made in CT detector manufacturing, these known detector assemblies and assembly processes result in a detector with less than optimal collimation.
Referring to FIG. 10, a known CT detector 1 fabricated according to known manufacturing processes is shown. The CT detector 1 includes a series of tungsten collimator plates 2 that collimate x-rays projected toward scintillator cells 3 of a scintillator array 4. As shown, each of the collimator plates 2 is generally aligned with a reflector line 5 disposed between adjacent scintillators 3. The reflector lines 5 prevent light from being emitted between adjacent scintillators. The scintillator array is coupled to a photodiode array 6 that detects light emissions from the scintillator array and transmits corresponding electrical signals to a data acquisition system for signal processing. As readily shown, the collimator plates are not integrated with the individual scintillator elements 3. That is, an air gap 7 exists between the collimator plates and the scintillator cells 3. The air gap 7 typically results in a separation between the collimator plates and the scintillator array of approximately two to four thousands of an inch. This air gap occurs as a result of the manufacturing process whereupon the collimator plates are formed as a single collimator assembly that accepts and aligns an array of scintillators. The air gap, however, makes the CT detector susceptible to x-rays received between two collimator plates impinging upon an adjacent scintillator thereby resulting in undesirable anomalies in the final reconstructed CT image.
Therefore, it would be desirable to design an integrated scintillator and collimator absent the aforementioned air gap as well as a method of manufacturing such an integrated scintillator and collimator.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Scintillator having integrated collimator and method of manufacturing same


A magnetic heating and cooling device is provided that comprises a heat exchanger that includes a magnetic body having a magnetocaloric effect; a magnetic field applying and removing unit that selectively applies to or removes from the magnetic body a magnetic field; and a liquid refrigerant moving unit that reciprocates a liquid refrigerant from one end to the other end, or from the other end to the one end, of the heat exchanger to exchange heat with the magnetic body inside the heat exchanger. The magnetic body is constituted by a plurality of flat magnetic members. At least one flat magnetic member has at least one slit that opens in the direction perpendicular to the movement direction of the liquid refrigerant, and the open end of each slit forms a corner to increase heat exchange efficiency.

Conventionally, the majority of the heating and cooling or air conditioning devices operating in room temperature range such as refrigerators, freezers, and air conditioners take advantage of the thermal conductivity of a gas refrigerant like chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) and alternative chlorofluorocarbon gas. More recently, the problem of ozone depletion caused by the discharge of Freon gas is known, and further, the effects of global warming due to discharge of alternative Freon is also a concern. Therefore, the development of an air conditioning device which is clean and innovative with high heat transfer capacity is strongly desired as an alternative to the refrigerator using the gaseous refrigerant and causing the high environmental loads due to use of CFC or alternative for CFC.
Against this background, air conditioning technology that is now attracting attention recently is a magnetic heating and cooling technology. Some of the magnetic material exhibits, when the magnitude of the magnetic field applied to the magnetic body is changed, vary temperature of itself in response to that change, through so-called magneto-caloric effect. The magnetic conditioning device technology is directed to such technology for transporting heat by using a magnetic material expressing the magneto-caloric effect.
For refrigerator utilizing gaseous refrigerant, it is necessary to use a gas refrigerant of large environmental load in order to establish a refrigeration cycle. Moreover, a step of compressing the gaseous refrigerant is required. However, in the case of a magnetic refrigerator utilizing a magnetocaloric effect, it is sufficient to use a liquid refrigerant (usually water or water plus alcohol) with low environmental hazard in order to establish a magnetic refrigeration cycle and to move the liquid refrigerant two-way, i.e. between a high and low temperature sides.
In this way, the magnetic refrigerator is attracting attention as a refrigerator for the next generation because it does not only cause problems of ozone layer depletion and global warming but also has high energy efficiency.
In the magnetic refrigeration technology that targets the room temperature region, for example, an AMR (Active-Magnetic Regenerative Refrigeration) method as described in International Publication No. WO2010/034 907 is known. The AMR method is a magnetic refrigeration technology that not only uses a magnetic material as the magnetic refrigeration material to exhibit the magnetocaloric effect in the magnetic material but also exhibits a regenerative effect of storing heat generated by the magnetic material.
In order to combine the magnetocaloric effect and regenerative effect to thereby produce a favorable temperature gradient for the heat transport throughout a magnetic refrigeration material in the AMR method, the thermal conductivity of the magnetic refrigeration material is controlled.
However, there is room for improvement in enhancement of heat exchange efficiency in the magnetic refrigerator having high energy efficiency.
In the case of the conventional magnetic refrigerator, a plurality of magnetic bodies of the flat plate are laminated on one another with a gap interposed there between and a liquid refrigerant is passed through in the gap to be subjected to heat exchange between the magnetic body and the liquid refrigerant. Heat exchange efficiency between the magnetic material and liquid refrigerant can be improved by exploring for a high frequency of the reciprocating movement of the liquid refrigerant, specifically through the optimization of its reciprocating distance and period. However, there is a limit on the improvement in the heat exchange efficiency only through high frequency by optimizing the distance or period.


A method for evaluating a breakpoint in a line of source code includes encountering the breakpoint and evaluating whether the breakpoint is at the start of the line. If the breakpoint is at the start of the line, then the debugger stops at the breakpoint and tracks the breakpoint. If the breakpoint is not at the start of the line, then the debugger evaluates whether the breakpoint is reached via a back branch. If the breakpoint is not at the start of the line and is reached via a back branch, then the debugger stops at the breakpoint and tracks the breakpoint. If the breakpoint is not at the start of the line and is not a back branch target, then the debugger passes the breakpoint and tracks the breakpoint.

A debugger is a computer program used to detect and correct errors in a target computer program. Most debuggers have a feature that allows a user to stop execution of the target computer program and analyze variables in the program. A user may stop execution of the program by setting a breakpoint at a desired location in the program and allowing the program to run up to the breakpoint.
Typically, a debugger will implement a software breakpoint through an opcode replacement, through which the opcode of an instruction may be replaced with an invalid opcode or an opcode specifically designated as a breakpoint opcode. When the program runs and the debugger encounters the breakpoint, the invalid or breakpoint opcode may cause an exception. The debugger gains control of the program, handles the exception, and stops execution of the program until a user resumes the program. When the breakpoint is removed, the displaced opcode is replaced.
When a user sets a breakpoint on a line of source code, the debugger creates the breakpoint at the beginning of the first statement associated with the source line. When program execution comes to the breakpoint, the breakpoint fires and program execution halts before any statements on the source line are executed. A line of source code may contain multiple statements, with each statement corresponding to one or more machine instructions generated by the compiler. When the compiler generates debuggable code for the debugger, as opposed to optimized code, it does so that the debugger can stop at statement boundaries and retrieve variables. If the debugger was to stop in the middle of a statement, the variable value may not be accurate, as the statement would not be executed through the machine instructions associated with that statement, and variable values may reside in registers and temporary memory locations. When a breakpoint is set on a statement, it is set on the first instruction associated with the statement.

Evaluation of statement-level breakpoints

International Business Machines Corporation


A display includes a pair of global voltage supply terminals, for providing predetermined voltages, and a plurality of pixel cells. Each pixel cell includes a pixel electrode, a storage element for storing a data bit, and a multiplexer for selectively coupling the pixel electrode with one or the other of the global voltage supply terminals, depending on the value of the stored data bit. A voltage controller asserts predetermined voltages on the global voltage supply terminals, which are then transferred to the coupled pixel electrodes.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to electronic driver circuits, and more particularly to a novel circuit and method for driving a display by multiplexing predetermined voltages to achieve modulation between saturation and threshold voltages of pixel electrodes in a liquid crystal display.
2. Description of the Background Art
FIG. 1 shows a single pixel cell 100 of a typical liquid crystal display. Pixel cell 100 includes a liquid crystal layer 102, contained between a transparent common electrode 104 and a pixel storage electrode 106, and a storage element 108. Storage element 108 includes complementary data input terminals 110 and 112, data output terminal 114, and a control terminal 116. Responsive to a write signal on control terminal 116, storage element 108 reads complementary data signals asserted on a pair of bit lines (B+ and B-) 118 and 120, and latches the signal on output terminal 114 and coupled pixel electrode 106.
Liquid crystal layer 102 rotates the polarization of light passing through it, the degree of rotation depending on the root-mean-square (RMS) voltage across liquid crystal layer 102. The ability to rotate the polarization is exploited to modulate the intensity of reflected light as follows. An incident light beam 122 is polarized by polarizer 124. The polarized beam then passes through liquid crystal layer 102, is reflected off of pixel electrode 106, and passes again through liquid crystal layer 102. During this double pass through liquid crystal layer 102, the beam's polarization is rotated by an amount which depends on the data signal being asserted on pixel storage electrode 106. The beam then passes through polarizer 126, which passes only that portion of the beam having a specified polarity. Thus, the intensity of the reflected beam passing through polarizer 126 depends on the amount of polarization rotation induced by liquid crystal layer 102, which in turn depends on the data signal being asserted on pixel storage electrode 106.
Storage element 108 can be either an analog storage element (e.g. capacitative) or a digital storage element (e.g., SRAM latch). In the case of a digital storage element, a common way to drive pixel storage electrode 106 is via pulse-width-modulation (PWM). In PWM, different gray scale levels are represented by multi-bit words (i.e., binary numbers). The multi-bit words are converted to a series of pulses, whose time-averaged root-mean-square (RMS) voltage corresponds to the analog voltage necessary to attain the desired gray scale value.
For example, in a 4-bit PWM scheme, the frame time (time in which a gray scale value is written to every pixel) is divided into 15 time intervals. During each interval, a signal (high, e.g., 5V or low, e.g., 0V) is asserted on the pixel storage electrode 106. There are, therefore, 16 (0-15) different gray scale values possible, depending on the number of "high" pulses asserted during the frame time. The assertion of 0 high pulses corresponds to a gray scale value of 0 (RMS 0V), whereas the assertion of 15 high pulses corresponds to a gray scale value of 15 (RMS 5V). Intermediate numbers of high pulses correspond to intermediate gray scale levels.
FIG. 2 shows a series of pulses corresponding to the 4-bit gray scale value (1010), where the most significant bit is the far left bit. In this example of binary-weighted pulse-width modulation, the pulses are grouped to correspond to the bits of the binary gray scale value. Specifically, the first group B3 includes 8 intervals (2.sup.3), and corresponds to the most significant bit of the value (1010). Similarly, group B2 includes 4 intervals (2.sup.2) corresponding to the next most significant bit, group B1 includes 2 intervals (2.sup.1) corresponding to the next most significant bit, and group B0 includes 1 interval (2.sup.0) corresponding to the least significant bit. This grouping reduces the number of pulses required from 15 to 4, one for each bit of the binary gray scale value, with the width of each pulse corresponding to the significance of its associated bit. Thus, for the value (1010), the first pulse B3 (8 intervals wide) is high, the second pulse B2 (4 intervals wide) is low), the third pulse B1 (2 intervals wide) is high, and the last pulse B0 (1 interval wide) is low. This series of pulses results in an RMS voltage that is approximately ##EQU1## (10 of 15 intervals) of the full value (5V), or approximately 4.1 V.
The resolution of the gray scale can be improved by adding additional bits to the binary gray scale value. For example, if 8 bits are used, the frame time is divided into 255 intervals, providing 256 possible gray scale values. In general, for (n) bits, the frame time is divided into (2.sup.n -1) intervals, yielding (2.sup.n) possible gray scale values.
Because the liquid crystal cells are susceptible to deterioration due to ionic migration resulting from a DC voltage being applied across them, the above described PWM scheme is modified as shown in FIG. 3. The frame time is divided in half. During the first half, the PWM data is asserted on the pixel storage electrode, while the common electrode is held low. During the second half of the frame time, the complement of the PWM data is asserted on the pixel storage electrode, while the common electrode is held high. This results in a net DC component of 0V, avoiding deterioration of the liquid crystal cell, without changing the RMS voltage across the cell, as is well known to those skilled in the art.
FIG. 4 shows a response curve of an electrically controlled, birefringent liquid crystal cell. The vertical axis 402 indicates the percent of full brightness (i.e., maximum light reflection) of the cell, and the horizontal axis 404 indicates the RMS voltage across the cell. As shown, the minimum brightness (a dark pixel) is achieved at an RMS voltage Vtt. For some wavelengths of light, an RMS voltage less than Vtt results in a pixel that is not completely dark, as shown in FIG. 4. For other wavelengths all RMS voltages less than Vtt result in a dark pixel. In the portion of the curve between Vtt and Vsat, the percent brightness increases as the RMS voltage increases, until 100% full brightness is reached at Vsat. Once the RMS voltage exceeds Vsat, however, the percent brightness decreases as the RMS voltage increases.
FIG. 5 shows an RMS voltage versus gray scale value curve, for an 8-bit (256 gray scale values) gray scale system. The RMS voltage for each gray scale value ("Gray Value") is given by the following formula, where Von is the digital "on" value, typically Vdd: ##EQU2##
Gray scale value (x) corresponds to an RMS voltage equal to Vtt and, referring back to FIG. 4, to 0% brightness (i.e., minimum brightness which may not achieve exactly 0 brightness). Thus, the gray scale values less than value (x) are unusable, because for some wavelengths of light, they result in a brighter rather than a darker pixel, and for other wavelengths, the values result in 0% brightness and are, therefore, redundant. Similarly, value (y) corresponds to an RMS voltage equal to Vsat and, referring back to FIG. 4, to 100% full brightness. Thus, the gray scale values greater than value (y) are also unusable, because they result in a darker rather than a brighter pixel. The result of these wasted values is that true 8-bit gray scale resolution is not obtained.
In order to avoid gray scale distortions, all gray scale values must be confined to the useful portion of the liquid crystal response curve (FIG. 4) between Vtt and Vsat. One way to accomplish this is to add an additional bit to the gray scale code (e.g., use a 9-bit gray scale system) and then map the 8-bit values to the values of the 9-bit system corresponding to the useful portion of the response curve. The addition of a single bit, however, increases the bandwidth requirements of the data interface by 100%, and is, therefore, undesirable. What is needed is a system and method for confining all of the available gray scale values to the useful portion of the liquid crystal response curve.
In addition to the problem of confining all of the grayscale values to the useful portion of the liquid crystal response curve, it is also difficult to implement the debiasing (i.e., maintaining a net D.C. bias of 0V across the pixel cells). For example, the voltage being asserted on the common electrode cannot be changed while data is being asserted on the pixel electrodes. To do so, would change the data being asserted on the display (converting high signals to low signals and vice versa) and distort the displayed image. Further, because of the substantial amount of time required to write data to the display, it is difficult to rapidly write an "on" state or an "off" state to the entire display. Additionally, in order to invert the data in the display, the complement of the data must be written to each pixel of the display.
What is needed is a display capable of rapidly inverting the stored data, rapidly implementing on and off states, and providing write time flexibility.

Display with multiplexed pixels for achieving modulation between saturation and threshold voltages


A method and apparatus for monitoring for Red Fail faults in a traffic signal control system. Traffic control signals generated by a traffic control unit are grouped into channels. Certain channels are specified for Red Fail testing in which all lights in a given channel are inactive at the same time. Channels which are not specified are not subject to Red Fail testing, but other conflict testing can still be performed on these unselected channels.

This invention relates to traffic control equipment used to monitor the states of traffic signal head control signals for proper operation. More particularly, this invention relates to a malfunction management unit which permits selective enabling and disabling of the Red Fail test normally use to monitor for the absence of any activated traffic signal head control signals in a given channel.
Traffic signal heads are commonly used to regulate the flow of vehicular and pedestrian traffic. A typical traffic signal head is provided with red, yellow, and green A.C. operated light sources, and the operation of these light sources is under the control of a unit termed a controller assembly. For safety reasons, the traffic control industry has long used equipment to monitor the states of the electrical power signals generated by the controller assembly and used to operate the traffic signal head light sources for proper operation. Under the TS-1 standard, this equipment is called a conflict management unit (CMU); under the later TS-2 standard, this equipment is called a malfunction management unit (MMU).
A controller assembly and an MMU are typically configured together in one of two configurations—Type 16 and Type 12. In either configuration, the traffic control signals from the controller assembly to the signal heads in a controlled intersection are typically grouped into channels, with the signals for a given phase assigned to the same channel. In a Type 16 configuration, there are a total of sixteen channels, each consisting of three 120 volt A.C. outputs: Green/Walk, Yellow, and Red/Don't Walk. In a Type 12 configuration there are a total of twelve channels, each consisting of four 120 volt A.C. outputs: Green, Yellow, Walk, and Red.
One of the tests customarily applied to the control signals in each channel is termed the Red Fail test. This test checks whether at least one of the traffic light control signals in a channel is active. If not, all the lights controlling that phase of the intersection are dark and the phase is uncontrolled. When this condition occurs, the MMU generates a fault signal and the traffic signals are forced into a flashing mode of operation, overriding the normal mode of operation.
Although the Red Fail test is widely used, this standard test is inaccurate and not suitable for some traffic control arrangements. More specifically, in some applications it may be required that the lights in one channel all be dark during one operational phase. For example, in an application having an advance warning sign with lights of two different colors positioned ahead of a controlled intersection, it may be desirable to have both types of light inactive at the same time during some operational phase. If the Red Fail test is active, a Red Fail fault would be registered when both types of light are inactive. Consequently, unless some provision is made to enable selective inactivation of the Red Fail test for a specific channel, the lights in such an application cannot be monitored for other conflicts—such as a Dual Indication (both types of light active at the same time).

Traffic control malfunction management unit with per channel red enable


Systems and methods for backing up or restoring interdependent applications. During a backup or recovery process, the writers and writer components included in the backup groupings of a client are displayed. Some of the writers and writer components can be individually selected for backup or recovery. Some of the writer components may have a dependency on a writer component in another writer. The dependency is automatically selected, although a user can disable the automatic selection of the dependency or deselect the dependency. The dependency is then backed up or recovered along with the selected writers and selected writer components.

1. The Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to systems and methods for backing up or recovering the data of a computer system. More particularly, embodiments of the invention relate to systems and methods for backing up or recovering data that includes applications with dependencies on other applications.
2. Background and Relevant Art
Because of our dependence on computer networks and on computers themselves, a premium is placed on the availability and reliability of data. For many corporate enterprises, essentially all corporate data is stored on a computer network and access to the data is expected at any time. The demand for uninterrupted access to data corresponds to a need for software and hardware that can meet the demand to provide data and services. At the same time, the demand for access to data and the quantity of data has made it increasingly difficult to protect the data from events such as system failures, viruses, power outages, etc.
In view of these potential problems, it is imperative that the data be protected. This is typically accomplished through the use of software that backs up the data and that recovers the data from the backup copy when necessary. As the amount of data continues to increase, backing up and recovering the data becomes more complex. Large amounts of data cannot be quickly transferred from one volume to a backup volume and taking a volume of data offline for backup purposes is an unattractive option.
It is often necessary to also back up other types of data such as applications and services. However, applications and services often have open files when a backup is initiated. Open files generally cannot be effectively backed up using conventional systems, and are often skipped during backup operations. As a result, additional applications are often needed to help manage backups of open files and to administrate backup logs for files that were skipped during backup.
Certain applications including operating systems present another challenge to software and systems that back up data. The complexity of these applications often requires that they be backed up as a logical unit to preserve the state of the application or client. A partial backup of, for example, an operating system may result in inconsistencies or system failure if the operating system is restored from a partial or incomplete backup. In other words, backing up the file system itself does not effectively back up the state of the system and may result in errors when recovered. Operating systems and other applications are often used with databases or other volumes of data that need to be backed up in order to preserve the state of the system. In addition, operating systems as well as applications and services are often distributed across computer systems, a fact that complicates an effective backup and recovery of the data.
Applications and services present another problem as well during backup or recover operations. For example, an application may rely on data that is not part of the application itself or that is part of another application. Many systems, for example, include databases that are used by various applications but are not part of the applications themselves. Backing up the application without backing up the corresponding database may not result in a reliable backup because the application is dependent on the database. In other words, failure to backup the database on which the application relies during backup of the application itself is often unacceptable because of the dependency of the application on the database.

Backup and restore operations of interdependent system components


A pair of binoculars has lenses constituting optical filters with a transmissivity range within the wavelength range between about 650 nm and at least 800 nm and also with an additional transmissivity band within a wavelength range from about 310 nm to about 600 nm. The objects viewed with such a pair of binoculars appear as an image that is carried by a satin-finished metallic surface.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to binoculars.
2. Descripton of the Related Art
Chromatic filters are known to be used in optical instruments in order to improve the perceptibility of certain objects.
A filter that is described in DE 39 09 434 C2 exhibits, besides a transmissivity range situated within the red wavelength region, an additional transmissivity band within a wavelength range between 400 nm and 525 nm which has its maximum at 470 nm. At shorter wavelengths in comparison with the wavelengths of chlorophyll fluorescence this additional transmissivity band performs two functions: on the one hand, it serves to make the surroundings—that is to say, objects and living organisms that do not contain chlorophyll—appear to the observer in colours that are as natural as possible; on the other hand, the additional transmissivity band takes account of the physiological peculiarity of the human eye of being able, in a dark environment, to be brought by light radiation within a shorter wavelength range into a state of higher sensitivity which is effective in respect of the entire wavelength region of visible light—that is to say, also in respect of red light.


A method and system for performing transient multivariable sensor evaluation. The method and system includes a computer system for identifying a model form, providing training measurement data, generating a basis vector, monitoring system data from sensor, loading the system data in a non-transient memory, performing an estimation to provide desired data and comparing the system data to the desired data and outputting an alarm for a defective sensor.

Improving manufacturing plant performance through the use of advanced digital technologies imposes stringent requirements on the quality of sensor data. Validated sensor data is a prerequisite for any method which seeks to improve operator awareness of plant conditions, such as thermal state and equipment condition. The dominant problem among the different data-driven sensor validation methods that presently exist relates to the high-false alarm rate. The origin of false alarms include the inability of many methods to perform extrapolation, the inability of many methods to operate with data where plant dynamics have been excited or otherwise perturbed and the absence of guidelines for how the measurement vector should be composed or what is an appropriate set of training data to ensure the physical behavior of the system is adequately captured. These root causes of false alarms are in need of improvement.
One particularly important example of a commercial plant operation which requires rigid and thorough performance is a nuclear power plant which requires accurate and reliable indications of process variable values to operate at peak performance and under safe conditions. Achieving maximum availability, power output, and safety requires a high degree of confidence that the outputs from sensors accurately represent the underlying physical process-variable values. A faulty reading can lead to inappropriate operator actions that can result in either unnecessary thermal cycling of equipment or inadvertent actuation of safety systems. The extreme operating conditions that sensors operate in can, however, result in structural deterioration of a sensor with time, eventually causing the measurement to become unreliable. From the standpoint of safe and efficient operation, there is a need to detect failing sensors so that maintenance can be performed and the quality of sensors readings assured to provide the desired peak performance and safe operating conditions.
The trend toward advanced operator aids places even more stringent requirements on sensor viability and reliability. Situational awareness algorithms for improving operator perception of the plant condition for better managing operation will require validated sensor readings as will semi-automated fault recovery procedures. Sensor values will need to be tested for correctness and shown to satisfy a criterion for acceptability, possibly quantified with a maximum permissible error.
Current industry practice for detecting failing sensors is ad hoc, time consuming, and presents a significant mental challenge to the operator. The operator must scan thousands of sensor readings and correlate these with his own mental model for the underlying physical processes. There is a need to automate sensor validation and to do it more reliably than is achievable by an operator.
Sensor degradation manifests itself as a de-calibration or response time deterioration of the sensor output signal. The early literature on sensor aging identified environmental stress factors giving rise to age-related changes. Heat, humidity, vibration, temperature cycling, and mechanical shock are important drivers of age-related change for resistance temperature detectors ("RTD"). Over time these environmental variables can induce changes in the resistance of insulation, oxidation of the sensing element from long-term exposure at high temperatures, and ingress of moisture. These changes in material properties give rise to the observed sensor aging-related changes. More recently sensor degradation has come to be regarded as a materials problem. From the point of view of materials science, environmental driving potentials can cause atoms to diffuse across material interfaces, cracks and porosity to develop in the bulk, and individual atoms to transmute.
The origin of the false alarms can also include inability of many algorithms to perform extrapolation, inability of many algorithms to operate with data where plant dynamics have been excited, and absence of guidelines for how the measurement vector should be composed or for what is an appropriate set of training data to ensure the physical behavior of the system is adequately captured. It is therefore important to develop a capability that addresses the above root causes of false alarms and is able to detect sensor degradation and correct the sensor output until such time as the sensor can be either re-calibrated or replaced, such as during a planned shutdown. The latter point further recognizes that sensors are not readily accessible for maintenance during operation and is another problem source demanding an improved system and method for providing solutions to the various problems set forth hereinbefore.

Transient multivariable sensor evaluation


The invention relates to an apparatus and method for supplying high pressure gaseous fuel from a storage vessel to an internal combustion engine of a vehicle, or for other uses. A reverse cascade fuel supply apparatus for a vehicle comprising: (a) a storage tank for storing high pressure gaseous fuel; (b) an intermediate pressure accumulator for storing high pressure gaseous fuel, connected by a pipe to the storage tank; (c) a high pressure accumulator for storing high pressure gaseous fuel connected by a pipe to the intermediate accumulator and by a pipe to the storage tank; (d) a gaseous fuel compressing intensifier connected by a pipe to the storage tank, the intermediate pressure accumulator and the high pressure accumulator; and (e) a plurality of on-off pressure controlled valves located in the pipes connecting the storage tank, the intermediate accumulator, the high pressure accumulator and the intensifier, for enabling selective pumping to and withdrawal of high pressure gaseous fuel from the storage tank, the intermediate accumulator, the high pressure accumulator, the intensifier or the engine, according to a reverse cascade fuel supply program.

To inject gaseous fuel into an internal combustion engine, the fuel pressure must be raised higher than the pressure in the piston combustion chamber. For a compression ignition engine, such as a diesel engine, a fuel pressure as high as 200 bar (approx. 3,000 psig) may be required to inject the fuel and to ensure combustion. Compressed gaseous fuel is typically supplied from pressure rated storage vessels carried on board the vehicle. As the fuel is consumed, the pressure in the storage vessels drops. To consistently maintain the pressure of gaseous fuels within a pre-determined acceptable operating range for injection into the combustion chamber of the internal combustion engine, it is necessary to provide a means for increasing the pressure of the gaseous fuel. The pre-determined acceptable operating range is determinable from the optimal injection pressure which depends upon the particular characteristics of a given engine.
An intensifier is a compressor which increases the pressure of a gas supplied from a variable pressure source, such as a tank holding compressed natural gas (CNG) to an end use for the gas, such as an internal combustion engine. It is well known to locate a small accumulator vessel near a fuel injector to maintain the gaseous fuel pressure at the injector within a consistent pre-determined acceptable operating range notwithstanding the varying pressure in the gaseous fuel supply system and storage vessel. When the gas pressure in the accumulator decreases, it is known to use an intensifier to deliver compressed gaseous fuel from the storage vessel to the accumulator vessel. When the pressure in the accumulator rises to the upper limit of the pre-determined acceptable operating range, the intensifier typically shuts off. Accordingly, pressure in the accumulator is kept within a pre-determined acceptable operating range.

Compressed natural gas cylinder pump and reverse cascade fuel supply system


A method to use RSs for per-user elevation beamforming is described. An eNB sends, to a UE, an indication of which RSs in a plurality of RSs sound in the elevation dimension and which RSs in the plurality of RSs sound in the azimuthal dimension. Then, the eNB sends, to the UE, the plurality of RSs using a plurality of antenna. The UE separates the plurality of RSs into the first portion and the second portion based at least in part on the indication and sends elevation and azimuthal feedback based on the received RSs to the eNB. The eNB determines beamforming weights for the plurality of antenna based at least in part on the elevation feedback and the azimuthal feedback. Apparatus and computer readable media are also described.

This section is intended to provide a background or context to the invention that is recited in the claims. The description herein may include concepts that could be pursued, but are not necessarily ones that have been previously conceived or pursued. Therefore, unless otherwise indicated herein, what is described in this section is not prior art to the description and claims in this application and is not admitted to be prior art by inclusion in this section.
The following abbreviations that may be found in the specification and/or the drawing figures are defined as follows:
3GPP third generation partnership project
BF beamforming
BS base station
BW bandwidth
CDM code division multiplexing
CRS common reference signal
CDD cyclic delay diversity
CSD cyclic shift diversity
CSI channel state information
CSTD cyclic shift time diversity
DL downlink (eNB towards UE)
eNB E-UTRAN Node B (evolved Node B)
EPC evolved packet core
E-UTRAN evolved UTRAN (LTE)
FDD frequency division duplex
HARQ hybrid automatic repeat request
IMT-A international mobile telephony-advanced
ITU international telecommunication union
ITU-R ITU radiocommunication sector
LTE long term evolution of UTRAN (E-UTRAN)
MAC medium access control (layer 2, L2)
MM/MME mobility management/mobility management entity
Node B base station
O&M operations and maintenance
OFDMA orthogonal frequency division multiple access
PDCP packet data convergence protocol
PHY physical (layer 1, L1)
PMI precoder matrix index
PRB physical resource block
RF radio frequency
RLC radio link control
RRC radio resource control
RRM radio resource management
RX receiver
SC-FDMA single carrier, frequency division multiple access
S-GW serving gateway
SNR signal to noise ratio
SRS sounding reference signal
TDD time division duplex
TX transmitter
UE user equipment, such as a mobile station or mobile terminal
UL uplink (UE towards eNB)
UTRAN universal terrestrial radio access network
XPol cross polarized
The specification of a communication system known as evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN, also referred to as UTRAN-LTE or as E-UTRA) is currently nearing completion within the 3GPP. As specified the DL access technique is OFDMA, and the UL access technique is SC-FDMA.
One specification of interest is 3GPP TS 36.300. V8.12.0 (2010-04), "3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Access Network (E UTRAN); Overall description; Stage 2 (Release 8)," incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. This system may be referred to for convenience as LTE Rel-8 (which also contains 3G HSPA and its improvements). In general, the set of specifications given generally as 3GPP TS 36.xyz (e.g., 36.211, 36.311, 36.312, etc.) may be seen as describing the Release 8 LTE system. More recently, Release 9 versions of at least some of these specifications have been published including 3GPP TS 36.300, V9.9.0 (2011-12), incorporated by reference herein in its entirety, and Release 10 versions of at least some of these specifications have been published including 3GPP TS 36.300, V10.6.0 (2011-12), incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. Even more recently, Release 11 versions of at least some of these specifications have been published including 3GPP TS 36.300, V11.0.0 (2011-12), incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
FIG. 1 reproduces FIG. 4-1 of 3GPP TS 36.300, and shows the overall architecture of the E-UTRAN system. The E-UTRAN system includes eNBs, providing the E-UTRA user plane (PDCP/RLC/MAC/PHY) and control plane (RRC) protocol terminations towards the UE (not shown). The eNBs are interconnected with each other by means of an X2 interface. The eNBs are also connected by means of an S1 interface to an EPC, more specifically to a MME (Mobility Management Entity) by means of a S1 MME interface and to a Serving Gateway (SGW) by means of a S1 interface. The S1 interface supports a many-to-many relationship between MMEs/S-GW and eNBs.
The eNB hosts the following functions:                functions for RRM: Radio Bearer Control, Radio Admission Control, Connection Mobility Control. Dynamic allocation of resources to UEs in both UL and DL (scheduling);        IP header compression and encryption of the user data stream;        selection of a MME at UE attachment;        routing of User Plane data towards the Serving Gateway;        scheduling and transmission of paging messages (originated from the MME);        scheduling and transmission of broadcast information (originated from the MME or O&M); and        a measurement and measurement reporting configuration for mobility and scheduling.
Of particular interest herein are the further releases of 3GPP LTE (e.g., LTE Rel-10) targeted towards future IMT-A systems, referred to herein for convenience simply as LTE-Advanced (LTE-A). Reference in this regard may be made to 3GPP TR 36.913, V8.0.1 (2009 03), 3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; Requirements for Further Advancements for E UTRA (LTE-Advanced) (Release 8), incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. A goal of LTE-A is to provide significantly enhanced services by means of higher data rates and lower latency with reduced cost. LTE-A is directed toward extending and optimizing the 3GPP LTE Rel-8 radio access technologies to provide higher data rates at very low cost. LTE-A will most likely be part of LTE Rel-10. LTE-A will be a more optimized radio system fulfilling the ITU-R requirements for IMT-A while maintaining backward compatibility with LTE Rel-8. Reference is further made to a Release 9 version of 3GPP TR 36.913, V9.0.0 (2009-12), incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. Reference is also made to a Release 10 version of 3GPP TR 36.913, V10.0.0 (2011-06), incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
Typical antenna deployments consist of an array of horizontally arranged antenna elements that are processed for adaptivity in the azimuth dimension. Recent architectures have been proposed for creating arrays that effectively consist of antenna elements arranged both vertically and horizontally, which therefore promise the ability to adapt in both azimuth and elevation dimensions.
The traditional systems are limited to feedback methods which do not need to know ports (antennas) are for azimuth and which are for elevation. Hence, CSI operation is inefficient due to the possibility that a large number of ports need to be sounded on all CSI-RS (or common RS) intervals. Also the total number of ports is limited by the current LTE standard (e.g., to 8). Additionally traditional systems cannot take advantage of different feedback intervals for azimuth and elevation (e.g., elevation feedback might be able to be sent less frequently than azimuth).
Many traditional systems focus on sector-specific vertical beamforming. For example, a traditional system may use the uplink of an FDD system to determine an elevation beamformer. However, this does not enable direct measurement of the elevation channel by the UE. Additionally, calibration and complex mapping between different uplink and downlink channels may be required.
Traditional pilot designs (e.g., LTE, 802.11, 802.16) are concerned with sending pilots from generic ports. Therefore, feedback cannot be tailored to elevation beamforming in addition to azimuth beamforming. This prevents efficient pilot design (e.g., traditional designs may need a complicated 12 port format). Furthermore, such pilot designs do not provide support for legacy devices.
What is needed is a technique that allows the UE to measure the azimuth and elevation channels on the downlink to facilitate both azimuth and elevation feedback.

Reference signal design and signaling for per-user elevation MIMO


A novel organic anion transporter gene participating in organic anion transport in the placenta; and an organic anion transporter which is a polypeptide encoded by the gene. A placental organic anion transporter OAT4, more particularly, a placental organic anion transporter OAT4 having the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO:2 or an amino acid sequence derived therefrom by deletion, substitution or addition of a part of the amino acids thereof. A nucleic acid (preferably DNA) having a base sequence encoding the placental organic anion transporter OAT4 or a base sequence hybridizable therewith under stringent conditions.

Kidney and liver play an important role in metabolism and excretion of xenobiotics and pharmaceuticals. Urinary tubule cells of kidney are epithelial cells having a polarity and contact the blood via a basolateral membrane to carry out transfer of various substances. It has been predicted from the physiological studies up to now that a part of the organic ion is incorporated into kidney by a transport carrier (transporter) via a basolateral membrane and also that an organic anion produced by metabolism in cells is excreted by the transporter.
Since organic anion contains pharmaceuticals and environmental toxins or many of metabolites thereof, an organic anion transport system has been widely known as a xenobiotics excretion system or a pharmaceuticals transport system as well.
Incorporation of an organic anion by urinary tubule cells has been studied by an experimental system using an isolated organ perfusion method, an isolated cell membrane vesicle system, etc. However, according to the conventional means, it is difficult to analyze the organic anion transport system via basolateral membrane in detail and there has been a demand that the transporter per se is isolated and analyzed.
Organic anion transport is also carried out in the tissues other than kidney and liver. Placenta is a tissue where material exchange is actively carried out between fetus and the mother's body and the substances necessary for living organism including saccharides and amino acids are efficiently transported to fetus from the mother's body via a transporter.
On the other hand, placenta also plays a role as a tissue barrier for fetus against the external environment. Placenta shows a certain type of limitation to a free transfer of the xenobiotics ingested by mother's body to the fetus and a part of such a function is thought to be by a removal of the xenobiotics from a fetus circulation by a xenobiotic excretion transporter.
In addition, various metabolic reactions also take place even in the body of the fetus and, as a result, an organic anion is generated. Due to an anatomical specificity of the fetus, most of excretion of such metabolites is done via placenta. It is rational to conclude that an organic anion transporter is present in placenta and plays such a role.
As such, it is believed that the transport of xenobiotics (particularly, transport of organic anion) in placenta plays an important role for the growth and the genetic toxicity of fetus. However, details of the transfer therein have been unknown than that in kidney and liver.
The present inventors have isolated and reported on an organic anion transporter OAT1 (J. Biol. Chem., volume 272, pages 18526-18529, 1997), OAT2 (FEBS Letter, 429, pages 179-182, 1998) and OAT 3 (J. Biol. Chem., volume 274, pages 13675-13680, 1999) which play a central role in kidney, liver, brain, etc. Patent applications for them have been also filed already. OAT1, OAT2 and OAT3 are the transporters which are able to transport many organic anions having different chemical structures and they carry out the transport of various anionic pharmaceuticals as well.
Isolation and identification of OAT1, OAT2 and OAT3 show that organic anion transporters form a family. Members of this family have been known to be expressed not only in organs such as kidney and liver which play a central role in external excretion of xenobiotics but also in brain which forms a tissue barrier.
From those facts, the present inventors have predicted the presence of an organic anion transporter in placenta as a functional unit of the tissue barrier and as a route for excretion of metabolites of fetus and have isolated a novel organic anion transporter existing in placenta.

Placental organic anion transporter and gene thereof

Japan Science and Technology Corporation


An LED package includes a package substrate, a first LED chip mounted on the package substrate, a first phosphor layer disposed on the first LED chip, a reflective layer configured to surround sides of the first LED chip and the first phosphor layer; and a mask disposed on the reflective layer and including a first opening portion which exposes a surface of the first phosphor layer.

1. Field of the Disclosure
The present disclosure relates to an LED package and a method of manufacturing the LED package.
2. Description of Related Art
As the performance of an LED light source improves, the application field is gradually expanding to an electronic device field from an information technology (IT) field. For example, development for an LED headlamp which adopts LED packages is actively being studied. The present disclosure proposes various LED packages which can improve the quality of light by blocking light spreading and by increasing a contrast ratio, and proposes methods of manufacturing the LED packages.