A heat recovery system includes a compressor, a solar panel, and a first heat exchanger and a second heat exchanger in fluid connection to form a closed circuit. The compressor is configured to facilitate fluid movement in the fluid circuit between the solar panel, the first heat exchanger and the second heat exchanger. The solar panel includes a plurality of solar cells connected in parallel, and each solar cell includes a plurality of metal tubes for fluid to pass through. A temperature sensor is mounted within each of the solar cells and configured to measure temperature inside the respective solar cell. Each solar cell is connected to the circuit via a respective pressure valve, and the status of the pressure valve is configured to depend on the measurement of the temperature sensor in the respective solar cell.

The standard method of utilizing fossil fuels for heating involves firing the fuel in a controlled heating chamber or heat exchanger. The heat released on burning the fuel is drawn away by a fluid, often air or water, flowing around exterior surface of the heat exchanger. Heat transfer occurs spontaneously from a heat exchanger to the surrounding air or water in the conditioned space. Waste heat or emissions from the combustion reaction is allowed to flow outdoors, often via flue piping to a chimney or stack. The efficiency of the furnace or boiler is quantified in terms of the amount of heat extracted from the heat exchanger and used to heat the conditioned space and the amount of heat and by-products permitted to escape through the flue. Often, the efficiency of a furnace or boiler is indicated on the product at the point of sale.
Releasing carbon- and heat-saturated emissions into the atmosphere can impact the environment. Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere contributes to the greenhouse effect. An average residential furnace for natural gas, LPG or oil of low-to-medium efficiency will emit 1 million BTU's of waste heat into the atmosphere per day. Commercial and industrial units discharge hundreds of millions, and occasionally billions, of BTUs per unit per day. These common and traditional methods of discharging the flue gas into the atmosphere are wasteful and inefficient. Moreover, moving heat efficiently through a refrigeration circuit requires a significant amount of electrical power. Electrical consumption is deducted from the total thermal output to calculate the operating efficiency of a heating system.
In addition, conventional heat recovery system uses fossil fuels for a thermal chemical reaction in furnaces and boilers or electrical consumption to operate a refrigeration circuit to move thermal energy from one location to another. The fossil fuel burning furnace ignites fuel such as propane, natural gas or oil and allow flames to heat up a heat exchanger in which air or water is forced around the exchanger to absorb the heat and distribute the thermal energy within a conditioned space. Air conditioners or heat pumps use a refrigeration circuit to absorb heat energy from one location and release that thermal energy in another location to heat or cool a conditioned space.
Although recent developments intelligent or learning industry of thermostats has demonstrated some savings by knowing when a conditioned space is occupied at different times or patterns, the efficiency improvement is limited. Further improvements are possible to achieve a more efficient heat recovery system.

System and method for heat and energy recovery and regeneration


A device for recovering biogas, comprising at least one fermenter (13) and a percolate tank (10) for collecting the percolate removed from the fermenter or fermenters (13). The percolate tank (10) has a percolate inlet (10c) that can be connected to an outlet of the fermenter or fermenters (13) and a percolate outlet (10b). The percolate tank (10) is designed in such a way that the residence time of the percolate as it passes between the inlet (10c) and the outlet (10b) is sufficiently long to sanitize the percolate at the outlet (10b). The Percolate tank may also include one or more heaters to heat the percolate.

During the methanization of biomass, fermenters are used in which a fermentation process runs, wherein methane-containing gas is produced by the fermentation of the biomass. A distinction is made between the so-called continuous process and the discontinuous process (batch process). In the latter, a percolate containing microorganisms is introduced into a fermenter, which percolates through the substrate (biomass) and is collected in a percolate container and is re-introduced into the fermenter, if necessary, until the biomass contained in the fermenter has been fermented. The fermented biomass is subsequently removed from the fermenter and must be purified, if necessary, and be utilized in the customary manner. To facilitate the recovery, it may be necessary that the fermented biomass is sanitized. This means that the biomass must be free of undesirable germs, bacteria, or other impurities, so that the fermentation residue can be recovered. The same is also applicable for the percolate which likewise contains corresponding bacteria and the like and must likewise be sanitized so as not to re-infect the already sanitized biomass in the fermenter during recycling.


When an image is photographed vertically, vertical position information is added to the image. When an upside-down image is photographed, data itself is rotated by 180 degrees and recorded. Thus, when the image is reproduced by a general another reproducing apparatus, the image can be viewed with the too and bottom thereof being normally positioned.

Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an image pickup apparatus and a control method of the image pickup apparatus and, more particularly, to a recording and reproducing technique of a photographed image, suitable for use in an image pickup apparatus arranged to detect an attitude.
Description of the Related Art
When an image pickup apparatus is used to photograph an image, there may be a case where the image pickup apparatus is held vertically as well as a case where being held in a conventionally normal positional state. In this instance, there has been known a method whereby angle information showing a photographing angle is added to image information showing a photographed image, the image is rotated and displayed on an image reproducing apparatus side on the basis of the angle information, and a browsing person views the image with the top and bottom thereof being normally positioned.
Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. S58-182977 proposes an image information reproducing apparatus constructed in such that in the case where an image is photographed vertically, an attitude flag showing that the image is photographed vertically is added, and at the time of reproduction, the image is rotated vertically and displayed.
Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2004-208096 proposes such a digital camera that when an image is photographed vertically, a frame for a framing assistance is displayed, and in the case where the image is photographed in such a state, the photographed image is recorded in a state where it is rotated by 90 or 270 degrees.
Such image pickup apparatuses that a display apparatus portion is closable or rotatable to a main body of the image pickup apparatus has also been known. Those image pickup apparatuses can in an arbitrary angular state to photograph. There is also a product which presumes a usage case where the image pickup apparatus is held upside down.
If a vertical image photographed by holding the image pickup apparatus vertically is displayed by adjusting the top and bottom of the image to those of a display apparatus and further fitting the image into a general landscape display area, the image is reduced more than that in the case where the image is displayed so as to fit into a vertically long display area. Therefore, in a display apparatus which can be held in a hand of the user of a portable phone terminal, a digital camera, or the like, in order to largely display a vertical image with a full screen, there is a case where the function for performing the rotational display according to the attitude flag as disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. S58-182977 is used purposely in an off state. In such a case, the vertical image having a flag of 90 degrees is displayed so that the top and bottom thereof are positioned in the lateral direction of the display apparatus.
However, changing a holding state of the display apparatus so as to rotate the display apparatus itself by 90 degrees, the used can change the top and bottom of the image so as to be positioned in the normal direction when seen from the user and can see the largely displayed image. It is assumed here that the rotation of the image according to the attitude of the display apparatus is not performed. The reason why the function for performing the rotational display according to the attitude flag is purposely turned off is that there is such an advantage that the user can see the largely displayed image as mentioned above.
However, in the case where an image held upside down by 180 degrees is displayed, the user needs to rotate the display apparatus itself by 180 degrees in order to see the image with the top and bottom thereof being positioned in the normal direction. However, even if the display apparatus itself is rotated by 180 degrees, since a size of the image after the rotation of the display apparatus is equal to that of the image before the display apparatus is rotated, the advantage which is caused by turning off the rotational display according to the flag is not obtained for the user. That is, since the user has to rotate the display apparatus, it simply results in a surplus troublesomeness.
According to the method whereby before the image is recorded, the image itself is rotated in the direction according to the attitude of the image pickup apparatus and the recording is performed as disclosed in Patent Literature 2 of Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2004-208096, there is such a problem that the vertical image is displayed rather small in the landscape display area.
The foregoing problem also occurs similarly in a display apparatus which does not inherently have the function for performing the rotational di-play according to the attitude flag.

Image pickup apparatus and control method of image pickup apparatus arranged to detect an attitude


In an embodiment, an agricultural intelligence computing system stores a digital model of crop growth, the digital model of crop growth being configured to compute nutrient requirements in soil to produce particular yield values based, at least in part, on data unique to an agricultural field. The system receives agronomic field data for a particular agronomic field, the agronomic field data comprising one or more input parameters for each of a plurality of locations on the agronomic field, nutrient application values for each of the plurality of locations, and measured yield values for each of the plurality of locations. The system computes, for each location of the plurality of locations, a required nutrient value indicating a required amount of nutrient to produce the measured yield values. The system identifies a subset of the plurality of locations where the computed required nutrient value is greater than the nutrient application value. The system computes, for each of the subset of the plurality of locations, a residual value comprising a difference between the required nutrient value and the nutrient application value. The system generates a residual map comprising the residual values at the subset of the plurality of locations. Using the residual map and the one or more input parameters for each of the plurality of locations, the system generates and stores particular model correction data for the particular agronomic field.

The approaches described in this section are approaches that could be pursued, but not necessarily approaches that have been previously conceived or pursued. Therefore, unless otherwise indicated, it should not be assumed that any of the approaches described in this section qualify as prior art merely by virtue of their inclusion in this section.
Nutrients are essential in the growth and development of crops. Crops absorb nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in the surrounding soil to facilitate crop growth. Different types of crops have different requirements for each nutrient. When a crop is unable to meet its nutrient needs, the crop suffers. For example, a lack of nitrogen may lead to destruction of a crop's leaves. Additionally, once the nitrogen concentration in a plant decreases below a critical threshold, photosynthesis and dry matter accumulation is negatively impacted. An end result is that the yield of a crop which does not receive enough nutrients is decreased.
Computer-implemented predictive models of agricultural crop fertility can be useful for computing optimal nutrient application rates. Often, these predictive models are generated using a large amount of experimental data or aggregated historical data from a large number of fields. These predictive models tend to generalize modeling of crop growth, treating each individual field as a sum of its inputs. For example, if two fields have the same soil type, same crop hybrid, same elevation, and same management structure, a computation of a required amount of nitrogen for each field to reach an ideal yield will be equivalent between the two fields.
One major problem with computer-implemented predictive models is that their ability to be agronomic field-specific is entirely based on the current year's inputs into the model. Thus, any underlying characteristic of the agronomic field that is not captured by the model will cause the model to consistently overestimate or underestimate nutrient requirements for a field.
To create a model that takes into account a specific field's idiosyncrasies would require massive amounts of data from each agronomic field. Such data is rarely available for agronomic fields that are not a site for agronomic experiments. Thus, an individual nutrient model for a specific field is often unfeasible and inefficient.
Additionally, in some cases, a digital fertility model may be biased for a particular field because of unmeasured, poorly measured, or unknown field properties on that field. In such cases, an individual nutrient model for a specific field will be unreliable or lead to inefficient outcomes.
Thus, there is a need for a system which can calibrate a nutrient model to a specific agronomic field using available historical data for the agronomic field.

Digital nutrient models using spatially distributed values unique to an agronomic field


A battery management system is disclosed for control of individual cells in a battery string. The battery management system includes a charger, a voltmeter, a selection circuit and a microprocessor. Under control of the microprocessor, the selection circuit connects each cell of the battery string to the charger and voltmeter. Information relating to battery performance is recorded and analyzed. The analysis depends upon the conditions under which the battery is operating. By monitoring the battery performance under different conditions, problems with individual cells can be determined and corrected.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a method and apparatus for management of individual cells in a battery system, particularly electrochemical, rechargeable cells.
2. Discussion of Related Art
Typically, battery systems, such as battery banks or strings, include a plurality of individual cells. A "cell" can mean a single electrochemical cell comprised of the most basic units, i.e. a positive plate, a negative plate, and an electrolyte. However, as used herein, the term is not so limited and includes a group of basic cells that can comprise single unit as a component of a battery string. A battery or battery string is a series connection of units or individual cells.
There is a tendency for each cell within individual batteries, when connected in series, to have a different characteristics, such as energy storage capacity and discharge rates. These differences are caused be many variables including, but not limited to, temperature, initial tolerances, material impurities, porosity, electrolyte density, surface contamination, and age. A low-capacity cell will typically discharge more rapidly than the other cells. An overly discharged cell develops poor recharging characteristics and can be permanently damaged. A damaged cell will affect the operating characteristics of the entire battery. The damaged battery will have lower capacity and will become discharged more rapidly than a healthy battery. The failure of an individual cell can cause substantial damage to the battery system and accompanying equipment. For example, recently the failure of one cell of a battery string caused an entire turbine generator to be destroyed. Therefore, a need exists for a system to monitor individual cells and to prevent overly discharging cells.
Various mechanisms have been developed to monitor and charge cells in a battery string. The classical means for controlling a batter is to balance the cells through equalization charging. This involves passing a low current through the battery pack thus charging the low cells while the fully charged cells slowly evolve gas (through electrolysis). It is done at a low current to minimize damage to the "good" cells. However, balancing is a slow process. Also, continuous charging of the battery may cause some cells to be overcharged, which further damages the cells. Other prior art approaches use complicated circuits connected to each cell for voltage monitoring and charging control.
Devices in the prior art are capable of detecting failing cells and responding to protect the remaining cells of a battery. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,258,244 measures voltage differences across individual cells using internal impedances of each cell. Failing cells, as determined by an increase in their internal impedance, may the be isolated from the other cells. U.S. Pat. No. 4,871,956 monitors the condition of cells by sequentially sampling the voltage of each cell and comparing the sampled cell voltage with a reference voltage to generate voltage differences which are stored in a shift register for each cell. If the voltage difference is sufficiently high, the cell is isolated from the other cells.
However, such systems have generally not automatically managed batteries effectively, or in a cost-conscious manner. Furthermore, such systems have not utilized the processing power of computers in connection with battery management. The lack of consistent individual treatment leads to premature deterioration, individual cell failures and failure of the entire battery string or bank, which in turn can lead to costly problems or downtime in the system that the battery serves.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,206,578, is exemplary of battery chargers that control only the external battery charge for an entire battery, rather than addressing the individual cells of the battery. Generally, such systems turn off, up or down the external battery charger to improve the condition of one cell at the possible expense of the other cells of the battery. The device of the aforementioned patent does not have the capability of singling out individual cells and then charging those cells. The device of the aforementioned patent does not appear to have electrical isolation from ground. Generally, the device of the aforementioned patent would tend to have noise problems in an industrial environment. Additionally, the device of the aforementioned patent does not appear to have the ability to store test data, nor does it have the ability to analyze the voltage of the individual cells or perform capacity tests.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,498,950 discloses a system for charging and monitoring automotive batteries that purports the ability to measure the voltage of constituent cells individually. Nevertheless, other than measuring the voltage of the cells and charging them when they are not fully charged, the system does not offer a comprehensive ability to manage a battery system.
Other examples of devices relating generally to the present invention, and incorporated by reference herein, include U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,743,830; 4,331,911; 5,283,512; 4,303,877; 4,820,966; 5,153,496 and 5,136,231.
Additionally, the need has long existed for an electronic, computer-based battery management system that is transparent to the equipment connected to the battery and is suitable for electrically noisy environments. Therefore, a need exists for a comprehensive battery monitoring system which can monitor individual cells or units of multiple cells within a battery string and can properly manage the system to obtain improved battery performance.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.


Systems and methods are disclosed for macro-op fusion. Sequences of macro-ops that include a control-flow instruction are fused into single micro-ops for execution. The fused micro-ops may avoid the use of control-flow instructions, which may improve performance. A fusion predictor may be used to facilitate macro-op fusion.

Processors sometimes perform macro-op fusion, where several Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) instructions are fused in the decode stage and handled as one internal operation. Macro-op fusion is a powerful technique to lower effective instruction count. Recent research into this issue, specifically in the context of RISC-V architectures, has identified a limited set of areas where macro-op fusion can avoid instruction set complexities. See, e.g. "The Renewed Case for the Reduced Instruction Set Computer: Avoiding ISA Bloat with Macro-Op Fusion for RISC-V" by Christopher Celio, et. al., 8 Jul. 2016, arXiv:1607.02318 [cs.AR]. However, that paper's approach does not contemplate a number of macro-op fusion opportunities that can increase efficiency. Intel has done work with fused instructions, such as that described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,675,376. Earlier work includes the T9000 Transputer by Inmos, as described in "the T9000 Transputer Hardware Reference Manual", Inmos, 1st Edition, 1993.


A transmission method, apparatus, and system based on uplink transmit diversity, relating to the field of communications are provided. To timely and efficiently determine to activate or deactivate uplink transmit diversity and improve uplink transmission quality, a base station sends an activation request instruction to a radio network controller when determining, according to relevant reference measurement value(s) of a user equipment, to activate uplink transmit diversity of the user equipment; and the radio network controller notifies, according to the activation request instruction, the user equipment of activating the uplink transmit diversity; or a base station sends a deactivation request instruction to a radio network controller when determining, according to relevant reference measurement value(s) of a user equipment, to deactivate uplink transmit diversity of the user equipment; and the radio network controller notifies, according to the deactivation request instruction, the user equipment of deactivating the uplink transmit diversity.

An uplink transmit diversity technology is capable of reducing a transmit power of a terminal, improving edge coverage, and improving cell capacity, and at the same time has the function of improving a service transmission rate for a cell edge user, thereby improving user experience. Therefore, the uplink transmit diversity technology such as MIMO (Multiple-Input Multiple-Output, multiple-input multiple-output) used in uplink transmission of a UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System, Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) may meet requirements of improving spectral efficiency, improving uplink transmission coverage, and further improving a user peak rate in the uplink transmission of the UMTS.
In the prior art, in a scenario where the uplink transmit diversity technology is used in the uplink transmission of the UMTS, according to an uplink transmit diversity capability of a UE (User Equipment, user equipment) carried in an RRC (Radio Resource Control, radio resource control) connection setup request that is sent from the UE and an uplink transmit diversity capability of a cell in an AUDIT message that is sent from a NodeB (base station), an RNC (Radio Network Controller, radio network controller) may determine, during service establishment as shown in FIG. 1, that the UE and the NodeB are capable of transmitting data by adopting uplink transmit diversity and determine whether to activate uplink transmit diversity of the UE. In addition, when the RNC determines to activate the uplink transmit diversity of the UE, the RNC notifies, through an RL Setup Request (radio link setup request) and an RB Setup Request (radio bearer setup request) respectively, the NodeB and the UE of activating the uplink transmit diversity of the UE.
Whether to activate the uplink transmit diversity of the UE is only determined during service establishment. Therefore, activation/deactivation of the uplink transmit diversity of the UE cannot be dynamically adjusted according to relevant reference measurement value(s) such as a current power and channel quality of the UE after service establishment. In view of this, it is further put forward in the prior art that the RNC dynamically adjusts activation/deactivation of the uplink transmit diversity of the UE through an RB reconfiguration process and an RL reconfiguration process after service establishment. The specific process is shown in FIG. 2.
During implementation of the present invention, the inventor finds that at least the following problems exist in the prior art: After receiving relevant reference measurement value(s) reported by the UE or the NodeB, the RNC judges, according to the reported relevant reference measurement value, whether to activate the uplink transmit diversity of the UE; however, timeliness of reporting by the UE or the NodeB is determined by a measurement report period, and the problem of a relatively high delay exists; as a result, timeliness and validity of determining whether to active the uplink transmit diversity are relatively poor, thereby affecting uplink transmission.

Transmission method, apparatus, and system based on uplink transmit diversity


In some implementations, the output of a directly modulated laser (DML) includes nonlinearities with respect to the input signal driving the DML. When the DML is transmitting an amplitude modulated signal, the nonlinearities can induce noise into the signal, which makes it difficult for a receiving node to correctly decode the received signal. The system and methods described herein pre-correct the error caused by the nonlinearities of the DML by filtering (or pre-correcting) the data signal that drives the DML.

Nodes within datacenters can communicate through fiber optic networks. In some implementations, data is transmitted over the fiber optic networks with directly modulated lasers (DML). DMLs can be low cost, have a low power consumption, and have a small footprint. However, the DMLs can experience bandwidth and nonlinearity limitations at some data rates.

Electrical mitigation of DML nonlinearity for high-speed optical interconnection


A head bowl set of a bicycle and the like comprises a head tube, a front fork tube put through the head tube for connecting a handlebar support tube with the top end, a locking device disposed at the top end of the front fork tube to press against the handlebar support tube, a lower bowl set and an upper bowl set which are respectively disposed at the top end and the bottom end of the head tube, and a tightening member disposed between the cover member of the upper bowl set and the bearing for providing a pivoting and sliding effect between the front fork tube and the head tube. The tightening member is annular in shape and has a tapered portion, a straight wall and a hooked portion. The head bowl set has advantages of structural stability and easy assembly.

The present invention relates generally to a bicycle frame, and more particularly to a bicycle head bowl set having a stable structure which can be easily assembled.
As shown in FIG. 1, a prior art bicycle head bowl set 1 comprises a head tube 2, a front fork 3 put through the head tube 2 such that one end of the front fork is fitted with a handlebar support tube 4, a locking device 5 disposed at the top end of the front fork to press against the handlebar support tube 4, an upper bowl set 6, and a lower bowl set 7 which are respectively disposed at the top end and the bottom end of the head tube 2, and a tightening member 8 disposed between the front fork 3 and the bearing 601 of the upper bowl set 6 such that the tightening member 8 is pressed against by a cover member 602. In light of the tightening member 8 being annular in shape and having a notch, when the tightening member 8 is pressed against by the cover member 602, the tightening member 8 comes in intimate contact with the bearing 601 on one hand. On the other hand, the tightening member 8 and the front fork 3 are clamped securely together, thereby resulting in linkage of the front fork 3 and the inner edge of the bearing 601. As a result, the upper and the lower bowl sets 6 and 7 are fixed at a predetermined position.
In addition to the contact between the inner edge of the tightening member 8 and the front fork 3, the tapered portion 801 of the tightening member 8 is in contact with the tapered surface 603 of the bearing 601. In light of inadequate contact area, the locating effect of the entirety is poor. In the process of replacing the upper bowl set 6, the tightening member 8 must be separated from the bearing 601, thereby resulting in loss of component parts. In addition, the tapered surface 603 of the conventional bearing 601 is designed in various ways in terms of angle. As a result, the consumers are often troubled by the incompatibility of the tightening member 8 with the tapered surface 603 of the bearing 601 which is to be replaced due to damage.
It is the primary objective of the present invention to provide a bicycle and the like with a head bowl set which has an excellent structural stability.
It is another objective of the present invention to provide a bicycle and the like with a head bowl set which can be replaced and assembled with ease and speed.
The head bowl set of the present invention comprises a head tube, a front fork tube, a locking device, a lower bowl set, an upper bowl set, and a tightening member. The head tube is disposed at the front end of a bicycle frame. The front fork tube is put through the head tube to facilitate the connection of a front fork with a handlebar support tube. The locking device is disposed at the top end of the front fork tube and is formed of a head extending out of the front fork tube to press against the handlebar support tube. The lower bowl set comprises a cover member fitted at the outside of the front fork tube, and a carrying ring disposed at the bottom end of the head tube. There is a gap between the cover member and the carrying ring to accommodate a bearing. The upper bowl set comprises a cover member fitted at the outside of the front fork tube such that the cover member is pressed against by the handlebar tube, and a carrying ring disposed at the top end of the head tube. There is a gap between the cover member and the carrying ring to accommodate a bearing. The bearing is provided at the top end of the inner edge thereof with a tapered surface. The tightening member is annular in shape and is provided with a notch, a tapered portion corresponding to the tapered surface of the upper bowl set bearing, a straight wall extending downward from the tapered portion such that the straight wall is parallel to the inner edge of the bearing, and a hooked portion disposed at the bottom end of the straight wall such that the hooked portion is capable of catching the bottom edge of the bearing. The inner edge of the tightening member is in contact with the outer edge of the front fork tube. As a result, the head bowl set has advantages in design in that its structure is stable, and that its assembly is easy.


A cluster value identifying unit identifies a value of a parameter representing a level of a ground swell of interest related to provided information, which is determined in accordance with registration of information related to the provided information. A period identifying unit identifies, based on the value of the parameter, a period in which the ground swell of interest related to the provided information grows with a lapse of time. A user feature identifying unit identifies, based on the identified period, a feature of a user who registers the related information. Accordingly, the feature of the user may be identified based on the registration of the information related to the provided information.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an information processing system, an information processing method, a program, and a non-transitory information storage medium.
2. Description of the Related Art
There exist various social media that allow a user to send out information with ease. Examples of such social media include an electronic bulletin board, a blog, a wiki, social bookmarking, 1Twitter (trademark), and a social networking service.
There is also known a tool for analyzing content registered in the social media. By using such a tool, for example, it is possible to identify a relationship between users who use the social media or identify hot topics.

Information processing system, information processing method, program, and non-transitory information storage medium


Low inductance capacitors include electrodes that are arranged among dielectric layers and oriented such that the electrodes are substantially perpendicular to a mounting surface. Vertical electrodes are exposed along a device periphery to determine where termination lands are formed, defining a narrow and controlled spacing between the lands that is intended to reduce the current loop area, thus reducing the component inductance. Further reduction in current loop area and thus component equivalent series inductance (ESL) may be provided by interdigitated terminations. Terminations may be formed by various electroless plating techniques, and may be directly soldered to circuit board pads. Terminations may also be located on “ends” of the capacitors to enable electrical testing or to control solder fillet size and shape. Two-terminal devices may be formed as well as devices with multiple terminations on a given bottom (mounting) surface of the device. Terminations may also be formed on the top surface (opposite a designated mounting surface) and may be a mirror image, reverse-mirror image, or different shape relative to the bottom surface.

The present subject matter generally concerns improved component design for decoupling capacitors that generally results in devices characterized by relatively low cost, low inductance and low Equivalent Series Resistance (ESR).
As switching speeds increase and pulse rise times decrease in electronic circuit applications, the need to reduce inductance becomes a serious limitation for improved system performance. Even the decoupling capacitors, that act as a local energy source, can generate unacceptable voltage spikes: V=L(di/dt). Thus, in high speed circuits where di/dt can be quite large, the size of the potential voltage spikes can only be reduced by reducing the inductance value L.
The prior art includes several strategies for reducing equivalent series inductance, or ESL, of chip capacitors compared to standard multilayer chip capacitors. A first exemplary strategy involves reverse geometry termination, such as employed in low inductance chip capacitor (LICC) designs such as manufactured and sold by AVX Corporation. In LICCs, electrodes are terminated on the long side of a chip instead of the short side. Since the total inductance of a chip capacitor is determined in part by its length to width ratio, LICC reverse geometry termination results in a reduction in inductance by as much as a factor of six from conventional MLC chips.
Interdigitated capacitors (IDCs) incorporate a second known strategy for reducing capacitor inductance. IDCs incorporate electrodes having a main portion and multiple tab portions that connect to respective terminations formed on the capacitor periphery. Multiple such terminations can help reduce the parasitic inductance of a device. Examples of interdigitated capacitors are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,243,253 (DuPre et al.)
A still further known technology utilized for reduction in capacitor inductance involves designing alternative current paths to minimize the mutual inductance factor of capacitor electrodes. A low inductance chip array (LICA) product, such as manufactured and sold by AVX Corporation, minimizes mutual inductance by configuring a ball grid array multilayer capacitor such that the charging current flowing out of a positive plate returns in the opposite direction along an adjacent negative plate. Utilization of LICA technology achieves low inductance values by low aspect ratio of the electrodes, an arrangement of electrode tabs so as to cancel inductance and vertical aspect of the electrodes to the mounting surface.
Additional references that incorporate adjacent electrodes having reverse current paths used to minimize inductance include U.S. Published Patent Application No. 2005/0047059 (Togashi et al.) and U.S. Pat. No. 6,292,351 (Ahiko et al.) Both such references also utilize a vertical aspect of electrodes relative to a mounting surface. Additional references that disclose electrodes for use in a vertically-oriented position include U.S. Pat. No. 5,517,385 (Galvagni et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 4,831,494 (Arnold et al.) and U.S. Pat. No. 6,885,544 (Kim et al.)
A known reference that discloses features aimed to reduce inductance in an integrated circuit package that includes, in part, a capacitive device is U.S. Pat. No. 6,483,692 (Figueroa et al.). Such reference recognizes that inductance relates to circuit board "loop area" or the electrical distance (or span) that current must follow. It is desirable in Figeuroa et al. to minimize such loop area, thus reducing the inductance levels. Extended surface lands are also provided in Figueroa et al., providing a larger surface area that is said to result in more reliable connections characterized by reduced inductance and resistance levels.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,661,640 (Togashi) also discloses features for reducing ESL of a decoupling capacitor by maximizing the surface area of device terminations. U.S. Pat. No. 6,917,510 (Prymak) discloses a capacitor embodiment with terminal extensions formed to result in a narrow gap between the electrodes. The end electrodes of U.S. Pat. No. 6,822,847 (Devoe et al.) also cover all but a thin separation line at a central portion of the capacitor body.
Still further known references that include features for reducing component inductance correspond to U.S. Pat. No. 6,757,152 (Galvagni et al.) and U.S. Pat. No. 6,606,237 (Naito et al.), in which conductive vias are utilized to form generally low inductance connections to upper electrodes in a multilayer capacitor.
Additional background references that may address certain aspects of low-inductance multilayer electronic devices include U.S. Pat. No. 6,576,497 (Ahiko et al.) and U.S. Pat. No. 3,444,436 (Coda) as well as U.S. Published Patent Application No. 2004/0184202 (Togashi et al.).
While various aspects and alternative features are known in the field of multilayer electronic components and related methods for manufacture, no one design has emerged that generally addresses all of the issues as discussed herein. The disclosures of all the foregoing United States patents and published patent applications are hereby fully incorporated into this application for all purposes by virtue of present reference thereto.

Multilayer ceramic capacitor with internal current cancellation and bottom terminals


In a second system that generates a clock signal that is synchronized with a first system, a control voltage value that controls the second oscillator such that the second system is synchronized with the first system is monitored according to the phase difference between a reference signal that is generated using the output of a first oscillator in the first system and the output of a second oscillator, whereby frequency fluctuation that occurs due to age deterioration of the first oscillator is detected.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a clock generation circuit having a redundant structure composed of two systems, and more particularly to the detection of frequency fluctuation caused by age deterioration of the oscillator that serves as the clock source.
2. Description of the Related Art
From the prior art, clock generation circuits have been considered that generate mutually synchronized clocks in two systems: an active system and a standby system. Such a circuit is described in, for example, JP-A-1991-272234. In this type of clock generation circuit, the active system and standby system each has a clock source, whereby the clock generation circuit generates clocks using clocks generated in one or the other system.
Highly stable oscillators are used as the clock sources of this type of clock generation circuit. Because frequency fluctuation occurs in such oscillators with the passage of time, a reference signal from an external unit such as a GPS or radio clock is typically used for constant correction.
However, in a system where the input of a reference signal from an outside source is not possible, the fluctuation in frequency that occurs with age deterioration cannot be automatically corrected. As a result, the problem exists that time and effort must be expended to detect whether fluctuation in frequency has occurred due to age deterioration in the oscillators by carrying out a frequency measurement when adjusting frequency during periodic maintenance. The problem further exists that the occurrence of fluctuation in frequency in oscillators can be checked only during periodic maintenance, and an accurate clock therefore cannot be generated until such maintenance.


According to methods and apparatus described herein, multimode laser source capable of emitting a diffraction-limited beam of various shapes (including single-lobe shape) can be realized. An optical apparatus for generating a such diffraction-limited beam comprises a spatial phase modulator for spatially modulating a spectrally dispersed optical signal emitted from a semiconductor laser into a combined-mode optical signal, wherein the lateral modes of the optical signal from the laser are combined into a diffraction-limited beam. Also, a coupling optical system is provided for wavelength-demultiplexing the multimode optical signal before the multimode optical signal is spatially modulated by the spatial phase modulator, and also for wavelength-multiplexing the combined-mode optical signal.

There are several application areas that have a constant need for more efficient, more powerful, and better performing optical sources. Examples of such application areas include industrial processing, medical instrumentation, telecommunications, emerging high-definition compact disc recording devices, Light Detection and Ranging/Laser Detection and Ranging (LIDAR/LADAR) applications, and automotive applications. For several decades, research and development groups around the world have attempted to replace all types of lasers involved in these applications with more compact and efficient sources based on the direct use of semiconductor lasers.
An example of a laser is the laser diode. Laser diodes are ideal optical sources for many applications. They are efficient, compact, and readily available. Some applications for laser diodes have been extremely successful, such as in optical telecommunications and optical compact disc/digital versatile disc (cd/dvd) reader/writers. However, even though they are capable of high power output, their use as a direct light source have been primarily limited to applications that require only relatively low power. Their use as high-power direct light sources is limited by a complex mode structure of output emission at those power levels, preventing the simple and efficient coupling of the emission into a diffraction-limited beam.
To create high-power coherent beams, the light from the laser diodes is used as an energy pump for solid state lasers, such as the diode-laser-pumped solid-state lasers (DLPSS) and Raman/fiber lasers. This intermediate technical solution can be considered as an indirect (non-linear) mode reshaping. Such indirect techniques can produce significant power. However, they have significant fundamental conversion losses, and the total plug-in efficiency of such indirect sources is typically less than 30%. Furthermore, no direct-current modulation is possible with the laser-diode-pumped sources. These major drawbacks of indirect techniques have maintained the interest in direct semiconductor laser sources.

Method and apparatus for optical mode multiplexing of multimode lasers and arrays

Board of Regents, The University of Texas System


Methods and apparatus are provided for establishing a connection between a scanner device and a pager device over a sequence of hop channels. The scanner device is repetitively activated and a hop channel is selected from the sequence of hop channels as a function of a present phase. A determination is made as to whether the selected hop channel is a forbidden hop channel. A substitute hop channel is selected from the sequence of hop channels as the selected hop channel if the selected hop channel is a forbidden hop channel. The selected hop channel is monitored for receipt of a paging message during the present phase.

In the last decades, progress in radio and VLSI technology has fostered widespread use of wireless communication in consumer applications. Both the quantity and variety of types of wireless communication devices has been fostered by the availability of unlicensed communication bands, such as the ISM (Industrial, Scientific and Medical) radio band at 2.45 GHz, which may be available almost globally. The ISM band provides 83.5 MHz of radio spectrum.
The widespread use of wireless communication devices, especially concentrated in the ISM band, may sometimes lead to interfering radio signals between groups of communicating devices or with other radio transmission devices. One way to reduce the affect of interfering radio signals is to spread communication signals across a radio band. The FCC in the United States currently requires radio equipment operating in the 2.45 GHz band to apply some form of signal spreading when the transmit power exceeds about 0 dBm. Known forms of signal spreading include symbol level spreading, such as applying direct-sequence (DS) spread spectrum, and channel level spreading, such as frequency hopping (FH) spread spectrum.
In frequency hopping systems, spreading is provided by transmitting the information data stream over radio frequencies that vary in a predetermined manner for each transmission. One such industry standard system is known as Bluetooth, which was introduced to provide device connectivity, especially among portable devices, like mobile phones, laptops, personal digital assistants (PDAs), and other mobile devices. The Bluetooth devices use frequency hopping and may support both data and voice communications. More particularly, Bluetooth devices that support voice transmissions may use both frequency hopping and robust voice coding. One example of such frequency hopping includes a nominal hopping rate of 800 hops/second through the 2.45 GHz ISM radio band.
Devices based on the Bluetooth system concept can create so called piconets, which comprise a master device and one or more slave devices that communicate via FH piconet channels. Devices communicating on a FH piconet may hop between channels according to a hop sequence that may be defined by the address or identity of the device acting as the master. While communicating, devices may remain synchronized by hopping among the same channel sequence and at the same phase, or location, within the sequence.
The phase of the communicating devices may be synchronized with a shared clock reference. Bluetooth devices may each have their own free-running system clock which may be synchronized when a communication link is established. For example, a slave device may add a time offset to its clock such that it becomes aligned with the clock of the master device. By using the master address to select the proper hopping sequence and by using the time offset to align to the master clock, the slave device may keep in hop synchrony to the master device. Such communication is further described in commonly owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/932,911, filed Sep. 18, 1997 in the name of J. C. Haartsen and entitled "Frequency Hopping Piconets in an Uncoordinated Wireless Multi-User System," which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Further reference is made to the commonly owned U.S. Pat. No. 6,108,366 issued on Aug. 22, 2000, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Further reference is made to commonly owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/418,562, filed on Oct. 15, 1999 in the name of J. C. Haartsen and entitled "Method and apparatus for sequence adaptation," which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
Communication between two or more devices may be established by one device transmitting a paging message to another device. Upon receiving the paging message, the receiving device may transmit a response to the paging device so that the devices may form a synchronized FH communication link.
Establishing a FH communication link may be complicated or delayed when one of the communication devices to be paged is capable of switching between a scanning mode, in which it scans for a paging message, and a sleep mode, in which paging messages may not be received. Such receiving devices periodically awake from the sleep mode to scan for any paging messages from a paging device (i.e., master device). With many such communication devices, the paging devices may not know when and on what hop channel the paged device will listen for paging messages. Moreover, the presence of interference may prevent the paged device from receiving a paging message even when it is transmitted on the same hop channel on which the paged device is listening.
The operations for establishing a communication link between Bluetooth devices has been described in the commonly owned U.S. Pat. No. 5,940,431, issued on Aug. 17, 1999, and the commonly owned U.S. Pat. No. 6,389,057, issued on May 14, 2002, both of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

Methods and apparatus for adapting a hop sequence when establishing a communication connection


A radiation image capturing apparatus maintains previous image capturing position data stored in an image capturing position data storage unit 15 of a control unit 13 when a setting of a reference position of a long-length imaging region and the number of images to be captured are not changed. On the other hand, the radiation image capturing apparatus clears the previous image capturing position data stored in the image capturing position data storage unit 15 of the control unit 13 when either a setting of a reference position of a long-length imaging region or the number of images to be captured is changed. Then, the control unit 13 temporarily prohibits X-ray image capturing, and a warning display unit 16 causes a display unit 11 to display a display prompting input of image capturing position data for subsequent long-length image capturing. This display is kept displayed until an operator inputs image capturing position data for subsequent long-length image capturing. When an operator inputs image capturing position data for the subsequent long-length image capturing and the data is stored in the image capturing position data storage unit 15 of the control unit 13, the control unit 13 releases the prohibition of image capturing.

Conventionally, as a method for creating an X-ray image of a long-length image capturing region of a subject extending in a body axis direction thereof, such as, e.g., an entire spinal image and an entire lower limb image, an X-ray image capturing apparatus is known in which a long-length X-ray image is created by capturing a plurality of rectangular images along a longitudinal direction of a subject by irradiating an X-ray toward a moving X-ray detection unit by moving an X-ray tube while moving the X-ray detection unit along the longitudinal direction of the subject and composing these images.
Patent Document 1 discloses a radiation image capturing apparatus. According to the radiation image capturing apparatus, in the case of performing such a long-length image capturing, when a body motion of a subject is detected, re-image capturing assist information for assisting re-image capturing of a radiographic image is displayed, so that an operator can perform the re-image capturing so as not to cause a body motion by performing the image capturing in accordance with the re-image capturing assist information.


A method of controlling a power supply electrically coupled to a dimmer and a light source includes receiving a plurality of sample values corresponding to dimmer levels, comparing a sample value of the plurality of sample values with one or more inflection points, the one or more inflection points being associated with a plurality of slew-rates, identifying a particular slew-rate among the plurality of slew-rates based on the comparison, and generating a control signal based on the particular slew-rate for transmission to the power supply.

Recently there has been increasing demand for High-Performance dimmers that do not incorporate slow response dimming. What is desired is an immediate tracking of the dimmer input to power-supply output without the nagging delay and filtering built into most supplies today.
The above information disclosed in this Background section is only for enhancement of understanding of the disclosure, and therefore it may contain information that does not form the prior art that is already known to a person of ordinary skill in the art.

System and method for multi-slope control of lighting intensity


A screwdriver includes a body, a ratchet wheel, two pawl members, two elastic members, a cover, and a catch plate. Thus, the cover can be removed from the body, so that the user can inspect and adjust connection between the pawl members and the ratchet wheel, thereby facilitating the user repairing the screwdriver. In addition, the catch plate stops movement of the ratchet wheel and the pawl members, thereby preventing the ratchet wheel, the pawl members and the elastic members from detaching from the body after the cover is removed from the body.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a screwdriver, and more particularly to a ratchet type screwdriver, wherein the user can view the inside of the screwdriver to inspect and adjust connection between the pawl members and the ratchet wheel, thereby facilitating the user repairing the screwdriver.
2. Description of the Related Art
A conventional screwdriver in accordance with the prior art shown in FIG. 19 comprises a body 90, a ratchet wheel 91 mounted on the body 90 and having an outer wall formed with a toothed portion 910, two pawl members 92 each pivotally mounted in the body 90 and each a first face formed with a toothed portion 920 engaged with the toothed portion 910 of the ratchet wheel 91, and two elastic members 93 each urged between a second face of a respective one of the pawl members 92 and the body 90.
However, each of the pawl members 92 has a first side toothed portion A′ and a second side toothed portion B′ with a greater height differential H′, so that the second side toothed portion B′ of each of the pawl members 92 has a smaller thickness. Thus, each of the pawl members 92 cannot withstand a larger torque to drive the ratchet wheel 91 to rotate, so that the pawl members 92 are easily worn out at the second side toothed portion B′.


An H2-permeable membrane system (117) comprises an electroless-deposited plating (115) of Pd or Pd alloy on a porous support (110, 110′). The Pd plating comprises face-centered cubic crystals cumulatively having a morphology of hexagonal platelets. The permeability to H2 of the membrane plating (115) on the porous support is significantly enhanced, being at least greater than about 1.3×10−8 mol·m−1·s−·Pa−0.5 at 350° C., and even greater than about 3.4×10−8 mol·m−1·s−1·Pa−0.5. The porous support (110, 110′) may be stainless steel (1100 and include a thin ceramic interlayer (110′) on which the Pd is plated. The method of providing the electroless-deposited plating includes preheating a Pd electroless plating solution to near a plating temperature substantially greater than room temperature, e.g. 60° C., prior to plating.

Gas separation and purification devices are used to selectively separate one or more target gasses from a mixture containing those and other gasses. One well known example is the use of certain membranes for the selective separation of hydrogen (H2) from a stream, flow, or region containing hydrogen in a mixture with other gasses. While the membranes for the selective separation of H2 might generally be polymers or metal, the polymer membranes are typically limited to use in low temperature environments. In circumstances where the membranes must be used in conjunction with high temperature processes, or processing, it becomes necessary to rely upon metal membranes.
In a typical example, the H2 may be the product of a reformation and/or water gas shift reaction of a hydrocarbon fuel, and the H2, following separation from other reformate or reaction gasses, may be used in a relatively pure form as a reducing fuel for the well-known electrochemical reaction in a fuel cell. The processes associated with the reformation and/or water gas shift reactions are at such elevated temperatures, as for example, reactor inlet temperatures of 700° C. and 400° C. respectively, that H2 separation, at or near those temperatures, requires the use of metal membranes. The metal perhaps best suiting these needs is palladium, which is selectively permeable to H2, relative to other gasses likely to be present, and has high durability at these operating temperatures.
Composite membranes of palladium (Pd) or its alloy, consisting of a thin palladium layer deposited on a porous metal (PM), oxidation resistant substrate, when integrated with the reformer or the water gas shift reactor, result in desirable H2 permeation flux and offer significant advantages towards system size and cost reduction. Pd—Ag and Pd—Cu-based alloys are required for extended membrane stability in a sulfur-free or sulfur containing reformate, respectively, with the former being quite important for fuel cell power plants requiring a number of start up and shut down cycles. For a palladium alloy membrane to be produced by electroless plating (EP) or certain other techniques, high temperature thermal treatment, e.g., in the 550° C.-650° C. temperature regime, in a controlled atmosphere is needed in the latter stages of the process. Because this thermal treatment will, or may, cause intermetallic diffusion of the porous metal substrate constituents into the Pd phase that is detrimental to H2 permeance, an intermetallic diffusion barrier, usually a ceramic, is typically placed on the surface of the porous metal substrate prior to the palladium plating. Examples of such techniques may be found in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,152,987 and U.S. published applications US 2004/0237779 and 2004/0244590 by Y. H. Ma, et al. In the instances cited above, this ceramic interlayer is grown thermally, either as an oxide from the metal support or as a separate phase like nitride from N2 or NH3 decomposition or carbide from a carbon-containing gas stream. The palladium membrane support is thermally treated in air, ammonia, nitrogen or a carbon-containing gas at extreme temperatures and prolonged times to achieve this result. Additionally, following formation of the ceramic interlayer, the outer surface of that interlayer is activated by seeding it with the nuclei of the metal that is to form the membrane, i.e., Pd. This activation of that outer surface of the interlayer facilitates the subsequent electroless plating of the Pd onto that surface
Following the formation and activation of a ceramic layer on the metal support, the support is plated with Pd by being immersed in a Pd electroless plating bath. That electroless plating bath has typically been prepared from several components, including Pd and hydrazine (H2NNH2, or N2H4), combined at room temperature, i.e., 20-25° C. The ceramic coating on the support has been subsequently plated by immersion in the electroless plating bath for an interval at a temperature of about 60° C.
Pursuant to the foregoing process, the resultant palladium or palladium alloy, membrane is typically less than 50 microns (μm) in thickness, and has typically been formed on the exterior surface of a tubular chamber or conduit in which the reformation or water gas shift reaction occurs and/or the reformate flows. All else being equal, because an increase in the flux of hydrogen through the membrane can be obtained by reducing its thickness, there is incentive to reduce the thickness as much as reasonably possible while keeping mechanical strength. On the other hand, there are practical limits to the structural integrity and durability, and indeed even gas-type selectivity if the membrane becomes too thin. While the Pd membranes of the prior art may be fairly economical in their use of Pd, their location on the exterior of a tube or the like, subjects them to possible scratching or abuse during handling, which may result in leakage. In one example constructed in accordance with the prior art, the membrane had a thickness of about 18 microns and an H2 permeance of no more than about 12 m3/(m2 hr atm0.5) over an interval of more than 60 hours at 350° C.
The hydrogen flux through a membrane, J, can be described by Sievert's law, which is: J=Q/L (P10.5−P20.5]. The P1 and P2 are the partial pressures of hydrogen on either side of the membrane and the difference in the square roots of these pressures is the driving force through the membrane. The quantity Q/L in front of the driving force term is the permeance. Q is the permeability and L is the thickness of the membrane. The permeability, Q, is essentially the diffusivity of hydrogen through the membrane, D, times the partition coefficient or solubility, H, between the hydrogen in the gas phase and the hydrogen on the surface of the membrane. Thus, the permeability is: Q=D*H and the permeance is D*H/L.
To increase permeance, either the permeability has to be increased or the thickness reduced. Conversely, to increase physical durability and robustness, the thickness of a material with a given permeability is often increased, resulting in a decrease of the permeance of the resulting membrane.
Accordingly, there is a need to provide an improved Pd or Pd alloy membrane with a relatively high selective permeance to H2 flux. There is a further need to provide an improved Pd or Pd alloy membrane with a relatively high selective permeance and retained or improved durability and robustness.
Still further, it is desirable to provide such an improved Pd alloy in a configuration that minimizes exposure to physical abuse.


An electrical power distribution system can distribute electricity from a source to a load, and can comprise at least one solid state power controller (SSPC) having an input coupled to the source and an output coupled to the load. The SSPC can include an open shunt switch connecting the input to ground. A control circuit can couple to the shunt switch and can be configured to detect a failure in the SSPC. A fuse can be connected between the source and the input. A failure can be detected in the SSPC and the control circuit can close the shunt switch to cause a short circuit that will blow the fuse and isolate the SSPC from the source.

An electrical power distribution system can contain one or more distribution units deployed throughout an aircraft or ground-based system for distributing power from a source to a number of loads. One or more solid state power controllers (SSPC) stacked within each distribution unit can be configured to switch off power to the load wiring loading each SSPC, such as when a load current exceeds a trip protection limit of the SSPC for a certain amount of time. A failure in the SSPC, such as when a solid state switch of the SSPC fails in a closed position, can prevent the SSPC from cutting power to the load during an overcurrent event, leading to undesirable results.
One effective solution to the above shortcomings can be to add a secondary switch at an output of the SSPC to cut power to the load when a failure in the SSPC is detected, or when the load experiences an overcurrent event and the SSPC has not responded. However, a catastrophic failure in the SSPC itself can result in malfunction, overheating, or arcing within the SSPC, particularly in the solid state switch, whether or not the secondary switch has cut power to the load, and which can result in damage to other SSPCs or to the entire distribution unit.
Alternatively, the solid state switch in the SSPC could be replaced with an electromechanical switch to avoid the malfunction, overheating, or arcing that could occur in the solid state switch. But this approach would reintroduce the reliability problems and higher costs associated with the electromechanical technologies which preceded the solid state switch.

System and method for protecting a solid-state power controller


A computer-implemented method and device for analyzing network packet traffic flow affected by a network security device in a communication network. Received in a network monitoring device is packet traffic flow data from a network security device that filters network traffic based upon prescribed security filter settings. The network monitoring device analyzes the received packet traffic flow data by correlating the received traffic flow data with the security filter settings prescribed in the network security device. Certain statistics are identified regarding the network traffic flow affected by the security filter settings of the network security device based upon the correlating of the received traffic flow data with the security filter settings prescribed in the network security device. A report regarding the identified statistics is preferably sent to a network administrator.

The Internet is a global public network of interconnected computer networks that utilize a standard set of communication and configuration protocols. It consists of many private, public, business, school, and government networks. Within each of the different networks are numerous host devices such as workstations, servers, cellular phones, portable computer devices, to name a few examples. These host devices are able to connect to devices within their own network or to other devices within different networks through communication devices such as hubs, switches, routers, and firewalls, to list a few examples.
The growing problems associated with security exploits within the architecture of the Internet are of significant concern to network providers. Networks and network devices are increasingly affected by the damages caused by Denial of Service ("DoS") attacks. A DoS attack is defined as an action taken upon on a computer network or system by an offensive external device that prevents any part of the network from functioning in accordance with its intended purpose. This attack may cause a loss of service to the users of the network and its network devices. Networks may be attacked by various threats such as viruses, worms, denial of service attacks, and other damaging problems. If not mitigated properly, these threats can impair a network by disrupting communication, violating privacy, or compromising the integrity of information within the network. Known techniques for mitigating threats include accessing each network device separately, and implementing mitigating operations at each device to block specific traffic or packets. These known techniques, however, are not efficient in certain situations. It is generally desirable to efficiently mitigate threats.
It is thus to be appreciated that in view of increasing size and frequency of malicious network attacks (e.g., DDoS attacks), network operators are increasingly making resort to technologies that block undesirable traffic using the network infrastructure that is carrying the traffic (e.g. a network router) without resort to specialized (and often expensive) network equipment specifically configured for blocking network attacks. It is to be further appreciated that when network operators are blocking traffic using such pre-existing network infrastructure devices (e.g., network routers), it is important for the operators to have visibility regarding the mount of traffic being blocked on each network device, and why it is being blocked (i.e. which of the many blocking rules installed (e.g., security filter settings) are causing a given network traffic flow to be blocked). It is additionally desirable for network operators to receive detailed information regarding the nature (parameters) of the network traffic being blocked (e.g., beyond simple traffic volume measurements). This would provide a network operator with visibility as to if a network attack is still ongoing, how it may be changing, and derive detailed information regarding the attack (including, but not limited to, the sources of the attack (country, IP address, network, organization), the types of traffic present in the attack, the targets of the attack and how they may be changing, and many other elements of interest about the nature of the traffic). It is to be appreciated that this type of information (with emphasis on detailed dropped traffic reporting) is essential for in-depth understanding of whether legitimate traffic is being inadvertently blocked by the blocking rules (e.g., security filter settings) and thus whether adjustments are needed to prevent the unintended dropping and/or other mitigation of legitimate traffic.
However, currently there is no effective solutions for providing network operators with the aforesaid visibility regarding mitigated network traffic caused by network infrastructure. It is noted that certain vendors have provided network equipment using proprietary methods to gather basic information such as the total bytes and packets dropped by each blocking rule, but however, they do not provide any further detailed information regarding why for instance certain traffic was dropped. Some vendors do not provide these types of traffic statistics with no standards for querying these statistics either.
As a result, it is currently difficult (if even reasonably possible) for network operators to gather the aforesaid network traffic flow regarding mitigation performed by pre-existing network infrastructure (e.g., network routers). One simple reason is because each provider of pre-existing network infrastructure typically uses their own proprietary interface which a network operator may have no means to interface with to gather such information.

Measurement and analysis of traffic filtered by network infrastructure


A folding knife comprises a blade and a handle, wherein the handle is formed by bending a metal sheet into a shape of inverted U-section for clamping an item (e.g., a lighter) therein and comprises a latch formed by punching on one side thereof adjacent to the receiving space in a direction opposite to the receiving space. The blade has one end pivotably secured to one end of the other side of the handle having the latch and the one end of the blade is lockingly fastened by the latch when the blade is in its opened position. The blade is unfastened when a predetermined pressing force is exerted on the latch toward the receiving space such that the blade may pivotably retract onto the other side of the handle. Thus, the folding knife can be mounted with the item (e.g., the lighter) for the functions of cutting and lighting.

Science and technologies have made significant progress in these several decades resulting in a significant improvement of living quality. Moreover, many advanced products are commercially available because manufacturers have made great efforts in research and development. Quality is also pursued by the manufacturers and it is hoped that a user may conveniently use a product produced by them.
Folding knifes are widely used by people especially people loving outdoor activities due to its utility and portability. Hence, a wide variety of folding knifes are available.
Cigars are produced by rolling tobacco leaves and are without a filter. This is a contrast to cigarette which has a filter. A person has to make an opening at one end of a cigar prior to smoking. Typically, a cigar knife is used to cut an opening at one end of a cigar prior to lighting the cigar with a lighter. However, such method of lighting a cigar is very inconvenient to persons loving cigar smoking. In addition, a person may not be able to enjoy cigar smoking if a lighter or a cigar knife is not available at hand.
A person loving outdoor activities may bring many different items in an outing. A person may forget where an item is correctly located. It is thus often that an anxious person may spend a lot of time on finding an item when a need arises. Knives and lighters are two kinds of tool that are frequently used by people. Unfortunately, people tend to forget their correct locations due to poor memory. As an end, a person cannot find the missing knife or lighter in most cases.
Conventionally, folding knife manufacturers concentrate their effort on how to improve construction and/or quality of a folding knife. Therefore, a varieties of improved folding knife are commercially available. Also, folding knife market is very competitive, resulting in a drop of folding knife sales per manufacturer. It is aware by the inventor that very few folding knifes have an additional function other than cutting (i.e., multifunctional folding knife). For example, folding knife manufacturers have not developed a folding knife being capable of storing or retaining an item. Hence, conventional folding knifes still lack convenience.
It is thus desirable among manufacturers of the art to provide a novel, multifunctional folding knife in order to not only overcome the inadequacy of the prior art but also bring additional convenience to folding knife users.

Folding knife with a hollow handle for fastening an item therein


The present invention provides composition and method for inducing melanogenesis. The composition comprising an effective amount of saponins extracted from herbal plants.

Nowadays, skin-tanning products are commercially available for cosmetic purposes and also utilized for the clinical treatment of pigmentary disorders such as vitiligo. Vitiligo is acquired pigment disorder that is caused by melanocyte malfunction and depigmentation.
Melanogenesis is a physiological process in response to UV exposure. There are more than 100 distinct genes directly or indirectly involved in the regulation of melanogenesis. In mammals, melanogenesis is directly regulated by three enzymes, tyrosinase (TYR), tyrosinase related protein-1 (TRP-1) and tyrosinase related protein-2 (TRP-2). Tyrosinase is regarded as the rate-limiting enzyme of melanogenesis. It plays a pivotal role in the modulation of melanin production by catalyzing the hydroxylation of tyrosine into dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) and the further oxidation of DOPA into DOPAquinone by tyrosinase. TRP-2, which functions as a DOPAchrome tautomerase, catalyzes the rearrangement of DOPAchrome to 5,6-dihydroxyl indole-2-carboxylic acid (DHICA), whereas TRP-1 oxidizes DHICA to a carboxylated indole-quinone. Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) is known to be the master regulator of melanocyte differentiation, pigmentation, proliferation and survival. It is a major transcriptional regulator of the tyrosinase family genes TYR, TRP-1 and TRP-2 responsible for pigmentation.
Protein kinase A (PKA) signaling has been implicated in melanogenesis. PKA can be activated by the elevation of cellular cAMP, and PKA activation can in turn lead to the activation of MITF transcriptional activity through the activation of CREB, resulting in the expression of tyrosinase, TRP-1, and TRP-2 genes. On the other hand, Wnt/β-catenin signaling has also been involved in the melanogenesis based on the finding that β-catenin formed a complex with lymphocyte enhancer factor-1 (LEF-1) to up-regulate expression of the MITF gene. Study also showed that β-catenin directly interacts with the MITF protein itself, then activates MITF-specific target genes.
Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Gp) is a perennial creeping herb in the family of Cucurbitaceae. It is widely distributed in China, particularly in the southern region of the Qinling Mountains and the Yangtze River. The earliest documented use of Gp as a vegetable was found in the manuscript titled 'Herbs for Famine' which was published in the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644 A.D.) The 'Compendium of Materia Medica', a monumental work in the Chinese medicine field by Li Shi-Zhen, stated that Gp can be used for lowering cholesterol levels, regulating blood pressure, strengthening gastritis, as well as reducing inflammation. Many studies showed that Gp may possess anti-oxidant, anti-apoptotic and anti-carcinogenic properties in vitro and animal studies. Lin C C, Huang P C, Lin J M. Antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of Anoectochilus formosanus and Gynostemma pentaphyllum. Am. J. Chinese Med. 2000, 28:87-96 demonstrated that Gp exerts an antioxidant effect and hepatoprotective activity on acetaminophen-induced liver injury in rats; Zhou Z T, Wang Y, Zhou Y M, Zhang S L. Effect of Gynostemma pentaphyllum Mak on carcinomatous conversions of golden hamster cheek pouches induced by dimethylbenzanthracene: a histological study. Chinese Med. J. Peking 1998, 111:847-850 demonstrated that Gp could inhibit and reverse the carcinomatous conversions of leukoplasia of golden hamster cheek pouches induced by dimethylbenzanthracene, indicating its positive anti-carcinogenic activities; Chen J C, Chung J G, Chen L D. Gypenoside induces apoptosis in human Hep3B and HA22T tumor cells. Cytobios 1999, 100:37-48 demonstrated that Gp inhibited cell viability through induction of apoptosis in human Hep3B and HA22T tumor cells; Ma Z R and Yang Z B. Scavenging effects of Astragalus and Gynostemma pentaphyllum with its product on O2 and OH. Zhong Yao Cai 1999, 22:303-6 demonstrated that Gp could scavenge the active oxygen free radicals effectively and Ginsenoside Rb1 extracted from Gp showed a strong effect on scavenging the .OH; and Wang Q F, Chen J C, Hsieh S J, Cheng C C, Hsu S L. Regulation of Bcl-2 family molecules and activation of caspase cascade involved in gypenosides-induced apoptosis in human hepatoma cells. Cancer Lett. 2002, 183:169-78 demonstrated that Gp could induce apoptosis through the up-regulation of Bax and Bak, and down-regulation of Bcl-2, release of mitochondrial cytochrome c and activation of a caspase cascade in human hepatoma Huh-7, Hep3B and HA22T cell lines. Also, it is previously demonstrated in Tai W C S, Zhang S Z H, Jiang Z H, Hsiao W W L. Isolation of Active ingredients with anticancer activity of total triterpenoids saponins of Gymnostemma Pentaphyllum by cell-based co-culture activity-guided fractionation assay, 2010, the 9th CGCM meeting that GpS can kill GFP/Ras transformed cancer cells in the presence of normal cells in the co-culture assay system, which showed the anti-cancer effect of GpS.
Gp contains over a hundred different triterpenoid saponins that structurally resemble ginseng saponins. Specifically, gypenoside 3 is identical to ginsenoside Rb1, gypenoside 4 is identical to ginsenoside Rb3, gypenoside 8 is identical to ginsenoside Rd, and gypenoside 12 is identical to ginsenoside F2. Many of the other gypenosides are closely related structurally to the ginsenosides and include the 6′-malonyl derivatives characteristic of ginseng. Other constituents reported from Gp include sterols with the ergostane, sholestane, and stigmastane skeletons, and also, the flavonoid glycosides ombuin and ombuoside, rutin, yixingensin, polysaccharides, vitamins, minerals, carotenoids and amino acids.
Citation or identification of any reference in this section or any other section of this application shall not be construed as an admission that such reference is available as prior art for the present application.

Melanogenesis effect of saponins of gynostemma pentaphyllum


A tamper-resistant closure for a medical injection device such as a syringe includes a cap having both a blind bore sized to receive and seat tightly against the syringe tip, to prevent material from entering or being withdrawn from the device. The cap has a threaded connection to the syringe tip, and is entirely covered by a loose-fitting shield having a one-way drive mechanism which prevents the cap from being unscrewed from the device while the shield is in place. The shield has at least one internal, frangible tang protruding obliquely into the envelope of the cap, so that the shield and cap can be easily assembled, but cannot thereafter be disassembled without breaking the tang and thus providing an indication of tampering.

This invention relates to medical equipment, and particularly to a closure for preventing tampering with a filled syringe or the like.
In a hospital, after a pharmacist has filled a syringe with a medication, the syringe is then carried to the patient. Particularly when the contents of the syringe are a narcotic such as morphine, there is a risk that the person in custody of the syringe during transportation may withdraw its contents for his or her own purposes, perhaps then refilling the syringe with another liquid such as saline, and recapping the syringe to escape detection.


The invention relates to a handover method and a method for selecting a base station for connecting a multimode terminal (PP/MS) in a mobile communication system which consists of at least one first base station (BTS) and at least one second base station (FRP) controlled by a MSC, and multimode terminal (PP/MS). The handover method comprises recognizing the poor radio connection between the serving second base station (RFP) and the multimode terminal (PP/MS), selecting one of the first base station (BTS) as the target cell for handover on the basis of the measurements carried out in the multimode terminal (PP/MS), and performing the handover. It is characteristic of the handover method according to the invention that a cell description is transmitted to the multimode terminal (PP/MS) via the second base station (RFP), the cell description including information about the frequency of at least one first base station (BTS), and measuring base station signal in the multimode terminal (PP/MS) at said frequencies, when the ongoing radio connection has been recognized to be poor.

The invention relates to the handover method and a method for the selection of the base station for connection of a multimode terminal in a mobile communication system which consists of an MSC (Mobile Services Switching Center), at least one first base station and at least one second base station controlled by the MSC, and multimode terminals which consist of a first part for establishing a radio connection with the first base station and a second part for establishing a radio connection with the second base station.
The invention also relates to the multimode terminal.
FIG. 1a, attached, shows the block diagram of a mobile communication system the exchange of which controls the BSSs (Base Station Sub-systems) of the digital cordless telephone system DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications) and the GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) mobile communication system. The MSC (Mobile Services Switching Centre) usually controls several base station systems BSS/FP. The MSC is connected to other MSCs and to other networks, such as the PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network), PLMN (another mobile communication network), ISDN network, or IN (Intelligent Network). A multimode terminal that operates in several radio systems makes it possible to use several different radio systems for telecommunications traffic. The dualmode terminal PP/MS shown in FIG. 1a operates both as a cordless telephone of the DECT system (PP, Portable Part) and as an MS (Mobile Station) of the GSM system. The cordless telephone part of the dualmode terminal, PP, is connected in the DECT system to a DECT base station RFP (Radio Fixed Part), as shown in FIG. 1a, to the DECT base station RFP2. The fixed part of the base station system of the DECT system DECT FP (Fixed Part) consists of the base station controller CCFP (Common Control Fixed Part) which controls one or more DECT base stations RFP. The fixed part of the DECT system DECT FP is connected to the MSC via an adapter part IWU (Interworking Unit). The adapter part IWU performs, among other things, the necessary protocol conversions. In the GSM system the mobile station part MS of the dualmode terminal PP/MS is connected via radio path to a BTS (Base Transceiver Station). The BSS (Base Station System) consists of a BSC (Base Station Controller) and the base stations BTS controlled by it. The operation of the entire system is monitored by the OMC (Operation and Maintenance Centre).
In the DECT/GSM system it is also known that the functionality of the base station controller BSC and that of the DECT base station controller CCFP are connected into a single, so-called dualmode base station controller, as shown in FIG. 1b. This kind of a dualmode base station controller BSC/CCFP also includes the adapter part IWU. Otherwise the block diagram of FIG. 1b corresponds with FIG. 1a described above.
For use in call setup terminating in the terminal the registers of the cordless telephone system/mobile communication system contain the information about the geographic location of the terminal. In the GSM mobile communication system and the DECT cordless telephone system the coverage area of the network is divided into location areas which consist of the coverage areas of one or more base stations. The location of the terminal is defined by using these location areas. When the terminal has moved from one location area to another the terminal performs a location update to notify the network about its new location area. FIG. 2 shows the location update signalling for the DECT system. The cordless telephone PP sends the location update request to the base station to which it is listening by using the LOCATE REQUEST (message 21) to which is attached the identifier of the new location area. The fixed part of the network FP acknowledges the location update by using the LOCATE_ACCEPT (message 22), when the location area in the network register has been replaced with the stated new location area.
FIG. 3a attached, shows the call setup originating in the terminal PP in the DECT network. When the cordless telephone PP wants to make a call, it sends the CC_SETUP (message 31) to the base station RFP of the fixed part FP, which the network acknowledges by sending the CC_SETUP_ACK (message 32). If the cordless telephone PP has not indicated the number of the called subscriber to the network in the CC_SETUP (message 31), the telephone PP is requested for it in the CC_SETUP_ACK (message 32), in which case the terminal PP sends the number requested by using the CC_INFO (message 33). If the number of the called subscriber was indicated in the CC_SETUP (message 31), messages 32 and 33 are not sent at all. The traffic connection is established by using the CC_CALL_PROC (message 34). The CC_ALERTING (message 35) is used to send the line alert tone to the terminal PP. After this the call is continued in the normal fashion.
FIG. 3b attached, shows the call setup terminating in the terminal PP in the DECT network. The fixed part FP of the DECT network sends the call message LCE_REQUEST_PAGE (message 37) to reach the terminal PP. The cordless telephone PP answers this call by sending the LCE_PAGE_RESPONSE (message 38) after which the network notifies the terminal PP about the incoming call by sending the CC_SETUP (message 39). During the CC_ALERTING (message 40) the network is being sent the line alert tone, and after the subscriber has answered the terminal, the CC_CONNECT (message 41) is sent to establish the connection which the network acknowledges by sending the CC_CONNECT_ACK (message 42).
During the call, it may be necessary to hand over the radio connection between the terminal and base station from one radio channel to another, for example, because of a poor radio signal. Usually such a handover is performed from the serving base station to the radio channel of another base station. In cordless telephone systems, such as the DECT system, the handover process originates usually in the cordless terminal PP which measures the base station signals over the entire usable frequency band and selects a base station with a suitable radio signal as the target cell for the handover. In mobile communication systems, such as the GSM system, the handover originates usually in the side of the fixed network, for example, in the base station controller BSC.
FIG. 4 attached, shows a signaling diagram for the handover between two base station systems FP in the DECT system. Before starting the actual handover process, the terminal PP must receive the data about the possible target cells for the handover from the network. If the terminal PP has not received this data earlier, for example, during the call, the PP requests the data from the network by using the MM_INFO_REQUEST (message 43). The network transmits to the terminal PP via the serving base station, as shown in FIGS. 1a and 1b via the base station RFP2, in the MM_INFO_ACCEPT (message 44) the identifiers of those fixed parts FP into which the handover from the serving base station is possible. The terminal PP continuously measures the quality of the base station signal for these handover target cells and compares the measurement results to one another and to the quality of the signal of the serving base station RFP2. When the terminal PP detects that the signal quality of some other base station is better than the signal quality of the serving base station, it usually initiates the handover process. The terminal PP informs the serving base station system FP1 in the MM_INFO_REQUEST (message 45) about the initiation of the handover and about the target cell selected for the handover. When FP1 receives this information, it sends the HANDOVER_REQlIRED (message 46) to the mobile services switching center MSC, which requests the fixed part FP2 selected as the target cell for the handover to prepare for the handover by using the HANDOVER_REQUEST (message 47). The fixed part FP2 notifies the mobile services switching center MSC about the allocation of the resources of the target cell for the handover by using the HANDOVER_REQUEST ACK (message 48) after the reception of which the MSC notifies the base station system FP1 by using the HANDOVER_COMMAND (message 49) that the handover process can be continued. FP1 transmits this information by using the MM_INFO_ACCEPT (message 50) to the terminal PP, which sends the CC_SETUP (message 51) to the new base station system FP2. The CC_SETUP (message 51) includes the information that the process in question is the handover for an ongoing call instead of a new call setup. The FP2 sends information about the detection of the handover to the MSC by sending the HANDOVER_DETECT (message 52), after which the network connects the ongoing call to this new location. To notify the terminal PP about the acceptance of the handover, the fixed part FP2 sends the CC_CONNECT (message 53) to the terminal PP which the terminal PP acknowledges by sending the CC_CONNECT_ACK (message 54). The mobile services switching center MSC is notified of the success of the handover by using the HANDOVER_COMPLETE (message 55) after which the radio connection is used to convey information about the ciphering to be used in the connection and the former call connection established via the base station RFP2 is disconnected (not shown in the diagram).
The patent application publication GB-2 282 730 presents a handover method in a mobile communication system as shown in FIG. 1a to switch the radio connection of a dualmode terminal PP/MS from the radio channel of a DECT base station to a base station BTS of the GSM system. In the method described in the publication the mobile station part MS of the dualmode terminal continuously measures the signal level received from the base stations BTS of the GSM system and transmits the measurement results thus obtained to the cordless telephone part PP of the dualmode terminal PP/MS. When the radio connection on the cordless telephone side of the system gets so weak that it triggers the handover, the measurement results are transmitted from the cordless telephone PP further via the DECT base station RFP to the mobile services switching center MSC in the handover request. By using the received measurement results the MSC selects the base station BTS of the GSM system suitable for the handover into whose control the call of the dualmode terminal PP/MS is switched by using the handover.
The following problem occurs in the handover method presented in the GB publication. To determine the target cell for a possible handover, the mobile station part MS of the terminal must be continuously switched on to receive the GSM base station signals for measurements. This increases the power consumption of the terminal and thus consumes the limited battery capacity of the terminal thereby shortening the standby/operation time of the terminal.
The object of this invention is to recognize the base station of a mobile communication system whose radio signal is suitable to a multimode terminal by spending as little of the terminal power as possible, when it is desirable to switch the multimode terminal from a telecommunication system to use the services of a base station of another mobile communication system.
This is achieved by using a handover method according to the invention in a mobile communication system of the type presented in the introduction, the said method comprising the following steps: recognizing the poor radio connection between the serving second base station and the multimode terminal, selecting, as the target cell for the handover, one of the first base stations on the basis of the measurements performed in the multimode terminal, and performing the handover from the serving second base station to the selected first base station. It is characteristic to the handover method according to the invention that it further comprises the steps of: transmitting to the multimode terminal a cell description via the second base station, the said cell description containing the information about the frequency of at least one first base station located in the geographic area of the terminal, and performing a measurement of base station signals in the multimode terminal on frequencies indicated in the cell description, when the ongoing radio connection is detected to be poor.
The invention also relates to a method for selecting the base station for connecting the multimode terminal in a mobile communication system of the type presented in the introduction. It is characteristic for the method according to the invention that it comprises the steps of: transmitting to the multimode terminal via the second base station a cell description which contains the information about the frequency of at least one first base station located in the geographic area of the terminal, and selecting, as the base station to be listened to, one of the first base stations selected in the multimode terminal on the basis of the cell description, when it is desirable to switch to the service of one of the first base stations.
Furthermore, the invention relates to the multimode terminal which is adapted to operate in a mobile communication system, the said system consisting of at least one first base station and at least one second base station. It is characteristic for the multimode terminal according to the invention that it contains the equipment for storing the frequency data of at least one first base station transmitted from the second base station, and the equipment for selecting the base station to be listened to on the basis of the stored frequency data.
The invention is based on the idea that the multimode terminal connected to one telecommunication system is sent data about the frequency/frequencies used in another mobile communication system in the geographic area in question so that the multimode terminal can, if necessary, flexibly switch over from the one telecommunication system to be served by the mobile communication system. The local frequency data is transmitted to the multimode terminal preferably in the normal signaling of the telecommunication system attached to a message sent from the network to the terminal. When it is desirable to switch the multimode terminal to the service of the mobile communication system, the first part MS of the terminal synchronizes to the frequency indicated in the last received frequency data and, if necessary, connects to this base station.
The advantage of the method according to the invention is that the handover from the telecommunication system to the mobile communication system can be performed quickly and flexibly and with minimal power consumption on the part of the multimode terminal.
Another advantage of the method according to the invention is that the mobile station part of the terminal need not search the frequency of the base station signal of the mobile communication system, but it can directly tune itself to the cell broadcast frequency of the base station that broadcasts in the area.
Furthermore, another advantage of the method according to the invention is that the mobile station part of the multimode terminal can be kept in a power saving mode until the need for switching to the service of the mobile communication system is detected.

Connecting a multimode terminal to the network in a mobile communication system