A system and method for providing external data-signal isolation, and signal-level information-preserving-data-transformations, to enable safe, operationally efficient, information sharing between protected information systems and networks and external, potentially hostile, information systems and networks which neutralizes any imbedded hostile executable codes such as viruses that may be in data-signals incoming from the external systems and networks. The system and method prevent untransformed external data-signals from entering protected systems and/or networks using an intermediate screen which is a computer hardware device. The intermediate screen is deployed between the protected systems and external systems and is used to process all incoming signals from the external system to obtain transformed data sets from which information is extracted before it is passed to the protected system.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to methods and devices for the safe and secure operation of host information systems which must exchange information with other information systems and devices, such as in cyberspace and, where such external systems may be corrupted in some manner, utilizing system architecture and data signal transformations as opposed to conventional software based firewalls to receive and convert or reformat incoming information signals from the external systems and thereafter extracting and supplying only non corrupted information signals to the host systems. The invention also provides for screening of outgoing information signals from the host systems to prevent unauthorized information exchange and for permitting secure updating of host systems files with information before updated files are returned to the host systems.
2. Description of the Prior Art
The field of information-system security (InfoSec) technology and practice to date has focused on controlling human user access to computer system resources, and preventing hostile, clandestine computer programs, such as computer viruses, from corrupting a computer system. The advent of the Internet and personal computers brought new challenges to the InfoSec field, particularly because in networks, other machines, not human users, were the entities that primarily accessed a computer system. Old, pre-network, password usage and similar software authentication methods only offered a modicum of security control at xe2x80x9cauthorized userxe2x80x9d entry points of a network. Intruders could bypass these methods as they do in today""s Internet and tap or hack (i.e. the term hackers) into the communications segment of a computer network and launch any form of mischief or disruption that the target network would allow. This is the core of today""s Internet security problem, wherein intruders can disrupt nearly all forms of Internet activity, from disabling web sites and compromising message traffic, to falsifying identity. The conventional InfoSec problems of unauthorized user access, incorrect operation, and system malfunction remain, in addition to today""s network oriented security problems.
Various schemes of varying degrees of complexity and convolution have been devised to provide needed security. Examples of two of the latest of such schemes are U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,623,601 to Vu, and 5,632,011 to Landfield, et al. The methods taught are implemented as software computer programs, which operate with or as a standard operating system software package. Assumed in the methods are the correct implementation and operation of these software packages, and the operating system (i.e. control software) with which it must operate. Here, xe2x80x9ccorrect operationxe2x80x9d also includes InfoSec correctness which means no compromise to a hosting system is precipitated by the operation of such software. Proving or verifying such assertions as software correctness, or software operational integrity remains a major barrier in InfoSec technology, as well as in computer science and engineering in general. Software verification is a formidable undertaking. Finally, software (i.e. computer programs) is vulnerable to compromise by other computer programs, which may include viruses. Software attack and corruption, whether e-mail packages, protocol modules, operating systems, macro services such as OPEN commands, etc. is the realm of the system/network intruder (the Hacker). The ideal InfoSec tool should not be software dependant.
Today""s InfoSec tools such as the above cited references implement, in software, a type of gateway function. The term firewall is often used. A gateway is a computer that connects two different networks together. A firewall is a gateway with the additional constraints and properties that all inter-network traffic must pass through it, whereby all unauthorized (according to some rule-set or security policy) traffic is prevented from passage. The firewall must operate correctly and be free from compromise. To further compound this difficulty, firewalls are filters. As such they must allow selected external traffic to pass through to the system or network being protected, especially if useful information exchange between the systems and networks separated by the firewall, is to take place. Firewalls have no way to filter out hostile traffic, without prior knowledge of such traffic. Also, service packages, such as e-mail, containing corrupted command macro programs (e.g. macro viruses) are impervious to firewalls. Possible legitimate bit configurations in command fields of standard message traffic passing through a firewall could trigger disruptive events, when entering a protected system or network. Firewalls, acting as an address translation proxy for an inside/protected system or network, can protect that system or network from exposure, to an external system or network, of its internal and critical address information. Again, one assumes (usually, without rigorous basis) correctness of the proxy software function.
Although firewalls and anti-virus software are steps in the right direction, more universal protection of information systems or networks is needed, whereby such protection is easily verifiable, cost-effective, and does not require xe2x80x9capriori knowledgexe2x80x9d to successfully execute a detection and/or filtering function, and is software independent.
The present invention is directed to the use of a computer hardware device which functions as an inter domain screen or signal processor hereafter referred to as the IDS. The IDS is a unique data flow control architecture and device family, within which two unique processes are executed. The IDS protects its host system from compromise from any external connections. The IDS contains an intermediate-domain-device (IDD), sockets which connect the IDD to the host system, and sockets which connect the IDD to external domains. External domains, which are to exchange information with the host, are prevented, by the IDS from compromising the host. The intermediate domain (embodied by the IDD) is a special purpose domain for information exchange. The purpose of the IDS is to permit maximum information interchange, while preventing external signals from directly entering a protected domain or host. The term xe2x80x9chost systemxe2x80x9d is used synonymously with xe2x80x9cprotected domainxe2x80x9d. The external signals may be the carrier of hostile executable code. Viruses, worms, triggers for trap-door and Trojan horse type software, and other forms of hostile signals use incoming data signals to enter a protected (target) information system environment. That is, the information being exchanged, including any hostile data, is contained in data sets carried by signals. The hostile data sets depend on the structural integrity of the incoming data stream or signal(s) for the necessary maintenance of its own structure. With the present invention, this structural integrity is disrupted, while the information carried by the data stream is preserved in the IDS. The InfoSec processes executed are isolation of external signals, and derivation of the information content of such signals and are referenced as a modified-read process. To achieve this, an xe2x80x9cinformation-preservingxe2x80x9d data transformation takes place in the IDS on these potentially corrupted incoming external data signals such as by processing an incoming signal containing an initial data set in such a manner as to extract the information in the initial data set, thus creating a signal having a different data set, and, thereafter, transmitting the different data sets to the host domain. Such processing includes converting the type and/or format of signals such as converting a telephone signal to a T.V. signal or converting an analog signal to a digital signal.
The intermediate domain and the modified-read function which takes place therein form a protective screen for the internal or host system or domain, to which they are attached. The modified-read process does not require prior knowledge of a particular virus/worm, etc and is a universal eliminator of hostile executable code.
The IDS therefore is not a proxy-server or firewall which are vulnerable to software errors and/or compromise, and to unknown hostile executable code (i.e. new virus) penetration. The IDS is an incoming signal buffer and transformer and an outgoing signal filter. It is a hardware device that is scalable, that provides the special purpose domain for information data flow control. This special purpose domain is intermediate between the IDS""s host system, which it is protecting, and external systems.
It is important to note that generic IDS functions and architecture enforce the following for the systems/networks it is protecting:
a) immunity to penetration;
b) assurance that all traffic between the protected domain and the external domain enters the IDS;
c) no direct connections between the protected domain the external domain exist; and
d) only authorized information, as defined by local InfoSec policy is allowed to exit the IDS.
The IDS is a multi-function device acting as a firewall, a guard/filter, a network front-end, and hostile code (e.g. virus) eliminator. The IDS may also act as a host system file screen which is adapted to receive file information from the host system, screen new file information and thereafter update existing files in the host system.
The present invention is directed to a method and apparatus for enabling information to be exchanged between a protected system and an external information source wherein the information is contained in data sets which are carried by signals in such a manner that undesired data is prevented from reaching the protected system. The invention uses an intermediate domain computer hardware device which is connected between the external data source and the protected system so as to receive an initial data set including the information which may contain undesirable data transmitted from the external source. In the intermediate domain hardware, the signals containing the initial data set are processed to create a second data set in such a manner that the information in the initial data set, is extracted to thereby screen out undesirable data. Thereafter, the extracted information is passed to the protected system.
In the elementary version of the invention, the intermediate domain computer hardware device (the IDD) may be a network computer, a webtv unit, a single board computer (SBC), a laptop/notebook computer, other personal computer (or the like), or a specially designed chip which receives signals in any manner such as broadcast signals or signals from a conventional telephone line from an external domain site such as the internet or world wide web. The incoming signals to the hardware device are routed (via the IDD) to what is tantamount to a tv card associated with a PCI bus of a computer system. The intermediate/domain device (IDD) in the form of the webtv system transforms the incoming signals. Any virus contained in the original signals can not survive the transformation of the signal format from the signals originally received, (such as by way of the telephone line), to the video signals at the tv-card and thus the card supplies extracted information to a connected computer which may be a personal computer.
As a reduced function (manual) embodiment of the elementary system, signals from the computer hardware device such as in a webtv system may be conveyed to a conventional printer wherein the signals are converted or transformed into a printed format which may be preserved. By taking the printed format and transforming the printed format into signals, such as by scanning, the information can be provided from the printer to the input of a PC such that only the extracted information without any viruses is passed to the personal computer or host system. In both the foregoing scenarios, the virus (or other forms of hostile code) can not survive the signal transformation within the intermediate domain system.
As mentioned, as opposed to using the webtv unit, a single board computer, laptop or notebook computer may be utilized to act as the intermediate domain device. The laptop or single board computer is connected to receive a signal such as through a telephone line from the internet. The invention, however, is not limited in its application to single point or individual host or host systems. the host may be substantially any single receiving information processor including main frame computers, information networks including local and wide are networks (LANs and WANs) and the like. Also, the computer hardware of the IDS is not limited to single or individual computer elements but may be computer networks and systems.
Any contamination of the IDS"" intermediate domain from system error or hostile executable code from external domains, is easily corrected by a reset function, or a cold-boot from a clean boot-disk. For some applications, this could be a recommended periodic procedure. Thus, the initial data set including any hostile executable code data is deleted from the intermediate domain after the information has been extracted. The IDS architecture insures that only data that has gone through a modified-read process enters the host (protected) system.
In another embodiment of the invention, the IDS is used to safely update files stored in the host system. In this embodiment, a file from the host is loaded to the IDS. The IDS also receives information signals from the external domain and processes the signals in a modified-read to thereby convert the signal to change an initial data set to a second data set in such a manner as to extract the information from the second data set and updates the file loaded from the host and thereafter forwards the safely updated file to the host. In this manner all updating of files is done in a manner in which the host files can not be compromised.
In yet another embodiment, the invention provides a screening of all outgoing signals from the host or protected system to the IDS so as to ensure that only permitted information is transmitted.
It is the primary object of the present invention to provide a method and apparatus which protects a host system from contamination by preventing external signals from entering the protected host system permitting safe xe2x80x9cinformationxe2x80x9d exchange between the host and possibly hostile external domains and, in some embodiments, also preventing inadvertent and/or unauthorized release of data from the host system.
These and additional capabilities, utility, and attainments of the present invention, should become apparent to those skilled in the art, upon reading of the following detailed description when taken in conjunction with the drawings wherein there is shown and described illustrative embodiments of the invention.

Processes and systems for secured information exchange using computer hardware


Compatibility between applications in a network node with a distributed architecture is maintained after application upgrades by associating version compatibility information with interprocess communications (IPC) message structures and then utilizing the version compatibility information to identify IPC message structures that are used for communications between applications. Once the version compatibility information is associated with the IPC message structures, applications are configured to use only those IPC message structures that are compatible with the currently running version.

The demand on packet-based communications networks continues to grow. In order to provide better performance, many network nodes such as routers and switches have been designed with distributed architectures that include an integration of independent computer systems that are optimized to perform specific tasks. For example, a chassis-based router or switch may include a control module card that provides central control functions and multiple port interface cards that provide the interface to other network nodes. The control module and port interfaces are each independent computer systems that have their own central processing unit (CPU), operating system, and software applications. The software applications that are supported by the respective CPUs "reside on" the respective independent computer systems and include applications such as Layer 2 (L2) management, Layer 3 (L3) management, link aggregation control protocol (LACP), spanning tree protocol (STP), multiprotocol label switching (MPLS), etc. The applications that reside on the independent computer systems of the network node are themselves independent applications that can operate independently of other applications. That is, the applications operate independently of other applications that reside on the same independent computer system and independently of other applications that reside on different independent computer systems.
Although each application is a stand-alone application that can operate independently of other applications, many applications that reside on different independent computer systems of a network node rely on each other for information. For example, L3 management applications residing on the control module and the port interfaces exchange routing information that is used to learn routes and mange routing tables. Network nodes with distributed architectures use an interprocess communications (IPC) protocol to communicate between applications that reside on the different independent computer systems. For example, these network nodes often use a message-type IPC protocol that relies on formatted messages to exchange information between applications. For a message-type IPC protocol to be successful, it is necessary that the applications use IPC message structures that are compatible with the active versions of an application.
In network nodes with distributed architectures, there may be situations when it is desirable to upgrade an application that resides on one of the independent computer systems without upgrading the corresponding applications that reside on the other independent computer systems. However, in most network nodes with a distributed architecture, application upgrades are an "all or nothing" proposition. That is, to maintain the compatibility between corresponding applications that reside on the different independent computer systems of a network node, all instances of the application must be upgraded together to maintain compatibility and prevent any of the applications from crashing due to incompatibilities between the application versions. For example, upgrading the L3 management task that resides on one port interface triggers a need to upgrade the corresponding application that resides on the control module, which in turn triggers a need to upgrade the corresponding application that resides on the other port interfaces. Because of the domino effect that is triggered by a single application upgrade, it is difficult to implement an application upgrade on one of the independent computer systems without experiencing some network down time.
One technique that has been used to avoid network down time as a result of application upgrades involves providing complete redundancy for each of the independent computer systems. Complete redundancy for each of the independent computer systems allows application upgrades to be performed in the background on all of the redundant systems. Once an application upgrade is complete on all of the redundant systems, the redundant systems, which include the upgraded applications, are placed into service as the primary systems. Although complete redundancy enables application upgrades to be achieved without incurring network down time, providing complete redundancy is costly and does not provide much flexibility.
In view of this, what is needed is a technique for managing applications in a network node with a distributed architecture that avoids down time and that provides flexibility with application upgrades.

Implicit interprocess communications (IPC) versioning support


A high finesse holographic Fabry-Perot etalon and method of making a high finesse holographic Fabry-Perot etalon is disclosed. Particularly, a holographic Fabry-Perot etalon which achieves high finesse despite non-flat interfaces between the etalon media is presented. In a preferred method of fabricating a high finesse Fabry-Perot etalon, single step recording of both holograms simultaneously, with the spacer and substrates in place, is employed which preserves full phase synchronization between the holograms. In spite of imperfections or irregularities of the interface surfaces of the substrates or spacers, the holographic fringes in the holograms remain flat even for slightly different refractive indices between the various media. The position and flatness of the fringes remains similar to perfect Fabry-Perot etalon structure.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention pertains to Fabry-Perot etalons. More particularly, this invention relates to holographic Fabry-Perot etalons and a method for making high finesse Fabry-Perot etalons.
2. Background of the Prior Art
Fabry-Perot etalons based on two mirror systems separated by a spacer have been extensively discussed in the literature. See M. Born and E. Wolf, "Principles of Optics" Pergamon Press (1980) incorporated herein by reference. The mirrors used can be of different types--metallic, dielectric multi-layer, or other mirroring surfaces. The spacers used can also be of varying types including air, ordinary plastics, glass plates, and electrooptic (E-O) materials such as liquid crystal (LC), PLZT (PbLa(TiZr)O.sub.3 and piezoelectric material, and others. The general theory of conventional Fabry-Perot etalons is very well known and can be based on wave theory or an optical multi-reflection model. The crucial parameters of Fabry-Perot etalon theory are the individual mirror reflectivities, R, and optical path length defining multi-reflection phase relation of optical beams reflected numerous times between the two mirrors. This can be described by the following equation: ##EQU1## where .lambda..sub.o is the wavelength of light in vacuum, .theta. is the angle of incidence, n is the refractive index of the spacer, and d is spacer thickness. In the absence of optical losses, the Fabry-Perot etalon intensity reflection coefficient R.sub.FP has the form: ##EQU2## where R is the intensity reflection coefficient of a single mirror, assuming both mirrors are identical. Analogously, the Fabry-Perot etalon intensity transmission coefficient has the following form: ##EQU3## From Equations 2 and 3, it is seen that due to the phase coupling of the two mirrors, such that .delta.=n.pi., where n is any even integer, the etalon reflectivity is zero and the etalon transmission is 1.0, even though the individual mirrors may be highly reflective. Following Equation 3, etalon transmission versus optical frequency EQU .nu.=C.sub.o /.lambda..sub.o,
where c is the speed of light in vacuum, has the following approximate form as shown in FIG. 1. In FIG. 1, .DELTA..nu. is the free spectral range (FSR) and .delta..nu. is the full width at half maximum (FWHM). The finesse, F, of the etalon is defined as the ratio of ##EQU4## Assuming that all etalon interfaces are perfectly flat, the finesse parameter has the following form: ##EQU5## Analogously, the contrast factor C is the ratio of the maximum to minimum transmittance of the Fabry-Perot etalon and is as follows:, ##EQU6## Assuming high mirror reflectances of the Fabry-Perot etalon (R>0.9), the above two formulas can be simplified to the following useful forms: ##EQU7## Equation 8 can be used to determine the minimum transmittance and the maximum optical density which characterize the maximum rejection of the optical beam by the etalon. Now we obtain ##EQU8##
The filtering properties of the etalon are determined by the etalon linewidths in the form: ##EQU9## wherein the linewidth .delta..nu. is related to the FWHM as follows: ##EQU10## Using Equations 10 and 11 the thickness l required in order to obtain predetermined line widths can be determined as follows: ##EQU11##
For example, in order to obtain .delta..lambda.=2.ANG. and .DELTA..lambda.=13.9 nm, the required finesse F is ##EQU12## and for .lambda.=0.5.mu. and n=1.5 the required thickness l of the spacer is 6.mu.m. The relationship between etalon linewidths and angular field of view (FOV) can be obtained from Equation 1 in the form: ##EQU13## This relation is reflected in Table 1:
TABLE 1 ______________________________________ .delta..lambda. 10 nm 1 nm 5.ANG. 2.ANG. 1.ANG. ______________________________________ .theta. .14 .04 .03 .02 .01 ______________________________________
The following important relationship defines the influence of spacer flatness on etalon finesse F. ##EQU14## where .sigma..sub.l is root mean square (RMS) of spacer flatness. If Equation 14 is satisfied, then the fundamental parameter defining etalon finesse is the reflection coefficient R, and Equation 5 holds. Otherwise, the fundamental parameter determining etalon finesse is surface flatness determined by RMS .sigma..sub.l. It is useful to replace the RMS parameter by ##EQU15## where N defines the fraction of a wavelength characterizing surface flatness. For example, for .lambda.=1.mu. and N=10, the surface flatness RMS is 0.1.mu. which is a typical flatness for good optical quality surfaces. Using Equation 15, Equation 14 can be transformed into: ##EQU16## This equation is illustrated in Table 2.
TABLE 2 ______________________________________ R .8 .85 .9 .95 .99 F 14 19 30 61 312 N 93 126 189 378 1890 ______________________________________
It is seen from this table that even obtaining moderate finesse etalons requires interfaces having very high surface flatness, greatly exceeding typical high optical quality surfaces. For example, in order to obtain a moderate finesse etalon of F=61, N must be 378. That is, the surface roughness must only be 1/378 of the wavelength .lambda., which for .lambda.=500 nm is on the order of a nanometer. This extremely high smoothness obviously cannot be obtained by known low-cost polishing techniques. It would be highly beneficial to have a method of manufacturing high finesse etalons using only moderately smooth interfaces on the order of N =10.

High finesse holographic fabry-perot etalon and method of fabricating


The present invention relates to a carbon nanomaterial having a higher order structure by means of multiple hydrogen bonds and to a method for preparing same. One of the key technical features of the present invention is a carbon nanomaterial having a higher order structure, in which a functional group capable of multiple hydrogen bonds reacts with a conductive carbon nanomaterial, into which said functional group is introduced by a surface modification to be functionalized, thus enabling multiple hydrogen bonds between carbon nanomaterials. In addition, another of the key technical features of the present invention is a method for preparing a carbon nanomaterial having a higher order structure by means of multiple hydrogen bonds, comprising: a first step of modifying the surface of a carbon nanomaterial to introduce a functional group for multiple hydrogen bonds into a conductive carbon nanomaterial; a second step of introducing a functional group capable of multiple hydrogen bonds by the reaction with the carbon nanomaterial functionalized in the first step; and a third step of preparing a paste using the carbon nanomaterial of the second step into which the multiple hydrogen bonds are introduced. As described above, a functional group capable of three or more multiple hydrogen bonds is introduced into a conductive carbon nanomaterial such as a carbon nanotube, graphene, carbon fiber or carbon black, thus inducing the formation of a supramolecular structure between materials and thus enabling the carbon nanomaterial of the present invention to be used for printed electronics. Furthermore, the carbon nanomaterial of the present invention can be utilized as an electrode for an energy storage element such as a secondary battery or a super capacitor when formed into a sheet-type conductive membrane, and can be applied for manufacturing conductive fibers.

Typically, a conductive carbon nanomaterial, such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, and carbon fibers, is applied to the manufacture of items in a variety of fields, including transparent electrodes, electrode materials for antistatic, electromagnetic shielding and energy storage devices, and conductive fibers. A paste type coating solution or spinning dope is required for a coating process or a fiberizing process.
Essentially useful to prepare a coating solution or a paste is a dispersant, such as a surfactant, a copolymer or an ionic liquid. In the case where a functional group is excessively introduced to the surface of a material, dispersion becomes easy but poor conductivity may result.
Hence, when a conductive carbon nanomaterial is prepared into a conductive paste while maintaining conductivity without the use of a dispersant, the preparation cost may be reduced and the preparation process may be simplified. Also, since the use of a dispersant is obviated, the carbon nanomaterial may be combined with various binders and metals or metal oxides.
However, formation of a carbon nanomaterial having a higher order structure by introducing a functional group able to form at least three multiple hydrogen bonds has not yet been reported.

Carbon nanomaterial having higher order structure by means of multiple hydrogen bonds and method for preparing same

Korea Eletrotechnology Research Institute


An electronic component unit includes an electronic component having a plurality of terminals that are exposed outside a housing and extend along wall surfaces of the housing, a holding member holding opposite terminals into which the terminals are fitted, and a leakage-blocking structure. The leakage-blocking structure has housing-side wall surfaces provided to the housing of the electronic component and interposed between the terminals adjacent to each other in an alignment direction of the terminals, holding-member-side wall surfaces provided to the holding member and interposed between the terminals adjacent to each other in the alignment direction of the terminals, and overlapping portions formed in such a manner that the housing-side wall surfaces overlap the holding-member-side wall surfaces in the alignment direction of the terminals.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a leakage-blocking structure, an electronic component, and an electronic component unit.
2. Description of the Related Art
Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 2010-221787, for example, discloses an electrical junction box (junction box) including, as conventional electronic components incorporated in a vehicle, electronic components such as relay modules configured to control connection between a power-supply device and electrical components.
The electronic components assembled to the electrical junction box described in Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 2010-221787 above need further improvement, for example, in prevention of leakage between adjacent terminals that the electronic components have.

Leakage-blocking structure, electronic component, and electronic component unit


A semiconductor device is provided including a substrate, a first gate structure, a first contact plug and a power rail. The substrate includes first and second cell regions extending in a first direction, and a power rail region connected to each of opposite ends of the first and second cell regions in a second direction. The first gate structure extends in the second direction from a boundary area between the first and second cell regions to the power rail region. The first contact plug is formed on the power rail region, and contacts an upper surface of the first gate structure. The power rail extends in the first direction on the power rail region, and is electrically connected to the first contact plug. The power rail supplies a turn-off signal to the first gate structure through the first contact plug to electrically insulate the first and second cell regions.

In order to electrically isolate neighboring standard cells of a semiconductor device, gate structures at a boundary area between the standard cells may be removed. During this process stress applied to source/drain layers adjacent the gate structures may be weakened. If one gate structure is formed at an edge of each of neighboring standard cells and removed, the integration degree of the semiconductor device may decrease due to the areas of the gate structures.

Semiconductor devices having power rails


A system and a method for time series forecasting. The method includes: providing input feature vectors corresponding to a plurality of future time steps; performing bi-directional long-short term memory network (BiLSTM) on the input feature vectors to obtain hidden outputs corresponding to the plurality of future time steps; for each future time step: performing temporal convolution on the hidden outputs using a plurality of temporal scales to obtain context features at the plurality of temporal scales, and summating the context features at the plurality of temporal scales using a plurality of weights to obtain multi-scale context features; and converting the multi-scale context features to obtain the time series forecasting corresponding to the future time steps.

The background description provided herein is for the purpose of generally presenting the context of the disclosure. Work of the presently named inventors, to the extent it is described in this background section, as well as aspects of the description that may not otherwise qualify as prior art at the time of filing, are neither expressly nor impliedly admitted as prior art against the present disclosure.
Time series forecasting problem is to study how to predict the future accurately based on historical observations. Classical time series forecasting approaches include Holt-Winters method (Holt 2004; Winters 1960) and ARIMA (Box and Jenkins 1968). These models are ineffective in modeling highly nonlinear time series. Recently, Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs), and the mostly used variant Long Short-Term Memory Networks (LSTMs), have been proposed for modeling complicated sequential data, such as natural language (Sutskever, Vinyals, and Le 2014), audio waves (Oord et al. 2016), and video frames (Donahue et al. 2015). However, existing LSTM-based approaches fail to explore temporal patterns on long future horizons.
Therefore, an unaddressed need exists in the art to address the aforementioned deficiencies and inadequacies.

System and method for multi-horizon time series forecasting with dynamic temporal context learning

BEIJING JINGDONG SHANGKE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD.

JD.COM AMERICAN TECHNOLOGIES CORPORATION


A device for manufacturing a welded connection of tubular components of plastics material. The ends of the components to be connected are axially aligned and held to abut with the end surfaces. The ends of the tubular components can be heated by a foldable heating device which surrounds the tubular components. A support device is arranged in the interior of the tubular components. A heating device which can be fastened on a frame in a determined position is provided for each pipe diameter dimensioned to be welded. Electrical contacts are provided for each heating device. A welding program of a program control predetermined for each dimension can be selected by the contacts when the heating device is placed on the frame.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a device for welding tubular components of plastics material, as characterized in the preamble of claim 1.
A device for welding tubular components is known in which the heatable jaws have at the inner circumference an annular duct in which a vacuum is generated during or after the welding process of the axially abutting tubular components. The vacuum has the purpose to prevent the molten material to drop inwardly or to prevent the formation of an inner bead at the welded connection. However, it has been found that it is not possible to manufacture welded connections by means of this method and by means of this device which are of sufficient strength and smooth at the inner circumference.
It is also known (DE-PS 283 0722), for reducing inner welding beads at the circumference of the tubular components, to arrange an elastic insert which presses against the inner welding bead.
However, for welding the tubular components, the ends thereof are heated by pressing them against heating elements and the ends are subsequently pressed together. A welded connection which is completely free of beads cannot be achieved by means of this method. In addition, by heating the front ends of the tubular components, the interior of these components may be contaminated, so that the necessary cleanliness is not achieved and the connection is not suitable for pipeline systems which conduct media having a high degree of purity.
A device of the above-mentioned type is known from DE-C2 29 23 205 by means of which welding of the ends of tubular plastic components which is free of beads is possible.
This device can only be used for one pipe dimension. The heating device has half shells of metal the middle portion of which is electrically heatable for the butt joint and the other portion at both ends seen in longitudinal direction is equipped with cooling chambers. This requires a complicated construction and a control of the individual zones which is very disadvantageous. In addition, the heating zone cannot be quickly cooled after the heating process which results in long welding times.

Device for welding tubular components of plastics material


A magnetic memory device may include a substrate and a magnetic tunnel junction memory element on the substrate. The magnetic tunnel junction memory element may include a reference magnetic layer, a tunnel barrier layer, and a free magnetic layer. The reference magnetic layer may include a first pinned layer, an exchange coupling layer, and a second pinned layer. The exchange coupling layer may be between the first and second pinned layers, and the second pinned layer may include a ferromagnetic layer and a non-magnetic layer. The second pinned layer may be between the first pinned layer and the tunnel barrier layer, and the tunnel barrier layer may be between the reference magnetic layer and the free magnetic layer.

Inventive concepts disclosed herein relate to semiconductor devices and methods of manufacturing the same and, more particularly, to magnetic memory devices and methods of manufacturing the same.
Semiconductor devices are widely used in an electronic industry because of their small size, multiple functionalities, and/or low manufacturing costs. Semiconductor memory devices may store logic data. Magnetic memory devices may provide high speed and/or non-volatile characteristics. Accordingly, magnetic memory devices are likely to be used as next generation memory devices.
Generally, a magnetic memory device may include a magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) pattern. The MTJ pattern may include two magnetic bodies and an insulating layer therebetween. A resistance value of the MTJ may be changed depending on magnetization directions of the two magnetic bodies. For example, if the magnetization directions of the two magnetic bodies are anti-parallel to each other, the MTJ pattern may have a relatively high resistance value. If the magnetization directions of the two magnetic bodies are parallel to each other, the MTJ pattern may have a relatively low resistance value. A magnetic memory device may thus write and/or read data using a difference between the resistance values.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Memory devices and methods of manufacturing the same


A system with chrominance delay lines has a first sampled channel including at least one smoothing filter, and has a second unsampled channel. A continuous bypass filter is placed in the second channel to balance the pulse response from these two channels.

The present invention relates to the field of television, and, more particularly, to demodulation of chrominance signals.
Demodulation of chrominance signals in the PAL or SECAM television standard involves the use of delay lines, which typically provides a 64 xcexcs delay. In the PAL standard, the purpose of the delay line is to compensate for phase errors between U and V chrominance signals. In the SECAM standard, the purpose of the delay line is to restore the continuity of signals between successive lines. Traditionally, this type of delay line, which may be a line with piezo-acoustic delay, is inserted as a sub-carrier before demodulation. However, in integrated manufacturing, this delay line usually operates in baseband and is inserted after demodulation.
FIG. 1 schematically illustrates a chrominance demodulator with a delay line operating in baseband, according to the prior art. FIG. 1 corresponds to FIG. 1 disclosed in an article by Van Gurp et al., titled xe2x80x9cSwitched Capacitor Chrominance Base-Band Delay Lines For Colour Decoders.xe2x80x9d This article is in the IEEE Transactions On Consumer Electronics, volume CE-33, number 3, Aug. 1987, and describes a circuit with switched capacitor baseband delay lines used for chrominance decoders.
The system illustrated in FIG. 1 includes a passband filter 10 which receives the composite video broadcasting signal (CVBS), and outputs the modulated chrominance signal CH. It is followed by the chrominance decoder 11. The chrominance decoder 11 has two outputs R-Y and B-Y, which are connected to respective delay lines 12 and 13 with a 64 xcexcs delay or line duration. The input and output from each of these delay lines 12, 13 are connected to two inputs of a respective adder 14 and 15. A delay line thus combined with an adder forms a comb filter. The upper limits for this type of filter are integer multiples of the line frequency, and the lower limits are half-multiples of the line frequency.
The delay line circuit illustrated in FIG. 1 operates as a comb filter and line memory for the PAL and SECAM standards, and may be formed in an integrated circuit. As described in the above referenced article by Van Gurp et al., each delay line may be a switched capacitor delay line. Such a line is made by multiple sampling, and is sequenced by a clock servo-controlled to the line frequency. The use of a sampled system then requires continuous filtering before (pre-filtering) and after sampling. Pre-filtering (or anti-backflow filtering) is not shown in FIG. 1. In this circuit, the signal to be delayed is then sampled and then delayed by about one line duration in the delay line. A continuous filter then eliminates clock residues. The addition of a signal delayed by one line duration at the unsampled input signal produces the comb filter function.
The circuit in FIG. 1 has the following advantages. In the PAL standard, it reduces interference between the different color signals. In the SECAM standard, it reduces diaphoty. Diaphoty is the interference between chrominance sub-carrier signals in the absence of color, which causes ripple patterns. In the NTSC standard, the circuit rejects luminance residues. Therefore, this type of circuit is compatible with all standards.
An, article titled xe2x80x9cA Full Integrated Automatic Multistandard Chroma Decoder,xe2x80x9d by Imbert et al., found in the IEEE Transactions On Consumer Electronics, volume 37, number 3, Aug. 1991, describes a multi-standard automatic and integrated chrominance decoder using a BICMOS process combining bi-polar and CMOS circuits. The article also describes a chrominance-baseband delay line including a series of 192 capacitors that are switched one after the other by a sequential pulse generator. These 192 capacitors are switched sequentially by a 192-stage offset register to a write line, and then 64 xcexcs later to a read line. These lines are synchronized by a phase locking loop (PLL) at 6 MHz servo-controlled on the line frequency.
Therefore, as illustrated in FIG. 2, the prior art includes a technique of placing an analog low-pass filter 20 having an order of 2 to 4 on the output side of the delay line 12. The delay introduced by this filter 20 must then be used in the total delay created by the delay line 12. This type of manufacturing is described in the article by Van Gurp et al.
Since the delay due to the delay line 12 itself is related to the clock frequency, specifications for this filter 20 must include frequency and time parameters. These constraints make the design difficult and limitations may be necessary. The most serious of these limitations concerns the differential pulse response. Since the same filtering is not applied to the direct channel (without a delay line), pulse responses of the direct channel and the delayed channel are different. Since the transition times (rise time and fall time) of the direct channel are better than those of the delayed channel, the image suffers from a visible line by line degradation, especially in SECAM. The line degradation is a red-blue indentation called either an FL/2 effect, a line frequency/2 effect, or a mouse tooth effect.
An object of the invention is to overcome the above described disadvantages by providing a system in which the response of direct and delayed channels is balanced.
This invention relates to a system with chrominance delay lines having a first sampled channel including at least one smoothing filter, and having a second unsampled channel. The system includes a continuous compensation low-pass filter in the second channel to balance the pulse response of these two channels.
In a first approach, a system with chrominance delay lines includes a first delay line and a second delay line for receiving the chrominance demodulator output signals. The outputs from the first and second delay lines are respectively connected to a first input of a first and a second adder through a first smoothing by-pass filter. The inputs of the first and second delay lines are respectively connected to a second input of the first and the second adders through a second continuous compensation low-pass filter. This second filter balances the pulse response.
In a second embodiment, the system includes a third filter placed between the output from the delay line and the first input of the corresponding adder, and a fourth low-pass filter is placed at the adder output for each delay line. The third filter is advantageously a wideband filter capable of compensating the excess delay created by the first filter in the direct channel without modifying the frequency response. The fourth filter provides complementary rejection of the sampling and sub-carrier residues.
The invention also relates to an integrated television processing circuit including the system described above.


An apparatus for converting rotational movement into linear movement is disclosed. The apparatus comprises: a screw member having a threaded external surface and a sleeve member having a threaded interior surface for receiving the threaded external surface of the screw member, wherein the threaded surfaces are configured so that rotation of the screw member relative to the sleeve member, in use, causes the screw member to move axially relative to the sleeve member. The apparatus may also comprise a force applicator for applying pressure to the region between the screw member and sleeve member so as to urge the external surface of the screw member and the opposing interior surface of the sleeve member apart from each other.

Proportioning valves using a linear motor are known and a schematic of such a valve is shown in FIG. 1A. However, current proportioning valves have good flow characteristics only in a certain operating range of the device. FIG. 1B shows the fluid flow through such a proportioning valve as a function of the control signal applied to the valve. Initially, as the magnitude of the control signal is increased, the fluid flow through the valve does not significantly increase. This is known as a dead zone and is depicted as region "a" in FIG. 1B. In region "b", the fluid flow increases substantially linearly as the magnitude of the control signal is increased. The valve therefore has good flow characteristics in this operating range. Region "c" is a zone of deformation characteristics due to the operating characteristics of the linear motor. Engines using such motors typically have a limited stroke length of approximately 5.2 mm.
It is known to use hydraulic screws and motors instead of a linear motor in order to eliminate the above inconvenience, as a hydraulic screw operates with the desired valve characteristics throughout its entire range of travel. It is also possible to increase the stroke of the valve spool. The external dimensions of a valve using this technology is also comparable to that using the linear motor.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,503,888 discloses a rotary to linear control for actuating an axially movable spool of a rotary input servo-valve.

Apparatus for converting rotational movement to linear movement


Provided is an apparatus and method for sensing a three-dimensional (3D) object. The apparatus includes a display unit including a first sensing space in which a sensitivity with respect to a proximity touch is higher than a threshold value and a second sensing space in which a sensitivity with respect to the proximity touch is lower than the threshold value, on a stereoscopic space on which at least one 3D object is disposed and a controller for moving predetermined 3D objects in a predetermined direction if a proximity touch is generated on the second sensing space, detecting coordinates of a 3D object corresponding to a proximity touch generated on the first sensing space if the proximity touch generated on the second sensing space is moved and generated on the first sensing space, and performing a function corresponding to the 3D object.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to an apparatus and method for sensing a three-dimensional (3D) object, and more particularly, to an apparatus and method for sensing a 3D object, in which accurate sensing of a 3D object displayed as a stereoscopic User Interface (UI) on a stereoscopic space can be provided.
2. Description of the Related Art
With the development of three-dimensional (3D) displays for portable terminals, a user interface is stereoscopically displayed as a 3D object on a virtual stereoscopic space. Techniques for displaying interaction with a 3D object on a virtual stereoscopic space include a first scheme using a touch sensor and a second scheme using proximity touch or input on a space.
The first scheme using a touch sensor stereoscopically displays a User Interface (UI) and uses a touch-based two-dimensional (2D) coordinate input scheme. The second scheme using proximity touch/input on a space may obtain 3D space coordinates. In the second scheme using proximity touch/input on a space, input coordinates on the space are connected with space coordinates of a 3D object for interaction with the 3D object on the 3D space.
When the touch sensor is used, in interaction with a 3D object shown in front of a front surface of a display unit, an input object such as a hand, etc., has to pass through the 3D object, causing visual discomfort. To prevent such a phenomenon, the 3D object is displayed on a rear surface of the display unit. In this case, a stereoscopic effect is degraded and 3D object configuration may be subject to some restrictions.
FIG. 1 is a diagram for describing a state in which a 3D object displayed on a virtual stereoscopic space is displayed in an overlapping manner with an object such as a hand, etc. according to the related art.
Referring to FIG. 1, a 3D object displayed on a virtual stereoscopic space is displayed with overlapping an object such as a hand, etc. A 3D object displayed as a stereoscopic UI is displayed on a virtual space A on the front surface of the display unit and a virtual space B on the rear surface of the display unit. When a user touches the display unit to select a corresponding 3D object, the user's hand passes through the 3D object such that the 3D object and the user's hand are displayed in an overlapping manner.
When the proximity touch/input on a space is used, 3D space coordinates are detected for interaction with the 3D object, such that the foregoing problem does not occur, but due to limitations in a detecting method and technique, sensing resolution decreases as a distance between the display unit and the user increases. For example, at a height of 1 cm from the front surface of the display unit, 5×3 icons may be distinguished and selected at an accuracy of 99%; at a height of 3 cm, the accuracy decreases to 80%, such that to maintain the same accuracy of 99%, only 3×2 icons can be displayed.
FIGS. 2A and 2B are diagrams for describing an error range according to a distance between a proximity sensor and a hand according to the related art.
Referring to FIG. 2A, for a short distance between the display unit and the user, a region which can be accurately identified and detected is small, such that many 3D objects may be displayed. In FIG. 2B, for a long distance between the display unit and the user, a region which can be accurately identified and detected is large, such that fewer 3D objects may be displayed as compared to FIG. 2A.
FIGS. 3A and 3B are diagrams for describing sensing accuracy with respect to a distance between a proximity sensor and a hand.
FIG. 3A shows the number of 3D objects which can be displayed according to a distance Z between the display unit and the user, and FIG. 3B shows sensing accuracy according to the distance Z between the display unit and the user.

Apparatus and method for sensing 3D object


The present invention discloses an oil supply apparatus of a linear compressor. In the linear compressor including a main body frame, a cylinder installed on the main body frame, and a piston installed inside the cylinder, for performing linear reciprocation, the oil supply apparatus circulates the oil between the cylinder and the piston. The oil supply apparatus of the linear compressor includes an oil supply passage for supplying the oil to a gap between the cylinder and the piston, and an oil pumping means consisting of an oil cylinder fixed to the main body frame to communicate with the oil supply passage, a mass member installed in the oil cylinder and linearly reciprocated by vibration of the main body frame, for pumping the oil, and oil elastic members installed in the oil cylinder, for elastically supporting the mass member at both sides of the mass member. A mass of the mass member and elastic moduli of the oil elastic members are set so that a natural frequency by the mass of the mass member and the elastic moduli of the oil elastic members can be smaller than an operating frequency of the main body frame.

In general, a compressor is a mechanical apparatus for compressing the air, refrigerant or other various operation gases and raising a pressure thereof, by receiving power from a power generation apparatus such as an electric motor or turbine. The compressor has been widely used for an electric home appliance such as a refrigerator and an air conditioner, or in the whole industry.
The compressors are roughly classified into a reciprocating compressor in which a compression space for sucking or discharging an operation gas is formed between a piston and a cylinder, and the piston is linearly reciprocated inside the cylinder, for compressing a refrigerant, a rotary compressor in which a compression space for sucking or discharging an operation gas is formed between an eccentrically-rotated roller and a cylinder, and the roller is eccentrically rotated along the inner wall of the cylinder, for compressing a refrigerant, and a scroll compressor in which a compression space for sucking or discharging an operation gas is formed between an orbiting scroll and a fixed scroll, and the orbiting scroll is rotated along the fixed scroll, for compressing a refrigerant.
Recently, a linear compressor which can improve compression efficiency and simplify the whole structure without a mechanical loss resulting from motion conversion by connecting a piston directly to a linearly-reciprocated driving motor has been popularly developed among the reciprocating compressors.
In the linear compressor, the piston is linearly reciprocated in a cylinder by a linear motor inside a hermetic shell, for sucking, compressing and discharging a refrigerant. An oil supply apparatus for pumping the oil stored at the lower portion of the shell into a gap between the cylinder and the piston is provided to perform cooling and lubrication against the friction generated when the piston is linearly reciprocated inside the cylinder.
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a conventional oil supply apparatus of a linear compressor.
Referring to FIG. 1, the conventional oil supply apparatus of the linear compressor is installed at a lower portion of a structure 1 disposed inside a hermetic shell (not shown) and comprised of a cylinder 2, a piston 4 and a linear motor (not shown). An oil supply passage 12 and an oil recovery passage 14 are formed in one side main body frame 3 to communicate with an oil circulation passage 10 formed between the cylinder 2 and the piston 4. A mass member 24 is elastically supported by oil springs 26a and 26b in an oil cylinder 22 formed at the lower portion of the oil supply passage 12 to communicate with the oil supply passage 12, and linearly reciprocated to generate a pressure difference. An oil supply tube 21 soaked in the oil stored at the lower portion of the shell is installed at one side of the oil cylinder 22 to communicate with the oil cylinder 22. An oil supply valve assembly 28 for controlling oil supply is installed between the oil supply passage 12 and the oil cylinder 22.
The main body frame 3 fixes the cylinder 2 and the linear motor. The piston 4 is linearly reciprocated between a top dead center (TDC) and a bottom dead center (BDC) inside the cylinder 2, for repeatedly performing a suction stroke for sucking a refrigerant into a compression space P formed between the piston 4 and the cylinder 2, and a compression stroke for compressing and discharging the refrigerant. A suction valve 6 for sucking the refrigerant is installed at an end of the piston 4, and a discharge valve 8a for discharging the compressed refrigerant is elastically supported and opened and closed by a discharge valve spring 8c inside a discharge cap 8b fixed to an end of the cylinder 2.
The oil supply passage 12 and the oil recovery passage 14 are formed in the main body frame 3 and the cylinder 2, for supplying and recovering the oil to/from the oil circulation passage 10 formed between the cylinder 2 and the piston 4. The oil circulation passage 10 is formed by a ring-shaped cylinder groove 2h of the inner circumference of the cylinder 2 and a ring-shaped piston groove 4h of the outer circumference of the piston overlapped with each other, for circulating the oil.
The oil cylinder 22 communicates with the end of the oil supply passage 12 at the lower portion of the structure 1 to be vibrated with the structure 1. The mass member 24 is linearly reciprocated inside the oil cylinder 22 due to an inertia force to the vibration of the oil cylinder 22. The oil springs 26a and 26b elastically support both ends of the mass member 24 in the axial direction, and generate the pressure difference in the oil cylinder 22. The oil supply tube 21 is installed at the lower portion of the oil cylinder 22 to communicate with the oil cylinder 22. The end of the oil supply tube 21 is soaked in the oil stored at the shell. In detail, an end of the oil cylinder 22 is fixedly inserted into a fixing groove 3h steppedly formed at the bottom end of the main body frame 3 communicating with the oil supply passage 12. A fixing cap 27 is forcibly inserted into the other end of the oil cylinder 22. Both ends of the mass member 24 are elastically supported by the oil springs 26a and 26b between the stepped fixing groove 3h of the oil supply passage 12 and the fixing cap 27, respectively. Here, an end of the fixing cap 27 is forcibly inserted into the other end of the oil cylinder 22, and the other end thereof is caught on the other end of the oil cylinder 22. That is, the fixing cap 27 is double stepped to be elastically supported by the oil spring 26a. A through hole 27h is formed at the center portion of the fixing cap 27. Accordingly, although the mass member 24 is linearly reciprocated in the oil cylinder 22, one side inner space of the oil cylinder 22 maintains the same pressure as the pressure inside the shell without a pressure difference.
The oil supply valve assembly 28 includes a plate-shaped valve sheet 28a installed at one side of the main body frame 3 communicating with the oil cylinder 22 and the oil supply passage 12, an oil suction valve (not shown) for sucking the oil and an oil discharge valve (not shown) for discharging the oil being installed on the valve sheet 28a to be opened and closed, and a sheet cover 28b installed outside the valve sheet 28a to overlap with the valve sheet 28a, for forming a suction storage space A and a discharge storage space B for temporarily storing the oil. Various components such as a gasket are additionally installed between the valve sheet 28a and the sheet cover 28b, for preventing leakage of the oil. In the conventional oil supply apparatus, when the oil cylinder 22 is vibrated with the structure 1, the mass member 24 is linearly reciprocated inside the oil cylinder 22 die to the inertia force to generate the pressure difference at one side inner space of the oil cylinder 22. Therefore, the oil stored at the lower portion of the shell is sucked into the oil supply tube 21, passed through the oil supply valve assembly 28a and 28b, supplied through the oil supply passage 12, circulated along the oil circulation passage 10 for cooling and lubrication, and recovered to the lower portion of the shell through the oil recovery passage 14.
The conventional oil supply apparatus of the linear compressor supplies the oil by vibration generated by an operating frequency of the main body frame 3 by linear reciprocation of the piston 4. When a natural frequency according to the oil springs 26a and 26b and the mass member 24 exists in a specific band, the mass member 24 is excessively moved to abrade support portions of the oil springs 26a and 26b.


Disclosed is a topical composition for relieving pain in a person in need of such relief, consisting essentially of an effective amount of a combination of at least one corticoid analgesic, at least one arylpropionic acid type analgesic, and at least one p-aminobenzoic acid ester type local anesthetic; an amount effective in enhancing the effectiveness in relieving pain of the combination of capsaicin, and an amount effective to increase the transmission thereof of through the skin of at least one phospholipid and at least one polyoxyethylenepolyoxypropylene copolymer.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to the relief of pain, in particular to the control of pain by the topical application of a composition comprising a combination of remedies and certain adjuvants to enhance their effectiveness and assist transport of such remedies through a person's skin.
2. Prior Art
According to one of its aspects, this invention relates to the relief of pain. More particularly, this invention relates to the relief of pain generally deemed (by others than the sufferer) mild to moderate, such as headache, muscle ache, menstrual cramps, low back pain, arthralgia and the like for relief of which the so-called minor analgesics such as aspirin, acetaminophen, and ibuprofen are conventionally recommended. These minor analgesics are believed to have helped many people and are consumed in large quantities worldwide. They are, however, not free of unpleasant and even dangerous side effects, and new and improved remedies are constantly being sought.
This invention also relates to the relief of acknowledged severe pain for which controlled substance analgesics or narcotics are commonly offered. The concomitant dangers and drawbacks are well known and need no elaboration.
According to a further aspect, this invention relates to the relief of pain in one or more of a person's joints. More particularly, this invention relates to the relief of pain associated with those musculosketal disorders that primarily affect the joints. Joint disorders are further classified into the periarticular tissue disorders (eg tennis elbow) and the true articular or joint diseases (eg osteoarthritis). The MERCK MANUAL, 16th edition, published 1992, at pages 1297 to 1300, which portion is here incorporated by reference, contains a table titled "Classification of the Rheumatic Diseases" that includes ten major categories of disease including among others Diffuse Connective Tissue Diseases embracing rheumatoid arthritis and 17 other diseases and conditions; Arthritis associated with Spondylitis embracing 5 diseases and conditions; two kinds of Osteoarthritis; and 13 kinds of Arthritis, Tenosynovitis, and Bursitis associated with infectious agents. Most of these diseases and conditions are accompanied by pain. As pointed out by this publication, "we do not yet fully understand the causes of nor can we completely control joint pain."
Also according to this reference, a few types of arthritis are treatable with specific therapy; for example, gout can be completely controlled with drugs, or Lyme disease can be treated with antibiotics, but there are no "magic bullets" for most chronic rheumatic disorders. Optimal management for patients with severe musculosketeal disease requires many skills and resources and the collaboration of rheumatologists, orthopedic surgeons, paramedical specialists, and support services. Drug therapy is synergistic to other treatment in providing symptomatic control and suppression of disease and rarely should be relied alone. Disease suppression can be achieved with hypouricemic drugs for gout, corticosteroids and immunosuppressive agents for immunologic and inflammatory diseases, and a range of miscellaneous slow-acting drugs for rheumatoid arthritis and the arthropathies associated with spondylitis. Aspirin has been used for pain and inflammation since early in this century. More recent drug therapy for rheumatoid arthritis includes gold injections, penicillamine, hydroxychloroquine, and sulfasalazine. However, drug control of these conditions remains imperfect, and better understanding and new approaches are urgently needed.
For rheumatoid arthritis in particular, the same reference notes that among nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), salicylates are relatively safe, inexpensive, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory, and are the traditional cornerstone of drug therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. Aspirin is begun with 600 to 1000 milligrams four times daily and adjusted upward until achieving a maximally effective or mildly toxic dose (eg tinnitus, diminished hearing) to a final dose from 3000 to 6500 milligrams per day. Other NSAIDs are available for patients who do not tolerate suficient aspirin to obtain a good effect, as shown in the following table:
______________________________________ Agent Recommended dosage ______________________________________ Indomethacin 25 milligrms three or four times daily Ibuprofen 400-800 mg four times daily Naproxen 250 mg twice daily or up to 1250 mg/day Fenoprofen 300-600 mg four times daily, 3200 mg maximum Tolmetin 400 mg three times daily, 2000 mg maximum Sulindac 150-200 mg twice daily Meclofenamate 200-400 mg/day Ketoprofen 150-300 mg/day Proxicam 20 mg once daily Flurbiprofen 100 mg twice or three times daily Diclofenac 75 mg twice daily or 50 mg four times daily ______________________________________
While less irritating to the gastrointestinal tract than aspirin,these NSAIDs can also produce gastric symptoms and bleeding.
Gold and the other slowly acting drugs are considered for use when aspirin or other NSAIDs are not sufficiently beneficial after 3 to 4 months of treatment. These drugs, too, are unfortunately subject to toxic side effects.
Corticosteroids are the most dramatically effective short-term anti-inflammatory drugs, but rheumatoid arthritis is usually active for years, and clinical benefit from corticosteroids often diminishes with time.
Thus, there clearly exists a need for ways to control pain that are both more safe and more effective.
Mizushima et al U.S. Pat. No. 4,340,594 discloses a fat emulsion for parenteral or oral administration, having anti-inflammatory activity, comprising an anti-inflammatory steroid, soybean oil, a phospholipid, and water. The fat emulsion is useful in the therapeutic or prophylactic treatment of rheumatism, immulogical hemolytic anemia, idiopathic thrombacytopenic purpura and Paget disease, or in conjunction with kidney transplantation. The fat emulsion may be compounded, as stabilizer, with a high molelcular substance selected from albumin, dextran, vinyl polymers, nonionic surface active agents, gelatin, and hydroxyethylstarch. Polyoxyethylenepolyoxypropylene copolymer having average molecular weight 1000 to 20000 is disclosed as one kind of nonionic surfactant. There is no disclosure of any topical composition or administration of any agent through the skin.
Fawzi et al U.S. Pat. No. 4,783,450 discloses that lecithin enhances the penetration of a drug through the skin as well as a pharmaceutical composition adapted for transdermal administration comprising an active ingredient and an effective amount of lecithin. An active ingredient is defined as "an effective amount of any therapeutically active drug". The "preferred drugs" recited by categories and specific compounds include analgesics without any details.
Rasor et al U.S. Pat. No. 5,141,738 discloses an injectable contrast medium for use as an ultrasonic diagnostic agent, particularly for imaging the left side of the heart, comprising a liquid vehicle containing suspended therein (a) microparticles comprising a mixture of (i)a lipophilic surfactant and (ii) a non-surfactant water soluble solid inorganic salt, organic salt, or solid hydroxy compound, and (b) microbubbles to render the mediim ultrasonic image enhancing. A homeopathic trituration of galactose and magnesium stearate is disclosed as one such inorganic solid. However, conventional surfactants which have an HLB value above about 20, e.g. sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate and the commercially available nonionic surfactants, e.g. the Pluronics, do not enhance practical left heart contrast; their use in conjunction with ultrasonic contrast agents intended for left heart imaging would appear to be contraindicated. There is no mention of transdermal administration of anything.
Mantelle U.S. Pat. No. 5,332,576 discloses a composition for topical application substantially free of water and substantially water insoluble comprising (a) a therapeutically effective amount of at least one local anesthetic, (b) a pharmaceutically acceptable solvent, and (c) a flexible, finite, polysaccharide bioadhesive carrier. The solvent is preferably a polyhydric alcohol or combination of polyhydric alcohols, ie any organic polyalcohol including dipropylene glycol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, glycerin, butylene glycol, hexylene glycol, polyoxyethylene, polypropylene glycol, sorbitol, ethylene glycol, and the like. Lecithin can be included as a binder. Pharmaceutically active agents in the composition can include any of 48 categories and the individual members thereof disclosed at column 18 line 37 to column 21 line 23.
Crandall U.S. Pat. No. 5,639,740 discloses methods and compositions for topically treating keratinous structures of humans and animals including skin, hair, fingernails, toenails, hooves, and horns by topically applying a composition comprising lecithin, isopropyl palmitate and water, which composition is called lecithin organogel. Lecithin organogel is optionally included in combination with an approximately 20% solution of PLURONIC F-127 (BASF, Parsippany N.J.) otherwise known as poloxamer 407 in a ratio of approximately 1:4. Crandall's composition can include pharmaceutically acceptable components such as gelling agents, compounding agents, and scents, and other pharmaceutically active agents such as antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal or antiviral agents. There is, however, no mention of any analgesic or anesthetic remedy or of treating pain or any condition not relating to keratinous structures.

Topical composition for the relief of pain


Collecting temperature data at a plurality of locations along a wellbore, performing thermo-mechanical simulations of a drill string in response to mud circulation wherein the drill string comprises a tool string suspended in the wellbore from a pipe string, determining changes in length of the pipe string due to temperature changes, positionally fixing the tool string at one of the locations, and adjusting the length of the pipe string based on the determined change in length of the pipe string. Positionally fixing the tool string may comprise lowering the drill string a side entry sub of the drill string is proximate a top end of the wellbore wherein the side entry sub is configured to allow a wireline cable to enter a bore of the drill string, positioning the side entry sub above a blow-out-preventer, and closing the blow-out-preventer around the drill string below the side entry sub.

U.S. Pat. No. 3,643,505 entitled "PROGRAMMED OFFSHORE FORMATION TESTERS" describes an apparatus for making automatic formation evaluation tests in a well bore. To accomplish this, a formation tester is provided with timing means for controlling execution of various predetermined operations, such execution continuing from initiation to termination of the test with no requirement for operator intervention. The apparatus is of particular utility in an offshore environment wherein the continually changing elevation of the vessel with respect to the subsea well bore characteristically makes surface control difficult.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,653,439 entitled "SUBSURFACE SAFETY VALVE" describes a combination slip joint and safety valve apparatus including an inner member telescopically and non-rotatably disposed within an outer member, a barrier means for blocking the bore through the members, a normally-open flow course extending past the barrier means and adapted to be closed by a longitudinally movable valve sleeve, and a means responsive to complete telescoping or closing movement of the members for moving the valve sleeve between open and closed positions.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,662,826 entitled "OFFSHORE DRILL STEM TESTING" describes apparatus for offshore drill stem testing from a floating vessel using a tester operated by upward and downward motion and coupled to a packer by a slip-joint, the equipment being suspended in the well bore on upper and lower pipe string sections connected together by a slip-joint. The tester and slip-joints are balanced with respect to fluid pressure so that a sequence of free points observed on the rig weight indicator at the surface provides positive indications of operation of the tools.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,764,168 entitled "DRILLING EXPANSION JOINT APPARATUS" describes a slip or expansion joint for use in a drill string which includes a mandrel telescopically disposed within a housing with splines to prevent relative rotation. The housing includes a bottom sub having attached thereto a tube extending upwardly in spaced relation to the adjacent housing section to provide an annular cavity that is placed in communication with the well annulus by ports. A seal assembly is mounted on the upper end of the tube and seals against the lower portion of the mandrel which is slidably received in the tube.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,647,980 entitled "DRILLSTRING PACKER ASSEMBLY" discloses a packer assembly for use in wellbore operations including a first packer and a second packer interconnected by an adjustable length spacer. The spacer provides a mechanism for adjusting the distance between the first packer and the second packer when the assembly is positioned in a wellbore.
PCT Patent Application Pub. No. WO2008/100156 entitled "ASSEMBLY AND METHOD FOR TRANSIENT AND CONTINUOUS TESTING OF AN OPEN PORTION OF A WELL BORE" discloses an assembly for transient and continuous testing of an open portion of a well bore, the assembly being arranged in a lower part of a drill string. The assembly comprises: a minimum of two packers fixed at the outside of the drill string, the packers being expandable for isolating a reservoir interval; a down-hole pump for pumping formation fluid from the reservoir interval; a mud driven turbine or electric cable for energy supply to the down-hole pump; a sample chamber; sensors and telemetry for measuring fluid properties; a closing valve for closing the fluid flow from the reservoir interval; and a circulation unit for mud circulation from a drill pipe to an annulus above the packers and feeding formation fluid from the down-hole pump to the annulus. The sensors and telemetry are for measuring and real-time transmission of the flow rate, pressure and temperature of the fluid flow from the reservoir interval, from the down-hole pump, in the drill string and in an annulus above the packers. The circulation unit can feed formation fluid from the reservoir interval into the annulus, so that a well at any time can be kept in over balance and so that the mud in the annulus at any time can solve the formation fluid from the reservoir interval.
The entire disclosures of U.S. Pat. No. 3,643,505, U.S. Pat. No. 3,653,439, U.S. Pat. No. 3,662,826, U.S. Pat. No. 3,764,168, U.S. Pat. No. 7,647,980 and PCT Patent Application Pub. No. WO2008/100156 are incorporated herein by reference.


For converting a stream of flat articles from transverse conveyance to parallel conveyance, two continuously operated conveyors are provided, a transverse conveyor having a direction (FQ) of transverse conveyance and serving as supplying conveyor and a parallel conveyor having a direction (FP) of parallel conveyance and serving as removing conveyor. The direction (FQ) of transverse conveyance and the direction (FP) of parallel conveyance encompass an angle. The articles are pushed one after the other out of an outlet of the supplying conveyor towards an entrance of the removing conveyor. Before a trailing zone of the article has left the supplying conveyor, a leading zone of the article is grasped by an alignment device and is conveyed onwards with the speed of the parallel conveyor in the direction (FP) of parallel conveyance and is thereby aligned to the entrance of the removing conveyor, while the trailing zone is bent between the alignment device and the outlet of the supplying conveyor. The stream conversion can also be operated in the reverse sense and again with continuously operated conveyors and nonetheless the articles are at all times during conversion safely guided.

The invention is situated in the field of materials handling technology and concerns a method and a device which serve for the conversion of a stream of flat articles being bendable to at least a limited degree, wherein the articles, prior to the conversion, are aligned essentially transverse to the conveying direction and, following the conversion, parallel to it or wherein the articles, prior to the conversion, are aligned parallel to the conveying direction and, following the conversion, transverse to it and wherein the flat articles, when aligned parallel to the conveying direction, are conveyed one after the other, i.e., not overlapping one another. The flat articles are in particular rectangular or square shaped; they are, for example, printed products or stack-shaped groups of component parts of multi-page printed products.
In a stream in which flat articles are arranged parallel to the conveying direction and one behind the other, significantly higher conveying speeds are necessary to achieve equivalent conveying capacities than is the case for a stream, in which the articles are arranged transverse to the conveying direction. Therefore, it is a concern of materials handling technology to convey the flat articles, whenever possible, with an alignment transverse to the conveying direction or parallel to the conveying direction and overlapping one another. Such concern acquires more importance the higher conveying capacities become. However, it is frequently necessary, in particular for processing steps to be carried out on continuously conveyed articles, to align the articles one behind the other and parallel to the conveying direction. If for such cases conveyance in parallel and one behind the other is to be restricted to a necessary minimum, the article stream needs to be converted in the manner described above.
The mentioned stream conversions are known to be implemented, for example, by redirecting the articles by 90°, the redirection being carried out together with a transfer from a supplying conveyor to a removing conveyor. For keeping the devices required for such conversion within a tolerable limit and for still being able to move the articles in a controlled manner during transfer and redirection, usually two conveyors are used, one of which (in most cases the supplying conveyor) is operated alternatingly. If two continuously operating conveyors are used, an at least partially uncontrolled article movement during the transfer is to be accepted.
Publication U.S. Pat. No. 1,760,030 describes a transfer of glue-bound books from a binding machine to a drying machine, wherein the books are conveyed one behind the other and parallel to a first conveying direction in the binding machine and transverse to a second conveying direction in the drying machine, wherein the two conveying directions are essentially horizontal and encompass an angle of 90°, and wherein the outlet from the binding machine is located above the entrance to the drying machine. For the deviation, the books are released from holding means of the binding machine in order to drop into conveying compartments of the drying machine in an uncontrolled manner.

Method and device for the conversion of a conveyed stream of flat articles


A passive velocity measuring system which includes first and second biaxial fluxgate magnetometers separated by a known distance and oriented precisely with respect to one another and with respect to the path of travel of a ferrous vehicle whose velocity is to be determined. An indication of the velocity of the vehicle is obtained from the ratio of the time derivative of the magnitude of the vehicle's magnetic induction to the negative of the spatial derivative of this same quantity.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention generally relates to apparatus which is operable to obtain an indication of the velocity of a vehicle constructed of or containing magnetic material and does so without the need to transmit and receive electromagnetic radiation.
2. Background Information
Various types of electronic devices exist for detecting the velocity of vehicular traffic along a roadway. By way of example, law enforcement agencies utilize handheld or vehicle mounted devices which project radar or optical signals at an on-coming vehicle, the velocity of which may be determined from the return signal reflected from the vehicle.
The physical presence of a law enforcement officer and vehicle may be communicated to on-coming traffic to thereby defeat the purpose of the apparatus. Furthermore, various devices may be purchased by the driving public to detect such signals thus causing the driver to slow down during the brief period that the driver's vehicle is being "illuminated". Finally, police officers have recently voiced concerns that hand-held radar speed measuring devices may cause cancer in the officers using them.
A need exists therefore for apparatus which can measure the velocity of a vehicle without transmitting any electromagnetic energy which may be detected, and which apparatus may be hidden from view. The present invention provides for a passive velocity measuring system which meets these objectives.

Apparatus for passively measuring the velocity of a ferrous vehicle along a path of travel


A tether assembly for tethering an object, which tether assembly includes a cable having opposite ends and a connector attached to one of the opposite ends, and a retaining block for securing the cable to a support. The retaining block includes two parallel through-bores which extend through the retaining block and are provided for receiving the cable. The retaining block also includes a stepped bore which has a threaded portion and a non-threaded terminal portion. The non-threaded terminal portion of the stepped bore has a cylindrical portion which terminates at a common intersection with each of the two parallel through-bores, and a tapered end. A spherical element is positionable in the non-threaded portion of the stepped bore. In use, the retaining block is secured to a support structure and the connector is connected to an object to be tethered. Next, the cable is looped through the two parallel through-bores and a threaded member is driven into the threaded portion of the stepped bore to press the spherical element against the cable. The tether assembly can be used to tether door security devices, outboard motors, trailers, and a variety of other objects.

One-way doors, that is, doors that open by swinging in only one direction, are especially popular in commercial buildings, schools, and the like. They provide easy ingress and egress to and from the building. Out-swinging doors in schools and commercial buildings are often equipped with panic-bar handles. A panic-bar handle may include an elongated rod extending across the width of the door. By pushing against the rod, the door latch is released and the door may be opened. If a crowd of people are pushed up against the door, the weight of the crowd will depress the rod and the door will open. Similarly, if a person is in a hurry to open the door, the person need not stop to turn a conventional doorknob to unlatch the door. The person need only exert a force on the rod and the door will open.
One-way doors are also targets for burglars. Doors which open in an outward fashion can often be readily opened, even if locked. A pry bar or similar tool can be wedged between the door and the door frame, and the door can be pried open.
Thus, while the safety features of the out-swinging panic-bar door are desirable, the ease with which these doors may be broken into is a disadvantage. To reduce the threat of burglary, devices have been made which prevent out-swinging doors from being opened.
A number of devices designed to prevent out-swinging doors from being opened include detachable parts which are removed when such doors are to be opened. For example U.S. Pat. No. 3,819,216 to Richardson, U.S. Pat. No. 4,856,831 to Roden, Jr., U.S. Pat. No. 5,077,940 to LaRose, Jr., and U.S. Pat. No. 5,364,140 to Rice each disclose door security devices which include detachable braces that rest against a door frame and prevent the door from being opened. U.S. Pat. No. 3,863,968 to Fraser and U.S. Pat. No. 4,082,332 to Palmer disclose door security devices with detachable braces which are used in conjunction with in-swing doors.
It is not uncommon for the detachable braces of door security systems to be removed and lost, particularly in high crime areas wherein such braces are simply removed and stolen. Such braces have the potential of becoming weapons in the hands of burglars or other intruders.
Accordingly, a need exists for securing the removable parts of door security devices.


Methods for digital signal processing and transmission/reception systems utilizing the methods based on the use of LDPC codes, for example the LDPC code with a 3/5 code rate, in combination with a QAM modulation, for example the 16 QAM or 64 QAM or 256 QAM modulation. In transmission, a bit permutation (Demux) is carried out prior to the QAM constellation mapping function, and in reception, the bit permutation is carried out after the QAM constellation demapping function.

1. The Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to methods for digital signal processing and to transmission/reception systems that utilize said methods.
2. The Relevant Technology
The invention is intended mainly, but not exclusively, for receiving and transmitting digital audio and video signals, in particular those involved in the broadcasting of second-generation digital terrestrial television signals.
In order to protect the signals from the distortions of the transmission channel, the second-generation systems for broadband satellite broadcasting (DVB-S2) utilizes the LDPC (Low Density Parity Check) encoding associated with the QPSK, 8 PSK, 16 APSK and 32 APSK modulations (FIG. 1), which are suitable for transmission over a non-linear channel such as the satellite one. A description of the DVB-S2 standard and LDPC codes can be found, for example, in A. Morello, V. Mignone, "DVB-S2: The Second Generation Standard for Satellite Broad-band Services", Proceedings of the IEEE, Volume 94, Issue 1, January 2006, Pages 210-227.
For the purpose of better exploiting the potentiality of the codes, the DVB-S2 standard provides that an interleaver is interposed between the LDPC encoder and the 8 PSK, 16 APSK and 32 APSK constellation mapper in order to achieve an improved association between the bits of the encoded word and the bits carried by the constellation points.
In the interleaver defined in the DVB-S2 standard, the encoded packet outputted by the LDPC encoder (formed by a number of bits equal to 16,200 or 64,800, which number is generally referred to with the symbol "NFRAME") is written by columns in a matrix having N columns, where N is the number of bits carried by the constellation (N is 3 for 8 PSK, 4 for 16 APSK, 5 for 32 APSK), and NFRAME/N rows (FIG. 2), and is read by rows; reading takes place from left to right for all code rates provided by the standard, with the exception of the 3/5 rate, where reading takes place from right to left. The association with the constellation points or coordinates takes place as shown in FIG. 1.
For receiving and transmitting numerical audio and video signals involved in the broadcasting of second-generation digital terrestrial television signals, it has recently been thought of using the same encoding scheme as that employed in the DVB-S2 standard, i.e. the same LDPC codes, however associated with QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) modulations, in particular with the QPSK, 16 QAM, 64 QAM and 256 QAM modulations (FIGS. 3A-3D).
The Applicant has realised that, with QAM modulations, the performance offered by the LDPC codes are good but not wholly satisfactory as to the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) required for reaching the QEF (Quasi Error Free) condition; as known, such a condition corresponds to the case wherein less than one error is received per hour of received program.
The general object of the present invention is to solve the above-mentioned problem and, in particular, to improve the association between the bits outputted by the LDPC encoder and the constellation coordinates of QAM modulations; more particularly, the present invention deals with the LDPC encoding with a 3/5 code rate and with the 16 QAM or 64 QAM or 256 QAM modulation.
Said objects are achieved through the methods for processing digital signals and the transmission and reception systems having the features set out in the appended claims, which are intended as an integral part of the present description.

Methods for digital signal processing and transmission/reception systems utilizing said methods


An image is sampled at a given sampling frequency. For each original sample at least one additional sample delayed relative to the first sample is generated (12, 14, 16). The original samples are non-linearly processed (18) and the additional samples are non-linearly processed (20) independently of the processing (18) of the original samples. The output signals from the two processing stages are downsampled (22) back to the original sampling frequency and are metered if required for correcting the overall amplitude and phase vs. frequency characteristic.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to non-linear signal processing and, in particular, to the removal of undesired harmonics created by such processing.
2. Description of the Related Art
The present invention will be discussed with reference to video signal processing in TV receivers but is not limited to that field. It has wide applicability wherever signal samples are subjected to non-linear processing, as, again for example, in the medical instruments field.
In TV receivers, efforts to improve video images, have, in the recent past, concentrated to a considerable extent on improving the perceived image by decreasing or eliminating line flicker and field flicker. When the television picture is an interlaced picture these problems have been attacked in two basic ways. First, to eliminate line flicker, additional lines are interpolated between consecutive lines in each field. This converts the TV images from an interlaced format to a progressive scan. To remove the field or frame flicker, fields are interpolated between the consecutive fields by utilizing data from one or the other original raster, or both, combined non-linearly by, for example, a median filter. Non-linear filters are also used for filtering in the horizontal direction, e.g. for increasing the perceived image resolution. An example of use of a median filter for field interpolation is shown in EP-A-0,192,292 (FIG. 7).
Since use of the vertical median filters still causes distortion in the video picture, an analysis of the problem was undertaken with the following result. For a non-orthogonal picture pattern as illustrated in FIG. 1a, the original signal components in the vertical and horizontal direction are illustrated in FIG. 1b and FIG. 1c, respectively. Use of a median filter in the vertical direction will result in a signal pattern as illustrated in FIG. 1d. A similar artefact will be created in the horizontal direction, as illustrated in FIG. 1e. Uneven harmonics have been created, of which the third harmonic is by far the strongest.
The above-mentioned harmonics constitute a first order effect which, however, is not as disturbing as a second order effect resulting from the beat frequency or alias components between the above-mentioned odd harmonics and the frequency at which the signal is sampled in the horizontal direction, for example to permit digital signal processing. As shown in FIG. 1f, if a signal having a third harmonic component is sampled at three times the fundamental frequency, a DC level shift will occur, thus changing the average luminance value of the signal.
A realistic example of a situation in which this kind of beat frequency can occur is the following. A PAL video signal includes undesired remainders of the color subcarrier at 4.43 MHz which form a diagonal pattern. The third harmonic of this pattern will be at 13.3 MHz. If now this signal is sampled in the horizontal direction at 13.5 MHz, the resulting beat frequency will be 200 KHz. If the color carrier traces extend over the whole picture, a pattern having 10 periods per line results, which is very disturbing.
The problem arises because the sampling frequency is chosen so that the frequency spectrum of the video signal extends to 1/2 of the sampling frequency. This results in the greatest economy with respect to required memory and also in the lowest operating speed. Thus signal components of 1/3 of the sampling frequency may well lie within the spectrum of the video signal.
In general, a solution to this problem has been to increase the sampling frequency so that the spectrum of the video signal remains well below 1/3 of the sampling frequency. This is not an economical solution since, for example, the capacity of the field memories or frame memories has to be increased by 50% and circuits have to operate at the higher frequency.