The invention is a sawhorse that is quickly assembled and disassembled and is strong enough to support a heavy load. The sawhorse includes an elongated, horizontally disposed, rectilinear support member held above the ground by two spaced pairs of oppositely inclining leg members that overlap at a top end. Each leg member has a rectangular notch at the top end that is acutely angled to form a channel that receives the support member. A lower portion of the support member has two space rectangular channels for receiving the top ends of each pair of leg members. The leg members are pivotally coupled together with a pivot screw so that each leg member can be quickly rotated into a receiving position where the notches are aligned and able to receive the support member. Each leg member has the same dimensions and has a notch that is the same size and located at the same relative location making the sawhorse quick and inexpensive to fabricate.

This invention relates generally to a portable apparatus for supporting various objects horizontally above the ground and more particularly to a knock-down sawhorse that can be quickly assembled and disassembled.
Sawhorses are typically used on construction sites as temporary structures to provide a horizontal support surface for holding equipment and materials. For example, the sawhorse holds lumber and sheetrock above the ground so that it can be easily cut. Sawhorses are used as support structures in a wide variety of applications for permanently or temporarily holding articles above the ground or floor. For example, sawhorses are used to hold up displays at conventions or can be used as table legs for a temporary student desk.
Since sawhorses are typically used on a temporary basis at any one location, it is important that they can be quickly disassembled (i.e., knocked down) for easy storage and transport to alternative locations. A standard sawhorse includes a horizontal support member, such as a 2.times.4 inch board, permanently nailed at each end to a pair of legs formed by oppositely inclined boards that extend from the sides of the support member. The assembled sawhorse is ungainly and, since the pieces of the sawhorse are nailed together, it cannot be easily disassembled. Thus, the sawhorse cannot be easily transported, for example, in a car to different locations.
To allow easy transport and storage, various types of knock down support structures have been developed. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,035,660 to Leon and U.S. Pat. No. 4,574,917 to Stoddard show knock-down support stands that have legs that extend laterally out from ends of a horizontal support member. However, to sufficiently balance the ends of the support member, each leg is specially cut in a triangular pattern from a wide sheet of wood. The wide pieces of wood used for each leg of the support structure are expensive and take more time to cut than the 3 to 6 inch wide boards commonly used in standard sawhorse legs. In addition, wider pieces of wood are typically thinner and, therefore, cannot support as much weight as a standard sawhorse.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,638,885 to Frederick and U.S. Pat. No. 4,890,693 to O'Brian show knock-down sawhorses that have legs that use standard board sizes. However, the sawhorses in Frederick and O'Brian require additional fasteners to attach the legs to the horizontal support members. Additional fasteners, whether made out of wood or metal, increase manufacturing costs and increase assembly time. In addition, it is easier to misplace or lose pieces of the sawhorse which would prevent it from being properly assembled.
Alternative sawhorse configurations use metal clamps that bite into a horizontal support member. Two oppositely inclining boards are nailed into receiving slots at the bottom end of the clamp to form legs. Each clamp has a spring that is compressed by pressing the two legs together. In the compressed state, the claws separate allowing insertion of the support member. By allowing the spring to decompress, the claws clamp onto opposite sides of the support member and the legs move back into an inclined position. Alternatively, if there is no spring, the clamp is held against opposite sides of the support member by holding the legs out in the inclined position. The legs are held in the inclined position by nailing a board across the two leg members.
The metal claws used for this type of sawhorse are expensive and increase the number of components required to assemble the sawhorse. Since the claws and the claw spring are made of metal, they can also rust to the point where they no longer operate correctly. In addition, it is possible that someone cutting wood on the sawhorse can accidentally run over one of the metal claws destroying a saw blade. Since the legs of the sawhorse are nailed to the metal clamp, it is difficult to completely disassemble the sawhorse into easy transportable components.
Accordingly, a need remains for a simple, low cost sawhorse that can support heavy loads and can be quickly assembled and disassembled.


The present invention relates to a method of setting up a connection between a first terminal (A), which may be a calling telephone, telefax machine, computer or other equipment that can make a call, and a second terminal (Ct, Cf) which may be a called telephone (Ct) on the one hand or, on the other hand, a called telefax machine (Cf), a computer (Cf) or other equipment (Cf) that can receive a call. According to the invention, the first terminal (A) calls a subscriber number, a fictitious response is sent to the first terminal (A) and monitoring of the first terminal (A) is commenced so as to identify the type of terminal concerned with the aid of possible signals and/or a possible message, while a called telephone (Ct) is ordered to commence ringing. When signals or a message are/is detected, the called telephone (Ct) is ordered to stop ringing and the possible message is received and sent to a second terminal (Cf), or else the called telephone (Ct) is connected to the first terminal (A).

As will be evident from WO 93/20641, it is known to add a prefix to a telephone number in order to identify the type of communication concerned and therewith distinguish a telephony call from a telephone and a telefax. This is, in actual fact, equivalent to using different telephone numbers.
If a telefax is connected to the same telephone number as a telephone, it is possible to use additional signalling to identify when it is the telefax that is called; c.f. U.S. Pat. No. 5,287,402. It is only the most modern telefaxes that are able to deal with such signalling, however.


A paddle suspended ball, wherein the paddle comprises a handle portion integrally secured to two substantially semi-cylindrical portions ending into parallel arm extensions at the ends of which there is a pivot for suspending a ball by a cord. The length of the cord is such that the ball, when swung in a circular path, will move through the opening defined by said semi-cylindrical portion.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a play thing, and more particularly to an article of play sometimes referred to in the art as a paddle toy.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Play things of this are shown in U.S. Pat. No. 2,105,462 of Brinkman; U.S. Pat. No. 4,040,623 of Ott; U.S. Pat. No. 4,300,771 of Lori; Danish Patent No. 8,847; German Patent No. 2,321,305; and French Patent No. 743,136. Paddle toys known in the art fail to provide a design that will enable economical construction and reliable use of the toy particularly with respect to the manner by which the free end of the card extending from the ball is attached to allow unrestrained movement about a pivotal support provided by the paddle element of the toy. While a ball has been suspended from a paddle in the past, no means were provided requiring dexterity of the user.


Making paper for corrugating medium includes forming a sheet of pulp material, partially drying the sheet of pulp material to provide a partially dried sheet, applying a crack-reducing agent to surfaces of the partially dried sheet, and providing a sheet of paper by drying the partially dried sheet after applying the crack-reducing agent. Forming a sheet of pulp material may include providing a pulp slurry to a headbox having a slice and carrying the pulp slurry that exits from the slice away from the headbox using, for example, a Fourdrinier. The Fourdrinier may also dry the sheet.

Corrugated board is made by attaching one or more flat sheets of paper to a medium, a wavy or fluted section of paper. The medium may be formed using any one of a variety of conventional and well-known corrugation processes that provide any one of a variety of flute sizes. In applications that call for relatively small flute sizes, corrugating the medium sometimes results in cracks forming in the paper. In addition, when only one flat sheet is attached to the medium, such as in the case of certain types of gift boxes, then the cracks become visible and aesthetically unappealing. Many solutions to this problem have been suggested in the prior art, as described below.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,687,767 to Reisman et al. discloses preventing cracks in corrugating medium by first treating the paper with a resin and then drying the resin. The paper is then corrugated and, following that, is heat treated to cure the resin. This curing step is shown in the flow chart of FIG. 1 of Reisman et al. in the fourth step from the bottom. Similarly, U.S. Pat. No. 3,173,829 to Thier et al. is directed to a process in which an additive is provided to the paper pulp prior to the sheet forming and drying process. After the paper has been manufactured, the additive (bonding agent) is activated by heat and/or pressure.
Both the Reisman et al. and Thier et al. schemes require an extra curing or activating step after the paper has been manufactured. This may be impractical in some situation such as, for example, a large corrugated board manufacturing operation that is not readily equipped to incorporate this extra step into their process. In addition, in cases where curing or activation is provided by heat, an inadvertent and premature exposure of the product to heat may cause undesirable results.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,033,708 to McKee, U.S. Pat. No. 3,307,994 to Scott, Jr., U.S. Pat. No. 3,308,006 to Kresse et al., U.S. Pat. No. 3,518,216 to Harvey et al., U.S. Pat. No. 3,659,772 to Dorsey et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 4,038,122 to DeLigt are all directed to applying an additive to the finished paper product during, or just prior to, corrugation in order to prevent cracks during the corrugation process. However, applying the additive to the finished paper product adds another step and requires extra machinery located either at the corrugator or at the paper manufacturer. In addition, applying an additive to the finished paper product can create difficulties with respect to handling any excess additive that does not adhere to the paper.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,109,769 to Martin, U.S. Pat. No. 3,119,731 to Strole et al., U.S. Pat. No. 3,298,902 to Osborg et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 3,525,668 to Goldstein et al. all appear to be directed to providing an additive to the pulp during the paper manufacturing process. Although this arguably avoids the need for extra equipment to apply the additive, it does result in a relatively large amount of additive being used since the additive ends up being applied throughout the entirety of the paper, rather than just at the surfaces.
In chapter 7 of a 1995 textbook titled "Paper Coating Additives" published by Tappi Press of Atlanta, Ga., the author suggests that dilutions of oxidized polyethylene emulsions have been applied at a size press or through surface spraying to lower surface coefficient of friction. The author goes on to state that spraying the oxidized polyethylene emulsions in the manufacture of corrugating medium decreases cracking during the corrugation step. However, since the author suggests only spraying to reduce cracking (as opposed to applying the emulsion with a size press to improve the coefficient of friction), this solution is similar to the solutions in references discussed above that disclose applying an additive after the paper manufacturing process is complete or just prior to corrugation.
It is desirable, therefore, to prevent cracks in the corrugated bound medium in an economical and feasible manner.


An antenna includes a first antenna section that can be joined to an antenna feed. The first section has conductive elements in series with reactive loads. The reactive loads are positioned with a regular spacing. The reactive loads and spacing are optimized for operation of the first section at the highest frequency. Additional antenna sections having successively lower frequencies are joined in series to the first antenna section. Each additional section has conductive elements joined in series with reactive loads at a particular spacing. The additional sections spacing and reactive loads are provided to work in conjunction with the higher frequency antenna sections to optimize the antenna for an additional frequency. A method for making such an antenna is further provided.

(1) Field of the Invention
The present invention is directed to a linear buoyant antenna and a method for designing such an antenna to provide two different band capabilities in a single element.
(2) Description of the Prior Art
Buoyant Cable Antennas (BCAs) are a class of antennas unique to maritime applications. They consist of a straight insulated wire surrounded by a positively buoyant jacket material. The electrical performance of these antennas is somewhat limited owing to the underlying physics involved, and several antennas are often needed to obtain broadband frequency coverage. The present invention seeks to overcome this limitation by providing optimal multi-band performance in one single conductor antenna element.
Previous work on BCA improvements has led to antennas that have improved performance in the HF band (e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 7,868,833, entitled "Ultra wideband buoyant cable antenna element." This improvement was only possible in a single portion of the radio spectrum and does not allow for improved performance in both the High Frequency (HF) and Very High Frequency (VHF) bands.
The use of a modular approach is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,203,495, entitled "Modular VLF/LF and HF buoyant cable antenna and method." This teaches that low frequency signals can be received on the braid of a piece of coaxial cable that is connected in series with the HF antenna. The method taught only allows for improvements the performance of the HF antenna.

Multi-band cable antenna with irregular reactive loading

The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Navy


An antitheft system for use in portable consumer electronic equipment. The antitheft system includes an antitheft receiver that receives a deactivation code that is transmitted by a paging system transmitted when the device is reported stolen. Upon receipt of the deactivation code, a microprocessor within the electronic equipment causes the equipment to become inoperative. To ensure the antitheft receiver is not removed or tampered with, the microprocessor queries the antitheft receiver for a unique identification number associated with the device. If the identification number does not match a number that is stored within the equipment, the equipment assumes the antitheft receiver has been tampered with and causes the equipment to become inoperative

As the cost of consumer electronic devices such as computers increases, there is a greater likelihood that these devices will be stolen. As a result, numerous antitheft systems have been proposed. For example, many portable computer systems can be connected to cables or other such locking mechanisms that prevent their unauthorized removal. While such systems work well to discourage thefts, they are generally cumbersome and unsightly. In addition, if the cables that secure a device are cut, the device will operate normally, thereby providing an incentive for the attempted theft of such devices.
Alternative antitheft systems generally employ an electronic password that must be entered by a user before the device will operate properly. However, such systems have not gained widespread acceptance because the user must remember the password, share the passwords with other operators of the device, and must remember to enable the antitheft system each time the device is left unattended.
A new type of antitheft system, which has been suggested for automobiles allows a user to electronically disable a stolen automobile through the use of a cellular telephone call. The call transmits a digital code which is received by the automobile causing it to become inoperative. Such systems, however, are generally too expensive to be incorporated into consumer electronic equipment, have a limited range in which they can be activated, and are subject to tampering or other attempts to disable the system.
Given the high cost of consumer electronic equipment and the frequency with which such equipment is stolen, there is a need for a low cost antitheft system that can render the equipment inoperative if stolen. The system should have a wide activation area and be tamper-proof

Paging activated electronic security system


Embodiments of the invention include a flip chip semiconductor light emitting device and a wavelength converting structure disposed in a path of light extracted from the flip chip semiconductor light emitting device. A substrate with a textured top surface is positioned with the bottom surface facing the wavelength converting structure. The wavelength converting structure is disposed between the substrate and the flip chip semiconductor light emitting device.

Semiconductor light-emitting devices including light emitting diodes (LEDs), resonant cavity light emitting diodes (RCLEDs), vertical cavity laser diodes (VCSELs), and edge emitting lasers are among the most efficient light sources currently available. Materials systems currently of interest in the manufacture of high-brightness light emitting devices capable of operation across the visible spectrum include Group III-V semiconductors, particularly binary, ternary, and quaternary alloys of gallium, aluminum, indium, and nitrogen, also referred to as III-nitride materials. Typically, III-nitride light emitting devices are fabricated by epitaxially growing a stack of semiconductor layers of different compositions and dopant concentrations on a sapphire, silicon carbide, III-nitride, or other suitable substrate by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD), molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), or other epitaxial techniques. The stack often includes one or more n-type layers doped with, for example, Si, formed over the substrate, one or more light emitting layers in an active region formed over the n-type layer or layers, and one or more p-type layers doped with, for example, Mg, formed over the active region. Electrical contacts are formed on the n- and p-type regions.
White light may be created by positioning a wavelength converting material in the path of light extracted from an LED. FIG. 1 illustrates one example of a wavelength-converted LED, described in more detail in US 2013/0258634. US 2013/0258634 teaches the device of FIG. 1 "includes a microstructure film formed over a LED and a light conversion material formed over the LED and below the film. The light conversion material can include a layer of photo phosphors which may be directly deposited on the LED or may be placed on or attached to the LED as a layer of a pre-formed film. This structure can be used for white LED light devices where the light conversion material converts the LED light into white light. On the top of the structure of the LED and the light conversion material layer, a layer of a light deflection film with microstructures is formed. Photons emitted from the LED and photons emitted at the phosphors layer due to absorption of LED light interact with the top deflection film and bounce back and forth within the structure to create a light shaping effect where light bounces between the LED and the light deflection film and exits the top deflection film in selected directions that are defined by the microstructures in the deflection film. The deflection film can also effectuate a light focusing effect on the light coming out of the deflection film and the light focusing can depend on the optical index of refraction of the deflection film. The geometry of the deflection film can also affect the light focusing."

Wavelength converted light emitting device with textured substrate


According to one embodiment, a wireless device is provided with a semiconductor chip, a substrate, an antenna, and a sealing material. The chip includes a wireless circuit. The substrate has a plurality of terminals arranged on a first surface and the chip arranged on a second surface. The antenna includes a radiation element and is electrically connected to the chip. The sealing material seals the chip and the antenna. A distance between a first wall of the sealing material substantially parallel to the second surface and the radiation element is equal to or more than a distance between a second wall of the sealing material substantially perpendicular to the second surface and the radiation element.

A radar sensor with an antenna using a signal of a millimeter or submillimeter wave of 20 GHz or more is known. Radar sensors appropriate for miniaturization or lower costs have been proposed. In such a radar sensor, active circuits such as an oscillator and mixer and an antenna constituting the radar sensor are formed on the same semiconductor substrate and configured as one-chip MMIC (Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit). Further, the MMIC is sealed in a resin package. In this radar sensor, an electromagnetic wave is radiated in a desired direction by a dielectric lens mounted on an upper portion of the antenna.
It is necessary to form a dielectric lens on the resin package to radiate an electromagnetic wave in a desired direction and thus, the package has a protruding structure, leading to a thicker package as a whole. It is also necessary to optimize the position and/or shape of the lens in accordance with the position and/or shape of the antenna, creating a problem of low versatility of the package.


An automatic washer comprises a remote sump fluidly connected to a drain pump and a recirculation pump, and a separator comprising an array of regularly-spaced fins oriented upstream of the recirculation pump for intercepting foreign objects in wash liquid. The remote sump also comprises a wash liquid heater. The separator is automatically purged when the drain pump is operated.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to automatic washers and in one aspect to a remote sump having a baffle trap for intercepting foreign objects in wash liquid. In another aspect, the invention relates to a remote sump comprising a wash liquid heater. In another aspect, the invention relates to a baffle trap which is automatically purged when a drain pump connected to the remote sump is operated.
2. Description of the Related Art
In automatic clothes washers, it is preferred that only fabric materials be placed into the wash zone of the wash tub, however, other objects make their way into the wash zone including buttons, keys, stones and pebbles, small metal objects, etc. which can cause damage to the pumps used in the automatic washers such as the recirculation pump and the drain pump.
In some washers it is desirable to use motors such as synchronous motors to drive the recirculation pumps. These types of motors have relatively low efficiency and low torque, but are also low cost. Flow rates through these recirculation pumps are maximized by maintaining a close relationship between the impeller and the pump housing. These factors make this type of pump very susceptible to problems caused by foreign materials. Foreign materials are easily trapped between the impeller and housing because of the close relationship. Low torque of the driving motor causes the trapped materials to completely stop the pump.
Collecting and holding foreign materials can cause a number of problems. Collected materials can eventually reduce flow rates by obstructing the water flow path. Some collected materials deteriorate with time and may be redistributed on clothing or cause odor. Other types of materials may add to the accumulation process by causing materials to accumulate that might otherwise be pumped down the drain.
A foreign objects trap is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,485,645 in which a container is provided which has a water inlet in communication with a tub outlet. The water inlet terminates just short of a floor of the container and the water is then required to pass up through a plate which has irregularly shaped tubes therethrough for preventing passage of foreign objects. Lint is specifically permitted to pass through the foreign objects trap and all of the water exits from the container through a single outlet leading to a single pump which is utilized to both recirculate water and drain water, depending upon the position of a valve located downstream of the pump. Thus, this foreign objects trap has a disadvantage of allowing lint to be recirculated onto the clothes load and also accommodates only a single pump.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,833,900 discloses a foreign objects filter for an automatic washer through which all of the water from the wash tub is directed. In an embodiment, one part of the filter comprises a fine mesh filter and the outlet of that portion leads to the recirculation pump. The other side of the filter has a coarse mesh and its outlet leads to the drain pump. In a second embodiment, only a coarse filter is provided whose outlet leads to either the recirculation pump or the drain pump. This device permits the passage of small, but heavy objects, such as nails and screws to the drain pump, potentially causing damage to that pump.

Remote sump with film heater and auto purge


A method for the ablation of human or animal articular cartilage is disclosed that employs an exogenous absorber, such as a compound having the molecular formula C43H47N2NaO6S2, to coat or color the surface of the articular cartilage. The coated or colored cartilage surface then has an energy absorption peak at a specific wavelength due to the exogenous absorber, which makes it possible to employ a simple and cheap laser diode to generate a pulsed laser beam at the specific wavelength so as to superheat the coated or colored cartilage thereby causing at least partial ablation of cartilage.

In the orthopedic arts, it is known that cartilage tissue in a joint, such as a knee joint, has to be reshaped in order to treat certain joint disorders such as a hyaline cartilage surface irregularities. Generally, arthroscopic surgery is preferred due to the lower rates of morbidity and mortality, and the shorter recovery times experienced by patients. Typically, an orthopedic surgeon will operate arthroscopically on a joint, such as the knee, by inserting one or more trocars into the joint capsule, and then through one of the trocars an arthroscope is inserted so the surgeon can visualize the tissues (i.e., synovium and cartilage) of the joint. The other trocar is used to deploy a surgical instrument, such as a mechanical cutting tool (i.e., a grasper, knife or curette). However, these mechanical cutting tools may damage a significant amount of healthy cartilage while removing damaged or diseased tissue. Because cartilage is avascular and heals slowly, there is a need to develop a tool or device that can remove damaged cartilage tissue while minimizing collateral damage to surrounding healthy cartilage.
The present inventor has considered ablation techniques involving laser technology to address this problem. For the purpose of this disclosure, "ablation" means "the act or process of ablating," and "ablating means to remove or dissipate by vaporization or melting." The ablation of cartilage using a 308 nm Excimer laser (a UV laser) in an in vitro cartilage sample is disclosed by J. A. Prodoehl et al. in "308 Excimer Laser Ablation of Cartilage," Lasers Surg. Med. 15:263-268 (1994). However, Prodoehl's article does not enable one of ordinary skill in the art to perform ablation of cartilage in vivo. Furthermore, the Excimer laser is expensive and relatively bulky so it is not suitable for use in a hospital or outpatient surgery clinical environment. While cheaper lasers that are relatively compact and light are known, such as laser diodes for example, these lasers are not suitable for arthroscopic surgical ablation of cartilage because their wavelength energies are poorly absorbed by cartilage.
Known methods for the ablation of articular cartilage using laser technology employ crystal lasers in the infrared spectrum such as Ho:YAG lasers (wavelength: 2μ) and Er:YAG lasers (wavelength: 2.9μ). However, there are several drawbacks to the application of infrared laser technology to arthroscopic surgery. First, arthroscopic surgery is performed in an aqueous environment. After entering the joint capsule with a trocar, the surgeon infuses an aqueous solution into the joint capsule so that visualization of the joint tissues with an arthroscope is optimized and to prevent excessive deterioration of the joint tissues during the procedure. Unfortunately, the aqueous liquid must be pierced by the infrared laser beam in order to reach the cartilage. In other words, the radiation of the infrared lasers must literally pierce a hole in the water by vaporizing it before reaching the cartilage to be ablated. This means that the infrared laser beam must have considerable energy, which then generates undesirable thermal effects. These undesirable thermal effects increase as the power of the laser increases, which makes quick ablation impossible without damaging a significant amount of healthy joint tissue.
A second drawback of infrared lasers relates to the difficulties encountered when selecting a laser that operates at a wavelength not absorbed well by the aqueous environment. It turns out that a laser that is not absorbed well by the aqueous environment utilized during arthroscopic surgery is also not absorbed well by articular cartilage because of the water content of articular cartilage. Therefore, there is a need to employ some means for enhancing the absorption of laser energy by damaged cartilage tissue that the surgeon wishes to ablate so that energy is preferentially absorbed by the damaged cartilage tissue and not by the healthy hyaline cartilage.
The present inventor has considered the application of an exogenous absorber, such as a dye, to enhance the absorption of laser energy by cartilage tissue to effect selective tissue ablation. However, previous applications of energy absorbing dyes to therapeutic methods have been limited. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,221,068 B1 to Fried et al., and incorporated herein by reference for all it discloses, discloses the use of a dye such as Indocyanine Green (ICG) mixed with albumin or fibrinogen to create a tissue "solder." ICG has an absorption peak at 810 nm when combined with albumin. The tissue solder is applied to opposing edges of a wound, and a commercially available diode laser is used to activate the tissue "solder" and "weld" the tissue edges together. However, U.S. Pat. No. 6,221,068 does not teach, or even suggest, applying the ICG/diode laser combination to effect tissue ablation. On the contrary, U.S. Pat. No. 6,221,068 pertains to using the ICG dye to heat albumin or fibrinogen applied to wound edges to create an adhesive effect. Furthermore, U.S. Pat. No. 6,221,068 does not teach or suggest that the tissue "solder" could be applied to a wound in an aqueous environment.
U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US 2004/0147501 to Dolmans et al. discloses generally "photodynamic therapy," which pertains to treatment methods employing a photosensitizer to generate reactive radical species to destroy cells in a target tissue. This publication discloses that ICG is a photosensitizer. The photosensitizer is injected into an injection site of a treatment subject and allowed to find its way into the subject's vasculature. After time, the photosensitizer accumulates in a highly vascularized or neovascularized target tissue, such as a rapidly growing tumor. A laser is then used to activate the photosensitizer to generate the radical species used to kill the target tissue. Photodynamic therapy, however, is not an ablation therapy. Furthermore, photodynamic therapy can only be applied to vascularized or neovascularized tissues, which most articular cartilage tissue (e.g., a hyaline cartilage of the knee) is not.
The present invention endeavors to provide an improved method and system for the ablation of cartilage tissue in vivo in a human or animal treatment subject that overcomes the disadvantages of prior art methods and systems. Accordingly, a primary object of the present invention is to overcome the disadvantages of the prior art methods and systems for the ablation of cartilage tissue in vivo in a human or animal treatment subject.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a method and system for the ablation of cartilage tissue that can be employed arthroscopically in an aqueous environment within the joint capsule of a living human or animal treatment subject. Another object of the present invention is to provide a method and system for the ablation of cartilage tissue that employs an economical and compact diode laser so that the method and system may be employed in a hospital and/or outpatient surgical environment.
Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a method and system for the ablation of cartilage that ablates cartilage tissue in a more efficient manner than achieved by prior art methods and systems.

Method for the ablation of cartilage tissue in a knee joint using indocyanine


Data sets are analyzed to discover trends and determine predictive data models. A data model is determined based on analyzing the data set with a specific algorithm from a set of different analytical algorithms. The data model is stored in a structural file format. The data model is converted into an instantiated object model with the use of a predefined object model. The instantiated object model is converted into an in-database analysis model to score new data within a database system. The scoring is based on the logic in the data model. The in-database analysis model is stored on a database server part of a database system to provide analytical functionality defined in the data model. The new data can be scored with the in-database analysis model. The new data is not extracted from the database system and the scoring is accomplished in-memory.

Data mining and statistical analysis enable users to build predictive models and discover hidden insights in their data. Predictive analysis encompasses a number of analytic techniques. For example, large quantities of data can be explored and analyzed, by automatic or semi-automatic means, to discover meaningful patterns and rules present in the analyzed data. Examples of predictions are focused on different challenges such as forecasting future performance, sales, and costs; definition of key influencers; trend determination in a business field; determination of existing relationships in the analyzed data; determination of existing anomalies; etc.
Organizations can gain business value by exploring transactional data typically generated within the enterprise or from unstructured data created by external sources (e.g. social media, historical records). Data used for analysis may be stored in data repositories or databases. For generating a data model based on data, an analysis is performed and an algorithm is applied over the data, which may be pulled out of the database. Once the data model is created, it may be used over new data to make predictions for future events. There are a number of algorithms that can be used when creating the data model: decision trees, regression, factor analysis, cluster analysis, time-series, neural nets, association rules, etc. Such algorithms are provided by different vendors and may be consumed in a data mining application for analysis. For example, the open-source statistical and data mining language and environment, the statistical programming language "R" provides data scientists with a lot of analytic possibilities. The introduction of "in-memory" technology has reduced the time and cost of data processing. The "in-memory" technology allows working with data stored in random access memory (RAM) for processing, without the traditional data retrieval from the database system. In such manner, predictive analysis can be performed against vast volumes of data in real time.

Converting data models into in-database analysis models


A buffer memory, in which a first signal is written and from which a second signal is read out, and a subtractor which forms the difference between the counts of a read counter and a write counter, which control reading and writing. A justification decision circuit generates a stop signal for the read counter. An accumulator accumulates the difference signal over a predetermined time interval. The accumulator output, delayed by a time interval and weighted with a second factor, and a justification signal denoting the number of stuff bits caused by the justification decision circuit between two stop instants, are added to the subtractor output in the accumulator.

The invention relates to a circuit arrangement for bit rate adjustment of two digital signals, comprising:
a buffer memory for writing a first signal and reading out a second signal,
a subtractor for forming a difference signal by determining the difference between the counts of a read counter used for controlling the read operation and a write counter used for controlling the write operation, and
a justification decision circuit for generating a stop signal for the read counter.
Such a circuit arrangement for bit rate adjustment of two digital signals is necessary in information transmission technology, for example, in plesiochronous multiplexers which combine plesiochronous signals. Two digital signals are called plesiochronous when their bit rates deviate from a nominal value within a given tolerance. Before plesiochronous signals are combined by a plesiochronous multiplexer, they are all to be brought to the same bit rate. This bit rate difference is eliminated in that stuff bits are inserted at fixed instants into the signal having the higher bit rate. The signal having the higher bit rate is then structured in a frame. Such a frame may be, for example, the so-called Synchronous Transport Module STM-N (cf. CCITT Recommendations G707, G708, G709). Such a frame is partitioned into rows and each row again contains a specific number of bytes. This frame contains justification locations for variable stuff bits in addition to the justification locations for fixed stuff bits. The justification locations for fixed stuff bits are generally filled with stuff bits, whereas the locations for the variable stuff bits are filled either with information bits or stuff bits. With the positive justification (positive stuffing) technique an information bit or a stuff bit is inserted at a justification location for a variable stuff bit. With the positive/negative justification (negative stuffing) technique an information bit is additionally inserted at a location for a fixed stuff bit as required. A justification decision circuit in the circuit arrangement for bit rate adjustment decides whether a stuff bit or an information bit is to be inserted at a justification location. Because fixed locations in the frames are provided for the stuff bits, these bits can again be removed on demultiplexing. Information about whether a variable stuff bit has been inserted at a justification location can still be transmitted along with the signal having the higher bit rate.
On the receiving side of the transmission system a plesiochronous demultiplexer can be followed by a corresponding circuit arrangement for removing the stuff bits and bringing the bit rate back to its original value. Removing the stuff bits is effected via a buffer memory in which only useful dam are written. The reading operation is controlled by a phase-locked loop so that a clock frequency which is as uniform as possible (having little jitter) is generated. Jitter is understood to mean the deviation of the clock edges from their nominal locations. High-frequency spectral portions in the jitter may be reduced on the receiving side by the low-pass filtering property of the phase-locked loop. However, low-frequency spectral components of the jitter may arise as a result of stuffing. The amplitude of the low-frequency spectral components can only be reduced by means of stuffing i.e. in the circuit arrangement for bit rate adjustment (sending side).
The circuit arrangement mentioned above is known from German Patent Application P 40 18 539, to which copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/711239 corresponds. That circuit arrangement comprises a buffer memory to which a first signal is applied by an input circuit. The input circuit comprises a code converter and a phase-locked loop with incorporated frequency dividers connected thereto. In the code converter the received signal is converted into a binary code and applied to the buffer memory as a first signal. By means of the phase-locked loop and the linked frequency dividers a bit clock signal and clock signals having a higher frequency are produced. The writing in the buffer memory is controlled by a write counter which applies write addresses to the buffer memory with each bit clock signal. The reading from the buffer memory is controlled by a read counter producing read addresses. The counts of the write and read counters are applied to a subtractor which subtracts the count of the read counter from that of the write counter. For a refinement of the result of the subtraction also the higher-frequency clock signals of the phase-locked loop with linked dividers are applied to the subtractor. The result of the subtraction is applied as a difference signal to a justification decision circuit which produces a stop signal for the read counter and justification information signals. The justification decision circuit comprises an adder circuit which receives the difference signal, the adder output signal delayed by one frame in a delay element, and justification signals. A justification signal comprises the information about whether negative or positive stuffing is to be used. A threshold detector following in the circuit after the summing element decides whether a negative or positive stuff bit is to be generated. 0n the basis of this information from the threshold detector it is decided in a combining circuit whether the read counter is stopped or continues to receive a read clock signal. The adder circuit and the delay element are used for reducing the amplitude of the low-frequency spectral components of the jitter.

Circuit arrangement for bit rate adjustment to two digital signals


The present invention relates to a camshaft (1) for an internal combustion engine with a drive wheel (4) arranged on a longitudinal end side, in particular with a chain wheel or belt pulley, and with at least one first bearing (2) arranged in the region of the drive wheel (4) and a second bearing (3) arranged in the further course of the camshaft (1). Here it is substantial to the invention that at least the first bearing (2) is designed as a rolling bearing and has an inner diameter of 24 mm<di<30 mm, wherein the inner diameter di is larger than the outer diameter da of the camshaft (1) on the second bearing (3).

Generic camshafts are thoroughly known and employed in a wide range of embodiments in modern internal combustion engines. In order to be able to achieve as smooth a mounting of such a camshaft as possible, these are usually mounted via so-called rolling bearings, i.e. for example in needle or ball bearings. In particular on the longitudinal end, on which the drive wheel is arranged, the bearing should not undershoot a certain bearing diameter in order to be able to securely absorb the comparatively high bearing forces that occur there. A diameter of 24 mm has been considered as minimal diameter for the camshaft.

Camshaft for an internal combustion engine

Abstract: Because of this, the camshaft (1) can be configured more compact and lighter.


A retrieval apparatus. An illustrative embodiment of the retrieval apparatus includes a main shaft having a trigger compartment; a pair of net support arms pivotally carried by the main shaft; a collection net carried by the pair of net support arms; a pair of arm flanges pivotally attached to the pair of net support arms, respectively, and each other; a trigger block slidably mounted in the trigger compartment; a trigger extending from the trigger block; and a flange attachment cable connecting the trigger block and the pair of arm flanges.

Fast-food restaurants typically have a drive-through window in which customers drive their car up to the window to pay for food after the food is ordered. Frequently, the cashier in the restaurant building and the customer must stretch their arms considerably when exchanging the fast food and payment. Therefore, a retrieval apparatus is needed which can be used to facilitate the secure exchange of fast food and/or payment between a customer and a fast food cashier.


In general, this disclosure describes read recovery techniques for data storage devices that use soft information associated with multiple read operations to detect data. Specifically, the read recovery techniques comprise computing soft information for each bit detected during a first read operation of a data storage medium, computing soft information for each bit detected during a second read operation of the data storage medium and averaging the soft information computed during the first and second read operations to determine the value of each of the bits.

Data storage devices, such as disc drives, store information on a storage medium. For example, in the case of disc drives data is stored on a magnetic disc medium. The magnetic disc medium includes a number of concentric circles, i.e., tracks, onto which data is stored. Each of the tracks is divided into a number of sectors, each sector including a predefined portion of the track. The disc drive reads and writes information to the sectors of the disc medium. Disc drives may encounter a read error during an attempt to read data from a sector of the disc medium. Read errors may occur, for example, due to poor magnetic head placement during read operations, adjacent track noise during read operations, poorly written data in the sector of interest, foreign matter on the disc surface or the like. Upon detecting a read error, the disc drive typically implements some sort of read retry scheme to successfully read the data from the disc medium.

Read error recovery using soft information


A new method and apparatus for moving an excimer laser beam relative to a workpiece to control the wall profile of laser machined features, such as holes and grooves. An excimer laser beam is displaced relative to a workpiece in a substantially circular motion and the substantially circular motion is further displaced relative to the workpiece to correspond to a desired shape.

The present invention relates generally to a method and apparatus for controlling the wall profile of laser machined features, such as holes and grooves. More specifically, it relates to a system for moving a laser beam relative to a workpiece to machine the walls of the machined features therein to achieve a desired profile.
In the manufacture of certain products, features, such as holes and grooves, are produced in workpieces by ablating the workpiece material with a laser beam, e.g., Gugger U.S. Pat. No. 3,576,965. When a laser, such as an excimer laser, ablates a hole or groove, it exhibits a small xe2x80x9cnaturalxe2x80x9d taper. A taper of 5-9 degrees half angle is typical for laser machined holes in many plastics such as polyamide and polyester. This natural taper varies slowly with laser beam energy density, wavelength and numerical aperture. However, these parameters are difficult to control. Moreover, where a larger taper angle is required, it is necessary to use a different approach.
One approach involves controlling (a) the angle of the laser beam striking the workpiece relative to the axis of a hole being machined and (b) the distance between the intersection of the beam with the surface of the workpiece and the axis of the hole. Corfe et al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,043,553. This approach is, however, difficult to implement because of its inherent complexity and, for an excimer laser, because of the difficulty in focusing the laser across the image field.
Other approaches attempt to control wall taper angle by controlling the fluence used in a laser beam or by refocusing a projection lens. These approaches have only limited success. See Sheets U.S. Pat. No. 4,940,881.
Finally, another approach involves displacing a laser beam relative to a workpiece. One way to do this involves interposing a thin refractive disc in the laser beam and rotating the refractive disc not about its axis but instead about the optical axis or an axis parallel to it, a so-called xe2x80x9cwobble plate.xe2x80x9d In a preferred embodiment, the refractive disc has parallel faces and is inclined at a small angle to a reference plane perpendicular to the optical axis. In another embodiment, the faces of the refractive element are at a small angle to each other. Sheets U.S. Pat. No. 4,940,881. In the preferred embodiment, the taper angle of the wall is dependent on the angle at which the refractive element is inclined. It has, however, proven time consuming to change that angle in practice, and the required apparatus for rotating the refractive disc is relatively large and complicated.
It is an object of the present invention to move a laser beam relative to a workpiece to machine the taper angle of the walls of laser machined features therein, such as holes and grooves,at specified angles, which angles may be readily and remotely changed. It is also an object of the present invention to move a laser beam relative to a workpiece to machine the walls of the machined features therein to achieve other desired profiles.
A new method and apparatus for moving an excimer laser beam relative to a workpiece to control the wall profile of laser machined features, such as holes and grooves. In a preferred embodiment, an excimer laser beam is displaced relative to a workpiece in a substantially circular motion and the substantially circular motion is further displaced relative to the workpiece to correspond to a desired shape.
The foregoing and other objects, features and advantages of the current invention will be apparent from the following detailed description of preferred embodiments of the invention as illustrated in the accompanying drawings.

Method and apparatus for controlling the taper angle of the walls of laser machined features


A ring structure for reducing flash glare and a manufacturing method thereof are provided. The ring structure for reducing flash glare is assembled on a camera module with a lens and a flashlight and includes a transparent substrate and a shading plate. The flashlight and the lens are fully separated by the shading plate to prevent light rays of the flashlight from interfering with the lens through the transparent substrate. The manufacturing method includes: providing a transparent substrate; forming a C-shaped hole on the transparent substrate; and injecting a plastic to fill the C-shaped hole and thereby form a shading plate on the transparent substrate. The manufacturing method entails performing a processing process on the transparent substrate directly and forming the shading plate by injection molding to not only simplify the manufacturing process but also makes the ring structure waterproof.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to ring structures for reducing flash glare, and more particularly, to a ring structure for reducing flash glare and for use with a waterproof cellular phone casing and a manufacturing method of the same.
2. Description of the Prior Art
To block light rays emitted from a flashlight, a camera lens of a cellular phone is characterized in that an annular black shading element is mounted in front of the lens to serve as a shading structure and thus prevent the flashlight from compromising the operation of the camera lens. However, if a user mounts a transparent protective casing on the cellular phone from outside and the protective casing does not have any through hole corresponding in position to the camera lens and the flashlight, a portion of the light rays emitted from the flashlight will be reflected off the transparent protective casing and thus admitted into the camera lens, thereby compromising the quality of images taken by the camera lens.
Furthermore, to make it practicable for cellular phones to take pictures or shoot videos in water, transparent plastic casings which enclose cellular phones fully and transparent pouchlike protective bags are available in the market. Hence, it is of vital importance that the protective casings and the protective bags are waterproof. The protective bags cannot be fitted around the cellular phone snugly; as a result, if a cellular phone contained in a protective bag takes pictures in the presence of a flashlight in operation, light rays emitted from the flashlight will be reflected off or refracted by the protective bag to thereby interfere with the camera lens.
With the transparent plastic casings being likely to pose interference-related problems, such as reflection and refraction, a conventional transparent plastic casing has a penetrating hole and a shading structure, wherein the penetrating hole corresponds in position to the camera lens, and the shading structure has a cylinder or a shading wall, such that the shading structure surrounds the camera lens or the flashlight to prevent the flashlight from interfering with the camera lens in the course of picture taking.
However, the shading structure has to be manufactured independently before being mounted on the casing and thus is not waterproof—because its manufacturing process entails manufacturing two elements and then putting the two elements together. To render the shading structure waterproof, the two elements must have a tight fit which in turn depends on high precision and thus least errors in the dimensions of the two elements manufactured. This goal, however, can only be achieved at the expense of high manufacturing costs and intricate manufacturing process.

Ring structure for reducing flash glare and a manufacturing method thereof


A light emitting diode device is provided, which comprises a silicon-based substrate, a buffer layer, a super lattice structure layer, a nano-structure layer, a first semiconductor layer, a light emitting layer, and a second semiconductor layer. The buffer layer is formed on the silicon-based substrate, the super lattice structure layer is formed on the buffer layer, the nano-structure layer is formed on the super lattice structure layer, a first semiconductor layer is formed on the nano-structure layer, and the light emitting layer is formed between the first semiconductor layer and the second semiconductor layer. The super lattice layer and the nano-structure can release the stress within the light emitting diode device, and reduce the epitaxy defect, so that the internal quantum effect and the external quantum effect can be increased.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a light emitting diode device, particularly to a light emitting diode device having a nano-structure layer and a super lattice structure layer formed on a silicon-based substrate.
2. Description of the Prior Art
The application of light emitting diode (LED) is much more popularized in various electronic products and industry day by day. Due to the required energy cost of the light emitting diode is far below the conventional incandescent lamp or fluorescent lamp, and the size of single light emitting diode is much compact than the conventional illuminator, so that the demand of the light emitting diode is also increased day by day under the trend of light, thin, short and small electronic product.
The light emitting diode is the light emitting device which is able to convert the electric energy into the light energy directly. Because it is not necessary to convert the electric energy by using the mechanism of the hot carrier-induced emission, the light emitting diode is also called the cold light emitting device. Except there is high light emitting efficiency, the light emitting diode is also a small solid state illuminator, which can be used to make the semiconductor chip with p-n junction structure. After the voltage is applied to both ends of this p-n junction, the electrons and holes will flow towards this p-n junction immediately, and bond together to release the photons.
As for the luminance of the light emitting diode, it is generally acknowledged that the efficiency of current light emitting diode is about a half of that of cold cathode fluorescent lamp, even its light emitting effect is about the same as that of cold cathode fluorescent lamp. The light emitting efficiency of the light emitting diode mainly relates to two factors: the first one is the light emitting efficiency of the semiconductor, and the second one is the light release rate of encapsulated semiconductor chip. The main development direction for the light emitting efficiency of the semiconductor chip comprises: the research and development of the electroluminescence material, and the research on enhancing the crystallinity of the semiconductor chip, in order to increase the quantum effect inside the semiconductor chip.

Light emitting diode device having super lattice structure and a nano-structure layer


An improved process for the production of cellulose ester fibrets wherein a thickened slurry of the fibrets in a liquid mixture of a solvent for the fibrets and a fibret non-solvent is contacted with saturated steam in the separation of the solvent from the fibrets.

Short fibrillar cellulose ester material (termed fibrets) are employed in a variety of applications such as in the manufacture of tobacco smoke filters and as a replacement for clay and titanium dioxide in paper opacification. Fibrets can be produced using an unstable wet spinning process in which the fibrets are precipitated out of an organic solution of the polymer and formed, in a non-solvent, under controlled conditions. The formed fibrets are in a mixture of the organic solvent and non-solvent. The mixture can then be screened or filtered to increase the fibret concentration and the fibret concentrate thereafter heated to evaporate the organic solvent.
Conventionally, the heating step is conducted indirectly in a steam-jacketed vessel. This method of separating the organic solvent is unsatisfactory because of the formation of large clots of fused fibrets, referred to as "chips", on the heated vessel walls. These chips plug up piping and equipment.
The formation of chips can be eliminated by replacing the indirect heating step with the introduction of live superheated steam into the mixture. The resultant fibrets are chip-free but contain agglomerations of fused fibrets having diameters of less than 1 mm, referred to as "pills".

Process for the production of cellulose ester fibrets


Provided are a composition for printing for use in a printing method which uses a silicon-based blanket, including: 1) a binder resin, 2) a low boiling point solvent having a boiling point of less than 100° C., 3) a medium boiling point solvent having a boiling point of 100° C. or more and less than 180° C., and 4) a high boiling point solvent having a boiling point of 180° C. or more, wherein the medium boiling point solvent and the high-boiling solvent have a difference in solubility parameter with the binder resin of 3 (cal·cm)1/2 or less, a difference in solubility parameter with the silicon-based blanket of 4 (cal·cm)1/2 or more, and a swelling parameter for the silicon-based blanket of 2 or less, and a printing method using the same.

Recently, as the performance of electronic devices such as touch screens, displays, semiconductors, and the like has been diversified and highly developed, it is necessary to use materials having various functions to form a pattern, and the need for further finely forming the line width and line spacing of the pattern is increasing.
For example, conductive patterns for forming electrodes in various electronic devices, resist patterns for forming a black matrix of a color filter or a conductive pattern, and the like have been used in many cases, and as electronic devices are miniaturized and their performance is highly developed, it is necessary to form these patterns further finely.
Methods for forming a pattern are diversified according to the use, and representative examples thereof include a photolithography method, a screen printing method, an inkjet method, and the like.
The photolithography method is a method which may form a photosensitive layer with a photosensitive material and selectively expose and develop the photosensitive layer for patterning to form a pattern.
However, the photolithography method causes an increase in process costs due to costs of photosensitive materials, which are not included in a final product and are developed and removed, and an etchant and disposal costs of the photosensitive materials and the etchant. Further, there is a problem of environmental pollution caused by disposal of the materials. In addition, the method has many processes and is complicated, and thus much time and costs are required.
The screen printing method is carried out by using ink based on conductive particles having a size ranging from several hundred nanometers to several ten micrometers for screen printing and then performing sintering.
The screen printing method and the inkjet method have limitations in implementing a fine pattern having a size of several ten micrometers.

Composition for printing and printing method using the same


A parts distribution system and process uses a computer network, particularly the Internet, to efficiently distribute spare parts in a cost-effective manner. The system includes a plurality of buyer computers for operation by a system participant desiring to obtain one or more parts, a plurality of seller computers for operation by a system participant desiring to sell one or more parts, and at least one server computer. The buyer computers, seller computers and server computer are interconnected as a computer network. In operation, the seller computers are used to input part related data to the server computer, and the server computer uses the data to maintain a database of all available parts. The buyer computers are used to transmit part requests to the server computer, and the server computer selecting one or more parts from the database in response to the requests.

This invention relates generally to the distribution of spare parts and more particularly to a system and method of using a computer network such as the Internet to facilitate spare part distribution.
In many equipment-based industries, it is common to use service technicians to support and maintain the equipment. Such support and maintenance often requires a large number of spare parts. However, one problem with servicing such equipment has been obtaining the necessary spare parts in an efficient and cost-effective manner.
An exemplary industry where this problem occurs is commercial aviation. Aircraft are routinely subject to various maintenance operations as part of their normal operation. Aircraft engines in particular have many components that periodically need to be replaced, on a scheduled or unscheduled basis. As is the case for many types of equipment, spare parts for aircraft engines are available from a wide variety of sources. For example, newly manufactured parts can be obtained from vendors or original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) that produce the parts. Used parts can be obtained from overhaul and repair shops or engine operators such as airlines. In addition, site excess (i.e., unused parts previously obtained by a repair site or engine operator but no longer needed by that entity) and site rotables (i.e., used or unused parts kept on hand by service shops to be used in place of a customer's parts while those parts are being repaired) are often available.
While such numerous and diverse options for obtaining spare parts are available, the various sources form an unorganized network of prospective sellers that are generally independent from one another. Thus, a prospective buyer is faced with a daunting task when trying to obtain acceptable parts at the lowest price available. Currently, when an operation such as an engine service shop or an engine operator has a need for spare parts, the prospective buyer must search the unorganized network of prospective sellers on a source-by-source basis by contacting individual sources and inquiring whether they have the desired parts available and, if so, at what pricing. Given the large number of sources available, it is generally not practical to obtain a quote from every possible source. Many operations require that some minimum number of quotes (such as three) be obtained prior to issuing a purchase order to provide some comfort level that a reasonable price will be obtained. However, this is a subjective approach in that it relies heavily on guesswork as to which sources should be contacted. Furthermore, even when limiting the number of quotes required to be obtained, this approach can be a time consuming and inefficient process that does not guarantee the lowest pricing.
Accordingly, there is a need for an easy and effective spare parts distribution system and process that enables prospective buyers to obtained desired parts at the best price possible or in accordance with other preferences.

Virtual warehouse parts distribution system and process


A monitor having a monitor body to form a picture thereon and a base member to support the monitor body includes a tilting unit provided between the monitor body and the base member to tiltably support the monitor body with respect to the base member, a pivoting unit provided between the monitor body and the tilting unit to pivotably support the monitor body with respect to the base member, and a slide supporting part provided between the pivoting unit and the tilting unit to slidably support the pivoting unit with respect to the tilting unit when the monitor body is pivoted with respect to the base member. Thus, the monitor can prevent a collision between the monitor body and the base member when the monitor body is pivoted with respect to the base member.

1. Field of the Invention
The present general inventive concept relates to a monitor, and more particularly, to a monitor in which a collision between a monitor body and a base member can be prevented.
2. Description of the Related Art
Generally a monitor comprises a monitor body forming a picture thereon and a base member seated on an installation face, such as a table, to support the monitor body. Here, the monitor collectively refers to all devices capable of forming pictures thereon, such as a TV, a monitor for a computer, and the like, which mainly employ a thin plate shaped (display) panel, such as an LCD (liquid crystal display) or a PDP (plasma display panel).
A conventional monitor disclosed in Korean Patent First Publication No. 2004-4000 comprises a monitor body forming a picture thereon, a stand supporting the monitor body, a tilting hinge provided between the monitor body and the stand to tiltably support the monitor body with respect to the stand, a pivoting hinge provided between the monitor body and the stand to pivotably support the monitor body with respect to the stand, and a hinge assembly provided between the monitor body and the stand and having a swiveling hinge so that the stand swivelably supports the monitor body.
With this configuration, the monitor body is tiltable, pivotable and swivelable relative to the stand, and a single assembly having tilting, pivoting and swiveling operations can be manufactured.
However, the conventional monitor has caused corners of the monitor body to collide with the stand when a user pivots the monitor body with respect to the stand, thereby damaging the monitor body and the stand. To prevent the damage, the monitor body has to be tilted to a predetermined angle backward with respect to the stand and the monitor body has to be pivoted after being tilted away from the stand.

Height adjustable and pivotable monitor assembly


Methods and compositions are provided and include the construction of a simple solid phantom and a measurement approach for the quantification of excitation light leakage and measurement sensitivity of fluorescence imaging devices.

There are presently few technologies with the ability to non-invasively image the lymphatic system in vivo and in real time, and there is a paucity of imaging technologies with the sensitivity and temporal resolution to discriminate lymphatic function. Because lymph provides little endogenous contrast, lymphatic architecture and function cannot be probed directly with ultrasound, MR or CT techniques and the 2105-09701 lymphatic vasculature is not readily accessible for administration of the milliliters of contrast agent needed for MR or CT angiography, making aberrant lymph architecture difficult to routinely assess. Currently, lymphoscintigraphy which will visualize the structures involved but long integration times associated with gamma cameras prevent imaging of lymphatic function and the image resolution limits visualization of fine lymphatic vasculature. The ability to image lymphatic function non-invasively in animals and humans using near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence has been described for the purposes of detecting early signs of lymphedema following cancer treatment and evaluating the lymphatic response to lymphedema therapy (see for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,865,754; 7,054,002; 7,328,059; US Patent Application Publication Nos: 2007/0286468; 2008/0056999; 2008/0064954; 2008/0175790 and 2011/007140). Non-invasive imaging of active lymph drainage, following intradermal administration of microgram amounts of indocyanine green (ICG), a green dye used for hepatic clearance and ophthalmological indications, has been done by using its NIR fluorescence properties for optical imaging. Another application for these imaging devices resides for intraoperative detection of disease markers that could demark tumor margins or cancerous tissues that would not otherwise be detected. The ability to use a phantom to determine whether the device and the molecularly targeted fluorescent imaging agent can together provide adequate signals for optimal performance requires validation with a stable phantom.
In yet another application, far red gene reporters are being used to demark diseased tissues in preclinical animal models in drug discovery programs. A phantom to underscore the performance and robustness of the imaging results so as to draw robust research conclusions is needed. That is to say a phantom that can provide a reflectance standard.
Consequently, there is continuing interest in fluorescence based non-invasive imaging methods such as NIR, far-red fluorescence and imaging agents for dynamically assessing lymph function in vivo to facilitate, direct and evaluate therapies for the treatment of lymphatic disorders and image guided therapies. However there has been little work to assess the performance of either time-dependent or time-independent measurement systems designed to collect fluorescence emanating from intact biological tissues. In addition, there are no metrics for assessing the sensitivity of such fluorescence imaging systems currently deployed in clinical studies. Because of the rapid evolution of fluorescence devices such as NIR, for use in humans, there are no metrics for assessing the sensitivity of these fluorescence imaging systems and a clear and unmet need to characterize devices, evaluate measurement sensitivity, especially when translating into humans with different imaging devices.

Methods and compositions for validation of fluorescence imaging and tomography devices

Board of Regents of The University of Texas System


In order to make it possible to improve throughput of AFM scratch processing, enable correction of small defects in clear defect correction with a high degree of precision, and enable correction in a shorter period of time in the event of overcutting by AFM scratch processing, throughput of AFM scratch processing is increased by maximizing high-resolution of the electron beam device and minimizing the time taken in observations using a device incorporating both an electro-optical system and an AFM head in a vacuum, correcting small clear defects with high precision by eliminating portions left over from AFM scratch processing after applying a clear defect correction film using an electron beam while providing light-blocking film raw material, and correction in a short time is made possible by eliminating portions remaining using AFM scratch processing after applying a clear defect correction film using an electron beam while providing light-blocking film raw material also in cases of overcutting in AFM scratch processing.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a photomask defect correction method employing a combined device of a focused electron beam device and an atomic force microscope.
2. Description of the Related Art
As fine detailing of patterns becomes smaller, photomask defects of an original plate of a pattern transfer for a wafer to be corrected also become small, and high-precision correction can also be obtained. Further, optical proximity correction (OPC) patterns that are even smaller patterns for correcting optical proximity results so as to increase resolving power have also been introduced which means that it is also necessary to correct defects of OPC patterns that are smaller than these patterns. In addition to defect correction devices employing lasers and focused electron beams of the related art, it is also possible to carry out scratch processing of physically eliminating opaque defects using a diamond tip that makes full use of the high resolving power and superior positional control of an atomic force microscope (for example, "Y. Morikawa, H. Kokubo, M. Nishiguchi, N. Hayashi, R. White, R. Bozak, and L. Terrill, Proc. of SPIE 5130 520-527(2003)).
With AFM scratch processing devices of the related art, low magnifications are observed using an optical microscope and high magnifications are observed using an AFM. There is still a disparity of 10 to 20 μm even if the mask alignment is carried out and the defect scanning device and defect coordinates are linked. It is therefore not possible to know the positions and shapes of defects even when an optical microscope is at maximum magnification because the defects are too small. Image acquisition therefore has to be carried out using an AFM image, which is time-consuming. It is also difficult to search for defects with a field of vision of 40 μm even with an AFM image. Observations are therefore carried out with a field of vision of 10 to 20 μm at positions where defects seem likely to exist and if defects are not found, the observations take place while changing the location, with scratch processing then being carried out upon finding defects. Finding the positions of the defects is therefore more time-consuming than the processing.
The diamond tip is worn after being used in processing and therefore has to be changed. When the tip is changed, it is necessary to always use a dedicated pattern in order to line up the center of the field of vision of the optical microscope and the center of the AFM field of vision. In addition, as described above, the center of the field of vision is offset by approximately 5 μm with respect to the center of the field of vision of the AFM because the magnification rate of the optical microscope is low even in the case of alignment of the centers of the fields of vision. Therefore, even if the centers of the fields of vision are lined up so that observation with a field of vision of 10 μm takes place once, observation then takes place again with a field of vision in the order of 2 μm from the defect being at the center. The load in this field of vision is then increased, and scratch processing is carried out.
Further, with AFM scratch processing, correction is carried out so that a surface eliminated using a special-shaped probe having a vertical cross-section for eliminating opaque defects connected to the pattern becomes vertical. It is therefore necessary to rotate the mask in the direction of the defect. Because of this, it is therefore necessary to carry out mask alignment so as to re-link the defect scanning device and defect coordinates so as to obtain an image and then perform a time-consuming search for defects using an AFM image, which is still more time-consuming.
In addition to opaque defects that are surplus to a pattern in a photomask, there also exist clear defects that are pattern deficiencies, and in theory, it is not possible for the AFM scratch processing device to correct clear defects. In this event, correction takes place using an FIB-CVD film or electron beam CVD film by employing a focused ion beam device (FIB) or electron beam device. However, various problems occur such as thin films of 0.1 μm or less not becoming attached, sagging occurring in the shapes of the films so that transmittance is lowered by a hollow component, and charging up occurring in order to correct a photomask constituted by an insulator so as to cause positional precision to fall. High-precision correction for defects of a level small enough to enable correction using an AFM scratch processor to clear defect correction are then obtained.
In addition to this, at the time of correction using an AFM scratch processing device, in the event that opaque defects are overcut, it is not possible to achieve anything by just using an AFM scratch processing device that can only perform elimination processing. In this case, correction of overcut portions takes place using a clear defect correction function of an FIB or electron beam device but high-precision correction of defects of a level small enough to enable correction using an AFM scratch processor was not possible. Further, in the related art, separate devices exist, AFM scratch processing devices operating in the atmosphere and FIB and electronic beam devices requiring a vacuum. Because of this, when both AFM scratch processing devices and FIB and electronic beam devices requiring a vacuum are employed, it is necessary to transfer a sample between each device. Only defect positions are required by respective devices where samples are transferred. In cases where it is necessary to alternately use AFM scratch processing devices and FIB and electron beam devices a plurality of times, the number of times it is necessary to output positions of defects using time-consuming AFM scratch processing increases, which causes operation time to increase substantially. Further, at the time of use of the FIB and electron beam device, time is required every time vacuuming takes place and to await the release of the atmosphere, re-alignment of the mask is necessary every time a mask is replaced, which is an extremely time-consuming operation.
In order to resolve the aforementioned problems, the present invention is advantageous in increasing throughput of AFM scratch processing, and enabling small clear defects to be corrected with a high degree of precision in clear defect correction. Further, in the event of over-removal in AFM scratch processing, correction is possible over a short time.

Photomask defect correction method employing a combined device of a focused electron beam device and an atomic force microscope


Provided herein are method, apparatus, and computer program products for generating a first and second three dimensional interactive environment. The first three dimensional interactive environment may contain one or more engageable virtual interfaces that correspond to one or more items. Upon engagement with a virtual interface the second three dimensional interactive environment is produced to virtual simulation related to the one or more items.

Virtual reality systems provide a computer simulated replication of a physical environment. Applicant has identified a number of deficiencies and problems associated with conventional virtual reality systems. Through applied effort, ingenuity, and innovation, many of these identified problems have been solved by developing solutions that are included in embodiments of the present invention, which are described in detail herein.


An integrated nonvolatile memory control subsystem and method are disclosed. The integrated nonvolatile memory control subsystem includes a nonvolatile buffer cache, a nonvolatile journal area, nonvolatile storage, and an integrated memory control unit. The integrated memory control unit performs a read operation, a write operation, a commit operation and a checkpoint operation on the cache blocks of the nonvolatile buffer cache and the journal blocks of the nonvolatile journal area. The integrated memory control unit sets each of data blocks of the nonvolatile storage as one among valid state, erasable state and invalid state, depending on being cached or not, being journaled or not, and being a clean cache or not, so as to maintain an authentic original up-to-date consistent data within any one of the nonvolatile buffer cache, the nonvolatile journal area and the nonvolatile storage.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to a storage data management technique and, more particularly, to, a technique for managing data in storage implemented with nonvolatile memory devices.
2. Description of the Related Art
Recently, as technology for nonvolatile memory (NVRAM), such as phase change memory (PCM) and spin torque transfer magnetic RAM (STT-MRAM) have been rapidly developed, it is expected that NVRAM will be used as main memory, replacing dynamic RAM (DRAM) in the near future. In some cases, NVRAM may exhibit better characteristics than DRAM in various aspects, such as performance, the level of integration, power consumption, etc.
The advent of nonvolatile main memory is expected to significantly affect the conventional hierarchy storage management mechanisms equipped with volatile main memory. Furthermore, it is expected that a system with a main memory, a buffer cache and a storage implemented with nonvolatile memory will be introduced in the near future.
Since a buffer cache in a conventional system is provided by RAM, which is a volatile medium, the buffer cache is used to temporarily store data for instant access to the data. In contrast, if a buffer cache is implemented with a nonvolatile medium, the buffer cache, though being conventionally a temporary storage, can semi-permanently store data, like a mass storage, which is a semi-permanent data storage.
Meanwhile, a flash memory incessantly performs write operations by itself, for example without data updates, due to supplementary management tasks, such as garbage collection (GC), unique to a nonvolatile storage device, while a hard disk drive may store data, once having been written, at the same location semi-permanently unless an exceptional situation.
In a nonvolatile mass storage device in which a write operation is relatively slow, its performance and lifespan are reduced because of overhead, such as a management task, and thus it requires high cost to maintain data.
Accordingly, in this context, there is a need for a storage management technique capable of managing a buffer cache and a mass storage in an integrated manner and increasing their performance and lifespan in an environment where nonvolatile storage media are used as the buffer cache and the mass storage.
Meanwhile, a conventional method for dealing with a system failure of a file system is a method for conducting an integrity check of a file system in the case of, for example, Linux, using a predetermined utility, such as fsck, upon booting, during which the file system is examined, and if an error is found, the error is automatically fixed by the utility, or the system will be reboot in recovery mode so that a user can manually recover the system.
Depending on the version of an OS, a utility, such as fsck, may be always run upon mounting, in order to check the consistency of the metadata of a file system. Accordingly, in the case of the conventional method, a file system must be always inspected because it is unlikely to know when problems will occur in the file system, and further the massive file system must be sequentially investigated because it is unlikely to know where problems will be found.
A journaling technique, having been proposed to overcome the above disadvantages, is a technique that records changes in a journal before recording them in a file system and manages metadata about the changes as a log. The journaling technique can recover a file system with high reliability and speed in case of an abnormal termination of the file system, and improves disk performance utilizing a relatively faster journal, instead of a slower disk, during normal operations.
The metadata of a file system is secondary data for structure management that is used to manage data stored in a disk in a structural manner. The metadata of a file system is created for creating or deleting a file, making or erasing a directory, increasing or decreasing the size of a file, or the like. In other words, the metadata of a file system is information about changes to be reflected in the file system.
A file system employing a journaling technique is referred to as a journaling file system. Journaling file systems are commonly designed to record changes or both of changes and their metadata in a dedicated journal area and to record up-to-date changes upon the location of an authentic original version in storage at a predetermined point in time, which is referred to as a checkpoint operation.
For a write operation in the journal area, the file system manages a series of updates, which must be consistently reflected on a transaction basis, and performs a commit operation for guaranteeing that all data belonging to a transaction are to be successfully recorded in the journal area, normally in a cycle of a few minutes.
Journaling file systems have been developed to have somewhat different detailed policies depending on their developers. For example, depending on the policies, changes may be stored at the location of an authentic original version in storage and then their metadata may be recorded in a journal area, or both of metadata and changes may be recorded in a journal and then the changes may be again recorded at the location of an authentic original version in storage. Furthermore, depending on the policies, a journal may be checkpointed when the remaining space turns out to be insufficient, or a journal may be checkpointed when a predetermined time comes.
The journal area of a journaling file system may be implemented as a partial space of nonvolatile storage because the stored journal must be maintained when and after a system failure occurs.
While a system having no journaling feature transfers updated data from main memory to a storage device to be recorded at the very moment when replacement must be performed because of insufficient space in a cache, a system with journaling feature frequently generates a commit operation in a cycle of a few minutes even in order to reduce the vulnerability of a system, causing considerable storage traffic. As a result, a significant reduction in performance may occur in a hard disk and a cloud storage demanding expensive access cost, and also considerable reductions in performance and durability may occur in a flash memory based environment in which limited numbers of write operations at low speed are allowed.
Although there is a consensus that cloud storage systems, recently attracting attention, may require journaling file systems, a journaling file system is not easily applied to cloud storage systems because the network access cost increases due to journaling.
Meanwhile, although the above problem seems to be easily overcome by just constructing a nonvolatile buffer cache and a nonvolatile memory capable of random access in read and write operations, such as PCM or STT-MRAM, as main memory, this is not true in practice.
In journaling file systems, reliability can be achieved not only by maintaining data when power turns off, but also by guaranteeing the consistency of data during power failure followed by reconnecting to power and rebooting.
For example, a change to data in a buffer cache and a change to corresponding metadata must happen concurrently. If a system crashes just after data has been updated in a nonvolatile buffer cache, the metadata is not consistent with up-to-date changed data even when the up-to-date changed data remains in the nonvolatile buffer cache after rebooting has been performed. Accordingly, if the changed data is reflected at the location of an authentic original version in storage, the consistency of a file system is corrupted.

Device and method for integrated data management for nonvolatile buffer cache and nonvolatile storage

EWHA UNIVERSITY-INDUSTRY COLLABORATION FOUNDATION


A method for generating an optical frequency comb with a defined number of frequency comb lines with an adjustable spacing therebetween includes generating an input frequency comb comprising a multiplicity of input frequency comb lines with a light source. Individual frequency comb lines having an identical frequency spacing are filtered out of the multiplicity of input frequency comb lines so as to obtain filtered frequency comb lines. A first modulating of the filtered frequency comb lines is performed at a first modulation frequency so as to generate first sideband lines. The first sideband lines are generated by the first modulating so that the filtered frequency comb lines and the first sideband lines have an identical frequency spacing.

Theodor W. Hänsch and John L. Hall were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2005 for precision spectroscopy on the basis of highly precise optical frequency combs. Using such frequency combs, it is possible not only to measure fundamental constants with a high accuracy, but it is also possible to determine the difference between matter and antimatter. Such frequency combs are moreover very important in technical applications. By way of example, data transmission in optical fibers by means of "wavelength division multiplexing" (WDM) is based upon a frequency comb. Many other technical applications, such as radio-over-fiber systems, microwave photonics, and quasi-light-storage, also require precise, tunable frequency combs.
The following applies to such frequency combs: if all frequencies of the frequency comb have a fixed phase relation to one another, the time representation of the comb is a pulse train. If, moreover, all frequencies have the same amplitude and the same or a linearly displaced phase and if simultaneously unwanted frequency components are strongly damped, the time representation of this quasi-rectangular frequency comb is a cardinal sine (sinc) pulse train, where the following applies: sinc(x)=sin(x)/x. The sinc function is the Fourier transform of the rectangular function.
Sinc pulses are of particular importance in order to be able to increase the bit rates in future communication networks because sinc pulses enable information transmission with a maximum symbol rate. Whereas pure sinc pulses are non-causal and therefore not realizable, it is possible, by contrast, to realize a sinc pulse train by means of a frequency comb. For communication purposes, this pulse train has the same advantages as the individual pulses. Since the pulses of the sinc pulse train satisfy the Nyquist ISI criterion, these are also referred to as Nyquist pulses.
"Optical sinc-shaped Nyquist pulses of exceptional quality" by Marcelo A. Soto, Mehdi Alem, Mohammad Amin Shoaie, Armand Vedadi, Camille-Sophie Brés, Luc Thévenaz and Thomas Schneider describes a possibility for producing Nyquist pulse trains. A frequency comb with nine lines is generated in one embodiment by means of a laser by virtue of the individual line taken from the laser being provided with two side-lines by modulation, wherein these three lines are in turn respectively equipped with two side-lines by a second modulation cascade. All lines generated thus have the same spacing. In order to generate the necessary approximately equal phase between the lines, however, the phase difference between the modulated radiofrequency signals must be set precisely to compensate for propagation time differences. The bandwidth is also restricted to a relatively small bandwidth of approximately 160 GHz as a result of the modulators.
It is now known that mode-locked lasers generate a frequency comb. Such a frequency comb does not, however, have a rectangular form and the spacing between the individual frequency lines is fixedly predetermined by the repetition rate of the laser. This makes these frequency combs unsuitable for many applications. Another option consists of coupling phase modulators to one another, or to intensity modulators, and to thereby generate a frequency comb. Phase modulators cannot, however, be used to generate rectangular frequency combs. The maximum bandwidth obtainable by these frequency combs is also restricted by the bandwidth of the employed modulators.
It was until now only possible to generate approximately ideal sinc pulses with a maximum bandwidth of approximately 160 GHz (see above), corresponding to a temporal full width at half maximum (FWHM) duration of the pulses of approximately 6 ps. The maximum number of the lines of a frequency comb is also restricted, with the number of lines defining the repetition rate of the sinc pulses. However, for specific applications, such as, for example, for generating arbitrary pulse shapes, a number of lines which is as high as possible and a short duration of the pulses is desired.

Generation of frequency combs and sinc-shaped nyquist pulse trains with a large bandwidth and tunable repetition rate


This invention is a method of scalable video encoding and decoding. The scalable video encoding codes both a base layer and an enhanced layer having greater resolution and/or refresh rate. Upon decoding some enhanced layer pictures may be dropped to reach a best resolution and refresh rate within a target data rate. Upon encoding a key picture in at least one group of pictures forming the video is a combined base layer/enhanced layer key picture. Such a combined base layer/enhanced layer key picture cannot be dropped on decoding. This technique reduces drift in the decoder.

Scalable Video Coding (SVC) is the name given to the extension Annex G of the H.264/MPEG4 AVC video compression standard. SVC is a technique that enables a video stream to be broken into multiple resolutions, quality levels and frame rates. In one embodiment, scalability refers to removal of parts of the video stream in order to adapt to various needs or preferences of end users as well as to varying terminal capabilities or network conditions. Applications of scalability include but are not limited to Internet Video, Video Telephony and wireless communication where bandwidth availability cannot be guaranteed. In video streaming application, a server usually serves a large number of users with different screen resolutions and network bandwidth. When the users screen is too small or the bandwidth between some users and the server is too narrow to support higher resolution sequences, spatial scalability coding provides different resolutions. This is turn helps the server accommodate different users with different bit rate or screen resolution capabilities.

Drift reduction for quality scalable video coding


Disclosed are immersion lithography methods involving irradiating a first photoresist through a lens and an immersion liquid, the immersion liquid contacting the lens and the first photoresist in a first apparatus; contacting the lens with a supercritical fluid in a second apparatus; and irradiating a second photoresist through the lens and an immersion liquid, the immersion liquid contacting the lens and the second photoresist in the first apparatus.

Conventional photolithography involves projecting actinic radiation onto a photoresist clad wafer. The physical limit to the numerical aperture (NA) for such exposure systems using air as a medium between a lens and the wafer is 1. NA is actually determined by the acceptance angle of the lens and the index of refraction of the medium surrounding the lens. Microscopy has for some time employed oil for resolution enhancement.
Immersion technology offers improved resolution enhancement and higher numerical apertures over conventional projection lithography. In immersion lithography, the space between the projection lens and the wafer in a tool is filled with a liquid. That is, immersion lithography uses a thin layer of liquid to further focus resolution. However, immersion lithography typically requires large, expensive lenses.
While the immersion is promising, there are a number of concerns associated with implementing immersion lithography that require resolution in order for the technology to gain wide acceptance. For example, there is a tendency for the liquid in immersion lithography to develop annoying micro-bubbles, which rains the benefits offered by the technology. Maintaining a consistent bubble free liquid between the lens and the wafer is very difficult. Polarization of the lens is also a significant concern.
Water is the most common liquid employed in current immersion lithography systems. This is because water has an index of refraction of about 1.47, an absorption of less than about 5% at working distances of up to 6 mm, is compatible with most photoresists and lens, and in an ultrapure form, is non-contaminating. Specifically, the liquid employed for most immersion applications is double deionized, distilled, degassed water. Nevertheless, improvements in immersion lithography are desired.

Using supercritical fluids to clean lenses and monitor defects