This relates to a bicycle saddle of the type that presents two identical portions (1, 1′) longitudinally symmetrical. Thanks to its special conformation, said saddle permits the cyclist to avoid the occurrence of pathologies normally caused by the use of a racing saddle of commonly known types, eliminating the crushing of the vascular structure of the perineum, as well as the testicles of male cyclists and the clitoris of female cyclists. The special geometry permits a pedaling action without causing friction of the thigh muscles, in particular the delicate and adducent muscles.

The present invention relates to a bicycle saddle. In particular, the saddle according to the invention is the result of an improvement of the saddle described in my earlier U.S. Pat. No. 7,537,281, granted May 26, 2009.
In order to understand the characteristics of the bicycle saddle according to the invention, and the structural ergonomic difference that distinguishes it from all other bicycle saddles available on the market today, the innovation should be presented in a context of medical science, which in the world of professional athletes, constitutes an important work instrument necessary to obtain better performance.
In order to demonstrate specifically what problems bicycle saddles currently available on the market can provoke for cyclists who use bicycles for long or short road distances, scientific research has been carried out in the field of Urology.
Many urologists in certain universities in both the United States and in Europe carried out research studies between 1986 and 2002, on the effect of the temporary, and in many cases, even the permanent lack of sensitivity in the penis, that occurs as a result of the vascular compression of the perineal structures when the cyclist is seated on the bicycle saddles that are still on the market; the data obtained from this research have been used by urologists who have deducted that the long narrow tip of the saddle is the aspect which causes the aforesaid health problems.
For a correct definition, we will provide summary of two scientific research surveys conducted by the most famous urologists. The first, the American urologist Irwin Goldstein, who in the research survey he conducted in 1996, already suggested that there existed a danger of impotence for men who rode bicycles. Goldstein sustained that the problem lay in the saddle; this because of the form of the saddle with the narrow hard tip which caused a pressing of the perineum (Article published in the magazine Panorama dated 29 Nov. 2001) and scientific study conducted with Nehra A., Goldstein I., Pabby A., Nugent M., Huang Y H., de las Morenas A., Krane R J., Udelson D., Saenz de Tejada I., Moreland R B. Mechanism of venous leakage: a prospective clinicopathological correlation of corporeal function and structure. J. Urol. 1996 October; 156(4)1320-9).
The second urologist, Ulrich Schwarzer of THE DEPARTMENT OF UROLOGY, UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTRE OF COLOGNE, 50924 GERMANY, conducted with Frank Sommer, Theodor Klotz, Claus Cremer, Udo Englemann, first in 1999, then again in 2002.
The conclusions of this study states the following:
It was possible to demonstrate that the most important factor for protecting the blood flow of the penis, does not depend on the amount of padding, but on the length of the saddle, which can prevent the compression of the structures of the pelvic floor, and the compression of the deep artery and vein of the penis on the pubic arch.
Below is a list of various documents concerning state of the art in relation to the present finding including brief comments:                U.S. Pat. No. 6,139,089—saddle that is ergonomically unsuitable for use on bicycles for touring or bike racing.        U.S. Pat. No. 5,387,025—saddle which house only the muscles of hip and which prevents hip articulation during pedal action; moreover since the ischial-pubic rami do not find a support, the whole weight of the human body trunk is supported by the hands on the handlebars.        Patent No. DE 298 23 624 U1—the saddle presents the flat and very wide rear portion, and when the cyclist is seated, the coccyx touches the surface of the saddle and the articulation of the hip is prevented even further; the two front parts are long and narrow and interfere with the cremasteric fascia surrounding the spermatic cord provoking pain in the testicles.        KAISERLICHES PATENTSHRIFT no. 84678—the saddle presents two very wide flat rear parts; when the cyclist is seated the coccyx touches the surface and the articulation of the hip is limited during the pedalling action; while the two front tips are long and narrow and interfere with the cremasteric fascia surrounding the spermatic cord provoking pain in the testicles; the front centre line channel is too short to avoid the compression of the pelvic floor structures, thus limiting the blood flow of the penis.        KAISERLICHES PATENTSHRIFT no. 82605—the saddle presents very wide flat rear parts; when the cyclist is seated the coccyx touches the surface of the saddle and the articulation of the hip is limited during the pedalling action; while the front tips are long and narrow and interfere with the cremasteric fascia surrounding the spermatic cord provoking pain in the testicles;        U.S. Pat. No. 5,873,626—from the drawing it is obvious that this refers to a small saddle, where the external parts of the hip muscles are housed and the articulation is limited by the shape of the front tips which are directed upwards.        U.S. Pat. No. 1,858,477—this is a motorcycle saddle with a very wide perimeter, which if used on a bicycle, will limit pedalling action considerably.        U.S. Pat. No. 605,673—saddle with a long narrow tip, and during use, this causes the compression of the pudenda arteries, of the prostate, the body, the deep dorsal artery and vein of the penis and testicles, thus compromising the blood flow of the penis.        U.S. Pat. No. 6,224,151 B1,—saddle with the flat rear surface part, so that when the cyclist is seated, the coccyx touches the saddle surface; the tip is long and narrow with a centre channel 24, ergonomically very narrow, and during bicycle use, this causes the compression of the pudenda arteries, of the prostate, the deep dorsal artery and vein of the penis and testicles, thus compromising the blood flow of the penis. The tip 16 has a rounded shape in appearance.        EUROPEAN Patent No. EP 1 281 607 A1.—the saddle has the long narrow tip, and during bicycle use, this causes the compression of the pudenda arteries, of the prostate, the deep dorsal artery and vein of the penis and testicles, thus compromising the blood flow of the penis.        INTERNATIONAL Patent PUBLICATION no. WO 03/039942A1—the saddle has the long narrow tip, and during bicycle use, this causes the compression of the pudenda arteries, of the prostate, the deep dorsal artery ad vein of the penis and testicles, thus compromising the blood flow of the penis.        U.S. Pat. No. 5,921,624—the saddle has the long narrow tip, and during bicycle use, this causes the compression of the pudenda arteries, of the prostate, the deep dorsal artery and vein of the penis and testicles, thus compromising the blood flow of the penis.        U.S. Pat. No. 6,030,035—the saddle has a flat rear surface and when the cyclist is seated, the coccyx touches the saddle surface, the tip is long and narrow, and during bicycle use, this causes the compression of the pudenda arteries, of the prostate, the deep dorsal artery and vein of the penis and testicles, thus compromising the blood flow of the penis.        U.S. Pat. No. 5,011,222—saddle has the rear part 15, 14, 15 with a convex shape in an upward direction with a flat surface and when the cyclist is seated, the coccyx touches the saddle surface, the tip is long and narrow, and during bicycle use, this causes the compression of the pudenda arteries, of the prostate, the deep dorsal artery and vein of the penis and testicles, thus compromising the blood flow of the penis.        INTERNATIONAL Patent No. 99/14103—saddle has the flat rear surface and when the cyclist is seated, the coccyx touches the surface; the tip is long and narrow with a narrow centre channel and during bicycle use this causes the compression of the pudenda arteries, of the prostate, the deep dorsal artery and vein of the penis and testicles, thus compromising the blood flow of the penis.        U.S. Pat. No. 6,257,662 B1—the saddle has a long narrow tip and during bicycle use, this causes the compression of the pudenda arteries, of the prostate, the deep dorsal artery and vein of the penis and testicles, thus compromising the blood flow of the penis.        U.S. Pat. No. 6,149,230—the saddle has a long narrow tip and during bicycle use, this causes the compression of the pudenda arteries, of the prostate, the deep dorsal artery and vein of the penis and testicles, thus compromising the blood flow of the penis; the terminal rounded part is limited to being simply for the sake of appearance.        SELLE ITALIA No. XP-002284753—the PROLINK ZERO saddles have a long narrow tip and when during their use, this causes the compression of the pudenda arteries, of the prostate, the deep dorsal artery and vein of the penis and testicles, thus compromising the blood flow of the penis; the terminal end shape of the tip which is rounded or slightly convex in a downward direction, is attributed for the sake of appearance and not for ergonomic reasons.        U.S. Pat. No. 6,450,572 B1—saddle has a long and narrow tip with a narrow centre channel and during bicycle use this causes the compression of the pudenda arteries, of the prostate, the deep dorsal artery and vein of the penis and testicles, thus compromising the blood flow of the penis; the terminal part of the tip is rounded in a downward direction, and is for the sake of appearance and not for ergonomic reasons.        U.S. Pat. No. 5,365,205—the saddle has a long and narrow and during bicycle use this causes the compression of the pudenda arteries, of the prostate, the deep dorsal artery and vein of the penis and testicles, thus compromising the blood flow of the penis.        BUNDESREPUBLIK DEUTSCHELAND Patent no. DE 299 07 473 U1 dated, 9 Sep. 1999—the saddle has a flat rear part and when the cyclist is seated, the coccyx touches its surface; the tip is long and narrow and during bicycle use this causes the compression of the pudenda arteries, of the prostate, the deep dorsal artery and vein of the penis and testicles, thus compromising the blood flow of the penis.        U.S. Pat. No. 6,231,122 B1.—the saddle has a long and narrow and during bicycle use this causes the compression of the pudenda arteries, of the prostate, the deep dorsal artery and vein of the penis and testicles, thus compromising the blood flow of the penis.        INTERNATIONAL PUBLICATION No. WO 92/11175—the saddle has a long and narrow and during bicycle use this causes the compression of the pudenda arteries, of the prostate, the deep dorsal artery and vein of the penis and testicles, thus compromising the blood flow of the penis.—US Patent No. US 2001/0045765 A1—the saddle has a long and narrow and during bicycle use this causes the compression of the pudenda arteries, of the prostate, the deep dorsal artery and vein of the penis and testicles, thus compromising the blood flow of the penis; the end shape of the tip slightly convex in a downward direction, is simply attributed for the sake of appearance and not for ergonomic reasons.


According to one embodiment, a computer program product for a system including a processor includes a tangible memory including code that directs the processor to determine an output resolution for an output stream of data, code that directs the processor to determine an output frame rate for the output stream of data, code that directs the processor to determine an output color depth for the output stream of data, code that directs the processor to retrieve a first frame of data, a second frame of data, and a third frame of data from an input stream of data, the input stream of data having an input resolution, an input frame rate, and an input color depth, code that directs the processor to subsample the first frame of data, the second frame of data, and the third frame of data to respectively form a first subsampled frame of data, a second subsampled frame of data, and a third subsampled frame of data, when the output resolution is lower than the input resolution are also included, code that directs the processor to remove the second subsampled frame of data, when the output frame rate is lower than the input frame rate, code that directs the processor to reduce color depth for the first subsampled frame of data and the second subsampled frame of data to respectively form a first reduced frame of data and a second reduced frame of data, when the output color depth is smaller than the input color depth, and code that directs the processor to convert the first reduced frame of data and the second reduced frame of data into the output stream of data.

The present invention relates to products for providing media across a computer network. In particular, the present invention relates to computer program products configured to adapt input streams of video data to meet desired parameters for output streams of video data.
The legend of the Tower of Babel tells us that humans once spoke a common language. However, divine intervention soon foiled human's plans in the building of the tower to the sky. This was done by making humans speak in different languages. As a result, the legend goes, humans did not understand each other, humans misunderstood others' intentions, and ultimately humans moved away from each other. Ever since that day, humans have been benefited and plagued by language and cultural differences.
Translating between different languages has also been an issue considered in popular fiction. In Douglas Adam's well-known Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (1979), the problem of different languages was solved by the introduction of a "Babel fish." Adams described the Babel fish as a "small, yellow and leechlike, and probably the oddest thing in the Universe. It feeds on the brainwave energy received not from its own carrier but from those around it. It absorbs all unconscious mental frequencies from this brainwave energy to nourish itself with. It then excretes into the mind of its carrier a telepathic matrix formed by combining the conscious thought frequencies with nerve signals picked up from the speech centers of the brain which has supplied them. The practical upshot of all this is that if you stick a Babel fish in your ear you can instantly understand anything said to you in any form of language." While this, of course, may not really exist, a commercial translation service has actually been named after the Babel fish.
On the Internet, Altavista.com provides a translation service that translates text in a web page from one selected language to another selected language. The tool is called the "Babel fish." To use this tool, the user enters a web address and then specifies the language direction, e.g. English to French. In response, the Babel fish will translate the text that appears on the page into the new language, all other aspects of the page will remain the same. The quality of the translations may vary with actual usage. For example, translating the phrase "To jump the gun" to French and back into English returns the phrase "To connect the gun." As can be seen, the quality of such services are not quite ideal. Further, such services do not address non-text data such as audio and visual (media) data.
On the web, other types of data than text are also displayed to users. Such data include media such as images, sounds, video, and the like. With such data, instead of being in different languages, the data are stored and transmitted into different formats. Most of the different media formats are incompatible. Currently, there are a multitude of standards or formats for each of them, for example, images may be transmitted in formats including *.jpg, *.gif, *.bmp, *.pcx, and the like; sounds may be transmitted in formats including *.wav, *.mp3, *.aiff, and the like; and video may be transmitted in formats including *.avi, *.mov, *.rm, *.mpg, *.asf, vivo and the like.
To view or hear data in any of the above media formats requires an appropriate viewing (translation) application program. That is, an application program is required to decode the transmitted data and output the data to the computer of the requester. The requesting computer must have preinstalled many different viewer applications. This is so that the computer can receive, decode, and display data stored in the many different media formats.
One drawback to requiring multiple viewers is that this solution is not appropriate for all devices connected to the web. In particular, it is not appropriate for future wireless devices, or the like. Such devices may include cellular telephones, wireless PDAs, network appliances (refrigerators, toasters, ovens, smart houses), wrist watches, wearable computers, and the like. Because many of these devices will have lower amounts of memory and performance compared to desktop computers, these devices will not be able to display a large number of viewers. As a result, these devices will not be able to play many different media formats.
One solution proposed to address this problem has been to standardize upon one particular format. For example, all wireless devices in the future would be able to receive and output data stored in one particular media format, such as MPEG-4 (Motion Pictures Expert Group), or the like.
A drawback to this solution is that in theory, this solution is reasonable, however, in practice, it is not likely to happen. The primary reason is that there are many competing media formats available, and most are backed by separate companies. For example, Windows pushes the *avi media format, Apple pushes the *.mov media format, Real Networks pushes the *.rm format, Vivo Software pushes its own format, and the like. It is doubtful that such companies will agree on a single media format.
Another drawback is that even if there is one standardized media format, different requesting devices will have different performance, resolutions, bandwidth, and the like. For example, a PDA may have the ability to display 80×60 pixel 24-bit color images, however a wrist watch may have the ability to display only 40×30 pixel 8-bit gray scale images, and the like. Because many future wireless network devices or appliances will have different performance, bandwidth, and the like, the source of the media will have to store the data in just as many data files. For example, if there are 100 different telephones with web access, each telephone with its own performance, bandwidth factors, and the like, to support all these telephones the media source will have to store the data in 100 different data files. This is highly inefficient and/or impractical to implement, not to mention impossible for live data.
Typically, media sources, such as web sites, provide only a limited number of media formats and performance characteristics. For example, a typical site may only offer a media clip in the Quicktime format at 320×240 resolution or 160×120 resolution. If a requesting device cannot process Quicktime format, the user is out of luck. As another example, if the requesting device can only play 80×60 resolution Quicktime movies, the media source is wasting its output bandwidth sending the requesting device 160×120 resolution Quicktime movies.
Thus what is needed in the industry are improved systems for providing requesting devices with media in the format and performance appropriate and/or requested for these requesting devices.

Computer program product for transforming streaming video data


A method for verifying a color matching precision includes determining a relationship in a magnitude of a distance X, a distance A, and a distance B, which are respectively distances between an achromatic color point and a new target color gamut point on a boundary of a new target color gamut, a verified target color gamut point on a boundary of a verified target color gamut, and a printer color gamut point on a boundary of a printer color gamut having a same hue. When X is more than A and B is less than A and X, a color matching precision of a new target color gamut point is verified by calculating a color difference between the new target color gamut point and a measured color value of the verified target color gamut point having the same hue as the new target color gamut point.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to a method for verifying color matching precision and a storage medium stored with program for an image forming system.
2. Description of Related Art
In recent years, data received from a customer is often printed by making use of an on-demand printing device such as an electro-photographic printer and an inkjet printer. Under such circumstances, it is requested to verify the color matching precision of the printed material for a target (specification) designated by the customer and submit the verification result as well as the printed material to the customer.
The verification of the color matching precision is performed by printing a chart including multiple color patches and measuring the colors, and calculating a color difference between a measured color value (L*a*b*) and a specification value of the target (L*a*b*).
However, there are various targets designated by the customer, and it takes a time to print the charts corresponding to the targets and measure the color every time the target changes, so that there is a problem in that the color matching precision cannot be verified efficiently.
A conventional technique for efficiently verifying the color matching precision includes a technique described in Unexamined Japanese Patent Publication No. 2004-194354. That is, color reproducibility of an unknown sheet is predicted on the basis of a difference between a measured color value of each patch of the chart printed on a reference sheet and a measured color value of a chart printed on an unknown sheet by subtracting the patch. Therefore, the number of patches for measuring the colors is reduced, and the color matching precision is verified in an easy and efficient manner.

Method for verifying color matching precision, and storage medium stored with program for image forming system


Subject matter disclosed herein relates to memory devices comprising a memory array, a first port to interface with a memory controller directly or indirectly via another memory device, a second port to interface with yet another memory device, and a switch to selectively electrically connect the memory controller to a circuit path leading to the second port or to the memory array, wherein the switch may be responsive to a signal generated by the memory controller.

Field
Subject matter disclosed herein relates to memory architecture or memory operations, such as writing to or reading from memory.
Information
Memory devices may be employed in various electronic devices, such as computers, cell phones, personal digital assistants (PDA's), data loggers, or navigational equipment, just to name a few examples. For example, various types of volatile or nonvolatile memory devices may be employed, such as dynamic random access memory (DRAM), NAND flash memory, NOR flash memory, or phase-change memory (PCM), just to name a few examples.
Arranging multiple memory dies in a package or connecting multiple memory devices in parallel has become a viable approach to increasing memory capacity or perhaps memory system density. Unfortunately, as the number of devices increases, physical or electrical effects may result in undesirable memory system characteristics, such as increased capacitive load, reduced bandwidth, or reduced operating speed, for example.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.


The present invention discloses a level shift circuit which comprises: level shift means for receiving an input of a first operational voltage and generating an output of a second operational voltage; and a current path connecting with a source of the second operational voltage and providing current to the output of the level shift means to speed up output level switching. The circuit preferably further comprises a power consumption control circuit for stopping excess power consumption when the output of the level shift means has substantially accomplished level switching.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a level shift circuit, and in particular to a level shift circuit with faster output level switching, and a method for the same.
2. Description of the Related Art
A level shift circuit is for use to convert a DC voltage level from low to high (such as from 5V to 12V or 23V, etc.), or from high to low (such as from 12V to 5V or 3V, etc.); a level shift circuit is often used in a power control circuit chip. FIG. 1A shows the basic structure of a conventional level shift circuit 10, which comprises two PMOS transistors M1 and M2, and two NMOS transistors M3 and M4. Assuming the function of the circuit is to convert the voltage level from 5V to 23V, the input IN in the shown circuit may thus be an operational voltage of 5V (the first operational voltage), and the voltage supplied from the voltage source VP2 may be 23V (the second operational voltage).
Referring to FIGS. 1A and 1B, the conventional level shift circuit operates as follows. At time T0, the initial state of the circuit, the input IN is at the low level of the first operational voltage (e.g., 0V), while the inverted input INB is at the high level of the first operational voltage (e.g., 5V). Because the inverted input INB is at the high level, the NMOS transistor M4 is ON, whereby the node B is grounded through NMOS transistor M4 and is at the low level of 0V. The voltage level of the node B is exactly the voltage level of the output OUT, which is thus also at the low level of 0V. Because the node B is low, the PMOS transistor M1 is ON, whereby the voltage VP2 reaches the node A through the PMOS transistor M1 so that the node A is at a high level equivalent to VP2 (the high level of the second operational voltage, such as 23V). Because the node A is high, PMOS transistor M2 is OFF; the voltage VP2 does not affect the voltage level at the output OUT.
When it is desired for the circuit to generate a high voltage level output, as shown at time T1 in FIG. 1B, the input IN switches from low to high, whereby the NMOS transistor M3 turns ON so that the node A is grounded through NMOS transistor M3. However, during the transition state, the PMOS transistor M1 is still partially conductive, and therefore the voltage VP2 still affects the node A; the voltage at the node A does not reach low instantly, but rather drops slowly. The PMOS transistor M2 is controlled by the node A and thus gradually turns ON until time T2. At time T2, the PMOS transistor M2 fully turns ON, and from this time on the voltage VP2 completely passes through the PMOS transistor M2 and reaches the node B so that the output OUT is pulled high to a level equivalent to VP2. In the meantime, since the node B is high, the PMOS transistor M1 fully turns OFF to stabilize node A at the low level of 0V.
As seen from the foregoing description and FIG. 1B, in such a conventional level shift circuit, there is a considerable time delay from the time T1 when the input IN switches to high, till the time T2 when the output OUT reaches high. The time delay is even longer if the level gap between the first and the second operational voltages is considerably large, which is of course undesirable.
In view of the foregoing drawback, the present invention proposes a level shift circuit, which is capable of speeding up the switching time of the PMOS transistors M1 and M2 to thereby speed up output voltage level switching.

Level shift circuit and method for the same


The object of the present invention is provide a mobile communication system which can improve a communication quality of the mobile communication system as a whole by changing a transmission method for transmitting common information. Each of the mobile stations 200a to 200l comprises a communication quality measurer 230 configured to measure a communication quality of a signal transmitted from the radio station 100a. The radio station 100a comprises a communication quality acquirer 130 configured to acquire the communication quality from the plurality of mobile stations 200a to 200l; a transmission method changer 140 configured to change a transmission method for at least one of an error encoding rate, the number of repeated bits, an interleave length, the number of multiple codes and the number of transmission signal repetitions, in accordance with the acquired communication quality; and a transmitter 110 configured to transmit the signal to the plurality of mobile stations 200a to 200l using the changed transmission method.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a mobile communication system for carrying out multicast communication by a radio station (a radio control unit or a base station) and a plurality of mobile stations, a mobile communication method, and a radio station suitably used for the same.
Specifically, the present invention relates to a mobile communication system in which a specific base station transmits common information to a plurality of mobile stations, a mobile communication method, and a radio station suitably used for the same.
2. Description of the Related Art
As shown in FIG. 1, broadcast communication whereby one or a plurality of base stations 100a to 100g transmit common information to unspecified mobile stations 200a to 200l in predetermined areas 300a to 300g all at once is known in a conventional mobile communication system.
As shown in FIG. 2, multicast communication whereby one or a plurality of base stations 100a to 100g transmit common information to a plurality of mobile stations joining in (belonging to) a specific group in predetermined areas 300a to 300l all at once is known in a conventional mobile communication system.
However, there is a problem in that communication quality varies from one mobile station to another, so that it is impossible to satisfy desired communication quality at certain mobile stations in the conventional mobile communication systems.
For example, a mobile station located near the base station can obtain better communication quality than other mobile stations. However, other mobile stations can obtain only poor communication quality compared with the mobile station located near the base station.
In other words, there is a problem in that communication quality changes depending on a positional relationship between the base station and each of the mobile stations existing within the same area, so that the communication quality is not uniform among the mobile stations. Therefore, there has been demand for development of a mobile communication system which can provide desired communication quality to all the mobile stations existing within the same area.

Mobile communication system, mobile communication method, and radio station suitably used for the same


A light emitting apparatus disclosed herein comprises a first control apparatus, a first light emitting device, a sense apparatus, a second control apparatus, a power source and a second light emitting device, wherein the second light emitting device is electrically connected to the power source which is not connected to the first light emitting device. The sense apparatus senses both temperature and current of the first light emitting device to generate a second driving signal. The second driving signal is then provided to control the second light emitting device to emit a light for compensating the CCT shift of the light emitted by the first light emitting device.

The light-emitting diodes (LEDs) of the solid-state lighting elements have the characteristics of low heat generation, long operational life, small volume, quick response and the light with a stable wavelength range, so the LEDs have been widely used in various applications. Recently, efforts have been devoted to improve the luminance of the LED in order to apply the device to the lighting domain, and further achieve the goal of energy conservation and carbon reduction. In order to apply LED device to daily life use, such as lighting, various control apparatus are designed for different applications such as luminance controller, light sensor, traffic light controller, automobile lighting, power supply circuit, and so on.
The stability of the light characteristics is also an important issue. Typically, the LED is sensitive to the environmental temperature which means that the higher the ambient temperature, the lower the light emitting efficiency of LED. Take a blue LED and a red LED as examples, as FIG. 1 shows, while the environmental temperature increases from 25° C. to 100° C., the light emitting efficiency of blue LED decreases to 90% and the efficiency of red LED drops to 65%.
In another aspect, the stability of luminance per watt is also an important issue. While dimming function is added into the LED control circuit to change the light intensity by controlling the current density, the change of current density also changes the luminance per watt. Take a blue LED and a red LED as examples, as FIG. 2 shows, while the operating current decreases from 20 mA to about 3 mA, the luminance per watt of blue LED increases from 75% to about 100% and the luminance per watt of red LED also increases from 55% to 90%. Moreover, when the operating current decreases from about 3 mA to 0 mA, the luminance per watt of blue LED increases from 90% to about 100%, but the luminance per watt of red LED decreases from 100% to 90%. While a blue LED and a red LED are put together accompanied with yellow phosphor to emit a predetermined white light, the temperature is increased due to long time use so the light intensity is decreased and the correlated color temperature (CCT) is also changed. Once the operating current of LEDs is changed from 20 mA to 2 mA, the CCT of the white light shifts in an unexpected way.

Light emitting apparatus and method of operating thereof


A device, which can be folded for storage and zipped together for use. The device provides a connection between the sliding rear window of a truck with the front edge of a camper or cab to eliminate the elements entering the cab or camper.

A. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to providing a device which seals the gap often found between the window of a truck and the front of a cab. It further relates to a removable and easily installed device.
B. Prior Art
Prior Art exists which provides a connection between the truck window and the cab. Examples of this include Pols U.S. Pat. No. 5,924,762, Petit U.S. Pat. No. 4,299,422, and LePere U.S. Pat. No. 4,940,278. However, the structure of the present invention is new and different from that found in the prior art.

Device to seal gap between truck window and truck cab


A computerized communication device has a display screen, a mechanism for a user to select words or phrases displayed on the display screen, and software executing from a non-transitory physical medium, the software providing a function for providing audio signal output in a connected voice-telephone call from the text words or phrases selected by a user.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention is in the area of hand-held communication devices enabled for voice communication
2. Description of Related Art
Many sorts of hand-held communication devices are known, including cellular telephones and Smart phones of many sorts, as well as PDAs and other portable devices enabled for voice communication as well as other functions.
There exists a population of persons who are speech-challenged or completely unable to speak for a variety of reasons. These persons are not served by the existing variety of voice-enabled hand-held communication devices. There exist, also, circumstances in the use of such devices in which persons with normal voice capability cannot or should not communicate with the device by speech. One example is while a part of an audience at a performance, like a movie theatre, wherein answering a telephone call by voice would be a disturbance to others in the audience. Another is for persons, such as executives, in meetings, where answering a call by voice might also be a disturbance to others in the meeting.
What is needed for speech-challenged people and for persons in circumstances where voice response is not desirable, is a hand-held device enabled for voice calls enabling users to select responses from pre-recorded words and phrases, or to enter text, either of which is immediately rendered as speech through text-to-speech software, to be immediately sent to the opposite party in a connected telephony call.

Text interface device and method in voice communication


Low dielectric materials and films comprising same have been identified for improved performance when used as interlevel dielectrics in integrated circuits as well as methods for making same. In certain embodiments of the invention, there is provided a low-temperature process to remove at least a portion of at least one pore-forming phase within a multiphasic film thereby forming a porous film. The pore-forming phase may be removed via exposure to at least one energy source, preferably an ultraviolet light source, in a non-oxidizing atmosphere.

The present invention relates generally to the formation of porous films. More specifically, the invention relates to porous materials and films comprising same having a low dielectric constant and methods for making same.
There is a continuing desire in the microelectronics industry to increase the circuit density in multilevel integrated circuit devices such as memory and logic chips to improve the operating speed and reduce power consumption. In order to continue to reduce the size of devices on integrated circuits, the requirements for preventing capacitive crosstalk between the different levels of metallization becomes increasingly important. These requirements can be summarized by the expression "RC", whereby "R" is the resistance of the conductive line and "C" is the capacitance of the insulating dielectric interlayer. Capacitance "C" is inversely proportional to line spacing and proportional to the dielectric constant (k) of the interlayer dielectric (ILD). Such low dielectric materials are desirable for use, for example, as premetal dielectric layers or interlevel dielectric layers.
Undoped silica glass (SiO2), subsequently referred to herein as "USG", has been long used in integrated circuits as a primary insulting material because of its relatively lower dielectric constant of approximately 4.0 compared to other inorganic materials. The industry has attempted to produce silica-based materials with lower dielectric constants by incorporating organics or other materials within the silicate lattice. For example, dielectric constants ranging from 2.7 to 3.5 can be achieved by incorporating terminal groups such as fluorine or methyl into the silicate lattice. These materials are typically deposited as dense films (density˜1.5 g/cm3) and integrated within the IC device using process steps similar to those for forming USG films.
Since the dielectric constant of air is nominally 1.0, yet another approach to reducing the dielectric constant of a material may be to introduce porosity or reducing the density of the material. A dielectric film when made porous may exhibit lower dielectric constants compared to a relatively denser film.
Porosity has been introduced in low dielectric materials through a variety of different means. For example, porosity may be introduced by decomposing part of the film resulting in a film having an increased porosity and a lower density. Additional fabrication steps may be required for producing porous films that ultimately add both time and energy to the fabrication process. Minimizing the time and energy required for fabrication of these films is desirable; thus discovering materials that can be processed easily, or alternative processes that minimize processing time, is highly advantageous.
A method used extensively in the literature for introducing porosity into a film is thermal annealing to decompose at least a portion of the film thereby creating pores and ultimately lowering the dielectric constant. In the annealing step, or curing step, the film is typically heated to decompose and/or remove volatile components and substantially cross-link the film. U.S. Pat. No. 6,312,793 describes a multiphasic material having a first phase consisting essentially of Si, C, O, and H and a second phase consisting essentially of C and H. The material is heated to a temperature of at least 300° C. and for a time of at least 15 minutes to induce removal of one of the phases. European Patent Application WO 00/02241 describes drying an alkoxysilane material at a temperature from 100 to 400° C. for a time of 1 to 10 minutes to induce formation of pores. European Patent Application WO 02/07191 A2 describes heating a silica zeolite thin film to a temperature range of from 350 to 550° C. for an unspecified amount of time to induce adsorbed material to leave the zeolitic framework thereby lowering the dielectric constant.
The majority of the aforementioned processes require curing steps at temperatures of 300° C. or higher and times of 30 minutes or longer. A primary concern in the production of a low dielectric film may be the overall thermal budget of the IC device. Consequently, various components of IC devices such as Cu metal lines can only be subjected to processing temperatures for short time periods before their performance deteriorates due to undesirable diffusion processes.
An alternative to the thermal anneal or curing step is the use of ultraviolet light in combination with an oxygen-containing atmosphere to create pores within the material and lower the dielectric constant. The references, Hozumi, A. et al. "Low Temperature Elimination of Organic Components from Mesostructured Organic-inorganic Composite Films Using Vacuum Ultraviolet Light", Chem. Mater. 2000 Vol. 12, pp. 3842–47 ("Hozumi I") and Hozumi, A et al., "Micropattterned Silica Films with Ordered Nanopores Fabricated through Photocalcination", NanoLetters 2001, 1(8), pp. 395–399 ("Hozumi II"), describe removing a cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC) pore-former from a tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) film using ultraviolet ("VUV") light (172 nm) in the presence of oxygen. The reference, Ouyang, M., "Conversion of Some Siloxane Polymers to Silicon Oxide by UV/Ozone Photochemical Processes", Chem. Mater. 2000, 12(6), pp. 1591–96, describes using UV light ranging from 185 to 254 nm to generate ozone in situ to oxidize carbon side groups within poly(siloxane) films and form a SiO2 film. The reference, Clark, T., et al., "A New Preparation of UV-Ozone Treatment in the Preparation of Substrate-Supported Mesoporous Thin Films", Chem. Mater. 2000, 12(12), pp. 3879–3884, describes using UV light having a wavelength between 187 and 254 nm to produce ozone and atomic oxygen to remove organic species within a TEOS film. These techniques, unfortunately, may damage the resultant film by chemically modifying the bonds that remain within the material.
Accordingly, there is a need in the art to provide an improved method to produce low density and porous materials. There is also a need to provide a process for preparing a low dielectric film that does not chemically modify the film nor inhibit the pore formation process. There is a further need to provide a method that is selective in removing certain material from a film while leaving the remaining material unaffected. Due to thermal budget concerns, there is an additional need for a low temperature treatment for the production of porous films for low dielectric constant materials for integrated circuits.
All references cited herein are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

Non-thermal process for forming porous low dielectric constant films


Disclosed are methods and apparatus for producing synthesis gas and higher hydrocarbons from light hydrocarbons and molecular oxygen as well as the higher hydrocarbons produced by the disclosed methods and apparatus. The methods and apparatus disclosed utilize components comprising nickel and nickel alloys.

Natural gas commonly serves as a fuel for power generation or a fuel for domestic use. The process of obtaining natural gas from an earth formation typically includes drilling a well. Wells that provide natural gas are often remote from locations with a demand for the consumption of the natural gas.
Thus, natural gas may necessarily need to be transported large distances from the wellhead to commercial destinations in pipelines. This transportation presents technological challenges due in part to the relatively large volume occupied by gaseous natural gas. Therefore, the process of transporting natural gas may include chilling and/or pressurizing the natural gas in order to liquefy it. However, the expenditures associated with liquefaction may be high and liquefaction may not be economical for formations containing small amounts of natural gas.
Formations that include small amounts of natural gas may be small natural gas fields or natural gas as a byproduct of oil production ("associated gas"). In the past, associated gas may have been flared. However, current environmental concerns and regulations may discourage or prohibit this practice.
Further, naturally occurring sources of crude oil used for liquid fuels such as gasoline, jet fuel, kerosene, and diesel have been decreasing and supplies may not meet demand in the coming years. Fuels that are liquid under standard atmospheric conditions have the advantage that they can be transported more easily in a pipeline than natural gas, since they do not require the energy, equipment, and expense required for liquefaction.
Thus, for all of the above-described reasons, there may be interest in developing technologies for converting natural gas to more readily transportable liquid fuels. One method for converting natural gas to liquid fuels involves two sequential chemical transformations. In the first transformation, natural gas or methane, the major chemical component of natural gas, is reacted to form a mixture of CO and H2 ("synthesis gas" or "syngas"). This syngas generation usually occurs either by dry reforming, steam reforming, or partial oxidation, respective examples of which are set forth below for methane:CH4+CO2→2CO+2H2  (1)CH4+H2O→CO+3H2  (2)CH4+½O2→CO+2H2  (3)Reactions (1) and (2) are endothermic and reaction (3) is exothermic. Examples of syngas processes are disclosed in Gunardson, "Industrial Gases in Petrochemical Processing," 41–80 (Marcel Dekker Inc. 1998), and in U.S. Pat. No. 6,402,989 to Gaffney, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 20020115730 to Allison et al., all incorporated herein by reference.
While its use is currently limited as an industrial process, the direct partial oxidation or catalytic partial oxidation of methane has recently attracted much attention due to its inherent advantages, such as the fact that due to the heat that is released during the process, there is no requirement for the continuous input of heat in order to maintain the reaction.
In the second transformation, known as hydrocarbon synthesis (e.g., Fischer-Tropsch or FT synthesis), carbon monoxide reacts with hydrogen to form organic molecules containing carbon and hydrogen. An example of a Fischer-Tropsch process is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,333,294 to Chao et al., incorporated herein by reference.
Another example of a Fischer-Tropsch reaction scheme comprises charging a feed gas comprising hydrogen and carbon monoxide (e.g., syngas) to an FT reactor. H2/CO mixtures suitable as a feedstock for conversion to hydrocarbons according to the process of this invention can be obtained from light hydrocarbons such as methane by means of steam reforming, partial oxidation, or other processes known in the art or disclosed herein. The hydrogen may provided by free hydrogen, although some Fischer-Tropsch catalysts have sufficient water gas shift activity to convert some water to hydrogen for use in the Fischer-Tropsch process. The molar ratio of hydrogen to carbon monoxide in the feed may be greater than 0.5:1 (e.g., from about 0.67 to about 2.5). If cobalt, nickel, and/or ruthenium catalysts are used, the feed gas stream may contain hydrogen and carbon monoxide in a molar ratio of about 1.6:1 to about 2.3:1. If iron catalysts are used, the feed gas stream may contain hydrogen and carbon monoxide in a molar ratio between about 1.4:1 and about 2.3:1. The feed gas may also contain carbon dioxide and/or a low concentration of compounds or elements that have a deleterious effect on the catalyst, such as poisons. In some instances, the feed gas may need to be pretreated to ensure that it contains low concentrations of sulfur or nitrogen compounds such as hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen cyanide, ammonia and carbonyl sulfides.
The feed gas is contacted with the catalyst in a reaction zone. Mechanical arrangements of conventional design may be employed as the reaction zone including, for example, fixed bed, fluidized bed, slurry bubble column or ebullating bed reactors, among others. Accordingly, the size and physical form of the catalyst particles may vary depending on the reactor in which they are to be used.
The Fischer-Tropsch process may be run in a continuous mode. In this mode, the gas hourly space velocity through the reaction zone typically may range from about 50 to about 10,000 hr−1, or from about 300 hr−1 to about 2,000 hr−1. The gas hourly space velocity is defined as the volume of reactants per time per reaction zone volume. The volume of reactant gases is at standard conditions of pressure (1 atm or 101 kPa) and temperature (0° C. or 273.16 K). The reaction zone volume is defined by the portion of the reaction vessel volume where reaction takes place and which is occupied by a gaseous phase comprising reactants, products and/or inerts; a liquid phase comprising liquid/wax products and/or other liquids; and a solid phase comprising catalyst. The reaction zone temperature may be in the range from about 160° C. to about 300° C. The reaction zone may operate at conversion promoting conditions at temperatures from about 190° C. to about 260° C. The reaction zone pressure may be in the range of about 80 psia (552 kPa) to about 1000 psia (6895 kPa), from 80 psia (552 kPa) to about 600 psia (4137 kPa), or from about 140 psia (965 kPa) to about 500 psia (3447 kPa).
A Fischer-Tropsch product stream may contain hydrocarbons having a range of numbers of carbon atoms, and thus having a range of weights. Thus, the product produced by conversion of natural gas commonly contains a range of hydrocarbons including light gases, gases, light naphtha, naphtha, kerosene, diesel, heavy diesel, heavy oils, waxes, and heavy waxes. These cuts are approximate and there may be some degree of overlapping of components in each range.
The heat generation of the partial oxidation reaction can be a double-edged sword. Temperatures at typical reaction conditions can be in excess of 1,000° C. The high temperatures can lead to problems such as carburisation and/or metal dusting. Metal dusting may be a form of corrosion of metals that occurs in high-carbon activity, low-oxygen potential carburizing gaseous environments, even at intermediate temperatures of 350° C. to 900° C. Metal dusting may be characterized by the production of a powdery mixture of carbon, metal particles and sometimes oxides and carbides or voluminous coke deposition. These corrosion products (dust) can be eroded by a gas flow leaving pits, grooves, or holes on the metal surface. This phenomenon causes metal disintegrated which leads to early pit penetration and failure of plant components. In addition, the coke deposits can reduce syngas cooling efficiency by reducing the gas velocity (e.g., hinder gas flow) and reduce the thermal conductivity because the coke is an insulator. As a result, the residence time of syngas at elevated temperature which is within the metal dusting range may be increased dramatically. Thus, there is a desire to decrease carburisation and/or metal dusting that occurs in the components of a syngas reactor.
The CO2 and H2O concentrations in partial oxidation reactors are preferably low, which places catalytic partial oxidation reactors in the most severe regions of the metal dusting spectrums (as is illustrated in FIG. 2). It has not previously been known whether nickel based alloy or other metals components can help decrease the effects of metal dusting in relatively severe catalytic partial oxidation reactors.
Therefore, it may be desirable to find materials that can withstand the harsh conditions of temperature and pressure inside a partial oxidation reactor. It may also be desirable to find out what metallurgy can be used in order to reduce or prevent carburisation and/or metal dusting effect during catalytic partial oxidation of light hydrocarbons.

Partial oxidation reactors and syngas coolers using nickel-containing components


A semiconductor device has a first substrate and a second substrate. The first substrate has first electrodes on at least one surface. The second substrate has concave portions on a surface, and second electrodes provided on bottom surfaces of the concave portions. The semiconductor device further has metallic members located between the first electrodes of the first substrate and the second electrodes of the second substrate. The metallic members have a height greater than a depth of the concave portions of the second substrate, and electrically and mechanically bond the first electrodes of the first substrate and the second electrodes of the second substrate.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a semiconductor device constituted by a combination of substrates.
2. Description of the Related Art
U.S. Pat. No. 6,519,075,B2 discloses a technique that connects an electrostatically driven MEMS mirror array obtained by processing a semiconductor substrate to connection pads of another substrate provided with an actuator electrode by use of a solder ball (solder bump). FIG. 13 shows a semiconductor device manufactured in such a manner.
This semiconductor device has a mirror layer 20 and an actuator layer 23. The mirror layer 20 has surrounding frames 22, and gimbaled mirrors 21 allowed to incline with respect to the surrounding frames 22. On the other hand, the actuator layer 23 has actuator electrodes 24 to actuate the mirrors 21. The mirror layer 20 and the actuator layer 23 both have metallization regions 25, and the metallization regions 25 of the mirror layer 20 and the metallization regions 25 of the actuator layer 23 are bonded by the solder balls 26.


The invention relates to a sensor arrangement for the detection of specimen containers within a detection zone, with an optical sensor having an image sensor at a first end of the detection zone, and with a textured background at a second end of the detection zone, A specimen container arranged within the detection zone is detected by the image sensor against the textured background. The specimen container is differentiated from the textured background by an evaluation unit, based on the image signals generated by the image sensor, and object detection signals that identify the specimen container are generated.

The invention relates to a sensor arrangement for the detection of specimen containers.
Such specimen containers take the form, in particular, of test tubes that are filled with fluid, each being closed by means of a cap. Such test tubes typically contain medical specimens. One example is test tubes filled with blood specimens that are used for blood analysis. The test tubes are automatically allocated to various stations for analysis purposes.
In this connection, the individual test tubes must be detected and identified, especially in order to avoid mix-ups and incorrect allocations.
A code, especially a barcode, is usually applied to each test tube for the purpose of specimen identification.
One known method for detecting such test tubes in an automated system is the use of optical sensors, which typically have an image sensor, i.e. a camera, as a receiver. Such optical sensors must detect both the test tube itself, for example by using contour detection means, as well as the code on the test tube.
U.S. Pat. No. 8,170,322 B2 discloses such an optical sensor by means of which test tubes are detected against a retroreflective background. The highly reflective background results in the specimen test tube appearing as a dark object against this background. Although this arrangement also allows for the reading of codes on test tubes, object detection or object classification is only possible to a limited extent in this case. In particular, no color detection is possible.
Furthermore, it is disadvantageous with regard to such systems that different camera images must be used for object detection, on the one hand, and barcode detection, on the other hand, and these different images are recorded under different lighting conditions.
U.S. Pat. No. 8,170,271 B2 discloses another optical sensor with a camera for the detection of test tubes. In this system, a background having a dark region is used. The test tube is positioned such that the barcode on the test tube can be detected against this background. On the other hand, the test tube is positioned in front of a retroreflective background in order to detect the geometry of the test tube.
U.S. Pat. No. 8,248,590 B2 discloses a sensor arrangement with an optical sensor in which a flat, dark surface is provided to serve as a background, which is laterally limited by retroreflective areas running at an angle to it. Barcodes applied to a test tube can be detected against the dark background surface. The contour of the test tube can be detected by means of light rays emitted by the optical sensor which are conducted to the test tube via the retroreflective areas.


A variable diameter bioreactor vessel is provided that includes a first vessel section having a first diameter configured to hold a liquid media and biologic material, and a second vessel section having a second diameter that is greater than the first diameter such that the liquid media can be increased from a first volume to a second volume within the vessel.

Typically, production of biologic material is accomplished through the use of bioreactor trains. These trains consist of multiple bioreactors that scale from small inoculation reactors up to full production volumes. These typical bioreactors are dimensioned such that liquid height is greater than vessel diameter; that is, typical bioreactors have a height to width aspect ratio that is greater than 1:1 however, at low volumes ( 1/20 of the working volume) typical reactors have a very low aspect ratio (liquid height to vessel width). These low aspect ratios are known to cause difficulties in sparging, mixing, and ultimately can lead to difficulties in cell growth and unwanted cell death. Typical bioreactors are designed and sized to scale up the volume of the culture from inoculum in progressively increasing volume seed reactors until sufficient culture volume for production of the desired product has been reached in the production bioreactor. Typically bioreactors are designed to be of fixed diameter and with dished heads and bottoms. The bioreactors are typically constructed with stainless steel tanks, but can also have a disposable liner, a disposable bag and the like.
As such, production scale bioreactor processing suffers from large bioreactor train footprints, high cleaning costs, unwanted lag time and lost seed time when switching between reactors in the train. Each seed bioreactor involves a transfer from one bioreactor to another and introduces the culture to conditions that differ from the end of the previous bioreactor. This typically produces a "lag phase" effect where the cell growth stalls for a period before attaining exponential growth again. For large scale, this typical processing requires multiple reactors resulting in increased facility footprint, and increased preparation activities resulting in increased production time and costs. For example, a 20,000 liter (L) desired production volume bioreactor train can consist of a 200 L inoculation bioreactor (designated N-3), followed by a 1000 L seed bioreactor (designated N-2), followed by a 5000 L seed bioreactor (designated N-1) and finally a 20,000 L volume bioreactor (designated N). This multi-reactor train leads to more clean-in-place (CIP) cycles and associated CIP systems, more steam-in-place (SIP), bioreactor start-up steps, increased draw on utilities (water, steam, waste), complicated plant scheduling and operational execution activities, and greater risk of contamination.
Therefore, improved production scale bioreactor processing devices, systems, and methods are desired.


The maximum driving power of a throttle motor is temporarily increased when a throttle valve is determined or expected to be in a seized-up or semi-seized-up state, which increases the possibility of the throttle valve being released from the seized-up or semi-seized-up state.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to throttle control system and method for an internal combustion engine.
2. Description of the Related Art
As is known in the field of the art, at extremely low temperature, so-called blow-by gas that contains much water after flowing through the passages of a PCV system (Positive Crankcase Ventilation System) causes "icing" at a throttle valve which has been cooled down by low temperature intake air. Specifically, when the blow-by gas passes through the throttle valve, the water contained therein is frozen between the throttle valve and an internal wall of a throttle bore. In view of this, Japanese Patent No. 3189717 provides a throttle control system that executes a particular procedure for determining whether a throttle motor is locked when icing occurs at the throttle valve.
More specifically, when the ambient temperature is lower than a specific temperature below which the above-mentioned throttle icing is likely to occur, this throttle control system extends an observation time that is taken before determining locking-up of the throttle motor after the locking-up has been first detected. As a result, it is possible to avoid determining locking-up of the throttle motor when the throttle motor is locked up due to icing which will typically last only for a limited time. That is, the throttle control system determines locking-up of the throttle motor only when the throttle motor is locked up due to jammed gears, or the like, which normally will not be resolved in time.
Besides, Japanese Patent No. 3458935 proposes increasing a control value when the difference between an actual throttle opening and a target throttle opening is large in order to bring the actual throttle opening to the target throttle opening quickly.
As is known, a throttle valve is exposed to water, oil, and various extraneous matters, and they may seize up the throttle valve temporarily under some conditions. In particular, at low temperature, water and oil contained in blow-by gas from a known PCV system or EGR gas from a known EGR system (Exhaust Gas Recirculation system) may form some ice and tar between the throttle valve and the inner wall of the intake passage, which seize up the throttle valve.
Also, with a conventional throttle valve made of metal such as aluminum, it is possible to prevent throttle icing by having warm water passages, for example. However, with a resin throttle valve that is now increasingly used, having such warm water passages is difficult in design. Also, the low heat capacity of such a resin valve further increases the difficulty in prevent icing at low temperature.


A system, method, and apparatus are provided for designing and evaluating intraocular lenses for a large field of view that generate a first eye model from data that includes constant and customized values, including customized values of a first intraocular lens. A simulated outcome is provided by the first intraocular lens in at least one modeled eye. A second eye model is generated wherein a second intraocular lens is substituted for the first intraocular lens. An outcome provided by the second intraocular lens is simulated in at least one modeled eye. Outcomes of the first and second intraocular lenses are compared.

Intraocular Lenses (IOLs) may be used for restoring visual performance after a cataract or other ophthalmic procedure in which the natural crystalline lens is replaced with or supplemented by implantation of an IOL. When the optics of the eye are changed by such a procedure, the goal is to improve vision in the central field. However, current IOL technology degrades peripheral optical quality, which is known to degrade peripheral visual performance. Degraded peripheral vision may be detrimental to many aspects of life, including increased risks for car crashes and falling.
One of the problems when looking for an optimal solution to correct peripheral aberrations is that peripheral aberrations are strongly dependent on the anterior corneal geometry and axial lengths (and therefore, on the foveal refractive state). Due to that, any design to correct peripheral aberration will perform differently depending on the foveal refractive state, corneal anterior geometry and axial lengths (anterior chamber depth and vitreous length).
Different eye models have been proposed to evaluate pre-clinically IOLs visual performance on axis and to design new IOLs based on the on-axis performance. However, these eye models usually have a fixed cornea and modify vitreous lengths to test IOLs with different optical powers. Also, these average eye models have not been used to test the periphery.
Thus, there is a need for new types of computer eye models to evaluate IOL performance. There is a further need for improved computer eye models to design new IOLs based on on-axis performance. There is an additional need for improved system, method, and apparatus for a library of computer eye models to design and test intraocular lenses (IOLs) that improve peripheral and central visual field performance, and to test the central and peripheral optical performance of new and existing IOL designs under more realistic conditions. There is a need for eye models that contain higher order cornea aberrations and different biometry and are validated for a large field of view (from +30 to −30 degrees of the visual field). The present invention satisfies these needs and provides other related advantages.

Realistic eye models to design and evaluate intraocular lenses for a large field of view


The present invention concerns a postbiotic composition comprising at least one postbiotic and at least one bacteriocin and/or endolysin, preferably formulated, and a postbiotic composition comprising at least one postbiotic and at least one bacteriocin and/or endolysin for use as a medicament, wherein said postbiotic is preferably a microbial lysate, preferably obtained from microorganisms heterologously expressing said at least one bacteriocin and/or endolysin and wherein said at least one postbiotic and said at least one bacteriocin and/or endolysin have a synergistic effect in the therapeutic treatment.

The skin has a major role in protection from external aggressions such as environmental aggressions, climatic adversities (heat, cold, etc.), mechanical aggressions (epilation, shaving, abrasive scrubbing), chemical aggressions (detergents, pollutants, acids, etc.) and microbial pathogens. This property, called the barrier function, is primarily performed by the outermost layer of the epidermis, namely the horny layer or stratum corneum.
The skin also represents a complex ecosystem on which several types of microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi, virus, proliferate. These microorganisms constitute the skin flora, also called skin microbiota.
The skin microbiota, made up of millions of commensal microorganisms (1 million/cm2) is the second largest microbiota of the human body in mass (Byrd et al. (2018) Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 16:143-155). Cutaneous bacteria belong to four main phyla among the thirty-six known (Kong et al. (2012) J. Investig. Dermatol. 132:933-939). The average skin body distribution of these main bacteria phyla, detected on 20 diverse skin sites of 10 healthy individuals, were found to be Actinobacteria at 51.8%, Firmicutes at 24.4%, Proteobacteria at 16.5% and Bacteroidetes at 6.3% (Grice et al. (2009) Science 324:1190-1192; Bouslimani et al. (2015) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 112:E2120-E2129).
Recent work suggests that skin commensal microorganisms are essential to maintaining healthy skin and maintaining the skin barrier. Commensal microorganisms are ones that are colonizing the host and part of the "normal" microbiota in opposition to pathogenic microorganisms. Recent focus on the normal microbiota revealed the beneficial role of commensal microorganisms on their host including in humans. Studies also suggest that certain skin diseases (such as acne vulgaris and atopic dermatitis) can be associated with disruptions to the normal microflora (Lin et al. (2007) Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 33(3): 167-177). More generally, many common skin disorders are postulated to have an underlying microbial contribution because clinical improvement is seen with antimicrobial treatments.
An important need thus exists for preventing and/or reversing such dysbiosis in order to treat or prevent such diseases of the skin.
Topical application of Lactobacillus plantarum has been demonstrated to improve tissue repair in a burned mouse model and prevent infection in chronic leg ulcers and burns in humans (Peral et al. (2009) Int Wound J 6(1):73-81; Peral et al. (2010) Clin Microbiol Infect 16(3): 281-286; Brachkova et al. (2011) J Hosp Infect 79(4): 375-377).
US20180325968 describes a product comprising a composition of prebiotic lipids and a composition containing probiotics such as Bacillus licheniformis, Bifidobacterium breve, Bifidobacterium infantis, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus sakei, Lactobacillus paracasei, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Staphylococcus xylosus, for correcting dysbiosis or for maintaining the balance of the resident beneficial commensal flora.
WO2015/005787 discloses a composition for skin treatment comprising an anti-inflammatory compound and a compound specifically targeting a bacterial cell such as S. aureus, said compound being typically an endolysin.
More generally, probiotics have started to be used to treat skin diseases because they seem to have a large panel of beneficial interactions with human health among which include:                prevention or decrease of infection by pathogens through colonization resistance (Leshem et al. (2020) Mol Cell 78, 597-613; Cotter et al. (2005) Nat Rev Microbiol 3, 777-788);        host immunomodulation (reviewed in Suez et al. (2019) Nat Med 25, 716-729);        improved barrier function (reviewed in Ohland et al. (2010) Am J Physiol-gastr L 298, G807-G819); and        potential modulation of host microbiota.
Because they have been used for years and are generally regarded as safe, they also have been engineered in order to increase their therapeutic potential by for example expressing cytokines (Allain et al. (2016) FEMS Microbiology Letters 363, fnw117), nanobodies (Gurbatri et al. (2020) Sci Transl Med 12, eaax0876; Chowdhury et al. (2019) Nat Med 25:1057-1063), enzymes (Kurtz et al. (2019) Sci Transl Med 11, eaau7975) or bacteriocins such as endolysins (Gervasi et al. (2014) Lett Appl Microbiol 59:355-361; Gervasi et al. (2014) Appl Microbiol Biot 98:2495-2505; Liu et al. (2011) Appl Environ Microb 77:8500-8508; Turner et al. (2007) Systematic and Applied Microbiology 30:58-67). However natural and engineered probiotics have several drawbacks due to their living characteristic:                storage for long time requires complex formulation,        containment strategies need to be put in place to prevent their survival in the host and in the environment,        pharmacodynamics depends not only on the dose but also on the engraftment, even transitory, and metabolic state of the probiotic population, both parameters having high inter and intra individual variability.
Furthermore, many typical skin bacteria are potentially pathogenic (risk group 2), which clearly hampers their use as probiotics. Interestingly, many probiotics currently used for cosmetic purposes (lactic acid bacteria, Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria (AOB)) are classified as risk group 1 and are not typical members of the human skin microbiota, but often well-known probiotics from the intestinal tract. Nevertheless, topical application of such selected bacteria is thought to interfere with the colonization by other, potentially pathogenic, bacterial strains through competitive inhibition of binding sites, a mechanism defined as bacterial interference.
One way to circumvent inconveniences associated to probiotics is to directly administer the molecules, produced by the probiotics that act as the active substance:                metabolic enzymes,        metabolites,        bacteriocins,        bacterial structures (pili, flagels, cell wall components, DNA . . . )
Such molecules can be referred to as postbiotics.
These molecules can, in the case of secreted or freely diffusing molecules, be extracted from the media into which probiotics are growing. Examples of such molecules are Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFA), vitamins and amino acids that are already well known microbial molecules with potential benefits for human health. This set of molecules is often referred to as cell-free supernatant (CFS). Other intracellular molecules can be extracted directly from the lysis of probiotic cells (lysate) or kept inside the inactivated (non-living) probiotic cells.
The present invention arises from the unexpected finding by the inventors that combining the beneficial effects of probiotics with their potential to produce recombinant molecules (here heterologously expressing bacteriocins and/or endolysins) led to synergistic activities particularly useful for therapeutic applications.
As an example, the present inventors engineered Lactobacillus bacteria to produce a bacteriocin targeting specifically the bacteria S. aureus, and showed that a lysate produced from the mechanical disruption of these engineered probiotic cells (corresponding to an engineered postbiotic) led to highly specific and efficient lysis of S. aureus strains without killing commensal species and even while promoting growth of commensal species. More importantly, compared to bacteriocin alone this engineered postbiotic leads to:                a higher killing efficiency,        a faster regrowth of commensal species,        induction of an anti inflammatory response, and thus potentially to a de-escalation of inflammation-associated symptoms,        a promotion of wound healing, thereby improving barrier function of the skin, and        potentially a faster return to a healthy microbiota.
Thus engineered postbiotics offer a promising alternative to treat dysbiosis by specifically killing pathogenic microorganisms while at the same time promoting the growth of healthy commensal microorganisms.

Method for killing bacteria with an engineered postbiotic


A thallium-free high pressure ceramic metal halide lamp having superior dimming characteristics with a fill composition comprising MgI2 and CeI3. In addition, the fill chemistry comprises NaI and the halides of rare earth metals such as Dy, Ho and Tm.

This invention relates to the dimming of high intensity discharge lamps in particular to low wattage ceramic metal halide lamps. Traditionally, the rare earth spectra of these lamps are composed of thulium, praseodymium, neodymium, lutetium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium emitters. In addition, sodium and thallium iodide and mercury are added to the fill chemistry. These lamps are designed to have a specific color temperature (CCT), a high color rendering index (CRI) and a high efficacy (LPW) at rated power. However, at reduced power levels as low as 50%, the photometric performance deteriorates substantially.
There is a need for metal halide lamps with good dimming properties. Discharge lamps with rare earth chemistry are very popular because of their excellent color quality and high luminous output. Such lamps perform very well at rated power, however at reduced power levels, their photometric performance is rather poor. In the case of dimming as low as 50%, it is very desirable that the metal halide lamps produce white light with minimum color change and efficacy loss. To achieve effective dimming, the CCT, Duv and CRI should remain unchanged. There should only be little loss of efficacy.
Typically, the light of commercial metal halide lamps that contain thallium iodide (TlI) for high efficacy turns from a white at rated power to a greenish color under dimming conditions. In addition, the efficacy of these lamps decreases significantly. The metal halide TlI is highly desired because of its high vapor pressure and its strong green radiation at 535 nm. However under dimming conditions, the partial pressure of thallium tends to dominate, in turn, causing a shift of the light color to a greenish hue.
Therefore, the objective of this invention is to provide a metal halide lamp that at rated power gives excellent CCT, CRI, Duv and efficacy. A further objective is to provide a lamp that when dimmed to as low as 50% power maintains its color temperature and white hue. Still a further objective of the present invention is to provide a metal halide lamp that when dimmed retains substantially good CCT, CRI, Duv and efficacy, as close to rated power performance as possible. Yet another objective of the present invention is to provide a new chemistry for ceramic metal halide lamps that are electrically retrofitable in existing fixtures.
Metal halide lamps comprising rare earth iodides have high luminous output and excellent color properties. Their spectrum consists of multiple lines of atomic and molecular radiation. The composition of the fill chemistry of a particular type is optimized at rated power without taking into account the performance at reduced power levels. When these metal halide lamps are dimmed for energy saving purposes, their photometric performance degrades significantly. Especially, lamps containing thallium iodide exhibit a strong greenish hue under dimming condition. For 150 W lamps in particular, the color temperature increases from 4339 K at 150 W to about 5285 K at 75 W. The Duv increases more than 17 points and the CRI drops from 95 at 150 W to 69 at 50% power. The efficacy drops from 80 lpw at rated power to 61 lpw at 50% power.
U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/627,842 filed Jul. 28, 2000, by Zhu et al., having the same assignee, describes a thallium free metal halide lamp with magnesium halide (MgI2) filling for improved dimming properties. The invention relates to ceramic metal halide lamps with metal halide materials such as NaI, DyI3, HoI3 and TmI3. The substitution of TlI with MgI2 greatly improves the color properties at lower than rated power levels.
The rare earth material cerium iodide (CeI3) has been used in U.S. Pat. No. 5,973,453 from Van Vliet et al., particularly in relation with NaI. The metal halide lamps of this patent are obtained with a high luminescent efficacy. However, these lamps are not suitable for dimming and have rather poor color properties at rated and reduced power. CeI3 was also used in the U.S. Pat. No. 3,786,297 from Zollweg et al. to produce lamps with high efficacy.

Thallium freexe2x80x94metal halide lamp with magnesium and cerium halide filling for improved dimming properties

Matushita Research and Development Laboraties Inc


A mobile terminal having a display unit, a camera configured to capture an image, the captured image being re-focusable and a controller configured to perform refocusing of the captured image by changing a focal depth of the captured image is provided. When a transmission request of the captured image is received by the controller, the controller is configured to transmit the captured image after changing the focal depth of the captured image based on an identified recipient of the captured image.

1. Field of the Invention
This specification relates to a mobile terminal, and more particularly, to a mobile terminal capable of capturing an image including information on different focal distances.
2. Background of the Invention
A terminal is broadly categorized as a mobile terminal and a stationary terminal. The mobile terminal is further categorized as a handheld terminal and a vehicle-mounted terminal.
In response to an increasing demand for diversified functions, the terminal has been realized in the form of a multimedia player with multiple functions such as shooting a photographic object as a still image or moving images, reproducing digital audio and video compression files, playing a game, receiving a broadcast or the like. Furthermore, structural and software modifications to the mobile terminal are considered for supporting and improving functions of the mobile terminal.
Owing to such improvements, the mobile terminal may be provided with a camera including a plurality of lenses. Further, it is possible to capture a subject at a plurality of focal depths, through the camera.

Mobile terminal for refocusing of a captured image and method for controlling the same


An ergonomic appliance handle is provided according to an embodiment of the invention. The appliance handle includes a base adapted to be affixed to a handle portion of an appliance, a handle grip, and a pivot device for pivotally attaching the handle grip to the base. The pivot device is positioned at a first location on the base. The pivot device allows the handle grip to pivot on the base between at least two pivoting positions. The appliance handle further includes a pivot restraint device for removably latching the handle grip in a closed position of the at least two pivoting positions. The pivot restraint device is positioned at a second location on the base that is spaced-apart from the first location.

Vacuum cleaners are widely used to pick up dirt and debris. A typical upright vacuum cleaner includes a handle that is used to push and pull the vacuum cleaner. A typical prior art vacuum cleaner handle comprises an elongate member that includes an elongate, cylindrical hand grip.
A prior art vacuum cleaner handle offers a very limited or no adjustment capability. This is ergonomically unsatisfactory, especially considering the size and weight of a typical vacuum cleaner. Commonly, a prior art vacuum cleaner handle can pivot at its base, wherein the whole handle apparatus can be elevated or depressed. The relative angle and position of the prior art handle grip is not adjustable.
It is known that in proper ergonomic design of a handle that the hand grip and a hand position can be greatly adjusted in order to accommodate a user. For example, in a good ergonomic design, a handle should accommodate left and right-handedness, the user's overall height and hand height, wrist angle, the task to be performed, the height of the work surface, the type and texture of the work surface, etc.


The present disclosure describes a method for forming metal interconnects in an integrated circuit (IC). The method includes placing a metal interconnect in a layout area, determining a location of a redundant portion of the metal interconnect, and reducing, at the location, the length of the metal interconnect by a length of the redundant portion to form one or more active portions of the metal interconnect. The length of the redundant portion is a function of a distance between adjacent gate structures of the IC. The method further includes forming the one or more active portions on an interlayer dielectric (ILD) layer of the IC and forming vias on the one or more active portions, wherein the vias are positioned about 3 nm to about 5 nm away from an end of the one or more active portions.

The semiconductor integrated circuit (IC) industry has experienced exponential growth. In semiconductor IC design, metal interconnect layers (e.g., M0 and M1) of semiconductor devices transmit electrical signals amongst different devices on a chip. A metal interconnect layer can be connected to another structure, such as a metal interconnect layer of an upper layer or a lower layer through vias. As ICs continue to scale down, a greater number of metal interconnects are arranged in a device area, increasing the density of metal interconnects in this area. Consequently, due to scaling down, parasitic capacitances in a device area can increase accordingly, thus impacting the speed of the device.

Capacitance reduction by metal cut design


A composition includes a borehole or pipeline fluid and a delivery molecule, the delivery molecule stable under conditions external to a borehole or pipeline and including a precursor having an end terminating in degradable linkages bonding the precursor to bridged groups and another end terminating in a leaving group, where under in situ conditions in the pipeline or downhole from the borehole surface contact with an initiator acid catalyzes degradation of the degradable linkages and elimination of the leaving group, releasing the precursor and generating an additive from the precursor. A method includes placing the delivery molecule in the borehole or pipeline; and after the placing, contacting the composition with an initiator acid under in situ conditions.

This section is intended to provide relevant background information to facilitate a better understanding of the various aspects of the described embodiments. Accordingly, it should be understood that these statements are to be read in this light and not as admissions of prior art.
The present disclosure relates to systems and methods for extracting a produced material from a subterranean formation including additive generation in situ at a downhole location in a borehole or subterranean formation or in situ in a pipeline.
Operations to extract a subterranean product from the earth through a well often use borehole fluids to facilitate or implement the operations. Hydrocarbons, such as oil and gas, are subterranean products commonly extracted from reservoirs, areas of the earth that contain the hydrocarbons. A reservoir may be deep below the surface of the earth and the earth may include one or more formations that are above and/or make up the reservoir. A formation is a region of the earth with a distinct lithology describing the physical characteristics of the rock in the formation, such as mineral content. For example, a formation may include shale, a sedimentary rock which may include one or more materials that is reactive to water, such as by swelling upon contact with water.
Illustrative extraction operations may include, for example, drilling, completion, stimulation, and production. Stimulation operations may include, for example, fracturing and acidizing. In various of the operations, an additive is included in a borehole fluid used for the operation, where the borehole fluid is delivered downhole. For example, illustrative borehole fluids include fracturing fluids, cementing fluids, completion fluids, drilling mud, and production chemical fluids.
Acrolein is a borehole additive in the oil and gas industry due to its effectiveness as a H2S scavenger & biocide. Use of acrolein as a biocide is described for example in J. E. Penkala, et al. Acrolein, 2-Propenal: A Versatile Microbiocide for Control of Bacteria in Oilfield Systems, Paper No. 04749 in Corrosion 2004, NACE International. However, a disadvantage of acrolein is that it requires special handling and training of personnel. The HSE requirements for handling and training lead to increased prices and complicated logistics. Nevertheless, acrolein is typically provided ex situ at the surface of a borehole, necessitating implementation of the HSE requirements.

In situ H2S scavenger additive generation


A recommendation system is disclosed that generates recommendations for one or more items based on user preferences and one or more environmental factors. The user's preferences are learned under various environmental conditions using an environmental data collection system. The observed environmental conditions may include, for example, location, characteristics of the location, weather or characteristics of the user's motion, such as a rate of movement. For each positive and negative behavioral example, a number of attributes of the selected item are classified in the user profile together with the prevailing environmental conditions. When recommending an item, the disclosed recommender retrieves the user preferences and evaluates the current environmental conditions. A recommendation score can be generated for each available item based on the user's demonstrated preferences under similar environmental conditions, such as in the same or a similar geographic area or under similar weather conditions.

The consumer marketplace offers numerous electronic devices that reproduce pre-recorded or transmitted audio content. Portable radios, for example, allow a user to receive a transmitted audio signal from virtually any location. Generally, a transmitted radio signal from a given radio station may be received at an assigned frequency within a certain radius of the station's transmitting antenna. As a user moves away from the transmitting antenna, the received signal gradually degrades until the user eventually must select a new radio station. If the user enters an unfamiliar radio market, the user must generally scan the frequency spectrum to select another suitable radio station. Even in a geographic region that is familiar to the user, the increasing number of frequencies that are used for radio stations in the VHF and FM frequency ranges makes it increasingly challenging to select a desired radio station.
A number of techniques have been proposed or suggested to help a user select a new radio station. The radio data system (RDS) standard from the European Broadcasting Union (EBU), for example, includes a program type (PTY) field associated with each radio signal to specify the corresponding program type. A number of radio receivers are currently available that display the transmitted program type information with the selected radio station. Thus, if a user enjoys "talk radio," the user can select a station having a "talk radio" program type. The program type code can be used, for example, to enable suitable receivers and recorders to be pre-set to respond only to programs of the desired type.
While such techniques for selecting an alternate radio station are capable of selecting a new radio station of the same program type that the user was already listening to, the selection is not influenced by the current location of the user or other environmental factors. For example, in a given geographic area, the user may have a preferred radio station having a program type that is distinct from the user's program type preferences in his or her home area.
A need therefore exists for a method and apparatus for making recommendations based on the preferences of the user and environmental characteristics, such as location, characteristics of the location or weather. A further need exists for a method and apparatus for leaming a users preferences under various environmental characteristics. Yet another need exists for a method and apparatus for selecting an alternate radio station or another item based on the users demonstrated preferences under similar environmental characteristics, such as in the same or a similar geographic area.

Method and apparatus for generating recommendations based on user preferences and environmental characteristics


There is provided a color image processing apparatus such as a color copier having the function to automatically discriminate whether each original is a black and white original or a color original. Such an apparatus has a discriminating circuit to discriminate the attribute of each original image, a memory to store the discrimination results by the discriminating circuit every original image in correspondence thereto, and a processor to process the relative original images in accordance with the discrimination results stored in the memory. The discrimination result is read out of the memory a plurality of times for the same original and the same original is processed a plurality of times by the processor on the basis of the discrimination result. The apparatus may also has an RDF to sequentially feed originals one by one to the image processing position by the processor. By executing the copying operation on the basis of the discrimination results stored in the memory, the copying time for the page collating copies in the multi-page copying mode in the case of using the RDF can be fairly reduced.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a color image processing apparatus and, more particularly, to a color image processing apparatus having a function to automatically determine whether an original is a black and white original or a color original.
2. Related Background Art
In U.S. Pat. No. 4,953,012 and U.S. application Ser. No. 416,587 (Oct. 3, 1989) abandoned, the applicant of the present invention has proposed a technique in a color copying apparatus in which whether an original to be read is a black and white (B/W) original or a color original is automatically discriminated a black single color copy is executed in the case of the B/W original, and a copy using four colors of yellow, magenta, cyan, and black is performed in the case of a color original. With the above technique, the copying time and costs can be reduced.
However, according to the above proposed constructions, prior to copying e original image, the original image is pre-scanned and on the basis of the result of the discrimination obtained by the prescan, the original image is copied in either the black and white mode or in the color mode. Therefore, each time the original image is exchanged, the prescan for such a discrimination is performed.
Therefore, in the case where a plurality of originals are repetitively copied by using a recyclable automatic document feeder or where a plurality of areas in the same original are divisionally repetitively copied, the prescan for discrimination is executed many times for the same original or the same area, so that an efficiency is low.

Color image processing apparatus capable of discriminating attributes of originals fed by a feeder


The present invention provides a resin particle for toner, which is allowed to contain colorant particles and/or charge-controlling agent particles through a miniemulsion method, and a toner prepared with the resin particles aggregated/fused.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a toner for use in an electrophotographic method and resin particles that are used for manufacturing the toner.
2. Description of the Related Art
The toner for use in electrophotography is normally composed of toner particles that are formed by adding additives such as a colorant, a charge-controlling agent and a wax to a binder resin. It has been known that such toner particles are manufactured by using a so-called emulsion polymerizing coagulation method. In the emulsion polymerizing coagulation method, in general, resin particles, obtained by an emulsion polymerizing process, are allowed to aggregate/fuse to one another to prepare toner particles. In such a method, the colorant, the charge-controlling agent and the wax are generally added at the time of the aggregating/fusing processes. It has been known that, in particular, the wax is added upon obtaining resin particles through an emulsion polymerization method, in particular, through a miniemulsion polymerization method in which oil droplets obtained at the time of the emulsifying process are small (see Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Nos. 2002-49180, 2002-107994 and 2002-372805).
However, the toner obtained through the above-mentioned conventional methods has a problem in that it fails to provide sufficient image density. Since it fails to provide sufficient charging stability and since, in particular, it has a great fluctuation in quantity of charge upon having an environmental fluctuation, fogging occurs in response to even a slight environmental change.

Resin particles for toner and toner prepared therewith

Konica Minolta Business Technologies, Inc.