The invention provides novel polypeptides having phospholipase activity, including, e.g., phospholipase A, B, C and D activity, patatin activity, lipid acyl hydrolase (LAH) activity, nucleic acids encoding them and antibodies that bind to them. Industrial methods, e.g., oil degumming, and products comprising use of these phospholipases are also provided.

Phospholipases are enzymes that hydrolyze the ester bonds of phospholipids. Corresponding to their importance in the metabolism of phospholipids, these enzymes are widespread among prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The phospholipases affect the metabolism, construction and reorganization of biological membranes and are involved in signal cascades. Several types of phospholipases are known which differ in their specificity according to the position of the bond attacked in the phospholipid molecule. Phospholipase A1 (PLA1) removes the 1-position fatty acid to produce free fatty acid and 1-lyso-2-acylphospholipid. Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) removes the 2-position fatty acid to produce free fatty acid and 1-acyl-2-lysophospholipid. PLA1 and PLA2 enzymes can be intra- or extra-cellular, membrane-bound or soluble. Intracellular PLA2 is found in almost every mammalian cell. Phospholipase C (PLC) removes the phosphate moiety to produce 1,2 diacylglycerol and phospho base. Phospholipase D (PLD) produces 1,2-diacylglycerophosphate and base group. PLC and PLD are important in cell function and signaling. PLD had been the dominant phospholipase in biocatalysis (see, e.g., Godfrey, T. and West S. (1996) Industrial enzymology, 299-300, Stockton Press, New York). Patatins are another type of phospholipase, thought to work as a PLA (see for example, Hirschberg H J, et al., (2001), Eur J Biochem 268(19):5037-44).
Common oilseeds, such as soybeans, rapeseed, sunflower seeds, rice bran oil, sesame and peanuts are used as sources of oils and feedstock. In the oil extraction process, the seeds are mechanically and thermally treated. The oil is separated and divided from the meal by a solvent. Using distillation, the solvent is then separated from the oil and recovered. The oil is "degummed" and refined. The solvent content in the meal can be evaporated by thermal treatment in a "desolventizer toaster," followed by meal drying and cooling. After a solvent had been separated by distillation, the produced raw oil is processed into edible oil, using special degumming procedures and physical refining. It can also be utilized as feedstock for the production of fatty acids and methyl ester. The meal can be used for animal rations.
Degumming is the first step in vegetable oil refining and it is designed to remove contaminating phosphatides that are extracted with the oil but interfere with the subsequent oil processing. These phosphatides are soluble in the vegetable oil only in an anhydrous form and can be precipitated and removed if they are simply hydrated. Hydration is usually accomplished by mixing a small proportion of water continuously with substantially dry oil. Typically, the amount of water is 75% of the phosphatides content, which is typically 1 to 1.5%. The temperature is not highly critical, although separation of the hydrated gums is better if the viscosity of the oil is reduced at 50° C. to 80° C.
Many methods for oil degumming are currently used. The process of oil degumming can be enzymatically assisted by using phospholipase enzymes. Phospholipases A1 and A2 have been used for oil degumming in various commercial processes, e.g., "ENZYMAX™ degumming" (Lurgi Life Science Technologies GmbH, Germany). Phospholipase C (PLC) also has been considered for oil degumming because the phosphate moiety generated by its action on phospholipids is very water soluble and easy to remove and the diglyceride would stay with the oil and reduce losses; see e.g., Godfrey, T. and West S. (1996) Industrial Enzymology, pp. 299-300, Stockton Press, New York; Dahlke (1998) "An enzymatic process for the physical refining of seed oils," Chem. Eng. Technol. 21:278-281; Clausen (2001) "Enzymatic oil degumming by a novel microbial phospholipase," Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 103:333-340.
High phosphatide oils such as soy, canola and sunflower are processed differently than other oils such as palm. Unlike the steam or "physical refining" process for low phosphatide oils, these high phosphorous oils require special chemical and mechanical treatments to remove the phosphorous-containing phospholipids. These oils are typically refined chemically in a process that entails neutralizing the free fatty acids to form soap and an insoluble gum fraction. The neutralization process is highly effective in removing free fatty acids and phospholipids but this process also results in significant yield losses and sacrifices in quality. In some cases, the high phosphatide crude oil is degummed in a step preceding caustic neutralization. This is the case for soy oil utilized for lecithin wherein the oil is first water or acid degummed.
Phytosterols (plant sterols) are members of the "triterpene" family of natural products, which includes more than 100 different phytosterols and more than 4000 other types of triterpenes. In general, phytosterols are thought to stabilize plant membranes, with an increase in the sterol/phospholipid ration leading to membrane rigidification. Chemically, phytosterols closely resemble cholesterol in structure. The major phytosterols are β-sitosterol, campesterol and stigmasterol. Others include stigmastanol (β-sitostanol), sitostanol, desmosterol, chalinasterol, poriferasterol, clionasterol and brassicasterol.
Plant sterols are important agricultural products for health and nutritional industries. They are useful emulsifiers for cosmetic manufacturers and supply the majority of steroidal intermediates and precursors for the production of hormone pharmaceuticals. The saturated analogs of phytosterols and their esters have been suggested as effective cholesterol-lowering agents with cardiologic health benefits. Plant sterols reduce serum cholesterol levels by inhibiting cholesterol absorption in the intestinal lumen and have immunomodulating properties at extremely low concentrations, including enhanced cellular response of T lymphocytes and cytotoxic ability of natural killer cells against a cancer cell line. In addition, their therapeutic effect has been demonstrated in clinical studies for treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis, rheumatoid arthritis, management of HIV-infested patients and inhibition of immune stress in marathon runners.
Plant sterol esters, also referred to as phytosterol esters, were approved as GRAS (Generally Recognized As Safe) by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in margarines and spreads in 1999. In September 2000, the FDA also issued an interim rule that allows health-claims labeling of foods containing phytosterol ester. Consequently enrichment of foods with phytosterol esters is highly desired for consumer acceptance.
Soybean oil is widely used and is an important foodstuff, accounting for ˜30% of the oil production from seeds and fruits. Soybeans contain only 20% oil, and the extraction is usually done by using a solvent such as hexane on a commercial scale. The recognized quality of its oil and the nutritive value of the meal protein make soya bean a primary oilseed. Before extraction, soybeans must be cleaned, cracked and flaked as efficient solvent extraction of oil requires that every oil cell is broken to improve the mass transfer. Cell walls mostly composed of cellulose, associated with hemicelluloses, pectic substances and lignin), could also be broken by means of enzymes, to achieve a significant improvement in extraction yields and rates.

Phospholipases, nucleic acids encoding them and methods for making and using them


A slanted viewer is provided to maximize data visibility. In the context of computer graphics and a rendering technique, the slanted viewer's use of three-dimensional rendering provides an instant view of full data without compromising the visibility of other view areas or data and with minimum user interactions. The slanted viewer combines the use of two-dimensional and three-dimensional concepts to enhance, as well as to preserve, a well-established user interaction environment and navigation system. The slanted viewer serves effectively in viewers showing extended length of text or objects horizontally.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to maximizing data visibility. Particularly, the present invention provides a slanted viewer that uses depth as a three-dimensional volume to provide an instant view of full data without compromising the visibility of other view areas or data in the well-established two-dimensional environment and conventional navigation to which users are accustomed.
2. Description of Related Art
A file viewer is an application used for displaying file and directory listings and information. A file viewer may also control searching functions and file type associations (based on filename extensions). A file viewer may also make use of navigational arrows (back and forward) for moving between recently visited directories. This feature has proven to be a useful feature that has been emulated by other file browsing systems.
In the state of today's information technology, the amount of information available grows exponentially, particularly compared to the amount of space that is available for display or visualization. Current display devices are often described as rectangular, flat screens. Very often lengthy data being displayed would be hidden off the screen or viewing area. Currently, this kind of viewing limitation can be addressed by use of commonly known scroll bars in either the horizontal axis or the vertical axis or by resizing the viewing area. Users often manually 'scroll' within the viewer to or 'expand' the viewer as a means of revealing the hidden portion of the data.
Although scrolling or expanding a viewer is functionally satisfying, it is lacking the instant preview of full content. Furthermore, the aforementioned way of increasing the visibility of one data is in a trade off of lesser visibility of another set of data. This is due to the nature of the two-dimensional viewing facility. If one expands a view area resided in a 'viewer,' the area that is 'behind' it would get covered up further. The same issue holds true when the user scrolls to the hidden area; things that were visible would become hidden. Lastly, viewing hidden data requires constant manual or human interactions to perform such operations as scrolling or expanding.

Maximize data visibility using slated viewer

International Business Machines Corporation


Braces for bracing objects in structures against forces due to earthquakes are tested by subjecting components of the braces for attaching the braces to the object or structure to cyclic loading of approximately 15 cycles. The cyclic forces are applied to different samples of the components at differing angles, and a load rating is determined for each angle. Prior to cyclic testing, forces are applied monotonically to the components in both tension and compression, the flexible loading direction of the component is determined from the monotonic testing, and the deformation that the component can resist when a load is applied in cycles is estimated from the monotonic testing.

The present invention relates to a method of testing braces designed to restrain objects relative to a fixed structure during an earthquake, for example, to restrain sprinkler pipes in a building.
Design codes and standards (e.g., Uniform Building Code, International Building Code, NFPA-13 (National Fire Protection Association)) estimate the amplitude of the seismic load in sprinkler-pipe braces, but they do not specify the number of cycles for which this load must be resisted by various components of pipe braces.
The sprinkler pipes in a building are typically supported from the roof or the floor above by hanger rods that are designed to transfer the gravity load from the pipes to the supporting structure. In seismic regions, the pipes need to be restrained laterally and longitudinally at discrete locations along their length by seismic braces. In an earthquake, inadequately restrained sprinkler piping can suffer damage by large differential movement within the piping or by impacts with adjacent structural and nonstructural components. In the past, seismic damage to sprinkler pipes has been in the form of broken sprinkler heads, failed couplings and fittings, unseated hanger-rods and broken braces. To perform their function, the seismic braces must resist the dynamic load imposed by the vibrating sprinkler-pipe without breaking or deforming excessively.
Design codes and standards estimate the amplitude of the seismic load, but they do not estimate the number of cycles for which the load is applied.


The present invention relates to methods of treating neoplastic disease whereby gene therapy treatments are employed in combination with a chemotherapy regime. A combinational therapy with anti-neoplastic alkylating agents will optimize host tumor sensitivity to these agents used alone or in combination with O.sup.6 -benzylguanine (BG) or a similar compound or compounds. Hematopoietic cells are infected with a transgene expressing a mutant AGT protein exhibiting DNA repair activity while imparting resistance to BG or a related compound. Introduction of the transduced hematopoietic cell population expressing the mutant AGT protein into the patient in tandem with the chemotherapeutic regime will substantially reduce myelosuppression traditionally associated with the administration of these anti-neoplastic drugs.

Alkylating and methylating agents are important groups of compounds for use in cancer chemotherapy. Chloroethylating agents, including but not limited to chloroethylnitrosoureas, form DNA adducts within the cell nucleus that promote alterations in DNA structure and/or function. These changes at the DNA level lead to cytotoxicity within the targeted cell.
Chloroethylnitrosoureas such as BCNU (N,N'-bis(2-cholorethyl)-N-nitrosourea) and CCNU (N-(2-cholorethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-N-nitrosourea) are lipid soluble compounds that have been shown to possess clinical utility against some neoplasms but with limited success in clinical trials. These chloroethylnitrosoureas promote DNA alkylation at the O.sup.6 position of guanine, leading to DNA interstrand crosslinking and altered fidelity of DNA replication and transcription. This induced interstrand crosslinking involves formation of a chloroethyl adduct at the guanine residue that undergoes an intramolecular rearrangement to produce an unstable intermediate that reacts with the cross strand cytosine residue. The result is a N.sup.1 -guanine, N.sup.3 -cytosine-ethanol crosslink.
This N.sup.1 -guanine, N.sup.3 -cytosine-ethanol crosslink can be prevented by the DNA repair protein, O.sup.6 -alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (AGT). This repair protein is active in mammalian tumor cells and is responsible for protecting cells from the antitumor effects normally associated with chloroethylating agents such as BCNU and CCNU. AGT has a unique mechanism of action in that it brings about the transfer of alkyl groups present on the O.sup.6 position of guanine in DNA to a cysteine residue located within the AGT amino acid sequence (Lindahl, et al., 1988, Annu. Rev. Biochem. 57: 133-157; Pegg, 1990, Cancer Res. 50: 6119-6129). The resulting S-alkylcysteine-containing AGT protein is not converted back to cysteine. AGT acts only once and the number of O.sup.6 -alkylguanine residues that can be repaired is equal to the number of available AGT molecules. Therefore, tumor cells expressing high levels of AGT show resistance to alkylating and methylating chemotherapeutic drugs, which may limit clinical effectiveness of these agents. To this end, a reduction of functional AGT in mammalian tumor cells should correlate to increased sensitivity of these cells to the chemotherapeutic effects of chloroethylating agents that form DNA adducts at the O.sup.6 position of guanine.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,091,430, issued to Moschel, et al. on Feb. 24, 1992 discloses O.sup.6 -substituted guanine compounds which inhibit AGT. An exemplified compound which inhibits AGT is O.sup.6 -benzylguanine (BG). It has been shown that BG is a strong time and concentration dependent inactivator of human AGT (Dolan, et al., 1990, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 87: 686-690). This mechanism has been confirmed by the identification of S-benzylcysteine in AGT and the formation of stoichiometric amounts of guanine following incubation with BG.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,352,669 issued to Moschel, et al. on Oct. 4, 1994 discloses O.sup.6 -substituted guanosine and 2' deoxyguanosine compounds which are shown to inhibit AGT.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,358,952 issued to Moschel, et al. on Oct. 22, 1994 disclose pharmaceutical combinations for chemotherapy comprising O.sup.6 -substituted guanine compounds in tandem with anti-neoplastic alkylating agents.
A major limitation in the use of alkylating and methylating agents in the treatment of neoplastic disease is the profound myelosuppression produced by these drugs. This problem peaks at about 4-6 weeks after treatment and thus prevents the repetition of cyclic therapy at preferred intervals. This myelosuppression is due to low concentrations of AGT in hematopoietic cells.
Crone and Pegg (1993, Cancer Res. 53: 4750-4753) disclose a mutant human AGT protein with a single amino acid change of proline to alanine at aa #140 (P140A). This mutant human AGT shows a decrease in sensitivity to BG in vitro. The authors do not address in vivo activity of this mutant in regard to BG or BG/BCNU combinations.
Crone, et al. (1994, Cancer Res. 54: 6221-6227) disclose an additional mutant human AGT protein with a single amino acid change of glycine to alanine at aa #156 (G156A). As with human AGT P140A, G156A shows a decrease in sensitivity to BG in vitro. Again, the authors do not address in vivo activity of this mutant in regard to BG or BG/BCNU combinations.
Gerson, et al. (1994, Mutation Res. 307:541-555) disclose transgenic mice expressing either the wild type human O.sup.6 -methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) cDNA or the bacterial ada gene (which expresses a prokaryotic version of AGT resistant to BG). The authors show a level of protection against addition of BCNU in transformed cell types shown to express the respective gene.
Another avenue of addressing alkylating agent toxicity is gene therapy. Moritz, et al. (1995, Cancer Res. 55:2608-2614) disclose retroviral mediated expression of MGMT in murine bone marrow cells. The authors used a strong promoter in attempts to overexpress MGMT in the cells in an effort to overcome the effect of added BCNU for in vitro and in vivo studies. No attempt was made nor suggested by the authors to inhibit MGMT at the tumor site and provide a resistant form of the protein in hematopoietic cells to reduce BCNU-induced myelosuppression. Allay, et al. (1995, Blood 85: 3342-3351) also show retroviral mediated expression of MGMT in murine bone marrow cells. The authors used the MPSV vector with the 5'LTR promoter fragment to increase expression of MGMT and also obtain in vitro reduction in BCNU-induced myelosuppression. Harris, et al. (1995, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Can. Res. 36: 419) disclose retroviral mediated expression of a bacterial ada gene and a measure of resistance to nitrosoureas. The authors noted increased resistance to BG and BCNU in vivo. Maze, et al. (1996, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 93: 206-210) disclose in vitro and in vivo expression of wtMGMT in mouse bone marrow cells. These authors do not suggest inhibition of MGMT at the tumor site and providing a human resistant form of the protein in hematopoietic cells to reduce BCNU-induced myelosuppression. These studies lack an efficient gene therapy application at the clinical level since the routine high level expression of AGT in these cells is difficult to accomplish and even substantial increases in alkyltransferase may not be sufficient to render these cells less susceptible to killing than many of the tumors which are being treated since these tumors may have high levels of alkyltransferase. Although MGMT overexpression increases BCNU resistance in normal murine and human hematopoitic cells, the effect has been quite modest, leaving serious questions about any therapeutic utility for these applications. Therefore, a fundamental problem exists in relation to overexpression of human AGT in hematopoietic cells in an attempt to overcome sensitivity to chloroethylating compounds targeted to tumor cells.
Although AGT P140A and G156A show resistance to BG and no apparent defect in the ability to repair O.sup.6 -methylguanine in DNA in vitro, the rate of repair of methylated DNA is very rapid and is difficult to measure accurately under physiological conditions. Also, it is not known whether the ability to act on the larger 2-chloroethyl group is affected by these mutations. Furthermore, some point mutations in AGT have a pronounced destabilizing effect and may reduce the steady state level of the AGT protein. These factors could limit the ability of the mutant AGTs to protect cells from chloroethylation. Therefore, it is possible that some or all of these mutations do also affect the ability to repair O.sup.6 -(2-chloroethyl)guanine in cellular DNA and would therefore not produce resistance to sensitization by BG.
Therefore, despite attempts to overcome the extreme myelosuppression observed with the use of alkylating and methylating agents in chemotherapy regimes, a need exists for improved methods of using these anti-neoplastic agents to treat various neoplastic diseases.

use of mutant alkyltransferases for gene therapy to protect from toxicity of therapeutic alkylating agents


Embodiments involve rotors for axial flux induction rotating electric machines that use a soft magnetic composite for the rotor core. A first embodiment is directed to a rotor for a rotating electrical machine that transmits magnetic flux parallel to a shaft of the rotor. The rotor includes a rotor winding and a plurality of cores. The rotor winding consists of a solid piece of conductive material that comprises a plurality of cavities. Each core is placed in a respective cavity and comprises a highly resistive isotropic ferromagnetic powder.

Rotating electrical machines, such as motors and generators, are known to exist in various different types and geometries. For example, some rotating electric machines rely on permanent magnets for magnetic pole pieces. These permanent magnets, for performance reasons, typically include rare earth elements such as neodymium, samarium, cerium, terbium, praseodymium, gadolinium, and dysprosium. Permanent magnet synchronous machines are often desirable because they exhibit a high starting torque, high efficiency, and high power density.
However, the rare earth metals that high performance permanent rotating electrical machines rely on are produced primarily by mines in only a few regions of the world. The rare earth elements used for the magnets add considerable cost to the machine, and the process of mining them is nearly always very damaging to the environment. They introduce vulnerabilities in the supply chain. Finally, when heat is applied there is a risk they could lose their magnetic properties.
An alternative to a permanent magnet rotating electrical machine is an induction rotating electrical machine. Induction machines do not rely on permanent magnets. Instead, induction machines use induced magnetic fields brought about by changing currents to operate. The cores of an induction machine may simply be iron, or other material that is magnetically permeable. While induction machines avoid the need for rare earths, widely available induction machines are thought to be unsuitable for many applications because of their lower power density and lower starting torque.
In general, rotating electrical machines exist in two geometries: radial and axial. Radial flux motors transmit magnetic flux perpendicular to the motor's shaft. With these radial flux motors, the rotor—the component of the motor that rotates—and the stator—the component of the motor that remains stationary—both tend to be cylindrical in shape and concentric with one another. For example, the stator may enclose the rotor and transmit magnetic flux inward toward the rotor. The magnetic flux applies torque to the rotor, making it turn. An example is a conventional squirrel cage motor.
In contrast, axial flux motors transmit magnetic flux parallel to the motor shaft. Instead of being concentric cylinders, in an axial flux motor the rotor and stator may be discs mounted parallel to one another and perpendicular to the motor shaft. The stator applies magnetic flux through the rotor, creating torque. An example of such an axial flux motor was disclosed by Pyrhonen et al. in U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 2008/0001488, entitled "Axial Flux Induction Electric Machine."
In general, axial flux motors tend to be more compact than radial flux motors having the same power. In other words, an axial flux geometry tends to produce a higher power density. All other things, including axial length, being equal, increasing a radius of a radial flux motor may increase power output by the difference in radius squared. In contrast, all other things being equal, increasing a radius of an axial flux motor may increase power output by the difference in radius cubed. The result is that greater power output can be achieved by using less materials than would be required for a radial machine of equivalent power.
In electric cars, permanent magnet machines have conventionally been used due to their high power density, superior starting torque, and compact size. Permanent magnet motors in general are thought to provide greater starting torque than induction motors because the permanent magnets are already excited. However, the torque from a permanent magnet motor at a given excitation voltage is inversely proportional to rotor rotational speed owing to back EMF (electromagnetic flux) induced in the stator coils (e.g., as a consequence of Faraday's Law). More specifically, while the efficiency of a permanent magnet (PM) motor initially increases with rotational velocity (from zero), once it is close to rated speed, the efficiency drops precipitously owing to the lack of torque (from back EMF) and the increased iron losses (hysteresis and eddy losses). Thus, at high speeds, the efficiency of permanent magnet machines can fall off dramatically, which can result in wasted electricity and limited torque. It is the (nearly) linear loss of torque with velocity, however, that is the major design limitation for PM motors in traction motor applications such as electric cars. Indeed, it is for this reason that some electric vehicles use a pair of motors: a PM motor for low driving speeds, and an induction motor for high driving speeds.
Conventionally, induction machines are thought to have poor starting torque. While induction machines are typically preferable to PM motors at higher RPMs, conventionally, an induction machine that gives greater than about 40% of full load torque when in a locked rotor state is difficult to design. This is in part because induction machines tend to perform poorly at high slip.
Eddy currents can be present in any type of rotating electrical machine, but are conventionally thought to be particularly problematic in axial machines. Eddy currents are electrical currents that circulate around inside conductive materials in a manner similar to swirling eddies in a river. They generate unwanted losses (and thus heat) in the systems, particularly in high frequency applications. For example, some eddy currents may be currents that are induced in the metal core material itself by the changing magnetic field as alternating current produces a changing flux. In addition, eddy currents may be caused in large conductors by interactions with other conductors and current loops in the rotating machine.
To reduce eddy currents, lamination stacks are used in the rotor and stator assemblies. Lamination stacks include a plurality of thin steel layers and insulation between them that increases resistivity of the magnetic material in a direction that is perpendicular to the insulation while maintaining magnetic properties of the laminated material in other directions. The laminated material may be for example iron or a permanent magnet material. Such lamination stacks can be used either in the rotor disk, such as in the rotor cores, or as the stator core. However, the lamination stack reduces the density of material, deteriorating the magnetic properties desired. They also can create a point of failure that reduces the machine's durability and reliability due to stress and fatigue.
For example, motors in electric scooters and bicycles may experience momentary high acceleration forces when these vehicles hit a street obstacle, such as a pothole. These high acceleration ("gee") forces can cause the weld that holds laminations together to experience fatigue or even brittle failure if the acceleration and jerk are sufficiently large. Should the lamination weld(s) fail, the motor itself would cease to function. This can create a severe safety hazard.
Recently, soft magnetic composite (SMC) materials have become available. These soft magnetic composites are mixtures of ferromagnetic powder particles coated with an electrically insulating layer (typically a steam-formed oxide) and nonmetallic binders (such as phosphorus). These composites can be formed into complex geometric shapes. The result is an electrically resistive, ferromagnetic material with isotropic properties. The isotropic properties allow it to carry magnetic flux in all directions inside a material, unlike a laminated stack. And, SMC's high resistivity enables the designer of a magnetic system to more precisely direct the flow of current within a magnetic system when compared to using a lower resistivity solution such as lamination stacks. An example of such a composite material is the SOMALOY© composite powder available from Höganäs AB of Höganäs, Sweden.
However, these soft magnetic powders cannot be machined adequately. That is, they are difficult to machine with conventional methods, and cannot be machined at all by electric discharge methods (wire and die-sink EDM). They universally have very low tensile strength, impact strength, and bending modulus. When subjected to large amounts of compressive force, they have a tendency to convert from a consolidated form back into powder, or to chip or fragment. Thus, while these magnetic materials have been used in stators for electric motors, their utility has been limited.
Often, stators have teeth with wires, called windings, wrapped around them. The windings may be insulated from one another, allowing current to flow only along the wires. Such insulation reduces the density of the conductive materials, and ultimately can limit the power density of the rotating electric machine. Conventionally, stator teeth have, at their top, a tip that closes in toward adjacent teeth, making the teeth wider at the top and narrower at the bottom and making the stator slots partially closed. This is thought to provide special magnetic reluctance to the air gap. The tip is thought to allow the magnetic flux to be transmitted in a cleaner sine wave. Any harmonics away from that sine wave can cause additional losses in the rotor.
Consistent with partially closed slots, windings for axial induction machines are typically wound by hand. Doing so introduces a number of problems. First, it is a labor-intensive process that accounts for a significant portion of machine costs. Second, it introduces an opportunity for error. Third, the number and type of windings that can be fixed into or made within the interior annulus between the stator's teeth is limited by the operator's skill and the geometry of the wire, the wire's insulation, and the interior of the stator. Kinks can occur during the winding, increasing unwanted electrical resistance and dramatically increasing the risk of mechanical and thermomechanical fatigue failure in the winding. This is especially true for axial stators, because the endturns needed for the coils have a smaller bending radius. The fill factor of the stator's slots is also reduced, thus restricting the amount of H field (total magnetization) that can be generated in the slot. This limits the power density of the resulting machine.
Conventionally, air-cooled motors are thought to, in general, have lower performance than liquid-cooled motors, because air-cooled motors more easily overheat and fail. For that reason, most rotating electrical machines used to drive electric vehicles are liquid-cooled. Liquid-cooled motors have disadvantages in that they are more complicated and, in general, more expensive and less durable than air-cooled motors.
Rotating electrical machines that produce better efficiency, power density, cost-effectiveness, and durability relative to existing machines are needed.

Rotor for an axial flux rotating electrical machine having a powdered ferromagnetic core


A system for recording one or more individual fields or frames of a color, high definition video signal. In a preferred embodiment, the system is capable of digitally recording as many as 32 frames of a color, high definition video signal per memory board, and as many as four memory boards may be installed in the system. The invention is capable of performing partial or full frame (or field) transfers at any selected rate less than or equal to the standard video rate. In a preferred embodiment, the system of the invention accepts HDTV signals in either digital or analog format, includes a post processing unit for simultaneously reconstructing stored HDTV signals in both digital and analog format, and a control unit which emulates a conventional video tape recorder (in the sense that it responds to conventional video tape recorder control signals) for controlling the system's frame memory. The invention includes a parallel computer interface which permits transfer of full or partial fields or frames (in non-real time) between the frame memory and an external computer (or image processing unit) via a conventional communication link. The control unit and an interface unit including the parallel computer interface are connected by a serial communications link, so that a host computer may control memory access through the interface unit.

Systems have been proposed for recording individual fields and frames of conventional video signals (having NTSC or PAL format). Recently, the Society of Motion Picture Engineers has adopted a standard, known as the SMPTE 240M standard, for high definition video signals. Throughout this Specification, including in the claims, the phrase "high definition video" signal (or "HDTV" signal) will be used to denote 1125-line, 60 Hz video signals (having an aspect ratio of 16 to 9) which meet the SMPTE 240M standard, or which meet the SMPTE 240M requirements for field rate, aspect ratio, blanking interval duration, and number of horizontal lines per field, but which differ from the SMPTE 240M standard in other respects.
It would be desirable to record one or more individual fields and frames of a color HDTV signal (either analog or digital), for post production, editing, off-speed transfer of the signal, and other purposes. However, until the present invention, it had not been known how to record individual fields or frames of a color HDTV signal for partial or full frame or field transfers to a host computer (or other processing or display unit) at arbitrary speed (i.e., less than or equal to the standard video rate) using a system which emulates a conventional video tape recorder ("VTR") with very fast response and is compatible with conventional digital computer systems and image processing systems.


Email administration, embodiments including a transcoding gateway, the transcoding gateway comprising client device records, method embodiments including receiving in the transcoding gateway an email message, the email message comprising at least one destination mailbox address, the email message further comprising at least one digital object; transcoding the digital object into a digital file having a digital format and a file name; and downloading the digital file to a destination client device at an internet address recorded in an internet address field of a client device record, the client device record having recorded in the client device record's mailbox address field, a mailbox address identical to the destination mailbox address of the email message, and, recorded in the client device record's digital file format code field, a digital file format code indicating that the client device represented by the client device record is capable of receiving the digital format of the digital file.

1. Field of the Invention
The field of the invention is data processing, or, more specifically, methods, systems, and products for routing email according to its content.
2. Description of the Related Art
Prior art email allows mail messages to be exchanged between users of computers around the world and out of the world, to space shuttles and the International Space Station. Internet email in particular provides a standard communications mechanism for millions of computers connected to the Internet.
In the early days of email, email messages were very limited in features. They were restricted to ASCII characters; they had maximum line lengths and maximum message lengths. Modern email messages, however, support digital objects comprising audio, video, and graphic images. The modern email standard for the Internet, initiated in 1992, is called MIME, an acronym for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions. MIME allows mail messages to contain multiple digital objects in a single message, text having unlimited line length or overall length, character sets other than ASCII (allowing non-English language messages), multi-font messages, and binary or application specific files. Digital objects supported in MIME messages include graphic images, audio, video and multi-media messages.
Email messages are delivered to email clients, software application programs capable of connecting to the Internet through mail servers and downloading email messages from electronic mailboxes maintained in email servers. An examples of email clients are Microsoft's well-known email applications called Outlook™ and Outlook Express™.
Despite the fact that such digital objects are fairly easy to prepare and email, however, their actual usefulness in email remains limited. Digital objects in email messages are delivered to a user's email client along with email messages, as part of them. The digital objects, however, are delivered only to the email client identified in an email account in an email server. There is no option to automatically deliver digital objects anywhere other than to the email client, despite the fact that a single email client might not necessarily be the most sensible place to send a digital object. It might be useful, for example, to send video objects to high-quality video players, video players having finer specifications more suited to display of high-quality video than is a typical email client. In present art, however, there is no way to automatically direct digital content of Internet email to destinations other than a particular email client.
The presence of digital objects within an email message typically is indicated by some graphic or icon displayed on the screen of the email client when the email message is received and opened by the recipient. To view or play the digital objects, user recipients are required to take particular action, install extensions to their email clients, open a player application, mouse-click on an icon, take some additional action. There is no provision in present art for more automated execution or display of digital objects in Internet email. For all these reasons, and for other reasons that will occur to those of skill in the art, there remains a need for improved methods of communicating and displaying digital objects in Internet email.

Email routing according to email content


Administrating a package of shuffled playing cards to prevent fraudulent card exchanges. The administrating system is configured to calculate places and a number of packages of shuffled playing cards at places of the backyard, the places of playing tables, places of carriers and the disposition place using information obtained by the loading step and unloading step and the administrating system calculates by every ID codes bases 1) places of packages registered by the registering step for registering to a data base of administrating system and a number of packages place by place from information obtained from the loading step and the unloading step. The administrating system is configured to recognize whether there is a lost package by comparing the information of all ID codes registered in registering steps with the ID codes at places of packages obtained at the calculating step from the loading step and the unloading step.

Baccarat and Black Jack are of the many live table games played in casinos or gaming establishments. These games use a standard deck of 52 playing cards and are usually dealt from a shoe having multiple decks (6 to 9 or 10 decks) that have been shuffled together prior to the beginning of play. When operating people (hereinafter "the dealer") in casinos deliver playing cards to a game table for plays in such games, the cards sequence of multiple decks from the shoe will decide games (winners or winning hands). A predetermined number of decks of game cards are shuffled in a random order (sequence) and individually packaged as one package for these purposes before casinos use these packages.
Any loss or exchange of cards should not occur in casinos, because once some one reads the sequence of the package of cards and return the package in casinos, one can predict the results of games when dealer uses the read package. To assure fair games by preventing such loss or exchanges of package of shuffled game cards in casinos, the casinos should administrate package of shuffled game cards so that games at tables are played properly (i.e. there is no exchange of the package of shuffled game cards or any other accidental or fraudulent acts etc.). A package of shuffled game cards is known and is disclosed in Patent Literature 1: (US Patent Publication 2010/0327525).

Method for administering a package of shuffled playing cards


The invention provides, in various embodiments, systems and methods relating to enhancing the filtering and detection capability of ion mobility based systems by various techniques to counteract a charge buildup in the ion mobility based system.

Several approaches to chemical identification are based on the recognition that ion species have different ion mobility characteristics under different electric field conditions at atmospheric pressure. These approaches include time-of-flight Ion Mobility Spectrometry (IMS) and differential mobility spectrometry (DMS), the latter also known by other names such as field asymmetric ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS). Atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization enables these identification processes (including radioactive, ultraviolet and electrospray ionization, for example).
In a conventional IMS device, a weak DC field gradient is established between an upstream electrode and a downstream collector electrode and then an ionized sample is released into the DC field. The ionized sample flows toward the collector electrode. Ion species are identified based on the time of flight of the ions to the collector. The DC field is weak where ion mobility is constant.
A typical DMS device includes a pair of opposed filter electrodes defining an analytical gap between them in a flow path (also known as a drift tube or flow channel). Ions flow into the analytical gap. A compensated high-low varying asymmetric RF field (sometimes referred to as a filter field, a dispersion field or a separation field) is generated between the electrodes transverse the ion flow in the gap. Field strength varies as the applied RF voltage (sometimes referred to as dispersion voltage, separation voltage, or RF voltage) and size of the gap between the electrodes. Such systems typically operate at atmospheric pressure.
Ions are displaced transversely by the DMS filter field, with a given species being displaced a characteristic amount transversely toward the electrodes per cycle. DC compensation is applied to the electrodes to compensate or offset the transverse displacement generated by the applied RF for a selected ion species. The result is zero or near-zero net transverse displacement for that species, which enables that species to pass through the filter for downstream processing such as detection and identification. Other ions undergo a net transverse displacement toward the filter electrodes and will eventually undergo collisional neutralization on one of the electrodes.
One limitation of convention DMS systems is that the compensation voltage applied to the filter electrodes typically generates fringe fields that force ions to impact and deposit charge along the flow path of the system adjacent to the filter. As the ions deposit their charge, a charge build up occurs that counteracts the influence of the fringe fields and allows for subsequent stable ion detection. Unfortunately, the period of time in which the DMS system reaches stable ion detection introduces response time delays, especially in a system performing multiple sample detections, which may reduce the speed and responsiveness of current DMS systems. Also, the dependence on a charge build up to enable stable ion detection may adversely effect the stability and sensitivity of the DMS system where the charge build up is dependent on other variable factors such as surrounding environmental conditions.
Another is issue is that ions near an ion filter tend to be distributed in a fire-hose pattern based on the compensation voltage setting and the fringe fields when the compensation voltage is scanned over a range of voltages. Thus, the ions exiting the ion filter are sprayed onto the surfaces adjacent to the filter where charge builds up or accumulates.

Method and apparatus for enhanced ion based sample filtering and detection


The present invention relates to a headrest moving device. Particularly, an elastic rib is disposed between a lock plate and a case, the elastic rib applies an elastic force to the lock plate in a direction different from a sliding direction of the lock plate, a curved part is formed between both ends of the elastic rib, the curved part is in contact with the case or the lock plate, and both ends of the elastic rib are spaced apart from a surface in contact with the curved part, and thus, there is no gap between the lock plate and the case, and the lock plate can be smoothly slid.

Korean Registration Patent No. 10-1383094 (Patent Document 1) discloses a headrest moving device which includes a cover including a front surface and a rear surface, a middle cover disposed in the cover and having a hollow part formed therein, a locking cover inserted into the hollow part, connected to the cover, and having a tooth disposed in a front-rear direction, a lock pin plate installed to be slidable in a lateral direction on the middle cover and including a lock pin inserted into the tooth, a lock plate including a through hole through which a vertical part of the stay rod passes, installed on the middle cover to be slidable in a lateral direction, and connected to the lock pin plate, a return spring returning the lock plate or the lock pin plate, and a button moving the lock plate in a lateral direction, wherein the cover is integrally formed so that a gap between the front surface and the rear surface is constantly maintained.
In the headrest moving device of Patent Document 1, when the button is pushed and the lock plate is slid, vertical locking is released and a height of the headrest is adjusted. Further, a rib is formed between the lock plate and the cover to prevent movement of the lock plate.
However, when the cover and the lock plate have inaccurate dimensions, there is a problem of a clearance even though the rib is formed.


A compound having the structural formula ##STR1## or a pharmaceutically acceptable salts and prodrugs thereof, wherein R.sup.1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and loweracyl, and R.sup.2 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl and methoxyl, as well as methods for the preparation and use thereof.

Multiple drug resistance (MDR) is a well-known phenomenon wherein target cells, for example cancer cells, become resistant during treatment to different, structurally unrelated drugs in addition to the drug being used (Nooter et al., Br. J. Cancer, 63:663-669 (1991), incorporated herein by reference). Some compounds, such as verapamil, diltiazem, cyclosporin and catharanthine, are known to attenuate, if not reverse, drug resistance in certain mammalian target cells. While not intending to be limited by theory, it is believed that compounds affecting MDR interact with a membrane glycoprotein (P-170), a member of a superfamily of membrane transport proteins, which is the main component of membrane-associated drug efflux systems and is overexpressed in MDR cells. MDR resistance in other organisms, as for example resistance to the antimalarial drug chloroquine in Plasmodium falciparum and antimony resistance in Leishmania species, occurs by very similar mechanisms. Thus MDR-attenuating compounds have potential as adjuncts in antimalarial and other antiprotozoal as well as anticancer therapy.
Unfortunately, not all cells that develop MDR are responsive to known MDR attenuators. Moreover, some known MDR attenuators are active in vivo only at or near the toxic dose of these agents. There is therefore a continuing need for new compounds with MDR-attenuating activity.
The compounds of the present invention are related to but distinct from asperlicins, which are isolated from Aspergillus alliaceus and have activity as cholecystokinin antagonists (Leisch et al., J. Antibiotics, 38:1638-1641 (1985); Goetz et al., J. Antibiotics, 38:1631-1637 (1985); Houck et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,696,925 (1987); Leish et al., J. Antibiotics, 41:878-881 (1988)).

Multiple drug resistance-attenuating compounds


Embodiments relate to a computer system, computer program product, and method to support context aware container volume management. Two or more containers are operatively coupled to a shared operating system instance. Workflow and system topologies directed at the containers are modeled. The workflow models transition states of containers. The container topology model identifies relationships between two more containers. The storage topology model identifies a relationship and dependency of storage volumes. The models are leveraged to assess and autonomously determine functional container storage requirements. Assignment(s) of an application container to a volume is optimized and selectively attached responsive to the autonomous determination.

The present embodiments relate to volume management for a containerized eco-system. More specifically, the embodiments relate to context aware management of the containerized eco-system.
A virtual machine (VM) is a software-based environment to simulate a hardware-based environment. Like a physical computer, the VM runs an operating system and applications. The VM exhibits behavior of a separate computer, but is also capable of performing tasks, such as running applications and programs like a separate computer. The VM, which is commonly referred to as a guest, is created within another computing environment commonly referred to as a host. It is understood that multiple VMs can exist within a single host.
Conventional applications are designed to be managed by an operating system (O/S) and executed by a set of processor cores. With VMs, a software component called a hypervisor acts as an agent between the VM environment and the underlying hardware, providing the necessary layer of abstractions. The hypervisor allows multipole VMs to run on a single machine.
Containers are an abstraction at the application layer. Container technology offers an alternative method for virtualization, in which a single operating system can host two or more different applications. Containers and VMs have similar resource isolation and allocation benefits, but function differently because containers virtualize the operating system instead of the hardware.


A system for exactly detecting any unstable state in which disturbance is caused on the output value of a thermal air flowmeter for measuring intake air flow rate, thereby preventing or promptly suppressing the generation of undesirable states such as a variation in the air-fuel ratio or rough idling.. The system has an upstream intake air temperature sensor for detecting the temperature of the intake air before entering an air cleaner element, the above-mentioned thermal air flowmeter, and a downstream air temperature sensor for detecting the temperature of the intake air after passing the thermal air flowmeter. The system determines that the air flow rate output of the thermal air flowmeter is unstable, when the difference between the air temperature values detected by the upstream and downstream intake air temperature sensors exceeds a predetermined value, and executes a control process which has been determined to cope with such an unstable state. Whether an unstable state exists or not may be determined from the amount of variation of the output value from the thermal air flowmeter.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention broadly relates to an internal combustion engine having a thermal air flowmeter. More particularly, the present invention relates to a device for detecting the transient state at which the temperature of intake air drastically changes, and also to an air-fuel mixture control device using such a detection device.
2. Description of the Related Art
A system has been known which computes fuel injection rate based on the intake air flow rate measured by a thermal air flowmeter and which executes fuel injection in accordance with the computed injection rate. This system suffers from a problem in that a disturbance is caused on the output of the thermal air flowmeter due to a drastic change in the intake air temperature, particularly when the intake air flow rate is small as in the case of idling, resulting in a variation in the air-fuel ratio and rough idling.
In order to overcome this problem, a system has been proposed which corrects the air-fuel ratio in accordance with the air temperature during idling of engine, as disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 57-49039, as well as a system employing a special temperature sensor responsive to drastic change in the intake air temperature and performing quick compensation for the change in the air temperature, as disclosed in Japanese Patent Examined Publication No. 62-12383.
These proposed systems, however, do not satisfactorily suppress the variation in the air-fuel ratio or rough idling, because the output of the thermal air flowmeter, which is the object of the temperature compensation, is unstable in the transient period in which the intake air temperature changes rapidly.
In addition, the temperature sensor employed in the system disclosed in Japanese Patent Examined Publication No. 62-12383 cannot determine whether disturbance a on the output of the thermal air flowmeter has taken place and is lasting due to a drastic change in the air temperature, although it can quickly detect such a drastic change in the air temperature occurring at a certain position.
Disturbance of the output from the thermal air flowmeter is a phenomenon which takes place, for example, under the conditions which will be described later. In some cases, the disturbance which is actually taking place may be attributed to a reason other than a presently detected slight change in the air temperature. In some other cases, disturbance of the output of the thermal air flowmeter is not caused even when the air temperature is changing rapidly. It is also considerable that the disturbance continues even after the air temperature at the measuring point has been settled. Thus, a mere detection of a drastic air temperature variation cannot provide any basis for exact determination of occurrence and state of disturbance in the output from the thermal air flowmeter.

Fuel control system for internal combustion engine


A composition that induces synthesis of stress protective proteins during application of physical or physiological stresses, or physiopathological aggressions on cells including a water-alcohol extract of red algae, taurine and derivatives: about 1 to about 5%, floridoside and derivatives: about 10 to about 25%, one or more of carotenoids and PUFAs, one or more water-soluble vitamins, one or more free amino acids and derivatives, and one or more pigments; and a method of protecting skin against wrinkle formation including administering a therapeutically effective amount of a composition including a water-alcohol extract of red algae that induces synthesis of stress protective proteins during physical or physiological stresses, or physiopathological aggressions on skin cells.

Red algae belonging to the genus Porphyra comprise multiple species including:                Porphyra umbilicalis, collected in Brittany; Porphyra purpurea, present in Brittany; Porphyra tenera, cultivated in Japan; Porphyra yezoensis, cultivated in Japan; and Porphyra columbina, collected in Australia.
The alimentary species of Porphyra are also called "nori." The species Porphyra umbilicalis forms a thin orbicular lanceolate lamella of purplish color which can reach 60 cm in length. The Porphyra species are the most widely consumed alimentary algae in the world. In France, the species Porphyra umbilicalis is approved for human alimentary consumption. The nutritional value of this algae stems from its richness in various compounds such as:                proteins, up to 45% of the dry matter, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), such as EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid), up to 5% of the algae lipids, group B vitamins, vitamin B12 in particular, and vitamin A and the carotenoids.
The prior art contains descriptions of numerous properties of extracts of the algae Porphyra and the compounds that they contain such as, for example:                antioxidant properties of a methanol extract (80%) of Porphyra tenera; antioxidant properties of extracts in various polar and apolar solvents of Porphyra yezoensis, of the methanol extract, in particular; antioxidant properties of an extract made with methanol (50%) and acetone; the presence of high concentrations of taurine and its derivatives, soluble in water-alcohol medium, known for its elicitor properties of chaperone proteins (HSP); the presence of derivatives of soluble sugars in water-alcohol medium such as floridoside (alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1-2)-glycerol) and its isomers which play an essential role in the osmotic regulation of cell medium subjected to notable hydric stresses; and the presence of porphyran, polysaccharide of the gars family, not extracted because it is not soluble in water-alcohol solutions having an alcohol content greater than 70% which have immunostimulant and antitumor properties.

Product containing an extract of red algae of the genus


A downhole tool string component has a tubular body with a first and second end. At least one end is adapted for axial connection to an adjacent downhole tool string component. A covering, secured at its ends to an outside diameter of the tubular body, forms an enclosure with the tubular body. The covering has a geometry such that when a stress is induced in the sleeve by bending the downhole tool string component, that stress is less than or equal to stress induced in the tubular body. The covering may be a sleeve. Further, the geometry may comprise at least one stress relief groove formed in both an inner surface and an outer surface of the covering.

Recent advances in downhole telemetry systems have enable high speed communication between downhole devices and the earth's surface. With these high speed communication abilities, more downhole devices may be utilized in downhole applications. Harsh downhole environments may subject downhole devices to extreme temperatures and pressures. Further, drilling and/or production equipment may apply potentially damaging forces to the downhole devices, such as tensile loads of a drill string, compression and tension from bending, thermal expansion, vibration, and torque from the rotation of a drill string.
U.S. Patent Publications 20050161215 and 20050001735, both to Hall, et al; which are both incorporated herein by reference for all that they contain; disclose a connection for retaining electronic devices within a bore of a downhole tool. The connection transfers a portion of the makeup load away from the electronic devices.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,075,461 issued Jun. 13, 2000 to Smith discloses an apparatus, method and system for communicating information between downhole equipment and surface equipment. An electromagnetic signal repeater apparatus comprises a housing that is securably mountable to the exterior of a pipe string disposed in a well bore. The housing includes first and second housing subassemblies. The first housing subassembly is electrically isolated from the second housing subassembly by a gap subassembly having a length that is at least two times the diameter of the housing. The first housing subassembly is electrically isolated from the pipe string and is secured thereto with a nonconductive strap. The second housing subassembly is electrically coupled with the pipe string and is secured thereto with a conductive strap. An electronics package and a battery are disposed within the housing. The electronics package receives, processes, and retransmits the information being communicated between the downhole equipment and the surface equipment via electromagnetic waves.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,655,452 issued Dec. 2, 2003 to Zillinger discloses a carrier apparatus for connection with a pipe string for use in transporting at least one gauge downhole through a borehole. The apparatus includes a tubular body for connection with the pipe string having a bore for conducting a fluid therethrough and an outer surface, wherein the outer surface has at least one longitudinal recess formed therein. Further, at least one insert defining an internal chamber for receiving a gauge is mounted with the body such that at least a portion of the insert is receivable within the recess for engagement therewith. The apparatus also includes an interlocking interface comprised of the engagement between the insert and the recess, wherein the interlocking interface is configured such that the insert inhibits radial expansion of the body adjacent the recess.

Complaint covering of a downhole component


A cache architecture with a first level cache and a second level cache, with the second level cache lines including an inclusion vector which indicates which portion of that line are stored in the first level cache. In addition, an instruction/data bit in the inclusion vector indicates whether a portion of that line is in the instruction cache at all. Thus, when a snoop is done to the level two cache, additional snoops to the level one cache only need to be done for those lines which are indicated as present by the inclusion vector.

The present invention relates to microprocessors with two levels of cache, and in particular to those with a level two cache on-chip with a larger line size than the level one cache, and having inclusion.
With the high on-chip transistor integration technologies available today, modern microprocessor architectures are able to incorporate a small level one cache, typically broken up into a level one instruction cache and a level one data cache. This is typically backed up with a large level two cache which contains both instructions and data. Typically, the line size of a level one cache is much shorter, and is dictated by the number of address and data lines which can be internally routed on the chip and the machine architecture that demands tremendous level two cache bandwidth and minimum latency. In the level two cache, on the other hand, the line size is more dependent upon the external bus size or the size of a connection to a level three dedicated cache. An ideal line size for a level two cache might be up to four times or more longer than the level one cache line size for the optimal design conditions, considering the system bandwidth and the internal level one and level two cache bandwidth.
However, such a ratio of the level two to level one line size causes a problem in a multi-processor architecture where there is snooping on the level two cache. Snooping is done to maintain data consistency where multiple processors are operating on the same data. While a single snoop may go to a single line in a level two cache, this then requires multiple snoops to the level one cache. Even with a dual ported level one cache, such a number of snoops can interfere with the processor operation. Accordingly, typically designs keep the ratio of the level two line size to the level one line size to be two to one at the most.
It would be desirable to have a higher ratio of level two to level one cache line size, while reducing the number of snoops required.

Inclusion vector architecture for a level two cache


The present invention provides methods for classifying data and uncovering and correcting annotation errors. In particular, the present invention provides a self-organizing, self-correcting algorithm for use in classifying data. Additionally, the present invention provides a method for classifying biological taxa.

Principal component analysis (PCA) is a classical statistical method. This linear transform is widely used in data analysis and compression. PCA involves a mathematical procedure that transforms a number of possibly correlated variables into a smaller number of uncorrelated variables called principal components. The first principal component accounts for as much of the variability in the data as possible, and each succeeding component accounts for as much of the remaining variability as possible. The objective of PCA is to discover or to reduce the dimensionality of a data set and to identify new meaningful underlying variables.
PCA has been used to analyze complex data, including phylogenetic data used to classify organisms. The principal method of establishing phylogenetic relationships among prokaryotic organisms is through analysis of SSU rRNA. Currently, over 125,000 organism specific SSU rRNA sequences are publicly available. Exploratory data analysis methods such as principal components analysis techniques indicate higher order relationships among SSU rRNA sequences similar to the July 2002 Bergey's taxonomy. However, principal components analysis techniques fail to provide undistorted visual presentation of the orderings, and fail to provide automated identification and re-placement of classification errors.
The simple act of naming and classifying an entity (e.g., biological entity) that is part of a large, complex classification system has potentially far-reaching and long-lived consequences. Names, especially those ascribed to organisms, serve as a primary entry point into the scientific, medical, and technical literature and figure prominently in countless laws and regulations governing various aspects of commerce, public safety and public health. Biological names also serve as a primary entry point into many of the central databases that the scientific community and the general public rely upon. However, ascribed names do not govern the process of biological classification or identification, rather, only the formation and assignment of names to proposed taxa. Hence, legitimate and valid names may be ascribed to poorly formed taxa and illegitimate and invalid names may be assigned to well-formed taxa.
A disjunction between nomenclature and taxonomy leads to an accumulation of dubious names in the literature and databases. From a practical, legal, or regulatory sense, incorrect classification can have significant and unintended consequences. For example, these errors may lead to adding or removing biological species to lists of tightly regulated organisms such as the current list of biothreat agents in the United States or organisms restricted by packaging and shipping regulations.
What is needed is an improved visual presentation of data classifications generated from principal components analysis based orderings, and a method of providing automated identification and re-placement of classification errors. Additionally, there is a need for a system of nomenclature and classification of biological taxa and other similar data sets that takes advantage of the large numbers of SSU rRNA sequences or corresponding identifiers available, that is reconcilable with other knowledge concerning genotypic and phenotypic information.

Board of Trustees of Michigan State University


A keyboard-type input apparatus has a main key area consisting of at least fifteen keys arranged in a three-line and five-column state to include a basic side either on right or left side of the column, of which two-column belongs to the basic side being provided as a vowel sound area to input vowel sounds and other columns composed of three-column being provided as a consonant sound area to input consonant sounds.

A word-processor or personal computer has a good function to input, edit, print, and save quite freely "a sentence with Chinese character and Japanese syllabary" and various letter, symbol, drawing, and so on, will being necessary a tool (writing utensils) in future.
However, writing utensils are inconvenient for being to big and heavy and it is not easy to carry. It still has inconveniences that it cannot be put in a pocket, be handled by one hand, and is bard to be operated.
Because it is for reason of the mechanism in a word-processor or personal computer, further a surface of keyboard, and a unavoidable limitation of miniaturization for crowding with keys over eighty even of a portable type.
Namely, because it is miniaturized without decreasing the figure of 80 keys, the keys are close in formation and it is hard to type. Conversely, if the figure of keys are decreased simply, a crucial function is deteriorated and it is meaningless.
Is there any way to input more rapidly like a pocket calculator without damaging original performances of a word-processor or a personal computer? If it is possible, anybody can go for a work and a play with it in a pocket and a new media world which is completely different from now will be able to be opened.
Therefore, the development of keyboard has been required for a long time that the keyboard of the wordprocessor and personal computer could be minimizing as "a pocket calculator" in addition to easy typing in both of Japanese and English and all operation on the keyboard could be operated by one hand. Following five needed conditions are necessitated to meet the demand that figure of keys on the keyboard are drastically reduced with ensuring ability more than conventional keyboard.
1. "miniature" size to be able to type with holding by a hand. PA0 2. "brevity" to input letter and symbol. PA0 3. "simplicity" to make a selection from abundant functions. PA0 4. "simplicity" to change respective modes. PA0 5. "a high speed" to input with Japanese and English. PA0 1. The letter arrangement has such rules as much as possible that it is easy to remember. PA0 2. The high frequent letters are arranged at easy pressing key positions. PA0 3. The position of the high active finger, such as an index or thumb should be wide and the used frequency should be high. PA0 4. The activity becomes lower in the order of a middle, ring and little fingers, so that the used frequency needs to be adjusted to the order.


Techniques for mounting contacts of a connector are provided. One technique involves actively and continuously monitoring contacts being used and the contacts not being used in a connector in order to determine potential dendrite growth and/or potential corrosion due to liquid intrusion or the like. Another technique includes lowering a bias voltage on a power contact and performing a system detect prior to enabling operational voltage/current on the contact.

Connectors are ubiquitous and are used in variety of applications for coupling two devices. Most connectors usually have some sort of contacts that facilitate transmission of signals between the devices connected using a connector. Conventionally, each contact in a connector has a specific pre-assigned function. In other words, each contact in a connector is designated to carry a certain type of signal, e.g., power, data, etc.
One of the conventional ways of minimizing interference between signals carried by the contacts of a connector included placing the power and the signal contacts such that there was enough distance between them to prevent any cross talk. Other conventional methods include optimizing the connector structure to prevent signal cross talk.
Another potential issue with connectors is corrosion/contamination and dendrite growth. Corrosion/contamination may be caused by liquid intrusion on to the contacts of the connector. Such liquid intrusion can cause arcing, contact corrosion, etc. that may lead to connector failure over a prolonged use. Connectors with exposed contacts are especially prone to damage caused by liquid intrusion and other corrosive elements.
Dendrites (e.g., Tin whiskers) are small metal hairs that grow from a metal pad that carries electric current. If there are two metal pads adjacent to each other, these dendrites can grow to create a short circuit between the two contacts. In connectors where the contacts are in close proximity to each other, this phenomenon can be more pronounced and may lead to premature failure of the connector.

Techniques for monitoring contacts in a connector


The corridor for transporting abrasive in an impact chamber is laterally limited by longitudinal sections resting on a foundation slab. The corridor has a traction system for moving an axle set along a transport track, the traction system being provided with a substantially horizontal loop including loop return wheels and a loop connector having two bands moving in opposite directions. Each band of the loop connector is placed in an individually assigned guiding slot, arranged on top of the longitudinal section. There is a method for moving an axle set in an impact chamber having a corridor for transporting abrasive, wherein each band of the loop connector is carried in the immediate vicinity of the side edge of the corridor for transporting abrasive, on top of the longitudinal section.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a corridor for transporting abrasive in an impact chamber and to a method for moving an axle set in the impact chamber having the Corridor for transporting abrasive.
2. Description of Related Art Including Information Disclosed Under 37 CFR 1.97 and 37 CFR 1.98.
Corridors, arranged in parallel, for transporting abrasive are commonly used in automated systems for abrasive recirculation in impact chambers. Corridors constitute an underside of the chamber, and therefore it is usually required that the corridors have the smallest possible height (preferably 100-150 mm) regardless of whether the corridors are located above the surface of the floor (in order to minimize the threshold for an operator and the height of the rail head for technological transport) or they are recessed in the floor (in order to minimize the foundation recess). Bottom of the corridor is constituted by a concrete substrate, for example a foundation slab, which is optionally covered with a steel sheet. Corridors are closed on the sides by stationary longitudinal sections. Corridors are covered with platform gratings supported by the longitudinal sections, forming a flat workspace for the operator.
In the space below the platform of the corridor, there are sweeping frames equipped with scrapers. The sweeping frames are set into a reciprocating motion to move abrasive material and waste materials created as a by-product of the impact treatment. These solutions are known, for example, from patent description EP 0430741 and patent description U.S. Pat. No. 5,638,942.
Elements, especially of considerable weights, to be treated by impact are transported to the chamber by means of axle sets moving along rails, the axle sets being driven by an external driving unit via a transport connector (such as a rope or a chain). The connector (having an operating band and return band of connector) is carried in a loop system realized in a vertical plane or in a horizontal plane.
When using the loop system in a vertical plane, in the known solutions, the operating connector is carried in the level of platform gratings, and a return connector below the platform gratings. With a view to withdrawing the abrasive, in order to ensure that the connector guides (operating and return bands) are unoccluded, a scraper system for transporting abrasive, located below a lower guide of the connector to ensure gravitational discharging of the abrasive from the guides, is introduced. As the minimum width of the loop typically amounts to at least 200 mm, in the indicated solution of the corridor for transporting abrasive, the height of the corridor has to be above 200 mm, and usually about 400 mm because machines cooperating with the loop have to be mounted on a foundation with a larger recess.
In the prior art, a traction system employing the loop system in a horizontal plane, width of the loop typically amounting to at least 200 mm, wherein the connector (both the operating and return bands) is carried in the level of the platform gratings, is also used. Abrasive from the connector guides is withdrawn by gravity into the space in which the sweeping frames are located. The solution requires the use of sectional gratings which rest on an additional intermediate supporting frame resulting in an increased height of the corridor (by at least the height of the supporting frame, i.e. 80-100 mm). Taking into account the height of the sweeping system components (about 150 mm), this results in the increase in height of the corridor to at least 230 mm, and usually to about 350 mm. Moreover, mounting the connector guides in the level of platform gratings and using the intermediate supporting frame impede access to the sweeping frames and the scrapers, and realization of such a construction increases labor and material costs.
The aim of the invention is to provide a corridor for transporting abrasive in an impact chamber and a method for moving an axle set in the impact chamber having the corridor for transporting abrasive, the solutions being at least partially free from the above mentioned disadvantages.

Corridor for transporting abrasive in an impact chamber and a method for moving an axle set in the impact chamber having the corridor for transporting abrasive


A method includes receiving a user input associated with a recipient of an electronic message. The user input is identification facilitating data that may facilitate identifying a recipient of the electronic message, and may include objects such as media files, qualifiers for how such objects relate to a recipient or may facilitate identifying a recipient, qualifiers regarding specific aspects of the objects and how such aspects may relate to a recipient or facilitate identifying a recipient. The user input is different from an address associated with the recipient of the electronic message and is further different from a name of the recipient. The method further includes resolving the user input against data stored at one or more servers to identify the address of the recipient of the electronic message. The method further includes populating the address of the recipient in a corresponding addressing field of the electronic message.

Electronic messaging has become a prevalent part of daily life. However, traditional communication systems require the user to have prior knowledge of the recipient's address, e.g., email address, phone number, IP address, etc., or to have the ability to look up the recipient's address by searching or querying a centralized system such as a company directory, address book, etc. Searching or querying for the recipient's address may not be feasible because the identity of the recipient may be unknown, or the user may not be part of the organization where the recipient belongs such that search and query can be performed. For example, a considerate passerby may wish to communicate to the owner of a vehicle parked with the lights on to prevent the battery depletion. As another example, a considerate passerby may wish to communicate to the owner of a parked vehicle that the owner's pet is in the vehicle with the windows rolled up in the heat of the summer, to save the pet from heatstroke and fatal dehydration. In yet another example, a user of a network may notice severe delay in communication but may not know the identity or the address of the technical person to address the concern to. In yet another example, a considerate passerby may wish to communicate to an owner of a house an issue with water/electricity/fire but may not know the identify or the address of the person residing in the house. As another example, a passerby may notice an issues with an electric pole or a pot hole but may not know how and to whom to reach out in order to report the problem. Under the conventional system, the user is unable to communicate to the intended recipient because the address is unknown and not searchable.

Destination addressing communications environment


An improved railway deck drainage system includes an electrically non-conducting material formed into a plurality of hemiarcuate drain sections, each having a conduit and a coupling flange. The coupling flange of each section is matingly engaged with the conduit of the adjacent section, and the conduit is integrally coupled with a planar base to form a drain of overall hemicylindrical shape. The base of the drain extends transversely to form a pair of flanges suitable for weighting with ballast. A mounting strap couples the drain to the railway deck. Preferably, the conduit includes apertures to permit passage of water into the drain.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to an electrically non-conducting drainage system for use on a railway deck. More particularly, it is concerned with a system of flanged conduits, intercoupled to form a series of strong joints. The conduits in turn are integrally coupled with a wide, planar base which reduces collection of sediment. Advantageously, the resulting simple, relatively low cost drainage system may be constructed from commercially available components.
2. Description of the Related Art
Prior art railway deck drainage systems employ sections of perforated galvanized metal pipe. Such previous deck drains conduct electricity and are not suited for use on electric commuter railway lines without installation of a stray current protection device. Such devices are costly, complicated, and subject to failure. Moreover, despite galvanizing, which adds to the cost of the system, both the drain pipe and the stray current protection device are subject to some corrosion and must be replaced periodically. Perforation of metal pipe is also costly. In addition, the pipe sections of such systems are generally installed in abutting relationship, resulting in a lack of structural strength at the joints. Because of the size of the pipe required to construct an effective drain, the pipes are heavy and cumbersome to install.


The invention provides hair styling compositions in cream, gel or aerosol mousse form comprising:. (i) from 0.1% to 10% by weight, based on total weight, of a non-rigid emulsion polymerised cross-linked silicone polymer, in which the percentage of branched monomer units in the silicone polymer is from 0.05% to 10%; (ii) from 0.1% to 10% by weight, based on total weight, of a hair styling polymer; (iii) from 0.01% to 1% by weight, based on total weight, of a surfactant; (iv) water; and (v) from 0% to 30% by weight, based on total weight, of an aerosol propellant. The compositions impart an excellent balance of styling and conditioning properties to the hair.

Style creation products such as hair styling mousses provide human hair with a temporary set which can be removed by water or by shampooing, and function by applying a thin film of a resin or gum onto the hair to adhere adjacent hairs together so that they retain the particular shape or configuration at the time of application.
Conventional hair styling mousses typically utilise a hair setting polymer, water, surfactant and propellant gas, with optional adjuvants such as aesthetic agents, fragrance and hair conditioning agents. The conditioning agents used have included silicone-type materials.
EP 0 523 388 discloses an aqueous hair styling aid or mousse composition incorporating a non-volatile silicone compound or other water-insoluble, emulsifiable conditioning agent. The preferred non-volatile silicone compound is a 3:1 mixture of a low molecular weight polydimethylsiloxane fluid and a higher molecular weight polydimethylsiloxane gum.
EP 0 205 306 discloses the use of high molecular weight silicone materials in styling mousses. These are defined as polydiorganosiloxanes having a viscosity of at least 100,000 cSt. The high molecular weight silicone is dissolved in the propellant phase prior to filling the aerosol container.
EP-A-240 350 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,902,499 disclose the use of specific rigid silicone polymers dissolved in a volatile carrier material for giving improved style retention to hair. Silicone elastomers are described which are incorporated in the form of an aqueous silicone emulsion comprising an anionically stabilised hydroxylated polyorganosiloxane, colloidal silica and a catalyst, which crosslinks to form an elastomer on the hair when the water content dries out. Also mentioned are highly cross-linked silicone resins and cross-linked siloxanes which are soluble in solvents such as cyclomethicone.
The present inventors have found that an emulsion polymerised silicone material having a particular, defined level of cross-linking, and which is cross-linked in emulsion form can be incorporated into a hair styling composition, such as a mousse, gel or cream, to give a formulation which delivers excellent style creation and longevity, whilst leaving the hair soft and natural.
Unexpectedly these improved properties have been found to be dependent on the presence of the particular cross-linked silicone and its phase behaviour in the formulated styling composition.


An automotive door lock device comprises an open lever pivotal between a door latch position and a door unlatch position. The open lever has an engaging lug. A lock/unlock lever is pivotal between lock and unlock positions. A release lever is pivotal between first and second positions. A first sub-lever has one end pivotally connected to the release lever and the other end pivotally connected to the lock/unlock lever. A second sub-lever has one end pivotally connected to the first sub-lever and the other end formed with an actuating arm. The actuating arm is engageable with the engaging lug of the open lever. A spring is used for biasing the second sub-lever toward the first sub-lever. When the lock/unlock lever assumes the unlock position, the pivoting of the release lever from the first position to the second position induces an abutment of the actuating arm with the engaging lug of the open lever thereby to pivot the stopper pawl toward the door unlatch position, and when the lock/unlock lever assumes the lock position, the pivoting of the release lever from the first position to the second position fails to induce such engagement. Furthermore, when, with the actuating arm being abnormally engaged with the engaging lug, the lock/unlock lever is pivoted from the lock position to the unlock position, only the first sub-lever is permitted to move toward its unlock position against the force of the basing means keeping the abnormal engagement of the actuating arm with the engaging lug.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates in general to automotive door lock devices and more particularly to the automotive door lock devices of a type which includes an electric lock/unlock means controlled by a control switch arranged near a driver's seat.
2. Description of the Prior Art
In order to clarify the task of the present invention, one conventional automotive door lock device will be described with reference to FIGS. 17 to 19.
In these drawings, denoted by numeral 1 is a body of the door lock device, which is mounted to a door of a vehicle. Although not shown in the drawings, a latch plate and a stopper pawl are installed in the container part of the body 1. In fact, in FIG. 17, the container part is positioned at a back side of the sheet on which the drawing is illustrated. The latch plate is engageable with a striker fixed to the vehicle body. In fact, the latch plate has three positions, which are a full-latch position wherein the latch plate is fully or completely engaged with the striker, a half-latch position wherein the latch plate is halfly or incompletely engaged with the striker and a release position wherein the latch plate is disengaged from the striker. Due to function of a biasing means, the latch plate is constantly biased toward the release position. The stopper pawl has two positions, one being a stop position wherein the stopper pawl is engaged with the latch plate to retain the same at the full-latch or half-latch position, and the other being a release position wherein the stopper pawl is disengaged from the latch plate to release the same. Thus, when the stopper pawl takes the release position, the latch plate is permitted to take the release position due to aid of the biasing means. Under this condition, the door can be opened when applied with a certain force in a direction to open the door.
As is shown in FIG. 17, an open lever 2, a release lever 3, a first lock/unlock lever 4 and a second lock/unlock lever 5 are pivotally connected to the body 1. That is, the open lever 2 is secured to a shaft 102 of the stopper pawl thereby to pivot together with the stopper pawl. The release lever 3 is pivotally connected through a pivot shaft 3b to the body 1. A spring 3c is incorporated with the release lever 3 to bias the same to pivot in a counterclockwise direction in FIG. 17. The release lever 3 is connected through a connecting rod to an outside door handle ODH. Thus, when the outside door handle ODH is manipulated, the release lever 3 is pivoted in a clockwise direction in FIG. 17 against the force of the spring 3c. The first lock/unlock lever 4 is connected through a connecting rod to a door lock key-cylinder DLKC mounted on an outside part of the door near the outside door handle ODH. That is, when, with the door assuming a close position, the door lock key-cylinder DLKC is turned in a door locking direction by a key, the first lock/unlock lever 4 is pivoted in a counterclockwise direction for locking the door to the vehicle body, that is, in a direction to lock or retain the full-latching between the latch plate and the stopper pawl. The second lock/unlock lever 5 is connected to the first lock/unlock lever 4 having a predetermined play kept therebetween. A sub-lever 6 extends between the release lever 3 and the second lock/unlock lever 5.
As is seen from FIG. 18, a base plate 7 is secured to the body 1. An inside lever 8 is pivotally connected through a pivot shaft 8b to the base plate 7, which is connected through a connecting rod to an inside door handle IDH and has an arm portion 8a contactable with an arm portion 3a of the release lever 3 (see FIG. 19). A knob lever 9 is pivotally connected through a pivot shaft 9a to the base plate 7, which is connected through a connecting lever 10 to the second lock/unlock lever 5. That is, pivoting movement of the knob lever 9 is transmitted to the second lock/unlock lever 5. Furthermore, the knob lever 9 is connected through a connecting rod 86 to a door lock knob 14 installed in an inside part of the door and through a connecting rod to an electric actuator ACT operated or controlled by a door lock/unlock switch SW arranged near a driver's seat. Sometimes, such door lock/unlock switch SW is mounted on a console box or an arm rest on the driver's door.
As is seen from FIG. 17, the first and second lock/unlock levers 4 and 5 are pivotally connected to the body 1 through a common pivot shaft 11. Upon manipulation of one of the door lock key-cylinder DLKC, the door lock knob 14 and the door lock/unlock switch SW, the second lock/unlock lever 5 can pivot about the pivot shaft 11 between a lock position as shown in FIG. 17 and an unlock position. Due to biasing force of a spring 12 (see FIG. 18) arranged between the base plate 7 and the knob lever 9, the second lock/unlock lever 5 is biased to pivot toward the lock or unlock position. That is, by the spring 12, the second lock/unlock lever 5 operates in a so-called snap action manner.
As shown in FIG. 17, an upper end of the sub-lever 6 is pivotally connected to the release lever 3, and a lower end of the sub-lever 6 is formed with an arcuate slot 6a with which an arm portion 5a of the second lock/unlock lever 5 is slidably engaged. 5The sub-lever 6 is formed with an actuating arm 6b.
As is seen from FIG. 17, when the second lock/unlock lever 5 assumes the lock position, the actuating arm 6b takes a lock position wherein the actuating arm 6b is not engageable with an engaging lug 2a of the open lever 2, while, when the second lock/unlock lever 5 pivots clockwise to the unlock position, the actuating arm 6b is shifted rightward to an unlock position wherein the actuating arm 6b is engageable with the engaging lug 2a of the open lever 2.
When, with the second lock/unlock lever 5 assuming the unlock position, the outside or inside door handle ODH or IDH is manipulated, the release lever 3 is pivoted in a clockwise direction moving the sub-lever 6 downward and thus the actuating arm 6b of the sub-lever 6 abuts against the engaging lug 2a of the open lever 2 thereby pivoting the open lever 2 in a clockwise direction. With this, the stopper pawl integral with the open lever 6 is pivoted to the release position to disengage the latch plate causing the latter to release the striker. Under this condition, the door can be opened.
While, when, with the second lock/unlock lever 5 assuming the lock position as shown in FIG. 17, the outside or inside door handle ODH or IDH is manipulated and thus the release lever 3 is pivoted in a clockwise direction to move the sub-lever 6 downward, the actuating arm 6b of the sub-lever 6 fails to abut against the engaging lug 2a of the open lever 2. Thus, in this case, the fully latched engagement between the latch plate and the stopper pawl is not cancelled and thus the door can not be opened. That is, the locked condition of the door is kept.
When the door lock/unlock switch SW is manipulated, the electric actuator ACT is operated to pivot the second lock/unlock lever 5 in a direction to lock or unlock the door lock device, that is, in a direction to pivot the sub-lever 6 in the above-mentioned locking or unlocking direction.
However, due to its inherent construction, the above-mentioned conventional automotive door lock device has the following drawback.
That is, when, with the door kept locked to the vehicle body, the driver manipulates the door lock/unlock switch SW in a direction to unlock the door just after a passenger handles the outside or inside door handle ODH or IDH for the purpose of opening the door, it occurs that the pivoting movement of the sub-lever 6 toward the lock canceling direction is obstructed. That is, as is seen from FIG. 19, when the above-mentioned two manipulations take place at substantially the same time, one side edge 6c of the actuating arm 6b of the sub-lever 6 becomes engaged with a side portion of the engaging lug 2a of the open lever 2, preventing the rightward movement of the sub-lever 6 toward the unlock or lock canceling position. This means that the door can not be unlocked even though the driver has manipulated the door lock/unlock switch SW in the direction to unlock the door, and thus, the passenger can not open the door. In this case, for unlocking and opening the door, the driver must manipulates the door lock/unlock switch SW again while asking the passenger to release his or her hand from the outside or inside door handle ODH or IDH.