The inventive concept relates to a wearable hand robot mounted on a finger to bend the finger by an external force transmitted through a wire. The wearable hand robot is capable of preventing an injury to a user's hand by the wire, achieving simplification of the structure of a finger cap and an improvement in a wearing sensation, and stably moving the finger while having a tactile sensation.

Embodiments of the inventive concept described herein relate to a wearable hand robot, and more particularly, relate to a wearable hand robot mounted on a finger to bend the finger by an external force transmitted through a wire.
A number of wearable robots have been developed to help people who have the skeletons of bodies, but cannot move parts of their bodies due to nervous disorders such as paralysis.
In particular, a wearable hand robot worn like a glove has been developed to help people who cannot move fingers.
A conventional wearable robot of a glove type generally includes actuators for moving joints of each finger using an exoskeleton structure.
In the case where the actuators are installed on the moving portions of the finger as described above, the volume and the weight of the wearable hand robot are increased. Due to the complex structure, manufacturing cost is also increased. Further, due to the complex structure and the large volume, a user feels an inconvenience to wear and use the wearable hand robot.
Furthermore, the conventional wearable hand robot is formed of a fiber material, and therefore when a wire is pulled, the wire around the finger penetrates into the skin of a hand to cause pain.
Moreover, because the conventional wearable hand robot is formed of the fiber material, the wearable hand robot is easily contaminated by the user's sweat or filth and has to be frequently washed accordingly. In addition, the user cannot use the wearable hand robot while the wearable hand robot is dried.
A conventional wearable hand robot for solving these problems is disclosed in Korean Patent Publication No. 10-2017-0056722.
The conventional wearable hand robot has a structure in which a finger strap is mounted on finger knuckles, a finger cap is mounted on an end of a finger, and a first wire and a second wire pulled or released to bend or unfold the finger are inserted into the finger cap and are disposed to intersect with each other.
That is, to allow the first wire and the second wire inserted into the finger cap to move in the finger cap without interfering with each other, tubes through which the first wire and the second wire move are provided in the finger cap, and therefore the inside of the finger cap has a double or triple structure.
Accordingly, the structure of the finger cap is complicated, and during finger motion, a wearing sensation of the finger cap is lowered, and a user has difficulty in moving the finger while feeling a tactile sensation with a finger tip.
Furthermore, because the finger strap of the conventional wearable robot is mounted on only the finger knuckles, when the finger is moved, the finger strap is raised off the finger knuckles and easily separated from the finger, and accordingly the finger cannot be stably moved.

REPUBLIC OF KOREA (NATIONAL REHABILITATION CENTER)


Disclosed are systems and methods for improving interactions with and between computers in content searching, hosting and/or providing systems supported by or configured with devices, servers and/or platforms. The disclosed systems and methods provide a novel framework for providing users with electronic retrieval capabilities that are activated upon the users' determined locations respective to real-world locations associated with a message providing entity. The disclosed technology combines the previously separate systems of mail extraction, geo-fencing and content delivery (e.g., notification) into a single system that efficiently manages a user's inbox in order to provide the user with content the user has expressly indicated is of interest to that user. The disclosed systems and methods effectively realize a location-aware mail experience that provides functionality for delivering location (and timing) specific content to a user when the user is actually capable of acting on/interacting with the content in real-time.

Today's modern user receives a large amount of messages (electronic mail, "email") in his/her inbox. A significant number of these messages come from senders that are attempting to persuade the user to perform certain activities online and/or in the real-world. For example, a sender may be the company Target®, and by sending a user an email that comprises a 30% off coupon, the company is attempting influence the user's activity in visiting one of their "brick-and-mortar" stores in the user's area to redeem the coupon. However, many of these types of messages are lost in the user's inbox. That is, the user's device and/or applications hosting the inbox do not currently have a way to figure out what pieces of content are relevant to a user, and they certainly do not have the capabilities for determining when, where and/or how they are relevant to the user.
Conventional systems attempt to discern this information by analyzing a user's past behavior and/or expressed interests (e.g., from their profiles); however, these types of data form only a small subset of information that evidences a user's interests. That is, if a user states they are into fashion, and they like a particular brand, this does not provide evidence that the user is solely into that brand, and/or only wants to receive information about that brand. Therefore, sending the user content for that particular brand evidences the inefficiency of the platforms sending users content, as they are incapable of processing higher value data that indicates how users act, and for which purposes such actions are performed.
Also, by sending users digital content with the singular focus on their expressed interests/behaviors, as in most conventional systems, the devices and networks hosting such systems are continuously wasting device and network resources. They are sending data over a network not only increasing network traffic and reducing network bandwidth, but also flooding user inboxes with information the user may not be interested in that moment, if at all, thus wasting valuable storage space at the server and device level. For example, a user's inbox becomes clogged with unwanted messages bordering on a "spam" classification, which may eventually lead to the user abandoning the message platform for a fresh start on another.

Location based content system for mobile applications


A motor drive circuit comprising: first and second transistors connected in series, a voltage of a connection-point therebetween being a drive-voltage applied to one end of a motor coil; an operational amplifier for controlling the transistors such that the drive-voltage is a voltage according to a difference between first and second control voltages; a switch circuit for driving the transistors such that the motor coil is in an undriven state regardless of control by the operational amplifier when a pulse-signal is at one logic level, and driving the transistors based on the control when the pulse-signal is at the other logic level; and an auxiliary drive circuit for driving the transistors to increase the drive-voltage for a predetermined time period shorter than a time period of the pulse signal being at the other level regardless of the control, when the pulse-signal changes from the one level to the other.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a motor drive circuit, a fan motor, electronic equipment, and a notebook computer.
2. Description of the Related Art
In electronic equipment such as a notebook computer, a fan motor is used for cooling a heat-producing component such as a processor. In the fan motor, a drive voltage applied to a motor coil is controlled according to a signal indicating a rotational position of the motor, so that the motor runs at the desired rotation. In a case where the drive voltage applied to the motor coil is thus controlled, change of the drive voltage may be moderated for silencing of noise, reduction of flyback voltage, etc. (see Japanese Publication Laid-Open No. 2004-166379.)
When using the fan motor to cool a component, a cooling effect can be enhanced by increasing rotational speed of the motor, i.e., rotational speed of a fan. However, constantly keeping the fan at high rotation speed causes problems such as an increase in power consumption, fan noise. Therefore, the rotational speed of the fan is often controlled to be at a necessary level by intermittently driving the motor according to an amount of heat released by a component to be cooled, an amount of processing, etc.
FIG. 6 is a diagram showing an example of a configuration of a motor drive circuit that drives a single phase fan motor. In a motor drive circuit 100, drive voltages VOUT1 and VOUT2, which are applied to terminals OUT1 and OUT2 connected to a motor coil L, are controlled based on voltages VH1 and VH2 opposite in phase from each other according to the rotational position of the motor that are output by a Hall element 110. The voltage of a connection point between a P-channel MOSFET 112 and an N-channel MOSFET 113 connected in series is denoted as the drive voltage VOUT1. An operational amplifier 115 controls a voltage applied to gates of the P-channel MOSFET 112 and the N-channel MOSFET 113 so that the drive voltage VOUT1 becomes a voltage according to a difference between the voltages VH1 and VH2 output by the Hall element 110. The drive voltage VOUT2 is controlled to have a phase opposite to that of the drive voltage VOUT1 based on the voltages VH1 and VH2 output by the Hall element 110. Accordingly, in the motor drive circuit 100, the drive voltages VOUT1 and VOUT2 are controlled to change moderately, so that silencing of noise, reduction of flyback voltage, etc., are realized.
The motor coil L is intermittently controlled according to a PWM signal output by a PWM signal output circuit 120. Specifically, when the PWM signal is at H level, the P-channel MOSFETs 122 and 123 are OFF, and therefore, the drive voltage VOUT1 is controlled by the operational amplifier 115, however, when the PWM signal is at L level, the P-channel MOSFETs 122 and 123 are ON, and therefore, the P-channel MOSFET 112 is OFF, the N-channel MOSFET 113 is ON, and the drive voltage VOUT1 changes to the L level regardless of control by the operational amplifier 115. Similarly, the drive voltage VOUT2 is also controlled according to the PWM signal. Accordingly, the motor coil L is in a state of not being driven while the PWM signal is at L level. In other words, in the motor drive circuit 100, the rotational speed of the fan can be controlled by changing duty of the PWM signal according to circumstances.
FIG. 7 is a diagram showing an example of change of the drive voltage VOUT1 according to the PWM signal. When the PWM signal changes from the H level to the L level, the P-channel MOSFET 112 is turned OFF, the N-channel MOSFET 113 is turned ON, and the drive voltage VOUT1 quickly changes to the L level. On the other hand, when the PWM signal changes from the L level to the H level, the drive voltage VOUT1 changes under a feedback control by the operational amplifier 115, and therefore, time is required according to frequency characteristics of the operational amplifier 115 to reach a target level according to the difference between the voltages VH1 and VH2 output by the Hall element 110.
In a fan motor that cools a processor or the like of a notebook computer, the rotational speed of the fan is changed according to circumstances, and in such circumstances that little heat is released such as a standby state, sleep mode, etc., in order to reduce the power consumption, it is desirable to operate the fan at a low rotation speed as much as possible. Therefore, in a case of the motor drive circuit 100, in order to operate the fan at the low rotation speed, it is necessary to reduce a duty ratio of the H level of the PWM signal, i.e., a pulse width of the PWM signal.
However, in the motor drive circuit 100 as illustrated in FIG. 7, time is required according to the frequency characteristics of the operational amplifier 115 for the drive voltage VOUT1 to reach the target after the PWM signal changes from the L level to the H level. Therefore, as the pulse width of the PWM signal is reduced, the PWM signal may change to the L level and the drive voltage VOUT1 may undesirably change to the L level before reaching the target level. Accordingly, the rotational speed of the fan cannot be linearly controlled according to the duty of the PWM signal especially in a range of the low rotation speed, and therefore, it is difficult to operate the fan at a sufficiently required low rotation speed.

Motor drive circuit, fan motor, electronic device, and notebook personal computer

Semiconductor Components Industries, LLC


An oligonucleotide array comprising an array of multiple oligonucleotides with different base sequences fixed onto known and separate positions on a support substrate, wherein said oligonucleotides are biological stress related genes or complementary sequence chains to the said genes, and the said oligonucleotides are classified according to their gene functions, wherein the fixation region on the support substrate is divided into the said classification.

(1) Field of the Invention
This Invention concerns a DNA array and an analytical method of stress using said DNA array for the simple evaluation of degrees of stress. This Invention also concerns a method of evaluation of expression of gene groups related to certain diseases, not limiting to stress, by positioning oligonucleotides on substrate based on degree of correlation.
(2) Description of the Related Art
Increases in diseases associated with life style and atopic allergy are one of the factors that are responsible for the increase in today's medical burden to the nation. Reported also are increases in the numbers of suicides, lowering age of criminals and increases in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Medical experts agree that stress play a role in background or life style-associated diseases, allergy, suicide, crime and PTSD.
Stress is defined as a reaction of the living body to sudden invasion, both as specific reaction to each invasion and as generic non-specific reaction, which has a fixed pattern regardless of the type of invasion. Stress-causing stimuli, or stressor, include abnormal temperature, burn, inflammation, immune reaction, noise, electric shock, ultraviolet light, bacterial toxin, bacteria, virus, operation, exercise, pain stimulus, physical restrain, hypoxia, hypoglycemia, ischemia, tests, interpersonal friction, deaths of relatives, loneliness, broken heart, despair, disappointment, social unrest, war, terrorism and earth quake. With advancement in knowledge of the maintenance mechanism of bodily homeostasis, it has become clear that there is a close relationship between abnormalities of the three major regulatory mechanisms of the body, the nerve, endocrine and immune system, and stress.
In conventional oligonucleotide array, it is decided first which genes are placed on chips, and then, according to the order, such as alphabetical order, designated to genes, genes are placed on a plate, such as a 96-well plate, using a spotter with several needles. In this method, although genes are lined up systematically, a step is required at the actual evaluation to confirm the positions of genes by consulting address information on files and images that show where and which genes are placed.
However, no medicophysiological diagnostic method has been developed by which the degree of stress can be evaluated objectively. For instance, blood concentrations of stress hormones, such as catecholamine and adrenocortical hormone, vary greatly among individuals and change with time. In other words, blood concentrations of stress hormones do not change uniformly in response to stress stimuli, and are known to be insufficient to be used for evaluation of degree of stress. In addition, it is extremely difficult to evaluate bodily reactions only by measuring these limited stress hormones because stress is the reaction of complex systems, requiring multilateral evaluations. Stress also is studied in the field of social psychology. Psychological tests in the form of interviews or questionnaires have been developed to evaluate degree of stress. However, it cannot be said that psychological tests substantiate sufficiently physiological reaction of the body. That is to say, currently, there scarcely are methods for objective evaluation of stress of individual persons. However, stress is an important phenomenon that is related to abnormalities of the automatic nervous system, endocrine and immune, gastric ulcer, acute lesions of gastric mucus, mental diseases and reproductive dysfunction. If it is possible to evaluate degree of stress readily at not only specialty medical organizations but also general-practitioners, health facilities at business and school and health screening centers, it is a useful measure, as feedback can be implemented in daily life at home, workplace and school. From that standpoint, development of diagnostic instruments is sought that can determine the degree of stress.
The objective of this Invention is to provide a diagnostic method, specifically, oligonucleotide array, by which degrees of stress can be determined readily and at low cost. In particular, this Invention aims at minimizing the number of DNA fragments placed on the array by specifying groups of genes, which are imperative in determination of degrees of stress, and at providing an array for stress analysis with high reproducibility and reliability. This Invention also aims at instant evaluation of the correlation between genes that are related a certain disease by devising regulations in how genes are arranged.

Method for evaluating DNA probes position on substrate


The invention relates to compounds of formula (I):

The invention relates to new polycyclic azaindole compounds. The compounds of the present invention are new and have very valuable pharmacological characteristics in respect of melatoninergic receptors.
The prior art describes polycyclic azaindole compounds for use in synthesis (Heterocycles, 41 (9), 1995, pp. 1987-98; Tetrahedron Letters, 26 (10), 1985, pp. 1295-6) or as an tumour and antiviral agents (Tetrahedron, 50 (13), 1994, pp. 3987-92).
Numerous studies in the last ten years have demonstrated the key role of melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) in many physiopathological phenomena,and in the control of the circadian rhythm. Its half-like is quite short, however, owing to the fact that it is rapidly metabolised. Great interest therefore lies in the possibility of providing the clinician with melatonin analogues that are metabolically more stable, have an agonist or antagonist character and that may be expected to have a therapeutic effect that is superior to that of the hormone itself.
In addition to their beneficial action on circadian rhythm disorders (J. Neurosurg. 1985, 63, pp. 321-341) and sleep disorders (Psychopharmacology, 1990, 100, pp. 222-226), ligands of the melatoninergic system have valuable pharmacological properties in respect of the central nervous system, especially anxiolytic and antipsychotic properties (Neuropharmacology of Pineal Secretions, 1990, 8 (3-4), pp. 264-272) and analgesic properties (Pharmacopsychiat., 1987, 20, pp. 222-223) as well as for the treatment of Parkinson""s disease (J. Neurosurg. 1985, 63, pp. 321-341) and Alzheimer""s disease (Brain Research, 1990, 528, pp. 170-174). Those compounds have also demonstrated activity in relation to certain cancers (Melatoninxe2x80x94Clinical Perspectives, Oxford University Press, 1988, pp. 164-165), ovulation (Science 1987, 227, pp. 714-720), diabetes (Clinical Endocrinology, 1986, 24, pp. 359-364), and in the treatment of obesity (International Journal of Eating Disorders, 1996, 20 (4), pp. 443-446).
Those various effects are exerted via the intermediary of specific melatonin receptors. Molecular biology studies have demonstrated the existence of a number of receptor sub-types that are capable of binding that hormone (Trends Pharmacol. Sci., 1995, 16, p 50 WO 97.04094). It has been possible, for various species, including mammals, for some of those receptors to be located and characterised. In order to be able to understand the physiological functions of those receptors better, it is of great advantage to have available specific ligands. Moreover, such compounds, by interacting selectively with one or other of those receptors, may be excellent medicaments for the clinician in the treatment of pathologies associated with the melatoninergic system, some of which have been mentioned above.
In addition to the fact that the compounds of the present invention are new, they show very strong affinity for melatonin receptors and/or selectivity for one or other of the melatoninergic binding sites.
More especially, the present invention relates to compounds of formula (I):
wherein:
the symbol
xe2x80x83represents the grouping
R1 represents a halogen atom or a group xe2x80x94R, xe2x80x94OR, xe2x80x94S(O)nR, xe2x80x94NRRxe2x80x2,
or xe2x80x94SO2NRRxe2x80x2 (wherein n is 0, 1 or 2, Z represents a sulphur or oxygen atom, and R, Rxe2x80x2 and Rxe2x80x3, which may be identical or different, represent a hydrogen atom or an unsubstituted or substituted linear or branched (C1-C6)alkyl group, an unsubstituted or substituted linear or branched (C2-C6)alkenyl group, an unsubstituted or substituted linear or branched (C2-C6)alkynyl group, an unsubstituted or substituted (C3-C8)cycloalkyl group, an unsubstituted or substituted (C3-C8)cycloalkyl-(C1-C6)alkyl group in which the alkyl moiety is linear or branched, an aryl group, an aryl-(C1-C6)alkyl group in which the alkyl moiety is linear or branched, a heteroaryl group or a heteroaryl-(C1-C6)alkyl group in which the alkyl moiety is linear or branched,
it also being possible for (R and Rxe2x80x2) and (Rxe2x80x2 and Rxe2x80x3) to form together with the nitrogen atom carrying them a morpholinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl or pyrrolidinyl group, those groups being unsubstituted or substituted),
G1 represents an alkylene chain having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, optionally substituted by a group R, OR, COR or COOR (wherein R is as defined hereinbefore),
or G1 represents an alkylene chain having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms in which one of CH2 group can be replaced by a cycloalkylene(C3-C8) group,
A represents a group
wherein R, Rxe2x80x2, Rxe2x80x3 and Z are as defined hereinbefore,
B forms with the nitrogen atom and the carbon atom to which it is attached a ring having from 5 to 8 ring members, which may contain one or more unsaturated bonds and may contain, in addition to the nitrogen atom, an additional hetero atom selected from oxygen, sulphur and nitrogen,
R2 and R3, which may be identical or different, represent a hydrogen atom or a linear or branched (C1-C6)alkyl group, a linear or branched (C1-C6)alkoxy group or a hydroxy group,
or R2 and R3 together form an oxo group,
R4 and R5 represent a hydrogen atom or form together with two adjacent atoms of the B ring carrying them a group selected from aryl and heteroaryl,
the symbol ----- means that the bond may be single or double, with the proviso that the valence of the atoms is respected,
it being understood that:
the term xe2x80x9csubstitutedxe2x80x9d applied to the terms xe2x80x9calkylxe2x80x9d, xe2x80x9calkenylxe2x80x9d, xe2x80x9calkynylxe2x80x9d, xe2x80x9ccycloalkylxe2x80x9d, xe2x80x9cmorpholinylxe2x80x9d, xe2x80x9cpiperidinylxe2x80x9d, xe2x80x9cpiperazinylxe2x80x9d and xe2x80x9cpyrrolidinylxe2x80x9d means that those groups may be substituted by one or more groups selected from hydroxy, oxo, alkoxy, alkyl, polyhaloalkyl, and halogen atoms,
the term xe2x80x9csubstitutedxe2x80x9d applied to the term xe2x80x9ccycloalkylalkylxe2x80x9d means that the cyclic moiety of the group is substituted by one or more groups selected from hydroxy, oxo, alkoxy, alkyl, polyhaloalkyl, and halogen atoms,
xe2x80x9carylxe2x80x9d is understood to mean a phenyl, naphthyl or biphenyl group, those groups being unsubstituted or substituted by one or more identical or different: groups selected from hydroxy, alkoxy, alkyl, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, nitro, cyano, polyhaloalkyl, formyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, amido, and halogen atoms,
xe2x80x9cheteroarylxe2x80x9d is understood to mean a furyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyridyl, thienyl, pyrazinyl, benzothienyl, benzofuranyl, indolyl, benzimidazolyl, quinolyl or quinazolinyl group, those groups being unsubstituted or substituted by one or more identical or different groups selected from hydroxy, alkoxy, alkyl, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, nitro, cyano, polyhaloalkyl, formyl, carboxy, amido, and halogen atoms,
their enantiomers and diastereoisomers, and addition salts thereof with a pharmaceutically acceptable acid or base.
An advantageous variant of the present invention relates to compounds of formula (I):
wherein:
the symbol
xe2x80x83represents the grouping
R1 represents a halogen atom or a group xe2x80x94R, xe2x80x94OR, xe2x80x94S(O)nR, xe2x80x94NRRxe2x80x2,
or xe2x80x94SO2NRRxe2x80x2 (wherein n is 0, 1 or 2, Z represents a sulphur or oxygen atom, and R, Rxe2x80x2 and Rxe2x80x3, which may be identical or different, represent a hydrogen atom or an unsubstituted or substituted linear or branched (C1-C6)alkyl group, an unsubstituted or substituted linear or branched (C2-C6)alkenyl group, an unsubstituted or substituted linear or branched (C2-C6)alkynyl group, an unsubstituted or substituted (C3-C8)cycloalkyl group, an unsubstituted or substituted (C3-C8)cycloalkyl-(C1-C6)alkyl group in which the alkyl moiety is linear or branched, an aryl group, an aryl-(C1-C6)alkyl group in which the alkyl moiety is linear or branched, a heteroaryl group or a heteroaryl-(C1-C6)alkyl group in which the alkyl moiety is linear or branched,
it also being possible for (R and Rxe2x80x2) and (Rxe2x80x2 and Rxe2x80x3) to form together with the nitrogen atom carrying them a morpholinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl or pyrrolidinyl group, those groups being unsubstituted or substituted),
G1 represents an alkylene chain having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, optionally substituted by a group R, OR, COR or COOR (wherein R is as defined hereinbefore),
A represents a group
wherein R, Rxe2x80x2, Rxe2x80x3 and Z are as defined hereinbefore,
B forms with the nitrogen atom and the carbon atom to which it is attached a ring having from 5 to 8 ring members, which may contain one or more unsaturated bonds and may contain, in addition to the nitrogen atom, an additional hetero atom selected from oxygen, sulphur and nitrogen,
R2 and R3, which may be identical or different, represent a hydrogen atom or a linear or branched (C1-C6)alkyl group, a linear or branched (C1-C6)alkoxy group or a hydroxy group,
or R2 and R3 together form an oxo group,
R4 and R5 represent a hydrogen atom or form together with two adjacent atoms of the B ring carrying them a group selected from aryl and heteroaryl,
the symbol ----- means that the bond may be single or double, with the proviso that the valence of the atoms is respected,
it being understood that:
the term xe2x80x9csubstitutedxe2x80x9d applied to the terms xe2x80x9calkylxe2x80x9d, xe2x80x9calkenylxe2x80x9d, xe2x80x9calkynylxe2x80x9d, xe2x80x9ccycloalkylxe2x80x9d, xe2x80x9cmorpholinylxe2x80x9d, xe2x80x9cpiperidinylxe2x80x9d, xe2x80x9cpiperazinylxe2x80x9d and xe2x80x9cpyrrolidinylxe2x80x9d means that those groups may be substituted by one or more groups selected from hydroxy, oxo, alkoxy, alkyl, polyhaloalkyl, and halogen atoms,
the term xe2x80x9csubstitutedxe2x80x9d applied to the term xe2x80x9ccycloalkylalkylxe2x80x9d means that the cyclic moiety of the group is substituted by one or more groups selected from hydroxy, oxo, alkoxy, alkyl, polyhaloalkyl, and halogen atoms,
xe2x80x9carylxe2x80x9d is understood to mean a phenyl, naphthyl or biphenyl group, those groups being unsubstituted or substituted by one or more identical or different groups selected from hydroxy, alkoxy, alkyl, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, nitro, cyano, polyhaloalkyl, formyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, amido, and halogen atoms,
xe2x80x9cheteroarylxe2x80x9d is understood to mean a furyl, pyrrolyl, imidazollyl, pyridyl, thienyl, pyrazinyl, benzothienyl, benzofuranyl, indolyl, benzimidazolyl, quinolyl or quinazolinyl group, those groups being unsubstituted or substituted by one or more identical or different groups selected from hydroxy, alkoxy, alkyl, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, nitro, cyano, polyhaloalkyl, formyl, carboxy, amido, and halogen atoms,
their enantiomers and diastereoisomers, and addition salts thereof with a pharmaceutically acceptable acid or base.
An another advantageous variant of the present invention relates to compounds of formula (I):
wherein:
the symbol
xe2x80x83represents the grouping
R1 represents a halogen atom or a group xe2x80x94R, xe2x80x94OR, xe2x80x94S(O)nR, xe2x80x94NRRxe2x80x2,
or xe2x80x94SO2NRRxe2x80x2 (wherein n is 0, 1 or 2, Z represents a sulphur or oxygen atom, and R, Rxe2x80x2 and Rxe2x80x3, which may be identical or different, represent a hydrogen atom or an unsubstituted or substituted linear or branched (C1-C6)alkyl group, an unsubstituted or substituted linear or branched (C2-C6)alkenyl group, an unsubstituted or substituted linear or branched (C2-C6)alkynyl group, an unsubstituted or substituted (C3-C8)cycloalkyl group an unsubstituted or substituted (C3-C8)cycloalkyl-(C1-C6)alkyl group in which the alkyl moiety is linear or branched, an aryl group, an aryl-(C1-C6)alkyl group in which the alkyl moiety is linear or branched, a heteroaryl group or a heteroaryl-(C1-C6)alkyl group in which the alkyl moiety is linear or branched,
it also being possible for (R and Rxe2x80x2) and (Rxe2x80x2 and Rxe2x80x3) to form together with the nitrogen atom carrying them a morpholinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl or pyrrolidinyl group, those groups being unsubstituted or substituted),
G1 represents an alkylene chain having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms in which one of CH2 group can be replace cycloalkylene (C3-C8) group,
A represents a group
wherein R, Rxe2x80x2, Rxe2x80x3 and Z are as defined hereinbefore,
B forms with the nitrogen atom and the carbon atom to which it is attached a ring having from 5 to 8 ring members, which may contain one or more unsaturated bonds and may contain, in addition to the nitrogen atom, an additional hetero atom selected from oxygen, sulphur and nitrogen,
R2 and R3, which may be identical or different, represent a hydrogen atom or a linear or branched (C1-C6)alkyl group, a linear or branched (C1-C6)alkoxy group or a hydroxy group,
or R2 and R3 together form an oxo group,
R4 and R5 represent a hydrogen atom or form together with two adjacent atoms of the B ring carrying them a group selected from aryl and heteroaryl,
the symbol ----- means that the bond may be single or double, with the proviso that the valence of the atoms is respected,
it being understood that:
the term xe2x80x9csubstitutedxe2x80x9d applied to the terms xe2x80x9calkylxe2x80x9d, xe2x80x9calkenylxe2x80x9d, xe2x80x9calkynylxe2x80x9d, xe2x80x9ccycloalkylxe2x80x9d, xe2x80x9cmorpholinylxe2x80x9d, xe2x80x9cpiperidinylxe2x80x9d, xe2x80x9cpiperazinylxe2x80x9d and xe2x80x9cpyrrolidinylxe2x80x9d means that those groups may be substituted by one or more groups selected from hydroxy, oxo, alkoxy, alkyl, polyhaloalkyl, and halogen atoms,
the term xe2x80x9csubstitutedxe2x80x9d applied to the term xe2x80x9ccycloalkylalkylxe2x80x9d means that the cyclic moiety of the group is substituted by one or more groups selected from hydroxy, oxo, alkoxy, alkyl, polyhaloalkyl, and halogen atoms,
xe2x80x9carylxe2x80x9d is understood to mean a phenyl, naphthyl or biphenyl group, those groups being unsubstituted or substituted by one or more identical or different groups selected from hydroxy, alkoxy, alkyl, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, nitro, cyano, polyhaloalkyl, formyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, amido, and halogen atoms,
xe2x80x9cheteroarylxe2x80x9d is understood to mean a furyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyridyl, thienyl, pyrazinyl, benzothienyl, benzofuranyl, indolyl, benzimidazolyl, quinolyl or quinazolinyl group, those groups being unsubstituted or substituted by one or more identical or different groups selected from hydroxy, alkoxy, alkyl, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, nitro, cyano, polyhaloalkyl, formyl, carboxy, amido, and halogen atoms,
their enantiomers and diastereoisomers, and addition salts thereof with a pharmaceutically acceptable acid or base.
Among the pharmaceutically acceptable acids there may be mentioned by way of non-limiting example hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulphuric acid, phosphonic acid, acetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, lactic acid, pyruvic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, maleic acid, citric acid, ascorbic acid, methanesulphonic acid, camphoric acid, etc.
Among the pharmaceutically acceptable bases there may be mentioned by way of non-limiting example sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, triethylaniine, tert-butylamine, etc.
The preferred compounds of the invention are the compounds of formula (I) wherein B forms with the nitrogen atom and the carbon atom to which it is attached a pyrrolidine ring, a piperidine ring, a (perhydro)azepine ring (7 ring members), a (perhydro)azocine ring (8 ring members) or a ring containing in addition to the nitrogen atom an oxygen atom, and more preferably a 1,3-(perhydro)oxazine ring.
The preferred groups R2 and R3 of the compounds of formula (I) are the hydrogen atom.
The preferred groups R4 and R5 of the compounds of formula (I) are the hydrogen atom or when R4 and R5, carried by two adjacent atoms of the B ring, form with those two atoms an unsubstituted or substituted phenyl group.
The invention relates more especially to the compounds of formula (I) wherein R1 represents a group OR and more preferably a group OR wherein R represents a hydrogen atom or a linear or branched (C1-C6)alkyl group, such as, for example, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, isopropyl or tert-butyl.
The preferred group G1 of the compounds of formula (I) is the group (CH2)p wherein p is 2 or 3 and more preferably 2.
Advantageously, the invention relates to compounds of formula (I) wherein A represents a group NHCOR or CONHR and more especially a group NHCOR or CONHR wherein R represents a linear or branched (C1-C6)alkyl group, such as, for example, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, isopropyl or tert-butyl, a (C3-C8)cycloalkyl group, such as, for example, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl, a (C3-C8)cycloalkyl-(C1-C6)alkyl group in which the alkyl moiety is linear or branched, such as, for example, cyclopropylmethyl, cyclobutylmethyl or cyclohexylmethyl, an aryl group, such as, for example, phenyl, iodophenyl, trifluoromethylphenyl or methoxyphenyl, an aryl-(C1-C6)alkyl group in which the alkyl moiety is linear or branched, such as, for example, benzyl, or a heteroaryl group, such as, for example, furyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, pyridyl or indolyl.
The invention relates most especially to the compounds of formula (I) that are
N-[2-(2-methoxy-6H-pyrido[2xe2x80x2,3xe2x80x2:4,5]pyrrolo[2,1-a]isoindol-11-yl)ethyl]acetamide,
N-[2-(2-methoxy-6H-pyrido[2xe2x80x2,3xe2x80x2:4,5]pyrrolo[2,1-a]isoindol-1-yl)ethyl]-2-furamide,
N-[2-(2-methoxy-6H-pyrido[2xe2x80x2,3xe2x80x2:4,5]pyrrolo[2,1-a]isoindol-11-yl)ethyl]benzamide,
N-[2-(3-methoxy-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[3,2-b]indolizin-5-yl)ethyl]acetamide,
N-[2-(2-methoxy-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[2,3-b]indolizin-10-yl)ethyl]-2-furamide,
N-[2-(2-methoxy-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[2,3-b]indolizin-10-yl)ethyl]acetamide,
N-[2-(8-methoxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrido[2xe2x80x2,3xe2x80x2:4,5]pyrrolo[2,1-b][1,3]oxazin-10-yl)ethyl]acetamide,
N-[2-(8-methoxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrido[2xe2x80x2,3xe2x80x2:4,5]pyrrolo[2,1-b][1,3]oxazin-10-yl)ethyl]-2-furamide,
N-[2-(10-methoxy-5 ,6-dihydropyrido[2xe2x80x2,3xe2x80x2:4,5]pyrrolo[2,1-a]isoquinolin-12-yl)ethyl]-2-furamide,
N-[2-(11-methoxy-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrido[2xe2x80x2,3xe2x80x2:4,5]pyrrolo[2,1-a][2]benzazepin-13-yl)ethyl]acetamide,
N-[2-(11-methoxy-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrido[2xe2x80x2,3xe2x80x2:4,5]pyrrolo[2,1-a][2]benzazepin-13-yl)ethyl]-2-furamide,
N-[2-(11-hydroxy-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrido[2xe2x80x2,3xe2x80x2:4,5]pyrrolo[2,1-a][2]benzazepin-13-yl)ethyl]-2-furamide.
The enantiomers, diastereoisomers and addition salts with a pharmaceutically acceptable acid or base of the preferred compounds of the invention form an integral part of the invention.
The invention relates also to a process for the preparation of compounds of formula (I), characterised in that there is used as starting material a compound of formula (II):
wherein W represents a radical of formula (III):
wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, B, the symbol
and the symbol ---- are as defined hereinbefore,
which is subjected to
the action of a reducing agent to obtain a compound of formula (IV):
Wxe2x80x94CH2OHxe2x80x83xe2x80x83(IV)
wherein W is as defined hereinbefore,
which, after conversion to the corresponding halogen compound, is subjected to the action of a cyanide salt to yield a compound of formula (V):
Wxe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94CNxe2x80x83xe2x80x83(V)
wherein W is as defined hereinbefore,
or, in succession, a Wittig reaction and then reduction to obtain a compound of formula (VI):
Wxe2x80x94Gxe2x80x21xe2x80x94Xxe2x80x83xe2x80x83(VI)
wherein W is as defined hereinbefore, X represents a group CN or COOalk (wherein alk represents an alkyl group) and Gxe2x80x21 represents a chain as defined hereinbefore for G1 having from 2 to 4 carbon atoms,
which compounds of formulae (V) and (VI) are hydrolysed in an acidic or basic medium to obtain a compound of formula (VII):
Wxe2x80x94G1xe2x80x94COOHxe2x80x83xe2x80x83(VII)
wherein W and G1 are as defined hereinbefore,
which is subjected, in the presence of a coupling agent or after conversion to the corresponding acid chloride, to the action of an amine HNRRxe2x80x2 wherein R and Rxe2x80x2 are as defined hereinbefore to yield a compound of formula (I/a), a particular case of the compounds of formula (I):
wherein W, G1, R and Rxe2x80x2 are as defined hereinbefore, which compound of formula (I/a), when R and Rxe2x80x2 simultaneously represent a hydrogen atom, is subjected to the action of NaOBr to yield, after hydrolysis, a compound of formula (VIII):
Wxe2x80x94G1xe2x80x94NH2xe2x80x83xe2x80x83(VIII)
wherein W and G1 are as defined hereinbefore,
which is subjected to the action of:
an acyl chloride of formula (IX):
wherein R is as defined hereinbefore, or the corresponding acid anhydride (mixed or symmetric),
to obtain a compound of formula (I/b), a particular case of the compounds of formula (I):
wherein W, G1 and R are as defined hereinbefore,
which compound of formula (I/b) may also be obtained, when G1 represents a chain (CH2)2, starting from a compound of formula (II) by the action of nitromethane to yield a compound of formula (IIIxe2x80x2):
wherein W is as defined hereinbefore,
which is subjected to the action of a reducing agent, such as NaBH4, for example, to obtain a compound of formula (IVxe2x80x2):
wherein W is as defined hereinbefore,
which is subjected to catalytic hydrogenation to obtain a compound of formula (Vxe2x80x2):
wherein W is as defined hereinbefore,
which is subjected to the action of an acid chloride of formula (IX) or the corresponding acid anhydride (mixed or symmetric) to obtain a compound of formula (I/bxe2x80x2), a particular case of the compounds of formula (I/b):
wherein W and R are as defined hereinbefore,
or which compound of formula (VIII) is subjected to the action of a compound of formula (X):
Oxe2x95x90Cxe2x95x90Nxe2x80x94Rxe2x80x83xe2x80x83(X)
wherein R is as defined hereinbefore,
to yield a compound of formula (I/c), a particular case of the compounds of formula (I):
wherein W, G1 and R are as defined hereinbefore,
which compounds of formulae (I/b) and (I/c) may be subjected to the action of a compound of formula (XI):
Raxe2x80x94Jxe2x80x83xe2x80x83(XI)
wherein Ra can have any of the meanings of R with the exception of the hydrogen atom and J represents a leaving group, such as a halogen atom or a tosyl group,
to yield a compound of formula (I/d), a particular case of the compounds of formula (I):
wherein W, G1 and Ra are as defined hereinbefore and Y represents a group R or xe2x80x94NRRxe2x80x2 wherein R and Rxe2x80x2 are as defined hereinbefore,
and/or which compounds of formulae (I/a), (I/b), (I/c) and (I/d) may be subjected to the action of a thionisation agent, such as Lawesson""s reagent, to yield a compound of formula (I/e), a particular case of the compounds of formula (I):
Wxe2x80x94G1xe2x80x94Txe2x80x83xe2x80x83(I/e)
wherein W and G1 are as defined hereinbefore and T represents a group
xe2x80x83wherein R, Rxe2x80x2 and Y are as defined hereinbefore,
which compounds (I/a) to (I/e) constitute the totality of the compounds of formula (I) and may be purified according to a conventional purification technique, are converted, if desired, into their addition salts with a pharmaceutically acceptable acid or base, and separated, where appropriate, into their isomers according to a conventional separation technique.
The compounds of formula (III) are either commercial products or are accessible to the person skilled in the art by conventional chemical reactions.
In particular, the compounds of formula (III) may be obtained starting from a compound of formula (XII):
wherein R1 and the symbol
are as defined hereinbefore,
which is either a commercial product or is obtained according to a procedure described by G. Guillaumet et al. (Heterocycles, 1999, 50 (2), pp. 1065-1079),
which is condensed with a compound of formula (XIII):
Halxe2x80x94G2xe2x80x94Halxe2x80x83xe2x80x83(XIII)
wherein Hal represents a halogen atom and G2 represents a chain containing from 3 to 6 ring members, substituted by the groups R2, R3, R4 and R5 as defined hereinbefore, that may contain one or more unsaturated bonds and optionally contains a hetero atom selected from oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur,
to yield a compound of formula (XIV):
wherein R1, G2, Hal and the symbol
are as defined hereinbefore,
which is converted, by the successive action of bromine in tBuOH and then zinc in acetic acid, to a compound of formula (XV):
wherein R1, G2, Hal and the symbol
xe2x80x83are as defined hereinbefore,
or formylated by the action of POCl3 in dimethylformamide (DMF) to yield a compound of formula (XVI):
wherein R1, G2, Hal and the symbol
xe2x80x83are as defined hereinbefore,
(it also being possible for the compound of formula (XVI) to be obtained starting from a compound of formula (XII), which is subjected in succession to formulation and then to condensation of the compound of formula (XIII)),
which compound of formula (XVI) is placed in cyclisation conditions, such as Bu3SnH/AIBN, to yield a compound of formula (III),
which compounds of formulae (XIV) and (XV) may also be subjected to cyclisation conditions using, depending upon the case, reagents such as, for example, NaH in DMF or (PPh3)4Pd, to yield a compound of formula (XVII):
wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, B and the symbol
xe2x80x83are as defined hereinbefore,
which is subjected to formylation conditions, such as POCl3 in DMF, to obtain a compound of formula (III).
The present invention relates also to compounds of formula (XVII) as defined hereinbefore for use as intermediates in the synthesis of compounds of formula (I).
The compounds of the invention and the pharmaceutical compositions containing them have proved to be useful in the treatment of disorders of the melatoninergic system.
Pharmacological study of the compounds of the invention has in fact shown that they are atoxic, have a very high affinity for melatonin receptors and have substantial activities in respect of the central nervous system, and, in particular, therapeutic properties in respect of sleep disorders, anxiolytic, antipsychotic and analgesic properties, as well as properties in respect of microcirculation have been found, enabling it to be established that the compounds of the invention are useful in the treatment of stress, sleep disorders, anxiety. seasonal affective disorder, cardiovascular pathologies, pathologies of the digestive system, insomnia and fatigue due to jetlag, schizophrenia, panic attacks, melancholia, appetite disorders, obesity, insomnia, psychotic disorders, epilepsy, diabetes, Parkinson""s disease, senile dementia, various disorders associated with normal or pathological ageing, migraine, memory loss, Alzheimer""s disease, and in cerebral circulation disorders. In another field of activity, it appears that the compounds of the invention can be used in the treatment of sexual dysfunctions, that they have ovulation-inhibiting and immunomodulating properties and are capable of being used in the treatment of cancers.
The compounds will preferably be used in the treatment of seasonal affective disorder, sleep disorders, cardiovascular pathologies, insomnia and fatigue due to jetlag, appetite disorders and obesity.
For example, the compounds will be used in the treatment of seasonal affective disorder and sleep disorders.
The present invention relates also to pharmaceutical compositions comprising at least one compound of formula (I) on its own or in combination with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.
Among the pharmaceutical compositions according to the invention, there may be mentioned more especially those that are suitable for oral, parenteral, nasal, per- or trans-cutaneous, rectal, perlingual, ocular or respiratory administration and especially tablets or dragxc3xa9es, sublingual tablets, gelatin capsules, glossettes, lozenges, suppositories, creams, ointments, dermal gels, and drinkable or injectable ampoules.
The dosage varies according to the sex, age and weight of the patient, the route of administration, the nature of the therapeutic indication or any associated treatments, and ranges from 0.01 mg to 1 g per 24 hours in one or more administrations.

Abstract: wherein:

Abstract: G1 represents an alkylene chain as defined in the description,

Abstract: A represents

Abstract: R2 and R3 represent hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy or hydroxy or together form oxo,

Abstract: R4 and R5 represent hydrogen or together form aryl,

Abstract: R1 is as defined in the description.

Abstract: and medicinal products containing the same which are useful in treating or preventing melatoninergic disorders.


A tabular data analysis method includes determining, by a computer, whether a cell having data is present for each row or each column of input tabular data, and extracting, in a case where there is one or more cells having data, a block of rows or columns in which the one or more cells are consecutively included, as a part related to one piece of table data.

In recent years, for example, a local government collects various types of information on tourist spots within an area of the local government and makes the information public on a website on the Internet. The local government receives information from facilities and the like located in the tourist spots to collect information on the tourist spots. In addition, a company entrusted by the local government may receive information on tourist spots as open data from the local government and input the information. In this case, the information to be provided is, for example, information based on various formats including a file format of various spreadsheet software which is tabular data, a comma-separated values (CSV) format, a tab-separated values (TSV) format, or the like.
Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 2013-015909 is an example of the related art.

Tabular data analysis method, recording medium storing tabular data analysis program, and information processing apparatus


A non-contact power supply system is provided in which current phases of induction lines are matched. According to the output current of a power supply unit (21) and the power consumption of induction lines (19), a lead time corresponding to a phase difference between the output currents of the induction lines is determined. A signal for driving transistors (52) is advanced ahead of a drive synchronization signal (β) according to the lead time.

Some conventional non-contact power supply systems have long induction lines. In such a non-contact power supply system, since voltage applied to an induction line is limited, the induction line is divided and each of the divided lines is connected to a power supply unit.
In such a non-contact power supply system, even when power supply units supply high-frequency currents at the same frequency to induction lines, a phase difference occurs between the high-frequency currents. When the pickup coil of a moving body is disposed across the induction lines having such a phase difference, electromotive force induced to the pickup coil is reduced. Further, when the phase difference reaches 180°, electromotive force induced to the pickup coil is generated in opposite directions, power feeding is disabled, and the outputs of two power supply units are short-circuited through the pickup coil, resulting in overcurrent or the like.
Thus, as is disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 3266088, waveforms of high-frequency currents fed to two induction lines are respectively detected and measured by a current transformer (CT), the phases of the high-frequency currents of the two induction lines are compared with each other to detect a phase difference therebetween in a PLL/VCO circuit, and a high-frequency current corrected according to the phase difference is supplied as a high-frequency current to one of the induction lines.
However, such a conventional non-contact power supply system requires a current transformer (CT) for a wide frequency domain in order to actually measure the waveforms of high-frequency currents and a PLL/VCO circuit for comparing the measured waveforms of the high-frequency currents of induction lines to detect a phase difference and performing synchronization, resulting in high cost. Further, phase differences may not be matched when the waveform of the high-frequency current of one of the induction lines cannot be measured.

Non-contact power supply system utilizing synchronized command signals to control and correct phase differences amongst power supply units


A vehicle height adjustment apparatus includes: vehicle height adjustment units respectively provided to correspond to wheels of a vehicle body, and adjusting a vehicle height in response to the supply and discharge of a working fluid; a pressure tank storing the working fluid; a compressor pressure-feeding the working fluid; opening and closing valves interposed between the vehicle height adjustment units and the pressure tank; a vehicle height acquisition unit acquiring a vehicle height value of the wheel; and a control unit controlling the vehicle height adjustment unit to adjust a vehicle height, and controlling the compressor, wherein when a vehicle height adjustment speed, calculated from the vehicle height value, is less than or equal to a predetermined threshold value, the control unit drives the compressor to pressure-feed the working fluid to the vehicle height adjustment units.

In the related art, there is provided a vehicle equipped with a suspension that includes air springs using compressed air and the like. There is also a vehicle equipped with a vehicle height adjustment apparatus using the air springs. There is a so-called closed type vehicle height adjustment apparatus. This type of vehicle height adjustment apparatus increases a vehicle height by supplying high-pressure air stored in a pressure tank to the air springs that change a suspension state of each wheel. The vehicle height adjustment apparatus decreases the vehicle height by discharging the high-pressure air from the air springs and returning the high-pressure air back to the pressure tank. Among the closed type vehicle height adjustment apparatuses, there is a vehicle height adjustment apparatus that uses a pressure difference so as to supply high-pressure air from the pressure tank to the air springs. There is a vehicle height adjustment apparatus that continuously supplies air to the air springs by driving a compressor to pressure-feed air when supply efficiency decreases during the supply of air by a pressure difference. JP 2001-246919A (Reference 1) is an example of the related art.
An automotive engineer designs a vehicle while always keeping in mind the efficiency of design via the use of common components. Even in designing the vehicle height adjustment apparatus, the automotive engineer seeks to use components used for other purposes in the related art, so as to realize the control and operation of the vehicle height adjustment apparatus.


A cutter can rapidly and safely cut the edge of a variety of paper products and a variety of strings and other materials used for packaging. The cutter has a pair of holders laminated to each other, a pair of open-close bodies which are rotatably supported at edge portions of the holders, respectively and form a cutting area through which a paper product can be passed, and a cutting blade which is mounted to the edge portions of the holders and has a cutting edge protruding into the cutting area.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a cutter, and more specifically, to a cutter which can efficiently open an envelope, cut the edge of a paper carton for milk, juice or other beverages, or that of a corrugated box or like member, and which can cut a variety of strings, tapes, and other materials used for packaging.
2. Description of the Related Art
Conventionally, as a means for cutting the edge of an envelope, a paper carton, and the like, or as a means for cutting strings, tapes, and other materials used for packaging, a knife and scissors are well known.
However, when a knife is used, for example, to cut the edge of an envelope, the cutting edge of the blade of the knife must be inserted inside the edge of the envelope. Thus, the envelope cannot be rapidly cut. In addition, the blade of the knife is exposed during the cutting operation. Thus, one's finger could be cut.
On the other hand, when a pair of scissors is used to cut the edge of an envelope or paper carton, the scissors must be opened and closed many times. Thus, the envelope cannot be rapidly cut.
Also when cutting various types of strings, tapes, and other materials which are used for packaging, the same problems as those state above are presented.


An embodiment of the present invention includes a fax communication system for communicating fax information transmitted from a sending fax device to a fax recipient through a packet switching network. The sending fax device includes a data pump for modulating and demodulating fax information and a protocol subsystem for encoding and decoding the modulated fax information. The fax sending fax device modulates the fax information prior to transmission thereof. At least one access server is coupled between the sending fax device and the fax recipient and within the packet switching network At least one of the access servers receives modulated fax information from the sending fax device and demodulates the received fax information. The fax relay server is responsive to the demodulated fax information and operative to decode the received demodulated fax information for transmission thereof to the fax recipient, wherein the at least one access server and fax relay server function as a network distributed fax device allowing for expansion of fax functionality throughout the network while preserving the reliability and robustness of the network.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to communications systems using fax devices for transmission of fax information through packet switching networks and particularly to transmission of fax information wherein modulation/demodulation of fax information occurs independently of and remotely from the protocol implementation used prior to transmission of information.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Facsimile (Fax) machines are commonly employed in modern communications systems. Typically, two fax machines are in communication with each other exchanging messages faxed by users thereof. The messages transmitted by a fax machine are generally in analog format and are often transmitted through a Public Switching Telephone Network (PSTN) as depicted in FIG. 1.
In FIG. 1, fax machine 12 is shown to be in communication with fax machine 14 through the PSTN 16. Transmission line 18 couples the fax machine 12 to the PSTN 16, which is in turn linked to the fax machine 14 via the communication line 20. Also shown in FIG. 1 are the various components which comprise a typical fax machine. A protocol subsystem 22 within fax machine 12 operates to implement various protocols, such as the T.30 and T.4/T.16 protocols, which are commonly used in the industry. Additionally, a data pump 24, a scanner 26 and a memory 28 are shown included in the fax machine 12.
Messages are exchanged between fax machines using protocol information either located within the hardware or implemented by execution of the software within the fax machine. One of the protocols is the protocol T.30 which carries information such as that relating to the size of the fax page, the type of compression technique being employed on the fax data and the like.
Other protocols, such as the T.4/T.6, are used for transferring information regarding fax pages and the actual content of the fax message. Information in conformance with the various protocols mentioned hereinabove is modulated prior to transmission thereof. The modulation protocols used to send fax messages are sometimes referred to as V-series modulation protocols such as V.21, V.29, V.17, V.33 and V.27ter. The various V-series modulations differ according to their speed of transmission. For instance, the T.30 protocol is transmitted using the V.21 modulation protocol which causes operation at a relatively slow speed of 300 bits/sec whereas the T.4/T.6 protocols are transmitted using faster modulation protocol, such as the V.17, V.29, V.33 and V.27ter. In FIG. 1, the part of the fax machine 12 which performs the V-series modulation and demodulation is the data pump 24. Demodulation applies to the case when fax machine is receiving rather than transmitting data. That is, information being received is demodulated to extract the original fax information.
In addition to the protocol subsystem 22 and the data pump 24, the fax machine 12 generally includes the scanner 26 and the memory 28. Scanner 26 scans pages of information that are to be faxed as the pages are passed through the fax machine and transforms them into black and white pixels. The pixel information is then encoded and stored in the memory 28 of the fax machine.
Alternatively, a fax machine could be incorporated in a personal computer (PC). In such a case the data pump component of the fax machine is placed on a modem card and the component of the fax machine which executes the T.30 and T.4/T.6 protocols is a software program on the PC. The modem card is physically connected to the PC through a cable and for this reason cannot be placed in a location too remote from the PC such as in a network.
Yet another mode of communication between the fax machines 12 and 14, not shown in FIG. 1, is through a network such as the Internet or any other wide area network (WAN). An example of the latter is a WAN used by Cisco Systems, Inc. of San Jose, Calif. In such a mode of communication, referred to as fax relay, the originating fax machine is coupled to a first PSTN with the latter being linked to the network. The network is in turn linked to a second PSTN, which is coupled to the receiving fax machine so that the fax messages between the two fax machines are transmitted through the network. The network remains transparent to the communicating fax machines so that the fax machines communicate with each other in exactly the same way as that which is shown in FIG. 1.
Sending fax messages via fax relay can be considerably less expensive than the method of communication shown in FIG. 1 where the fax message is sent through the PSTN 16. In particular, if the two communicating fax machines are located remotely with respect to each other, i.e. in different parts of the world, sending fax messages through a PSTN requires paying expensive international toll rates whereas using fax relay requires paying local toll rates, which are obviously substantially less than international rates. For instance, the fax message could be sent through the Cisco WAN where the only expense is in sending the message from the local PSTNs to the fax machines. Presently, Cisco Systems manufactures products equipped with appropriate software to support fax relay. Examples of such products include access server (AS) models C2600, C3600, AS5300 and AS5800.
Access servers are located at the edges of the network. In fax relay, when a fax message is received by an access server, such as the AS5300 having fax relay capability, the message is demodulated and sent across the network to a receiving access server which is physically closest to the receiving fax machine. Messages transferred between access servers through the network are in packet form. Packets are unbundled by the receiving access server and subsequently remodulated into the original fax message and sent to a local PSTN using T.30 and T.4/T.6 protocols. The PSTN then sends the fax message to the receiving fax machine. Messages are sent from one point in the network to another point in the network using a propriety proprietary fax relay protocol or a standardized protocol such as the T.38 protocol.
An access server, such as the AS5300, does not decode the fax messages in the T.30 and T.4/T.6 protocols and the original fax information that is encoded in these protocols passes from one access server to another transparently. Consequently, no change in the contents of the fax messages takes place as the messages are transmitted through the network via the access servers. It is the fax machine which can implement the T.30 and T.4/T.6 protocols, using the protocol subsystem 22 of FIG. 1, and recover the actual fax message. Using the network to send fax messages is referred to as fax relay due to relaying of the faxed messages from one point of the network to another with no alteration in the contents of the faxed message while it travels through the network.
Fax relay is a one-to-one method of transmitting fax messages between two fax machines. Accordingly, there is an originating fax machine which dials the number of a receiving fax machine and sends the message through an intermediate network. However, it is desirable to send fax messages from the originating fax machine to an access server which may be located at any point in the network. Once received by the access server, the message could either be sent to a receiving fax machine or to an email recipient in the from of an email message. Alternatively, the message could simply be stored somewhere in the network for later delivery. The latter option is particularly useful when the receiving fax machine is busy in which case the fax message is still received by the network and stored somewhere therein. The fax message can then be transmitted to the receiving fax machine at a later time when the latter is no longer busy. Such a mode of transmitting fax messages has the effect of distributing the functionality of the fax machine throughout the network.
Therefore, the need arises to distribute the functionality of a fax device through a packet switching network thereby increasing system capacity and allowing for readily altering features of a fax device without the need for additional hardware.


A system and method is described in which two parties communicate a first shared random number and a second shared random number, and each independently use a combining function with inputs including the two shared random numbers to obtain a shared secret key. Secure communication of the shared random numbers is performed by using a password and an asymmetric key pair. The password and the private key are not communicated, thereby preventing eavesdroppers from obtaining information sufficient to determine the shared secret key. Direct attacks on the parties are foiled by preventing the password from being stored, not storing the private key, and using two shared random numbers in case one is compromised by an attack on one of the two parties. A party cannot be effectively impersonated without knowledge of the password, and a called party cannot be impersonated without additionally controlling the network.

When two parties wish to communicate securely, an efficient mechanism for doing so is the use of a shared secret session key, i.e., a key known only to the two parties that can be used symmetrically to both encrypt and decrypt messages between them for the duration of a communication session. Various methods exist to achieve this, and each have advantages and disadvantages.
Parties can use a trusted key authority that distributes the shared secret key to each of them separately using their unique key encryption key. However, this technique requires the storage of keys—i.e., it is not portable with a user, and if a key encryption key is compromised the system loses its integrity and past communications can be decrypted.
The "Diffie-Hellman" technique, described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,200,770, permits generation of a shared secret key without the use of encryption. Each party generates a large random number. By way of example, party A generates the number X and party B generates the number Y. Each party sends its number through a particular kind of one way function and transmits the output. Only knowledge of one number (X or Y), and the value of the other number sent through the one-way function is sufficient to generate the shared secret key. A drawback of the Diffie-Hellman technique is that each side uses a non-shared random number (X or Y) in independently generating the shared secret key. A result of the use of non-shared random numbers is that each side performs large exponential and modulo calculations when performing one-way functions and generating the shared secret key, resulting in a high computational load on both sides. These calculations are required in order to make it computationally infeasible for an eavesdropper to combine the two-shared numbers in order to obtain the shared secret key.
Variations on the Diffie-Hellman technique exist that attempt to make it more secure. These variations suffer from the same computational burden as the standard Diffie-Hellman technique. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,953,424 describes a system with a modification of the key generation technique. In addition to the usual Diffie-Hellman computations on the original numbers (X and Y) and the transmitted numbers (which result from calculations), the '424 patent describes extra factors that may be combined with the standard Diffie-Hellman factors. These factors are not transmitted, so they must be knowable in advance by the communicating parties.
Another variation of the Diffie-Hellman technique is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,440,635. In this variant, the transmitted numbers are further encrypted using a symmetric key cryptosystem before being transmitted. This doesn't ameliorate any of the disadvantages of Diffie-Hellman, noted above.
A message exchange technique employing a combination of public and private key cryptography to communicate a secret key from one party to another is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,241,599. The '599 patent requires that each party share knowledge of a secret. A calling party generates a random public key/private key pair, and communicates the public key to the called party using their shared secret. The called party then communicates the secret key to the calling party using both the public key and the shared secret. The technique of the '599 patent suffers from several limitations. The calling party must generate a random public key/private key pair, which is a costly computation that is often preferably performed by the called party. Also, the secret key may be compromised in advance by manipulating the called party to affect the secret key it uses or computes. No manipulation or compromise of the calling party is required.
What is needed is a system and method for establishing secure communication.
The exemplary illustrative non-limiting technology herein provides an encoding protocol for communicating parties to each obtain a shared secret key.
One advantage of the exemplary illustrative non-limiting technology herein is that it is less computationally intensive than previous cryptographic systems to obtain a shared secret key.
Another advantage of the exemplary illustrative non-limiting technology herein is that the calling party is not required to perform any large computations.
Yet another advantage of the exemplary illustrative non-limiting technology herein is that it is highly resistant to attacks, including eavesdropping, impersonating a party, replay attacks, tampering with or probing a party before or after a communications session, and password database hijacking.
Still another advantage of the exemplary illustrative non-limiting technology herein is that it can be used either with or without certificates or physical tokens such as smart cards or biometric devices.
In an exemplary illustrative non-limiting method for obtaining a shared secret key, a party identifies a first shared random number and a second shared random number, and obtains the shared secret key from an output of a combining function having a first input including the first shared random number and having a second input including the second shared random number.
In a further aspect of the exemplary illustrative non-limiting implementation, the shared secret key is used to transform messages.
In another exemplary illustrative non-limiting implementation, a party encodes a first shared random number, decodes a second shared random number, and obtains the shared secret key from an output of a combining function having a first input including the first shared random number and having a second input including the second shared random number.
In a further exemplary illustrative non-limiting implementation, a party encodes a first shared random number and a second key using a first key obtained using information obtained from a password; decodes a second shared random number using a third key; and obtains the shared secret key from an output of a combining function having a first input including the first shared random number and having a second input including the second shared random number.
In a still further exemplary illustrative non-limiting implementation, the second key and the third key form an asymmetric key pair.
In another exemplary illustrative non-limiting implementation, a party decodes a first shared random number, encodes a second shared random number, and obtains the shared secret key from an output of a combining function having a first input including the first shared random number and having a second input including the second shared random number.
In a further exemplary illustrative non-limiting implementation, a party decodes a first shared random number and a second key using a first key obtained from information obtained from a password, encodes a second shared random number using the second key, and obtains the shared secret key from an output of a combining function having a first input including the first shared random number and having a second input including the second shared random number.
In another exemplary illustrative non-limiting implementation, a party communicates a first shared random number and a second shared random number, and obtains the shared secret key from an output of a combining function having a first input including the first shared random number and having a second input including the second shared random number.
In a further exemplary illustrative non-limiting implementation, the party communicates an asymmetric key and a timestamp with the first shared random number, and a timestamp with the second shared random number.
In still another exemplary illustrative non-limiting implementation, a device including at least one processor executes software instructions identifying a first shared random number and a second shared random number, and obtains the shared secret key from an output of a combining function having a first input including said first shared random number and having a second input including said second shared random number.
In yet another exemplary illustrative non-limiting implementation, a machine-readable storage medium contains instructions for a processor, including encoded computer means for identifying a first random number, encoded computer means for identifying a second random number, and encoded computer means for obtaining the shared secret key from an output of a combining function having a first input including said first shared random number and having a second input including said second shared random number.

System and method for establishing secure communication


The system comprises providing every oven (1) used in a ceramic enamelling plant with an operative unit (3) that works with an exchanger (4) and a filter (5) that allows most of the waste products entrained by the fumes to be recovered, sent back to the oven (1) and hence be recycled. The operative units (3) of the various ovens (1), in accordance with the improvements, are in direct communication and in open circuit with an output exchanger (9) associated with a turbogenerator (10), using air as the heat transmission fluid. The turbogenerator (10) includes a secondary circuit (11) of the exchanger (9), using a vapor fluid to drive a turbine (12) that in turn drives an alternator (13) for generating electric power.

A heat recovery and combustion gas filtering system is described in a related patent of invention U.S. Pat. No. 9,302,364. The system described is especially applicable to ceramic enamelling plants which are devised to resolve the loss of waste products entrained by exhaust gases, on one hand, the system enables waste products obtained from filtering recycled, and, on the other, energy is be made the most of.
To that end, the system of the related patent of invention provides an operative filtering unit for each of the ovens used in the plant. The ovens working with the respective heat exchanger allows such filtering to be carried out under the best possible. An operative unit is located over the oven exhaust passage in order for hot water to be obtained using the exchanger, at a temperature ranging between 90 and 150.degree. C. Further cold fumes that allow flexible bag or cap filters to be used, from which waste products are obtained that are recyclable back to a specific and unitary oven.
The various heat exchangers working with the respective ovens are interconnected in parallel and associated with a joint circuit provided with a second heat exchanger. The circuit is preferably a water circuit and is related to a second circuit. Through the second circuit an organic fluid flows, in order to drive a turbine and, through the same, a respective alternator generating electric power, i.e. constituting an organic cycle turbogenerator.
In short, in the system subject of the related patent of invention, a filter is provided at the output of each oven for fumes that have passed through a heat exchanger. A special feature is that the heat exchanger is associated with a heat exchanging circuit that includes a fluid preferably water. The water circuit is the meeting point for all the operative units of the various ovens. Each unit including the respective filter and the heat exchanger, and a manifold and an aspirator expediting the flow of gases.
The water circuit is associated with a second output exchanger that transmits heat to a turbogenerator, which is provided by water heated in the input exchange to a temperature ranging between 90 and 150.degree. C. The turbogenerator includes a circuit that has an organic fluid for driving a turbine with which an alternator is associated for the generation of an output electric current.

Fusion heat recovery and combustion gases filtering system with electric power production


A disconnect module 10 includes printed circuit board subassemblies 12 mounted on a mounting member 70 for connecting shielded twisted pair cables 2A and 2B, and for disconnecting the cables for testing the integrity of the circuits. Each module 10 also includes a ground bus 74 on the mounting member 70 for connecting drain wires 6 in multiple cables 2A and 2B through traces on printed circuit board subassemblies 12 to a ground reference. Each printed circuit board subassembly 12 includes an input electrical connector 30 and an output electrical connector 40, each of which can connect corresponding wire pairs 4 in four single pair shielded or screened cables, such as T1 cables. The connectors 30, 40 are mounted on the front of a printed circuit board 14 for easy access, and each connector includes a pivoting stuffer 36, 46. Disconnectable shunting connectors 60, mounted between the input and output connectors, normally connect corresponding wires in the two cables 2A, 2B, but can be removed to provide test posts for each pair circuit. The mounting member 70 includes a mounting track 72 for supporting multiple printed circuit board assemblies 12 in a row, and the ground bus 74 on the mounting track 72 engages ground traces 26 on the bottom of the printed circuit board assemblies 12.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention is related to electrical connector apparatus used to interconnect twisted pair wires and more particularly to the interconnection of shielded twisted pair cables. This invention is also related to modular assemblies for disconnecting one or more twisted wire pairs for rewiring, testing or other diagnostics. Furthermore, this invention is related to cross connect and disconnect apparatus that are used in wiring closets.
2. Description of the Prior Art
A common practice in wiring commercial buildings is to provide one or more wiring closets in which incoming twisted wire cables are connected to outgoing twisted pair cables. For example, incoming cables or risers can enter a wiring closet and there be connected to outgoing or horizontal cables that are attached to peripheral equipment that relies upon or must communicate with the service supplied by the incoming cable. Telecommunications wiring has long been deployed in buildings in this manner. As twisted pair wiring has been increasingly used in local area networks or other data networking or communications applications, the same equipment has been employed. However, conventional unshielded twisted pair cable may not be able to support all high speed communications applications. Category 5 cables offer one approach to improving the transmission rates for unshielded twisted pairs. Shielded twisted pair cable offers another means for supporting high data communications speeds. For example, T1 cables with data rates of from approximately 1.5 to 2.0 Mbit/s can operate satisfactorily at higher frequencies than unshielded twisted pair cables. However, conventional cross connect and disconnect equipment used for unshielded twisted pair cables do not provide a means for conveniently connecting the shields of all shielded or screened cables to a common reference potential or ground. The conventional practice is for the drain wires in all cables to be separately connected to a central ground or for the drain wires to be connected to jumpers which in turn lead to a ground reference point. Another approach is to use two standard 66 Blocks or cross connect blocks with a shielded twisted pair jumper wire connecting corresponding positions on the two blocks. The drain wires in this jumper are then connected to drain wires in incoming and out going cables and is then wired to ground. However, this approach is relatively labor intensive and the result is an unsystematic wire maze that is not easy to rewire.


An electrically driven power steering system is capable of reducing development of a noisy magneto-strictive sound. A voltage corresponding to each PWM pulse achieving time corresponding to a hysteresis is added to one of the voltage command values of a large voltage phase from among three phase first voltage command values. The added voltage is subtracted from one of the remaining voltage command values, which is a voltage small phase, to derive virtual voltage command values, and the virtual voltage command values are mutually compared to carry out a voltage magnitude phase determination for a three-phase brushless motor of the power steering system.

(1) Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an electrically driven power steering system and a control apparatus for the electrically driven power steering system.
(2) Description of Related Art
In general, in an electrically driven power steering system, a motor current is feedback controlled using motor phase currents. Previously proposed methods of detecting the three phase currents for respective phases using a single current sensor are exemplified in two Japanese Patent Application First Publications No. 2001-327173 published on Nov. 22, 2001 and No. 2008-131770 published on Jun. 5, 2008. In the above-described two Japanese Patent Application First Publications, when voltage command values of three phases are assumed to be a maximum phase, a middle phase, and a minimum phase in a magnitude (decreasing) order, such a phase correction that phases of PWM pulses of the maximum phase and the minimum phase with respect to a PWM switching timing of the middle phase are shifted secures a time duration required to detect the phase currents of the respective three phases.

Electrically driven power steering system and control apparatus for the same

Hitachi Automotive Systems Steering, Ltd.


The present invention relates to a data transmitting method using power detection of an adjacent channel. The method comprises detecting power for a selected channel; determining an occupancy state of the channel by comparing the detected power with a threshold power; detecting power for a channel adjacent to the channel if the channel is in an unoccupied state on the basis of the determined result; determining a state of the adjacent channel by comparing the detected power for the adjacent channel with the minimum threshold power and the maximum threshold power; and transmitting data by using the channel on the basis of the determined results.

Recently, in order to solve exhaustion of frequency resources due to explosive increase of data communication, a need for using an unlicensed bandwidth such as TV whitespace (hereinafter, referred to as TVWS) has been gradually increased. Therefore, various attempts have been made to introduce a high-speed wireless data communication system such as a wireless local area network (WLAN) in a TVWS.
In a general radio frequency (RF) configuration of a wireless communication system (WLAN system), dynamic range of an RF front end is increased in proportion to an overall reception bandwidth.
In case of a TVWS, the RF front end requires frequency bandwidth wider than that of an existing wireless communication system. That is, in case of wireless communication using a TVWS, a dynamic range of the RF front end needs to be greater than the dynamic range of an existing wireless communication system.
In addition, even when a TVWS is divided into a plurality of subbands in consideration of a wideband property, the divided subband may be wider than that of an existing wireless communication system. Accordingly, in this case, an increased dynamic range is required for wireless communication.
In general, the dynamic range of the RF element is restricted by various factors such as implementation costs, element properties and power consumption. Such restriction in dynamic range increases unnecessary radiation to an adjacent frequency channel upon transmission and decreases a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) due to a mutual modulation phenomenon generated by a signal of an adjacent channel upon reception.
Due to such a phenomenon, if the dynamic range is not increased upon communication using a TVWS, reception performance may deteriorate by unnecessary radiation occurring due to transmission of an adjacent channel.

Data transmitting method using power detection, and device thereof


A skin care device includes a suction pump for generating a suction force, a suction nozzle detachably attached to a mounting portion of the suction pump and having a first end portion having a suction port with a smaller opening and a second end portion having a suction portion with a larger opening, and a sealing member disposed between an inner peripheral surface of the mounting portion and an outer peripheral surface of the suction nozzle, for sealing a gap between the mounting portion and the suction nozzle. Both of the first end portion and the second end portion are capable of being attached to the mounting portion.

A conventional skin care device is configured to suction and remove skin impurities via a suction nozzle while massaging a suctioned portion of the skin by bringing a suction port of the suction nozzle in contact with the skin and driving a suction pump. However, if the suction port of the suction nozzle is relatively large, it becomes difficult to have the suction port firmly against the areas of the face near the nostrils or the ridge of the nose (hereinafter, referred to as "problematic regions") because of the uneven shape of the region. As a result, gaps would form between the suction port and the skins around or on the nose when the suction port is placed thereon, thereby failing to contact the suction port firmly against the skin, so that the skin impurities cannot be removed sufficiently. Yet, if the size of the suction port of the suction nozzle is made smaller such that the suction port is able to make a firm contact with the problematic regions of the face, there is a downside where the time to treat the entire face would be much longer because the coverage area by the nozzle is also made smaller so that only a small skin area can be treated at once.
Japanese Patent Laid-open Application No. 2000-197518 discloses a skin care device including a suction nozzle with an attachment structure which allows the suction nozzle to be detachably held by the device. However, the technical spirit of this machine resides in the fact that an end portion of the suction nozzle has a dual structure with a larger-diameter annular edge directly contacting the skin and a smaller-diameter buffer edge serving as an actual suction port of the suction nozzle. However, though this skin care device using such a dual structure of the suction nozzle has an effect of preventing a part of the skin from being drawn into the suction nozzle, it is not intended to improve the contacting of the suction nozzle with the problematic regions of the face.

Skin care device with suction for removing impurities


An electronic security system for controlling access to a plurality of storage locations. The system includes an electronic lock associated with each storage location, a central control terminal for controlling operation of the security system, a programming terminal to program a plurality of keys, and an identification terminal for identifying authorized users of the security system.

In recent years, more and more businesses have been seeking ways to control and monitor access and dissemination of corporate information and assets. Such information may be in the form of cyberspace records stored in network computers accessible through any one of the networks computer terminals, be physical documents or objects stored in cabinets, enclosures, or financial records or currency stored in drawers. In many instances, such information, records or assets may not be so important as to require costly and elaborate security systems, but are of a level of importance that it is desirable to limit access to such material to only specific authorized individuals, and to keep track of which individuals gain access to such assets.
An example of where access to corporate assets is regulated is a cash currency drawer handled by a bank teller. Typically, a bank teller at the beginning of a work day is provided with a key which allows access to a workstation used throughout the day. The teller's cash drawer is removed by the teller from a bank vault and transferred to a teller workstation where the teller works throughout the day and interacts with bank customers. The teller drawer is positioned within a lockable cabinet at the teller workstation such that the teller may lock the drawer at the workstation and leave such workstation throughout the day, for example, for lunch and personal breaks. At the end of the day, the teller balances the cash within the particular drawer, and returns the drawer to the bank vault. In reality, the financial institution has no records of who had access to the cash drawer throughout the day, and for that matter, has no way of determining whether the individual possessing the key at a particular time is, in fact, the authorized user.
Another example where it may be desirable to control access to records or assets are sales records maintained in a corporate sales department. Only several people in a department may be authorized to access such records, but other people who may work in the department or pass therethrough, may gain access to such information. Presently, such information may be kept in a locked file cabinet where each individual authorized to review such material would have his or her own key, or a single key to the cabinet is maintained by a supervisor of such personnel.
The foregoing examples show situations where it is desirable to have a security system which allows access to only authorized users, and one wherein access by a user may be monitored as to the actual access to the secured assets or information.
While any such system should preferably be able to monitor and track access to the security information or assets, the device which enables access to such information must be relatively lightweight and capable of repetitious use throughout an average working day. Still further, in situations such as those described above, the security system should be such that the cost and complexity of the system is reasonable to the degree of security provided. More importantly, the access device must be lightweight and small enough so as to enable the user to carry such access controlling device on his or her person through the day without interfering with or burdening the user to an extent where he or she cannot perform his or her daily functions.
The present invention addresses these and other problems and provides an electronic key system which is lightweight, compact and relatively inexpensive, and provides a system which enables monitoring and control of access to lockable enclosures or storage means.


An anti-cribbing device for horses uses a member, which is placed in the mouth of the horse by piercing through the gum above the front teeth. The member extends forward of the front teeth and prevents the horse from applying force on the front teeth, when attempting to crib.

The present invention relates to a device for breaking a horse from a harmful habit, such as cribbing.
Cribbing and wind sucking are some of the dangerous and harmful habits in horses. Cribbing occurs when the horse grabs a stationary object, such as a stall wall, fence and the like, arches his neck and then pulls backwards. This behavior is usually accompanied with the horse gulping air, which is often referred to as wind sucking or aerophagia. The horse grips the stationary object with the front teeth, eventually wearing down the teeth. If not fixed and corrected, the habit can result in premature wearing down of the teeth, which will prevent the horse from normal eating, potential weight loss, and associated loss of condition.
Wind sucking results with the horse gulping air, which flows into the digestive tract and may cause colic. Because of the dangers associated with cribbing and wind sucking, some insurance companies refuse to insure horses known for this harmful habit.
Various methods have been proposed to solve the problem in an attempt to catch it early, before it becomes an established habit. One of the current solutions is to use the so-called "cribbing collar" which is made of different materials. The cribbing collar is placed on the horse's throat and then the collar is pulled snug and buckled. The pressure is applied on the muscles of the neck when horse opens its mouth too wide; the collar is designed to prevent the horse from gulping the air into the digestive track. The collar solution is moderately successful as long as the collar is in place. The collar becomes a nuisance to the handler/owner because it must be taken on and off every time the horse is ridden or is directed to perform in any way. Additionally, the strap can pose a danger to the horse if it is caught on any object as it may cause strangulation or panic in the animal. For these reasons, the use of the cribbing collar is not recommended for pasture use. Therefore, anytime the horse is not wearing the cribbing collar, it will continue to crib on fences, stalls, trees, and the like. Furthermore, the collar may cause scarring and disfigurement to the horse's throat and poll after a prolonged use.
Another known solution is to use a muzzle, which is placed over the horse's face and prevents the horse from touching the object. The muzzle must also be removed for eating, performing, pasture time, and the like. Similar to the collar, the muzzle works only when it is worn. The straps of the muzzle may cause scarring and disfigurement to the horse's throat and poll area after prolonged use.
A drastic solution is offered by a surgery, which is performed under general anesthesia and involves removing a portion of the omohyoideous, sternohyoideous, and the sternothyroideus muscles. In addition, a portion of the ventral branch of the spinal accessory nerve is removed, which denervates the sternocephalicus muscle. This type of surgery is fairly common and nationally recognized as an anti-cribbing procedure. While there are no published side effects associated with this procedure, there are dangers associated with any surgery, such as anesthetic complications and the chance for infection. The surgery procedure is more successful in horses that have been cribbing a relatively short period of time or in horses who do not crib constantly.
The present invention contemplates elimination of drawbacks associates with the conventional methods and provision of an anti-cribbing device that is simple to use and free of side effects, which are often the result of conventional anti-cribbing methods.


Systems and methods provide a transient component limited access to data in a composition. One method includes receiving a request for the transient component to access data in the composition. The composition may include permanent components operable to utilize encryption keys generated at selected intervals from a seed value shared by the permanent components. The encryption keys utilized by the permanent components at each selected interval may be identical to one another. The method also includes generating a set of encryption keys from the seed value for a specified period of time. The set of encryption keys may be identical to the encryption keys to be utilized by the permanent components at the selected intervals to occur during the specified period of time. The method further includes granting the transient component access to data in the composition for the specified period of time via the set of encryption keys.

Interconnects are the physical connections between computer processors and the peripheral components of a computer, such as memory and disk drives. Interconnects provide the communication channels that enable computer processors to direct the operation of these peripheral components. The peripheral component interconnect express (PCIe) is an example interconnect used in many computers. However, the PCIe limits how memory can be used, thus introducing inefficiencies that limit how quickly computer processors can process data.
Accordingly, a type of interconnect, referred to as a "memory semantic fabric", has been developed. Memory semantic fabrics make it possible to increase the rate at which computer processors can read and write data in comparison to the PCIe. Memory semantic fabrics may be useful in multi-processor computer systems, such as the systems in datacenters that are used for applications like cloud computing and artificial intelligence. Memory semantic fabrics may permit components (e.g., memory and computer processors) traditionally fixedly attached to one another in a single enclosure to instead individually connect to a memory semantic fabric spanning one or more enclosures, where the components may be operatively coupled to form one or more functional computing systems (e.g., servers).

Data access management for a composition

Hewlett Packard Enterprise Development LP