An object is to provide, at low costs, a function for determining whether a monitoring section should execute a self-diagnosis. A monitoring system has a monitoring section for acquiring information on the charge and discharge state of an electric storage device and a determination section for determining the charge and discharge state of the electric storage device on the basis of information acquired by the monitoring section. The determination section has an output section for continuously outputting, to the monitoring section, a stepped signal made up of a High signal and a Low signal, and as well, when the charge and discharge state of the electric storage device has been determined to fall within an allowable range on the basis of the information acquired from the monitoring section, outputs a diagnosis permit signal that is a unique stepped signal having a period different from that before the determination, and when the signal received from the determination section has been determined to be the diagnosis permit signal, the monitoring section executes a self-diagnosis for detecting an abnormal event in the monitoring section.

In recent years, attention is received by vehicles which have a assembled battery that serves as the power source of the vehicles. The assembled battery of this type includes a monitoring section which monitors the charge and discharge state (for example, overcharge and overdischarge) of the assembled battery on the basis of information acquired by a voltage detection circuit included in the monitoring section. On the other hand, such a case in which an abnormal event may occur in the voltage detection circuit itself can also be conceived. Thus, in order to detect the overcharge and overdischarge with accuracy, it is necessary to adequately execute a self-diagnosis of the voltage detection circuit. That is, there is a possibility that the overcharge and overdischarge of the assembled battery can be overlooked unless the chance of the self-diagnosis is adequately ensured.
Disclosed in Patent Literature 1 is an overcharge detector for an on-board secondary battery to which charge and discharge control is provided in accordance with a charge control target value during the operation of the vehicle. The overcharge detector for the on-board secondary battery includes: a first overvoltage detection circuit for detecting an overcharge of the secondary voltage; a second overvoltage detection circuit for detecting an overcharge of the secondary voltage, the second overvoltage detection circuit being provided in parallel to the first overvoltage detection circuit; and a self-diagnosis section configured to execute a self-diagnosis for detecting an abnormal event in the first and second overvoltage detection circuits when the operation of the vehicle is ended. In the overcharge detector with the above-configuration, the self-diagnosis section includes: a diagnosis start determination section for directing the execution of the self-diagnosis on conditions that at the time of the request for the self-diagnosis, the voltage of the secondary battery is within a predetermined voltage range that permits the self-diagnosis of the first and second overvoltage detection circuits; and a change request section for requesting a change in the charge control target value during the next operation of the vehicle to a value higher than the current value when the diagnosis start determination section has determined that the voltage of the secondary battery at the time of the request for the self-diagnosis is lower than the predetermined voltage range.


Disclosed is a clip suitable to removably assemble a bathtub or shower stall base to a shower enclosure surround wall. The clip includes a toe, a leg connected to the toe, a web connected to the leg, and a flexible tang also connected to the web. The web is designed to mount the clip on the bathtub or stall base, while the toe catches under a ledge of the bathtub or stall base. The tang will then project at an angle inwardly. The tang permits the surround wall to pass vertically downward past it to assemble the enclosure. It resists upward movement until a specified force is applied, at which point the clip deforms or breaks to permit disassembly. The clip also has a portion of the web which facilitates keeping the clip on the bathtub or stall base even after the clip has been deformed or partially broken.

The present invention relates to plumbing fixtures such as bathing or shower enclosures which are manufactured in multiple pieces and then assembled at the site of installation. More particularly it relates to such enclosures that permit partial disassembly even after installation to perform maintenance behind the enclosure.
Baths are sometimes designed with integral surrounding shower enclosure walls. This is also sometimes the case for shower enclosures where a base/pan is formed integrally with the surrounding walls. However, some of these enclosures are so large that they will not fit through standard doorways or in standard elevators, thereby limiting their use with respect to the replacement market, and in any event making shipment of such products difficult.
A variety of bathtub and shower enclosures have therefore been developed with the tub or shower pan formed separately from the surrounding walls. Those components are then assembled at the site of installation.
For example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,691,339 disclosed a knockdown bathing enclosure in which clips were used to facilitate the assembly of the enclosure walls to the bathtub. However, these clips did not provide a secure means of limiting relative vertical movement under normal circumstances.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,382,635 disclosed a knockdown type shower enclosure, again relying on some clips for the connection. However, again the security of the connection was not optimal.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,316,295 showed another means of assembling a knockdown shower stall. Again, the nature of the connection was not optimal.
See also U.S. Pat. Nos. 1,781,692 and 4,901,380, as well as U.S. patent application publication 2005/0210577.
While a variety of knockdown type bathing and shower enclosures are known, it is still desired to develop improved plumbing fixtures of this type, particularly where the assembly is secure under normal installed conditions, but the enclosure can be disassembled even after installation without causing damage to the main enclosure elements (to permit maintenance or inspection behind the enclosure).

Sectional plumbing fixture enclosure removably secured with clip


An organic, spin-dependent magnetic field sensor (10) includes an active stack (12) having an organic material with a spin-dependence. The sensor (10) also includes a back electrical contact (14) electrically coupled to a back of the active stack (12) and a front electrical contact (16) electrically coupled to a front of the active stack (12). A magnetic field generator (18) is oriented so as to provide an oscillating magnetic field which penetrates the active stack (12).

Various systems use devices based on magnetic materials, such as computers, computing components, memory, and so forth. Magnetization of materials can result in use of less electrical power and storage of information even when the electrical power is removed. Magnetic sensors can sense magnetic fields and provide output signals representing the magnetic fields.
Recently, ferromagnetic thin-films and other layers have been developed which can yield a magnetoresistive response in the range of an order of magnitude or more as compared with the magnitude of the magnetic field due to anisotropic magnetoresistive response. This response is sometimes called a "spin valve effect" because electrons are allowed to move more freely from one ferromagnetic thin-film layer to another if the magnetizations in these layers are parallel as opposed to non-parallel orientations.
Magnetic field sensors have an extremely wide range of application. Such sensors can be used widely in scientific and research communities in areas as diverse as magnetic resonance imaging and fundamental physics. Such sensors can also employed, for example, in the mining industry for conducting wide area surveys, and even for ground tracking in airports. Magnetic field sensors have been developed with dimensions ranging from a few microns to tens of microns which can provide a response to the presence of very small external magnetic fields. Some such sensors have been developed which utilize the spin valve effect, or the changes in material properties as an effect of a magnetic field on an electron spin in the material. An electron spin is an intrinsic property of electrons. Electrons have intrinsic angular momentum. The angular momentum or spin of an electron can be an up or down spin. Previous magnetic field sensors have been able to measure magnetic fields using the electron spin properties, but such sensors have had limited accuracy, experience signal drift, operate at limited temperature ranges, and suffer from material degradation which also negatively affects sensor accuracy and performance. Further, such sensors have often been expensive and difficult to fabricate and provide effective magnetic field sensing only when oriented at a specific angle or small range of angles with respect to a direction of the magnetic field.
There is a wide range of research activity associated with magnetic field sensors. A number of proposals to use spin dependent electronic processes in inorganic semiconductors exist. See, for example, A Honig & M Moroz, Precision absolute measurements of strong and highly inhomogeneous magnetic fields, Review of Scientific Instruments 49,183 (1978) and A. Jander & P. Dhagat, Solidstate magnetometer using electrically detected magnetic resonance, Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 322, 1639-1641 (2010), both of which references are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. However, these processes result in very small current changes at moderate magnetic fields, whilst not providing benefits of organic semiconductors, such as flexibility and cost effectiveness. Some efforts have also been made to use magnetoresistive effects in organic semiconductors as field sensors. However, such approaches are limited to small magnetic fields (i.e., <50 mT), and these approaches do not provide an absolute measurement of the field. In these approaches, the sensor output, usually the resistance of the sample, in a fixed magnetic field varies with both temperature and device current.


A method of manufacturing MOS semiconductor device, is disclosed, in which considerations are given to the influence of threshold value on ion implantation, and the dose of impurity to be ion implanted for forming high impurity concentration regions as source and drain regions is set to a value, at which the threshold value is substantially constant with impurity dose changes (the impurity dose being set to 10.sup.15 per cm.sup.2 or below for n-type impurity region). Thus, it is made possible to adequately set and control the threshold value, thus solving particularly the problem of reverse short channel effect and permitting formation of MOS parts with different threshold values.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a method of manufacturing MOS transistor device and also to the same MOS transistor device.
2. Description of the Related Art
Heretofore, in the manufacture of MOS transistor, the diffusion layer formation step was carried out with main emphasis placed on reducing the resistivity and making the junction shallower. Particularly, with respect to the former there have been developed many techniques inclusive of silicide formation. As for the formation of junction, ion implantation is used mostly for obtaining shallow junction. In this case, the implantation ion dose is usually set to 3 to 5.times.10.sup.15 per cm.sup.2 to hold a low resistivity. This is made so for realizing low resistivity, and there has been no particular discussion about the influence of this on tranasistor. A sole consideration that is paid is to make junction shallow for suppressing the short channel effect.
However, it has been made obvious that the dose of implantation of ions for the diffusion layer formation has influence on transistor. This influence is a "reverse short channel effect" which has been a recent topic of discussion. Specifically, this phenomenon is that the threshold value Vth is reduced with increasing gate length. Concerning this phenomenon, there are many reports, such as H. I. Hanafi et al, "A Model for Anomalous Short-Channel Behavior in Submicron MOSFETs", IEEF Electron Device Letters, Vol. 14, No. 12, 1993, pp. 575-. However, its mechanism is not clear and explained variously.
In addition, it is difficult to reproduce the phenomenon even with simulation equipment which is an important development tool. Therefore, the development has been becoming useless as such. However, the control of the threshold value is a most important subject in low voltage operation. It is thus necessary for this reason as well to suppress the reverse channel effect (see, for instance, Nikkey Microdevices, February 1994, pp. 75).

Method of manufacturing MOS transistor device with improved threshold value control and reduced reverse short channel effect


A non-invasive apparatus for rehabilitating a joint, limb, and muscles of a patient recovering from surgery on the joint, includes a continuous passive motion device having at least one support member for supporting the limb, at least one hinge coupled to the at least one support member, and at least one actuator for providing reciprocating motion of the at least one support member about the at least one hinge, a plurality of electrodes transmitting at least four modalities chosen from a group consisting of functional electrical stimulation (FES), transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), temperature therapy stimulation, deep vein thrombosis (DVT) prophylactic stimulation, venous blood flow monitoring, and pain monitoring, and a control unit controlling the at least one actuator and the plurality of electrodes according to a coordinated sequence of the reciprocating motion and transmission of the at least four modalities.

After an invasive surgical operation on a joint (e.g. total knee replacement, total hip replacement, anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction), the joint and surrounding bodily parts are often left in a weakened state, requiring immediate rehabilitation. For patients recovering from extensive joint surgery, any attempt at joint motion causes extreme pain. Consequently, patients tend to avoid substantial movement of the limb. This "immobilization" allows the tissue around the joint to become stiff and for scar tissue to form. These undesirable effects lead to limited range of motion in the joint and prolong physical therapy before the joint and limb regain substantial range of motion, neurological function and muscle function. If full range of motion of the joint and limb is not achieved in the immediate or early postoperative period, then the full range of motion may never be recovered.
Another complication that occurs during the postoperative period following surgery on a patient's joint is deep vein thrombosis (DVT). DVT is the formation of blood clots in a deep vein of the patient's limb, which can block blood flow and cause swelling and pain. DVT becomes most serious when a portion of the clot dislodges, travels through the bloodstream to the lungs or brain, and blocks blood flow therein. Several methods of preventing or limiting the chances of developing DVT include the application of pressure to the limb or periodic movement of the limb to promote increased blood flow in the veins. With greater blood flow circulation, clots are less likely to occur.
Continuous passive motion (CPM) devices are often used during early phases of postoperative rehabilitation to provide passive motion to the treated joint and limb, to control postoperative pain, and reduce inflammation. Typical CPM devices continuously move a patient's limb and joint through a predetermined range of motion without exertion by the patient. The passive motion acts to pump blood and edema fluid away from the joint and surrounding tissue. As a result, CPM devices reduce joint stiffness and improve venous blood flow. Despite their therapeutic benefits, these devices fail to produce a complete range of motion in the patient's limb because the muscles therein may not fully extend and contract. Further, CPM devices have shown only limited effectiveness on DVT prevention. In order to overcome these shortcomings and provide a more comprehensive therapeutic treatment, other modalities or forms of stimulation are incorporated with the CPM devices. For instance, to increase a patient's chances of regaining full range of motion, neuromuscular stimulation (NMS) (e.g. functional electrical stimulation) can be combined with the CPM device. This electrophysical modality transmits electrical impulses to the muscles to effect total joint extension and contraction. Alternatively, a CPM device can be combined with a prophylactic therapy to hinder DVT development. Therefore, CPM devices that simultaneously provide passive motion and other stimulating modalities improve the patient's likelihood of regaining full range of motion in the joint and limb without postoperative complications and excessive pain.
Some CPM devices have incorporated an NMS modality to promote range of motion in the limb. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,520,827 to Wright et al. discloses a rehab apparatus comprising a CPM unit for supporting a patient's leg through a range of motion, a drive means for moving the leg through the range of motion, and a NMS means for applying electrical stimulation to a muscle in the leg. The rehab apparatus further includes a controller for managing the operation of the CPM unit, drive means, and NMS means. In particular, the controller stops the drive means when the CPM unit is disposed in an extended position and initiates muscle stimulation for a time period in which the CPM unit remains stationary. However, the controller does not allow for varying the sequence or order of stimulation and passive motion which is beneficial for rehabilitating and re-educating muscle function and neurological function. Further, the rehab apparatus disclosed by Wright et al. does not provide prophylactic means for preventing DVT.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,399,147 to Kaiser discloses a CPM orthotic device comprising two carriage members receiving a limb, a hinge interconnecting the two carriage members, a drive means moving the two carriage members reciprocally about the hinge, and a brace. Kaiser further discloses two neuromuscular stimulators integrated with the CPM device, wherein a first stimulator provides muscle stimulation when the limb is fully extended and a second stimulator provides stimulation when the limb is fully contracted. Like the prior rehab apparatus, Kaiser's CPM device does not provide for different sequences of stimulation and passive motion. Moreover, with only two stimulators, NMS benefits only limited areas of the patent's limb.
Some efforts have been made to provide a rehab device combining passive motion with DVT prophylactic therapy. For example, U.S. patent application Publication No. 2011/0077560 to Jacofsky et al. discloses a CPM machine with an integrated mechanical DVT prophylaxis. The CPM machine comprises a base, at least one motor, a plurality of hinged frame rails for imparting passive motion, and a suspension structure for positioning a roller assembly, wherein the roller assembly provides mechanical DVT prophylactic therapy. Jocofsky et al. further discloses a monitoring system to detect blood flow in the limb and provide feedback control to the roller assembly. However, the DVT prophylaxis requires multiple mechanical components in order to achieve suitable prophylactic therapy. In particular, the roller assembly must include multiple rollers, a motor to operate the rollers, a mechanism to adjust the position of the roller assembly to the limb, and a spring to maintain proper pressure against the limb, all of which are necessary for imparting the desired rotational motion needed for prophylactic therapy. With all of its mechanical parts, the CPM machine remains cumbersome, difficult to maneuver and prone to mechanical failure. The CPM machine also lacks other modalities for promoting full range of motion, neurological function, and muscle function in the limb.
While the prior art CPM devices may provide benefits over conventional rehab and postoperative treatment devices, they still suffer from several disadvantages. One of such disadvantages is that the CPM devices do not provide a comprehensive, synergistic treatment of postoperative bodily parts for rehabilitation and re-education of neurological function, muscle function, and range of motion. The prior art CPM devices provide either a single modality or a limited number of modalities for therapeutic treatment. Furthermore, the CPM device and modalities are integrated independently such that the benefits of a coordinated therapy of the CPM and modalities are not achieved. As such, the treatment provided by prior art CPM devices fail to address multiple postoperative complications involved in joint surgeries and may subsequently prolong a patient's time for recovery.

Orthosis for range of motion, muscular and neurologic rehabilitation of the lower extremities


A digital demodulator includes a reproducing head for reproducing an analog video signal from a recording medium, an analog to digital converter for converting the analog video signal applied from the reproducing head into a digital signal, a Hilbert transform circuit for transforming the digital signal into signals whose phases are shifted by first and second angles from the digital signal, respectively, a frequency detector for detecting a frequency of the transformed signals, a first coefficient circuit for weighting an output signal of the frequency detector, a second coefficient circuit for weighting the transformed signals, a multiplier for multiplying output signals of the first and second coefficient circuits together, an equalizer for correcting a frequency characteristic of the transformed signals, and a demodulator for demodulating an output signal of the equalizer, wherein the frequency characteristic of the equalizer is corrected in accordance with an output of the multiplier.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to digital demodulators and, more particularly, is directed to a digital demodulator for a video tape recorder (VTR) having a correcting unit for correcting the frequency characteristic of an equalizer circuit thereof.
2. Description of the Prior Art
According to the conventional digital demodulator for a VTR, as shown in FIG. 1, a frequency modulated (FM) luminance signal reproduced by a reproducing head 1 is amplified by an amplifier 2 and then converted into a digital FM luminance signal by an analog to digital (A/D) converter 3.
The digital FM luminance signal is then converted into complex signals x and y which are phase shifted by 0.degree. and 90.degree. from the digital FM luminance signal by a Hilbert transform circuit 4, respectively.
FIG. 2 shows a simplified arrangement of the Hilbert transform circuit for shifting a phase of an input signal applied thereto by 90.degree.. Referring to FIG. 2, delay circuits 31 and 32 are connected in series and an input signal is applied to an input terminal 33. The input signal is supplied to a multiplier 34 from the input terminal 33. Further, the input signal is supplied to a multiplier 35 from the input terminal 33 through the delay circuits 31 and 32. The multipliers 34 and 35 have coefficients of 1/2 and -1/2, respectively. Outputs of the multipliers 34 and 35 are supplied to an adder 36, so that a signal whose phase is shifted by 90.degree. from that of the input signal is obtained from an output terminal 37 which is output from the adder 36. On the other hand, a signal whose phase is shifted by 0.degree. from that of the input signal is obtained from an output terminal 38 at the connection point between the delay circuits 31 and 32.
Turning back to FIG. 1, the complex signals x and yX are applied to an equalizer circuit 5 to which a coefficient K changing in accordance with a level of the luminance signal is applied. Further, the complex signals x and yX are applied to a signal level detector 6 for detecting a level of the luminance signal.
The signal level detector 6 calculates a square root of (x.sup.2 +y.sup.2) based on the complex signals x and y to thereby obtain a level of the luminance signal. An output signal of the signal level detector 6 representing the calculated level of the luminance signal is applied to a read only memory (ROM) 7, which in turn obtains a coefficient K based on a characteristic curve stored therein as shown by a solid line in FIG. 3 and then outputs the coefficient K to the equalizer circuit 5. In FIG. 3, the abscissa represents a signal level of the luminance signal and the ordinate represents a coefficient K. The equalizer circuit 5 changes its frequency characteristic in accordance with the coefficient K in a manner that the larger the coefficient K is, that is, the lower the detected level of the luminance signal is, a higher the frequency of the luminance signal boosted will be, so that an optimum demodulation is performed by a demodulator 8 at the next stage.
However, according to the thus constituted conventional digital demodulator, since the coefficient K is determined on the basis of only the characteristic shown by the solid line in FIG. 3, the higher frequency of the reproduced FM luminance signal is boosted when a level of the luminance signal is low even if a frequency of the luminance signal is in the vicinity of a frequency of a carrier signal. Thus,,in the lower frequency converted chrominance subcarrier system, a sum frequency signal of the chrominance signal and the FM luminance signal which is generated as a cross modulation distortion of the chrominance signal and the FM luminance signal is detected as a luminance signal, so that there may occur such an over-modulation phenomenon that a black portion of an image becomes white. In particular, when the FM luminance signal is subjected to the amplitude modulation by the cross modulation, a level of the FM luminance signal may be erroneously judged to be very low and so the higher frequency thereof may be boosted. In this case, the above-described over-modulation may more likely occur.
FIG. 1 does not illustrate a separation circuit for separating the FM luminance signal and the lower frequency chrominance signal, but in general the extraction of the FM luminance signal may be performed by a filter for the luminance signal which may be provided at the rear stage of the amplifier 2, for example.

Digital demodulator with a unit for correcting over modulation and preventing black reversing


A correction mechanism includes a mounting board, a first correction assembly, and a second correction assembly. The first correction assembly includes a plurality of first limiting members and a plurality of first correction members alternating arranged with the plurality of first limiting members. The first limiting members are securely fixedly mounted on the mounting board. The first correction members are movably mounted on the mounting board and capable of moving toward the plurality of first limiting members along a first direction. The second correction assembly has a structure similar to the first correction assembly. The plurality of second limiting members and the plurality of second correction members are substantially perpendicular to and above the plurality of first limiting members and the plurality of first correction members

1. Technical Field
The present disclosure relates to correction mechanism, and particularly to a correction mechanism for pins used for correcting pin alignments, and a correction device including the same.
2. Description of Related Art
A plurality of pins are formed on an electronic component. The circuit board defines a plurality of pin holes according to the pins. In assembly, the pins are inserted in the pin holes to electrically connect the electronic component to the circuit board. Because, the pins may be bent during conveying or during the testing process, the pins might not meet an assembly requirement. At this time, the alignment of the pins should be corrected by hand, which is time consuming.
Therefore, there is room for improvement in the art.

Correction mechanism for pin and correction device

HONG FU PRECISION INDUSTRY (ShenZhen) CO., LTD.


Disclosed herein is an improved Bone Tendon Bone graft for use in orthopedic surgical procedures. Specifically exemplified herein is a Bone Tendon Bone graft comprising one or more bone blocks having a groove cut into the surface therefor, wherein said groove is sufficient to accommodate fixation screw. Also disclosed is a method of harvesting grafts that has improved efficiency and increases the quantity of extracted tissue and minimizes time required by surgeon for implantation.

Orthopedic medicine is increasingly becoming aware of the vast potential and advantages of using bone/tendon/bone grafts to repair common joint injuries, such as Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) or Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL) tears. One technique that is currently used for repairing these types of injuries involves surgically reconnecting the torn portions of a damaged ligament. However, this technique is often not possible, especially when the damage to the ligament is extensive. To address situations where the damage to the joint ligaments is severe, another technique commonly performed involves redirecting tendons to provide increased support to a damaged knee. These conventional techniques are not without their shortcomings; in most cases, the repaired joint lacks flexibility and stability.
The recent utilization of bone/tendon grafts has dramatically improved the results of joint repair in cases of severe trauma. Even in cases of extensive damage to the joint ligaments, orthopedic surgeons have been able to achieve 100 percent range of motion and stability using donor bone/tendon grafts.
Despite these realized advantages, there have been some difficulties encountered with utilizing bone/tendon grafts. For example, surgical procedures involving transplantation and fixation of these grafts can be tedious and lengthy. Currently, bone/tendon/bone grafts must be specifically shaped for the recipient during surgery, which can require thirty minutes to over an hour of time. Further, surgeons must establish a means of attaching the graft, which also takes up valuable surgery time.
Another difficulty associated with using bone/tendon grafts is that there is a limited supply. This can result in a patient having to choose an inferior procedure simply based on the lack of availability of tissue. Accordingly, there is a need in the art for a system that addresses this and the foregoing concerns.
The subject invention concerns a novel bone tendon bone graft (BTB) that facilitates an easier and more efficient surgery for reconstructing ligaments in a joint. One aspect of the subject invention pertains to a BTB that comprises a tendon and two bone blocks positioned at opposite ends of the tendon, wherein the bone blocks are pre-shaped for uniform and consistent alignment into a recipient bone.
In a specific aspect, the subject invention pertains to a bone tendon bone graft useful in orthopedic surgery comprising one or more bone blocks, and a tendon attached to said one or more bone blocks; wherein said one or more bone blocks is cut to provide a groove sufficient to accommodate a fixation screw. Alternatively, the subject invention pertains to a bone tendon bone graft useful in orthopedic surgery comprising one or more bone blocks and a tendon attached to said one or more bone blocks, wherein said one or more bone blocks is pre-shaped into a dowel.
A further aspect of the subject invention pertains to a method of obtaining a plurality of bone tendon bone grafts comprising excising a first bone plug having attached thereto a tendon or ligament; and excising a second bone plug having attached thereto a tendon or ligament; wherein said first bone plug and said second bone plug are derived from contiguous bone stock and overlap such that excision of said first bone plug or said second bone plug forms a groove in the bone plug that is excised subsequent to the other.
In yet another aspect, the subject invention pertains to a method of conducting orthopedic surgery on a human or an animal comprising obtaining a bone tendon bone graft, said graft comprising a tendon or ligament having two ends, and one or more bone blocks attached to said tendon or ligament, wherein at least one of said one or more bone blocks has a groove suitable for accommodating a fixation screw.
An alternative aspect of the invention pertains to an implant comprising a bone block and a tendon, wherein the bone block comprises a groove for accommodating a fixation screw.
Yet a further aspect of the subject invention pertains to a BTB core cutter for harvesting BTB grafts in accordance with the principles of the subject invention.
These and other advantageous aspects of the subject invention are described in further detail below.

Materials and methods for improved bone tendon bone transplantation


A method for manufacturing a thin film transistor (TFT) includes the steps of: providing a substrate (1); and forming a TFT circuit on the substrate using laser-induced chemical vapor deposition (LCVD). Detailedly, the method includes providing the bare substrate, cleaning the substrate with cleaning liquid, and successively forming a gate electrode (2), a gate oxide layer (3), a source electrode (5), and a drain electrode (6) on the substrate by LCVD, thus obtaining the thin film transistor. The forming steps may be controlled by one or more computer programs. The LCVD can be pyrolytic LCVD, photolytic LCVD, or photophysical LCVD. The method is simple and inexpensive.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to method for manufacturing thin film transistors (TFTs).
2. General Background
In recent years, efforts have been made to form high-performance semiconductor elements on an insulating substrate such as a glass substrate or on an insulating film. The successful manufacture of such components can realize the commercial production of items such as a large-scale liquid crystal display device with high resolution, a monolithic liquid crystal display device with a driver circuit formed on the same substrate for cost reduction, a fit-type image sensor with high speed and high resolution, and a three-dimensional integrated circuit (IC). As a semiconductor element, a thin film transistor using a silicon semiconductor thin film as an active region is generally used for these kinds of devices.
A typical method for manufacturing a TFT is summarized in FIG. 7. The method includes the steps of: providing a substrate; cleaning the substrate; forming a metal film on the substrate; coating the substrate with a photo-resist layer, and exposing and developing the photo-resist layer; etching the substrate; and finally removing the remainder of the photo-resist layer using one or more suitable solutions.
One or desired layers to be formed on a substrate may include an active layer, a gate electrode, and/or a source/drain electrode. When each layer is formed, a base material and a photo-resist layer need to be deposited on the substrate. Then, the photo-resist layer is exposed and developed to form a photo-resist pattern. Finally, the base material is etched using the photo-resist pattern as a mask. That is, deposition equipment, exposing equipment, developing equipment, and etching equipment are all necessary, and the process for manufacturing a TFT is complicated and costly.
Therefore, a new method for manufacturing a TFT that can overcome the above-described problems is desired.

Method for manufacturing a thin film transistor


A timing detection circuit includes: a delay circuit in which a plurality of cascade connected delay elements are arranged in a matrix; a plurality of odd-numbered row column lines provided in each column for each set by dividing odd-numbered rows into a plurality of sets; a plurality of even-numbered row column lines provided in each column for each set by dividing even-numbered rows into a plurality of sets; a first logical operation circuit performs a logical operation on levels of the odd-numbered row column lines and outputs a first operation result to a second latch; a second logical operation circuit performs a logical operation on levels of the plurality of even-numbered row column lines and outputs a second operation result to a third latch; and a control circuit given the first operation result and controls charging of the odd-numbered and even-numbered row column lines based on the second clock.

In the related art, a delay lock loop (DLL) has been adopted in various electronic devices. The DLL implements phase synchronization, and is used, for example, for phase synchronization such as clock generation of an electronic device and data transfer of a high-speed interface. The DLL enables a phase synchronization by detecting a phase difference between an input signal input to a delay control circuit and an output signal of the delay control circuit, and feeding the phase difference back to the delay control circuit.
As for such a DLL, delay elements are arranged in a matrix, and a row-by-row phase detector and a column-by-column phase detector may be shared and used for a plurality of matrix-like delay elements, and a high-speed lock DLL using a time to digital converter (TDC) may be adopted.
In such a DLL, there is a demand for improving the resolution of timing detection and increasing the detection speed.
Examples of related art include JP-A-2019-050528.

Timing detection circuit, semiconductor device, and memory system having delay elements in matrix


A debris collection vehicle having an enclosed volume for collecting debris and a hydraulic fan drive system for creating vacuum condition in the enclosed volume is disclosed. In one embodiment, the hydraulic fan system includes a closed loop hydraulic circuit, a variable displacement hydraulic pump disposed within the closed loop circuit, and a hydraulic motor disposed within the closed loop circuit. The hydraulic fan drive system can also include an electronic or hydraulically actuated control valve constructed and arranged to adjust the output of the hydraulic motor via a displacement actuator based on pressure in the closed loop hydraulic circuit.

Debris collection vehicles, such as sewer cleaners, hydro-excavators, and street sweeping vehicles are often provided with an enclosed volume, for example a hopper or collection tank, for retaining collected debris. Generally, a fan is also provided that is configured to draw a vacuum condition within the enclosed volume. In some implementations, the fan is directly driven by an auxiliary engine of the vehicle via a gear box. However, such an approach limits the fan performance by the amount of torque that can be produced by the auxiliary engine. In other implementations, the fan is driven by a fixed displacement hydraulic motor that is driven by a pump. However, this approach can require the motor and the pump to operate at or over their respective maximum rated speeds for successful operation, which can decrease equipment life. Improvements are desired.


A multifunction printed sheets interface system with plural sheet input areas for receiving printed sheets from plural printers, plural sheet outputs areas for plural outputs to different sheet processing systems, a sheet position sensing system, and a sheet transporting system providing selectable sheet translation from selected plural sheet input areas to selected plural sheet outputs areas so as to provide selectable sheet feeding from selected printers to selected sheet processing systems, and selectable sheet rotation of selected sheets and selectable sheet merging in a selected sheet sequence of sheets from plural printers. The sheet transporting system has a large planar area with a multiplicity of spaced apart independently operable variable sheet feeding direction and sheet velocity sheet transports, larger than the dimensions of any sheet to be fed thereon to allow simultaneous plural sheet variable transport thereon.

Disclosed in the embodiment herein is a flexible integration system for receiving printed sheets from plural printers and selectably directing those printed sheets to plural sheet outputs areas for plural outputs to selectably different sheet processing systems, such as different finishers, with a sheet position sensing system and a dual-axis flexible sheet transporting system (which may be integrated in a planer table device). The disclosed sheet transporting system of the embodiment provides selectable sheet translation movement and/or rotation from selected ones of said plural sheet input areas to selected ones of said plural sheet outputs areas so as to provide selectable sheet feeding from selected printers to selected sheet processing systems.
A large area of multiple spaced sheet driving elements (providing variable angle sheet driving directions) and sensors may be provided in an intelligent, adaptive, scaleable, closed-loop paper path plane, which can simultaneously enter, exit, move and re-position multiple sheets thereon. Any sheet entering at any position can be moved to any other location in the paper path plane. With a variable velocity as well as variable angle sheet movement system in the disclosed embodiment, the outputs of slower PPM printers with slower sheet velocities can be combined into a single or plural sheet output streams of higher velocities and PPM rates. Continuous feedback sensing of sheet positions can be provided.

Universal flexible plural printer to plural finisher sheet integration system


A material application system includes a hopper assembly and a conveyor assembly. The hopper assembly includes an upper portion and a downcomer portion. Bulk material is loaded into the upper portion and passes through the downcomer portion. The downcomer portion may include a sail plate for agitating the bulk material to inhibit the formation of clogs in the bulk material.

A mulch is a layer of material applied to the surface of soil. Reasons for applying mulch include conservation of soil moisture, improving fertility and health of the soil, reducing weed growth, and enhancing the visual appeal of an area. A mulch is usually, but not exclusively, organic in nature. A mulch may be permanent (e.g. plastic sheeting) or temporary (e.g. bark chips). Mulches may be applied to bare soil or around existing plants. Mulches of manure or compost may incorporate into the soil by the activity of worms and other organisms. The application process is used both in commercial crop production and in gardening, and when applied correctly, can improve soil productivity.
However, due to some mulch being formed of a loose bulk material, such as wood chips, clumping may form in the material during packaging and shipping. Clumps of loose bulk material can cause uneven spreading of mulch in a particular area, which is not as efficient or aesthetically desired. Additionally, clumping loose bulk material can cause clogs and jams within mulch spreading apparatuses since the diameter of the clumps may be larger than a distribution opening of the apparatus. Accordingly, various methods for the distribution of mulch that prevents clumps of loose bulk material from passing through a spreading apparatus may be desired.

Material application system with vibrating sail plate


The tissue characteristic determination apparatus capable of determining the characteristics of the tissues collected from a living organism is described, a representative one of which includes: a first data obtainer for obtaining first data reflecting the activity of first cyclin-dependent kinase contained in samples prepared from the tissues, a second data obtainer for obtaining second data reflecting the expression level of the first cyclin-dependent kinase, and a tissue characteristics information obtainer for obtaining information on the characteristics of the tissues based on first values obtained from the first and second data.

Conventionally, cancer diagnosis methods, such as serological diagnosis that examines tumor markers in serum, as well as tissue diagnosis and cytological diagnosis using biopsy, have been publicly known. When, however, these methods are used in diagnosing cancers, the results from examinations may be obtained only at lower reliabilities or a variation inevitably occurs in diagnoses between diagnosticians and between medical institutions. Against this background, recently, molecular diagnosis based on proteins expressing in vivo has attracted much attention as one of methods for uniform cancer diagnosis with less variation in diagnosis between diagnosticians.
For example, a patent document PCT No. WO99/42821 proposes a diagnosis method that uses the expression levels of CDK1 and CDK4 of the sample, as well as P53 mutation level thereof, if necessary, as indexes. Another patent document U.S. Pat. No. 6,709,832B1 proposes a method for diagnosing cancer or precancerous condition based on an index of over-expression levels of CDK4, CDK6, and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CDK inhibitor). Further another patent document U.S. No. 2002/164673A1 proposes a method for measuring CDK activity values using fluorescence and a method for diagnosing cancers based on the values from the measurements thereof.
For example, a patent document PCT No. WO99/42821 discloses a method for predicting the effectiveness of an anticancer drug therapy, one of cancer therapy methods, involving; a step of identifying an anticancer drug biocompatibility marker gene based on the sensitivity of a cultured cancer cells line to the anticancer drug and a gene expression profile of the cells in its intact condition; and a step of predicting the biocompatibility of the anticancer drug with the identified anticancer drug biocompatibility marker gene and unknown specimens using the gene itself.
PCT No. WO99/42821, U.S. Pat. No. 6,709,832B1, and U.S. No. 2002/164673A1 disclose a method for determining whether test specimens have cancerated or proceeded into a precancerous condition, while they describe no method for determining malignancy grades of cancers, that is, for determining prognosis.
In addition, U.S. No. 2002/164673A1 discloses method for predicting the effectiveness of an anticancer drug therapy, though the results are obtained only at a lower accuracy when this method is used to predict the effectiveness of an anticancer drug therapy.

Tissue characteristic determination apparatus


The present disclosure provides a material cleaning device and a cooking appliance: The device includes a cleaning cavity, a material transport pipe, a cleaning inlet pipe and a cleaning and sealing assembly. The upper part of the cleaning cavity is provided with a material feeding port and an air inlet; the air inlet is used for transporting an air flow to the cleaning cavity to assist in material discharging; the cleaning inlet pipe is able to be connected to a water source and an air source, the cleaning and sealing assembly is provided at a material discharging port and is connected to the cleaning inlet pipe so as to open or close the material discharging port under the driving of the cleaning inlet pipe; and the cleaning and sealing assembly is provided with a transport hole in communication with an output end of the cleaning inlet pipe and the inner space of the cleaning cavity.

At present, an intelligent cooking appliance such as an automatic rice cooker has the function of automatically cleaning materials, the materials enter an upper cover rice cleaning box through a material feeding port with the wind power, an air flow is fed through the material feeding port after the materials are cleaned, and are then fed into an inner pot through the air flow. Due to the fact that the material feeding port is used for feeding and incoming of air, the air supply component and the feeding component need to be provided together, and the overall layout requirement of the product is high.

Material, cleaning device and cooking appliance


A steering damper is provided coaxially with a steering shaft, and a handlebar load is provided by causing a variable valve to generate damping force, using rotation of the steering shaft. The damping force is variably controlled in response to vehicle speed. The damping force is fixed to a minimum value C1 for vehicle speeds equal to or below first reference speed V1, fixed to a maximum value C2 for vehicle speeds equal to or above second reference speed V2, and variably controlled in response to vehicle speed and acceleration in an intermediate speed range. Fine maneuverability of a vehicle body is achieved by reducing a load on a handlebar at low vehicle speeds, and a stable movement of the vehicle body is maintained at high vehicle speed by increasing the load on the handlebar and thereby suppressing deflection of the handlebar.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a steering damper apparatus for a motorcycle. More particularly, the present invention relates to a steering damper apparatus in which operation of a steering damper is regulated by an electronic controller to provide a variable damping force, relative to vehicle speed and/or acceleration.
2. Description of the Background Art
A steering damper apparatus configured to generate a damping force against rotation of a steering shaft, to avoid deflection of a handlebar attributable to a kickback upon a disturbance, is well known. Moreover, steering damper devices which provide variable damping forces so as to generate a damping force only when necessary, and to not generate an unnecessary damping force in other cases is also well known. Examples of this type of steering damper apparatus include one configured to control damping force based on a steering angle and traveling speed, one configured to control damping force based on variation in a load on a front wheel, and the like. In addition, kickback is apt to occur as the load on a front wheel is reduced upon acceleration of the vehicle. Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2002-302085 discloses a steering damper apparatus configured to suppress kickback by detecting an increase in acceleration, and causing a steering damper to generate a suitable damping force in advance.
A preventive increase in the damping force is sufficient to suppress kickback. However, in so doing, there may be a case where the steering damper apparatus provides a load on a handlebar which becomes excessive upon a turn in a low speed range when nimble handling is required. Accordingly, under these types of conditions, it is desirable to reduce the steering damper apparatus-induced load on the handlebar.
On the other hand, when driving straight at high speeds, it is desirable that the handlebar not be deflected easily, and thereby to increase the damping force. However, the conventional steering damper apparatus, targeted for suppressing deflection of the handlebar in the event of the kickback, cannot always achieve such an effect.

Steering damper apparatus, and method of using same


Systems and methods for diskless booting a remote server. The remote server includes a secure cryptoprocessor having a root key that is unique to the cryptoprocessor. Keying information can be fetched from an image server, which includes a certificate associated with the remote server and a private key of a key pair associated with the remote server. The key pair can be generated by the secure cryptoprocessor based on the root key. The client certificate can be created from a public key of the key pair. A mutually authenticated secure channel between the servers can be established by authenticating the servers based at least in part on the loaded keying information. Images of components of the remote server can be fetched from the image server via the secure channel, and then the remote server can be further booted accordingly.

Application and content distribution networks, such as a content delivery network (CDN) and an application delivery network (ADN), can provide Internet users with acceptable performance by providing points of presence (POPs) all over the globe. Users can connect with a nearby POP and take advantage of caching and connection reuse at the nearby POP. This distributed model requires that the distribution network sometimes deploys servers in physical locations that are not owned or controlled by the owner of the distribution network. Deploying servers into a semi-trusted environment can introduce several conflicts between security and performance.
A first example problem with deployment of servers in semi-trusted environments is threat actors physically accessing the servers, also the provider of the network may not have complete access to the servers once the servers are deployed. A second example problem with deployment of servers in semi-trusted environments includes a threat actor physically accessing a part of the network or a remote server while it is offline. This can allow the threat actor to secretly access the part of the network or the remote server. A third example problem includes a threat actor intercepting secret data between the remote server and the infrastructure of the distribution network. A fourth example problem includes a threat actor manipulating a physical system, such as the remote server, to yield a compromised running system that is trusted by the infrastructure. A diskless boot can remedy at least the first two mentioned issues to some extent; however, a fifth problem includes the fact that a diskless boot still must rely on the trustworthiness of an external image source when fetching the server's image during boot.
The aforesaid five security problems associated with deployment of servers in semi-trusted environments are just a handful of many issues that can arise out of application and content distribution networks.


To reduce turbulence in a fluid flow, especially exhaust gas from automotive internal combustion engines, within a flexible conduit element, a bellows (1, 40, 42) has an internal hose (6) located therein made of woven or knit metal wire. The hose is engaged against the internal corrugations of the bellows (1) and/or a connecting pipe (41) between adjacent bellows (40, 42) to guide the exhaust gases, and dampen vibrations and oscillations, which may become resonant with the corrugations of the bellows, and thereby decrease noise level during the gas flow. The hose (6) is engaged against the inner corrugations (3) of the bellows by, for example, first axially compressing the hose to result in permanent deformation of the wires to a diameter larger than the clear inner diameter of the bellows; by then forcing the hose into the bellows, the hose will resiliently compress and engage against the bellows. The hose, at least at one point remote from an attachment stub (4) has the wires thereof circumferentially connected so that, upon axial compression, the hose will bulge in barrel shape. More than one connection (17, 18, 20-22) of the wires may be used. The frictional engagement force may be enhanced and controlled by additional internal force spreading elements, such as springs and the like, or by formation of pimples or small bulges embossed on the outside of the hose.

The fluid conduit elements, typically, have a conduit part with a cylindrical connection end made of metal. The conduction element further has a flexible bellows, which can be made of ring-shaped corrugations or screw-like spiral corrugations. Within the flexible bellows, coaxially arranged, is a woven or knitted hose made of metal wire. The conduit as well as the hose are securely connected at a common end. The outer diameter of the hose essentially corresponds to the clear inner diameter of the conduit element. At a further location in the longitudinal extent of the hose, the wires are irremovably relatively positioned with respect to each other around the circumference of the hose.
Conduit elements which have bellows are often also simply referred to as flexible corrugated hoses. They are made directly from a pipe to be absolutely tight, or practically tight, by spiral winding of a pre-profiled metal ribbon or tape. The conduit elements of this absolutely or practically fluid-tight connection, between two spaced pipes or other conduits, form, in a preferred case, a flexible connection within the entire exhaust gas system of an internal combustion engine, e.g. in an automotive vehicle. The flexible conduit element is provided in order to permit motion to occur, particularly engine oscillations and vibrations, without transfer of such vibrations or motions to the frame of the vehicle, and hence to the passenger compartment thereof. Preferably, these fluid conduit elements are absolutely fluid-tight, especially gas-tight.
The bellows portion itself of the fluid conduit, in dependence on required flexibility, can be made as a single-wall or multiple-wall structure. If a multiple-wall structure is used, the separate layers of the wall may be made of different materials, especially in view of corrosion effects which might differentially affect different materials. The cross-sectional shape need not be circular, but may be oval, which is used sometimes to properly fit the conduit element within available space.
The interior hose within the conduit element, fixed at one end, is used to guide the exhaust stream within the bellows and thus avoids turbulences or eddies at the inner protrusions of the corrugations of the bellows, and thereby decreases flow noises and secondary noise generation. Additionally, the inner protrusions of the corrugations of the bellows are then thermally less stressed, which also increases the lifetime of the bellows portion of the fluid conduit element.
Structures of this type in accordance with the prior art have seated the inner hose loosely or limp within the fluid conduit, except at the point of its attachment at one end to the fluid conduit element. The hose, thus, cannot accept any tasks other than those previously mentioned. Especially, it is not possible to use the hose to directly influence oscillations or vibrations of the bellows, and hence of the conduit element itself which may transfer vibrations and oscillations between connected other conduits or pipes. The interior hose likewise cannot affect the behavior of the bellows or of the conduction element as a whole with respect to resonance. Oscillations and vibrations always have accompanying acoustic effects which are annoying to persons within the vehicle.

Flexible fluid conduit element with a metal bellows

Witzenmann GmbH Metallschlauch-Fabrik Pforzheim


A power conversion apparatus that switches, with a relay unit, from a disconnected state to a connected state between a connector and at least one of a commercial power system and a load while a switching device is in an off state.

1. Technical Field
The present disclosure relates to a power conversion apparatus that converts direct current (DC) power into alternating current (AC) power.
2. Description of the Related Art
More and more companies and individuals are now selling power generated by distributed energy resources (for example, solar cells, fuel cells, and storage batteries) to power companies. Power can be sold through interconnection, in which the distributed energy resources and commercial power systems are connected to each other. In the interconnection, power conversion apparatuses called "power conditioners" are used for converting power generated by the distributed energy resources into power suitable for the commercial power systems.
If a distributed energy resource is a DC power supply, a power conversion apparatus that converts DC power into AC power is used in the interconnection. As this type of power conversion apparatus, for example, a grid-connected inverter apparatus has been proposed (for example, refer to Japanese Patent No. 4100125) that includes a high-frequency transformer, a first inverter that is arranged on a primary side of the high-frequency transformer and that converts DC power into high-frequency power, a current limiting reactor that is arranged on a secondary side of the high-frequency transformer and that converts the high-frequency power into commercial power, and a second inverter including a full bridge circuit in which a plurality of switching devices are bridged to one another. The switching devices of the second inverter are bidirectional switches that are turned on or off in accordance with the polarity of system voltage to convert the power of the high-frequency transformer into AC power.

PANASONIC INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY MANAGEMENT CO., LTD.


A GCL is formed on a first major surface of a semi-insulating InP substrate. Specifically, an InGaAsP active layer, an InGaAsP waveguide path and a striped grating having two phase shift portions are formed on the first major surface of the InP substrate. An EA modulator is formed on a second major surface of the semi-insulating InP substrate. Specifically, a p-InP layer, an MQW structure of 100-layer, an n.sup.- -InP layer and an n.sup.+ -InP layer are formed on the second major surface of the InP substrate. The first major surface and second major surface of the InP substrate are inclined to each other by a few degrees.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an integrated device in which a light emitting element and an external modulator (or an element functioning as light receiving element) are monolithically formed, and an integrated device in which a light emitting element and a light receiving element are monolithically formed.
2. Description of the Related Art
By virtue of development of optical fibers, optical communication technology has widely been applied to technical fields of high-speed, long-distance and large-capacity telecom systems, middle-distance telecom systems and short-distance data communication systems. Light emitting elements, light receiving elements and modulators for data transmission are key components for optical communication technology in these fields.
In the prior art, however, a light emitting element, a light receiving element and a modulator are generally manufactured independently as discrete semiconductor elements. Accordingly, the cost for manufacturing one optical system becomes enormous since time and labor is needed for the assembly and wiring of each semiconductor element.
For example, consideration will now be given of the case of using a semiconductor laser (e.g. laser diode) including a modulation function as a light emitting element.
When such a direct-modulation type semiconductor laser element is used, a transmitter unit needs to comprise an optical connector for coupling a laser beam output from the semiconductor laser to an optical fiber, a monitoring light receiving element (e.g. PIN photodiode) for stabilizing laser intensity, and an arrangement for coupling a laser beam from the opposite side of the semiconductor laser to the monitoring light receiving element.
A receiver unit is also needed in addition to the transmitter unit. In the prior art, however, the transmitter unit and receiver unit cannot share a single optical fiber, for the following reasons.
a) The receiver unit generally includes a PIN photodiode (light receiving element). Since the PIN photodiode is formed on the major surface of a semiconductor substrate, a light signal must be made incident on the major surface of the semiconductor substrate perpendicularly. By contrast, in the case of a laser diode (light emitting element), a light signal is generally emitted from a surface perpendicular to the major surface of a semiconductor substrate, i.e. a cleaved surface formed by cleaving the semiconductor substrate. PA1 b) The PIN photodiode is a device rendered operative by application of an electric field, whereas the laser diode is a device rendered operative by injection of current. It is difficult, therefore, to use a common drive circuit both for driving the PIN photodiode and for modulating the laser diode. PA1 a semiconductor substrate; PA1 a light emitting element of a surface emission type, provided on a first major surface of the semi-conductor substrate, the light emitting element radiating light towards the semiconductor substrate; and PA1 an external modulator formed on a second major surface of the semiconductor substrate and situated in a region opposed to the light emitting element. PA1 a semiconductor substrate; PA1 a plurality of surface emission type light emitting elements, provided on a first major surface of the semiconductor substrate, the light emitting elements radiating light towards the semiconductor substrate; and PA1 a plurality of external modulators formed on a second major surface of the semiconductor substrate and situated in regions opposed to the light emitting elements. PA1 a light emitting element having a radiation mode in which light is emitted from all over the grating; PA1 an external modulator situated on a light emission side of the light emitting element at a region where the light has a highest intensity; and PA1 a layer, provided between the light emitting element and the external modulator, for electrically isolating the light emitting element and the external modulator and passing the light output from the light emitting element. PA1 a light emitting element including a waveguide and having a guided mode in which light is emitted from end portions of the waveguide path; PA1 an external modulator for controlling cut/transmission (ON/OFF) of the light; PA1 a reflection mirror for guiding the light from the light emitting element to the external modulator and PA1 a layer, provided between the light emitting element and the external modulator, for electrically isolating the light emitting element and the external modulator and passing the light output from the light emitting element. PA1 a semiconductor substrate; PA1 a light emitting element of a surface emission type, provided on a first major surface of the semiconductor substrate, the light emitting element radiating light in directions towards and away from the semiconductor substrate; and PA1 a reflection mirror, provided on a second major surface of the semiconductor substrate, for reflecting the light radiated towards the semiconductor substrate. PA1 a semiconductor substrate; PA1 a light emitting element of a surface emission type, provided on a first major surface of the semiconductor substrate, the light emitting element radiating light in directions towards and away from the semiconductor substrate; and PA1 a light receiving element provided on a second major surface of the semiconductor substrate and situated in a region faced to the light emitting element.
Recently, a surface emitting type laser has been proposed, wherein a cavity is formed perpendicular to the surface of a semiconductor substrate and a laser beam is emitted from the surface of the semiconductor substrate. In the surface emitting laser, however, an electric current is injected at high density in an active layer of a small volume and the laser tends to generate heat, resulting in low output power. Thus, this laser has not yet been put to practical use.
On the other hand, a DFB (Distribution Feedback) laser is used as a light emitting element in a transmitter for high-speed, long-distance systems. The DFB laser oscillates in a single longitudinal mode, unlike an FP (Fabry-Perot) laser oscillating in a multi-longitudinal mode.
The DFB laser has a grating formed along the cavity direction. The grating has a predetermined period which determines the wavelength of the single longitudinal mode.
A DBR (Distributed Bragg Reflector) laser, like the DFB laser, is a device making use of a grating. The principle of oscillation in the single longitudinal mode of the DBR laser is similar to that of oscillation in the single longitudinal mode of the DFB laser.
Thus, in the DBR laser, too, the waveform of a signal, which has passed through an optical fiber with a wavelength distribution, does not change, and the signal can be transmitted over a long distance.
However, the modulation bandwidth of an optical output from the directly modulated DFB laser is limited by an interaction between carriers produced by current and photons generated by carries and is close to the bandwidth limit. In addition, even if the DFB laser is operated at a narrow single spectral line, complex dynamic characteristics and instability may lead to a problem of broadening the oscillation linewidth (wavelength chirp).
Accordingly, the direct-modulation type DFB laser is not suitable for much longer distance signal transmission.
In order to overcome the above problems, attention has been paid to systems using an external modulator. In this method, a laser diode is driven by a DC current. The modulation is not performed in the laser diode, and output light of the laser diode is modulated by the external modulator.
The external modulator may be of Mach-Zender type, EA type (Electro-Absorption type), etc. Recently, EA type external modulators are predominant, which permit monolithic integration of laser diodes with the external modulators.
Some specific conventional devices will now be described with reference to prior-art documents.
FIG. 1 shows a device disclosed in Document 1 (K. Wakita, et al., IEEE Photonics Technology Letter, vol. 5, No. 8, p. 899, 1993).
In this device, a DFB laser and an EA modulator are integrated monolithically. The DFB laser and EA modulator are connected coaxially and a laser beam from the DFB laser is emitted in parallel to the surface of the substrate via the modulator.
FIG. 2 shows a device disclosed in Document 2 (I. Kotani, et al., IEEE Photonics Technology Letter, vol. 5, No. 1, p. 62, 1993).
In this device, too, a DFB laser and an EA modulator are integrated monolithically. Like the device shown in FIG. 1, the DFB laser and EA modulator are connected coaxially and a laser beam from the DFB laser is emitted in parallel to the surface of the semiconductor substrate via the modulator.
FIGS. 3A to 3E show a device disclosed in Document 3 (M. Aoki, et al., Electronics Letters, vol. 27, No. 23, p. 621, 2138, 1991).
In this device, too, a DFB laser and an EA modulator are integrated monolithically. Like the device shown in FIG. 1, the DFB laser and EA modulator are connected coaxially and a laser beam from the DFB laser is emitted in parallel to the surface of the semiconductor substrate via the modulator.
FIG. 4 shows a device disclosed in Document 4 (U. Koren, et al., Electronics Letters, vol. 23, No. 12, p. 621, 1987).
This device is a discrete semiconductor device in which an EA modulator is formed monolithically.
The devices of Documents 1 to 3 are characterized in that the DFB laser and EA modulator are integrated coaxially in the direction of the waveguide.
The DFB laser having an active layer of an MQW (Multi-Quantum Well) structure has a driving electrode, to which a DC current is supplied to emit an output beam. The output beam is guided as a waveguide-mode beam to a waveguide in a modulation region. In the modulation region, only a layer necessary for guiding waves is formed, and an active layer and a grating are not provided.
If a reverse bias voltage is applied to the modulation region, a field effect, e.g. Stark effect or Franz-Keldysh effect, occurs, and an absorption band of the waveguide is shifted to the longer wavelength side. As a result, the output light of the modulator is greatly attenuated, which implies the modulation by applying voltage. In addition, a very high speed operation higher than 10 Gbps is theoretically enabled, with extremely small chirp.
However, in order to achieve the above ideal condition, electrical isolation must be maintained between the laser diode and external modulator. Furthermore, the optical return from the first and/or the modulator to the laser must be minimized to avoid the occurrence of chirp and instability of the laser.
The electrical isolation can be effected by increasing a physical distance between the laser diode and the external modulator. If the physical distance between the laser diode and external modulator is increased, the area of the chip would increase, and the optical coupling between the two devices becomes small.
To minimize the optical return to the laser is very difficult. In general, in DFB lasers and DBR lasers, the phase of light traveling reciprocally within the resonator varies due to residual reflection. Consequently, the oscillation wavelength of the laser and the intensity of output would fluctuate and in a worst case, the oscillation becomes unstable.
In conventional devices, in general, a laser beam is emitted from the laser diode in parallel to the surface of the semiconductor substrate. Specifically, when a laser diode and an external modulator are monolithically integrated, the laser diode and external modulator are connected coaxially.
This being the case, it is difficult to use planar techniques in the process of manufacturing such devices, and the manufacture thereof is difficult.

Integrated device with monolithically formed light emitting element and external modulator and integrated device with monolithically formed light emitting element and light receiving element


A light beam from a light source is introduced to a grating element of a pickup device to create zero order diffracted light, ±first order diffracted light, and ±second order diffracted light. An irradiation system focuses the zero order, ±first order and ±second order diffracted light onto tracks extending on a recording surface of an optical recording medium to form spots. A spot of the zero order diffracted light is formed on a target track, spots of the ±second order diffracted light are formed on tracks adjacent to the target track, and spots of the ±first order diffracted light are formed midway between the spots of the ±zero order and ±second order diffracted light. An optical system guides returning light reflected from the spots to an optical detector. The optical detector has independent light-receiving elements for receiving the returning light. A servo signal calculator creates an error signal based on the output signals from the optical detector. The pickup device can be used for various types of optical discs having different disc structures. The pickup device can obtain a tracking error signal by a differential push-pull (DPP) method whatever optical disc is recorded and played back. The optical pickup device can use a crosstalk cancel (CTC) method whatever optical disc is played back.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an optical pickup for use in a record/playback device for radiating a light beam to an optical storage medium such as an optical disc to record or play back information.
2. Description of the Related Art
In recent times, high-recording density, large-capacity information-recording media known as DVDs (digital versatile discs) and record/playback systems using such DVDs have become widely known. DVDs are available as DVD-ROMs, DVD-RAMs, DVD-RWs, DVD-Rs, and so on. Although belonging to the same family, DVD-ROMs, DVD-RAMs, DVD-RWs and DVD-Rs are considerably different in optical disc structure. For example, as shown in FIG. 1 of the accompanying drawings, the ROM optical disc structure of the DVD-ROM has a train of embossed pits, which forms a series of concave and convex on the recording surface as recorded information on the recording surface. A series of concave and convex defines a track. The pits are sometimes referred to as information pits. As shown in FIG. 2 of the accompanying drawings, on the other hand, DVD-RW and DVD-R have a groove recordation type optical disc structure in which grooves are formed in the recording surface, which is made from a dye or a phase-change material, and a train of pits possessing different reflectance is formed on the top of the grooves as recorded information. Still another optical disc structure is known, which is called a land-groove recordation type optical disc structure as shown in FIG. 3 of the accompanying drawings. In the land-groove type structure, lands and grooves are formed from the dye or phase-change material, and trains of pits are formed on the lands and grooves. Accordingly, the record/playback systems for the DVD family is required to have compatibility with the different types of optical disc structure.
A three-beam pickup utilizing a three-beam method has been known as a device for tracking the light beam. Three beams are used in the three-beam method to detect the tracking. Specifically, a main beam is radiated onto the recording track to detect information pits on the recording track, and auxiliary beams are radiated on opposite sides of the main beam. For example, three beams (main and auxiliary beams) are emitted to a disc, three optical detectors are provided for the three optical spots of the three returning light beams respectively, and their radial push-pull signals are detected to obtain a differential signal between the radial push-pull signals. This is a differential push-pull method (referred to as "DPP method") demonstrated with the three-beam pickup, which can realize the tracking error detection substantially independent of the offset. In general, the three light beams are prepared with a diffraction grating. By diffracting a single light beam by the diffraction grating, the zero order diffracted light is taken as the generated main beam and ±first order diffracted light are taken as the auxiliary beams. The three-beam pick can also be used to suppress crosstalk between adjacent tracks. Referring to FIG. 4 of the accompanying drawings, the main beam or the zero order diffracted light is focused onto the target track, and the auxiliary beams or the ±first order diffracted light are focused on the adjacent tracks. Signals are simultaneously read from the adjacent tracks, and these signals are subtracted from a signal originating from the central main beam to cancel the crosstalk. This is a crosstalk canceling (referred to as "CTC") method accomplished with the three-beam pickup.
When a groove recordation type optical disc is recorded or played back with the three-beam pickup, it is necessary to focus the auxiliary beams between grooves in order to detect the tracking error signal with the DPP method. On the other hand, in order to implement the CTC method on a groove recordation type optical disc with the three-beam pickup, it is necessary to focus the auxiliary beams onto adjacent grooves. In order to ensure compatibility between the operations of the DPP and CTC methods with the three-beam pickup, therefore it is required to vary the focal points of the auxiliary beams by mechanically rotating the grating or varying the pitch of the diffraction element using a liquid crystal element grating.
However, the mechanical grating rotation cannot be momentarily switched to the diffraction element pitch variation, and vice versa. For example, if the auxiliary beams are used for the DPP method during recording and the three-beam pickup wants to perform a playback operation with the CTC method, the change from the DPP method to the CTC method cannot take place instantly. This is unsuited for a high transfer-rate optical disc system that needs to switch between recording and playback very quickly.

Optical pickup device driven by an error signal obtained from an optical detector's output signals


A drawer for electronic cards, the electronic cards being connected to a mother board by card connectors, and the electronic cards being connected to output connectors, wherein the drawer is automatically pluggable and unpluggable and wherein the following are disposed successively from the back to the front of the drawer:. The output connectors being disposed inside a drawer support and secured a back face of the drawer support; PA1 The electronic cards being disposed between the output connectors in back and the card connectors in front; and PA1 the mother board disposed close to the front face of the drawer.

In the state of the art, daughter cards in an electronic card drawer are independent and are mounted in the drawer from the front thereof.
At their back ends, the daughter cards have respective back connectors, and at their front ends they have respective front connectors.
The daughter cards are suitable for being plugged in manually into connectors disposed on a mother board at the back of the drawer.
The function of the mother board is to establish electrical connections between the daughter cards.
Once the daughter cards have been plugged in at the back of the drawer, loose cabling can be connected manually at the front of the drawer to the daughter cards by means of connectors provided with plugs.
An electronic card drawer having that architecture has the following drawbacks:
it requires quite a long time to extract the entire drawer since it is necessary to undo all of the connectors located at the front; PA1 it occupies a large amount of volume because of the presence of the cable-engaging plugs, because a large amount of clearance space needs to be given to the cables and the plugs, and because of the extra amounts of cable length necessary for moving in that clearance; PA1 each time a drawer is extracted, the cables at the front of the drawer are subjected to twisting which can give rise to the cabling being damaged during various operations of handling the drawer; PA1 the front connectors need to be removed and test connectors placed on the front face of the drawer; PA1 it can be difficult to see indicators disposed on the fronts of the daughter cards; PA1 it is difficult to ground shielded cables because of the lack of room in the plugs and because the connections outside the plugs require considerable lengths of cable, thereby giving rise to high impedances; and PA1 high extra cost. PA1 said back output connectors disposed inside a drawer support and secured to the back face of said drawer support; PA1 said electronic cards disposed between said back output connectors and said front card connectors; and PA1 said mother board disposed close to the front face of said drawer. PA1 output cabling is disposed at the back of said bay; and PA1 associated output connectors are disposed inside said bay and are secured to the back face of said bay.
Document WO 91/10343 relates to a drawer for electronic cards, with the electronic cards being connected to a mother board by means of card connectors, and with the electronic cards being connected to output connectors.
Such a prior art drawer presents the same drawbacks as those mentioned above.

Drawer for automatically pluggable and unpluggable electronic cards, a drawer and a bay therefor, and a method of removing electronic cards


A flexible radio frequency identification label and a method for fabricating the same are proposed. A first flexible protection layer is attached to a second flexible protection layer to form a closed space for receiving a radio frequency identification circuit. By such arrangement, a good flexibility can be provided by the flexible protection layers, and the closed space also enables the radio frequency identification circuit to be protected and isolated from the moisture in the outside environment, such that the circuit can be prevented from being oxidized and the service life of the product can be extended.

A radio frequency identification (RFID) label uses wireless data acquisition to identify and manage products. Because of a broad range of application, it is imperative to focus on ways to develop a radio frequency identification label, which enables mass production without being limited in its application. U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,262,692B1, 6,429,831, 6,275,156 and 6,094,138 have disclosed relevant radio frequency identification labels to meet its broad application.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,262,692B1 and 6,429,831 have disclosed a radio frequency identification label having a multi-layered structure which comprises an antenna, a chip and a circuit connecting the antenna and the chip. Referring to a prior-art radio frequency identification label 1 shown in FIG. 1, a chip 10 and an antenna 11 are encapsulated in a multi-layered structure having a plurality of laminations 12, wherein each of the laminations 12 is provided with an opening 121 for receiving the chip 10. The radio frequency identification label 1 is more cost-effective when comparing to other prior-art radio frequency identification labels as it does not require the use of expensive substrates. However, it does not meet the requirement of miniaturization as its overall thickness is increased by its multi-layer design. Furthermore, the increased thickness would also influence the flexibility of the radio frequency identification label 1, so that the radio frequency identification label 1 cannot be effectively applied to an object having an uneven surface.
Referring to FIG. 2, U.S. Pat. No. 6,275,156 has disclosed a radio frequency identification label 2 in which an antenna 20 and a radio frequency identification circuit (such as a printed circuit or a chip, not shown in the figure) are interposed between an upper lamination 21 and a lower lamination 22. Although the overall thickness can be decreased and the structure can be simplified, the height of the antenna 20 and the radio frequency identification circuit would roughen the surface of the radio frequency identification label 2, so that surface prints or other labels cannot be provided. Moreover, a gap of certain size is formed between the upper lamination 21 and the lower lamination 22. When being used in a flexible condition or applied to an object having an uneven surface, the gap can be easily expanded, so that the moisture-proof effect and the reliability of products are adversely influenced as a consequence. Additionally, the maintenance of the surface flatness and the inclusion of the upper lamination 21 and the lower lamination 22 result in an increase in the overall thickness of the radio frequency identification label 2, such that the flexibility of the label is decreased, resulting in limitation of application.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,094,138 has disclosed a radio frequency identification label, which is different from other prior-art radio frequency identification labels in terms of structures. Referring to FIG. 3, a radio frequency identification label 3 employs a flexible substrate 30 having an opening 300 penetrating therethrough, such that an integrated circuit 31 is received in the opening 300 of the substrate 30. Then, an antenna 32 is formed on the substrate 30 by spray printing. A conductive material 33 is subsequently interposed between the integrated circuit 31 and the antenna 32, so as to electrically connect the integrated circuit 31 to the antenna 32. As the integrated circuit 31 is received in the substrate 30, the overall thickness of the radio frequency identification label 3 is effectively reduced. Further, as the flexible substrate that is good in flexibility is used, the radio frequency identification label 3 can be applied to an object having an uneven surface. However, such radio frequency identification label 3 is also disadvantageous as it provides no protective or moisture-proof design. Moreover, as the conductive material 33 is interposed between the integrated circuit 31 and the antenna 32, the surface flatness cannot be easily maintained, so that surface prints or other labels cannot be provided.
Accordingly, the problem to be solved here is to provide a flexible radio frequency identification label and a method for fabricating the same, by which drawbacks occurred in the prior-art radio frequency identification labels can be eliminated, including high expenses, unreliable products due to oxidation caused by moisture, and an uneven surface.

Flexible radio frequency identification label and method for fabricating the same

Industrial Technology Research Institute


In response to a position registration request transmitted from a mobile telephone terminal 1a (or 1b), at least one base station 2.sub.l (or 2.sub.N) selected by the mobile telephone terminal transmits a response signal to the mobile telephone terminal which measures a receiving electric field strength of the received response signal and a time between the transmission of the position registration request and the reception of the response signal. The mobile telephone terminal calculates a distance between it and the base station and a direction to the base station on the basis of the measured electric field strength and the measured time and displays the results of calculation. The mobile telephone terminal reports the results of calculation to a central controller 4 through the base station and a control station 3 to store it in a portion of a subscriber information memory 5 corresponding thereto. The central controller 4 reads out a stored information from the subscriber information memory 5 in response to a notice request from the fixed telephone terminal 6 and notifies it to the fixed telephone terminal 6 to display it on a display device of the latter.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a mobile radio telephone system and, particularly, to a mobile radio telephone system in which a service area is constructed with a plurality of base stations and a mobile telephone terminal performs a communication with one or more of the base stations, which are selected thereby, as the other side of the communication.
2. Description of the Related Art
In a mobile radio telephone system, it is generally impossible for one side of a communication to determine a location of a mobile telephone terminal which is the other side of the communication since the latter terminal may move. In order to solve such problem, for example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-open Nos. H-328432 and S64-71226 disclose mobile radio telephone systems in each of which one side of a communication can know an area in which a mobile telephone terminal which is the other side of the communication is currently located.
In detail, the mobile radio telephone system disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. H5-328432, which will be referred to as "first prior art", hereinafter, is a cordless telephone system including at least one telephone connecting device for connecting a plurality of cordless telephone sets each having a display device. The mobile telephone system includes a position registration information memory portion and an inter-call processing portion and, when an inter-call is performed by one of the cordless telephone sets to another, the position registration information memory portion is referred to obtain a positional information of the connecting device used by the calling side cordless telephone set and the called side cordless telephone set and the positional information of the calling and called sides thus obtained is transmitted to the called side cordless telephone set and the calling side cordless telephone set as data to be displayed on display portions of the called and calling side cordless telephone sets, respectively, so that the positional information of one of the two cordless telephone sets is displayed on the display device of the other cordless telephone set, or vice versa.
On the other hand, the mobile radio telephone system disclosed in Japanese Patent Application No. S64-71226, which will be referred to as "second prior art", hereinafter, is provided on an exchanger side with a position display device for displaying a positional information of mobile radio telephone terminals. That is, in this mobile radio telephone system, the automatic position detecting function which is inherent to the mobile radio telephone system is utilized. The exchanger connected to a plurality of base stations through radio interface circuits stores positional information of respective mobile radio telephone terminals existing in radio zones of the base stations and displays the information on the position display devices thereof.
Further, Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. H1-297920 discloses a service system for informing a location of a mobile radio telephone in which an area in which a mobile radio telephone exists is informed by means of audio sound, which will be referred to as "third prior art", hereinafter.
However, in the first prior art, it is only possible to display the positional information of one of the cordless telephones on the display device of the other cordless telephone under the limited condition of the intercommunication between the cordless telephone sets. In the second prior art, it is impossible to display a position on the side of the mobile telephone terminal since the position display device is provided on the exchanger.
In any of the first, second and third prior arts, it is impossible for a mobile telephone terminal to confirm a position of a base station, a distance from the mobile telephone terminal to the base station and a direction of the base station seen from the mobile telephone terminal and to inform the distance and the direction of the base station related to the mobile telephone terminal to the other telephone terminal, although it is possible to confirm an area in which the mobile telephone terminal exists.


A tubular has an exterior sealing element disposed in a recess. A swage passes through the tubular to increase its drift dimension from a location above the seal to below the seal. The interior projection that initially defined the exterior wall recess where the seal is located is expanded to the new drift dimension of the balance of the tubular. Extending members that are initially embedded in the seal while extending from the tubular wall that defines the recess move out during the expansion to engage the surrounding tubular to act as extrusion barriers and to aid in the fixation of the seal while being able to penetrate the wall of the surrounding tubular in so doing.

In an effort to obtain adequate sealing in an environment where the mandrel for a packer or hanger or other annular seal is to be expanded, there have been a variety of approaches. Some adopt an internally tapered wedge ring that is expanded under compressive stress with a wedge that is driven into it. The ring grows in diameter but its exterior configuration remains the same and the sealing element and spikes extending from the ring move into contact with the surrounding tubular to resist seal extrusion. This design is illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 7,784,797.
Other designs simply push out a short segment of a tubular string that has a seal and extrusion barriers above and below as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 6,959,759 FIGS. 1 and 2.
Other designs combine expansion with external energizing the sealing element, such as U.S. Pat. No. 6,854,522 FIGS. 17-19.
Ring or spike type extending members that retain the seal in place after set by expansion have been used in U.S. Pat. No. 5,511,620 in FIG. 4. More traditional type of end extrusion barriers that are not in the context of mandrel expansion are located at ends of a compression set sealing element as in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,215,145 and 5,961,123.
US Publication 2010/0314130 shows in FIGS. 3 and 4 the use of internal inserts 40 somehow assembled in a tubular that is to be expanded only in the regions where there are external seals 34 in a recess built into the wall 36. The swage is somehow mounted in the lower end of the tubular with the swage outside diameter about equal to the drift diameter of the tubular as shown at the bottom of FIG. 3. How the inserts 40 are installed and firmly held in place is not discussed. After expansion the entire pipe has the drift of the expander 46 but only segments of the pipe have been expanded and the initial drift of the pipe has not increased because of the presence of the rings 40 being used under the seals 34 assuming the same drift as the rest of the pipe that is not expanded.
The present invention expands the tubular to increase its drift while the initial exterior recess that hold the seal material are expanded into alignment with the new dimension of the tubular. Rings or spikes that extend generally radially from the recesses before the expansion move radially outwardly with the seal and can penetrate the seal on the way to making contact with the surrounding tubular. The rings or spikes function as extrusion barriers under differential pressure loading after expansion. The rings or spikes can also penetrate the wall of the surrounding tubular for metal to metal sealing or for fixation of the assembly due to the wall penetration of the surrounding tubular. Those skilled in the art will better appreciate additional aspects of the invention from a review of the detailed description of the preferred embodiment and the associated drawings while appreciating that the full scope of the invention is to be determined from the appended claims.


In one embodiment, a system may capture one or more images of a user using one or more cameras, the one or more images depicting at least an eye and a face of the user. The system may determine a direction of a gaze of the user based on the eye depicted in the one or more images. The system may generate a facial mesh based on depth measurements of one or more features of the face depicted in the one or more images. The system may generate an eyeball texture for an eyeball mesh by processing the direction of the gaze and the facial mesh using a machine-learning model. The system may render an avatar of the user based on the eyeball mesh, the eyeball texture, the facial mesh, and a facial texture.

Current augmented reality (AR)/virtual reality (VR) devices render an avatar for the user during operations. The avatar reproduces a facial expression of the user. The existing approaches render the face of the avatar, which includes the avatar's eyes, by utilizing an entire facial expression of the user. By the current methods, the avatar's eyes, especially the gaze of the avatar, are overly dependent on the rest of the avatar's expression and cannot reproduce the eyeballs of the user. Furthermore, the avatar's facial expression is represented by a 3D mesh with texture, and however, the avatar's eyes are only textures, and consequently a real gaze of the user cannot be reproduced.