An exhaust aftertreatment system for an internal combustion engine is disclosed which mitigates deleterious poisoning of a catalytic converter or exhaust gas oxygen sensor by phosphorus containing species.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to a system for minimizing the deleterious impact of oil-derived phosphorus containing compounds on automotive exhaust aftertreatment systems.
2. Background of the Invention
Automotive oils typically contain a zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP) additive which forms an antiwear coating on engine components and acts as an antioxidant in the oil. Although engines are designed to minimize the quantity of engine oil exiting the engine via the combustion chamber and exhaust system, it is inevitable that a small fraction of engine oil is released by this mechanism. The ZDDP additive of engine oil deleteriously affects catalytic converters due to phosphorus from the ZDDP interfering with active sites within the catalyst. These phosphorus containing species deposit onto, or react with washcoat components, such as aluminum oxide and cerium oxide, and remain there indefinitely. This phenomenon is commonly referred to as phosphorus poisoning.
Measures to eliminate or reduce ZDDP in engine oils have been investigated. Alternatives to ZDDP have been produced which have been shown to provide antioxidant and antiwear properties similar to ZDDP. However, they are cost prohibitive. Engine oils may be formulated with a lesser amount of ZDDP with the consequences that engine wear and oil oxidation increase, the former limiting engine life and the latter reducing useful oil life.
The inventor of U.S. Pat. No. 5,857,326 has disclosed an exhaust poison trap which comprises a helical wall dividing the exhaust chamber into longitudinal helical passages for exhaust gas flow and porous means covering the interior of the peripheral wall. The inventor of '326 teaches that exhaust gas is directed in a helical path causing particulate matter in the gas to be accelerated outwardly by centrifugal force and trapped in the porous means. The inventor of the present invention has recognized several limitations of the approach in '326. The helical passages cause the exhaust gases to be rotated and particles that have a diameter less than a certain size follow the flow and avoid being trapped in the porous means near the walls of the tube and larger particles impact the porous means near the walls. The device disclosed in '326 has the capability of causing only the largest particles to be removed. The figures in '326 indicate that the helical wall causes the flow to rotate through at least two revolutions and as many as four revolutions. The length of the exhaust poison trap is approximately two to four pipe diameters long with the disadvantages of complicating the packaging of the exhaust poison trap and increasing the weight of the trap, the thermal mass of which interferes with the desire to bring the catalytic converter to its operating temperature as soon as possible after starting the engine to control cold start emissions.

System for minimizing the impact of poisoning of automotive exhaust aftertreatment systems


A color graphic and texture data transmission and duplication system based on the methods and structures of computer structure, central processing unit, data communication, ink-jet printing, embedded circuit, firmware, dual bus, parallel transmission, ASIC, cell active, pin sharing, to achieve the functions of color scanning, fax transmitting, fax receiving, document duplicating, and data printing.

The present invention relates to a color graphic and texture data transmission and duplication system which achieves the functions of fax transmission, fax receiving, scanning, duplication, printing, and data communication.
Since the rising of the general mood of SOHO (small office & home office), the demand for office automation machines such as fax machines, scanners, duplicators, printers, etc., has been continuously increased. These office automation machines are expensive, operated separately. When several office automation machines are used, much installation space is needed. Further, because regular G4 color fax machines are very expensive, they cannot be popularly accepted.

Color graphic and texture data transmission and duplication system

6F, No.16, Lane 135, Alley 118, Wu Hsing Street


Methods and systems for correlating connections between users and links between articles to identify search and/or ad spamming are disclosed. Social networks can be used to identify connections between users for correlation with links between articles, which can be identified through searches of article contents and/or back tracing accesses to articles. One disclosed method comprises identifying first associations between a plurality of users in a network of associated users; identifying second associations between one or more users and one or more articles; identifying third associations between at least some of the articles or between some of the users and access to some of the articles; and determining at least one of the third associations is correlated with one or more of the first associations.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to methods and systems for identifying connections between users and links between articles. For example, embodiments of the present invention relate generally to methods and systems for using social networks to identify connections between users, such as members in the social networks, and correlating such connections with links between articles.
2. Background
Online advertising and search engines are ubiquitous on the Internet and World Wide Web. Online advertising in such forms as banner ads and pop-up ads include links that implore viewers to click on the ads and be directed to a linked website for further information on the advertised products or services. Advertisers entice websites to host ads by, for example, paying a flat periodic fee or a set fee per each click through (i.e., a click on the ad to be directed to an advertiser's site). Such financial structure for online advertising is susceptible to ad spamming. For example, webmasters of ad-hosting websites can attempt to increase their financial gains from advertisers by collaborating with one another to excessively click on ads hosted on their websites to increase the number of click-throughs or give the appearance that such ads enjoy high traffic.
A search engine, such as the Google™ search engine, returns a result set in response to an input query submitted by a user. Such search engine may use one or more various methods for performing information retrieval. For example, one known method, described in an article entitled "The Anatomy of a Large-Scale Hypertextual Search Engine," by Sergey Brin and Lawrence Page, assigns a degree of importance to a document, such as a web page, based on the link structure of the web page. The search engine ranks or sorts the individual articles or documents in the result set based on a variety of measures. For example, the search engine may rank the results based on a popularity score. The search engine generally places the most popular results at the beginning of the result set.
Search methods that rely on link structures also can be susceptible to search spamming. For example, a plurality of webmasters or web administrators can collaborate and link their websites with one another to increase the links to each website, or a single particular website, in order to increase the website's ranking and/or chance of appearance in a search result set returned by the search methods.
Social networking websites such as those hosted on Orkut™, Friendster™, Tribe™, or other websites, allow users to form social networks and become network members. Such networks on the social networking websites allow members of each social network to communicate with each other and list announcements associated with the social network. Generally, these social networks do not communicate with search engines and online advertisers, particularly those that rely on web link structures for searching queries, in order to correlate connections between users and links between websites or web documents and identify ad and search spammings.


Methods for fabricating integrated circuits using chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) for recessing metal are provided. In an embodiment, a method for fabricating an integrated circuit includes filling a trench with a metal and forming an overburden portion of the metal outside of the trench. The method further includes performing a planarization process with an etching slurry to remove the overburden portion of the metal and to recess the metal within the trench.

Integrated circuits typically include a plurality of semiconductor devices and interconnect wiring. Networks of metal interconnect wiring are often used to connect the semiconductor devices. Multiple levels of metal interconnect wiring above the semiconductor portion of the substrate are connected together to form a back-end-of-the-line ("BEOL") interconnect structure. Within such a structure, metal lines run parallel to the substrate and conductive vias run perpendicular to the substrate. The conductive vias typically interconnect the different levels of the metal wiring levels.
Two developments have contributed to increased performance of contemporary integrated circuits due to improved interconnects. One such development is the use of copper as the interconnect metal of the BEOL interconnect structure. Copper is advantageous because it has a higher conductivity compared with the other traditionally used interconnect metals, such as, for example, aluminum. A second development is the employment within the BEOL interconnect structure of a low dielectric constant (low k) dielectric material as the interlayer dielectric (ILD) layer or layers. By "low k," it is meant that the dielectric constant of a particular dielectric material is less than that of silicon dioxide.
When copper is used as the metal in the interconnect wiring layers, a dielectric barrier layer or "dielectric cap" is typically required between the copper features and the ILD to prevent copper from diffusing into certain types of ILD materials so as to prevent the copper from damaging the insulative electrical properties of the dielectric. Therefore, the typical fabrication process involves depositing copper into trenches formed in the interlayer dielectric, planarizing the copper, and etching the copper to recess it within the respective trenches before a dielectric cap is formed over the copper and within the trench. This process is time consuming and can present a bottleneck in fabrication processing.
Accordingly, it is desirable to provide methods for fabricating integrated circuits that form metal interconnect structures more efficiently. Also, it is desirable to provide methods for fabricating integrated circuits that use chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) to recess metal within trenches. Furthermore, other desirable features and characteristics will become apparent from the subsequent detailed description and the appended claims, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and the foregoing technical field and background.

Methods for fabricating integrated circuits using chemical mechanical planarization to recess metal

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION


Marine personal locator system including personal transmitters activated by immersion and a receiver. The transmitter includes a microprocessor adapted to effect transmission of a unique tone identifying the transmitter. The receiver includes an omnidirectional and a yagi antenna switchable to a tuned RF amplifier, mixed with a frequency doubled crystal oscillator local oscillator signal, filtering, processing to retrieve any unique identifying tone, and signal strength detection and indication means. The transmitters are worn by sailors and the receiver is located on a vessel. The receiver is operable to monitor for any signals of a transmitter worn by a sailor fallen overboard using the omnidirectional antenna and sound a siren in the event of reception of such a signal. A sailor operating the receiver can switch to use the yagi antenna and using the signal strength indication means determine and monitor the direction of an overboard sailor relative to the vessel.

Loss prevention at sea represents a significant problem despite the development of recent technologies and their widespread adoption, including, for example, emergency position indicating radio beacon (EPIRB) technology. However, EPIRB devices are primarily directed to locating vessels rather than individuals. If a distressed vessel founders and its EPIRB is activated, the persons cast into the sea are required to stay together, otherwise, individuals who cannot stay with the others may not be rescued.
The present invention aims to marine personal locator apparatus which alleviates one or more of the aforementioned problems. Other aims and advantages of the invention may become apparent from the following description.


A thermal printing donor sheet comprising a support having first and second opposing surfaces; a transferable dye layer on the first surface of the support; and a thermally conductive layer on the second surface of the supporting including a metal undercoat layer with a converted outer layer in the form of a thin wear resistant material.

Thermal dye sublimation printing is a printing method in which dye from the dye donor element is heat transferred to a receiver sheet selectively in accordance with electrical pulsing of heating resistors in the thermal print head. The print head contains a plurality of resistors, so that the amount of dye transferred is selectively controlled by the intensity and duration of the resistor heating cycle.
The donor sheet includes a very thin support, usually polyester, one side of which is covered with a dye layer carrying the printing dyes.
Because the thin support softens when heated during the printing process and then sticks to the print head causing malfunction and degradation in the printing process, a heat resistant "slip" layer is added to the back of the support. The slip layer usually contains a lubricant and binder.
The slip layers used today consist of polymer layers, which in some cases contain particles of silica, alumina, talc, etc. These layers have poor resistance to continued use due to their thinness. Moreover, they also provide a thermal barrier to heat being transferred across the nip from the print head to the dye layer. It would be desirable that the slip layer provide a wear resistant sliding surface layer which is both thin (on the order of 3 to 10 .mu.") and is heat conductive.
The formation of thin durable wear resistant coatings has been described in the patent literature. U.S. Pat. No. 3,353,166 describes a plated surface of NiCo, a thickness of 6 .mu.", which was subjected to a heat treatment of 2 hours at a temperature of 700.degree. F. As a result of this treatment, an oxidized layer of Ni and Co was formed on the surface. The layer was formed in-situ and there was a gradual transformation of the surface from a metal to an oxide, with no distinct separating layer interface.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,460,968 discloses a method of forming an oxide wear resisting layer consisting of Co.sub.3 Cr.sub.4 on a magnetic layer by placing a high coercivity film in a temperature and humidity chamber until an oxide layer was formed. Humidity level was critical to avoid condensation onto the film.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,554,217 describes the in-situ formation of an oxide on the surface of sputtered or electron beam deposited CoCr, and NiCo by injecting a small amount of O.sub.2 into the deposition chamber in the latter stage of deposition. A base film of PET was used in the investigation which was subsequently tested as a floppy disk. Other U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,345,909; 4,399,013; 4,323,629; 4,124,736; 4,268,369; 3,498,837; 4,390,562; 4,390,601; and 4,411,963 address the issue of wear coat formation on flexible surfaces. The Sony Corporation produces a product under the trade name "High 8" consisting of a flexible media with a vacuum deposited coating, which has a layer of oxide formed in-situ during the coating process.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,124,736 describes a metal substrate having a magnetic layer coated with a barrier layer, which is in turn coated with an oxide layer. Cobalt oxide (presumably Co.sub.3 O.sub.4) is preferred due to its desirable friction resistance. U.S. Pat. No. 4,268,369 describes the use of SiO.sub.2 as an overcoat material on rigid disks. U.S. Pat. No. 4,390,562 describes a disk substrate with a magnetic coating, a magnetic layer, a converted metal into a metal oxide layer, and a rubbed on solid lubricant (namely a fluorocarbon).
None of these patent disclose the use of a heat conductive wear resistant layer as a slip layer for a reusable thermal dye donor element.
There is thus a need for providing in a reusable thermal dye donor belt, a multi-pass slip layer having enhanced wear resistance, while providing good heat conductivity from the thermal head to the dye layers.

Thin wear resistant and heat conductive slip layer for a reusable thermal dye donor belt


This invention discloses a positioning and welding method for a ship stern thruster that relates to the technical field of ship manufacturing. A stern thruster is installed after adjusting and cutting hull stiffener panels according to the fitting condition of a prosthesis and a hull stiffener panel. The actions of manufacturing and installing the model, positioning the model structure by setting wire, adjusting the fitting condition of the model's stiffener panel and the hull stiffener panel can make it convenient to set wire and make it accurate to position the model. So the stern thruster is easy to install. The model can be repeatedly used, and the method is suitable for quantitative production.

Ship stern push devices mainly include a propeller, an adjustable propeller, a jet propeller, and the like, and are a power source of the ship. When the ship is manufactured, in order to ensure that the hull platform plate meets the installation requirements of the stern push device, the hull can be slightly inclined; the installation plane of the stern push device is an inclined plane. When the stern push equipment is installed, the position of the hull rib plate and the position of the equipment rib plate are adjusted at the same time; so setting wire is inconvenient, which causes the problem that equipment positioning is difficult and inaccurate.

Positioning and welding method for a ship stern thruster


A distributed link or connection processing system delivers application and multi-media content over the Internet. A client selection of remotely hosted information or multi-media content routes a request including option specifying content provided by the web page developer to one of a plurality of link or connection servers. The link server designated by the request identifies the server hosting the requested content and, after optionally verifying the authorization of the request and recording the request in a customer records database, issues a request for the server hosting the requested content to initiate information transfer to the requesting client. Web developers utilize the provided software for constructing option encoding reference tags for the link servers, thus eliminating the need to learn formal request requirements of the link server. By distributing link processing to a plurality of remote link servers, the web developer is no longer constrained by the support features of a particular web server.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates generally to the distributed construction, processing and management of information designating links or connections used in web pages and/or electronic mail or other distributed data. More specifically, the present invention relates to transforming a client's selection of desired content into a formal request that initiates the provision of the requested content in accordance with the options specified by the developer of said web page and/or electronic mail or other content.
2. Background of the Related Art
FIG. 1 depicts a prior art system disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,873,662 to Sargent, incorporated herein by reference. A user terminal is connected through a publicly switched telephone network to a computer which responsively provides requested content contained in memory B to the user. The end user terminal consists of a display 10 receiving inputs from a character generator read only memory 9 subject to control from the display control 11 and directly from the display control 11 for the display of noncharacter data. The display control 11 also sends signals to the memory control 8 which in turn signals the memory A 7 capable of causing the transmission of a signal to the character generator ROM 9. The memory A 7 receives signals from a modem 6 which in turn receives signals from a signal generator 13 responsively connected to a key pad 12 and isolation and protection hardware 5 connected to the publicly switched telephone network 2, said publicly switched telephone network further connected to the content providing computer 1, said content stored in computer memory B.
FIG. 2 depicts the unit of information transmitted to the user terminal of FIG. 1 by the computer 1. Information is transferred from the computer 1 memory to the memory A 7 of the user terminal in blocks having two parts, said parts consisting of "hidden" information and displayed information. The displayed information consists of 480 16 bit words and the hidden information consists of 32 16 bit words. The display 10 shows the displayed information. The entire block of information from the computer 1 is stored in memory A 7, including the hidden information. The hidden information is used to translate digital key pad entries into the address of the block in the computer 1 memory B that is being requested by the user.
FIG. 3 depicts a system as in FIG. 1 except that the user terminal is augmented to contain memory 14 and logic 16 so that some responses to digital keypad 12 entries are possible without transmitting a signal over the modem 6 through the isolation and protection module 5 and onto the computer 1. The hidden information stored in memory B 14 is retrieved in response to a digital keypad 12 entry transmitted to the memory control 8 and through a connection 15 to memory B 14. Once the information is retrieved from memory B 14 and transmitted to the memory B logic unit 15, the memory logic unit 16 outputs a result through a connection 18 with the signal generator 13 which in turn transmits a signal to the modem 6 which modifies memory A 7, said modification of memory A causing a change in the screen display 10 as a result of causing the read only memory 9 storing a representation of the displayed image to change in response thereto.
Because the Sargent patent requires that the tables providing the correspondence between user supplied digital keys and information block addresses be manually configured and associated with each transmitted block of information, the system, if it could be adapted for use on the Internet, would require a web developer to manually fix the locations of each page of content in the host computer's memory. Moreover, although the Sargent patent envisions that the size of the block of information containing indexed addresses is not limited to 32 words, any system disclosed by the Sargent patent would have some fixed size hidden information block for each page. Thus, even if only one web page out of 1000 required complex addresses taking up 256 words of storage, all 1000 web pages would be required to reserve 256 words for page indexing. In addition, any change in the location of information in the serving computer would require that every page potentially referencing that page be revised to reflect the new location. In a system with hundreds of pages of content, hundreds of manually configured tables would have to be edited. Furthermore, the Sargent patent is restricted to a system which provides no means for multiple content providers to make changes in the way their information is represented. Consequently, each content provider would be dependent on a central computer operator to manage page references. In addition, all of the processing of links is done by a single information server. Thus the invention described in the Sargent patent does not support distributed link processing.
The Judson application WO09715020A1, which corresponds to U.S. Pat. No. 5,572,673 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,737,619, are each incorporated herein by reference, and describe a method of browsing the World Wide Web over the Internet using a client machine supporting a graphical user interface and an Internet browser. The method locally stores, retrieves and outputs information objects to reduce the waiting time normally associated with the download of hypertext documents having high resolution graphics. The method begins, for example, as a web page is being displayed on the graphical user interface, the web page having a link to a hypertext document preferably located at a remote server. In response to the user clicking on the link, the link is activated by the browser to request downloading the hypertext document from the remote server to the graphical user interface of the client. While the client waits for a reply and/or as the hypertext document is being downloaded, the browser displays a previously-cached information object.
FIG. 4 depicts a method of the Judson application for the dynamic display of information objects during linking. In accordance with the method, a current web page is displayed 70. After the current web page is displayed, the information objects associated with the page are saved 72. The system then monitors the user's link activation selections waiting for to be activated 74. If the link is activated, two procedures are executed in parallel. First the client issues a TCP/IP request 76 and subsequently engages in the set up of a protocol for receiving the page referred to by the link. In parallel with said first step, the client retrieves the saved information objects from a previous download of the referenced page 80 and displays that information 82. While the referenced page is being downloaded, the saved version of the reference page is displayed 84. Once the download is complete, the downloaded page is saved 86 and displayed 70, thus restarting this process at the first step.
While the use of this method permits the user to view content from a previously loaded page while the requested page of information is refreshed, the method does not address the delivery of information content that has not been previously displayed. In addition, the method does not simplify the web developers page development task since the method depends on the addressing information manually encoded in the requested page to update the previously stored content. Furthermore, no provision is made in the Judson system to distribute the processing of links to (possibly remote) individual link servers. In a system supporting remote distributed link processing, a specific user request is redirected to a (possibly remote) link server which in turn routes a request to the server hosting the requested content. Although this system provides for local processing of a selected link, the local processing does not result in a further request being issued to a server hosting the requested content. Instead, local processing results in the display of a previously loaded page while the remotely hosted content is retrieved.
The Monier patent, U.S. Pat. No. 6,032,196, incorporated herein by reference, describes a table of web pages which is maintained by requesting a web page, receiving the requested web page, and identifying an address, such as a URL, of the received web page. A locator, such as a fingerprint, which represents the address of the received web page is entered into the table of web pages to maintain the table. The locator has a smaller size than the address.
While this method provides a means for accessing previously stored web pages while minimizing the time needed to test whether a link on a web page has already been retrieved, it does not simplify the process of developing and constructing the pages on a web site. The web developer must physically encode in the html of a web page the canonical URL of a page in order to ensure that the presence or absence of the page in Monier's local page will be properly detected.
Although the Monier patent uses a technique for reducing the size of URL's employed to reference a page, these reduced size tags do not effect the size or complexity of the web pages themselves. Instead, they reduce the possibility that recording failed attempts to locate a page in the local table will lead to excessive space demands. Moreover, in the Monier patent each link selected by the requesting client is processed by the website owner's web server.
In the Broder patent, U.S. Pat. No. 6,073,135, incorporated herein by reference, a server computer is provided for representing and navigating the connectivity of web pages. The web pages include links to other web pages. The links and web pages have associated names (URLs). The names of the Web pages are sorted in a memory of the connectivity server. The sorted names are delta encoded while periodically storing full names as checkpoints in the memory. Each delta encoded name and checkpoint has a unique identification. A list of pairs of identifications representing existent links is sorted twice, first according to the first identification of each pair to produce an inlist, and second according to the second identification of each pair to produce an outlist. An array of elements is stored in the memory and there is one array element for each web page. Each element includes a first pointer to one of the checkpoints, a second pointer to an associated inlist of the Web page, and a third pointer to an associated outlist of the web page. The array is indexed by a particular identification to locate connected web pages.
Although it is possible to use the connectivity server to determine whether two web pages are connected, the method is dependent on the use of a full canonical URL for each page. Consequently the method does not simplify the construction of web pages containing complex links. Moreover, determining whether two web pages are connected does not lead to the construction of address information needed to access streaming application servers.
The object of this invention in the Michael Application, JP10222541A2, which corresponds to U.S. Pat. No. 6,807,570 B1, and are both incorporated herein by reference, is to attain the high speed access of a web page by a user. The system attempts to achieve this objective by automatically pre-loading another selected web page and an associated graphics file. A client is connected through a communication line with the World Wide Web. A server is provided with a web page access mechanism and program that permits the server, instead of the client, to request web pages from a disk or another server. Then, a web page is read and a link marked as the object of primary load is identified. At that time, when another web page and related graphics corresponding to this link are present and the link is selected, the related graphics are automatically preloaded to the storage device of the client web browser.
Although the Michael patent utilizes a special server for retrieving web pages and their associated graphical content prior to an explicit request of a user, the html reference addresses used to obtain those pages in advance are full canonical URLs. Consequently, the web developer is not spared from having to manage the detailed requests needed to obtain content from a server.
The Bates application, JP11288426A2, which corresponds to U.S. Pat. No. 6,222,541 B1, both of which are incorporated herein by reference, attempts to solve the problem of quickly and efficiently locating and selecting a hyper text link embedded in web page by connecting a memory to one processor and providing a link selecting mechanism inside the memory. In a system, one processor is provided. A memory is connected to the processor. The memory is provided with a web browser, an operating system and a link selection mechanism. The link selection mechanism highlights links embedded in the part of the web page that are within a range of the page visible to the user.
Although highlighting links on a web page reduces the amount of effort required of a user to manually locate the link for selection, this mechanism does not simplify the complexity of the web page addresses used in the web page's underlying HTML source. Consequently, the use of this method would not simplify the underlying process of getting access to distributed content hosted on remote servers. Furthermore, the Bates application does not disclose a system or method for distributed link processing. Each link selected by the user would presumably be directed to the web site owner's web site for conversion to the proper request for remotely distributed content.
The Gustaffson application, WO9921109A3, incorporated herein by reference, describes a method of creating a link in a web page viewed in a browser. The link thereby created leads to a plurality of possible endpoints. The method comprises the steps of providing an address table in the web page host which includes the addresses of possible pages at which a given web page may point and when a user clicks on the link, selecting one of the possible web pages and setting up a connection to that page.
This invention allows a web page developer to redirect a clicking user to one of limited set of web pages. However, the web developer must still manually encode the html addresses. Furthermore, it would still be necessary under this invention to manually construct references to streaming application servers.
The Goodman patent, U.S. Pat. No. 5,999,929, incorporated herein by reference, describes a link referral system including a classification arrangement for classifying web pages that the system that the system retrieves over the World Wide Web. In assigning a link in a web page to a particular classification, the classification arrangement originally establishes the classification using the name for the particular section of the web page in which the link is located. Using statistical analysis of the occurrence of related inks within sections of a number of diverse web pages, some of which are named sections, the system creates classifications of links under both named classifications as well as anonymous classifications of links that co-occur with a high degree of probability. To minimize errors in the statistical analysis, the classification arrangement determines whether different world wide web addresses (so called "URLs") which are used to access the web pages in fact identify the same web page. The classification information is used to supplement web pages retrieved by a client through the link referral system to indicate the availability of related link information from the link referral system. In addition, the link referral system can provide related link information to the client in response to requests, identifying particular links or classifications from the client.
Although this invention provides for the automatic categorization of web pages using statistics based on the distribution of common links, that categorization does not effect the processing associated with the selection of a particular link. While the processing of links described in Goodman may facilitate the computation of the relationships between links, the Goodman patent does not distribute the processing of links selected as a result of that categorization to multiple link servers.
Each of the prior art inventions described above addresses some aspect of managing and processing the links used to access remotely stored information either on the Internet or through a more limited telephone network connection. Yet, in no case do these prior art inventions appreciate the problems we have identified associated with forcing a single centralized server, such as a web server, to process all links that a web developer might use to specify that particular information content is to be supplied to a user. Consequently, web developers relying on the technology of the prior art are subject to a complex content specification task that remains dependent on the features of a particular web server. Providers of innovative content on the Internet, moreover, are dependent on a plurality of independent web servers choosing to adopt system modifications that would enable access to the new content. Furthermore, once the core technology of the invention herein described is made available, we have determined that it can be used to enable the web developer to shift arbitrary web management tasks to a remote server specifically dedicated to performing the task efficiently. For example, a remote link server could handle user accounting for a pay per view system for a plurality of web sites and web servers.

Distributed link processing system for delivering application and multi-media content on the internet


Disclosed herein are methods of treating cancer in a subject, and methods for inhibiting growth, migration and/or invasion of a cancer cell in the subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof that downmodulates Fzd2. The antibody may specifically bind Fzd2, and may promote internalization of the Fzd2 receptor by the cancer cells and/or prevent ligand binding to Fzd2. Specific antibodies, and also specific portions of the Fzd2 molecule for antibody binding are disclosed. In one embodiment the antibody specifically binds to the epitope HGAEQICVGQNHSEDGAPAL (SEQ ID NO: 1). Specific cancers (e.g. late stage hepatocellular carcinoma), intended for treatment are provided, and include cancers that exhibit overexpression of Fzd2, and/or Wnt5a.

Liver cancer is the third most common cause of cancer mortality, with approximately 500,000 to 1 million annual deaths worldwide [1]. The American Cancer Society estimated that about 24,000 new cases of liver cancer occurred in the US in 2010, with more than 80% of these being hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). An estimated 19,000 deaths in the US in 2010 resulted from liver cancer. The incidence and death rates for liver cancer have continued to increase since the early 1980s.
To date, surgical resection is considered the best treatment for liver cancer, but only a small proportion of patients qualify for surgery and there is a high rate of recurrence [2]. Many patients with HCC do not receive any therapy. Liver transplantation has been successful in treating limited-stage HCC. Only a minority of patients with HCC, however, qualifies for transplantation. Standard chemotherapy is poorly tolerated in patients who do not qualify for resection. Both doxorubicin and cisplatin are frequently used, but overall response rates are low, and neither prolongs survival substantially. The 5-year survival rate for patients with liver cancer is 14%. Five-year survival is 26% among patients in whom cancer is found at an early stage, compared to only 2% when it is found after spreading to distant organs. It is therefore critical to develop a better understanding of hepatocarcinogenesis at the molecular level to identify novel therapeutic targets that may play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of this devastating disease.
HCC is the most common tumor that originates in the liver [2]. Recent studies have highlighted the role of various signaling pathways in liver carcinogenesis, including the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, Hedgehog signaling, and receptor tyrosine kinase-related pathways. These discoveries offer potential alternatives for novel targeted therapeutics. In particular, the role of Wnt signaling has been the subject of considerable interest in understanding the molecular pathogenesis of HCC [3]. Aberrant Wnt signaling has been implicated in many types of cancer, including cancers of the colon, skin, brain, liver and prostate[4]. In colorectal carcinomas, abnormal accumulation of β-catenin arises primarily as a result of mutations in β-catenin itself, as well as in APC and axin. These mutations are relatively rare in HCC, however, suggesting that misregulation of the Wnt pathway arises in other ways, including overexpression of other components of the pathway, such as Wnt ligands and Fzd receptors [3]. To date, however, it is not known which ligands or receptors are responsible for activation of the β-catenin pathway in HCC.

Frizzled 2 as a target for therapeutic antibodies in the treatment of cancer

PRESIDENT AND FELLOWS OF HARVARD COLLEGE


To amplify low frequencies emitted in handsfree mode by a multifunction earpiece (earpiece, loudspeaker, buzzer) of a telephone handset, the earpiece being tolerant to leaks in a discreet mode of operation, a tube projects into a cavity in the casing of the handset, around an aperture through which the cavity communicates with the exterior of the casing. The handset thus includes a multifunction earpiece that is tolerant of leaks in a discreet mode of operation and provides good sound quality in handsfree mode.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a telephone handset and more particularly to a leak-tolerant multifunction telephone handset earpiece for handsfree use.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Prior art mobile telephones such as the Alcatel One Touch Pocket (registered trademarks) have a casing in which there is a cavity filled with air. Transducers constituting an earpiece and a microphone are placed in the cavity, on a wall of the casing. The earpiece transducer has a diaphragm for converting an electrical signal into soundwaves. Apertures are provided in the housing, in line with the transducer diaphragm, through which the soundwaves are emitted. There is a volume of air to the rear of the diaphragm to enable it to move and emit a soundwave of sufficient amplitude.
A small gap between the earpiece and the ear of the user causes sound leakage. The acoustic impedance seen by the transducer is then significantly modified.
The mobile telephone previously described operates only in a discreet mode, i.e. with the ear of the user close to the earpiece. It is highly sensitive to variations in acoustic impedance due to a slight gap between the ear and the transducer. It is not leak-tolerant. If the user's ear is not pressed fully against the earpiece, or moves slightly away from it, the frequency response curve at the ear is greatly modified. For example, low frequencies perceived by the ear of the user are strongly attenuated in the discreet mode. This strongly degrades the perceived sound quality. Also, this mobile telephone has no handsfree or speakerphone mode.
The document EP-A-364 935 describes a telephone in which the diaphragm of the earpiece transducer is connected acoustically to the ear of the user by apertures in the telephone. The front of the diaphragm is acoustically coupled to the interior volume of the telephone.
The documents DE-2 815 051 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,160,135 describe earpieces having a connection between the front of the diaphragm and the volume to the rear of the diaphragm.
The document WO-A-98/24214 describes a leak-tolerant mobile telephone having an interior volume and a transducer. Apertures leading to the exterior are formed on the front side of the transducer, whose diaphragm faces the apertures. Other apertures connect the interior volume to the exterior.
The document WO-A-00/21330 describes a mobile telephone having a large volume of air inside the casing to the rear of the transducer. This mobile telephone is leak-tolerant in that the frequency response curve is relatively insensitive to a slight gap between the transducer and the ear. However, the dimensions of the volume of air make the casing too bulky for a mobile telephone.
The document WO-A-00/21330 also describes a leak-tolerant mobile telephone having a small volume of air to the rear of the transducer and coupled to the atmosphere to form a resonant acoustic circuit. However, this mobile telephone has a cut-off frequency band in the audible spectrum. The perceived acoustic quality is then degraded.
The document WO-A-00/21330 further describes a leak-tolerant mobile telephone having a pair of connections between the rear of the diaphragm and the exterior and a pair of connections between the front of the diaphragm and the exterior. In each pair of connections, one connection opens into a contact area for the ear of the user and another connection opens to the atmosphere at a distance from the contact area. This telephone combines a small interior volume and an acoustic short circuit due to leaks. It therefore features a cut-off at low frequencies.
The above telephone handsets are leak-tolerant in discreet mode, but have drawbacks. None of them provides a handsfree or speakerphone mode, i.e. a mode in which the user is away from the handset.
Also, the Alcatel One Touch 300 mobile telephone (registered trademarks) offers a speakerphone mode but is not leak-tolerant in discreet mode.
Thus none of the above telephones combines good leak tolerance in discreet mode with a handsfree or speakerphone mode.
There is therefore a need for a telephone handset having a handsfree mode and a leak-tolerant discreet mode.

TCL Communication Technology Holdings Limited


In a printed antenna, a window is formed in a grounded conductor provided on one side of an insulator substrate, and a strip conductor is formed in the window as a strip antenna element. The grounded conductor has convex portions projecting toward a central portion of the strip conductor in a longitudinal direction of the strip conductor. Furthermore, in a printed antenna, a window is formed in a grounded conductor provided on one side of an insulator substrate and two strip conductor are formed in the window and a short conductor is provided to connect a longitudinally central portion of each of the strip conductor with the grounded conductor. Furthermore, in a printed antenna, a window is formed in a grounded conductor provided on one side of an insulator substrate, a strip conductor is formed in the window and a short antenna element is formed in the grounded conductor. A short conductor connects a longitudinally central portion of the strip conductor with the grounded conductor. Furthermore, a reflector plate may be provided or a plurality of the above-mentioned printed antenna are arranged on an insulator conductor.

This invention relates to a printed antenna for microwave transmission and reception.
The printed antenna in which antenna elements and a transmission line are formed on a printed board has many advantages that it can be thin, light and small, it can be made in mass-production, and it can be formed integrally with electronic circuits. Such a printed antenna is used as an antenna for microwave transmission and reception of satellite broadcast, movable body communication or the like. There are various types of printed antennas. It has been increasingly noted that one type of printed antenna, in which a linear strip antenna element is used and a window is provided in a grounded conductor by cutting off the same to obtain a broad or wide band, is stable for its operation since it has only one resonance mode, compared with another type of printed antenna utilizing a patch type of element.
Furthermore, in case where a linear strip antenna element is used as an antenna for circularly polarized wave transmission and reception for use a satellite broadcasting transmission and reception, it has been proposed that the strip antenna element be combined with a slot antenna of a linear element similar to the strip antenna element, and the slot antenna element is positioned relative to the strip antenna element so that a power supplying phase difference between the strip and slot antenna elements is made 90.degree. along the transmission line for excitation. In such a case, since the electric field radiated from the strip element and electric field radiated from the slot element are spatially perpendicular to each other, these electric fields have a phase difference of 90.degree. in time, and at the same time, constitutes a combination of spatially crossed oscillating electromagnetic field to effectively radiate a circularly polarized wave. Although the explanation of the antenna is directed to a transmitting antenna, it should be understood that the transmitting antenna can also be used as a receiving antenna due to duality of electromagnetic field.
Such a printed antenna constructed by a combination of linear elements has a feature that it is stable for its operation as mentioned above, and in addition to that feature, it can electronically switch over between waves of right and left circular polarization, between a polarized vertical wave and a polarized horizontal wave, or between a circularly polarized wave and a linearly polarized wave for use in a satellite broadcast utilizing a satellite communication. Consequently, it has a feature that it can perform multi-functions compared with another printed antenna using a patch type of elements to be designed for transmitting and receiving a circularly polarized wave for each element.
As mentioned above, the window formed by cutting off portions of the grounded conductor can widen or expand the frequency band of the strip antenna element. At the same time, an electromagnetic wave is radiated on both sides of the antenna from the window. In order to radiate an electromagnetic wave only on one side of the antenna, a reflector plate 20 is provided as shown in FIG. 20. The reflector plate may be provided on either side of a base plate or substrate. However, in order to accomplish the purpose of reducing radiation loss from the transmission line, it is preferred that the reflector plate is provided on the side where the transmission line is positioned.
Furthermore, in order to prevent the deterioration of circularly polarized wave due to the provision of the reflector plate, the provision of a strip antenna in the window was proposed by the same inventor (Japanese Patent Application No. 344229/1989).
FIGS. 18 through 20 show a conventional printed antenna constructed by a combination of above-mentioned linear elements for radiating circularly polarized wave. Referring to these FIGS. 18 through 20, each linear strip element 10 is provided in the window 14 to effectively radiate an electromagnetic wave of frequency determined by length of linear strip antenna element by electromagnetic coupling between each linear strip element 10 and the transmission line 12. Since the window 14 is wide in its width and functions as a slot of a long length, spurious radiation is generated due to radiation from the strip antenna element 10. However, the spurious radiation can be suppressed by the provision of a pair of elements cancellation, not shown.
However, with the conventional antenna, complete cancellation of spurious radiation by use of the above-mentioned method can be made only in a certain direction and at a certain frequency. Furthermore, since gain decreases due to disturbance of radiation pattern generated by spurious radiation, a design for amending disturbance of radiation pattern at the whole arrayed antenna is required, and therefore there is a disadvantage that it is hard to design an antenna.


A liquid crystal display device includes first and second substrates facing into each other, a gate line and a data line on an inner surface of the first substrate, the gate line and the data line defining a pixel region, a thin film transistor connected to the gate line and the data line, a pixel electrode connected to the thin film transistor and disposed at the pixel region, a color filter layer disposed closer than the pixel electrode from the first substrate, the color filter layer corresponding to the pixel electrode, a black matrix over the thin film transistor, a common electrode on an inner surface of the second substrate, and a liquid crystal layer interposed between the pixel electrode and the common electrode.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a liquid crystal display, and more particularly, to a liquid crystal display device and a fabricating method thereof. Although the present invention is suitable for a wide scope of applications, it is particularly suitable for preventing a photocurrent generation and improving an aperture ratio of the liquid crystal display device.
2. Discussion of the Related Art
Flat panel display (FPD) devices having small size, lightweight, and low power consumption may have been a subject of recent research in the advent of the information age. Among many kinds of FPD devices, liquid crystal display (LCD) devices have been widely developed and used because of their excellent characteristics in resolution, color display, and display quality.
Generally, LCD devices include an upper substrate and a lower substrate facing into each other with liquid crystal molecules interposed therebetween. Each substrate has an electrode on the inner surface thereof. An electric field is generated by applying a voltage to the electrodes, thereby driving the liquid crystal molecules to display images in accordance with light transmittance.
The lower substrate is referred to as an array substrate including a thin film transistor (TFT) that is formed through repeated deposition of thin films, photolithography, and an etch process. The upper substrate is referred to as a color filter substrate including a color filter layer that is formed through a dyeing method, a printing method, a pigment dispersion method, or an electro-deposition method. Three colors of red (R), green (G), and blue (B) are alternately disposed in the color filter layer.
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a conventional LCD device.
In FIG. 1, a gate electrode 12 of a conductive material such as metal is formed on a first substrate 11. A gate insulating layer 13 of silicon nitride (SiNx) or silicon oxide (SiO2) is formed on the gate electrode 12. An active layer 14 of amorphous silicon is formed on the gate insulating layer 13 over the gate electrode 12. An ohmic contact layer 15a and 15b of doped amorphous silicon is formed on the active layer 14. Source and drain electrodes 16a and 16b of a conductive material such as metal are formed on the ohmic contact layer 15a and 15b. The source and drain electrodes 16a and 16b form a TFT "T" with the gate electrode 12. The gate electrode 12 and the source electrode 16a are connected to a gate line and a data line (not shown), respectively. The gate line and the data line cross each other and define a pixel region. A passivation layer 17 of SiNx, SiO2 or an organic insulating material is formed on the source and drain electrodes 16a and 16b. The passivation layer 17 includes a contact hole 17c exposing the drain electrode 16b. A pixel electrode 18 of a transparent conductive material is formed on the passivation layer 17 and connected to the drain electrode 16b through the contact hole 17c.
A second substrate 21 is disposed over and spaced apart from the first substrate 11. A black matrix 22 corresponding to the TFT "T" is formed beneath the second substrate 21. The black matrix 22 has an open portion (not shown) corresponding to the pixel electrode 18. The black matrix 22 prevents a light leakage at an LCD panel except for the pixel electrode 18 and a photocurrent generated by screening a channel of the TFT "T" from the ambient light. The black matrix 22 is formed in a color filter layer 23a and 23b. The color filter layer 23a and 23b having three colors of R, G, and B is alternately disposed. The color filter layer corresponds to the pixel region. A common electrode 24 of a transparent conductive material is formed beneath the color filter layer 23a and 23b. A liquid crystal layer 30 is interposed between the pixel electrode 18 and the common electrode 24.
In a fabricating process of the conventional LCD device, the array substrate and the color filter substrate are respectively formed and attached in such a way that the pixel electrode of the array substrate corresponds to the color filter layer of the color filter substrate. When attaching the array substrate and the color filter substrate, deterioration such as light leakage may occur due to misalignment. To prevent this deterioration, the black matrix of the color filter substrate may be widened. However, as the black matrix becomes wider, an aperture ratio of the LCD device becomes lower.
Therefore, LCD devices having a new structure in which the color filter layer is disposed on the array substrate are suggested. In the LCD devices of the new structure, the width of the black matrix is reduced and the aperture ratio increases. The new structure may be classified into two types: TFT on color filter (TOC) type and color filter on TFT (COT) type. In the structure of the TOC type, a color filter layer is formed under a TFT. In the structure of COT type, a color filter layer is formed over a TFT. For both types, only a black matrix and a common electrode are formed on the color filter substrate.
However, since the black matrix is spaced apart from the TFT, the black matrix does not shield the oblique incident light or a portion of the light reflected at the black matrix. Therefore, such light reaches the channel of the TFT, thereby generating a photocurrent. Moreover, the TFT becomes non-uniform in characteristics.

Liquid crystal display device and fabricating method thereof


Provided are a magnetic marker and a magnetic marker detection system with a reduced magnetic force. The magnetic marker detection system (1S) in which magnetism generated from the magnetic marker (1) laid on a road surface (53) is detected by a magnetic sensor (2) attached to a vehicle's body floor (50) of a vehicle (5) is a system with the magnetic marker (1) and the magnetic sensor (2) in combination, the magnetic marker having a surface with a magnetic flux density equal to or smaller than 40 mT and the magnetic sensor using a magneto-impedance element including an amorphous wire as a magneto-sensitive body with impedance in a high-frequency region changing in accordance with an external magnetic field.

Conventionally, a magnetic marker detection system for vehicles using a magnetic marker laid on a road has been known (for example, refer to Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2005-202478). This magnetic marker detection system is to provide various driving supports using the magnetic marker laid along a lane, such as automatic steering control and lane departure warning, for vehicles equipped with magnetic sensors.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Magnetic marker and magnetic marker detection system


The present invention provides a new composition, food product and uses for a known compound. More particularly, the present invention provides a new pharmaceutical composition containing 3-guanidinopropionic acid and a method of using 3-guanidinopropionic acid to prevent or treat obesity in non-insulin dependent diabetic (NIDDM) patients that is caused by treatment with anti-diabetic drugs, such as an insulin sensitizing drug or an insulin secretion stimulating drug. Examples of insulin sensitizing drugs are pioglitazone and pioglitazone hydrochloride. Examples of insulin secretion stimulating drugs are glyburide and glimepiride. The present invention also provides a new food product containing 3-guanidinopropionic acid and a method of using 3-guanidinopropionic acid to increase endurance, stamina and exercise capacity.

There are several metabolic disorders of human and animal metabolism, e.g., hyperglycemia, impaired glucose tolerance, hyperinsulinemia and insulin insensitivity, hyperamylinemia, excess adiposity, and hyperlipidemia. Some or all of the above disorders may occur in the following disease states: non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), obesity, hypertension and atherosclerosis.
Hyperglycemia is a condition where the blood glucose level is above the normal level in the fasting state, following ingestion of a meal, or during a provocative diagnostic procedure, e.g., a glucose tolerance test. It can occur in NIDDM as well as obesity. Hyperglycemia can occur without a diagnosis of NIDDM. This condition is called impaired glucose tolerance or a pre-diabetes. Impaired glucose tolerance occurs when the rate of metabolic clearance of glucose from the blood is less than that commonly occurring in the general population after a standard dose of glucose has been orally or parenterally administered. It can occur in NIDDM as well as obesity, pre-diabetes and gestational diabetes.
Hyperinsulinemia is defined as having a blood insulin level that is above normal level in the fasting state, following ingestion of a meal or during a provocative diagnostic procedure. It can be seen in NIDDM or obesity and can be associated with or causal in hypertension or atherosclerosis. Hyperinsulinemia can occur without a diagnosis of diabetes. It may occur prior to the onset of NIDDM. Insulin insensitivity, also called insulin resistance, occurs when the insulin-dependent glucose clearance rate is less than that commonly occurring in the general population during diagnostic procedures such as a hyperinsulinemic clamp See, e.g., DeFronzo, R. A. et al., Am. J. Physiol. 232:E214-E233, (1979)! or a minimal model test. See, e.g., Bergman, R. N. et al., J. Clin. Invest. 68:1456-1467 (1981). Insulin insensitivity is considered also to occur when the blood glucose concentration is higher than that commonly occurring in the general population after intravenous administration of insulin (insulin tolerance test) or when the ratio of serum insulin-to-glucose concentration is higher than that commonly occurring in the general population after a 10-16 hour fast. Insulin insensitivity may be found in NIDDM or obesity and can also be associated with or causal to hypertension or atherosclerosis.
Hyperamylinemia is defined as having an abnormally high blood amylin level. Amylin is also known as diabetes associated peptide (DAP) and insulinoma associated polypeptide (IAP). Hyperamylinemia can be seen in NIDDM or obesity.
Excess adiposity can be seen in NIDDM associated with obesity as well as obesity without NIDDM. It is defined as a higher fat body mass-to-lean body mass ratio than that commonly occurring in the general population as measured by whole body specific gravity or other generally accepted means.
Hyperlipidemia is defined as having an abnormal level of lipids in the blood. Hyperlipidemia exists when the serum concentration of total cholesterol or total triglycerides or the serum concentration of LDL-cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol is higher than that commonly occurring in the general population. It can be seen in NIDDM or atherosclerosis.
The above disease states could be treated by either ameliorating or preventing the metabolic and biochemical disorders. In addition, humans and animals, which have not been diagnosed as having one of the above disease states but evidencing some or all of the disorders described above, could be benefitted by preventing the development of a currently recognized disease state. Therefore, a compound that is useful in the treatment of hyperglycemia, impaired glucose tolerance, hyperinsulinemia, insulin insensitivity, hyperamylinemia, excess adiposity or hyperlipidemia could also be used to treat or prevent NIDDM, obesity, hypertension or atherosclerosis.
3-Guanidinopropionic acid (3-GPA) is an endogenous metabolite found in animals and humans. See, e.g., Hiraga, Y. et al., J. Chromatography 342:269-275 (1985) and Watanabe, Y. et al., Guanidines, edited by Mori et al., Plenum, N.Y., pp. 49-58 (1983). The compound, which is available from Sigma Chemical Co., has been used extensively in the study of creatine metabolism See, e.g., Walker, J. B., Adv. Enzymol. 50:177-242 (1979)! and gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor function. See, e.g., Bowery, R. et al., Br. J. Pharmacol. 50:205-218 (1974). Except as noted below, these studies do not relate to 3-GPA's utility in treating human or animal disease.
Guanidine, monoguanidine and diguanidine compounds have been shown to produce hypoglycemia. See, e.g., Watanabe, C., J. Biol. Chem. 33:253-265 (1918); Bischoff, F. et al., Guanidine structure and hypoglycemia 81:325-349 (1929). However, these compounds were observed to be toxic. In 1957, biguanide derivatives, e.g. phenformin and metformin, were used clinically as anti-diabetic agents. Some members of this class continue to be used today while others have been withdrawn from the market or banned in the United States and most Western countries. See, e.g., Schafer, G., Diabete Metabol. (Paris) 9:148-163 (1983).
Gamma-guanidinobutyramide also known as Tyformin, and the HCl salt of Tyformin, known as Augmentin, were investigated as potential anti-diabetic agents from the mid-1960's until the mid-1970's. While Augmentin produced hypoglycemia, it was reported to produce hypertension in dogs See, e.g., Malaisse, W. et al., Horm. Metab. Res. 1:258-265 (1969)! and respiratory and circulatory collapse in rats and rabbits. See, e.g., Buckle, A. et al., Horm. Metab. Res. 3:76-81 (1971). The free acid of the amide was said to lack hypoglycemic activity See, e.g., Beeson, M. et al., Horm. Metab. Res. 3:188-192 (1971)!.
British patent 1,153,424 discloses the use of certain esters and amides of guanidinoaliphatic acids in the treatment of diabetes mellitus where hyperuremia is present. The patent does not disclose that these compounds have an effect on hyperglycemia or any other symptom or pathological state related to diabetes. In Canadian patent, 891509, the use of esters and amides of guanidinoaliphatic acids were disclosed for treating hyperuremia and hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus. As noted above, the biologic activity of a guanidino alkanoic acid was known to be different and less favorable so as to be ineffective compared to its amide for treating hyperglycemia.
British patent, 1,195,199 discloses the use of guanidino alkanoic acids or their amides or esters in an insulin-containing, parenterally-administered composition for the treatment of hyperglycemia occurring in diabetes mellitus of the type where the pancreas produces insufficient insulin. According to this patent, the combining of a guanidino alkanoic acid, amide or ester with insulin reduces the risk of hypoglycemia as compared to insulin alone. British patent 1,195,200 discloses the use of guanidino alkanoic acids in a composition containing a guanidino alkanoic acid amide or ester derivative for the treatment of hyperglycemia occurring in diabetes mellitus of the type where the pancreas produces insufficient insulin. The subsequent British patent 1,552,179 discloses the use of guanidino alkanoic acids, their salts, amides or esters in combination with a gluconeogenesis inhibitor for treating hyperglycemic conditions, such as in the type of diabetes mellitus described above. Metformin was cited as an inhibitor of gluconeogenesis. Biological data indicated that HL 523, the preferred guanidino alkanoic acid derivative, was inactive as a single agent in six of seven experiments where blood glucose concentration was measured in alloxan diabetic mice and only weakly active in the seventh study.
Tables 5, 6 and 8 of the '179 patent disclose data which show that no straight chained guanidinoalkanoic acids were active when tested for hypoglycemic activity in alloxan diabetic mice. (Compounds which produced a significant change in blood glucose are denoted by asterisks (*) in these tables.) In Table 5, compound HL 6450 (4-guanidinobutyric acid) was inactive when administered alone. In Table 6, compounds HL 6416 (guanidinovaleric acid), HL 6450 (4-guanidinobutyric acid), HL 6439 (5-guanidinovaleric acid) and HL 6361 were inactive when administered alone. In Table 8, compound HL 6450 (4-guanidinobutyric acid) was slightly active at 2 hours and inactive at 4 hours. However, this slight activity contradicts the findings in Tables 5 and 6. These data showing inactivity of guanidinoalkanoic acids as single agents for lowering blood glucose concentration are supported by the assertion of Beecham Research Laboratories' agents that while 4-guanidinobutyramide "when given to animals in high doses (600 mg/kg sucutaneously in rats) it is hypoglycemic; the free acid (HL 521) lacks this property." (M. F. Beeson et al., (1971) "E.H.: Studies on the metabolism of gamma-guanidinobutyric acid (HL 521) and its amide (HL 523)" Horm. Metab. Res. 3: 188-192.)
The British patents '199, '200 and '179 do not claim utility for guanidino alkanoic acids, as the sole active component, in compositions for treating hyperglycemic symptoms in diabetes. As described above, among the guanidino alkanoic acids tested, several were inactive as a single agent. Thus, a variety of guanidino alkanoic acids lack significant anti-diabetic activity and combination of these compounds with an agent of known anti-diabetic activity, e.g., metformin, is necessary to show beneficial activity.
Furthermore, these patents do not disclose the use of 3-guanidinopropionic acid (3-GPA) to prevent or treat iatrogenic obesity or any other form of obesity. Also, these patents provide no teaching or suggestion of a food product containing 3-GPA.
Aynsley-Green and Alberti injected rats intravenously with 3-GPA, arginine, guanidine, 4-guanidinobutyramide, and 4-guanidinobutyric acid. Arginine and 3-GPA stimulated insulin secretion transiently, but did not affect the blood glucose concentration while the other compounds stimulated insulin secretion but produced a rise in blood glucose concentration. See, e.g., Aynsley-Green, A. et al., Horm. Metab. Res. 6:115-120 (1974). Blachier, et al., observed that 10 mM 3-GPA stimulated insulin secretion by isolated rat islets in vitro. See, e.g., Blachier, F. et al., Endocrinology 124:134-141 (1989). The insulin response induced by 3-GPA was 55% of that occurring when arginine was tested at the same concentration. In rats fed a diet supplemented with 10 mg/g 3-GPA for 30-60 days, the heart glycogen content was increased. See, e.g., Roberts, J. et al., Am. J. Physiol. 243:H911-H916 (1982). Similarly, skeletal muscle glycogen content was increased in rats fed chow supplemented with 10 mg/g of 3-GPA for 6-10 weeks. Mice fed a diet supplemented with 3-GPA at 20 mg/g and supplied with drinking water containing 5 mg/ml 3-GPA for 7-12 weeks had serum glucose concentrations that did not differ significantly from mice receiving unsupplemented chow and water. See, e.g.,:Moerland, T. et al., Am. J. Physiol. 257:C810-C816 (1989).
With respect to adiposity, it is known that in some, but not all cases See, e.g., Shoubridge, E. et al., Biochem. J. 232:125-131 (1985)!, supplementation of the diet with 10-20 mg/g 3GPA results in decreased body weight. See, e.g., Moerland, supra and Mahanna, D. et. al., Exper. Neurol. 68:114-121 (1980). This effect has been attributed to decreased skeletal muscle mass and has not been attributed to reduced adiposity or decreased lipid storage. See, e.g., Mahanna, supra and Shields, R. et al., Lab. Invest. 33:151-158 (1975); and Otten et al.: Thyrotoxic Myopathy in Mice: Accentuation by a Creatine Transport Inhibitor. Metabolism. Vol. 35, No. 6, (pages 481-484, 1986).
Therefore, what is needed in the art is a therapy that may be used in combination with anti-diabetic drugs to treat or prevent obesity, resulting from treatment with an insulin sensitizing drug or an insulin secretion stimulating drug.
Also, patients suffering from any of the above metabolic disorders often experience lack of stamina and endurance and decreased exercise capacity. Other diseases that may result in decreased exercise ability include: diseases resulting from muscular dysfunction, such as post-poliomyelitis chronic muscle fatigue syndrome or muscular dystrophy; diseases resulting from chronic muscular weakness associated with advanced age or chronic immobilization; diseases resulting from tissue hypoxia, such as peripheral claudication, angina, myocardial infarction, and stroke; and wasting diseases, such as cancer. Therefore, what is also needed in the art is a therapy that increases endurance, stamina and exercise capacity in patients who are performing at less than optimal levels.

Composition, food product and uses of 3-guanidinopropionic acid


A method for testing a mechanical performance of a lithium ion battery electrode based on a nano-indentation technology includes following steps: connecting an assembled lithium ion battery with an electrochemical test device and setting different test working conditions, so that cyclic charge and discharge experiments are performed on the battery to obtain an attenuation curve of a battery capacity; disassembling the battery and taking out the electrode; scraping some powder from a surface of the cyclic electrode plate and an initial uncyclic electrode plate, and laying down the powder in cold mounting molds separately, pouring the cold mounting solution into the molds; taking out the samples from the molds respectively after the liquid is completely cured and cooled; detecting a mechanical performance after polishing the samples surfaces and analyzing the mechanical performance decay rule of the electrodes.

Lithium ion batteries are widely used in the field of electronic products and new energy automobiles due to the advantages of high energy density, low self-discharge rate, no memory effect, high safety and the like. During the charge and discharge of the lithium ion battery, the active substance structure of the electrode material may change with the lithium ions being embedded and removed, and this causes expansion and contraction of the volume, thereby affecting the mechanical properties of the electrode, which is also one of the main reasons for battery capacity decay.
Since the active particle size of the electrode is in micro-scale, the microscopic characterization of mechanical properties of the electrode cannot adopt conventional mechanical test methods, and requires the nano-indentation technology. The nano-indentation method is proposed by Oliver and Pharr et al. in the 1990s, as a micro-area and micro-damage test method, and can perform a test on micro-scale samples. The load-displacement data obtained by the test may be analyzed and calculated to obtain microscopic mechanical performance parameter values (such as Young's modulus and hardness) of a material, which has an important meaning for the performance deterioration mechanism of a lithium ion battery electrode.
For the mechanical performance test of battery electrodes, scholars have carried out relevant research. The Zhao team conducts a series of nano-indentation experiments on the polycrystalline ternary positive electrode material, and they investigate the effect of the number of cycles on the Young's modulus and hardness of the electrode material (R. Xu, H. Sun, L. Vasconcelos, K. Zhao. Mechanical and Structural Degradation of LiNixMnyCozO2 Cathode in Li-Ion Batteries: An Experimental Study[J]. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 2017, 164(13): A3333-A3341). In this method, positive electrodes (including an active substance layer and a current collector) after different cycles are embedded in a resin for sample preparation and polishing to test and obtain the mechanical properties of the electrode material. Since the electrode active substance layer is thinner, and the nano-indentation technology requires higher flatness and smoothness of the surface of the sample, the method is difficult for sample preparation and testing, and is very difficult to be widely used.

Method for testing and evaluating mechanical performance of lithium ion battery electrode based on nano-indentation technology

East China University of Science and Technology


A tool for optimizing the layout of a microdevice adds fragmentation points to polygons in a first hierarchical database layer in a manner suitable for application of a tool to apply a resolution enhancement technique (RET) such as optical and process correction (OPC). Portions of polygons in a database level that interact with polygons of a second level in the database are promoted to the second database level, and refragmented. The RET operates on the polygons of the first and second levels of the database to determine how polygons of each of the first and second levels should be adjusted, if necessary, such that the layout is optimized.

In the field of semiconductor manufacturing, physical descriptions of microdevice layouts are generally represented using data formats such as GDSII. In this representation, individual circuit elements are represented by polygons, which are described as a sequence of vertices. For example, FIG. 1 shows a number of polygons 10, 12, 14, 16 while FIG. 2 shows the same polygons represented as a series of vertices. The elements of various physical layers in the device are represented by data layers in the description, and related groups of device elements on various layers can be combined in a description of a subset of the layout, often called a cell. In turn, cells can contain other, smaller cells, or be contained in larger cells, as illustrated in FIG. 3. The organization of cells (each of which can contain data for multiple layers) into a tree structure as shown in FIG. 3A is often called the hierarchy of the device.
It is clear that a hierarchical representation can represent an entire layout with greater compactness than a representation with no hierarchy, also called a flat representation. Products that import layout files for verification such as Calibre™ from Mentor Graphics Corporation, the assignee of the present invention, strive to retain as much of the original hierarchy as possible, and can in some cases reorganize the hierarchy or create additional levels of hierarchy for additional data compactness. An efficient hierarchical database can significantly reduce the size of the file required to describe the microdevice layout.
As the density of objects to be created in a semiconductor wafer increases, new technologies are required to print such objects. In particular, as the size and/or spacing between objects becomes smaller than the wavelength of light used for photolithographic patterning, a variety of optical distortions occur. In order to insure the microdevice is reliably manufactured, several resolution enhancement techniques (RETs) have been developed and are finding increasing adoption. These include: off-axis illumination techniques, such as annular, dipole, and quadrupole illumination; phase-shifting mask techniques, including both attenuated and alternating or Levenson approaches, and OPC (Optical and Process Correction), in which the size and shape of the elements of the layout are corrected to produce an improved image.
To enable the adoption of these resolution enhancement techniques, the layout must be adapted to anticipate the optical effects that the imaging process will introduce. This requires software that will read and analyze the microdevice layout and alter the polygons accordingly. These alterations can take the form of changing sizes and shapes of polygons, moving polygons from one layer to another, creating additional polygons that assist printing fidelity, and even creating additional data layers for representing multiple phase regions on a single reticle or even multiple reticles used for multiple exposure techniques.
In these data manipulations for RET, and especially for those required for OPC, the decision about the necessary action requires an examination of the nearby features. Usually, "nearby" means within a specified "optical radius" that is related to the lithography wavelength, λ, and numerical aperture, NA, in which optical proximity effects will be significant. However, other definitions that incorporate other effects can be used as well.
Examining nearby features becomes more complex in a hierarchical database, since the nearby features in the layout may be in another cell of the hierarchy. Computations using polygons only within a cell may therefore ignore significant contributions from polygons in neighboring cells. Proper computation of the RET effects and layout manipulations must therefore look across cell boundaries, and up and down in the hierarchy as well.
The problem is most easily solved by flattening the database. With all polygons, and therefore all nearby polygons, on the same level of hierarchy, it is assured that all neighboring interactions will be accounted for. This flattening, however, makes a very large database representation for the microdevice, and destroys the many advantages that hierarchy brings.
To this end, the techniques of selective promotion can be used. In selective promotion for physical verification applications such as Design Rule Checking (DRC), various criteria are used to move only certain interacting polygons from a lower level of hierarchy to a higher one. This allows all the interacting features to be in the same level of hierarchy for computational purposes, while leaving the unrelated features in the lower level of hierarchy. These techniques generally work well, are quite efficient, and have been used extensively in physical verification products such as Calibre®. However, as usually implemented, selective promotion can force polygons that are only partly promoted to be cut. The introduction of these points of scission can be very awkward for many computations used to calculate RET effects.
There is therefore a need for a database management technique, such as selective promotion, that allows for a hierarchical representation of the microdevice, yet also allows accurate and efficient computations of RET effects and the necessary data manipulations.

Selective promotion for resolution enhancement techniques


A beam steering control for a mobile satellite communications antenna, includes an antenna having a steering mechanism; a dynamic rate sensor for producing a signal related to the rate of change of position of a vehicle to which the antenna is mounted; and a control system for controlling the steering mechanism, the control system including a satellite tracking loop, an inertial stabilization loop, a calibration algorithm for dynamically calibrating the rate sensor, and a satellite acquisition algorithm for determining a azimuth angle of the antenna relative to an inertial reference. A method for beam steering a mobile satellite communications antenna, includes mounting an antenna on a steering mechanism; using a dynamic rate sensor to produce a signal related to the rate of change of position of a vehicle to which the antenna is mounted; and controlling the steering mechanism, using a control system including a satellite tracking loop, an inertial stabilization loop, a calibration algorithm for dynamically calibrating the rate sensor, and a satellite acquisition algorithm for determining a azimuth angle of the antenna relative to an inertial reference. Special techniques are employed to tolerate signal outages in a fading communication channel, while other techniques are employed to overcome practical and economical limitations of the hardware.

This invention relates to apparatus and methods for steering communications antennas and, more particularly, to such apparatus and methods which are used in combination with vehicle mounted antennas.
Satellite communications systems, in which mobile voice and/or data terminals communicate directly with a satellite, are well known. When such systems utilize geosynchronous satellites, the mobile terminals must be able to receive extremely weak signals due to the large distance over which the signal must travel. It is therefore important that the antennas connected to the mobile terminals are positioned to achieve maximum signal gain. When the mobile terminals are mounted on vehicles, a control system is required so that the antenna can track the satellite as the vehicle moves along the surface of the earth. This inventions seeks to provide an economically feasible control system which is capable of tracking a satellite during vehicle movement and when the signal is temporarily blocked by structures or terrain.

Apparatus and method for beam steering control system of a mobile satellite communications antenna


Carboxylic-gated-nitroxide (CGN) compounds and their esterified derivatives are discovered and disclosed as compositions and shown to have the potential in treating a variety of acute and chronic diseases and disorders resulting from reactive oxygen species (ROS) injury. Compositions for treating tissue damage from ROS injury containing CGN, or active derivatives thereof, in a suitable pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and diagnostic formulations are described.

Many acute and chronic diseases and disorders are attributable to the injuries from endogenously and exogenously generated reactive oxygen species ("ROS"). ROS injuries occur when the normal detoxifying capability of antioxidant enzymes and vitamins are overwhelmed. Supplements containing recombinant antioxidant enzymes and vitamins treating ROS injuries have revealed some advantages and limitations. Nitric oxide (NO•) and superoxide (O2•−) are both physiological gaseous free radicals which alone or in combination are capable of initiating the ROS cascade and injuries. Onging drug development programs target either supplementing or removing NO•. Using superoxide dismutase (SOD) as a model, an alternative drug development strategy is to target the removal of O2•− and attenuation of follow-on ROS cascade. The latter programs involve mimicking the catalytic activities of SOD in a "metal-center" or a "metal-free" synthetic molecule such as chelated transition metal ion or nitroxide, respectively. The use of polynitroxylated "metal-center" (i.e. polynitroxyl hemoglobin) and "metal-free" (i.e. polynitroxyl albumin) blood proteins as vascular ROS injury protectants and imaging agents is described in patents such as U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,725,839; 5,741,893; 5,767,089; 5,804,561; 5,807,831; 5,817,632; 5,824,781; 5,840,701; 5,591,710; 5,789,376; 5,811,005; 6,048,967. However, it is generally accepted that no one approach can treat all ROS injuries. In fact, continued research efforts have been required to address new challenges not previously envisioned. The present invention shows the existence of a new synthetic analog of a "carboxylate-gated-nitroxide (CGN)" which is a center of activity.
The present invention also shows synthesis of CGN and its "metal-center" and "metal-free" novel compounds in esterified and non-esterified forms and their utility in targeted delivery to therapeutic sites of interest. In addition, conjugation via covalent linking and conjunctive use with existing drugs or targeting molecules increase their therapeutic applications.

Carboxylate-gated-nitroxide (CGN) compounds and compositions and methods of use thereof


A novel and improved method and apparatus for generating a constant data rate channel supporting signaling data transmission in an adjustable rate wireless communication system is described. In accordance with one aspect of the invention the rate at which the channel operates may be adjusted based on the particular use and environmental conditions such that the appropriate data rate up to a maximum capability can be achieved. User data is then placed into frames based on the selected rate. When available, signaling data is added into each frames in a predetermined amount. The resulting frame is encoded, repeated and punctured based on the selected rate and whether signaling data has been introduced, and transmitted via RF signals to the receive system. Upon reception, the frame is processed in accordance with having only user data and with having signaling data. That is, the frame is processed both as if it had signaling data and as if no signaling data were present. Once the frame is processed, the particular processing that is more likely to be correct is determined via error checking. If the signaling data processed frame is more likely to have be correct, the signaling data is separated from the user data and each processed accordingly. If the non-signaling data processing is determined to be more likely to be correct, the frame is processed as if it were entirely comprised of user data.

I. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to wireless telecommunications. More particularly, the present invention relates to a novel and improved method and apparatus for supporting signaling data transmission in an adjustable rate wireless communication system.
II. Description of the Related Art
FIG. 1 is a highly simplified illustration of a cellular telephone system configured in accordance with the use of digital signal processing techniques. To conduct a telephone call or other communication, a wireless interface is established between a subscriber unit 18 and one or more base stations 12 using digitally modulated radio frequency (RF) signals. Each wireless interface is comprised of a forward link transmission from the base station 12 to the subscriber unit 18 and a reverse link transmission from the subscriber unit 18 to the base station 12. Typically, one or more channels are established within the forward and reverse link transmission which include a forward traffic channel and a reverse traffic channel over which the user data such as voice or digital data is transmitted. Using one or more wireless interfaces, a subscriber unit 18 communicates with other systems by way of mobile telephone switching office (MTSO) 10, including public switched telephone network (PSTN) 19, and any other systems coupled thereto. Typically, MTSO 10 is coupled to PSTN 19 and to base stations 12 via wire line links including, for example, T1 or E1 links, the use of which is well known in the art.
In addition to digitized voice and other digitized user data, cellular telephone systems must transmit signaling data via the wireless link. Signaling data is used to control and exchange information between the various subsystems that make up the cellular telephone network. The transmission of signaling data via the wireless link is typically performed by establishing a second set of channels in the forward and reverse link transmissions specifically designated for the transmission of signaling data over the wireless link, or by multiplexing the signaling data onto the traffic channels while temporarily reducing or suspending the transmission of the user data. In many instances, multiplexing the user data and signaling data over a single traffic channel is preferred because processing a single channel at the receive system is less complex than processing a set of channels. Various systems and methods for transmitting user data and signaling data via single traffic channel are disclosed in pending U.S. patent applications Ser. No. 08/171,146 entitled "METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR THE FORMATTING OF DATA FOR TRANSMISSION", now U.S. Pat. No. 5,504,773, Ser. No. 08/374,444 entitled "METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR THE FORMATTING OF DATA FOR TRANSMISSION", now U.S. Pat. No. 5,568,473, as well as issued patents U.S. Pat. No. 5,103,459 entitled "SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR GENERATING SIGNAL WAVEFORMS IN A CDMA CELLULAR TELEPHONE SYSTEM" and U.S. Pat. No. 4,901,307 entitled "SPREAD SPECTRUM MULTIPLE ACCESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEM USING SATELLITE OR TERRESTRIAL REPEATERS" each of which is assigned to the assignee of the present invention.
Since the initial development of many digital cellular telecommunications systems, the need for higher data rate wireless telecommunication systems has developed, as well as for wireless telecommunication systems that operate at a greater variety of data rates. Additionally, some new wireless applications require that a constant user data transmission rate be provided. In the context of these new applications, temporarily reducing or suspending the transmission of user data to allow signaling data to be transmitted is not feasible. Therefore, to satisfy these new requirements the present invention is directed to providing wireless telecommunication capability at a wide variety of transmission rates without the need to reduce the user data transmission rate in order to send signaling data. Additionally, to avoid increased complexity, the present invention is directed to providing this capability via the use of a single traffic channel.

Bright and burst mode signaling data transmission in an adjustable rate wireless communication system


A pump jack controller is provided that can harness the potential energy generated during the operation of one pump jack amongst a plurality of pump jacks located at a well site and convert that potential energy into electrical energy that can be used to provide electrical power generated by the pump jack to power the other pump jacks located at the well site.

A pump jack is the above ground drive for a reciprocating piston pump in a well. It is used to mechanically lift liquid, such as oil, out of the well if there is not enough bottom hole or formation pressure for forcing the liquid to flow up to the surface. Pump jacks are commonly used for onshore wells. A pump jack converts the rotary mechanism of a drive motor to a vertical reciprocating motion to drive the pump shaft and displays a characteristic nodding motion.
Modern pump jacks are powered by a prime mover, which commonly comprises an electric motor. The prime mover runs a set of pulleys that, in turn, drive a pair of cranks, generally fitted with counterweights to assist the motor in lifting the heavy string of the rod line running into the ground. The cranks raise and lower one end of a beam, which is free to move on an A-shaped frame. On the other end of the beam is a "donkey-head", so named due to its appearance. The donkey-head moves up and down as the cranks rotate.
An induction or asynchronous motor is an alternating current ("AC") motor in which all electromagnetic energy is transferred by inductive coupling from a primary winding to a secondary winding, the two windings separated by an air gap. In both induction and synchronous motors, the AC power supplied to a stator disposed in the motor creates a magnetic field that rotates in time with the frequency of the AC power. A synchronous motor's rotor turns at the same rate as the stator field. In contrast, an induction motor's rotor rotates at a slower speed than the stator field. The induction motor stator's magnetic field is, therefore, changing or rotating relative to the rotor. This induces an opposing current in the induction motor's rotor, in effect, the motor's secondary winding when the latter is short-circuited or closed through an external impedance. The rotating magnetic flux induces currents in the rotor windings in a manner similar to currents induced in a transformer's secondary windings. These currents, in turn, create magnetic fields in the rotor that react against the stator field. Due to Lenz's Law, the direction of the magnetic field created will be such as to oppose the change in current through the windings. The cause of the induced current in the rotor windings is the rotating stator magnetic field, so to oppose this effect the rotor will start to rotate in the direction of the rotating stator magnetic field. The rotor accelerates until the magnitude of the induced rotor winding current and torque balances the applied load. Since rotation at synchronous speed would result in no induced rotor current, an induction motor always operates slower than synchronous speed.
For the motor to run, the speed of the physical rotor must be lower than that of the stator's rotating magnetic field (ns), or the magnetic field would not be moving relative to the rotor conductors and no currents would be induced. As the speed of the rotor drops below synchronous speed, the rotation rate of the magnetic field in the rotor increases, inducing more current in the windings and creating more torque. The ratio between the rotation rate of the magnetic field, as seen by the rotor (slip speed), and the rotation rate of the stator's rotating field is called "slip". Under load, the speed drops and the slip can increase enough to create sufficient torque to turn the load. For this reason, induction motors are sometimes referred to as asynchronous motors. An induction motor can be used as an induction generator by running the motor at a speed higher than the synchronous speed of the stator magnetic field. In other words, by running the motor at negative slip.
Slip, s, is defined as the difference between synchronous speed and operating speed, at the same frequency, expressed in revolutions per minute ("RPM"), or in percent or ration of synchronous speed. Thus:
   s  =              η     s        -         η     r              η    s      where ηs is the synchronous speed of the stator magnetic field; and ηr is the rotor mechanical speed.
Therefore, as the motor operates to lift the donkey-head, the motor consumes electrical power from an electrical power grid. In doing so, potential energy is created in lifting the donkey-head. As the donkey-head falls, the potential energy can be converted to kinetic energy as the motor can operate as a generator to generate electricity. This generated electricity can be put back onto the electrical power grid.
Underwriters Laboratories standard no. UL1741 is an accepted standard for grid interconnection with an electrical utility for inverter-based micro-generation technology, such as used in wind-generated electricity technology.
U.S. Pat. No. 10,250,168 issued to the Applicant discloses a pump jack controller that export electricity generated by a pump jack motor to an electric power grid. What is not known in the prior art, however, is a system and method to utilize the electricity generated by one of a plurality of pump jacks located at a common site to at least partially power other pump jacks at the common site to minimize the overall draw of electricity from an electric power grid.
It is, therefore, desirable to provide a pump jack controller system and method to harness the potential energy generated in operating a pump jack and convert that potential energy into electricity that can be used to at least partially power other pump jacks.

Method and system for controlling multiple pump jacks