The invention relates to the field of catalyst supports presenting a pore volume having an at least bimodal distribution, thus defining a main porosity and a secondary porosity, the main porosity being of an average size greater than the secondary porosity.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to the field of catalyst supports with a specific surface area of less than 90 m2/g and having a pore volume greater than 0.3 cm3/g, this pore volume having an a least bimodal distribution defining an interconnected main porosity and secondary porosity, the main porosity being of an average size greater than the secondary porosity.
The support according to the invention allows catalysts to be produced for carrying out a large range of reactions on hydrocarbon cuts.
2. Description of Related Art
It is known in catalysis that the activity and/or the selectivity are affected by increasing the residence time of products on or near the catalytic sites. There, the known problem exists of intragranular diffusion limitation which can constitute a limit to the satisfactory development of the process whereby the reagents access the reaction site.
It is known that the intrinsic kinematics of a given chemical reaction is affected to a greater or lesser extent by the rate of supply of the reagents from the immediate vicinity of the catalytic particle towards the reaction site situated inside said particle. This phenomenon of diffusion limitation, which expresses the competition between the intrinsic kinetics and the supply of the material by diffusion to the inside of the particle, depends mainly on the size of the particle and on the porosity of the particle, more specifically on the structure of this porosity.
In order to overcome this problem, i.e. to be free of the intragranular diffusion limitations, several solutions have been proposed and described in patents which we cite and comment on below.
Firstly, there may be mentioned the solution of shell deposition of a catalytic phase on a core constituted by the support. By shell deposition is meant that the catalytic phase is situated in an outer layer of the support, called shell, this shell being able to be several tens to several hundred microns thick.                The patent documents WO 02/41990, WO98/14274, U.S. Pat. No. 6,280,608, U.S. Pat. No. 6,486,370 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,177,381 describe the preparation of solids of this type called "multilayer" solids. The original feature of these solids rests essentially in the deposition in the form of a shell of a support having the required porosity on another refractory support called solid support. The deposition of this shell is carried out by using a suspension of inorganic oxides which covers the solid support. The thickness of this shell varies from 40 to 400 microns. Subsequently, metals are impregnated in or on the shell for use in the dehydrogenation of paraffins.        The patent document WO 01/15803 describes the use of a catalyst for paraffin dehydrogenation applications. The support is composed of porous alumina. On the final catalyst, the percentage of pores comprised between 60 Å and 350 Å should be greater than 75% of the total pore volume of the catalyst. The volume of the pores comprised between 60 Å and 350 Å is greater than 0.5 cm3/g, and preferably comprised between 0.6 and 0.8 cm3/g. Finally, the volume of the smallest pores (less than 60 Å) should not exceed 0.05 cm3/g.
A grain density greater than 0.5 g/cm3 is claimed, which corresponds to that of the prior art. The technique used to measure the porosity is mercury intrusion. Moreover, the catalyst should have a specific surface area greater than 100 m2/g.                The patent U.S. Pat. No. 5,358,920 describes the use of a catalyst for the dehydrogenation of hydrocarbons. The support used is produced in a single synthesis stage by neutralization of aluminum chloride by ammonium hydroxide at 60-70° C. and at a pH comprised between 7.5 and 8.5. The resulting precipitate is resuspended to be shaped by the oil drop coagulation technique. After calcination between 600° C. and 800° C. under an air-water mixture, the support has a theta alumina crystallographic form. This support has a bimodal porous distribution, with 40% of the pore volume occupied by the pores comprised between 1000 Å and 10,000 Å. It is clear to a person skilled in the art that this one-stage synthesis process cannot result in the obtaining of a hierarchical porosity, i.e. differentiated into at least two modes.        The patent U.S. Pat. No. 5,677,260 describes the preparation and the use of a composite catalyst for the dehydrogenation of paraffins to monoolefins. The support used is in the form of beads 1.4 to 2 mm in diameter. This support is mesoporous and preferably uses a gamma alumina (60 to 80% crystallinity), with a surface area comprised between 120 m2/g and 250 m2/g, and a pore volume comprised between 1.4 and 2.5 cm3/g. With regard to the diameter of the beads and the specific surface area in question, the intragranular diffusion phenomena are probably very significant in this type of support.        The patent U.S. Pat. No. 4,914,075 describes the composition of a dehydrogenation catalyst. The support is alumina with a specific surface area comprised between 50 m2/g and 120 m2/g and apparent grain density greater than 0.5 g/cm3. No details are given about either the pore volume or the size of the pores. The description of the production of the support clearly shows that this support is produced in a single synthesis stage, followed by a calcination stage (800° C. to 1020° C.) according to the nature of the desired alumina phase (gamma, theta or alpha). According to the cited patent, it is preferable to have theta alumina and this at a level of 75% crystallites (the others being able to be gamma alumina or alpha alumina). In this patent, if several crystallographic phases of alumina can be present, there is no concept of order or of hierarchy between these phases.        The patent U.S. Pat. No. 4,672,146 describes the composition of a dehydrogenation catalyst. The support is an alumina having a surface area comprised between 5 m2/g and 150 m2/g, 18% of the total pore volume of which is associated with pores less than 300 Å in diameter, and 55% of the total pore volume is associated with pores greater than 600 Å in diameter. It should be noted that the preparation process for this support comprises a single synthesis phase usually leading to a mixture of different alumina crystallographic phases.        The patent EP 1142637 describes the preparation of a catalyst for distillate hydroconversion. The support is mixed micro- (50 to 75% by weight) and macroporous (50 to 25% by weight) alumina. The authors mean by microporous that 95% of the volume of this alumina corresponds to a pore diameter of less than 80 Å. The authors mean by macroporous that at least 70% of the volume of this alumina corresponds to a pore diameter comprised between 60 Å and 600 Å. The preparation processes cited (including that of patent EP 1142637) have recourse to the precipitation in one or several stages of a gel, followed by a shaping and a heat treatment. In this case, the micro- and the macroporosity are interwoven without any hierarchical order.        The patents EP0758919 and EP0882503 describe the preparation of high-activity catalysts. The sought applications are the operations of hydrotreatment (hydrodenitrogenation, hydrodesulfuration, hydrodemetallation, hydroconversion, hydrocracking), hydrogenation/dehydrogenation, reforming, isomerization and the Claus process. These patents are centred round a method for preparing catalysts, namely the introduction of a chelating agent before, during or after impregnation of the active phase. The influence of this chelating agent would be to create an interaction between the amorphous alumina and the active phase, this interaction being identified by the presence at the surface of a microcrystalline alumina of a size comprised between 8 Å and 25 Å, as well as gamma alumina serving as support, which has a crystallite size greater than 30 Å. The appearance of this nano-crystalline phase leads to the increase in the specific surface area as well as the appearance of a bimodal mesoporous structure comprising a first set of pores of a size less than 40 Å and a second set of pores of a size greater than 50 Å. The porosity measurements are carried out on the nitrogen desorption branch. The obtained catalyst has a surface area of at least 100 m2/g.        The article by M. Pan et al, J. Memb. Sci, 158 (1999) 235-241 ("Journal of Membrane Science") describes the preparation of membranes of nanoporous aluminas by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The use of such a technique leads to a homogeneous covering of the surface of the support (here an alpha alumina of 0.2-micron pore size). However, because of the technique used, the deposition does not create porosity and leads to a decrease in the specific surface area.        The patent U.S. Pat. No. 5,518,979 deals with catalyst supports based on abrasion-resistant transition alumina. The alumina support is composed of gamma and kappa alumina (with a maximum of 10% delta alumina) or theta and kappa alumina (with a maximum of 10% alpha alumina) and has either a monomodal or bimodal distribution in a range of pores of a size comprised between 100 Å and 1500 Å and having a surface area ranging from 33 m2/g to 63 m2/g (determined by mercury porosimetry). The preparation method described in this patent consists of mixing two different alumina precursors, namely an amorphous alumina precursor, leading after calcination to kappa alumina, and a precursor such as a boehmite or pseudo-boehmite leading after calcination to gamma, delta or theta aluminas.        Cini et al, in J. Memb. Sci., 55 (1991) 199 ("Journal of Membrane Science") deal with the preparation of ceramic membranes to serve as catalyst supports. They use macroporous alpha alumina supports, with multimodal pore size distribution, since these supports are ceramic tubes comprising a first layer with an 85-nm pore diameter, a second layer with a 650-nm diameter and a third layer with a 3000-nm diameter. Deposited on this alumina is a boehmite sol, precursor of a gamma alumina which would develop a specific surface area estimated by the authors at 130 m2/g. They manage to deposit up to 9% alumina, thereby allowing an increase in the specific surface area of 1 to 13 m2/g. The deposited alumina has a pore size comprised between 2.5 and 4.5 nm. The deposited films have a thickness ranging from 3 to 57 μm, which clearly indicates that the alumina is deposited either in the porosity of the most macroporous layer or on the surface of the tubes.        The patent EP 0586745 describes the formation of a ceramic membrane achieved by a purely mesoporous (pore diameter comprised between 3 and 5 nm) and microporous (pore diameter less than 2 nm) support. This porosity is not capable of resolving the problems of intragranular diffusion limitation.


The invention relates to the processing of combined display screen-oriented and voice-oriented web page information (i(html,xml)). To this end, display screen-oriented web page information (i(html)) is processed in an internet terminal (PC) and voice-oriented web page information (i(xml)) is processed in a multimedia platform (VOX). In order to synchronize the processing of web page information that is distributed among the internet terminal and the multimedia platform, voice information (ivox) is exchanged by using voice agents (Avox) and control information (isig) and data (idat) are exchanged by using a communications agent (Asig). This results in dynamically reducing the load placed upon the multimedia platform.

Efforts have increasingly been made for some time now to allow voice-oriented access, as well as screen-oriented access, to information on data media. A typical scenario for such access is the visual display of web content, which can be navigated with voice commands.
The linking of voice-oriented and screen-oriented input and output requires suitable processing and conversion of the transported information in addition to the corresponding input and output devices, e.g. keyboard, screen, microphone and speakers. Processing voice information above all requires significant expenditure. Functions, such as conversion from text to voice and voice recognition, take up a large proportion of the resources required in respect of memory capacity and computing power. This is why resource-intensive functions are usually only implemented on terminals in a limited form.

Communication arrangement and method for communication systems having an interactive voice function


A method for analyzing an image formed of a plurality of pixels, each pixel of the plurality of pixels including a plurality of color channels, each color channel of the plurality of color channel having a channel level within a range of channel levels corresponding to each pixel, including designating from the plurality of color channels a primary channel, a secondary channel, and a tertiary channel; generating histogram data from the image using the plurality of pixels to form a histogram having a first axis and a second axis based on the primary channel, the first axis pertaining to the range of channel levels within the primary channel, and the second axis pertaining to a number of pixels of the image at each the channel level within the primary channel; and reorganizing the histogram based on the secondary channel and the tertiary channel to form a multi-dimensional histogram.

The proliferation of digital cameras, image scanning equipment, and graphics software has enabled business and home consumers to be able to perform imaging jobs for various purposes more readily than in the past. For example, home users are able to use such equipment and software to obtain digital images that may be used for everyday purposes, such as school projects for both children and adults, the creation of greeting cards, family photo albums, etc. In addition, both small and large business users are able to employ such equipment to obtain image for use in advertising brochures, internal and external presentations and other documents, etc.
Various software products allow the manipulation of such digital images in order to achieve the desired and result, an image which may be printed using readily available imaging apparatus, such as inkjet printers, electrophotographic printers, and all-in-one units that are capable of performing multiple types of imaging jobs, such as printing, copying, scanning, and faxing. Such software products may be stand alone products created by various software manufacturers, or may be part of software bundle packaged with the imaging apparatus.
Once the images are created or otherwise obtained, they are often stored, for example, in a digital image library. In order to search for a particular image in a digital image library, the user may simple look through all unit the desired image is found, which is a cumbersome process. Where the image library has been organized into various categories and subsets of categories, it may be somewhat easier for the user to find the particular image, although the search may still be cumbersome, especially if the image library is a large one.
In order to aid a user in finding a particular image, various software products include a search feature that searches for particular image characteristics based on a conventional histogram. Images are made up of pixels of information. Each pixel in a color image includes at least 3 channels, for example, red, green, and blue. For each pixel there is a relating quantity of these 3 color channels with a black pixel being [0,0,0] and white being [255,255,255]. Some of the pixel information from the image is used to create the conventional histograms used by the image search engine.
A conventional histogram is the graphical representation of an image wherein the quantities of each channel are mapped out. These different channels are mapped individually. A conventional histogram is a graph where the x-axis represents the particular channel levels with the leftmost and having a value of 0 and the rightmost end having a value of 255.For each channel value the quantity of pixel with that value is graphed on the histogram. Each channel is graphed separately.
However, such conventional histograms are limited in the amount of data that may be used to differentiate between different images. For example, depending on the nature of the images, two disparate images may have the same histogram, such as where the quantity of image pixels having various colors is the same as between the two images, although in the one of the image, the distribution of pixels across the image "canvas" is entirely different than the distribution of pixels in the other image. Hence, the search engine's analyzing of the two different images would yield the false result that the images are similar or the same.
What is needed in the art is an improved method for analyzing an image.


A method is disclosed for forming a passivating/buffer film on a substrate. The method includes heating the substrate to a temperature which is sufficient to cause a volatilized organometallic precursor to pyrolyze and thereby form a passivating/buffer film on a substrate. The organometallic precursor is volatilized at a precursor source. A carrier gas is directed from a carrier gas source across the precursor source to conduct the volatilized precursor from the precursor source to the substrate. The volatilized precursor pyrolyzes and is deposited onto the substrate, thereby forming the passivating/buffer film on the substrate. The passivating/buffer film can be a cubic-phase passivating/buffer film. An oxide layer can also be formed on the passivating/buffer film to thereby form a composite of the substrate, the passivating/buffer film and the oxide layer. Cubic-phase passivating/buffer films formed by the method of the invention can be lattice-matched with the substrate. Electronic or electro-optical circuits or circuit elements can be formed which include passivating/buffer films formed by the method of the invention.

Group 13-16 materials, and in particular, gallium arsenide (GaAs), have been employed recently in an increasing variety of electronic and electro-optical uses. For example, integrated circuits which are based on active layers of gallium arsenide, such as metal insulator semiconductor field-effect transistors (MISFETs), monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMICs), and fast-logic circuits, have been employed in digital signal processing for military, biomedical, and communicationsystems applications. Gallium arsenide has also been employed in the fabrication of minority charge-carrier devices, such as solar cells and photodetectors. In addition, optical sources, such as lasers and light-emitting diodes (LEDs), have been developed which are of Group 13-16 materials, such as GaAs for the lasant medium.
However, surface states of gallium arsenide provide sites for non-radiative recombination. Therefore, passivation is generally required to maintain the mobility of charge carriers. Examples of known methods of passivating gallium arsenide include deposition or growth of oxides, nitrides or sulfides by various techniques, such as molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), physical vapor deposition (PVD), or electrochemical deposition.
Alternatively, buffer layers are enclosed to provide an intermediate transitional layer between a semiconductor substrate and subsequent layers to be formed over the substrate. For example, high-resistance buffer layers isolate circuits formed in active gallium arsenide layers from the underlying substrate. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,952,527, issued Aug. 28, 1990.
There are several problems associated with known methods of passivating gallium arsenide and with forming buffer layers on gallium arsenide For example, more than one chemical precursor is typically required to form the chemical compound deposited on gallium arsenide substrate. Use of multiple precursors often causes formation of impurities and consequent irregular composition of the passivating/buffer layer by incorporation of impurities in the passivation layer during deposition. Further, some passivating/buffer layers, such as arsenic trisulfide, which can be formed by known methods, are often toxic. In addition, sulfurizing techniques generally form passivating layers which are relatively unstable. Also, known methods for deposition of passivating/buffer layers often require exposure of the gallium arsenide substrate to high temperatures, which can degrade the substrate. In addition, there are other problems commonly associated with known methods of deposition, such as slow deposition rates, and the requirement of expensive, complicated equipment for conducting deposition on gallium arsenide substrates.
Therefore, a need exists for an improved method for forming a passivating/buffer films on gallium arsenide or other semiconductor substrates, which overcome or minimize the above-listed problems.

Chemical vapor deposition from single organometallic precursors

President and Fellows of Harvard College


A thin film capacitor including a substrate, a capacitor portion having an upper conductor, a lower conductor, and a dielectric thin film, and a resin protective layer for protecting the capacitor portion. A barrier layer is interposed between the capacitor portion and the resin protective layer. The barrier layer includes a crystalline dielectric barrier layer formed in contact with the capacitor portion and having the same composition system as the dielectric thin film, and an amorphous inorganic barrier layer formed on the surface of the crystalline dielectric barrier layer and composed of silicon nitride having non-conductivity. The inorganic barrier layer prevents deterioration in the properties of the dielectric thin film by blocking diffusion of the constituent elements of the inorganic barrier layer toward the capacitor portion.

Decoupling capacitors have been used with increases in processing speed of integrated circuits. Decoupling capacitors are required to have low ESL (Equivalent Series Inductance). As a decoupling capacitor satisfying this requirement, there has been known a thin film capacitor having a capacitor portion which is formed on a Si substrate by a thin film technique such as a sputtering or sol-gel method.
Such a thin film capacitor is coated with a protective layer composed of a resin material for mechanically reinforcing a capacitor portion. For example, Patent Document 1 has proposed a thin film capacitor including a capacitor having a dielectric layer composed of a metal oxide and a protective insulating layer composed of a resin material, a barrier layer composed of a nonconductive inorganic material being provided between the capacitor and the protective insulating layer.
As shown in FIG. 4, the thin film capacitor of Patent Document 1 includes a Si substrate 101, a capacitor 109 having a lower electrode layer 102, a dielectric layer 103 composed of barium strontium titanate (referred to as "BST" hereinafter), and an upper electrode layer 104, which are formed in order on the Si substrate 101, a barrier layer 105 formed to cover the capacitor 109, a protective insulating layer 106 formed on the barrier layer 105 and composed of a resin material, electrode pads 107, and bumps 108.
The barrier layer 105 is provided for preventing the dielectric layer 103 composed of BST from being reduced with moisture released from the resin material contained in the protective insulation layer 106. Examples of a material preferably used for forming the barrier layer 105 include amorphous materials, such as silicon nitride (Si3N4), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), silicon oxide (SiO2), and amorphous BST.
Patent Document 1: Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2004-214589
However, in the thin film capacitor described in Patent Document 1, the barrier layer 105 composed of an amorphous nitride such as amorphous silicon nitride may diffuse nitrogen atoms toward the dielectric layer 103 through the upper electrode layer 104 to change the composition of BST, thereby failing to obtain desired electric properties.
Also, the barrier layer 105 composed of amorphous aluminum oxide or amorphous silicon oxide may diffuse aluminum or silicon toward the dielectric layer 103. Therefore, such a material is undesirable.
Further, heat treatment is required for thermally curing the resin constituting the protective insulating layer 106. However, the barrier layer composed of an amorphous oxide such as amorphous BST causes the problem that the amorphous oxide takes oxygen away from the dielectric layer 103 through the upper electrode layer 104. Consequently, the composition of the dielectric layer 103 is changed, thereby failing to achieve desired electric properties. This is because an amorphous oxide is generally assumed to have the oxygen content smaller than the stoichiometric composition. Thus, oxygen is taken away from the dielectric layer 103 of crystalline BST having a higher oxygen content than that of the amorphous oxide. The barrier layer 105 composed of crystalline BST, not amorphous BST, does not cause the problem as described above. However, as described in Patent Document 1, the barrier layer 105 composed of crystalline BST can produce substantially no barrier effect.
After all, in the invention described in Patent Document 1, the properties of the dielectric layer 103 may be degraded by providing the barrier layer 105.

Thin film capacitor and manufacturing method therefor


A polyester combined-filament yarn having an excellent stretch property and a bathochromic effect, as well as uniformity of apparent dyed color density, comprises two different multifilament components (A) and (B), wherein the multifilament component (A) comprises polyester filaments composed of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) polymer, a metal-containing phosphorus compound (a) and an alkaline earth metal compound (b), and a conjugate multifilament component (B) comprises side-by-side or eccentric core-sheath conjugate polyester filaments composed of two mutually different polyester resins (at least one of which is polytrimethylene terephthalate resin), the mass ratio (A)/(B) of components (A) and (B) is in the range of 80/20 to 50/50. Woven or knitted fabrics comprising the combined-filament yarn are useful for women's and men's fashion apparel and black formals.

Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2002-275736 (patent document 1) and Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2003-286621 (Patent document 2) disclose, for stretchable woven or knitted fabrics, production of a conjugate filament with a latent crimped property from two different polyester resins, production of a combined-filament yarn comprising the latent-crimped conjugate filament, production of a woven or knitted fabric using the combined-filament yarn and a process of dyeing the woven or knitted fabric which includes heat treatment, to express the latent-crimped property of the conjugate filament and obtain a polyester woven or knitted fabric with an excellent stretch property.
Also, Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2003-293234 (Patent document 3) discloses combining an elastic filament with a polyester film which exhibits a self-elongation property under heating and using the obtained combined-filament yarn to produce a woven or knitted fabric with an excellent stretch property.
For a woven or knitted fabric with a bathochromic effect, Japanese Examined Patent Publication No. 62-44064 (Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 58-104215, Patent document 4) discloses producing a polyester fiber comprising a polyester resin with a metal-containing phosphorus compound and an alkaline earth metal compound, using the polyester to produce a woven or knitted fabric, and subjecting the polyester woven or knitted fabric to alkali reduction treatment to form fine pores in the surface of the polyester fiber to obtain a woven or knitted fabric with an excellent bathochromic effect.
However, polyester woven or knitted fabrics having both an excellent stretch property and bathochromic effect, and polyester filaments composing such woven or knitted fabrics, are still unknown. Preferably, no dyeing variation is produced in such a polyester woven or knitted fabric which exhibits an excellent stretch property and a bathochromic effect.
Patent Documents
1. Japanese Unexamined Patent Application No. 2002-275736
2. Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2003-286621
3. Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2003-293234
4. Japanese Examined Patent Publication No. 62-44064 (Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 58-104215)

Polyester combined-filament yarn and woven or knitted fabric comprising it


Systems and methods for determining the topic structure of a document including text utilize a Probabilistic Latent Semantic Analysis (PLSA) model and select segmentation points based on similarity values between pairs of adjacent text blocks. PLSA forms a framework for both text segmentation and topic identification. The use of PLSA provides an improved representation for the sparse information in a text block, such as a sentence or a sequence of sentences. Topic characterization of each text segment is derived from PLSA parameters that relate words to “topics”, latent variables in the PLSA model, and “topics” to text segments. A system executing the method exhibits significant performance improvement. Once determined, the topic structure of a document may be employed for document retrieval and/or document summarization.

1. Field of Invention
This invention relates to segmentation and topic identification of a portion of text, or one or more documents that include text.
2. Description of Related Art
In long text documents, such as news articles and magazine articles, a document often discusses multiple topics, and there are few, if any, headers. The ability to segment and identify the topics in a document has various applications, such as in performing high-precision retrieval. Different approaches have been taken. For example, methods for determining the topical content of a document based upon lexical content are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,659,766 and 5,687,364 to Saund et al. Also, for example, methods for accessing relevant documents using global word co-occurrence patterns are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,675,819 to Schuetze.
One approach to automated document indexing is Probabilistic Latent Semantic Analysis (PLSA), also called Probabilistic Latent Semantic Indexing (PLSI). This approach is described by Hofmann in "Probabilistic Latent Semantic Indexing", Proceedings of SIGIR '99, pp. 50–57, August 1999, Berkley, Calif., which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
Another technique for subdividing texts into multi-paragraph units representing subtopics is TextTiling. This technique is described in "TextTiling: Segmenting Text into Multi-paragraph Subtopic Passages", Computational Linguistics, Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 33–64, 1997, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
A known method for determining a text's topic structure uses a statistical learning approach. In particular, topics are represented using word clusters and a finite mixture model, called a Stochastic Topic Model (STM), is used to represent a word distribution within a text. In this known method, a text is segmented by detecting significant differences between Stochastic Topic Models and topics are identified using estimations of Stochastic Topic Models. This approach is described in "Topic Analysis Using a Finite Mixture Model", Li et al., Proceedings of Joint SIGDAT Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora, pp. 35–44, 2000 and "Topic Analysis Using a Finite Mixture Model", Li et al., IPSJ SIGNotes Natural Language (NL), 139(009), 2000, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
A related work on segmentation is described in "Latent Semantic Analysis for Text Segmentation", Choi et al, Proceedings of the 2001 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, pp 109–117, 2001, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In their work, Latent Semantic Analysis is used in the computation of inter-sentence similarity and segmentation points are identified using divisive clustering.
Another related work on segmentation is described in "Statistical Models for Text Segmentation", Beeferman et al., Machine Learning, 34, pp. 177–210, 1999, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In their work, a rich variety of cue phrases are utilized for segmentation of a stream of data from an audio source, which may be transcribed, into topically coherent stories. Their work is a part of the TDT program, a part of the DARPA TIDES program.

Systems and methods for determining the topic structure of a portion of text


A drive device capable of detecting individual variations of an injection quantity of a fuel injection device of each cylinder and adjusting a current waveform provided to an injection pulse width and a solenoid such that the individual variations of the fuel injection devices are reduced. The fuel injection device in the present invention includes a valve body that close a fuel passage by coming into contact with a valve seat and opens the fuel passage by separating from the valve seat and a magnetic circuit constructed of a solenoid, a fixed core, a nozzle holder a housing and a needle and when a current is supplied to the solenoid a magnetic suction force acts on the needle and the needle has a function to open the valve body by colliding against the valve body after performing a free running operation and changes of acceleration of the needle due to collision of the needle against the valve body are detected by a current flowing through the solenoid.

In recent years, tightening of emission control of carbon dioxide and concern about depletion of fossil fuel demand improvements of fuel consumption (fuel consumption rate) of internal combustion engines. Thus, efforts to improve fuel consumption by reducing various losses of an internal combustion engine are under way. In general, when losses are reduced, the power output necessary for operation of an engine can be reduced so that the minimum power output of the internal combustion engine can be reduced. In such an internal combustion engine, it becomes necessary to control and supply up to a small amount of fuel corresponding to the minimum power output.
Also in recent years, a downsizing engine which reduces the size thereof by reducing the displacement and also obtains power output by a supercharger has attracted attention. The downsizing engine can reduce pumping losses and friction by reducing the displacement so that fuel consumption can be improved. On the other hand, by using a supercharger, sufficient power output can be obtained and also fuel consumption can be improved by inhibiting the degradation of the compression ratio accompanying supercharging thanks to an inlet air cooling effect by cylinder direct injection of fuel. It is necessary particularly for a fuel injection device used for the downsizing engine to be able to inject fuel in a wide range from the minimum injection quantity corresponding to the minimum power output due to a lower displacement to the maximum injection quantity corresponding to the maximum power output obtained by supercharging and an extended control range of the fuel quantity is demanded.
Also, with tightening of emission control, the inhibition of the total quantity of particulate matter (PM) during mode traveling and the particulate number (PN) as the number thereof of an engine are demanded and a fuel injection device capable of controlling a minute injection quantity is demanded. As a means of inhibiting generation of particulate matter, as described in, for example, PTL 1, it is effective to divide a spray during one intake and exhaust stroke into a plurality of times and inject (hereinafter, called divided injection). By performing divided injection, adhesion of fuel to the piston wall surface can be inhibited and thus, injected fuel is more likely to be vaporized and the total quantity of particulate matter and the particulate number as the number thereof can be inhibited. In an engine that performs divided injection, it is necessary to divide fuel to be injected at a time in the past into that to be injected a plurality of times and inject and thus, a fuel injection device needs to be able to control an injection quantity more minute than in the past.
In general, the injection quantity a fuel injection device is controlled by the pulse width of an injection pulse output from an engine control unit (ECU). The injection quantity increases with an increasing injection pulse width and decreases with a decreasing injection pulse width and the relationship thereof is substantially linear. However, the time needed for a needle to reach a valve closed position after the injection pulse is stopped varies due to a rebound phenomenon (bound behavior of the needle) that occurs when the needle collides against a fixed core or a stopper that regulates a displacement of the needle in a region where the injection pulse width is short, posing a problem that the injection quantity does not change linearly with respect to the injection pulse width and thus, a controllable minimum injection quantity of the fuel injection device increases. Also due to the rebound phenomenon of the needle, the injection quantity may not be stable from fuel injection device to fuel injection device and it is unavoidable to set an individual fuel injection device with the largest injection quantity as the controllable minimum injection quantity, leading to an increased minimum injection quantity. If the injection pulse width is further shortened from an injection pulse in a nonlinear region where the relationship between the injection pulse and the injection quantity is not linear, the region becomes a region where the needle and the fixed core do not collide, that is, an intermediate lift region where a valve body is not fully lifted. In such an intermediate lift region, even if the same injection pulse is supplied to the fuel injection device of each cylinder, the lift quantity of the fuel injection device differs immensely due to individual differences arising under the influence of dimensional tolerance, aging and the like of the fuel injection device. Then, the required injection quantity is small in an intermediate lift region and the influence of individual variations of the injection quantity on injection quantity errors becomes pronounced, which makes it difficult to use the intermediate lift region from the viewpoint of stable combustion.
As described above, it is necessary to reduce variations of the injection quantity of a fuel injection device and a controllable minimum injection quantity for the purpose of improving fuel consumption and inhibiting particulate matter and to achieve a significant reduction of the minimum injection quantity, controlling a short injection pulse region having variation characteristics in which the relationship between the injection pulse width and the injection quantity varies individually and the injection quantity in an intermediate lift region where the injection pulse is small and the valve body does not reach the target lift is demanded. To reduce variations of the injection quantity and the minimum injection quantity, it is necessary to be able to detect variations of a valve operation or variations of the injection quantity such as variations in time after an injection pulse generated by the bound phenomenon of the needle arising when the needle collides against the fixed core or the like during valve opening is stopped before the needle reaches a valve closed position for each fuel injection device of each cylinder and to correct the injection quantity of fuel individually and as a detection technology for this purpose, a fuel injection control device disclosed by PTL 2 is known as a means of detecting the collision time of the needle and the fixed core when the fuel injection device finishes valve opening. In PTL 2, the collision timing of the needle and the fixed core when the fuel injection device finishes valve opening by focusing on a phenomenon in which a magnetic material constituting a magnetic circuit is magnetically saturated by a rapidly reducing air gap between the needle and the fixed core and the inductance of the magnetic circuit changes and detecting the timing when the second differential value of the current changes from negative to positive.
PTL 3 discloses a detector of acceleration and the like that detects a movable magnetic body moving in accordance with acceleration of a needle by a differential transformer transducer and generates output in accordance with a displacement of the magnetic body on the secondary side of the transformer transducer, wherein a linear voltage is obtained in accordance with acceleration by providing in series a solenoid that adds a voltage induced by the magnetic flux of a primary solenoid to the output of a secondary solenoid in phase or reverse movement.

Drive device for fuel injection device, and fuel injection system


A plurality of process cartridges are installed and removed in a lateral direction of an image forming device main body. A conveying belt unit in the device main body includes a conveying belt that upwardly conveys a sheet on which an image is to be formed and a frame that supports an entraining roller at which the conveying belt is entrained. The image forming device includes a guide that guides the plurality of process cartridges to their installed positions in the device main body. The plurality of process cartridges correspond to respective toners of a plurality of colors. Each of the process cartridges includes a housing that supports a photosensitive drum which rotates in a predetermined direction. Each of the process cartridges also includes a handle having the same color as that of the frame of the conveying belt unit and which is formed integrally with the housing.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a process cartridge which is used in an image forming device for forming images on recording media, and to an image forming device in and from which the process cartridge can be installed and removed.
2. Description of the Related Art
As an image forming device which forms images on recording media, there is known an image forming device in which a cover which is at the front surface of the device is opened, and an electrostatic transfer unit, which is disposed so as to oppose process cartridges which are disposed vertically in a row, is withdrawn such that the process cartridges can be installed and removed at the front of the device (for example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open (JP-A) Nos. 2003-241620 and 2005-43594).
In the image forming device of JP-A No. 2003-241620, two handles which are provided at the both end portions of the process cartridge are grasped, and the process cartridge is installed or removed. In such a device, in a state in which the electrostatic transfer unit is not withdrawn and opposes the process cartridges, the handles of the process cartridges are accommodated at the sides of the electrostatic transfer unit.
In contrast therewith, in the image forming device of JP-A No. 2005-43594, the handles of the process cartridges are eliminated, and an interlocking mechanism and a cartridge moving mechanism are provided. In this way, interlockingly with the operation of withdrawing the electrostatic transfer unit, a process cartridge which has run out of toner is moved toward the front of the device, and the user can recognize without confusion the process cartridge which should be replaced.
However, because an interlocking mechanism and a cartridge moving mechanism are needed in the image forming device of JP-A No. 2005-43594, the structure of the device is complex, and the number of parts increases.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Process cartridge and image forming device


A pulse wave analyzing apparatus including a cuff 12 for detecting a pulse wave from a living subject, a pressure sensor 16 for converting the pulse wave detected by the cuff 12, into an electric signal, i.e., a pulse wave signal SM, a plurality of band-pass filters 62 (BPF(1), BPF(2), . . . , BPF(n)) that have respective low-side cuff-off frequency bands differing from each other and each receive the pulse wave signal SM, a provisional rising point determining device 64 for determining respective times PS of respective provisional rising points of respective pulse waves represented by respective secondary pulse wave signals SM2 that have passed through the band-pass filters 62, and a proper rising point determining device 66 for comparing the respective times PS of respective provisional rising points with each other and thereby determining a time AS of a proper rising point based on the respective times PS of respective provisional rising points.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relate to a filter for use with a pulse wave sensor in determining a rising point of a pulse wave, and a pulse wave analyzing apparatus that determines a rising point of a pulse wave by analyzing the shape or form of the pulse wave.
2. Related Art Statement
A rising point of a pulse wave is identified or determined, for example, when a pulse wave propagation velocity at which the pulse wave propagates between two body portions of a living subject is measured, or when a pulse rate of the subject is measured. There is known a pulse wave sensor that is worn on a body portion of a living subject to detect a pulse wave from the body portion, and outputs a pulse wave signal representing the detected pulse wave. However, the pulse wave signal contains, in addition to components representing the pulse wave, low-frequency noise such as swell like DC component, or high-frequency noise such as artifact noise or background noise. Hence, a pulse wave filter is used to remove the noise and obtain a filtered pulse wave signal representing a desired pulse wave.
When the rising point of pulse wave is utilized, such a pulse wave filter is employed which has a specific frequency band covering frequencies of a rising portion of the pulse wave and allows the rising portion to pass therethrough. For example, a pulse wave filter disclosed by Japanese Patent Publication No. 2001-145606 has a specific frequency band of from 1 Hz to 30 Hz.
However, even in the case where the pulse wave filter that allows the rising portion of pulse wave to pass therethrough is employed and the pulse wave signal filtered by the filter is used to determine the rising point of pulse wave, the rising portion of the pulse wave represented by the filtered signal may not be so sharp as to be able to determine sufficiently accurately a time of detection or occurrence of the rising point.

Filter for use with pulse-wave sensor and pulse wave analyzing apparatus


A process for making lead-free projectiles such as bullets using liquid metal infiltration to make a projectile having a density similar to lead.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to the process of making lead-free projectiles such as bullets and shot by the technique of liquid metal infiltration.
2. Brief Description of the Art
Liquid metal infiltration is a well known technique for making certain metal objects where a porous preform made of one or more constituents having a relatively high melting temperature is infiltrated by a molten metal or alloy whose melting point is less than that of the constituents making up the porous preform. See Claus G. Goetzek, Infiltration, Metals Handbook Ninth edition, Vol. 7, Powders Metallurgy, pages 551-566 (1984); for a detailed description of this operation.
Liquid metal infiltration has been used to make a wide variety of metal articles of manufacturing, including electrical contacts and electrodes, rocket nozzles, jet engine components, tools, mechanical parts and bearings. It is believed this technique has never been used to make projectiles, specifically, lead-free projectiles that have similar ballistic performance characteristics similar to those of lead-type projectiles.

Lead-free projectiles made by liquid metal infiltration


A suction cup structure includes a suction cup, a lifting rod, a holder base, a slide bolt, a radial arm and an axial-bolt. The lifting rod is vertically connected to the suction cup, and has a through hole with horizontal penetration. The sleeve of the holder base has a rotation axis hole with horizontal penetration and a slide notch. The lifting rod is disposed in a sleeve of the holder base. The suction cup is under a disk body of the holder base. The slide bolt passes through a first hole of the button arm, the slide notch and the through hole. The axial-bolt also passes through the rotation axis hole and a second hole of the button arm. By pressing a button end of the button arm, an activation piece of the button arm rotates based on the axial-bolt to pull the slide bolt. The slide bolt then slides toward the upper portion from the lower portion of the first hole, and slides into the slide notch simultaneously to lift the lifting rod. The suction cup is therefore lifted to generate the suction.

A fastening base, which is used to fasten an external electronic apparatus (e.g., mobile phones, personal digital assistants or navigation devices), is usually attached by a clip to an air outlet or a cigar-lighter of a vehicle. However, while using the fastening base, a user must lower his/her head to keep a close watch on the display. Messages shown on the display of the electronic apparatus may not be clearly seen by the user due to different types of vehicles. To overcome the aforesaid problem, the position of the fastening base needs to be redeployed. If the fastening base can be indirectly attached to a windshield of the vehicle through a connecting rod with a suction cup, the user does not need to lower his/her head to watch the display. Another option is therefore provided for the user to easily adjust the fastening base, such that the messages shown on the display of the electronic apparatus can be clearly seen.
To achieve the foregoing objective, the inventor of the present invention based on years of experience in the related field from conducting extensive research and experiments, invents a suction cup structure as a method or a basis for achieving the aforementioned objective.


A plurality of liquid crystal modulation electrodes is arranged in a matrix on a semiconductor substrate 28, a light transmitting substrate 47 with a transparent electrode 23, and a semiconductor substrate are laminated together with liquid crystal interposed therebetween, the semiconductor substrate is connected to a flexible printed board 25 electrically connecting to an external circuit, the transparent electrode is connected to the wiring of the flexible printed board not through the semiconductor substrate, and the wiring is connected to the semiconductor substrate, whereby the transparent electrode is electrically connected to the semiconductor substrate. The semiconductor substrate 28 is provided with an anti-electrostatic protection circuit and the transparent electrode is connected to the anti-electrostatic protection circuit through the wiring.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a liquid crystal display, a liquid crystal projector, and a rear projection apparatus for displaying images and characters using liquid crystals, and in particular, to a projection type of liquid crystal display, liquid crystal projector, and rear projection apparatus.
2. Description of the Related Art
In the multimedia era of nowadays, there has been an increasing demand for an apparatus for communication with picture data. Among other things, a liquid crystal display attracts public attention because it is thinner and less power-consuming and has already developed into a key industry comparable to the semiconductor industry. As a liquid crystal display gets larger in screen size, a production equipment therefore becomes expensive and a liquid crystal display is required to satisfy electrically severe characteristics to drive a larger screen. For this reason, attention has been called to a projection type of liquid crystal display in which a small liquid crystal display panel is prepared and a picture displayed thereon is optically enlarged to be displayed. This is because reduction in screen size enables improving characteristics and reducing cost at the same time, as is the case with a scaling law in which as a semiconductor becomes finer, performances and cost are improved. The liquid crystal display panel is typically connected to an external system with a wire bonding or an anisotropic conductive film.
The point different from a general semiconductor circuit in connection is that the liquid crystal display panel takes electric potential on a light transmitting substrate such as an opposing glass substrate. Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. H05-72545 describes a method of taking electric potential wherein an electrode of a glass or resin substrate is directly connected to a flexible printed board by Ag paste in a liquid crystal display panel using a light transmission substrate such as glass or resin substrate. Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Nos. 2001-249345 and 2002-006339 describe another method wherein electrodes are connected to wirings on the silicon substrate side by conductive material. FIG. 11 is a cross section illustrated in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2002-006339. As illustrated in FIG. 11, a first substrate 202 is provided with a common wiring 203 and external connection terminal 204 and a second substrate 212 is provided with an opposite electrode 211. Liquid crystal 215 is sealed between the first and the second substrate 202 and 212. An external connection area 233 and a conductive connection portion 232 such as Ag paste are also illustrated in the figure.

Liquid crystal display and liquid crystal projector


A bracket supporting apparatus includes a side plate, two fixing brackets, a first mounting bracket defining a first through hole, and a second mounting bracket defining a second through hole. Each of the two fixing brackets includes a connection portion defining a fixing hole. Two supporting portions extend from two sides of the connection portion. A mounting portion extends from one side of each of the two supporting portions. The two supporting portions of each of the two fixing brackets are substantially parallel to the first mounting bracket and the second mounting bracket. The mounting portions are fixed to the side plate. A first fastener passes through each of the first through holes, the second through holes, and the fixing holes to fix the first mounting bracket and the second mounting bracket to each of the two fixing brackets.

1. Technical Field
The present disclosure relates to a bracket supporting apparatus in vending machines.
2. Description of Related Art
Vending machines have product channels for accommodating product for sale. The product channels are fixed to a base plate by rivets or screws in a typical vending machine. When the product channels are filled with goods, the base plate may become distorted and the vending machine may be destroyed.
Therefore, there is a need for improvement in the art.

HONG FU JIN PRECISION INDUSTRY (WuHan) CO., LTD.


A lens barrel includes a first tube and second tube, the first tube movable relative to the second tube by rotation of the second tube, an engaging unit disposed on the second tube, and a barrier driving unit disposed on an object side of the first tube that opens and close a barrier. The first tube is relatively moved in an optical axis direction by engaging with the engaging unit. The barrier is opened and closed when a first interlocking unit which is arranged on the barrier driving unit and a second interlocking unit which is arranged on the cam tube are shifted from a non-interlocking state to an interlocking state. When the first interlocking unit and second interlocking unit are in the interlocking state, at least a portion of the first interlocking unit and the engaging unit overlap with each other in a radial direction of the second tube.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a lens barrel provided on a film camera, a digital camera and the like, and an imaging apparatus having the lens barrel.
2. Description of the Related Art
Conventionally, film cameras which use a silver halide film were widely spread. However, recently digital cameras capable of capturing an image into a memory without using film have quickly spread. Some of these digital cameras have a zoom mechanism for moving a plurality of optical lenses in an optical axis direction to change the imaging magnification. Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2001-324663 discusses an example of a zoom lens barrel configuration.
In the configuration discussed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2001-324663, a plurality of lens holding units which hold a plurality of lenses are moved in the optical axis direction by a cam ring, and movement in a rotational direction of the lens holding units is regulated by a rotation regulation unit. This configuration allows the optical lenses to be moved to a designated position.
Recently, with the rapid progress in increasing magnification, there has been an increase in a number of lens groups and in an extended total lens length, so that cameras tend to be larger. Meanwhile, there is a strong demand for a thinner camera, so that there is a need to make the camera as thin as possible when the lens barrel is stored in the camera. One way to make the camera thinner is to shorten a dimension of each barrel tube in the optical axis direction and connect the tubes in a multistage configuration. However, such configuration is difficult to achieve as it involves many restrictions in arranging the tubes without intersecting a plurality of cams.
Japanese Patent No. 3842087 and Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2002-258378 discuss methods to solve this problem.
Recently, cameras are downsized and their optical systems have greater magnification, so that an amount of lens extension movement is increasing. As a result, a movement of a barrier has to be interlocked with the extension amount of the barrel, and many rotation angles need to follow interlocking movement of the barrier with the barrel. At the same time, a barrier interlocking unit has to be arranged which avoids a cam groove.


A method for producing a reinforced polyester non-woven material suitable for use as a roofing material, comprising: forming a mixture comprising glass fibers and a liquid binder; applying the mixture to a polyester non-woven material; and curing the liquid binder to form a layer comprising glass fibers that is attached to the polyester non-woven material.

Membranes and sheets such as a bitumen-containing sheet can be used as roofing construction materials in both residential and commercial applications. Such membranes and sheets can further contain a layer formed from glass yarn, glass thread or glass mat, or a polymer layer to improve structural characteristics.
Such glass yarn, glass thread or glass mat materials used to manufacture the membrane or sheet are typically commercially available as finished products and thus can be relatively expensive to obtain. Moreover, the use of such preformed, commercially available glass products can slow down the manufacturing process and contribute to additional process inefficiencies.

Method for producing a reinforced polyester non-woven material


The subject of the present application is a dyeing composition for dyeing keratinous fibers, in particular human keratinous fibres such as hair, comprising, in an appropriate dyeing medium, at least one cationic tertiary para-phenylenediamine containing a pyrrolidine ring, and at least one cationic direct dye comprising at least one heterocyclic group.

The subject of the present application is a dyeing composition for dyeing keratinous fibres, in particular human keratinous fibres such as hair, comprising, in an appropriate dyeing medium, at least one cationic tertiary para-phenylenediamine containing a pyrrolidine ring, and at least one cationic direct dye comprising at least one heterocycle group.
The subject of the invention is also the use of this composition for dyeing keratinous fibres and the dyeing method using this composition.
It is known to dye keratinous fibres, and in particular human hair, with dyeing compositions containing oxidation dye precursors, generally called oxidation bases, such as ortho- or para-phenylenediamines, or ortho- or para-aminophenols and heterocyclic compounds. These oxidation bases are colourless or weakly coloured compounds which, when combined with oxidizing products, can give rise, through a process of oxidative condensation, to coloured compounds.
It is also known that it is possible to vary the shades obtained with these oxidation bases by combining them with couplers or colour modifiers, the latter being chosen in particular from aromatic meta-diamines, meta-aminophenols, meta-diphenols and certain heterocyclic compounds such as indole compounds.
The variety of molecules used in the oxidation bases and couplers allows a rich palette of colours to be obtained.
The so-called "permanent" coloration obtained using these oxidation dyes should moreover satisfy a number of requirements. Thus, it should be without disadvantage from the toxicological point of view, it should make it possible to obtain shades in the desired intensity and should exhibit good fastness to external agents such as light, adverse weather conditions, washing, permanent waving, perspiration and rubbing.
The dyes should also make it possible to cover grey hair, and should finally be as less selective as possible, that is to say it is possible to obtain the least possible colour variations along the length of the same keratinous fibre, which is in general differentially sensitized (that is to say damaged) between its tip and its root.
It has already been proposed, in patent application WO 02/45675, to use compositions for the oxidation dyeing of keratinous fibres comprising a cationic tertiary para-phenylenediamine containing a pyrrolidine ring.
These cationic tertiary para-phenylenediamines containing a pyrrolidine ring lead to compositions which exhibit a harmlessness which is generally considered better than the compositions containing conventional para-phenylenediamines. However, the shades obtained when these compositions are used are markedly less intense and markedly more selective, that is to say that the dyes obtained exhibit substantial variations in colorations as a function of the degree of sensitization of the various types of hair or of the various areas of the same hair. The fastness of these shades can also vary greatly according to the degree of sensitization. In addition, the colorations obtained are also often more grey, that is to say less chromatic.

Dyeing composition comprising a cationic tertiary para-phenylenediamine and a heterocyclic cationic direct dye, methods and uses

Abstract: The subject of the invention is also the dyeing method using this composition and the corresponding devices.


A method (10, 20) and apparatus (30) enables a customer (47) to distinguish between a dead or broken Internet Protocol telephone line and an out-of-service Internet Protocol telephone line. The method detects (11) a hook status of a device (46) coupled to the IP network (33) during an out-of-service status of the line. Upon detection of a change in state from an on-hook state to an off-hook state, a message is sent (13) to the device (46) indicating that the IP telephone line is currently out-of-service and not dead or broken. This message can be a voice or text message. Moreover, the message can provide status information for all of the interfaces of the device coupled to the IP telephone line. In addition, the message can include information as to how to obtain service, such as a telephone number to call.

In the conventional phone system, when a phone line is out-of-service, the phone line is completely dead. In other words, the phone line has no loop current and generates no sound. The same remains true if the telephone line is broken. Thus, the user of a telephone line has no ability to determine the difference between these two possibilities, and therefore must act to determine which one is the case. With the arrival of Internet Protocol (IP) Telephony, there is an opportunity to improve upon the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) model.
Thus, the present invention is therefore directed to the problem of developing a method and apparatus for distinguishing between an out-of-service telephone line and a broken telephone line in Internet Protocol Telephony.

Instructive out-of-service telephone lines


A color filter substrate for a transflective liquid crystal display device includes: a substrate having a plurality of pixel regions, each of the plurality of pixel regions having reflective and transmissive portions; a black matrix on the substrate; a buffer layer on the black matrix, the buffer layer having a groove corresponding to the black matrix; a color filter layer on the buffer layer, the color filter layer having a first thickness in the reflective portion and a second thickness in the transmissive portion wherein the first thickness is substantially half of the second thickness, the color filter layer having a step difference at a border between the reflective and transmissive portions; and a common electrode on the color filter layer.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a liquid crystal display device, and more particularly to a transflective liquid crystal display device selectively using reflective and transmissive modes and having equivalent light efficiency and color reproducibility in reflective and transmissive portions, and a fabricating method thereof.
2. Discussion of the Related Art
Generally, transflective liquid crystal display (LCD) devices function as both transmissive and reflective LCD devices. Because the transflective LCD devices can use both a backlight and the exterior natural or artificial light, the transflective LCD devices are usable in more circumstances, and power consumption of transflective LCD devices can be reduced.
FIG. 1 is a schematic plane view of an array substrate for a transflective liquid crystal display device according to the related art. A gate line 52 and a data line 62 are formed on a substrate 50. A gate line 52 and a data line 62 cross each other to define a pixel region "P." A thin film transistor (TFT) "T," including a gate electrode 54, an active layer 56, and source and drain electrodes 58 and 60, is disposed at a crossing of the gate line 52 and the data line 62. The pixel region "P" includes a reflective portion "C" and a transmissive portion "D." A reflective electrode 64 and a transparent electrode 66 correspond to the reflective portion "C" and the transmissive portion "D," respectively. The reflective electrode 64 having a transmissive hole 64a can be formed over the transparent electrode 66. A metal pattern 63 with an island shape overlaps a portion of the gate line 52 and contacts the reflective electrode 64 or the transparent electrode 66. The metal pattern 63 and the overlapped portion of the gate line 52 constitute a storage capacitor "CST."
FIGS. 2 and 3 are schematic cross-sectional views, which are taken along a line "I—I" of FIG. 1, showing a transflective liquid crystal display device according to first and second embodiments of the related art, respectively.
In FIGS. 2 and 3, first and second substrates 50 and 80 face into and are spaced apart from each other. The first and second substrates 50 and 80 include a plurality of pixel regions "P." A gate line (not shown) and a data 62 line crossing each other are formed on an inner surface of the first substrate 50. Red, green, and blue sub-color filters 84a and 84b are formed on an inner surface of the second substrate 80, and a black matrix 82 is formed between the sub-color filters 84a and 84b. A transparent common electrode 86 is formed on the sub-color filters 84a and 84b and the black matrix 82. The pixel region "P" includes a reflective portion "C" and a transmissive portion "D." Generally, a reflective electrode 64 corresponding to the reflective portion "C" and a transparent electrode 66 corresponding to the transmissive portion "D" are formed over an inner surface of the first substrate 50. The reflective electrode 64 having a transmissive hole "64a" can be formed over or under the transparent electrode 66.
In the transflective LCD device, it is very important to obtain an equivalent optical efficiency in the reflective and transmissive portions "C" and "D." In FIG. 2, because the light path (the distance that light transverses when light passes through a liquid crystal layer) in the reflective portion "C" is different from that in the transmissive portion "D," the polarization properties in the reflective and transmissive portions "C" and "D" are also different from each other. When light passes through a liquid crystal layer 90 having a thickness "d" in the transmissive portion "D," light passing through the liquid crystal layer 90 in the reflective portion "C" is reflected at the reflective electrode 64 and then passes through the liquid crystal layer 90 again. Accordingly, light path in the reflective portion "C" is twice of that in the transmissive portion "D". Thus, light has different polarization properties in the reflective and transmissive portions "C" and "D," thereby a difference in light efficiency is generated.
To solve this problem, as shown in FIG. 3, an insulating layer 63 in the transmissive portion "D" has an open portion 61 so that light path in the reflective portion "C" can be the same as that in the transmissive portion "D." When the liquid crystal layer 90 in the reflective portion "C" has a first thickness of "d," the liquid crystal layer 90 in the transmissive portion "D" has a second thickness of "2d." In other words, the liquid crystal layer 90 has a dual cell gap.
However, even though light efficiency of the reflective portion "C" is the same as that of the transmissive portion "D" due to the dual cell gap, uniform color reproducibility cannot be obtained. The sub-color filter 84a and 84b in the reflective portion "C" has the same thickness as that in the transmissive portion "D." Light passes through the sub-color filter 84a and 84b twice in the reflective portion "C," while light passes through the sub-color filter 84a and 84b just once in the transmissive portion "D." Accordingly, even though light passing through the transmissive portion "D" is brighter than light reflected from the reflective portion "C," light emitted from the reflective portion "C" has higher color reproducibility than that emitted from the transmissive portion "D." To solve this problem, a method that a sub-color filter having a dual thickness in the reflective and transmissive portions is suggested in Korean Patent Application No. 2000-9979.
FIG. 4 is a schematic cross-sectional view, which is taken along a line "I—I" of FIG. 1, showing a transflective liquid crystal display device according to a third embodiment of the related art. First and second substrates 50 and 80 having a pixel region "P" face into and are spaced apart from each other, and a liquid crystal layer 90 is interposed therebetween. The pixel region "P" includes a reflective portion "C" and a transmissive portion "D." A black matrix 92 is formed on an inner surface of the second substrate 80 at a border of the pixel region "P." A transparent buffer layer 94 corresponding to the reflective portion "C" is formed on the black matrix 82. Red and green sub-color filters 96a and 96b are formed on the buffer layer 94 in the pixel region "P." A common electrode 98 is sequentially formed on the buffer layer 94.
A reflective electrode 64 corresponding to the reflective portion "C" and a transparent electrode 66 corresponding to the transmissive portion "D" are formed on an inner surface of the first substrate 50. Generally, the reflective electrode 64 having a transmissive hole 64a is formed under the transparent electrode 66. Because an insulating layer 63 under the reflective electrode 64 has an open portion 61 corresponding to the transmissive hole 64a, a first thickness "d1" of the liquid crystal layer 90 in the reflective portion "C" may be a half of a second thickness "d2" of the liquid crystal layer 90 in the transmissive portion "D." That is, the second thickness "d2" of the liquid crystal layer 90 in the transmissive portion "D" is substantially twice of the first thickness "d1" of the liquid crystal layer 90 in the reflective portion "C." Each of the sub-color filters 96a and 96b has a thickness ratio of 1:2 in the reflective and transmissive portions "C" and "D" due to the buffer layer 94.
FIGS. 5A to 5F are schematic cross-sectional views showing a fabricating process of a color filter layer of a transflective liquid crystal display device according to a third embodiment of the related art.
In FIG. 5A, a black matrix 92 is formed on a substrate 80 by sequentially depositing and patterning chromium oxide (CrOx) and chromium (Cr). The black matrix 92 is used for low reflectance of an LCD screen. Because the aperture ratio directly depends on the shape of the black matrix 92, the black matrix 92 is formed to cover only a portion corresponding to a switching element (not shown), a gate line (not shown) and a data line (not shown) considering preventing light leakage due to reflected light and the assembly margin of the attachment process. As a result, the substrate in a pixel region is exposed.
In FIG. 5B, a transparent thin film 93 is formed on the black matrix 92 by depositing photopolymeric polymer or organic insulating material. An inorganic insulating material also may be used for the transparent thin film 93.
In FIG. 5C, a buffer layer 94 is formed at a portion corresponding to the reflective portion "C" through a photolithographic process that eliminates the transparent thin film 93 (of FIG. 5A) corresponding to the transmissive portion "D." As a result, the buffer layer 94 is formed on a second substrate 80 corresponding to the reflective portion "C."
In FIG. 5D, a red sub-color filter 96a is formed on the buffer layer 94 by coating and patterning color resin including red dye. Since the color resin fills a portion corresponding to the transmissive portion "D" where the buffer layer 94 is not formed, the red sub-color filter 96a is formed to correspond to one pixel region "P" including the reflective and transmissive portions "C" and "D."
In FIG. 5E, similar to the red sub-color filter 96a, a green sub-color filter 96b is formed on the buffer layer 94 by coating and patterning color resin including green dye.
In FIG. 5F, similar to the red and green sub-color filters 96a and 96b, a blue sub-color filter 96c is formed on the buffer layer 94 by coating and patterning color resin including blue dye, thereby a color filter layer 96 including red, green and blue sub-color filters 96a, 96b and 96c completed. A common electrode 98 is formed on the color filter layer 96 by depositing one of a transparent conductive metallic material group including indium-tin-oxide (ITO) and indium-zinc-oxide (IZO). A planarization layer (not shown) may be formed between the color filter layer 96 and the common electrode 98.
Referring again to FIG. 4, the insulating layer 63 having the open portion 61 is formed to obtain a cell gap ratio of 1:2 in the reflective and transmissive portions "C" and "D," and the buffer layer 94 is formed to obtain a thickness ratio of 1:2 of the color filter layer 96 in the reflective and transmissive portions "C" and "D." However, even though equivalent optical efficiency and color reproducibility is obtained in the reflective and transmissive portions, the fabrication process for the dual cell gap ratio of 1:2 and the thickness ratio of 1:2 is very complex. Moreover, because excess organic materials are used, the production cost increases.

Transflective liquid crystal display device having groove in buffer layer and fabricating method thereof


A thermal printer has a donor web positioning system that uses a single sensor in conjunction with a capstan roller. The roller is driven by a stepper motor to precisely meter the donor web. The roller is positioned between the print drum and the take-up spool and drivingly engages the donor web and controllably advances the donor web towards the take-up spool at a known rate as the web is paid out of the print zone. The single sensor is positioned between the print drum and the supply spool to detect the start of the plurality of frames of dye, as the donor web advances. Each individual frame is then positioned properly by causing the capstan drive motor to advance a known, pre-programmed number of steps to place the beginning of each color frame at the heater line of the thermal head.

In a thermal printing process, a dye bearing donor web is brought into contact with a dye receiving print media at a print zone. Thermal printing is effected by contacting the donor web with a print head that spans the donor web in a direction transverse to the direction of web travel. To maintain intimate contact between the donor web and receiver during the printing operation, the donor web and print media are partially wrapped around the surface of a print drum. The print drum is commonly driven by a precision stepper motor so that the spacing between adjacent image lines can be precisely controlled. Print quality is influenced considerably by longitudinal variations in the donor web tension during printing. Accurate color registration is not achievable when printing along the length of the web does not begin at the same point for each color frame. For good color registration, printing should begin at the same point on the receiver for each color frame so that each color frame exactly and precisely overlaps the previous color frame. To make a color print, color frames or patches of yellow, magenta and cyan are typically used and applied one on the other on the dye receiver. The color frames exist on the donor web in ordered fashion and are detected by a sensor.
During the color thermal printing process, it is necessary to have the dye donor web properly positioned relative to the dye receiver to ensure full coverage of the image area by successive color patches. This need has been met by placing color discriminating optical sensors directly in the donor path just past the thermal print head in the direction of travel of the donor web as illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 4,710,781 which issued Dec. 1, 1987 to S. W. Stephenson. These sensors detect the presence of the different colored patches on the donor as they advance. When these sensors detect a new color frame during the printing cycle, the donor advance is stopped, properly positioning the donor relative to the receiver. It is desirable to position the sensors as close as possible to the thermal print line of the thermal print head because all donor that occupies that distance after positioning is not used and is therefore wasted. Unfortunately, the physical configuration of the print head and surrounding mechanisms limit the minimum distance that can be achieved. Accordingly, it will be appreciated that it would be highly desirable to have a thermal printer in which none of the dye donor is wasted by the inability to locate the sensor at the thermal print line.
Some thermal printers position the sensors at a specified distance upstream of the thermal head. As transitions in colors are sensed, the take up drive system advances the donor a predetermined distance to position the next color beneath the print line of the thermal print head. A problem with this positioning arrangement is that the precision of the positioning mechanism of the donor drive is affected by the diameter of the roll of accumulated expended donor which changes significantly from empty to full. Consequently, color frames at the end of the donor roll cannot be positioned as close to the print line as those at the beginning. Each frame must therefore be sufficiently large to accommodate this error, again causing valuable donor to be wasted. One solution to this problem is using encoders and software algorithms to measure the rotational speed of the supply spool while printing and to provide a compensated take up rate. Unfortunately, such a solution is expensive, and still has an unattractively high positioning tolerance. Accordingly, it will be appreciated that it would be highly desirable to precisely position the color frames without using encoders or other complicated or expensive components.

High precision donor web positioning apparatus and method for a thermal printer


This invention relates to a system for influencing of a biological cellular structure, for instance, to generate a therapeutic effect in a human or animal body, making use of a combination of light energy and magnetic energy, said system being provided with at least one light source (2), (8), a magnetic energy source (12), which is preferably capable of generating a pulsing magnetic field, and devices to adjust and/or modulate the frequencies and/or phases and/or amplitudes of the light and/or the magnetic field so that resonances and/or interferences may be obtained in the biological cellular structure. The system preferably comprises a first (2) and a second light source (8), which generate light with a different coherence, in which the light coming from the first light source (2) and the light coming from the second light source (8) is preferably used alternately and/or with a phase shift and is polarized.

This invention relates to a system for influencing a biological cellular structure, in which use is made of a combination of light energy and magnetic energy.
This invention relates in particular to a system for realising beneficial effects on a biological cellular structure in a human, an animal or a plant. More in particular, it relates to a system for realizing specific therapeutic effects in humans and animals.
It has long been known that light of certain frequencies can create certain therapeutic effects on a living creature. Applications thereof are generally indicated by the term light therapy. There are instruments for application of light therapy that comprise a so-called coherent light source, such as a laser system. These systems have the disadvantage that their use can be hazardous. Other well-known instruments comprise a source of incoherent light, such as a full-spectrum lamp.
Besides these, also the magnetic field therapy is known, in which magnetic energy is used to obtain a beneficial influence on the health of the human.
In addition, instruments that combine the effects of light therapy and magnetic energy have already been developed. Such device is described in a number of patent publications, as for instance in French patent application No. 2 639 834. In this document, an instrument is described by which pain, inflammation and local energy disturbances can be treated. With this instrument, light of a certain spectrum as well as a magnetic or an electric field can be realised. This instrument allows orienting the so-realised electrical and magnetic fields in relation to the treated tissue. This kind of instruments has only a very limited number of fields of application and they are furthermore not very effective.
In European patent publication EP 0 228 537 A2 and in German patent publication DE 3 101 715 A1, instruments are described with which we can combine light therapy with a treatment with magnetic energy. In such treatment, we obtain at the most a combination of the known effects of infrared light therapy and the known effects of the magnetic field therapy.
In addition, the presently known instruments have the disadvantage that the light energy cannot penetrate deep enough (at the most a few mm) in the tissue, so that the efficiency of these instruments leaves much to be desired. Their therapeutic effect is rather minimal and within a very limited field of application. Their field of application is most often limited to tissue heating and pain relief.

System for influencing of a biological cellular structure


A method for generating a print job ticket includes extracting page attribute information from an electronic document, embedding the page attribute information as an object within the document, processing the document to form a print job, automatically reading the object embedded in the processed document to retrieve embedded page attribute information, and generating a job ticket for the print job based on the retrieved embedded page attribute information.

The exemplary embodiment relates to the image processing arts. It finds particular application in connection with a workflow system for processing multi-page documents ready for printing which retains the formatting instructions associated with individual pages during the preparation of a print-ready file.
A print job typically includes one or more electronically-stored files and the page attributes for those files. Conventionally, a job ticket is used to direct an output device to render the document. For example, the job ticket is used to provide instructions for an imaging system, such as a printer or copier, for rendering the print job in a designated format, such as, for example, letter size or A4, as well as specifying other page attributes, such as simplex (single-sided) or duplex (double-sided) printing, and so forth. Generally, software installed on the user's computer that displays a graphical user interface (GUI) is used to select page attributes for a print job. Using a mouse, keyboard, etc., the user selects from a menu of options displayed in the GUI the appropriate page attributes or adopts a default set. The user's computer, under control of the installed software, then creates an electronically-stored job ticket based on the information entered by the user. The job ticket, along with the files to be rendered, are forwarded to the imaging device, which then creates a physical document as specified in the job ticket attached to the electronic document.
The Adobe Portable Document Format (PDF) is widely used interchange format for electronic documents in that it is largely platform independent. The PDF format is based on PostScript and can serve as a page description language, describing the graphical appearance of pages with respect to an imaging model. The application generates a device independent description in page description language which can be interpreted by a program controlling a specific output device, which renders the image on the device. A job ticket may be embedded in a PDF file, for example, using Adobe's Portable Job Ticket Format, or appended to it.
A document may include pages of different sizes. When such a document is converted to PDF and processed in a PDF workflow system, the page size information and other formatting information received with the original document is lost as the print software applies its own job ticket. In order to get completely accurate output, the user must set up the print job ticket for the job to reflect the page sizes of the original document, taking into account any changes required if the workflow system has performed any impositions, e.g., signaturizations of the document. This detracts from the usefulness of an automated workflow system, as the print job ticket may have to be set up separately for each document. Setting the various parameters for each job ticket is often a time-consuming task.

Automatic maintenance of page attribute information in a workflow system


An improved method of bed temperature control is provided by the coordinated manipulation of the water flow rate in one or more heat exchangers and cycle gas flow rate to the reactor.

The polymer industry is constantly seeking to improve resin properties while maintaining or increasing polymer production. However, to avoid the risk of unplanned reactor shutdown, commercial reactors are typically operated at less than maximum production rates.
The production of off-grade polymer, that is, polymer not having the desired product properties, is due in large part to fluctuations or excursions in bed temperature during regular commercial operations. If the variation in the temperature of the fluidized bed during polymerization is too large, an unplanned reactor shutdown can result. Indeed, most unplanned reactor shutdowns are usually due to a variation in one or more operating constraints caused at least in part by inadequate temperature control of the fluidized bed.
Commercially, bed temperature control is accomplished by removing heat from the fluidizing or cycle gas via one or more water cooled heat exchangers. In this heat exchange system, the water flow is manipulated to remove heat from the cycle gas as the polymerization progresses. Typically, the water flow rate is increased in response to a rise in temperature of the cycle gas or the water flow rate is lowered in response to a decrease in temperature of the cycle gas. Generally, during polymerization there is a direct correlation of the cycle gas temperature and the temperature of the fluidized bed.
Temperature control for commercial operation as presently practiced is set forth schematically in FIG. 1. In this reactor system, warm cycle gas leaves the top of the reactor, passes through a compressor to a cooling tower in a heat exchanger, and, thence, cooled cycle gas returns to the bottom of the reactor. In FIG. 1, heat is removed from the cycle gas via a water cooled heat exchanger. The water flow to the heat exchanger is manipulated to remove heat from the cycle gas by adjusting the water flow valve (9) in response to temperature excursions as monitored by a temperature controller (4). That is, historically, bed temperature control is achieved through manipulation of the cycle gas heat alone. Heat removal from the cycle gas stream in this manner is a relatively slow process allowing significant variation in the bed temperature to occur. In the conventional system, water flow to the heat exchange system was manipulated to remove the cycle gas heat, while the cycle gas flow to and from the fluidized bed of the reactor is kept at a desired fixed (i.e., constant) value for any given polymerization process. Often, the cycle gas flow control element is kept fixed which in turn approximately fixes the gas cycle flow. In this bed temperature control configuration, bed temperature control was limited (i.e., provided a sluggish response) due to the slow dynamics of the water cooling system.
Accordingly, there is an on-going need for improved bed temperature control to provide improved control of product properties while maintaining or increasing production rates.

Method of fluidized bed temperature control

Union Carbide Chemicals & Plastics Technology Corporation


This invention relates to an apparatus including pairs of rollers for supporting pressure rolls in a laminating apparatus. The rollers provide the pressure rolls with a uniform pressure distribution across the width of the pressure roll nip.

Pressure rolls, particularly those constituting the pair of rolls of a laminating press, are subject to the problem that flat sheets or webs which are carried below a roll or through the gap between rolls are not subjected to a uniform pressure across their entire width, even if the roll or rolls are supported by counterpressure rolls or support rolls, because these rolls or their supports are subject to bending. A device for the purpose of making color proofs of multi-color prints is disclosed in U.S. application Ser. No. 07/700,699 filed May 16, 1991 (U.S. Pat. No. 5,168,752) corresponding to German Pat. Appln. P 40 18 295.9. In this device pressure rolls which constitute the pair of rolls of a laminating press, do not apply a uniform pressure across the entire width of the image-bearing element having a colored film on top, when the element and film are transported through the pressure rolls. The non-uniform pressure across the width is because the supports for the laminating pressure rolls, which are positioned against the upper pressure roll and brace the lower pressure roll with a counter-pressure roll, are subject to bending. Thus, the line pressure in the areas near the ends of the gap between pressure rolls is greater than in the middle. The carrier of the upper support rolls is capable of bending because the spindles which raise and lower the pressure roll act on its slides.
It is therefore the object of this invention to provide a bracing device of the aforementioned kind, which assures that a flat object which is transported under the supported roll is subject to an essentially uniform pressure over its entire width.


A translation memory system enabling the user to not only narrow down the view range of search result, but also view a surrounding context of a retrieved text. Stored parallel texts include sentence-class and segment-class parallel texts. Parallel texts relevant to a given input text are retrieved and subjected to calculation of match rates with respect to the input text. A downward link is then added to each retrieved sentence-class parallel text, while an upward link is added to each retrieved segment-class parallel text. A search result screen shows a best matching parallel text with an expand button and/or a shrink button. The expand button causes the current parallel text to be replaced with an upper-class parallel text pointed at by a corresponding upward link. The shrink button causes the current parallel text to be replaced with a lower-class parallel text pointed at by a corresponding downward link.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a computer program, apparatus, and method for searching a translation memory database to find entries matching a given source text and displaying corresponding target-language texts that are previously translated. More particularly, the present invention relates to such a computer program, apparatus, and method that compare texts not only on a sentence basis, but also on a smaller segment basis.
2. Description of the Related Art
Translators working in industrial fields are required to produce translations at a high throughput while ensuring their quality. Translation memory systems are used to aid human translators to build a database of previously translated texts and reuse them as a reference in a new translation project. With an input text entered for translation, the translation memory system searches its database to retrieve entries containing a source text similar to the given input text and then displays target-language translations in the retrieved database entries.
When the given input text is an entirely new text, it is unlikely that the translation memory system gives an exact match for that text. Some existing systems therefore divide an input text into segments when searching the database, in the hope of finding a good partial match at a phrase level (see, for example, Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2006-134062).
A combination of a source-language text and its equivalent target-language text is called a "parallel text." Suppose that a parallel text is retrieved from the translation memory database and displayed on a computer screen. The user then scrutinizes the parallel text visually to determine by him/herself which part of the text can be used for his/her translation work. This task is often burdensome, particularly in the case where the parallel text shown on the screen is long in length. In view of this problem, some existing systems aid the user to find an appropriate part of translations being displayed. One of such existing systems guesses source-target word pairs by analyzing retrieved parallel texts together and presents the result with emphasis on the word pairs that are found.
More specifically, the system searches a database of parallel texts and displays the entries matching an input text, giving emphasis on the matched portions, thus reducing the user's burden of seeking which part to reuse. It may also be possible to highlight the word pairs in multiple parallel texts retrieved from the database (see, for example, Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2003-330924).
In the field of monolingual text search, an index system called "Key Word In Context" (KWIC) has been used to search a document for a specific keyword. The KWIC index enables a match to be extracted together with its surrounding context. The user can thus view not only the exact portion of that match, but also its surrounding text, on a search result screen.
While the user may be able to recognize matched words easier, the above-mentioned translation memory system still outputs long sentences as they are. Since long sentences occupy a large area on the monitor screen, the conventional system is unable to display many candidate texts on a single screen. Even if the system has successfully found a particularly good match, the user would have difficulty in locating that text on the search result screen because of the presence of many other matches which may not be useful for him/her. In such a case, the conventional translation memory system does not help much in improving the efficiency of translation work.
Some other systems have a database of parallel texts in the form of more smaller, bilingual text segments, so that a translation memory search will focus on a necessary portion. The search result is narrow in the first place and only requires a small screen space, but this means in turn that the user is unable to see the entire context of the retrieved translation.

Computer program, apparatus, and method for searching translation memory and displaying search result