A method for collision avoidance of a motor vehicle with an emergency vehicle includes detecting surroundings of the motor vehicle using an optical detection arrangement, detecting wider surroundings of the motor vehicle using an acoustic detection arrangement, and detecting traffic users in the surroundings. The wider surroundings are investigated to detect a signal indicative of an emergency signal of the emergency vehicle, and a trajectory of motion for each of the detected traffic user is determined. If emergency signal is detected, a further investigation is undertaken to detect behavior that is indicative of a hazardous situation in the surroundings. If the behavior indicative of the hazardous situation detected, then the method also includes locating a position of the emergency vehicle and determining a trajectory of motion for the emergency vehicle based on the position of the emergency vehicle and the determined trajectories of motion of the detected traffic users. In addition, it is determined whether a collision of the motor vehicle with the emergency vehicle will occur for a current trajectory of motion of the motor vehicle based on the determined trajectory of motion for the emergency vehicle, and a warning is output to a user of the motor vehicle based on determining that the collision will occur.

The present invention concerns a method for collision avoidance of a motor vehicle with an emergency vehicle and a related system and motor vehicle.
Modern motor vehicles are ever better sound-insulated against the surroundings thereof. This contributes to increased ride comfort, because external noise is often perceived as disturbing. As a result, driving safety can also be increased, because said noise can also irritate and/or distract the driver.
As a result however, emergency vehicles in emergency use may not be noticed or no longer noticed in a timely manner. If there is no visual awareness of the emergency vehicle, then together with audible non-awareness this can lead to hazardous and accident-prone situations.
Therefore, it would be desirable to provide a capability with which emergency vehicles can be detected in a timely manner and a vehicle user can be suitably informed.
It is the aim of the invention to propose a capability that avoids or at least reduces at least some of the known disadvantages of the prior art.
In this case, the subject matter of the primary claim concerns a method for collision avoidance of a motor vehicle with an emergency vehicle, the method including: Optical detection of the surroundings of the motor vehicle by means of an optical detection arrangement of the motor vehicle. Acoustic detection of the wider surroundings of the motor vehicle by means of an acoustic detection arrangement of the motor vehicle, wherein the wider surroundings include the surroundings. Determining traffic users in the surroundings. Investigating the wider surroundings for a signal, wherein the signal is indicative of an emergency signal of an emergency vehicle. Determining a trajectory of motion for each detected traffic user. And if the examination of the wider surroundings detects a suitable emergency signal: Investigating the detected trajectories of motion for swarming behavior, wherein the swarming behavior is indicative of a hazardous situation in the surroundings. And if the examination of the detected trajectories of motion detects a suitable hazardous situation in the surroundings: Locating the position of the emergency vehicle.
Determining a trajectory of motion for the emergency vehicle based on the located position of the emergency vehicle and the detected trajectories of motion of the traffic users.
Anticipating whether a collision of the motor vehicle with the emergency vehicle will occur for a current trajectory of motion of the motor vehicle based on the detected trajectory of motion for the emergency vehicle. And if the anticipation result is that the collision will occur: Outputting a suitable warning indication to a user of the motor vehicle.
The steps of the method can be carried out in an automated manner during this.
The surroundings of the motor vehicle within the scope of the invention can mean here an area around the motor vehicle. In particular, an area around the motor vehicle can be meant here that can be detected by means of an optical detection arrangement. In this case, the area around the motor vehicle can be meant that is detectable by the optical detection arrangement and that can be clearly resolved so that object recognition is still possible.
Here an optical detection arrangement within the scope of the invention can mean an arrangement that enables the visual detection of the surroundings. This can be carried out by means of optical means, but also by means of infrared or even scanning, such as for example by means of radar and/or lidar and similar.
The wider surroundings of the motor vehicle within the scope of the invention can mean a second area around the motor vehicle. Said area can be similar to the surroundings. However, it can also differ significantly therefrom. In particular, in this case an area around the motor vehicle can be meant that can be detected by means of an acoustic detection arrangement. Therefore, in particular in urban environments, the wider surroundings can be more wide-ranging than the surroundings themselves.
An acoustic detection arrangement within the scope of the invention can be an arrangement that is arranged to detect acoustic signals. In particular, in this case an arrangement can be meant that is arranged to detect acoustic signals such as those emitted by emergency vehicles, such as police, the fire service, an emergency doctor and similar, during a corresponding emergency action. Such an acoustic detection arrangement can also detect acoustic signals such as those emitted by so-called "rumblers" of emergency vehicles. As a rule, said signals are not detectable by the human ear as a note, but are perceived by people as a vibration.
A traffic user in the surroundings within the scope of the invention can mean a road traffic user. In particular, in this case it can mean potentially fast road traffic users, such as motor vehicles. However, it can also mean passersby, cyclists and similar.
A signal within the scope of the invention can mean an acoustic sound wave. In particular, the signal can mean an acoustic warning, such as those emitted by emergency vehicles, such as police, the fire service, emergency doctors and similar, during a corresponding emergency action.
A trajectory of motion within the scope of the invention can be a virtual path that is indicative of the path to be traversed by a motor vehicle. In particular, a trajectory of motion can determine which path a motor vehicle should take. This can in particular be achieved by a number of trajectories that can be placed adjacent to each other.
A swarming behavior within the scope of the invention can mean where many objects behave similarly, similarly to a shoal of fish or a flock of birds. In particular, this can mean that objects that are at least close together or along a direction of motion have a very similar or consistent motional behavior.
Anticipation within the scope of the invention means a perception based on previous information or behavior. In this case, the anticipation can be carried out based on a logical or even logically stringent information chain of previously observed events.
A warning within the scope of the invention means a notification that is carried out because of an impending danger. Such a warning can comprise an acoustic, visual and/or haptic indication. Moreover, a warning can also comprise behavioral information regarding how to respond to the impending danger.
The lesson according to the invention gives the advantage that an impending hazardous situation that is due to the emergency operation of an emergency vehicle can be identified and a vehicle user can be forewarned accordingly.
As a result, accidents can be avoided in such situations.
The subject matter of an independent claim concerns a system for collision avoidance of a motor vehicle with an emergency vehicle, wherein the motor vehicle comprises: An optical detection arrangement for the optical detection of the surroundings of the motor vehicle. An acoustic detection arrangement for the acoustic detection of the wider surroundings of the motor vehicle, wherein the wider surroundings includes the surroundings. And an output arrangement for outputting a warning to a user of the motor vehicle. The system comprises: A first means of determination for determining traffic users in the surroundings. A means of investigation for investigating the wider surroundings for a signal, wherein the signal is indicative of an emergency signal of an emergency vehicle. A second means of determination for determining a trajectory of motion for each detected traffic user. A further means of investigation for investigating the detected trajectories of motion for swarming behavior, wherein the swarming behavior is indicative of a hazardous situation in the surroundings. A means of location for locating a position of the emergency vehicle. A third means of determination for determining a trajectory of motion for the emergency vehicle based on the located position of the emergency vehicle and the detected trajectories of motion of the traffic users. And a means of anticipation for anticipation of whether a collision of the motor vehicle with the emergency vehicle will occur for the current trajectory of motion of the motor vehicle and based on the detected trajectory of motion for the emergency vehicle. And during this the system is arranged to carry out any method according to the invention.
As a result of the lesson according to the invention, the advantage is achieved that a system can be provided to identify an impending hazardous situation caused by an emergency operation of an emergency vehicle and that a vehicle user can be suitably forewarned.
The subject matter of a further independent claim concerns a motor vehicle, comprising: An optical detection arrangement for the optical detection of the surroundings of the motor vehicle. An acoustic detection arrangement for the acoustic detection of the wider surroundings of the motor vehicle, wherein the wider surroundings includes the surroundings. An output arrangement for outputting a warning to a user of the motor vehicle. And any system according to the invention, wherein the system is arranged to carry out any method according to the invention.
By means of the lesson according to the invention, the advantage is achieved that an impending hazardous situation due to an emergency operation of an emergency vehicle can be identified in a motor vehicle and a vehicle user of the motor vehicle can be forewarned accordingly.
As a result, damage to the motor vehicle and injury to the occupants of the vehicle can be avoided in such an exceptional situation.
The subject matter of a further independent claim concerns a computer program product for a system and/or a motor vehicle, wherein the system and/or motor vehicle can be operated according to any method according to the invention.
As a result of the lesson according to the invention, the advantage is achieved that the method can be implemented particularly efficiently in an automated manner.
The subject matter of a further independent claim concerns a data medium comprising a computer program product according to the invention.
As a result of the lesson according to the invention, the advantage is achieved that the method can be distributed or maintained particularly efficiently on the arrangements, systems and/or motor vehicles that are implementing the method.
Before the embodiments of the invention are described in more detail below, it should first be noted that the invention is not limited to the described components or the described steps of the method. Furthermore, the terminology used is also not a restriction, but is only of an exemplary nature. Insofar as the singular is used in the description and the claims, the plural is included in each case, unless the context explicitly excludes this. Any steps of the method can be carried out automatically, unless the context explicitly excludes this.
Further exemplary embodiments of the method according to the invention are described below.
According to a first exemplary embodiment, the method further includes that the respective determined corresponding trajectory of motion for the respective corresponding traffic user corresponds to the respective corresponding most likely trajectory of motion for said corresponding traffic user.
Said embodiment has the advantage that it can respond to the most likely event to occur. By carrying out the method cyclically, as a result the method can approximate to the event that actually occurs in the future and thus can much more reliably predict whether there is a risk of collision.
According to a further exemplary embodiment, the method further includes that the located position of the emergency vehicle corresponds to the most likely position of the emergency vehicle. And the method further includes that the determined trajectory of motion for the emergency vehicle corresponds to the most likely trajectory of motion of the emergency vehicle.
Said embodiment has the advantage that it can respond more accurately to the event that is most likely to occur. By carrying out the method cyclically, as a result the method can still better approximate to the event that actually occurs in the future and thus can much more reliably predict whether there is a risk of collision.
According to a further exemplary embodiment, for the case in which the anticipation gives the result that the collision will occur, the method further includes determining a collision-free trajectory of motion of the motor vehicle.
Said embodiment has the advantage that in the case of a collision prediction an avoidance option can be determined that can be output to the vehicle user as an instruction.
As a result, accidents can be avoided even better in such exceptional situations.
According to a further exemplary embodiment, the method also includes that the motor vehicle is a motor vehicle that is operated in a highly automated manner and/or an autonomously operable motor vehicle.
Said embodiment has the advantage that the method can be coupled to a driver assistant or to an autonomous driving system in order to be able to independently carry out suitable avoidance by the motor vehicle in the case of a collision prediction.
According to a further exemplary embodiment, the method also includes that the surroundings move along the current trajectory of motion of the motor vehicle. And in this case, the wider surroundings include an area that differs from an area in the surroundings, and/or wherein the area in the wider surroundings is larger than the area in the surroundings.
Said embodiment has the advantage that yet more timely risk identification is possible.
According to a first exemplary embodiment, the system further includes: A fourth means of determination for determining a collision-free trajectory of motion of the motor vehicle. And a collision avoidance arrangement for automatically applying and implementing the collision-free trajectory of motion by the motor vehicle.
Said embodiment has the advantage that as a result the motor vehicle can be capable of independently carrying out corresponding avoidance by the motor vehicle in the case of a collision prediction.
The invention thus enables a hazardous situation that will probably occur because of an exceptional situation, such as can exist in road traffic owing to the emergency use of a motor vehicle, to be predicted and suitably warned of in advance.
Other objects, advantages and novel features of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of one or more preferred embodiments when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

Method for collision avoidance of a motor vehicle with an emergency vehicle and a related system and motor vehicle

Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft


An apparatus and method allows efficient processing of vertex data received in any suitable format. The method and apparatus accesses stored vertex data that may be stored in a plurality of different formats. A single copy of the received vertex data is stored in memory so that the system does not require a block of memory containing differing formats of the vertex data. The apparatus and method utilizes a universal vertex data fetching mechanism which controls retrieval of vertex data stored in the first format in memory based on multi-format description data. As such, the vertex data that may be received in one of a plurality of formats, is effectively coded so that a data fetcher may appropriately fetch vertex parameter data from suitable addresses independent of the format in which the vertex data was received.

The invention relates generally to graphics processing devices and methods and more particularly to devices and methods for accessing stored vertex data that may be stored in a plurality of different formats.
Typically, graphics devices and methods use vertex data to draw lines, triangles, and to provide texture mapping for output to a visual display device. As a result, some drawing engines or video games provide vertex data to a graphics drawing engine on a graphics processor, for example, and the graphics processor then performs the necessary calculations to draw lines and triangles using the vertex data. Vertex data is typically used to figure out how and where to draw lines and triangles. Three-dimensional shading and lighting is typically done by drawing many triangles with the appropriate shading to give a visual representation of a suitable texture to a figure or suitable lighting for a scene. Vertex data typically includes a plurality o vertex parameters which may include, for example, X coordinate position data, Y coordinate position data, Z coordinate position data, homogeneous coordinate positions for perspective correction, texture coordinates, diffuse color parameters and specular color parameters or any other suitable parameters.
A problem arises when a graphics processor receives the vertex data, such as the vertex parameters, in different formats from differing vertex data providers. For example, one software application may put the vertex data in one format whereas another software application may put the vertex data to the graphics processor in a different format. Conventional graphics processors typically have software that receives the vertex data in one format and stores the vertex data in its original format in memory. If the format is not understood by the graphics processor, the software module typically reformats the vertex data in a suitable format, namely a single format understood by the graphics processor and restores the reformatted vertex data in memory. A problem arises in that such systems can waste enormous amounts of time to fetch and restore the data from the first format and store the data again in memory in a second format. This typically is done every time a software application provides data, namely vertex data for the graphics processor. In addition, such systems may typically use twice the memory for the same period of time because the rearranging of the vertex data requires storage of the data in the original format as well as storage of the data in the single format understood by the graphics processor.
Consequently, a need exists for an apparatus and method for improving the efficiency of the graphics processing device by substantially reducing the memory requirements when differing formats of vertex data are received and improving system performance by substantially eliminating the need to read and restore vertex data in undesirable formats.

Multi-format vertex data processing apparatus and method


The specification discloses an improved ink vehicle for lithographic ink formulations. The ink vehicle contains a high viscosity primary resin component and a co-resin which is an acid catalyzed rosin or modified rosin ester. As contrasted with an ink vehicle containing a base catalyzed rosin ester co-resin, vehicles containing the acid catalyzed rosin ester co-resin exhibit substantially lower water pick up rates which improve the emulsification properties of an ink formulation containing the vehicle. The specification also discloses a method for making an ink vehicle having improved water emulsification properties.

Lithographic inks contain vehicles which give the formulations suitable properties for coating the image areas of a printing plate. In a lithographic process, the image and non-image areas are created on thin metal printing plates by a combination of photo-mechanical and photo-chemical processes which make the image area ink receptive and the non-image area water receptive. In the printing process the plate is wet first with water and then immediately thereafter with ink thereby creating the desired image in the ink receptive area of the plate. The image areas are oleophilic and hydrophobic whereas the non-image areas are hydrophilic and oleophobic. Accordingly, the image areas accept ink while the non-image areas are wet with water as a result of the physiochemical principle that oil and water do not mix. When using an ideal ink formulation, the ink only adheres to the image areas of the plate during the inking process.
After coating the image areas of the plate with ink, the plate then transfers ink from the image areas to a blanket or intermediate roller, which, in turn, transfers ink to a substrate or media to be printed. This method of printing is used in most commercial lithographic printing processes and is referred to as "offset" printing.
During the printing operation the ink and water come into contact with one another causing some degree of emulsification of the ink. The degree of emulsification of the ink in a lithographic printing system is important to the proper performance of the system. Too much water emulsification results in poor adhesion of the ink to the image areas whereas too little water emulsification results in poor image quality. Accordingly, the water balance in the ink formulation is critical to maintaining suitable printing operations.
High molecular weight phenolic or maleic modified rosin esters are commonly used in lithographic ink vehicles as a primary resin for improving the gel structure of the ink in order to improve the print quality and reduce misting of the finished ink during printing. It is common to include with the modified resins a secondary or co-resin to further modify the ink properties such as the ink transfer and ink oil solubility of the primary resin component.
Hydrocarbon-based resins have typically been used as suitable secondary or co-resins for improving the solubility of the primary resins in the ink oils. Hydrocarbon-based resins generally exhibit low water take up rates and thus have little effect on water emulsification of the ink. However, hydrocarbon-based co-resins generally possess poor compatibility with alkyd resins, vegetable oils and modified vegetable oils which are normally used in ink vehicle formulations. Hydrocarbon based resins also present increased environmental concerns. Such environmental concerns have prompted the use of base-catalyzed rosin esters as substitute secondary or co-resins.
Base-catalyzed rosin esters have comparable aliphatic oil dilutability and viscosity properties to the conventionally used hydrocarbon-based resins, and pose fewer environmental concerns. However, based-catalyzed rosin esters generally possess higher water pick up rates than hydrocarbon-based resins and tend to destabilize the water balance properties of ink formulations in printing applications.
Accordingly, it is an object of the invention to provide an improved vehicle for ink formulations.
Another object of the invention is to provide a method for making an ink vehicle for a lithographic ink formulation to enable production of ink having a relatively low water pick up rate.
Yet another object of the invention is to provide an environmentally friendly ink vehicle for a lithographic ink formulation.
Another object of the invention is to provide a secondary resin component for ink vehicle formulations which possesses substantial compatibility with alkyd resins and vegetable oils and which improves the solubility of a primary resin component in ink solvents.


An augmented reality-based display method and device, and a storage medium are provided. The method obtains a target object image in a real-time scene image captured by an image acquisition unit in response to a first instruction from a user; generates a virtual image corresponding to a target object based on the target object image; and displays the virtual image of the target object in the real-time scene image based on an augmented reality display technology. By obtaining the target object image, generating the virtual image corresponding to the target object based on the target object image, and displaying the virtual image in the real-time scene image based on the augmented reality (AR) technology, various virtual images can be generated according to user demands to meet the diverse needs of the user and improve the use experience of the user using the AR technology.

Augmented reality (AR) technology is a technology that integrates virtual information with the real world, widely uses various technical means, such as multimedia, three-dimensional modeling, real-time tracking and registration, intelligent interaction, and sensing, to simulate computer-generated virtual information, such as text, image, three-dimensional model, music, and video, and to apply the computer-generated virtual information to the real world. Two types of information complement each other, whereby "augmentation" of the real world is implemented. With the development of the AR technology, it has been extensively used in different industries.
An application of the AR technology in the prior art is to superimpose a virtual model (e.g., a cartoon character model, an animal model, etc.) onto the real world. However, the virtual model in the prior art is usually fixed, and is a virtual model image predesigned by developers, which results in a relatively single virtual model image, which cannot meet the diversified needs of users, thereby affecting the willingness of the users to use the AR technology and the use experience.

Augmented reality-based display method and device, and storage medium

BEIJING ZITIAO NETWORK TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD.


An image forming apparatus has an image carrier on which an electrostatic latent image is formed, a developing unit that develops the electrostatic latent image using a toner to form a toner image, and a cleaning unit that removes the toner remaining on the image carrier after transferring the toner image to a recording medium. The image forming apparatus includes a buffer housing unit that temporarily houses the toner removed by the cleaning unit, a first carrier unit comprising a carrier driving member, the first carrier unit provided between the cleaning unit and the buffer housing unit, and the first carrier unit carries the toner removed by the cleaning unit to the buffer housing unit using the a carrier driving member, a second carrier unit comprising a carrier driving member, the second carrier unit provided between the buffer housing unit and the developing unit, and the second carrier unit carries the toner housed in the buffer housing unit to the developing unit using the carrier driving member, a waste housing unit connected to the buffer housing unit, and a control unit that separately controls the carrier driving member of the first carrier unit and the carrier driving member of the second carrier unit, wherein the buffer housing unit has an upper limit of housing capacity, and the waste housing unit houses the toner exceeding the upper limit and overflowing from the buffer unit.

(1) Field of the Invention
This invention relates to an image forming apparatus that forms an image made of toner such as a printer, a copy machine, or a multifunction machine having plural functions, and particularly to an image forming apparatus suitable for retrieving the toner remaining on an image carrier because of transfer failure or the like at the time of the image formation and effectively reusing a proper quantity of the retrieved toner.
(2) Description of the Related Art
In an image forming apparatus that forms an image using toner as a developer, since toner remains on an image carrier, an intermediate transfer member and the like because of transfer failure or the like at the time of the image formation, removal of the toner by a cleaning device, recirculation of the toner to a developing device and reuse of the toner have been attempted.
For example, in order to address the problem of continuous increase of retrieved toner with the lapse of time while retrieving toner remaining on an image carrier by a cleaner unit and effectively reusing the retrieved toner, the present applicant has previously proposed an image forming apparatus having a waste toner housing unit that houses the toner retrieved by the cleaner unit and carried by a second carrier unit, and a control unit that controls the supply ratio of unused toner and retrieved toner supplied to a developing unit in accordance with a cumulative value of pixel count of image information.
Also, in order to properly process retrieved toner even when the quantity of retrieved toner supplied from a cleaning device exceeds the processing capacity of a classifying device in an image forming apparatus having a toner recycle classifying device that classifies impurities from toner retrieved by the cleaning device, there has been proposed an image forming apparatus having an excessive retrieved toner processing unit that is arranged near the classifying unit and processes excessively supplied retrieved toner, and a quantifying wall that is arranged between the classifying unit and the excessive retrieved toner processing unit and causes the quantity of retrieved toner exceeding the processing capacity of the classifying device to overflow to the excessive retrieved toner processing unit.
However, these proposed image forming apparatuses have the following problems.
In the former image forming apparatus, the second carrier unit that carries the retrieved toner to the waste toner housing unit is provided in the state of being branched from the cleaning unit, and the second carrier unit is driven while its operation is controlled. Therefore, the structure of the apparatus is complicated accordingly. Also, since the operation to carry the retrieved toner to the waste toner housing unit need to be controlled, the control operation is complicated. Moreover, since the quantity of the retrieved toner to be supplied to the developing unit is controlled in accordance with the cumulative value of pixel count or the like, the control operation is further complicated. Such complexity may be increased further when applied to a color image forming apparatus in which plural image carriers are arranged.
On the other hand, in the latter image forming apparatus, measures to prevent clogging or the like and maintenance and inspection of the classifying unit are necessary. Also, the structure of the classifying unit itself is complicated and large-scaled. Moreover, since the quantity of the classified retrieved toner to be supplied to the developing unit is not particularly adjusted, the rate of use of the retrieved toner increases and may cause occurrence of defective image quality such as image fog. Furthermore, there is another problem that the quantity of the retrieved toner to be supplied to the developing unit depends on the processing capacity of the classifying unit.

Image forming apparatus with toner recovery system


Memory apparatuses that may be used for receiving commands and ordering memory responses are provided. One such memory apparatus includes response logic that is coupled to a plurality of memory units by a plurality of channels and may be configured to receiving a plurality of memory responses from the plurality of memory units. Ordering logic may be coupled to the response logic and be configured to cause the plurality of memory responses in the response logic to be provided in an order based, at least in part, on a system protocol. For example, the ordering logic may enforce bus protocol rules on the plurality of memory responses stored in the response logic to ensure that responses are provided from the memory apparatus in a correct order.

As input/output speeds of memory devices have increased in recent years, newer implementations have begun to approach performance limitations, thereby exhausting the utility of conventional architectures.
Consequently, to compensate, sonic approaches have turned toward adopting multi-channel memory architectures, wherein a memory unit may be accessed by simultaneous commands via separate, independent logical channels. This allows commands to pass through command queues at a more efficient rate as commands may be provided as soon as a channel becomes available. In short, the amount of time a command is held in a queue is reduced.
However, this approach is not without its drawbacks. Traditionally, the ordering of commands by a memory controller have been enforced at the transaction queue level. That is, ordering logic has been used to enforce particular ordering rules on the command queue for providing commands to the memory units such that the order in which responses are returned from memory units is in accordance with a desired response order. Therefore, under this scheme, the performance of a multi-channel memory access scheme is hindered by the fact that some commands cannot be provided (e.g. issued) even when a channel is available as, in some cases, a response corresponding to a prior command must be received from a memory unit before the waiting command can be provided. While this implementation ensures that responses are returned in the correct order, available channels remain unused while the memory controller waits to receive the response from the memory unit.
Accordingly, there is therefore a need for an improved memory apparatus and method that utilizes multi-channel memory accesses and provides commands to memory units over available channels irrespective of when responses are provided.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Memory apparatuses, computer systems and methods for ordering memory responses


A radio transmitter circuit (10) for transmitting signals within an uplink or sidelink frequency band of a cellular communications system is disclosed. It comprises a signal-generation circuit (20) configured to generate a transmission signal to be transmitted, and a radio front-end circuit (30), connected to the signal-generation circuit (20) at an input of the radio front-end circuit (30), for receiving the transmission signal, and configured to be connected to an antenna (40) at an output of the radio front-end circuit and to transmit the transmission signal to a remote node via said antenna (40). The signal-generation circuit (20) is configured to select a distortion function (D1, D2) based on a location of an allocated radio frequency resource, within said uplink or sidelink frequency band, for the transmission signal. Furthermore, the signal-generation circuit (20) is configured to generate an intermediate transmission signal, based on information to be transmitted in the transmission signal. Moreover, the signal-generation circuit (20) is configured to generate the transmission signal by applying the distortion function (D1, D2) to the intermediate transmission signal.

OFDM in LTE and 5G
In 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Program) LTE (Long Term Evolution), the DL (downlink) uses OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing), while UL (uplink) and the D2D (Device-to-Device) sidelink uses DFTS-OFDM (Discrete-Fourier-Transform Spread OFDM), sometimes also referred to as SC-FDMA (Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access). The reason DFTS-OFDM was chosen for the UL and sidelink was mainly due to lower Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) for DFTS-OFDM compared with OFDM, reducing the required power back-off of power amplifier and hence, increasing the coverage. DFTS-OFDM uses an FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) as a pre-coder in order to reduce the peak power. However; precoding and the subsequent design limitations introduce significant restriction in the UL scheduling flexibility and the UL design, and also leads to worse link performance, especially in high SINR (signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio) regime. Furthermore, DFTS-OFDM introduces need for FFT precoders and an extra equalizer in the receiver which increases the complexity.
For future 5G (5th Generation) system, e.g., referred to as NR (New Radio) in 3GPP context, one of the proposals is to use OFDM for all links.
Advantages of OFDM in 5G UL
Using OFDM instead of DFTS-OFDM in the UL (and also in sidelinks) comes with several advantages, for instance those listed below:                Simplified overall system design reducing the need for specific baseband receivers for respective link if different communication links uses different transmission schemes. This will make it possible to reuse baseband receiver design developed for one side of the communication link to another side and to reuse baseband receiver designs across link types.        Since OFDM comes with no restrictions as pre-coded OFDM, such as DFTS-OFDM, does on the scheduling, therefore it opens up for a more flexible UL scheduling and increases the system capacity possibilities.        Having the same transmission scheme in both UL and DL makes the whole system design symmetric.        MIMO is one of the key features in NR and it is expected that even UL MIMO will be widely adopted for mobile broadband usage. OFDM has been shown to give significant advantages over DFTS-OFDM with respect to link as well as system performance and hence, OFDM is preferred in UL for MIMO use cases.
PAPR
Although using OFDM as transmission scheme for NR UL comes with several advantages as described above, yet it suffers with a problem of high PAPR (Peak-to-Average Power Ratio) which has to be catered in NR-capable modems. High PAPR in OFDM system causes power amplifier to operate in non-linear region which contributes to EVM (error vector magnitude) and in-band/out-of-band emissions in the communication system. Therefore, to keep non-linear effects within certain limits, power back-off is commonly used in the power amplifier which reduces the coverage. The other possibility could be to increase the linear region of the power amplifier which in turn, results in larger amplifiers and hence, higher power consumption.

Allocation-based distortion function selection


A method of reestablishing a RRC connection by the mobile terminal in a RRC_CONNECTED state is disclosed, where the method includes selecting a target cell based on cell quality values measured by using signals from a candidate cell set, determining a cell type of the target cell, and transmitting a RRC connection reestablishment request message to the target cell, when the target cell is a first type cell providing with both a emergency service and a normal service.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a wireless communication system, and more particularly, to a method for selecting a cell in a RRC connection reestablishment procedure.
2. Discussion of the Related Art
A basic purpose of selecting a cell is to register user equipment (UE) in a network and receive a service from a cell. If the intensity and the quality of a signal between a UE and a cell become inferior due to the mobility of the UE, the UE reselects another cell in order to maintain data transmission quality.
The above-mentioned cell selection process is divided into two categories such as following.
First one is an initial cell selection, that the UE does not have information about radio channel. Therefore, the UE may retrieve every radio channel in order to select a cell, and then may select a cell corresponding to a radio channel of which a signal quality is strongest among the retrieved radio channels.
Second one is a stored information cell selection, that the UE uses stored information. The stored information is already stored in the UE or is broadcasted by the cell. In this case, the UE can perform the cell selection process more quickly than the first case, since the UE already has the information about the radio channels or can perceive instantly the information about the radio channels through the broadcast information.
An equation 1 shows the cell selection criterion of LTE (Long Term Evolution) system described in 3GPP TS 36.304.Srxlev=Qrxlevmeas−(Qrxlevmin+Qrxlevminoffset)−Pcompensation>0  [Equation 1]
Parameters using the equation 1 are shown in table 1.
TABLE 1QrxlevmeasMeasured cell RX level value (RSRP).QrxlevminMinimum required RX level in the cell (dBm)QrxlevminoffsetOffset to the signaled QrxlevminPcompensationmax(PEMAX − PUMAX, 0) (dB)PEMAXMaximum TX power level an UE may use whentransmitting on the uplink in the cell (dBm)PUMAXMaximum RF output power of the UE (dBm)
The UE may receive the parameters shown in table 2 through SI (System Information), and then may perform the cell selection process using the cell selection criterion shown in equation 1.
The SI includes basic information necessary for accessing a network. Accordingly, the conventional UE should receive the SI before accessing the cell and should have the newest SI. Since the SI must be known to the UE in the cell, the cell may broadcast the SI periodically.
The SI is divided into MIB (Master Information Block), SB (Scheduling Block), SIB (System Information Block), and so on. MIB informs the UE of physical information of the cell, such as bandwidth. For example, one SIB includes only a neighbor cell list (NCL), and other SIB includes only information about uplink radio channel which is used by the UE. Further, SB informs the UE of information about transmitting SIB, such as transmitting period.
If the intensity and the quality of a signal between a UE and a cell become inferior due to the mobility of the UE, the UE reselects another cell in order to maintain data transmission quality.
On the other hand, after UE selects certain cell through cell selection process, the intensity and the quality of a signal between the UE and the cell become inferior due to the mobility of the UE. If the quality of the cell becomes inferior, the UE may select other cell which provides the UE with better quality signal. This procedure is referred to as a cell reselection process.
As a view of the quality of radio signal, a basic object of the cell reselection process is selecting a cell that provides the UE with best quality signal. Besides of the view of the quality of radio signal, a network may decide a priority of frequency, and then may inform the UE of the priority. The UE may consider the priority prior to the cell selection criterion.
Conventionally, methods for reselecting a cell differ according to parameters associated with a radio access technology (RAT) and a frequency characteristic of the cell participating in the reselection of the cell. The conventional methods are divided such as following table 2.
TABLE 2Intra-frequencyA UE reselects a cell having the same centercell reselectionfrequency and RAT as a serving cellInter-frequencyA UE reselects a cell having the same RAT ascell reselectiona serving cell and a center frequency differentfrom the serving cellInter-RAT cellA UE reselects a cell using a RAT different fromreselectiona RAT which is being used by a serving cell
FIG. 1 shows the conventional operation of a UE in an idle mode when the UE is powered on.
Referring to FIG. 1, when the UE is powered on, the UE automatically or manually selects a public land mobile network (PLMN) from which a service is desired to be received, and a RAT for communication (S110). The PLMN and RAT information may be selected by the user of the UE or by the PLMN. Alternatively, the PLMN and the RAT information stored in a universal subscriber identity module (USIM) may be used.
In this case, UE may measure a radio signal received from a cell (S130), which is a reference signal or a pilot signal, and calculate a cell quality value using the characteristic of a physical signal associated with the intensity of a signal or a signal-to-noise interference ratio.
Thereafter, the UE performs a cell selection process of selecting a cell having a highest cell quality value among cells of which the cell quality value is larger than a reference value (S120). The reference value indicates a value which is defined in a system in order to ensure the quality of a physical signal in transmission and reception of data. Accordingly, the reference value may be changed according to the applied RATs, and may be applied by the equation 1 in LTE system
Thereafter, the UE receives system information (SI) that is periodically transmitted by the base station. The UE registers its information (e.g., international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI)) in a network in order to receive a service (e.g., paging) from the network (S150). The UE does not register its information whenever the cell is selected. Instead, the UE registers its information in the network only if needed. For example, the UE registers its information in the network if network information (e.g., tracking area identity (TAI)) received from the SI is different from the network information about which the UE knows (S140 and S170).
If the cell quality value of the serving cell is lower than that of a neighbor cell, the UE reselects one of other cells providing with better signal characteristics than the cell of the base station which the UE accesses. In order to distinguish this procedure from the cell selection process of the step S120, this procedure (S160) is called a cell reselection process. In the cell reselection process, a time limit condition (ex. Cell select timer) is configured in order to prevent the UE reselecting a cell frequently according to a signal characteristic.
On the other hand, if the conventional cell selection process is directly applied to the RRC connection reestablishment procedure, the UE always transmits a RRC connection reestablishment request message to the selected cell regardless of a type of the selected cell. That is, though the selected cell can not provide the UE with normal services, the UE transmits the RRC connection reestablishment request message to the selected cell. As consequently, the cell may transmit a RRC connection reestablishment reject message to the UE. In this case, it is a problem that the UE has to perform all procedures for being provided with the services by the cell, in order to maintain the services.
Further, in the conventional cell selection process, the UE considers cells that use all RAT (Radio Access Technology) supported by the UE. Therefore, if the conventional cell selection process is directly applied to the RRC connection reestablishment procedure, the UE can select the cell using not E-UTRA but other RAT. However, since the cell using other RAT does not have a context and a configuration of the UE, the UE recognizes the RRC connection reestablishment procedure as a failure. Then, it is a problem that the UE may leave from the RRC_CONNECTED state to the RRC_IDLE state though there is sufficient time for retrieving the cell using E-UTRA.
Further, if the conventional cell selection process is directly applied to the RRC connection reestablishment procedure, the continuity of the RRC connection can not be ensured.

Method and apparatus for RRC connection reestablishment in wireless communication system


The disclosure provides a camera lens, a camera module and vehicle camera. The camera lens sequentially includes a first group, a stop, and a second group along an optical axis from an object side to an imaging surface. The first group includes a biconcave first lens and a biconvex second lens. The second group includes a third lens, a fourth lens, a fifth lens and a sixth lens. The third lens has a positive refractive power, a convex object side surface and a concave image side surface. The fourth lens has a negative refractive power and is a biconcave lens. The fifth lens has a positive refractive power and is a biconvex lens. The sixth lens has a positive refractive power, a convex object side surface and a concave image side surface. The fourth lens and the fifth lens form a cemented body with a positive refractive power.

With the development of automatic driving, vehicle lenses, as key components of automatic driving assistance systems, are also in rapid development. The requirements for the vehicle lenses also become higher and higher. Compared with ordinary optical lenses, the vehicle lens of the automatic driving assistance system is required to have higher imaging clarity to meet high requirements of the automatic driving assistance system. However, under the conditions of high temperature or low temperature, it is difficult for the conventional vehicle lens to form clear images.

Camera lens including six lenses of −++−++ refractive powers, camera module and vehicle


Parallel signal processor (10) (FIG. 2) performs a Fourier Transformation of an input signal; The transformation coefficients are converted once to logarithmic form and stored in a cache memory. The input data is converted serially to logarithmic form, and fed to all processing units in parallel. The processing units compute their respective products as additions in the logarithmic domain. Then, the products are converted back to the normal domain. The products with the correct sign are summed by an accumulator of the respective processing element. After the last signal data point has run through the processing elements and the last products are added to their respective sums, all complex output signal data points are complete simultaneously.

In the electronic arts it is often desired to perform a Discrete Fourier Transformation (DFT) of an input signal. Such DFT operation usually requires performing matrix multiplications of large matrixes. Based on the DFT properties, there are many Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT) algorithms, as described in "Digital signal processing" by John G. Proakis and Dimitris G. Manolakis, 3rd edition, Prentice-Hall 1996. These algorithms use symmetry properties of transformation coefficients to reduce the size of the matrices to multiply at the expense of a larger number of matrix multiplications.
The general DFT is illustrated as follows. In the N-point DFT operation of an input signal {x(i), 0.ltoreq.i.ltoreq.N} with a number N of input data points, the DFT equation is: ##EQU1##
If the N can be factored as a product of two integers, that is: N=LM, then the above DFT equation can be rewritten as: ##EQU2## with the elements ##EQU3## But with W.sub.N.sup.(Mp+q)(mL+l) =W.sub.N.sup.MLmP W.sub.N.sup.mLq W.sub.N.sup.Mpl W.sub.N.sup.lp it becomes, W.sub.N.sup.MLmP =1, W.sub.N.sup.mLq =W.sub.M.sup.mq, W.sub.N.sup.Mpl =W.sub.L.sup.pl, so that the DFT can be simplified as: ##EQU4##
The above equation can be executed as three steps:
1. First step, compute the (L.times.M)(M.times.M) matrix operation: ##EQU5## 2. The second step, compute the scale vector: EQU G(l,q)=W.sub.N.sup.lq F(l,q),0.ltoreq.q.ltoreq.M-1,0.ltoreq.l.ltoreq.L-1.
3. The third step, compute the (M.times.L)(L.times.L) matrix operation: ##EQU6## PA1 (a) reorder the input signal elements x(i) in a matrix x(l,m),0.ltoreq.l.ltoreq.L-1, 0.ltoreq.m.ltoreq.M<1, according to the factors L and M, i.e. store the signal column-wise, PA1 (b) perform the M-point DFT of each row, i.e. multiply L rows of the matrix x(l,m) by the appropriate transformation matrix W: ##EQU7## (c) scalar multiply the resulting array by phase factors W.sub.N.sup.lq : EQU G(l,q)=W.sub.N.sup.lq F(l,q),0.ltoreq.q.ltoreq.M-1,0.ltoreq.l.ltoreq.L-1, PA1 (d) perform the L-point DFT of each column, i.e. multiply M columns of the matrix G(l,q) by the appropriate transformation matrix W: ##EQU8## (e) reorder the resulting array X(p,q), i.e. read the resulting array row-wise.
According to the state of the art, these steps are performed on a computer with a single central processing unit (CPU) which computes the sums of products one after the other. It fetches the data it needs for computing the actual product by direct memory access (DMA). Then it computes the actual product by normal floating point multiplication.
If in this general DFT the ordering of data is taken into account, the following scheme, called "Flying DFT", is applied:
In all these transformations the matrices W.sub.C contain the elements ##EQU9## Because steps (b) and (d) contain complete DFTs, both steps may be replaced recursively by the whole scheme.
FIG. 1 shows this general DFT scheme according to the prior art in a schematic diagram for a 15-point DFT. The input signal {x(i), 0.ltoreq.i.ltoreq.15} has a number 15 of input data points, where 15 is a product of 5 and 3. In step (a) the input signal elements x(i) are stored column-wise in a 5*3 matrix x(l,m),0.ltoreq.l.ltoreq.5-1, 0.ltoreq.m.ltoreq.3-1. In step (b) are performed 3-point DFTs of each of the 5 rows. The resulting array is scalar multiplied in step (c) by phase factors W.sub.15.sup.lq. In step (d) 5-point DFTs of each column are performed and finally in step (e) the resulting array X(p,q) is read out row-wise as the output signal {X(k), 0.ltoreq.k.ltoreq.15}.
Consequently in the prior art, efficient FFT operation is based on a decimation to as small matrices as possible. This leads to butterfly computation where a signal consists of 2.sup.N data points and computation is dissolved into n=log.sub.2 N stages of decimation, each stage involves N/2 basic multiplications of a two-element vector with a 2.times.2 matrix, the so-called butterflies. This reduces the number of floating-point multiplications largely in order to make most efficient use of single processor computers. The FFT operation requires a butterfly data path, i.e. between two decimation stages the elements of the output vectors of the last stage are regrouped to form the input vectors of the next stage. This is inconvenient to implement in a signal processor with a parallel processor architecture.
There is a need to perform fast DFT on a signal processor.
There is a need to perform fast DFT in cases where the number of data points of the input signal is not a power of two.
There is a need to perform fast DFT on a signal processor with a parallel processor architecture.

Signal processor and method for Fourier Transformation


Methods and structure are provided for reducing the number of writes to a cache of a storage controller. One exemplary embodiment includes a storage controller that has a non-volatile flash cache memory, a primary memory that is distinct from the cache memory, and a memory manager. The memory manager is able to receive data for storage in the cache memory, to generate a hash key from the received data, and to compare the hash key to hash values for entries in the cache memory. The memory manager can write the received data to the cache memory if the hash key does not match one of the hash values. Also, the memory manager can modify the primary memory instead of writing to the cache if the hash key matches a hash value, in order to reduce the amount of data written to the cache memory.

Storage controllers often utilize a non-volatile memory to implement a write-through or a write-back cache and thereby enhance throughput for Input/Output (I/O) operations for a host. A flash memory is an example of a type of non-volatile memory used in PCIe Flash or Solid State Drives (SSDs) to implement a cache for a storage controller. However, flash memory has a limited lifetime of total writes that they can support before failing. This is undesirable because a storage controller writes to cache memory regularly during normal operation.

Reducing writes to solid state drive cache memories of storage controllers

Avago Technologies General IP (Singapore) Pte. Ltd.


The present invention provides an Ni-based intermetallic compound alloy having excellent hardness. The present invention provides an Ni-based dual multi-phase intermetallic compound alloy comprising Ni as a main component, and 5 to 12 atomic % of Al, 11 to 17 atomic % of V and 1 to 5 atomic % of Re, and having a dual multi-phase microstructure including a primary precipitate L12 phase and a (L12+D022) eutectoid microstructure.

In recent years, environmental disruption has been at issue, and energy saving and CO2 reduction technologies have been attracting attention. Accordingly, further improvement in the combustion efficiency of internal combustion engines has been desired, and development of materials having improved high-temperature properties has been demanded.
For such a demand, (1) Ni-based superalloys and (2) Ni-based dual multi-phase intermetallic compound alloys are being developed as the materials having improved high-temperature properties.
The Ni-based superalloys mentioned as (1) have a γ phase (Ni solid solution phase), which is a parent phase, and a γ′ phase, which has dispersed and precipitated in the parent phase. The γ′ phase is an intermetallic compound having a basic composition of Ni3Al (L12 phase) and accounts for approximately 60 to 70 vol % of the constituent phases.
The alloys have been developed into ordinary cast alloys, into directionally solidified alloys, and into single crystal alloys. The single crystal alloys have been developed into first generation alloys, into second generation alloys containing approximately 3% by weight of Re, into third generation alloys containing 5 to 6% by weight of Re, into fourth generation alloys containing 2 to 3% by weight of a noble metal such as Ru, and into fifth generation alloys containing 5 to 6% by weight of a noble metal.
As an Ni-based superalloy for a directionally solidified material, for example, an Ni-based directionally solidified superalloy containing C, B, Hf, Co, Ta, Cr, W, Al and Re, and a balance made up of Ni and inevitable impurities is known (see Patent Document 1, for example).
This alloy can contain Ti, Nb, V and Zr as an optional component and is improved in strength in the solidification direction and in strength at grain boundaries by adjusting the amounts of elements composing the γ phase as a parent phase and the γ′ phase as a precipitate phase, and by adjusting the amounts of elements for strengthening the grain boundaries.
Meanwhile, as an Ni-based single crystal superalloy having both high-temperature strength and oxidation resistance at high temperature in practical use in a balanced manner, an Ni-based single crystal superalloy containing Al, Ta, W, Re, Cr and Ru as main elements is known (see Patent Document 2, for example).
For this alloy, the high-temperature strength (creep strength) is improved by determining the composition ratio among the elements in the most suitable range, and thereby controlling the lattice constant of the parent phase (γ phase) and the lattice constant of the precipitate phase (γ′ phase) to the most appropriate values.
These Ni-based superalloys are developed from the viewpoint of high-temperature strength and casting, because they are mainly applied to turbine blades in jet engines and the like, and therefore elements preferable in this view are added to the composition. As described above, the Ni-based superalloy includes a γ phase as a parent phase and a γ′ phase as a precipitate phase. In this regard, it is explained that Re is dissolved in the γ phase (solid solution phase) and improves the creep strength (see Patent Documents 1 and 2, for example). It is also explained that Ta as well as W is dissolved in the γ phase and a part thereof is dissolved in the γ′ phase, and improves the creep strength (see Patent Document 2, for example). It is further explained that V reduces the high-temperature strength and therefore the amount thereof is preferably 1% by weight or less (see Patent Documents 1 and 2, for example).
However, the γ phase, which is a metallic phase accounts for approximately 30 to 40 vol % or more of the constituent phases of the Ni-based superalloy, and therefore the drawback is that the melting point and the high-temperature creep strength of the superalloy are low. In addition, while the development from the viewpoint of high-temperature strength has been advanced, development from the viewpoint of hardness has not been advanced.
Meanwhile, the Ni-based dual multi-phase intermetallic compound alloys mentioned as (2) above are expected to be developed as alloys that can solve such problems. The Ni-based dual multi-phase intermetallic compound alloys are multi-phase alloys obtained by combining Ni3X-type intermetallic compounds belonging to geometrically closed packed crystal structures with crystallographic coherency. For example, an Ni-based dual multi-phase intermetallic compound alloy is composed of an Ni3Al intermetallic compound phase called as the γ′ phase and an Ni3V intermetallic compound phase.
FIG. 17 is a drawing for illustrating a microstructure of the Ni-based dual multi-phase intermetallic compound alloy. In FIG. 17, (1) shows an exemplary SEM photograph for illustrating a microstructure of the Ni-based dual multi-phase intermetallic compound alloy (Ni75Al8V14.5Nb2.5), and (2) shows schematic views of crystal structures (Ni3Al, Ni3V) composing the microstructure of the Ni-based dual multi-phase intermetallic compound alloy.
As shown in FIG. 17, the Ni-based dual multi-phase intermetallic compound alloy is composed of a microstructure formed with crystallographic coherency and a nanostructure formed in channels of the microstructure (see FIG. 17 (1)). The former microstructure is composed of a primary precipitate L12 phase (Ni3Al shown in FIG. 17 (2)), and the nanostructure is composed of an eutectoid structure consisting of an L12 phase and a D022 phase (Ni3Al and Ni3V shown in FIG. 17 (2)).
The Ni-based dual multi-phase intermetallic compound alloy is composed of an upper multi-phase microstructure formed of the primary precipitate L12 phase precipitating in an A1 phase (Ni solid solution phase) through a heat treatment at a temperature higher than the eutectoid point; and a lower multi-phase microstructure formed of two phases including the L12 phase and the D022 phase generated by eutectoid transformation of the A1 phase through a subsequent heat treatment at a temperature lower than the eutectoid point.
As described above, the Ni-based dual multi-phase intermetallic compound alloy is formed from multi-phased Ni3X-type intermetallic compounds having excellent properties. Accordingly, the Ni-based dual multi-phase intermetallic compound alloy has superior properties to alloys composed of a single intermetallic compound phase and is expected as an alloy that can allow wide-ranging microstructural control (see Patent Document 3). The Ni-based dual multi-phase intermetallic compound alloys are being developed from the viewpoint of hardness as well as of high-temperature strength, for example.
As a specific example of an Ni-based dual multi-phase intermetallic compound alloy showing excellent hardness not only at room temperature but also at high temperature, an alloy containing Ni as a main component, and Al, V, Ta and/or W, Nb, Co, Cr and B is known (Nb, Co and Cr are optional components) (see Patent Document 4).
In addition, as an Ni-based dual multi-phase intermetallic compound alloy increased in surface hardness, an Ni-based dual multi-phase intermetallic compound alloy is known in which a base material is an alloy containing Ni as a main component, and Al, V, Nb, Ti, Co, Cr and B (Nb, Ti, Co and Cr are optional components), and the base material is surface-treated by at least one of nitridation and carburization (see Patent Document 5).

Re-added Ni-based dual multi-phase intermetallic compound alloy and method for producing the same

OSAKA PREFECTURE UNIVERSITY PUBLIC CORPORATION


A method, apparatus, and computer-readable media for routing a message service message in a wireless device is disclosed. According to a method, routing messages in a wireless device includes receiving routing preferences from one or more applications operating with a wireless device. The method further includes receiving a message, and routing the message to designated locations for the one or more applications. The locations may include an application or set of applications, or a memory unit associated with one or more applications. Another method includes determining a routing parameter from the message by parsing at least one routing parameter from message content. Routing the message further includes comparing the at least one routing parameter with the routing preferences.

1. Field
The present invention relates to communication of data, and more particularly to routing data messages in a multi-mode wireless device.
2. Background
Various communication systems operating according to different communication protocols provide for communication of messages. Generally, communication of messages are provided through different message services. One of the message services is the short message service (SMS). The SMS is a wireless message service that provides a medium for communication of alphanumeric messages of limited size. The communication of SMS messages may be between mobile devices, or a mobile device and a wireless network. The SMS may be used for a variety of communication services such as electronic mail, paging, facsimile, voice mail, or Internet access. The SMS is available in communication systems operating in accordance with the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) standard, and code division multiple access (CDMA) standards, such as CDMA1X, CDMA2000, and WCDMA. The standards may include a specific set of protocols for communication of data. Such specific protocols include the General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) and the Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service (UMTS).
Another type of message services is known as Enhanced Messaging Service (EMS.) The EMS allows users of EMS-compliant mobile devices to send and receive text, melodies, pictures, and simple sounds and animations, or a combination thereof. The EMS is also supported by a number of communication standards. One more type of message services is multi-media messaging service (MMS). The MMS enables messages containing rich multimedia content to be exchanged over a wireless network. The MMS content can include any combination of images, animation, audio, video, data and text. The MMS is supported by a number of communication standards.
A mobile device having multiple communication modes may support the operations of communicating data in accordance with more than one standard. Therefore, the mobile device may be a multi-mode wireless device (MWD.) The MWD allows a user to send and receive voice and data over multiple wireless networks, each operating in accordance with a communication standard. The communication modes include, without limitation, operations in CDMA or GSM based systems, or GSM-based derivatives such as GPRS or UMTS. Other CDMA-based systems are also included, such as CDMA1X, CDMA2000, etc. The MWDs are generally compatible with the SMS, EMS, and MMS for each communication mode for sending and receiving messages.
A MWD may have several application programs for performing different applications. For example, an application may be animation of a character on a display. Another application may be for playing music via a speaker. Yet, another application may be displaying received text on the display, or converting the received text to an audible prompt via the speaker. The messages received via the message services may automatically be routed to each application operating on or with the MWD. Each application may typically perform the routing of the messages: i.e. when the application program is launched by the wireless device, the application receives every message and decides whether or not to use the received message. Not all applications are required to receive all messages. Therefore, a large amount of redundant processing is performed. Each application also has different uses for memory in a wireless device. An application uses memory for many functions such as storing application preferences and storing message data used by the application.
Some messages are intended only for certain applications, and not for others. These messages may include priority messages, privileged messages, or application-specific messages, for instance. In another instance, an application downloaded by the device, such as a third-party application, in particular may be limited to receive only certain messages, since the reliability and security of third party applications may not be verifiable. Therefore, a third-party application may need to be limited to receive certain messages. Furthermore, certain messages may not be intended for access by the user of the device. Such messages may include download messages for removable user identity module (R-UIM) and subscriber identity module (SIM) in the device.
Some message services which use a particular communication mode lack certain feature parameters. For example, GSM/UMTS SMS messages have no priority or privacy feature parameters. As a further example, CDMA SMS messages lack an indication of which messages may be intended for an external terminal.
There is therefore a need in the art for a method and apparatus for a centralized routing of messages in a wireless device.

Method and apparatus for routing messages of different message services in a wireless device


An ophthalmic apparatus includes a first index mark provided as an index mark for measuring the shape of a cornea substantially on the optic axis, a second index mark provided around the optic axis, and a calculator for calculating the shape of the cornea based on the position information of the cornea-reflected image of the first and second index marks.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to an ophthalmic apparatus capable of measuring the shape of the cornea of an eye to be examined.
2. Related Background Art
In an apparatus for measuring the shape of the cornea of an eye to be examined, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,660,946, a ring-shape index mark or a plurality of calescence point index marks disposed on the circumference of the same circle are projected onto the cornea of an eye to be examined, and from the shapes and positions of the reflected images thereof, an ellipse passing through those reflected images is specified, whereby the shape of the cornea is calculated and measured.
In the above-described example of the prior art, however, even in the case of a cornea of so-called bad astigmatism the shape differs from the normal shape of which calculation and measurement is effected so that an ellipse may be forcibly formed, and this has led to the problem that in spite of being a cornea of bad astigmatism, such a cornea is mistaken for a cornea of normal shape. This is attributable to the fact that in the above-described example of the prior art, the center of the ellipse is indirectly found by calculation, and this means that there is the above-noted problem with regard to bad astigmatism.
It is proposed in Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application No. 59-118131 by the assignee of the present invention to provide a plurality of concentric ring-shape index marks so that the measurement of the shape of a cornea may be possible, even if the cornea has bad astigmatism, indirectly to find the center of an ellipse by calculation on the basis of one of the ring-shaped index mark images, and to find the shape of the cornea by the center of the ellipse and the other ring-shaped index mark images. However, this also fins indirectly the center of the ellipse by calculation as described above and therefore suffers from the problem that if the cornea has bad astigmatism, the original center of the ellipse cannot be specified.

Ophthalmic apparatus capable of measuring the shape of a cornea


This invention discloses a voltage boost circuit which comprise at least one capacitor with a first terminal connected to an output of the voltage boost circuit, a controllable switch connected between a second terminal of the capacitor and a voltage source, the second terminal being different from the first terminal, and a voltage level detector detecting the output voltage level of the voltage boost circuit and providing a control signal to the controllable switch, wherein when the output voltage exceeds a predetermined level the controllable switch is off, and when the output voltage is lower than the predetermined level the controllable switch is on.

The present invention relates generally to integrated circuit (IC) design, and, more particularly, to a voltage boosting circuit design.
As IC geometry keeps shrinking, the supply voltage level also has to be lowered in order to work with small geometric devices. For instance, an older technology with 0.25 μm feature size uses 3.3V supply voltage, but a newer technology, such as those with 65 nm feature size, uses only 1.0V supply voltage. Such kind of low supply voltage creates design complexities as certain circuitry may still require high voltage supplies. For instance, in a Flash memory read operation, a 1.8V needs to be applied to a word-line while a main power supply voltage is 1.0V. In such case, a one-shot boost circuit is typically used to produce the 1.8V voltage from the 1.0V supply voltage. In other applications when power supply voltage has a wide range, for instance, from 1.2V to 1.8V, it is not easy to provide a fixed 1.8V with conventional one-shot boost circuit.
FIG. 1A illustrates a conventional voltage boost circuit 100 comprising a driver 102, a capacitor 106 and a voltage clamping circuit 112. The capacitor 106 is pre-charged. An input voltage at a node IN ramps up to a supply voltage VDD at a time t1. Since the voltage across the capacitor 106 cannot be changed instantly, the voltage at an output node OUT will rise up to a voltage equals to a sum of the VDD and the voltage across the capacitor 106. The voltage level at the output node OUT is controlled by the voltage clamping circuit 112, which is comprised of a certain number of serially connected, forward biased diodes. A forward biased diode provides a voltage drop across its two terminals. The voltage drop is determined by the diode's P-N junction, therefore, is very predictable and near constant.
FIG. 1B shows transient voltage characteristics at the nodes N1 and OUT of the voltage boost circuit 100. The node N1 voltage, V_N1, is driven to VDD at the time t1. The node OUT voltage, V_OUT, has an undesirable spike 122 at the rising edge of the V_OUT. Therefore, the conventional voltage boost circuit 100 has longer setup time. Since the conventional voltage boost circuit 100 clamps voltage by essentially using forward biased diodes to shun current, its power consumption is high. Besides, the clamping voltage level is determined by the P-N junction and may subject to implant variations.
As such, what is desired is a voltage boost circuit that can overcome the aforementioned shortcomings of the conventional voltage boost circuit.

Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co., Ltd.


The present invention provides a machine tool capable of enhancing approachability to a spindle to improve work efficiency even when it includes a workpiece changer. The present invention includes: a bed; a saddle disposed on the bed to be movable in a forward and backward (Y-axis) direction in a front view of the machine tool; a table disposed on the saddle to be movable in a right and left (X-axis) direction; a column having a shape of a gate bridged over a travel range of the table and fixed on the bed; a spindle head disposed on the column to support a spindle and movable in a vertical (Z-axis) direction; a workpiece changer that turns a workpiece together with a pallet or turns the workpiece independently, for workpiece replacement, between a workpiece standby position set on a back face side of the bed and the table placed at a workpiece change position, the workpiece changer being disposed so as to set the workpiece change position at a position under the column.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a machine tool that machines a workpiece while moving a vertically set spindle and the workpiece relatively to each other in X-axis, Y-axis, and Z-axis directions.
2. Description of the Related Art
For example, a vertical machining center that machines a workpiece using a table movable in X-axis and Y-axis directions and a spindle movable in a Z-axis direction is generally structured, as shown in FIG. 10, to include: a column 61 fixedly disposed on a back end of a fixed bed 60 when seen from a front side of the machine; a saddle 62, for placing a workpiece W thereon, disposed on a front part of the fixed bed 60 to be movable in the Y-axis direction (forward and backward direction); a table 63 disposed on the saddle 62 to be movable in the X-axis direction (right and left direction); and a spindle head 65, with a spindle 64 attached thereto, disposed on a front face of the column 61 to be movable in the Z-axis direction (vertical direction).
The above-described vertical machining center can also sometimes include a workpiece changer for replacing a machined workpiece by a subsequent machined workpiece. In this case, the use of a turn-type workpiece changer can shorten the workpiece replacement time. This turn-type workpiece changer is disposed on a front side of the machine (an operator's side).


The present invention relates to new crystalline zeolite SSZ-35 prepared by processes for preparing crystalline molecular sieves, particularly large pore zeolites, using conformationally constrained aza-polycyclic ring system templating agents.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to new crystalline zeolite SSZ-35 prepared by processes for preparing crystalline molecular sieves, particularly large pore zeolites, using conformationally constrained aza-polycyclic ring system templating agents.
2. State of the Art
In conventional usage the term "molecular sieve" refers to a material having a fixed, open-network structure, usually crystalline, that may be used to separate hydrocarbons or other mixtures by selective occlusion of one or more of the constituents, or may be used as a catalyst in a catalytic conversion process. The term "zeolite" refers to a molecular sieve containing a silicate lattice, usually in association with some aluminum, boron, gallium, iron, and/or titanium. In the following discussion and throughout this disclosure, the terms molecular sieve and zeolite will be used more or less interchangeably. One skilled in the art will recognize that the teachings relating to zeolites are also applicable to the more general class of materials called molecular sieves.
Natural and synthetic crystalline molecular sieves are useful as catalysts and adsorbents. Each crystalline molecular sieve is distinguished by a crystal structure with an ordered pore structure, and is characterized by a unique X-ray diffraction pattern. Thus, the crystal structure defines cavities and pores which are characteristic of the different species. The adsorptive and catalytic properties of each crystalline molecular sieve are determined in part by the dimensions of its pores and cavities. Accordingly, the utility of a particular molecular sieve in a particular application depends at least partly on its crystal structure.
Because of their unique sieving characteristics, as well as their catalytic properties, crystalline molecular sieves are especially useful in applications such as hydrocarbon conversion, gas drying and separation. Although many different crystalline molecular sieves have been disclosed, there is a continuing need for new zeolites with desirable properties for gas separation and drying, hydrocarbon and chemical conversions, and other applications.
Crystalline aluminosilicates are usually prepared from aqueous reaction mixtures containing alkali or alkaline earth metal oxides, silica, and alumina. Crystalline borosilicates are usually prepared under similar reaction conditions except that boron is used in place of aluminum. By varying the synthesis conditions and the composition of the reaction mixture, different zeolites can often be formed.
Organic templating agents are believed to play an important role in the process of molecular sieve crystallization. Organic amines and quaternary ammonium cations were first used in the synthesis of zeolites in the early 1960s as reported by R. M. Barrer and P. J. Denny in J. Chem. Soc. 1961 at pages 971-982. This approach led to a significant increase in the number of new zeolitic structures discovered as well as an expansion in the boundaries of composition of the resultant crystalline products.
Previously, products with low silica to alumina ratios (SiO.sub.2 /A1.sub.2 O.sub.3 .ltoreq.10) had been obtained, but upon using the organocations as components in the starting gels, zeolites with increasingly high SiO.sub.2 /A1.sub.2 O.sub.3 were realized. Some of these materials are summarized by R. M. Barrer 1982, Hydrothermal Chemistry of Zeolites, New York: Academic Press, Inc.
Unfortunately, the relationship between structure of the organocation and the resultant zeolite is far from predictable, as evidenced by the multitude of products which can be obtained using a single quaternary ammonium salt as reported by S. I. Zones et al., 1989, Zeolites: Facts, Figures, Future, ed. P. A. Jacobs and R. A. van Santen, pp. 299-309, Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers, or the multitude of organocations which can produce a single zeolitic product as reported by R. M. Barrer, 1989, Zeolite Synthesis, ACS Symposium 398, ed. M. L. Occelli and H. E. Robson, pp. 11-27, American Chemical Society.
Thus, it is known that organocations exert influence on the zeolite crystallization process in many unpredictable ways. Aside from acting in a templating role, the organic cation's presence also greatly affects the characteristics of the gel. These effects can range from modifying the gel pH to altering the interactions of the various components via changes in hydration (and thus solubilities of reagents) and other physical properties of the gel. Accordingly, investigators have now begun to consider how the presence of a particular quaternary ammonium salt influences many of these gel characteristics in order to determine more rigorously how such salts exert their templating effects.
It has been noted that many of the organocations which have been used as templates for zeolite synthesis are conformationally flexible. These molecules can adopt many conformations in aqueous solution, therefore several templates can give rise to a particular crystalline product. Studies which involved alterations on such conformationally flexible organic amines and cations have been published. For example, one study, Rollmann and Valyocsik, 1985, Zeolites 5, 123, describes how varying the chain length for a series of .alpha.,.delta.-linear diamines resulted in different intermediate-pore products. It has also been recently reported by M. D. Shannon et al., 1991, Nature 353, 417-420 that three different products which have related framework topologies, can be formed from three linear bis-quaternary ammonium templates of varying chain lengths.
Altering the structure of a conformationally rigid organic molecule can also lead to a change in the zeolite obtained, presumably due to the differing steric demands of each template. S. I. Zones, 1989, Zeolites 9, 458-467 reported that in switching from 1,3-dimethylimidazolium hydroxide to 1,3-diisopropylimidazolium hydroxide as template, using the same starting gel (SiO.sub.2 /Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 =100), the former directs toward formation of ZSM-22 whereas the latter affords ZSM-23. Further investigations of the influence of conformationally constrained templating agents are reported in Y. Nakagawa, et al. Synthesis of Microporous Materials, Volume I, Chapter 16, M. Occelli, H. Robson, ed.; Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1992.
In summary, a variety of templates have been used to synthesize a variety of molecular sieves, including zeolites of the silicate, aluminosilicate, and borosilicate families. However, the specific zeolite which may be obtained by using a given template is at present unpredictable. In fact, the likelihood of any given organocation serving as an effective template useful in the preparation of a molecular sieve is conjectural at best. In particular, organocation templating agents have been used to prepare many different combinations of oxides with molecular sieve properties, with silicates, aluminosilicates, aluminophosphates, borosilicates and silicoaluminophosphates being well known examples.
The new zeolite SSZ-35, which is the subject matter of this invention, was discovered as a result of efforts to identify new templates and investigate the zeolites which could be produced by such templates.


A method of metering the rate of flow of a dye solution from a spray nozzle for dyeing an elongate fabric material comprises spraying a test liquid equivalent to the dye solution over a plate member impervious to liquid, accumulating the test liquid and measuring the rate of its flow per unit length of time, thereby evaluating the performance of the spray nozzle. The rate of flow of such test liquid is simulated for actual dyeing operation to pre-adjust the jet pressure of the spray nozzle and/or the spaced of feed of the fabric material so as to attain uniform intensity of color on the dyed material.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a method of metering the rate of a dye solution to be applied by a spray nozzle to an elongate cloth article such as a slide fastener chain, a slide fastener stringer tape, a surface fastener, a ribbon and the like.
2. Prior Art
Spray coating is one of the most widely used techniques for dyeing an elongate web material such as textile tapes as typically disclosed in Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 2-307960 in which there is disclosed a spray dyeing apparatus including a spray nozzle for applying a jet of liquid dye to a tape material while the latter is being fed continuously in a vertically upward or downward direction.

Method of metering the rate of flow of a dye solution


Selecting a digital image. A method embodiment includes obtaining a first digital image of the first side of a physical object and obtaining a second digital image of a second side of the physical object. The first digital image is examined to determine if it is substantially blank. If the first digital image is determined to be blank, the second digital image is sent for processing. Otherwise, the first digital image is sent for processing.

Copiers, fax machines, digital senders, and scanners are often equipped with automatic document feeders (ADFs). Placing a multi-page original document in an ADF allows a user to issue a single common copy, fax, send, or scan, as the case may be, causing the particular device in question to sequentially process each page of the original document. So that the pages are processed in the correct order, the user is required to place the document in the ADF in either a face-up or face-down orientation.
Incorrectly placing a document in an ADF—that is placing the document face-up when it should be face-down or placing the document face-down when it should be face-up—results in (1) the device processing the pages in a reverse order and/or (2) the device processing the wrong side of each page. This can not only waste time and paper—it often results in user frustration.
Imagine incorrectly placing a twenty-five page single-sided document in the ADF of a fax machine. One side of each page contains text or other information, while the other side is blank. Once the sender enters a destination number and issues a fax command, the blank side of each page is processed and transmitted. The recipient receives a twenty-five page blank document, and the sender will often not recognize the mistake.

Obtaining a digital image of a physical object

Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.


A method for operating a gas turbine engine is provided. The gas turbine engine includes a fan, a high pressure turbine coupled downstream from the fan, and a low pressure turbine downstream from the high pressure turbine. The method includes channeling a portion of air discharged from the fan through a clearance control system including an inlet assembly that includes a plurality of louvers, and directing air from the inlet assembly into a first pipe and second pipe coupled to the inlet assembly such that pressure losses associated with the airflow are facilitated to be reduced.

This invention relates generally to turbine engines and more specifically to clearance control systems used with gas turbine engines.
Known gas turbine engines include an engine casing that extends circumferentially around a compressor, and a turbine that includes a rotor assembly and a stator assembly. Known rotor assemblies include at least one row of rotating blades that extend radially outward from a blade root to a blade tip. A radial tip clearance is defined between the rotating blade tips and a stationary shroud attached to the engine casing.
During engine operation, the thermal environment variations in the engine may cause thermal expansion or contraction of the rotor and stator assemblies. Such thermal expansion or contraction may not occur uniformly in magnitude or rate. As a result, inadvertent rubbing, such as between the rotor blade tips and the casing may occur, or radial clearances may be created that are wider than the design clearances which may adversely affect engine performance. Continued rubbing between the rotor blade tips and engine casing may lead to premature failure of the rotor blade.
To facilitate minimizing inadvertent rubbing between the rotor blade tips and the surrounding shroud or undesirable large radial clearances, at least some known engines include an active clearance control system. The clearance control system channels cooling air to the engine casing to facilitate controlling thermal growth of the engine casing and to facilitate minimizing inadvertent blade tip rubbing. Such cooling air may be channeled from a fan assembly, a booster, or from compressor bleed air sources. The effectiveness of the clearance control system is at least partially dependent upon controlling pressure losses that may occur while the cooling air is channeled towards the engine casing.

Method and apparatus for operating gas turbine engines


A sliding door for a motor vehicle which is movable in a sliding motion into an opened and a closed position is provided with a main lock arrangement by which the sliding door can be fixed in the closed position, and an auxiliary lock arrangement which supplements the holding force of the main lock arrangement when the sliding door is in the closed position. In an improvement over conventional sliding door arrangements of this type, the auxiliary lock arrangement is used not only for supplementing the main lock arrangement when fixing the sliding door in the closed position, but also for fixing the door in the opened position.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a sliding door for a motor vehicle, the sliding door being movable by a sliding motion into an opened and a closed position, a main lock arrangement being provided by which the sliding door can be fixed in the closed position, and an additional lock arrangement being provided to support the main lock arrangement when the sliding door is being fixed in the closed position. The invention also relates to a lock arrangement for such a sliding door.
2. Description of Related Art
Here, the term "sliding door" combines all components which are necessary for the functionality of a sliding door. They include, in addition to the movable component, also the corresponding frame which is provided in the motor vehicle body, guide rails which may be present, etc. Hereinafter, the concept "sliding door", wherever it is used for simple readability, is also used synonymously with the concept "movable component."
Sliding doors have been used for a long time for delivery trucks and vans and recently also for passenger vehicles. It is common to all sliding doors that they can be moved by a sliding motion into an opened and a closed position. This sliding motion takes place essentially parallel to the side wall of the motor vehicle. The fact that it is possible to load and unload and to get in and out without difficulty is especially advantageous.
Numerous versions are known for design implementation of the movement kinematics of a sliding door. They include, for example, the principle of rail guidance to which optionally a lever arrangement is added. Here, the special construction of the movement kinematics is not important. Rather, the approach in accordance to the invention can be applied to all conceivable constructions. Nor is it important where the sliding door on the motor vehicle is located, so that sliding doors located both laterally and also on the back on the motor vehicle are encompassed.
In particular, when using sliding doors for passenger cars, the guarantee of reliable fixing of the sliding door in the closed position acquires increasing importance. Unintentional opening of the sliding door, for example, by a force which acts from the inside perpendicularly on the sliding door, leads to considerable danger for the motor vehicle passengers.
At the same time, demands for convenience of use are steadily increasing. This includes, for example, the function of fixing the sliding door in the opened position so that the sliding door does not close independently when loading and unloading and when getting in and out. This function is necessary mainly when the motor vehicle is on a slope such that the weight of the sliding door presses in the closing direction.
The known sliding door underlying the present invention (U.S. Pat. No. 4,662,109) shows one approach to ensuring the secure fixing of the sliding door. In this case, a rail-guided sliding door is used which has a main lock arrangement on the side of the sliding door which is at the rear viewed in the direction of travel and an auxiliary lock arrangement on the side of the sliding door which is the front viewed in the direction of travel. The auxiliary lock arrangement supports the main lock arrangement when the sliding door is fixed in the closed position. This is advantageous especially when a force is acting perpendicularly on the sliding door from the inside toward the outside, since this force is accommodated via three points of force application, specifically the main lock arrangement, the rail guide and the auxiliary lock arrangement. Furthermore, the auxiliary lock arrangement opposes the movement of the sliding door in the opening direction, therefore essentially along the direction of travel. In one embodiment, the main lock arrangement has, as the latching elements, a conventional latch and ratchet, while the auxiliary lock arrangement is implemented by a simple hook. In normal operation, the main lock arrangement accommodates the largest part of the holding force necessary for fixing the sliding door in the closed position. The disadvantage in this known sliding door is the fact that the ease of use is comparatively poor. This is due, among other reasons, to the fact that there is no fixing of the sliding door in the opened position.
Another known sliding door (German Patent Application DE 2 347 702 A1) has, in addition to the main lock arrangement, a fixing arrangement by which the sliding door can be fixed in the opened position. The fixing arrangement is provided with a pivotable journal which is located on the movable component of the sliding door and engages a hook-shaped recess when the sliding door is moved into the opened position, thus preventing the sliding door from moving backward. The disadvantage in this sliding door with a fixing arrangement is the poor security against unintentional opening of the sliding door out of the closed position.
The same applies to the known sliding door of UK Patent Application GB 2 210 339 A which has a main lock arrangement for fixing the sliding door in the closed position and a fixing arrangement for fixing the sliding door in the opened position. Here, the security of fixing of the sliding door in the closed position against unintentional opening is small. In one embodiment, the main lock arrangement, at the same time, assumes the function of a fixing arrangement, by which the construction effort is reduced. This does not lead to an optimum solution with respect to the construction of the components involved, since the holding forces when the sliding door is in the opened position are much smaller than when the sliding door is in the closed position.
A corresponding combination of the aforementioned two functions, specifically the fixing of the sliding door in the closed position and the fixing of the sliding door in the opened position, is also shown by another known sliding door (U.S. Pat. No. 5,520,423) which has a system of two latches. The two latches are each assigned to the two aforementioned functions. Here, in any case, the problem of optimum construction also arises.