A method and circuit for linear space target address generation for a relative branch is described. A selection signal is generated to be used in generating a linear space target address. The generation of the linear space target address includes generating multiple corrected target addresses and selecting the linear space target address from the multiple corrected target addresses using the selection signal. The process of generating multiple corrected target addresses includes generating first, second, and third corrected target addresses. The first corrected target address is generated using an address and a displacement. The second corrected target address is generated using the address, displacement, and a second adder correction value. The third corrected target address is generated using the address, displacement, and a third adder correction value. A multiplexer outputs the first, second, or third corrected target address using the selection signal. The selection signal is generated in selection logic using a segment wrap indication and a displacement sign, where the segment wrap indication is generated based on a displacement least significant bits, a segment base, and a least significant address.

The present invention pertains to the field of integrated circuits. More particularly, the present invention pertains to efficient address generation for a segmented linear address space.
Integrated circuits typically have address generating circuits for generating the addresses of code or data to be accessed from storage. Processors are an example of an integrated circuit requiring repeated address generation for the retrieval of data or code from storage. The amount of code or data that the processor can access is limited by the size of the linear address space. The size of the linear address space is a function of the width in bits of the address registers in the processor. For example, in a processor having 32 bit registers, the processor can address 232 bytes (or locations). The linear address space of a processor can be divided into segments. Segments can be used to hold the code, data, and a stack for a program or to hold system data structures. If more than one program is running on a processor, each program can be assigned its own set of segments. The processor then enforces the boundaries between these segments and ensures that one program does not interfere with the execution of another program by writing into the other program""s segments. The size of a segment is also known as the size of the effective address space of the processor. Many popular processors have effective address spaces and segments that are 64 kilobytes in size. However, other sizes are possible.
Processors have an instruction pointer containing an instruction address pointing to an instruction in a segment containing code to be executed by the processor. The instruction address indicates the location of the instruction in the linear address space. The instruction address is typically translated into a physical address that is used to retrieve an instruction from a particular location in physical memory or other storage device.
While executing code in a segment, a processor typically increments the contents of the instruction pointer so that the instruction pointer points to the next instruction to be retrieved. However, when the processor encounters a relative branch instruction the contents of the instruction pointer after execution of the relative branch instruction will depend upon the displacement specified in the branch instruction. When the relative branch instruction is executed, a target address is generated using the displacement. The target address is the address of the next instruction to be retrieved by the processor. Upon completion of the execution of the relative branch instruction, the target address is placed into the instruction pointer. For the case where the processor is restricted to the address space of the segment, the target address cannot point to a location outside the code segment. Consequently, after execution of the relative branch instruction the instruction pointer must point to a location between the segment base and the segment base plus the size of the effective address space. For an effective address space of 64 kilobytes, the instruction pointer must point to a location between the segment base (lower boundary) and the segment base plus FFFFH (upper boundary).
Typically, to determine the target address in the linear address space (linear space target address) a processor will first determine the effective space target address. To determine the effective space target address, the segment base is subtracted from the instruction address to produce the effective instruction address. The displacement is added to the effective instruction address to produce the effective space target address. Any carry that results from the sum of the displacement and the effective instruction address is ignored. Irrespective of the value of the displacement, the effective space target address will be between 0000H and FFFFH because the carry is ignored. After determining the effective space target address, the processor will translate the effective space target address to the linear address space by adding the segment base to the effective space target address, thereby generating the linear space target address. Determining the target address in the effective space and translating the effective space target address to the linear address space is computationally intensive and typically requires several clock cycles.
The performance of a processor can be significantly affected by the number of clock cycles required for generating target addresses for relative branch instructions. Since address generation for relative branch instructions is performed frequently, it would be advantageous to decrease the number of cycles.
A method and circuit for linear space target address generation for a relative branch is described. A selection signal is generated to be used in generating a linear space target address. The generation of the linear space target address includes generating multiple corrected target addresses and selecting the linear space target address from the multiple corrected target addresses using the selection signal. The process of generating multiple corrected target addresses includes generating first, second, and third corrected target addresses. The first corrected target address is generated using an address and a displacement. The second corrected target address is generated using the address, displacement, and a second adder correction value. The third corrected target address is generated using the address, displacement, and a third adder correction value. A multiplexer outputs the first, second, or third corrected target address using the selection signal. The selection signal is generated in selection logic using a segment wrap indication and a displacement sign, where the segment wrap indication is generated based on a displacement least significant bits, a segment base, and a least significant address.

Single cycle linear address calculation for relative branch addressing


The invention relates to a digital system (1) for performing stereotaxic biopsies with a biopsy needle. The inventive system (1) comprises a series of devices which are used to: emit X-rays, detect and transform X-ray photons into electric signáis, position a tissue sample between the X-ray source and the detector, process the electric signáis, and genérate images. The system can also be equipped with a series of devices complementary to those mentioned above, as well as a means for positioning the aforementioned devices in two positions and obtaining images in two different orientations.

The current biopsy equipments are based on static images that are calculated in a deferred manner and forces the blind placement of a biopsy needle and then check that the needle has been correctly inserted; in the case in which the needle has not been inserted correctly, a new calculation is required to correct the position and a new image or images have to be taken for checking.
The nearest state of the art is made up of systems to carry out radiography that use detectors based on CCD (charge coupled devices).
The current biopsy systems are based on a system of two static images taken at different angles, from which the three dimensional coordinates can be calculated for the lesion that requires analysis or removal. The current systems are not capable of providing information on the position of the device during the insertion of the same that allows its relocation to reach the lesion without mistakes, but force it to be calculated after full insertion; that is, during the guiding of the sample-taking needle, different static images are taken to check the position of the needle. Therefore these systems do not provide a real time image of the needle and sample and do not take into account the elasticity of the tissues or the changes of position from the previous biopsy samples; this carries with it the loss of precision in the taking of biopsy samples that can compromise the final result.
By means of the images thus obtained the stereotaxic technique can be applied; Stereotaxy (from the Greek: stereo, three dimensional; taxis, positioning): a surgical technique that allows the localisation and precise access to internal structures by means of a small opening by using three dimensional coordinates obtained from two radiological images taken in accordance with projections from two angles, axial tomography or magnetic resonance.
The problems to be solved by the present invention include:
enabling the specialists who carry out the biopsies to guide the sample-taking needle in real time, with greater precision, more reliability, more quickly and with less trauma for the patient, making the biopsy sample-taking process more effective in terms of cost;
providing a quick system and in real time that enables the doctors to use short term contrasts or markers to enhance the image;
taking samples of very small lesions or with low contrast.

Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas


A display stand for displaying at least two types of food items includes a lower and an upper display component, each for accommodating a plurality of soft-packaged items, and a tray component for receiving a plurality of hard-packaged items. Each lower and upper component has an opening through which the soft-packaged items are visible and removable. The tray component is located between the upper and lower components and has a front opening through which the hard-packaged items are visible and removable. The tray component has an extension projecting beyond the general outline of the display stand as defined by the peripheries of the lower and upper components.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to display stands in general, and more particularly to display towers or stacks capable of displaying more than one kind of food goods or items.
2. Description of the Related Art
There are already known various constructions of display arrangements, among them such that are commonly referred to as display towers, racks or stacks. Devices of this kind are usually used as stand-alone, but not permanent, display structures in grocery stores or other retail establishments, ordinarily being placed into the aisles present between the permanent shelf or similar structures, and are made of a material, such as corrugated board or cardboard, that is much less sturdy (and hence much less expensive) than the materials used for the construction of such permanent structures. Moreover, such devices often are not even unitary; rather, each of them consists of a number of interconnected discrete components that are, for instance, superimposed on one another.
In one known implementation of this approach to the displaying of items being offered for purchase, each of a plurality of display components is provided with one type of locking formation (i.e., either male or protruding or female and receding) at, say, its bottom, and the other type of locking formation at corresponding zones of its top so that, when one such component is stacked on top of another, such formations get into a complementary relationship with respect to one another (i.e., the male protrusions enter and substantially fill the female recesses) and henceforth hold the two components in their thus established stacked or superimposed relationship even if the display stand is exposed to that kind of forces (bumps or the like) that are to be expected in a crowded retail establishment.
Arrangements of this type perform reasonably well and have even enjoyed a modicum of success when only one type of an item was to be displayed in the particular arrangement. However, there are situations where it is desired to display two or more kinds of items, especially food, that are usually somehow intrinsically related to one another, for example, by being eaten together, in close physical proximity to one another. Good examples of such items are tortilla chips and salsa sauce: they go well with one another and are often purchased at the same time.
Hence, to save the customers bent on purchasing such items the trip and the time required for looking them up in different aisles of the retail establishment (and/or the possible embarrassment of coming back from a shopping trip with one and not the other of them), it has been previously proposed to co-locate the salsa sauce containers or the like with the tortilla chip or similar packages. One way of doing that was to use a separate holding receptacle for such containers, and attach that separate receptacle to (for instance, hang it on) the display rack or stack accommodating the chip bags.
It will be appreciated, though, that this was not an ideal solution; as a matter of fact, it left much to be desired, particularly because the attachment of the separate receptacle to the rack, given the very nature of these structures, could not possibly have been strong and permanent enough to be able to withstand all the jostling to which it may be subjected in a busy retail establishment. Given the fragile nature of the salsa containers or the like, dissociation of the receptacle containing them from the display stand or rack could result not only in embarrassment to the person knocking it off but also rather considerable damage and mess to be cleaned by the store personnel. This, of course, is highly undesirable.

Multi-food display tower with interconnecting food bin


Disclosed herein is a process of producing high purity and high yield dimethylnaphthalene by dehydrogenating a dimethyltetralin isomer using a metal catalyst for dehydrogenation. The metal catalyst contains a carrier selected from alumina (Al2O3), silica (SiO2), a silica-alumina mixture and zeolite. The metal catalyst also contains 0.05 to 2.5% by weight of platinum (Pt), 0.1 to 3.0% by weight of tin (Sn) or indium (In), 0.5 to 15.0% by weight of at least one selected from the group consisting of potassium (K), magnesium (Mg) and cesium (Cs), 0.3 to 3.0% by weight of chlorine, and 0.01 to 3.0 % by weight of zinc (Zn) or gallium (Ga) as active components based on an element weight of the final catalyst.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a process of producing high purity and high yield dimethylnaphthalene (DMN) by dehydrogenating a dimethyltetralin (DMT) isomer using a metal catalyst for dehydrogenation. More particularly, the present invention pertains to a metal catalyst for dehydrogenation that is used to dehydrogenate hydrocarbons having 5 to 20 carbon atoms, and a process of producing dimethylnaphthalene using the same catalyst. The metal catalyst contains a carrier selected from the group consisting of alumina (Al2O3), silica (SiO2), a silica-alumina mixture and zeolite; and 0.05 to 2.5 wt % platinum (Pt); 0.1 to 3.0 wt % tin (Sn) or indium (In); 0.5 to 15.0 wt % at least one selected from the group consisting of potassium (K), magnesium (Mg) and cesium (Cs); 0.3 to 3.0 wt % chlorine as active components calculated on elemental basis of the final catalyst. Additionally 0.01 to 3.0 wt % zinc (Zn) or gallium (Ga) as active components calculated on elemental basis of the final catalyst is immersed in the metal catalyst.
2. Description of the Related Art
Known Arts regarding dehydrogenation processes using a catalyst for dehydrogenation are as follows.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,531,543 discloses dehydrogenating hydrocarbons with a catalyst comprising platinum and tin in an alumina carrier. U.S. Pat. No. 4,506,032 suggests the catalyst comprising further halogen component to desirably improve reactivity and selectivity.
Additionally, U.S. Pat. No. 5,012,024 suggests dehydrogenating hydrocarbons with a catalyst containing the palladium (Pd) component in an alumina (Al2O3) carrier, and the dehydrogenation reaction temperature is 200 to 300° C., and the pressure is 0.5 to 5.1 kgf/cm2.
Furthermore, U.S. Pat. No. 5,396,007 suggests the dehydrogenating process using a catalyst for dehydrogenation containing platinum (Pt) and palladium (Pd) components as the active component in an activated carbon as the carrier, and at least one of nitrogen (N2), argon (Ar) and helium (He) is added with raw materials at the pressure of 0.1 to 10 kgf/cm2 and the reaction temperature of 200 to 350° C. in the gas phase. Additionally, U.S. Pat. No. 5,189,234 suggests a dehydrogenating process of organic compounds having 2 to 50 carbon atoms with a catalyst consisting of platinum (Pt) or palladium (Pd) immerged into alumina (Al2O3) in an alkaline solution of alkali metal salts, and the reaction temperature is 200 to 350° C., and the pressure is 10 kgf/cm2.
The present inventors have conducted studies on the catalyst for dehydrogenating saturated hydrocarbons having 11 carbon atoms or more disclosed in Korean Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 10-2005-0054559, showing that the said dehydrogenation reaction is preferably performed in either liquid or gas phase. With respect to the reaction condition, the catalyst for dehydrogenation is useful under the following condition. Preferably, the temperature of the liquid phase reaction is 180 to 350° C. and the pressure is high enough to maintain the liquid phase of the reactants, and the temperature of the gas phase reaction is 250 to 550° C. and the pressure is low enough to maintain the gas phase of the reactants.
However, the activated carbon and the alumina as the carrier of the catalyst are used in the above-mentioned processes, and the dehydrogenation ability is improved by changing structural physical properties of the active component or the carrier. However, when used at a high temperature and pressure for a long time, there are still some problems unsolved such as the changes in the structural physical properties of the carrier, the reduction of area of the active component, the deterioration of performance of the catalyst, shortened life span and the reduction of selectivity of dehydrogenation. Furthermore, mechanical strength and thermal stability are poor due to damages to the catalyst resulting from a change in pressure of the incoming gas.

Dehydrogenation process of dimethylnaphthalene using metal catalyst


A battery using the anode, and methods of manufacturing the anode and the battery are provided. The battery is capable of relaxing stress while securing the contact characteristics between an anode current collector and an anode active material layer, and capable of improving the characteristics. The anode active material layer containing Si as an element is provided on the anode current collector. The anode active material layer includes a first anode active material layer having a first particle formed by being grown on the anode current collector by vapor-phase deposition method and a second anode active material layer having a second particle with an average particle diameter ranging from 0.2 μm to 20 μm which is deposited on the first anode active material layer by coating the first anode active material layer with the second particles.

The present application relates to an anode containing silicon (Si) as an element, a battery using the anode, and methods of manufacturing the anode and the battery.
In recent years, as mobile devices have become more sophisticated and multi-functionalized, a higher capacity of secondary batteries as a power source for these mobile devices has been demanded. As a secondary battery to meet such a demand, there is a lithium ion secondary battery. However, since graphite is currently used for the anode in the lithium ion secondary battery, the battery capacity thereof is in a saturated state and thus it is difficult to attain a significantly high capacity. Therefore, silicon or the like has been considered for the anode. However, when silicon powder is used for the anode, the silicon powder is largely expanded, shrunk, and pulverized due to charge and discharge. Thus, the current collectivity is lowered, the increased surface area promotes decomposition reaction of the electrolytic solution, and the cycle characteristics are extremely poor. Therefore, recently, forming an anode active material layer containing silicon by vapor-phase deposition method or the like has been reported (for example, refer to Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication Nos. 8-50922 and 11-135115, and Japanese Patent Publication No. 2948205). When the anode active material layer is formed by a vapor-phase deposition method, pulverization can be prevented, and the anode current collector and the anode active material layer can be integrated. In the result, electron conductivity in the anode becomes extremely favorable, and high performance both in the capacity and the cycle life is expected.
However, when the anode active material layer is formed by a vapor-phase deposition method, expansion and shrinkage due to charge and discharge generates stress. Therefore, such stress deforms the anode and destroys the active material. Further, in vapor-phase deposition method, it takes a long time to form the anode active material layer compared to coating the anode current collector with a powder active material. Thus, the productivity is not favorable. Furthermore, in the case of vapor-phase deposition method, when deposition time is long, influence of heat on the anode current collector becomes large, and thus the characteristics are lowered and handling becomes difficult.
In view of the foregoing, it is desirable to provide an anode capable of relaxing stress while securing contact characteristics between an anode current collector and an anode active material layer, and for improving the characteristics, a battery using the anode, and methods of manufacturing the anode and the battery.

Anode, battery, and methods of manufacturing them


Various technologies described herein pertain to a vertical axis wind turbine blade configured to rotate about a rotation axis. The vertical axis wind turbine blade includes at least an attachment segment, a rear swept segment, and optionally, a forward swept segment. The attachment segment is contiguous with the forward swept segment, and the forward swept segment is contiguous with the rear swept segment. The attachment segment includes a first portion of a centroid axis, the forward swept segment includes a second portion of the centroid axis, and the rear swept segment includes a third portion of the centroid axis. The second portion of the centroid axis is angularly displaced ahead of the first portion of the centroid axis and the third portion of the centroid axis is angularly displaced behind the first portion of the centroid axis in the direction of rotation about the rotation axis.

A wind turbine is a device that converts kinetic energy from the wind into mechanical energy. The mechanical energy can further be used to produce electricity. A wind turbine can rotate about either a horizontal axis or a vertical axis. A wind turbine that rotates about a horizontal axis is referred to as a horizontal axis wind turbine, and a wind turbine that rotates about a vertical axis is referred to as a vertical axis wind turbine.
A horizontal axis wind turbine typically has a main rotor shaft and electrical generator at the top of a tower, where the main rotor shaft is commonly pointed into the wind to generate electric power. Oftentimes, a blade of a horizontal axis wind turbine continuously produces power in a revolution around a rotation axis. Further, horizontal axis wind turbines are conventionally controlled in various manners. For instance, a speed at which blades of a horizontal axis wind turbine rotate is oftentimes controlled by a connection to an electrical grid. Moreover, torque produced by the horizontal axis wind turbine can be controlled by pitching the blades of the horizontal axis wind turbine. According to an example, a control system of a horizontal axis wind turbine can adjust blade pitch to maintain the torque of the rotor to be within operating limits as wind speed changes. Following this example, the blades of the horizontal axis wind turbine can be feathered, where an angle of attack is minimized by turning the blades to be parallel to airflow, to stop the machine when wind speed exceeds a maximum cut-out speed.
In contrast to a horizontal axis wind turbine, a vertical axis wind turbine has a main rotor shaft arranged vertically; thus, the vertical axis wind turbine need not be pointed into the wind to operate. As opposed to continuously producing power through a revolution, a blade of a vertical axis wind turbine produces power in two bursts within a revolution around the rotation axis (e.g., the blade sweeps through the air in an upwind pass and a downwind pass). However, significant pulsatory torque can be produced during each revolution of a blade in the upwind and downwind passes, which can result in machine fatigue. Further, conventional vertical axis wind turbines can be prone to damage due to going into overspeed (e.g., if a connection with an electrical grid is lost or a brake of the vertical axis wind turbine fails). Often, conventional blade pitching used for horizontal axis wind turbines may be unable to be employed for vertical axis wind turbines.

Aeroelastically coupled blades for vertical axis wind turbines


A hood for a tank to be used in housing reptiles, comprising a body sized to rest on top of the tank, sockets for a fluorescent light source disposed on the bottom surface of the body, sockets for incandescent light sources disposed on the bottom surface of the body, a switch for controlling the fluorescent light source, and a separately operable switch for controlling the incandescent light sources.

This invention relates to a hood to be used in conjunction with a reptile tank, and more particularly pertains to a reptile tank hood which provides independently operable incandescent and fluorescent light to the reptile tank.
Because reptiles are cold-blooded they are extremely sensitive to temperature variations and need to be maintained in a carefully controlled environment.
Reptiles have very particular needs for both heat and light. Both tropical and temperate species of reptiles require heat in order to digest their meals. This heat must be in a relatively narrow range of about 80 degrees. Temperatures of above 90 degrees or as low as 70 degrees Fahrenheit are not acceptable.
Incandescent lights provide heat to the reptiles in a tank. However incandescent lights are not a good substitute for sunlight. Fluorescent lights provide the best substitute for sunlight, according to "Heat is neat for healthy herptiles", Deann Munson, PSM, Sept. 1991, pp. 16, 20, 22. However fluorescent lights do not provide sufficient heat. Furthermore fluorescent lights need to be turned off at night in order to provide reptiles with the requisite nocturnal time period of between 10 and 14 hours. During this nocturnal period, the tank environment will cool quickly without an external source of heat.
Different habitats have been used in order to house reptiles, providing for their particular needs. U.S. Pat. No. 5,010,845 to Azpurua et al. shows a reptile cage having a resistance heater, infra-red light source, humidifier and heat refractor web. This does not provide the sunlight type of illumination needed by reptiles.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,122,800 to Mangarell shows a self-contained vivarium habitat for reptiles and amphibians which contains both white fluorescent and dark-infrared lamps, the former providing light and the latter heat. The infra-red lamp is thermostatically maintained. This habitat contains aquatic, barrier and dry land areas especially suitable for amphibian inhabitants. This is a complete and complex habitat which provides a proper environment for either amphibians or small reptiles.


A foldable filter frame is provided. The filter frame includes a filter media panel and a rectangular support frame surrounding the filter media panel. The support frame included four edge elements. Each edge element has a double-walled construction and is foldable into a position in which a first leg of the respective edge element is generally perpendicular to a second leg of the edge element. An end of at least one of the edge elements that defines a corner of the support frame supports a foldable tab that is receivable in a complementary slot in an end of the other edge element defining the respective corner of the support frame with the tab being arranged in an inner space between the double-walls of the edge element.

Forced air heating and air conditioning systems commonly include an air filter to remove particulates and other impurities from the circulating air. These air filters generally consist of a filter media (e.g., a fibrous mat or porous foam) that is held within a frame. The frame provides the air filter with mechanical strength and rigidity so as to facilitate mounting of the air filter in the air handling equipment. Frequently, these air filters must be replaced on a periodic basis. Alternatively, the air filters can be designed to be washable.
Unfortunately, the air filters that are commercially available for use in heating and air conditioning systems have a number of shortcomings. For example, the air filters are relatively expensive to transport and store because they are quite bulky despite their lightweight construction. This problem has been alleviated somewhat by filters having frames that are designed to nest in another filter thereby allowing more filters to be stored in a given shipping container. However, even with nestable filter designs, the transport and storage of the filters remains a significant cost issue. Moreover, nestable filter designs, as is the case with many conventional filter designs, tend to be expensive to manufacture, awkward to assemble and somewhat flimsy.


Disposable paper products, such as paper toweling, are provided with an indicator means which is disposed on said disposable paper product in a discontinuous or combination discontinuous/continuous pattern. The indicator means gives a visually recognizable signal to a user that desirable properties of the disposable paper product are maintained, even after the disposable paper product has become wetted with a substantially transparent aqueous liquid. The wet gray scale difference for the disposable paper product of the present invention is at least about 64 gray scale units when the disposable paper product is wetted with a substantially transparent aqueous liquid.

Disposable products such as facial tissue, bath tissue, paper towels, and the like are typically made from one or more webs of paper. If the products are to perform their intended tasks, the paper webs from which they are formed must exhibit certain physical characteristics. Among the more important of these characteristics are strength, softness, and absorbency. Strength is the ability of a paper web to retain its physical integrity during use. Softness is the pleasing tactile sensation the user perceives as the user crumples the paper in his or her hand and contacts various portions of his or her anatomy with the paper web. Softness generally increases as stiffness decreases. Absorbency is the characteristic of the paper web which allows it to take up and retain fluids. Typically, the softness and/or absorbency of a paper web is increased at the expense of the strength of the paper web. Accordingly, papermaking methods have been developed in an attempt to provide soft and absorbent disposable paper products having desirable strength characteristics.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,301,746 issued to Sanford et al. discloses a paper web which is thermally pre-dried with a through air-drying system. Portions of the web are then imprinted with a fabric knuckle pattern at the dryer drum to yield paper having two distinct regions of differing fiber density. Through air drying typically improves both the softness and the absorbency of a paper web. Disposable paper products made using such paper as a substrate have enjoyed wide commercial success.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,637,859 issued to Trokhan also describes a paper having two distinct regions. The first, the network region, forms an essentially continuous pattern. The other region comprises a plurality of discrete domes. The network region completely encircles the domes and isolates one dome from another. The network region has a relatively high density while the domes have a relatively low density. Paper made according to U.S. Pat. No. 4,637,859 exhibits good absorbency, softness, tensile strength, burst strength and bulk. Depending on the pattern chosen for the network region the paper also has the ability to stretch in the machine direction, the cross direction, and in intermediate directions even in the absence of creping. Paper of this type has enjoyed wide commercial success as a substrate for paper toweling and as bath tissue.
An alternative approach to improving the properties of disposable paper products has been to incorporate non-cellulosic materials into the structure of the disposable paper product. For example, the use of scrims to add strength to disposable paper products is well known in the art. Also, non-cellulosic fibers have been added to the furnish for the papermaking machine used to produce the substrate for the disposable paper product. However, approaches of this type also carry a cost such as loss of softness or loss of absorbency. Typically, the art has only used such approaches to meet very specific needs, where the benefit gained outweighs the cost paid.
Frequently, disposable paper products, particularly paper towels, comprise a laminate of two or more laminae. Disposable products comprising more than one lamina have the desirable properties of increased bulk, increased absorbency and increased strength per unit area of product compared to products comprising a single lamina.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,414,459 issued to Wells describes a laminated paper product formed by embossing identical raised patterns of protuberances on two paper sheets and adhesively joining the mated distal surfaces of the protuberances to form the laminate. Laminates of this type have enjoyed considerable commercial success, particularly as disposable paper toweling.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,978,565 issued to Pigneul, et al. describes lamninated paper products that are adhesively joined, at least partially, by means of protruding elements. The elements are said to be positioned according to lines or combinations of lines which reproduce spaced motifs. Laminates of this type are said to provide a satisfactory bulky texture without a reduction in mechanical strength which is said to come from embossing to a high density of protuberances.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,294,475 issued to McNeil describes embossed paper laminates of two paper lamina wherein each embossed site of one lamina is adhesively joined to the nonembossed region of the other lamina. Laminates of this type have a high quality quilted cloth-like appearance, a relatively thick caliper and in aesthetically pleasing pattern without sacrificing other desirable qualities such as softness, absorbency and bond strength between the laminae.
While the art has continually worked to improve the properties of disposable paper products without loss of other properties, users of such articles frequently find it difficult to recognize such improvements. For example, when an embossed disposable paper product of the present art is saturated with water all patterned appearance coming from such embossments essentially disappears. This means, even if the embossing pattern were chosen to preserve the physical properties of the unembossed paper to the greatest degree possible, a user of such a product would have no readily discernible signal that the product provided such benefits.
Thus, it is an object of the present invention to provide disposable products, such as paper toweling, with a readily recognizable signal that the article has desirable physical properties, both when the article is dry and, particularly, when the article is wetted with a substantially transparent aqueous liquid. It is a further object of the present invention to provide laminated disposable products such that the difference in visual appearance of the paper webs that comprise the laminae and the visual appearance of an indicator means is sufficiently great, when the laminated disposable paper product is wet, to provide such a readily discernible signal.

Disposable paper products with indicator means


The structure of a semiconductor device with an array of bioFET sensors, a biometric fingerprint sensor, and a temperature sensor and a method of fabricating the semiconductor device are disclosed. A method for fabricating the semiconductor device includes forming a gate electrode on a first side of a semiconductor substrate, forming a channel region between source and drain regions within the semiconductor substrate, and forming a piezoelectric sensor region on a second side of the semiconductor substrate. The second side is substantially parallel and opposite to the first side. The method further includes forming a temperature sensing electrode on the second side during the forming of the piezoelectric sensor region, forming a sensing well on the channel region, and binding capture reagents on the sensing well.

Biosensor systems can be used for sensing and detecting biomolecules and can operate on the basis of electronic, electrochemical, optical, and/or mechanical detection principles. Biosensor systems with field effect transistors (FETs) can electrically sense charges, photons, and/or mechanical properties of bio-entities or biomolecules. The detection can be performed by detecting the bio-entities or biomolecules themselves, or through interaction and reaction between specified reactants and bio-entities/biomolecules. Such biosensor systems can be manufactured using semiconductor processes, can quickly convert electric signals, and can be easily applied to integrated circuits (ICs) and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS).
Illustrative embodiments will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings. In the drawings, like reference numerals generally indicate identical, functionally similar, and/or structurally similar elements.

Semiconductor device with bioFET and biometric sensors


A self-contained portable self-supporting scaffolding kit for mounting adjacent an elevated structure and allowing a user to reach the elevated structure to work thereon. The kit includes a movable base assembly that supports a tower assembly along which a platform assembly moves, in a use configuration. In a portable configuration, the kit is partially disassembled, folded and secured on the base assembly for transportation thereof, with all required equipment pieces.

Scaffoldings with raisable platform mounted on a tower or the like are well known in the art of building construction. These scaffoldings require the tower to be temporarily secured to the adjacent structure at a relatively low height, starting at about 20 feet from ground, when carrying substantial loads. These attachments require the help of skilled technicians and prevent the scaffolding from being rapidly displaced from one place to another whenever required. Furthermore these types of scaffoldings usually include massive and heavy sections of towers in order to carry significant loads with a relatively small size cross section.
There is no existing 'portable' size scaffoldings in which the overall structure is relatively light weight for self-support while being easily assembled and/or disassembled by a single worker, and still allowing for the worker being on the vertically displaceable platform to be capable of displacing himself/herself all along the platform through the tower.
Furthermore, existing scaffoldings always require significant amount of equipment that usually need to be carried independently from the scaffolding itself, such that either many back and forth displacements between two points are required or many motor vehicles are used to carry them all. Alternatively, a single truck with a large loading platform could be used, but such a truck would have limited access to construction areas and typically requires a skilled and licensed driver.
Similarly, existing non-raisable scaffoldings, in order to cover a surface of approximately 40 feet wide by 32 feet high (about 12x10 meters), requires about 4 hours to be fully installed by a minimum of two skilled workers, before use.
Accordingly, there is a need for an improved self-contained portable self-supporting scaffolding kit.

Self-contained, portable and self-supporting scaffolding kit


An antagonistic fluid control system, wherein the system may comprise multiple antagonistic pressure control valves operable with a single actuator, or multiple pressure control valves operable with respective antagonistic actuators. The pressure control valves are configured to provide functional and efficiency advantages, and operate together to provide several operating or valving states. A first valving state comprises an active valving state configured to actively control the movement of the load. A second valving state comprises an inactive actuation state, wherein either the return and pressure ports of one pressure control valve are closed, or only the return ports of one pressure control valve are opened, to allow the other pressure control valve to operate in an active valving state. A third valving state comprises a passive valving state, wherein the pressure control valves are operated in a slosh mode configured to allow the load to freely move or dangle. In this third passive valving state, or slosh mode, the return ports of the two pressure control valves are opened to allow fluid, and preferably local fluid, to shunt back and forth within the system.

Control and servo systems, such as hydraulic or pneumatic systems, are well known and operate on the simple principle of transferring force from an applied location to an output location by means of a fluid. In hydraulic systems, the transfer is typically accomplished by means of an actuator cylinder having a piston contained therein pushing a substantially incompressible fluid through a fluid line to another cylinder, also having a piston, at a different location. One tremendous advantage to transferring force through a hydraulic system is that the fluid line connecting the two cylinders can be any length and shape, and can wind or bend through all sorts of positions separating the two pistons. The fluid line can also split into multiple other fluid lines thus allowing a master piston to drive multiple slave pistons. Another advantage of hydraulic systems is that it is very easy to increase or decrease the applied force at the output location. This hydraulic force multiplication is accomplished by changing the size of one piston relative to the other.
In most hydraulic systems, cylinders and pistons are connected through valves to a pump supplying high-pressure hydraulic fluid functioning as the substantially incompressible fluid. Spool valves are the most commonly used valves in hydraulic systems and can apply pressure to either the front or back faces of the piston inside the hydraulic actuators. When one side the actuator cylinder is pressurized, the spool valve simultaneously opens a return line to the opposite side of the actuator, allowing the substantially incompressible hydraulic fluid on the opposing side of the piston to bleed back into a return reservoir. This relieves any internal pressure that would oppose the movement of the actuator, and limits the work required by the actuator to only that which is needed to drive the external load. As a result, spool valves are ideally suited to hydraulic systems because they allow efficient control of the flow rate to achieve hydraulic force.
Still, in spite of the advantages of spool valves in hydraulic systems, existing spool valves have certain design limitations. Traditional spool valves have been designed to be actuated by either mechanical levers, electrical servos or internal control pressures called pilot pressures, which are provided by way of a pilot valve. Spool valves are commonly mounted in a cylindrical sleeve or valve housing with fluid ports extending through the housing, which can be opened or closed for fluid communication with each other by positioning the lands and recesses of the spool in appropriate locations within the sleeve. The working pressure is varied by displacing the valve spool to open or close the valve allowing varying amounts of pressurized fluid to flow from the supply reservoir.
In the case of electrical actuation, the valve is controlled by an electrical input current from an electrical source. The current may be related to the pressure in the system in that the greater the current supplied, the wider the pressure or supply port is opened allowing pressurized fluid to flow into and through the valve with less restriction. When the load pressure in the actuator finally equals the supply pressure then flow stops. In other words, a given current controls the size of the openings in the pressure or return ports, which in turn controls the flow rate of fluid into or away from the hydraulic actuator. In order for the system to operate correctly, there must a be constant pressure differential across the spool valve. Otherwise, as the load pressure approaches the supply reservoir pressure the valve loses linear response and its operation becomes unstable. Consequently, spool valves are typically operated in systems where the pressure of the source (i.e. the supply reservoir) is very high compared to the range of opposing load pressures, and the flow versus input current at a given pressure is linear in the usable region.
What this means is that the system, and particularly the load, is always in a pressurized state and cannot be freely moved by an external force or under its own weight. As such, the load cannot easily be moved without actual active actuation. In other words, the actuator cannot be passively back driven. Such a configuration is extremely inefficient, as active input in the form of pressurized fluid is required to displace or actuate a load, even in the presence of gravity or in response to momentum (e.g. while braking). The use of pressurized fluid creates a significant energy loss as new pressurized fluid must always be supplied in order to move and/or brake the load.
In addition to the current flow problems of traditional spool valves, classical hydraulic systems are problematic for several other reasons. First, complex controllers are needed to control the cycle times of valves and pistons. Second, cycle times for moving pistons are often long because large amounts of fluid are required to move output pistons. Third, the large quantity of fluid needed to drive output pistons requires constant pressurization of large reservoirs of fluid accumulators. Consequently, hydraulic machines typically require large amounts of hydraulic fluid for operation and therefore require large external reservoirs to hold the difference in the volume of fluid displaced by the two sides of any cylinder.
Classical spool valve devices are also limited in application because when a controlled flow is induced through a valve it generally translates directly into a controlled velocity of the actuator's piston. Consequently, complex system feedback devices must be used to convert the hydraulic energy from velocity inputs into a system based on load position. Introducing feed back control devices into the system limits its response to the bandwidth of the feedback loop and the responsiveness of the valves such that the time delays between the feedback devices and the valves make the system unstable when a resistive force is applied.
Still other problems exist with classical servo valves operating in classical servo systems. Due to the problems discussed above, these valves and systems are incapable of performing at high bandwidths without going unstable. In addition, significant amounts of energy may be lost due to leakage when not all of the valves in a multiple valve system are being used. Finally, the configuration of the spool can be limiting, with multiple lands and recesses formed in a single spool, and with the single spool functioning to open and close the pressure and return ports formed in the valve body.

Antagonistic fluid control system for active and passive actuator operation


The present invention relates to an oil storage tank equipped with a floating bed type inner floating roof. The oil storage tank structure has a tank body and an inner floating roof which lies on the liquid surface inside the tank. The inner floating roof includes filling bags and a resilient sealing tube. The filling bags, separated by isolation sheets, are filled with floating plates. The resilient sealing tube is disposed around the entire circumference of the filling bags, and is in contact with and biased against the inner wall of the tank body.

At present, as it is shown in the patents of utility model ZL93217054.4 and ZL97239243.2, the oil storage tank with inner floating roof adopts I-shaped or circular components, which are usually processed from steel plate or aluminum plate. These components are constructed into derivative frame network structure by bolts or aluminum rivets, in which a foamed plastic float covered by metallic layer, or a seamless floating tube extruded by aluminum alloy is fixed. A steel plate or aluminum plate is covered at the top of the derivative frame as a cover board, whose edge is sealed with ligulae or wave sealing strip. The inner floating roof is connected with the top of the oil storage tank by a metal lead in order to induce to static electricity. The disadvantage of the present technology are as follow: the complicated structure will result in too much workload when it is locally assembled; its heavy weight with unequally distributed buoyancy which is only 2 to 3 times of its weight will probably result in tumble accident; the whole metal structure of the inner floating roof setting will probably result in the electrostatic damage; the great thickness of the inner floating roof is usually between 100 mm and 400 mm, enlarges the ineffective pace in the oil storage tank's capacity.

Oil storage tank equipped with a floating bed type inner floating roof


A conduit section for holding routing components constructed in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure is provided. The conduit section includes a double-walled structure having an attachment portion and a clip portion. A hinge is integrally formed within the double-walled structure for hingedly connecting the clip portion to the attachment portion. The clip portion is adapted to be reciprocated about the hinge between an open and closed position, and the hinge is adapted to bias the clip portion into one of the open and closed positions.

Machine or system components are typically placed into communication with other components or systems via routing components, such as wires, cables, pipes, etc. For instance, the electrical components of a heavy duty truck are often placed into electrical communication with other truck electrical components. The routing components are often secured to various locations of the truck, such as the frame rail.
The routing components are normally bundled together and thereafter secured to the frame rail with ties, clips or clamps, or other suitable devices. Ties and wraps are normally inexpensive; however, the tie or wrap must normally be replaced each time a new routing component is added to the bundle or a routing component needs to be serviced. Clips (or clamps) can be opened to add or remove components or service components; however, clips are typically more expensive than ties since they normally include multiple parts and are therefore more difficult to manufacture. A clip is also often unsuitable for use in a high-heat, dynamic environment, such as on the frame rail of a truck. Moreover, the clips are often not adapted to receive bundles of various sizes. The bundled components must be tightly received within the clip to prevent the components from chafing against other components or against the inner walls of the clip when the truck vibrates.
Typically, bundled components are placed within a clip in the open position, and the clip is then closed to secure the components therewithin. If many components need to be added to the clip, the overall truck assembly time necessarily increases if the clip needs to be held open or re-opened each time a routing component is loaded into the clip. The clip is normally closed with a latching device. However, the opening in the latching device is normally exposed to debris, fluids, thermal stress, and dynamic stress, causing it to weaken and eventually fail over time. If the latch fails, the clip can open and allow the routing components to separate from the vehicle.
It is therefore desirable to have a device for securing routing components to a vehicle that is easy to manufacture, that is suitable for use in a stressful environment, that tightly secures the routing components to the frame, that allows the routing components to be easily loaded and unloaded from the device, and that will secure the routing components to the frame in the event that the latch fails.


An organic light-emitting display apparatus includes: a thin film transistor including an active layer, a gate electrode, a source electrode, a drain electrode, a first insulating layer, and a second insulating layer; a pad electrode comprising a first pad layer and a second pad layer on the first pad layer; a third insulating layer covering the source electrode and the drain electrode and an end portion of the pad electrode; a pixel electrode comprising a semi-transmissive electrically conductive layer at an opening in the third insulating layer; a protection layer between the pixel electrode and the first insulating layer; a fourth insulating layer having an opening at a location corresponding to the opening formed in the third insulating layer and covering the end portion of the pad electrode; an emission layer on the pixel electrode; and an opposing electrode on the emission layer.

1. Field
Embodiments of the present invention relate to an organic light-emitting display apparatus and a method of manufacturing the same.
2. Description of the Related Art
An organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display apparatus generally includes a hole injection electrode, an electron injection electrode, and an organic light-emitting layer formed therebetween. The OLED display apparatus is a self light-emitting display apparatus that emits light when holes injected from the hole injection electrode and electrons injected from the electron injection electrode recombine in the organic light-emitting layer to an excited state that gradually disappears thereafter.
Because of its high quality characteristics compared to other types of display devices, such as relatively low power consumption, relatively high brightness, and relatively fast response speed, the OLED display apparatus has received attention as a next generation display.

Organic light-emitting display apparatus


Various clips for mounting accessories to rails, tracks and/or other mounts are described. In some examples, a clip may include a first part and a second part configured to at least partially cooperate with the first part to apply pressure to opposite sides of the rail, track or other mount. A tensioning mechanism may be configured to pull the first part and the second part together and/or to push the first part and the second part apart. A third part that may be configured to rotate with respect to the first part and/or the second part from an open position to a closed position, and to cooperate with the tensioning mechanism to pull the first part and the second part together and/or to push the first part and the second part apart. The third part may include a cam that is configured to increase a pressure applied by the first part and the second part to the rail, track or other mount when the third part is closed.

The present invention generally relates to attachment mechanisms, including clips and similar devices, for securing accessories to track or rail systems such as may be found on firearms, helmets, and other tactical and technical gear.
There is an ongoing need to provide attachment mechanisms for accessories that are secure and relatively quick to apply and remove. Many of the currently known devices require specialized tools and/or thread glue to secure an accessory holder to a rail or other mount. However, such methods are inconvenient for adjusting the accessories in the field and, when the device becomes loose, it may be impractical to re-secure without the proper tools or materials.
As discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,836,625, the contents of which are incorporated herein for all purposes, from the perspective of looking down the length of the rifle, a rail or rail system of a rifle has four mounting surfaces that are located at the 12, 3, 6, and 9 o'clock positions. The positions in between are simply unused space, herein referred to as "dead space." These dead spaces are closer to the center axis of the rifle barrel than the rail system mounting surfaces.


Apparatus and methods for providing an incentive-based system for the superdistribution of content, which include one or more communications devices transmitting one or more referral messages relating to the content. Further, the apparatus and methods include the communications devices ordering content from across the network based on the referral messages, where a reward is generated for one or more referring devices based on the one or more referral messages. Additionally, the application of privacy and authentication mechanisms protects the privacy and verifies the identities of the parties involved in the transaction.

The sharing of digital content among computer devices is fairly common. The user of a computer device has an incentive to share their content in order to gain access to additional content provided by the users of other computer devices. This incentive is particularly strong when the cost to the user of sharing the content is low or negligible. Additionally, such sharing of digital content provides the producer of the content with an additional marketing and/or advertising channel.
In some environments, however, there are disincentives to sharing content. For example, licensed content may include usage rules that restrict or prevent the sharing of the content. Such licensed content includes content subject to digital rights management ("DRM"), for example, including certain audio and video content. Because of these usage rule restrictions, the user of a computer device having this content may not have any incentive to share their content. As such, the additional marketing and/or advertising channel provided by content sharing is lost.
Further for example, a user of a wireless device in a wireless network may incur additional disadvantages. For example, the cost of making a data call on a wireless device over a wireless network is relatively high when compared to the cost of a similar data exchange by a desktop computer connected to the Internet. Additionally, the data throughput during a data call by wireless device over a wireless network may be substantially less when compared to the data throughput of a similar data exchange by desk top computer connected to the Internet, and thus the data call may be relatively slow. Further, for example, a wireless device typically has significantly less memory when compared to other computer devices, such as a desktop computer, thereby limiting the ability of the wireless device to store data comprising the content. Thus, these relatively high costs, relatively low speeds, and relatively limited storage capacities may be a disincentive to the user of the wireless device to share content over a wireless network.
Therefore, there is a need it to provide improved apparatus and methods for sharing licensed content among computer devices.

Apparatus and methods for incentivized superdistribution of content


Semiconductor devices and methods of manufacturing the same are provided. A disclosed semiconductor device includes: a semiconductor substrate; a gate insulating layer on the active region of the semiconductor substrate; a gate on the gate insulating layer; LDD regions on opposite sides of the gate insulating layer and located in the semiconductor substrate; source/drain regions on the LDD regions; and silicide layers on the surfaces of the gate and the source/drain regions. The source/drain regions are formed by doping impurities in a silicon layer grown by a selective epitaxy.

As the degree of integration of semiconductor devices has increased, implanting ions by low energy, double ion implantation, and controlling the channeling effect by pre-amorphousness have been proposed for forming shallow source/drain junctions on a transistor. To apply such methods to forming shallow junctions under 0.1 μm, more research with regard to the physical and chemical characteristics of defects formed by ion implantation is needed.
Accordingly, instead of the conventional method of forming a source/drain junction in a semiconductor substrate, elevated source/drain junctions which are formed in an epitaxy layer grown on the surface of a semiconductor substrate have recently been proposed.
To clarify multiple layers and regions, the thickness of the layers are enlarged in the drawings. Wherever possible, the same reference numbers will be used throughout the drawing(s) and accompanying written description to refer to the same or like parts. As used in this patent, stating that any part (e.g., a layer, film, area, or plate) is in any way positioned on (e.g., positioned on, located on, disposed on, or formed on, etc.) another part, means that the referenced part is either in contact with the other part, or that the referenced part is above the other part with one or more intermediate part(s) located therebetween. Stating that any part is in contact with another part means that there is no intermediate part between the two parts.


A construction method for a recyclable anchor rod. The recyclable anchor rod includes a reinforcing steel bar body and an unlocking device. The unlocking device includes a housing, a fixed panel, a top limiter, lifting screw limiters, a lifting screw, transmission gears, gear clamping arms, a thread limiter, and a pressure bearing plate. The construction method includes: 1, positioning; 2, drilling; 3, anchoring; 4, performing primary grouting; 5, performing secondary grouting; 6, tensioning and locking; and 7, recycling the reinforcing steel bar body. Shock-absorbing pressure-bearing devices are arranged between the lower end of the housing and the pressure bearing plate. The present disclosure effectively solves the problems that a conventional anchor rod hinders the construction of an adjacent underground structure and pollutes underground environment, and the problems that the existing recyclable anchor rod unlocking device is unstable, does not have earthquake resistance, and cannot realize 100% recovery of rod bodies.

With continuous development of urban development, there are more and more high-rise buildings. Infrastructure construction, such as subways and pipe galleries, growing year by year. A large number of anchor rods remain underground after the failure of support and protection of a foundation pit engineering, which becomes an obstacle to the construction of surrounding adjacent buildings or structures. Meanwhile, reinforcing steel bars or steel strands that exist underground for a long can cause underground environmental metal pollution and result in adverse consequences, such as soil degradation and ecological deterioration.
Based on this, a series of recyclable anchors are developed in rock and soil anchorage industry. However, the recyclable anchor rods on the market today generally have the following problems: 1, the anchor rod unlocking device is not firmly locked, and the reinforcing steel bar body is pulled out when the anchor rod is tensioned; 2, the anchor rod unlocking device is unstable, and the device fails during unlocking, so that the recovery of the reinforcing steel bar body fails; 3, the recyclable anchor rod does not have earthquake resistance, and under the action of an earthquake load, the stress of the anchor rod is greatly increased, which causes locking failure and damage of the unlocking device or the breakage of the reinforcing steel bar body; and 4, the anchor rod is damaged after an earthquake, the pre-stress loss cannot be recycled, and the anchor rod cannot be effectively remedied after failure.

Construction method for recyclable anchor rod


The present invention provides a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) device and a fabrication method thereof. The CMOSFET device includes a compressively strained SiGe channel for a PMOSFET, as well as a tensile strained Si channel for an NMOSFET, thereby enhancing hole and electron mobility for the PMOSFET and the NMOSFET, respectively. As such, the threshold voltages of the two types of transistors can be obtained in oppositely symmetric by single metal gate.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology. More particularly, it relates to combining a compressively strained SiGe channel of a PMOSFET with a local tensile strained Si channel of an NMOSFET, such that a band gap narrowing of the CMOSFET and improving holes and electrons mobility of the PMOSFET and NMOSFET, respectively.
2. Description of the Related Art
The density of integrated circuits (IC) continues to increase and feature size thereof continues to scale down, improving the performance of IC devices and lowering manufacturing costs. Shorter channel length causes gate electrodes to lose channel controllability due to the short channel effect (SCE). This controllability problem can be solved by reducing the thickness of the gate dielectric layer (silicon dioxide), and this decreases the operating voltage and increases driving current. As a result, the leakage current is significantly increased with a direct tunneling effect, and the controllability issue still exists.
The physical thickness of high-k materials is much thicker than that of silicon dioxide under the same capacitance. With high-k materials serving as a gate dielectric layer, the electric filed in dielectric is lower under a same bias voltage, thereby decreasing the current leakage. High-k gate dielectrics are therefore considered to be a promising solution for replacing conventional silicon dioxide.
Semiconductor technology includes high-temperature processes, such as activation annealing after ion implantations. In the conventional art, poly-Si has been widely used as gate material due to its thermal budget and interface properties with silicon dioxide. When IC dimensions decrease, the poly-Si has issues of poly depletion and sheet resistance. In deep submicron CMOSFET technology, introduction of metal-gates has become a mainstream method for reducing the described problems.
To design a high speed CMOSFET with lower power loss, threshold voltages of PMOSFET and NMOSFET have to be oppositely symmetric. To obtain a tunable work function of metal gate in a CMOS, dual metal-gate electrodes or ion implantation to tune work function is applied. The former, however, is a complex process, and the latter is limited by solid solubility.
A method for reducing the channel effective band gap in a single workfunction metal gate, band gap offset of strained Si and strained SiGe channels are disclosed in IEEE EDL, vol. 25-6, pp. 402-404, entitled "Strained-Si-Strained-SiGe Dual-Channel Layer Structure as CMOS Substrate for Single Workfunction Metal-gate Technology", published in June 2004. In this method, a compressively strained Si0.4Ge0.6 layer as a hole channel and a tensile strained Si layer as an electron channel are formed sequentially on a Si0.7Ge0.3 virtual substrate, wherein the Si layer of a PMOSFET is thicker than that of the NMOSFET to make sure that the reversion channel in the compressively strained SiGe layer. As shown in FIG. 1, tensile strained Si (region I), compressively strained Si0.4Ge0.6 (region II), relaxed Si0.7Ge0.3 buffer (region III), and bulk Si (region IV) are used as channels with different energy gaps. The tensile strained Si enhances electron mobility significantly in NMOSFET. However, the tensile strained Si cannot significantly improve the hole mobility in PMOSFET. Using compressively strained Si0.4Ge0.6 as a hole channel can enhance the operational speed of the PMOSFET. Therefore, the cited paper applies the Si0.4Ge0.6 and the tensile-strained Si as channels of the PMOSFET and the NMOSFET, respectively, such that the effective band gap is narrower than the bulk Si by 0.5 eV (from 1.1 eV to 0.6 eV). An ideal oppositely symmetrical threshold voltage of the PMOSFET and the NMOSFET can be obtained by a single metal-gate of 4.5 eV workfunction. This method requires a SiGe virtual substrate that leads increasing costs and the thickness of the ultra-thin Si cap layer overlying the PMOSFET is difficult to control.
Presently strained channel engineering mainly comprises global strain and local strain. Disadvantages of the global strain include high cost, low hole mobility, and high defect density in the SiGe virtue substrate. The disadvantage of the local strain is difficult in process control.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,784,507 discloses a structure of CMOSFET and BiCMOSFET, which includes a PMOSFET having a compressively strained SiGe channel, and an NMOSFET having a Si channel. A compressively strained SiGe channel is used for enhancing the hole mobility of the PMOSFET, but the electron mobility of the NMOSFET is not improved.
An improvement of mobility enhancement by strained channel CMOSFET with single workfunction metal-gate and a fabrication method is called for.

Mobility enhancement by strained channel CMOSFET with single workfunction metal-gate and fabrication method thereof

Industrial Technology Research Institute


A pneumatic tire wherein a sipe includes protrusions on a first sipe wall face of mutually opposing sipe wall faces and recesses that mate with the protrusions in a second sipe wall face. Additionally, in a projection figure of the protrusions with the sipe wall faces in an expanded state, a relationship between a placement density X of the protrusions in a region that extends up to half of a sipe depth H from an opening of the sipe and a placement density Y of the protrusions in a region that extends up to half of the sipe depth H from a bottom of the sipe is X>Y.

1. Technical Field
The present technology relates to a pneumatic tire, and more specifically, to a pneumatic tire having enhanced braking performance on ice.
2. Related Art
Conventional pneumatic tires include a plurality of circumferential main grooves and block-like land portions that are partitioned by the circumferential main grooves in a tread portion. Additionally, the land portions include a plurality of sipes extending in a tire width direction. Thereby, the edge effect of the tire is enhanced.
However, in recent years, there has been a growing trend toward increasing the number of sipes provided and, while leading to an enhancement in the edge effect of the tire, this also results in problems such as a decline in rigidity of the entire block and a decline in the dry braking performance and braking performance on ice of the tire.
Therefore, in order to solve these problems, a configuration is used in which protrusions and recesses that mutually mate are provided in sipe wall faces. With this configuration, when a tire brakes, the rigidity of the land portion is increased due to the sipes sealing and the protrusions and recesses mating. Thereby, the braking performance on ice of the tire is enhanced. The technology described in Japanese Patent No. 3180160 is known as a conventional pneumatic tire that is configured in this manner.


A spectral imaging system configured to obtain spectral measurements in a plurality of spectral regions is described herein. The spectral imaging system comprises at least one optical detecting unit having a spectral response corresponding to a plurality of absorption peaks of a target chemical species. In an embodiment, the optical detecting unit may comprise an optical detector array, and one or more optical filters configured to selectively pass light in a spectral range, wherein a convolution of the responsivity of the optical detector array and the transmission spectrum of the one or more optical filters has a first peak in mid-wave infrared spectral region between 3-4 microns corresponding to a first absorption peak of methane and a second peak in a long-wave infrared spectral region between 6-8 microns corresponding to a second absorption peak of methane.

Field
The present disclosure generally relates to a system and method for detecting and imaging the concentration of various types of substances (e.g., gases), including hydrocarbons.
Description of the Related Technology
Spectral imaging systems and methods have applications in a variety of fields. Spectral imaging systems and methods obtain a spectral image of a scene in one or more regions of the electromagnetic spectrum to detect phenomena, identify material compositions or characterize processes.
Various spectral imaging systems currently available may be limited by a number of factors. For example, to increase sensitivity, various spectral imaging systems may require cryogenic cooling of the sensor element (e.g., optical detector array). This can substantially increase the cost, mass, power consumption, and complexity of the imaging system. Furthermore, it may not be practical to use various spectral imaging systems that employ cryogenic cooling in situations where a hand-held or battery-operated device is desired. Furthermore, various spectral imaging systems available today may not be capable of providing imaging with adequate sensitivity, specificity or resolution.


A touch panel includes a substrate, a sensing array, a plurality of first connection lines and at least two button sensing pads. The substrate has an active region and a peripheral region disposed on at least one side of the active region. The sensing array is disposed in the active region, which includes a plurality of first sensing electrode series disposed in the active region along a first direction and a plurality of second sensing electrode series disposed in the active region along a second direction. The first and second sensing electrode series intersect and form a plurality of sensing units. The first connection lines are disposed in the peripheral region and electrically connected to the first sensing electrode series respectively. The at least two button sensing pads are disposed in the peripheral region, and electrically connected to at least two first connection lines respectively to form a virtual button.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention is related to a touch panel, a touch display panel and a touch signal sensing method, and more particularly, to a touch panel and a touch display panel able to realize slim border design and a touch signal sensing method thereof.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Touch panel has been widely used in the input interfaces of electronic products for its properties of human-machine interaction. In recent years, more and more consumer electronics, such as smart phones, GPS navigator systems, tablet computer and laptop computers are employed with touch display panels.
In order to increase the operational facilitation for users, conventional touch panels are usually provided with some commonly-used functional button (also known to as hot keys) e.g. home button, menu button and return button in the form of physical buttons. The physical buttons include mechanical type buttons, thin film type buttons and capacitive type buttons. However, the physical button requires additional components such as printed circuit board (PCB) and conductive lines to implement its input function, which causes volume increase and layout difficulty of connection lines for electronic product.
To overcome the disadvantage of physical button, some electronic products such as smart phone and tablet computer use virtual button (also known to as virtual key) to replace physical button. The virtual button is disposed in the peripheral region of touch panel, which can implement touch input when pressed by the user. However, the virtual button itself and necessary additional connection lines would occupy most of the area of the peripheral region, and therefore the width or area of the peripheral must be increased to accommodate the virtual button and the connection lines of the virtual button as well as the connection lines of the sensing array of touch panel. Consequently, it is difficult to design a touch panel having slim border with the virtual button.

Touch panel, touch display panel and touch signal sensing method


Prior to paint coating, a golf ball is surface treated with a surface treating agent comprising a silane coupling agent of the formula: (RO).sub.a --Si--(X).sub.b wherein R is alkyl, X is a monovalent hydrocarbon group, letters a and b are integers of 1 to 3, satisfying a+b=4 and optionally an epoxy compound. The surface treatment helps the ball surface bear a paint coating of quality. The surface treating agent may be a mixture of the salane coupling agents.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a method for surface treating golf balls.
2. Prior Art
In general, golf balls are delivered to the market after the golf ball surface (which designates the cover surface of a golf ball consisting of a core and a cover and the ball surface of a one-piece solid golf ball) is surface painted for the purposes of protecting the ball surface and imparting an appropriate color and luster to give an aesthetic appearance and an increased commodity value.
Because of the uniqueness of golf balls that the paint coating surface of the ball receives extremely strong impact and friction forces when hit with a club, it is desired that the paint coating be designed to have flexibility and sufficient elongation and to ensure firm adhesion to the ball surface. Various means were investigated for improving the adhesion between the paint coating and the ball surface. Prior art attempts include buffing, shot blasting and honing of the golf ball surface.
These attempts are successful in improving the adhesion between the paint coating and the ball surface, but to a less extent. Since they are physical treatments, the results of treatment largely vary among balls.
In further attempts, such physical treatments are followed by flame, corona discharge, plasma, and aqueous chlorine treatments. These procedures could not achieve a satisfactory level of adhesion and rather complicate the manufacture process. In particular, the discharge treatment requires an expensive installation, resulting in an increased cost of treatment.


The present disclosure generally relates to pharmaceutical mouth rinse compositions comprising Neem oil that are useful for treating viral infections, including coronavirus infections.

Coronaviridae are positive strand RNA viruses that typically cause respiratory and enteric diseases in mammals. Coronaviruses are responsible for numerous human diseases, including severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), and most recently Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). These viruses are highly transmissible and may result in severe, even lethal, respiratory complications for infected subjects. See, e.g., Ksiazek et al., New Eng. J. Med. 2003, 348(20): 1947-1958 and Drosten et al., New Eng. J. Med. 2003, 348(20): 1959-1968.
At present, there are no approved antiviral drugs for coronaviruses. While coronaviruses generally cause mild to moderate infections of relatively short duration in humans (e.g., "common colds"), the incidence of disease is sufficiently high to be of economic importance, causing losses in school and workplace productivity. Accordingly, there is an urgent medical need for antiviral agents to treat and/or prevent coronavirus infections.

Antiviral compositions and methods of using same


An optical waveguide structure has a slab type photonic crystal and an optical waveguide provided in the photonic crystal. The photonic crystal has a slab of a dielectric film and a plurality of lattice columns each having dielectric pillars. The dielectric pillars included in the lattice columns at least in n'th order (n represents 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5) in distance with respect to said optical waveguide, respectively, has a planar shape of an equilateral polygon or exact circle. At least one of the dielectric pillars included in the lattice columns at least in n'th order (n represents 2, 3, 4 and 5) with respect to the optical waveguide has a size rn different from a fundamental size ro.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an optical waveguide structure utilizing a slab-type and two-dimensional photonic crystal.
2. Related Art Statement
An optical device utilizing a photonic crystal has a structure of repeating different kinds of dielectric materials having different dielectric constants. According to such devices, the internal multiple reflection phenomenon is utilized to provide various kinds of devices having superior functions and of very small sizes. Since the principle of function of the device is based on multiple reflection phenomenon, the device properties have a strong dependency on frequency (wavelength) in the vicinity of a specific frequency. The frequency is decided upon the material (refractive index N) of a substrate for a photonic crystal and a length d of period of repetition of the photonic crystal structure. The dependency of the device on frequency is characteristic to the device. However, in the case that the device is used in a wide range of wavelength, the characteristics would turn to be a defect.
An optical waveguide utilizing a slab-type and two-dimensional photonic crystal is described, for example, in the following documents.
Japanese patent publication No. 2005-172932A
Japanese patent publication No. 2003-156642A
Japanese patent publication No. 2005-70163A
Japanese patent publication No. 2002-350657A
The 53'th Applied Physics Related Associated Lectures; Proceedings; (2006, Spring, at Musashi Kogyo University) page 1121, 23a-L-4
"2D PC Slab add/Drop Filter Integrated with Polarization Mode Converter" authored by Yoshinori TANAKA et. al.
Journal of IEICE, C, Vol. J87-C No. 1 pages 12 3˜131, January, 2004, "Finite element Method for Nonreciprocal Optical Waveguide_Discontinuity Problems and Analysis of Optical Isolators Using Magneto-Photonic Crystal Waveguide" authored by Kono et. al.
2001 The American Physical Society ┌PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS┘ Vol. 87, No. 25 ┌Extremely Large Group-Velocity dispersion of Line-Defect Waveguides in Photonic Crystal Stabs┘


A liner retention system for a reciprocating pump having a piston and a piston rod operating in a cavity of a frame. The system includes a cylindrical liner for the piston and piston rod, the liner having a radially extending external shoulder. A liner clamp plate has a central opening receivable over the liner and a plurality of stud apertures. A plurality of studs extends from the frame, each stud terminating in a threaded end spaced from a module block. At least one compression sleeve has an inside diameter larger than an external diameter of the stud. Tensioner mechanism secures each stud to the liner clamp plate to thereby secure the cylindrical liner to the module block.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention is directed to a liner retention system for a reciprocating pump. In particular, the present invention is directed to a novel liner retention system for reciprocating mud pumps used in drilling and workover rig applications, and well servicing pumps such as stimulating and cementing.
2. Background of Invention
Drilling fluid (sometimes referred to as "drilling mud"), which is often times a petroleum or water based fluid product, is used in drilling and workover rig applications.
Drilling fluid serves a number of important functions in the drilling operations. The drilling fluid serves to assist in cleaning the bottom of the wellbore hole and transports drill cuttings to the surface where they are removed. The drilling fluid also cools the drill bit and lubricates the drill stem. Additionally, the drilling fluid assists in supporting the walls of the wellbore and discourages entry of fluids into the well. Finally, the drilling fluid can reveal the presence of oil, gas or water that may enter the fluid from a formation being drilled and may reveal information about the formation through drill cuttings. A viscous drilling fluid will be capable of transporting more and heavier cuttings so viscous drilling fluid is encouraged and often additives are utilized to increase viscosity.
The drilling fluid at a drilling or workover rig site is utilized in a circulating system so that the drilling fluid may be reused. The time required for the drilling fluid to travel from pump suction to pump suction is known as a complete cycle.
Mud tanks, when part of a mud circulation system, can supply mud to a pump or pumps to begin circulation, receive the drilling fluid circulated out of the well and store reserve mud.
A reciprocating pump or pumps are utilized to move the drilling fluid from the surface through a series of pipes including a stand pipe and rotary hose and then downhole to the subterranean drilling location. The drilling fluid will often be moved thousands of feet down drill pipe and out small nozzles in a drill bit. Thereafter, the pumps circulate the drilling fluid back to the surface through an annulus where the drilling mud is passed through various conditioning equipment. The equipment may include a vibrating screen assembly and separator mechanisms to remove entrained solids such as rocks or drilling cuttings. Other equipment may include degassers and mud agitators.
A reciprocating pump is a positive displacement pump. A plunger or piston reciprocates (moves back and forth) inside a cylinder which in the present case is a replaceable cylindrical liner. The reciprocating movement of the piston displaces or moves the drilling fluid. Drilling rigs have utilized both single-acting triplex pumps and double-acting duplex pumps.
Mud pumps are known to operate at up to 2200 horsepower. These pumps can include cylinder liners which are required to be frequently changed and also inspected from time to time.


A lamp shade including a plurality of light deflectors. The light deflectors are mounted so as to be independently moveable with respect to the frame and one another. Most preferably the lamp shade is defined by two or more spaced arrays of light deflectors. In one embodiment the light deflectors are mounted end to end to allow vertical variation in light intensity and direction. In another embodiment the light deflectors are both horizontally and vertically disposed to increase versatility in both appearance and lighting effect. Thus, the lamp shade advantageously allows the light to be directed in accordance with the particular area in which the light fixture is placed, both to shield the user's eyes and to direct light where it is most needed. At the same time, because the light emanating from the light source can be efficiently used in that it can be directed to the areas in which it is desired or required, in an amount determined by the user, a lesser wattage light source can be effectively used to light the area in the vicinity of the light source to the same extent as a higher wattage light source in a conventional shade.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to illumination devices and, in particular, to an adjustable lamp shade or shield formed from at least two laterally spaced arrays of light deflectors.
2. Description of the Related Art
Most lighting fixtures whether floor lamps, wall mounted light fixtures or ceiling fixtures, have diffusers or shades to prevent the light emitted from the light source from shining in the user's eyes, to direct the light towards the object or area to be lit, and/or for aesthetic purposes For example, floor and table lights typically have a shade which is semi-cylindrical or is conical to direct the light from the light source downwardly onto the surface of the desk or table, or towards a reading chair or the like.
A significant deficiency of conventional lamp shades and deflectors is that the intensity of light directed in a particular direction can not be altered, unless the entire shade is moved. For example, the light emitted from desk lamps is directed almost entirely downwardly. Accordingly, additional lamps and/or ceiling lights are typically required to fully illuminate a room. Likewise many wall mounted lamps have shades which direct substantially all of the light against or along the wall whereby the surrounding area will be only dimly lit. Thus, ceiling lights or a great number of fixtures must be provided for total lighting.
Further, because light emanating from a light source is typically confined to a particular area by lamp shades, a high light intensity is required if there is to be any peripheral lighting. Thus, a relatively high wattage light source is required for shaded lamps to achieve a given level of peripheral lighting.
Efforts have been made heretofore to produce devices for controlling the amount and direction of light emitted from a light source. For example, 3-way light bulbs and dimmer switches are commonly used to offer the user a variety of light intensities. Such devices, however, do not allow directional intensity variation.
Others have developed shades which allow the user to vary the amount of light allowed to pass therethrough. Typically, such shades are in the form of a plurality of louvers disposed either in a single plane in front of a spot or track light or in a cylinder surrounding the light source.
For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,800,473 to Tremblay shows a lamp having a series of louvers that are lengthwise pivotable between an opened and a closed position. The louvers are simultaneously adjusted through the use of an annular gear mounted on the lamp base.
U.S. Pat. No. 2,437,825 to Kohn shows a lamp shade with a plurality of pivoting blades. The movement of a control ring causes rotation of the blades from an opened position to a closed position. Again, the blades are interconnected so that all blades are adjusted simultaneously.
U.S. Pat. No. 188,700 to Von Otter and U.S. Pat. No. 2,670,431 to Bullock also relate to lamp shades that have adjustable louvers that are simultaneously adjusted.
A problem common to each of the above-identified lamps is that the louvers cannot be independently adjusted to allow a higher degree of flexibility in directing the illuminating light.
Because the light deflectors of the above-noted structures can only be altered in unison, the resulting lighting effect is typically an all or nothing effect. The light is either allowed to pass through the shade or it is not and the user does not have the opportunity to adjust lighting in accordance with the particular environment in which the light fixture is used. Even if intensity passing through the shade can be gradually increased or decreased, only limited directional control is possible and, therefore, the light emitted can not be effectively utilized to maximize energy efficiency.
My earlier U.S. patent application No. 07/789,955, filed on Nov. 12, 1991, the disclosure of which incorporated herein by this reference, addressed these problems by providing a lamp shade wherein at least some of the light deflectors can be rotated independently of one another relative to the support frame. That is not to say, however, that improvement on my original concept is not possible, and, indeed, the invention disclosed herein constitutes an improvement thereof. More particularly, I found that with the light deflectors arranged in a single smoothly contoured array, light may pass through the inevitable crack between adjacent light deflectors thereby precluding a total blackout of light emanating through the lamp shade.
To address that potential concern, one may overlap the light deflectors of a single array. However, with the light deflectors arranged in this manner, it is no longer possible to completely independently rotate each light deflector with respect to the remaining light deflectors.

Lamp shade having at least two laterally spaced arrays of light deflectors


A semiconductor apparatus includes positive and negative side conductors for bridge-connecting semiconductor switches, constituted to a wide conductor, and laminated by sandwiching an insulator between them. A semiconductor apparatus includes positive and negative side conductors extended from its case, and an electrolytic capacitor connected to the extension portion of the positive and negative side conductors. A power converter uses the semiconductor apparatus.

This invention relates to a semiconductor apparatus, a power converter and an automobile having a motor driven by the power converter.
JP-A-11-89247 can be cited as one of the prior art references. This technology relates to a method of reducing a wiring inductance as a cause of the increase of a loss and the occurrence of a jump-up voltage at the time of switching by using a laminate conductor plate assembled by laminating wiring lines for connecting a semiconductor apparatus and a capacitor with an insulator sandwiched between them, and reducing an inductance at a wiring portion at which the semiconductor apparatus and the capacitor are connected.
Semiconductor apparatuses for controlling a large current use in many cases a semiconductor switch having a low ON resistance so as to reduce a steady loss of the semiconductor switch. The semiconductor switch having a low ON resistance generally has a low device withstand voltage. Therefore, the wiring inductance that may invite the occurrence of a voltage exceeding the device withstand voltage at the time of switching must be reduced in such a semiconductor apparatus.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a semiconductor apparatus capable of reducing a wiring inductance as a cause of a jump-up voltage, a power converter, and an automobile using the power converter.
According to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a semiconductor apparatus including at least two controllable semiconductor switches, at least one output terminal and a case equipped with the output terminal, wherein positive and negative side conductor plates for bridge-connecting the semiconductor switches are laminated with an insulator sandwiched between at least a part thereof, and the positive and negative side conductor plates so laminated are exposed to a surface of the case.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a power converter comprising a semiconductor apparatus and electrolytic capacitors, the semiconductor apparatus having a construction wherein positive and negative side conductors for bridge-connecting semiconductor switches are constituted into wide conductors or wide conductor plates, are so laminated as to sandwich an insulator between them, and are extended outside a case of the semiconductor apparatus, the electrolytic capacitors being connected to the extension portion of the positive and negative side conductors so laminated.
According to still another aspect of the present invention, there is provided an automobile having a motor driven by a power converter.
The technological contents of the present invention is not limited to the construction described above as will become more apparent from the following description of the invention.

Semiconductor apparatus, power converter and automobile