Multimedia data in an object structure include entity objects and relation objects, wherein each entity object has data representing a media element as internal data, and each relation object represents a relation between the entity objects. A relation object is searched according to information specified by a search command, and a searched relation object and internal data of an entity object related thereto are displayed on the screen of a display unit as a set of display elements. To generate a digest of the multimedia data, a matching between a structure portion of a user model and a structure portion of a system model is examined. The user model is generated according to a request of the user and arranged in layers, while the system model has been previously generated. The multimedia data are arranged in layers according to the importance of respective data elements constituting the multimedia data. According to an examination result, a user model structure portion is selectively replaced by a system model structure portion, and the replaced user model is adjusted so as to display the same.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method for processing multimedia data in a multimedia database and a system therefor, and more particularly, to a method of searching and editing multimedia data and data related thereto and a system therefor.
2. Description of the Related Art
Large enterprises and self-governing communities having large-scale facilities such as electric power, gas and water maintain a great number of drawings illustrating these facilities. Maps and drawings managed in the form of paper have been accumulated in databases multimedia database by computers with capabilities in CAD techniques or multimedia processing techniques. Techniques on map/drawing information processing systems and CAD systems have been directed to investigate how multimedia data are efficiently inputted to the database and how such data are consistently managed.
However, prior art techniques are not appropriate for the case where a large number of figure data such as maps and drawings are to be managed. FIG. 8 is an example of a drawing illustrating a facility possessed by an enterprise or a self-governing community which manages large-scale facilities. A prior art technique will be explained based on this drawing.
One of the features of drawings and maps is that objects actually having a three-dimensional shape are expressed on a two-dimensional plane. For thus expressing three-dimensional information by two-dimensional information, attribute value data, for example, a depth or height, or the number of floors for a building or the like in a midtown area may be often used. A facility managed in the drawing of FIG. 8 may actually have a three-dimensional shape as shown in FIG. 9.
In FIG. 8, a fat line extending from left to right represents an underground cable line managed by an electric power company, while a line extending vertically a sewer pipe line managed by a waterworks company. A combination of a rectangle and a circle positioned on the left side of FIG. 8 represents a manhole for managing connection between the cable line portions. Numerals 10 and 20 are attribute value data of two portions of the cable line, which represent buried positions of the respective portions.
A combination of a rectangle and a plurality of smaller rectangles is data showing a sectional structure of the cable line. The cable line is typically composed of a bundle of electrical wires, and the sectional structure shows a method of forming the bundle. Generally, such sectional structure is managed in detail by a separate document. For example, each smaller section may be numbered so as to manage connection between the electrical wires on the both sides of the manhole. Thin lines are used to show data such as a sectional structure and depth (10 m, 20 m) at a variety of positions in correspondence to the cable line, whereby a buried state is readily verified by view. Middle lines other than those mentioned above represent roads in a similar manner to ordinary maps.
Drawings as mentioned above are managed, for example, by a drawing information processing system, so that shape, depth and section data are generated from the map representing each building or the like, as shown in FIG. 1. For simplicity, the prior art will be explained, with reference to FIG. 1, solely regarding the cable line in FIG. 8. A left part of FIG. 1 indicates display elements on the screen, while a right part of the same indicates objects corresponding to the respective display elements. For example, since the cable line in FIG. 8 is related with two kinds of data, i.e., a depth and a cross-sectional structure, there are required a drawing class, a depth class and a section class.
Since internal data of an object in the drawing class, i.e., a drawing object represent the cable line, data indicative of a line P.sub.0 P.sub.3, the coordinates of the points of which are P.sub.0 and P.sub.3, respectively, is registered in an internal data section of the drawing object. In an internal data section of an object in the section class, i.e., a section object, there are registered data representing a line P.sub.0 P.sub.1 or P.sub.1 P.sub.3 obtained by dividing the line P.sub.0 P.sub.3 at a changing point of the sectional structure and data representing a sectional structure. In an internal data section of an object in the depth class, i.e., a depth object, there are registered data representing a line P.sub.0 P.sub.2 obtained by dividing the line P.sub.0 P.sub.3 at a changing point and data 10 m or 20 m representing attribute values of the depths.
Methods for managing internal data such as those lines are also described in a method section for every object. A method for the drawing object includes a first method of managing (e.g. deletion, display and so on) internal data of the drawing object and second and third methods for managing internal data of other classes by an operation in the drawing object. The second method is a method of managing relation with the section objects and the third method is a method of managing relation with the depth objects. An example of handling internal data of an object in another class by operation results on the internal data of the drawing object may be movement of the cable line. This is because, when a sectional structure of the cable line is given by image data, it is necessary to modify a displayed position of the image data due to the movement of the cable line.
A drawing information processing system requires a search operation and an editing operation, and required editing functions are roughly divided into the following two:
(A1) A different class data modifying function, and PA1 (A2) A drawing data modifying function PA1 (B1) A value of internal data of an object specified by a selected point, and PA1 (B2) A range of the same internal data value,
Further, the different class data modifying function (A1) requires a function for modifying internal data of another object and a function for modifying a range related to the internal data of another object.
To achieve the search function and the editing function as mentioned above, it is necessary to display:
when the internal data are to be displayed upon search of the internal data or in the middle of editing the internal data. For visually indicating a range of the same internal data value to the user, generally a figure corresponding to the range is superimposed on a searched map or drawing and marked thereon. Such a figure for marking is not necessary when the searched original map or drawing is displayed. The number of figures necessary for marking in the course of a property data search operation depends on the number of related property data.
Conventionally, the marking technique has been achieved by providing a class for each of properties such as depth and section and registering figures for marking in every class, as shown in FIG. 1. In other words, the same figures for marking have been registered for each of a plurality of properties. For example, even if the shape is a line, the same figures are registered in the classes corresponding to the depth and section properties in the prior art example explained above. Therefore, when a depth object is to be modified, the internal data of the depth object are not registered as a line but as two lines divided at a changing point of the depth property data.
In the case where image data are managed by the section class as in the above-mentioned example, when a line cable movement operation is to be executed, it is necessary to propagate this operation to the other classes. In this case, a method for the above-mentioned operation is described in a method for managing a relation with the section class in the drawing class. Such prior art is shown, for example, by Reference 1, "New Approach to Regional Plans and Facility Management--Map Information Processing System WING" by Kasahaya and Tsuruya in a reference "PIXEL No. 18".
In a conventional system as mentioned above, since a single figure is registered in different classes, if data on a figure are modified, it is necessary to modify the same figure data registered in all of the other classes. An example of the class where a large number of modifications are needed for the same figure data may be a processing of simultaneously displaying separately managed maps showing adjacent regions. In this case, it is necessary to modify a coordinate system of respective maps for merging maps in different coordinate systems to a common coordinate system. With a conventional method of registering a single figure in respective classes, the merge operation is needed for the figure registered in the respective classes, incurring a problem that a huge amount of operations are required.
Also, the above-mentioned prior art has a large number of classes related to a single figure and hence is not appropriate to a system in which new classes need to be related to the figure after the system has been built. Specifically, relations with other classes are managed by the respective classes, so that if data in a class are to be deleted or added, corresponding modifications are required to related methods in the other classes.
When these map or drawing data are registered in a database of a drawing information processing system or a CAD system, it is desirable to utilize the database not only as a special database for expert sections but also as a general database for ordinary sections such as a planning section. For this purpose, it is often required to extract only the essence from the map or drawing data, conceal unnecessary detailed information and emphasize the essence. With this respect, conventionally, necessary data for the essence are determined and extracted from a search result by a person, and an explanation is given to a requester for better understanding. Thus, it is the same as a conventional information offer by way of paper, and no advantage has been obtained from an electrically systematic management of map and drawing information. Also, the prior art has not been intended to provide a digest function which is adapted to extract only necessary data from complicated and detailed map or drawing data and display the extracted information with an emphasis in accordance with importance thereof.
However, there are several examples of investigating a semantic digest function for map or drawing information, mainly led by the universities, as published in Reference 2, "Realization of Rough Sketch Generating Function in Map Information System" by Niwa et al. in Papers 4R-7 for the 38th Meeting of National Conference of Information Academy, and Reference 3, "Semantic Summarizing Function in Map Database" in Computer Science Investigation Report No. 6, pp. 1-10 by Kyushu University Large-size Computer Center.
For example, Reference 2 discloses a method of generating a rough sketch from a departure point to a destination. In other methods, a navigational route is found from a whole map by a navigational searching algorithm, and a rough sketch is generated by investigating intersections along respective roads, with the navigation as the center, and adding roads from the intersections to the adjacent intersections, or roads in a town block including the navigation, and facilities and place names from the respective intersections.
On the other hand, Reference 3 proposes a control for automatically thinning out landform, shoreline and display characters so as to conform to a display scale and prevent superimposed characters when a rough sketch is generated from a map database having map or drawing data including a detailed landform, shoreline, display characters and so on.
However, in the method shown by the above-mentioned Reference 2, it is supposed that coordinate data indicative of a road and a shape of a building, symbols representing a shrine, a bank and so on and texts for display are uniformly described. Therefore, for generating a rough map, it is necessary to perform an navigation searching operation and a search operation within a near range for all elements of map or drawing data in the database. For this reason, it takes a long time to generate a rough map. Also, a rough map generated by this system is merely a rough sketch which principally shows roads in the same scale, wherein neither important elements or media are shown in detail, nor remaining elements are summarized according to importance.
The method of Reference 3 also supposes that map data are uniformly stored in the database. It is therefore necessary to repeatedly execute a geometric operation for automatically thinning out detailed data according to a scale and a lay-out operation for optimally positioning a map without superimposing displayed characters each time a rough map is generated. Thus, as a database is larger, an operating time therefore becomes extremely long. Further, a rough sketch generated by this method is a mere thinned-out sketch having the same scale wherein neither important shapes are shown in detail, nor the remaining parts are summarized according to importance.
Thus, the prior art implies operational problems caused by a difference in the semantic structure of the respective media for automatically generating a rough map or a guiding map. For example, a multimedia database structure for a drawing information processing system shows a semantic structure of a map generally drawn on a scale of 1/25000 which is not adapted for a semantic structure of a guiding map. Therefore, a variety of special media processing programs are required for merging maps showing necessary adjacent regions, changing a scale and so on to adapt for a media structure for a guiding map. Generally, a semantic structure of media (hereinafter simply called "the user model") requested by the user as an object to be processed is often different from a semantic structure of existing multimedia databases, and therefore if such difference is dealt with special programs, it will be required to develop a huge number of application programs.

Method of presenting multimedia data in a desired form by comparing and replacing a user template model with analogous portions of a system


The present invention is related to the adjusting of a binaural hearing system and devices being operable according to said method. The hearing system comprises two hearing devices (10, 20), each comprising a signal processing unit (12, 22) for processing an audio input signal according to at least one hearing program (P) to provide an output signal being forwarded to an output transducer (13, 23) of the respective hearing device (10, 20). The method comprises the steps of:                determining device information (ACCorr(P)ipsi, ACCorr(P)contra) being related to the hearing devices (10, 20) and to at least one hearing device specific adjustment having been applied earlier to the at least one hearing program (P);        calculating synchronization data (learnt_pref(P)) according to a function that depends on the device information (ACCorr(P)ipsi, ACCorr(P)contra); and;        synchronizing the hearing devices (10, 20) by taking into account the synchronization data (learnt_pref(P)).

A hearing impairment often affects both ears of a person, so that the hearing impaired person is supplied with two hearing devices, one for each ear. If the operation of one hearing device is coordinated to the operation of other hearing device, the hearing devices are regarded as components of a so called "binaural" hearing system.
A binaural hearing system is known from WO 2008/006772 A2, which further discloses a method for adjusting the level of coordination between the two hearing devices. Thereby the level of coordination is determined according to a momentary acoustic situation in order to adjust the hearing system to an asymmetric hearing situation, for example a situation encountered during a telephone call.

Method of adjusting a binaural hearing system, binaural hearing system, hearing device and remote control


An assembly for modifying an automatic firearm such as a carbine rifle to relocate operation of the firearm charge handle. The assembly includes a fore-grip bracket, a drive rod movable in the foregrip bracket and attached to the charging handle release lever, and a cocking handle attached to the drive rod, the rod being attached to the charge handle for alternately releasing and latching the charge handle for clearing the firearm. In one embodiment, the foregrip bracket is attached to a removable rail attached to the foregrip by a jaw type device. Another embodiment attaches to the foregrip by attaching the foregrip bracket by screws. Another embodiment attaches to a foregrip having no rail by means of a groove cut in the grip, having a pair of spaced apertures into which hooks of foregrip mount, the bracket being held in place by a rod receiver and rotatable latch.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to firearms. More particularly, the present invention relates to an actuating rod assembly addition for operation of the charging handle of an automatic rifle or carbine rifle.
2. Description of the Related Art
A number of functions must be carried out by the user of an automatic firearm such as the Colt M4A1 5.56 carbine or the like. Among these functions include loading, unloading, clearing malfunction, doing "press checks" and locking the bolt. In order to carry out these operations, it is necessary to release the charging handle. As presently configured, the charging handle is gripped behind the trigger location, making it necessary to remove the firing hand from its grip position on the weapon to use that hand to release the charging handle while effectively maintain control of the rifle. This is undesirable since the "pistol grip" of the carbine or rifle makes an optimum control point on the weapon. As presently configured, it is effectively necessary to change hands on the firing grip in order to pull the charging handle, thus taking valuable time to carry out functions such as to reload the weapon and clear malfunctions. It would be desirable to provide a device attachable to such an automatic carbine or rifle which allows pulling back the charging handle using the other hand while maintaining that hand in a forward position such as at a forward grip, thus, allowing the trigger hand to remain on the trigger grip.
U.S. Pat. No. 2,832,165, issued Apr. 29, 1958, to Ivy, describes a bolt turning attachment for a rifle that relocates the function of the bolt towards the front grip.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,064,382, issued Nov. 20, 1962, to Hill, describes a gun/rifle having a modified location for an ejection mechanism.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,179,245, issued Jan. 12, 1993, to Straka, describes a rifle that relocates the functions of the bolt.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,311,603 B1, issued Nov. 6, 2001, to Dunlap, describes a modified charging handle for a gas-operated automatic firearm.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,224,653, issued Dec. 28, 1965, to Packard, describes a charging handle assembly for a gas-operated automatic firearm.
None of the above inventions and patents, taken either singly or in combination, is seen to describe the instant invention as claimed. Thus a firearm modification unit solving the aforementioned problems is desired.


A transmission device for two or more shafts is provided having two first cylindrical sleeves which are connected to the first shaft and can be mechanically coupled or uncoupled with two second cylindrical sleeves connected to the second shaft or to a third shaft aligned with the second shaft, by tightening or loosening, respectively, two helical springs arranged in a substantially coaxial manner astride these cylindrical sleeves. Two control collars are mechanically coupled with two tubular members, so that the mutual translation of the control collars with respect to the tubular members also causes their mutual rotation, the ends of the helical springs being arranged into seats made in the control collars and in the tubular members so that their mutual rotation tightens or loosens the coils of the helical springs, thereby causing the coupling or the uncoupling, respectively, between the first cylindrical sleeves and the second cylindrical sleeves.

Italian patent 1311501 and WO95/34765 disclose transmission devices which comprises a first cylindrical sleeve which can be mechanically coupled or uncoupled with a second cylindrical sleeve by tightening or loosening, respectively, a helical spring arranged in a substantially coaxial manner astride these two cylindrical sleeves, wherein a control collar is mechanically coupled with a tubular member, so that the mutual translation of the control collar with respect to the tubular member also causes their mutual rotation, the ends of the helical springs being arranged into seats made in the control collar and in the tubular member so that their mutual rotation tightens or loosens the coils of the helical spring, thereby causing the coupling or the uncoupling, respectively, between the first cylindrical sleeve and the second cylindrical sleeve.
The torque which can be transmitted by this known device depends on the force exerted by the helical spring on the outer walls of the two cylindrical sleeves, i.e. depends substantially on the size of the spring, so that it is necessary to enlarge the whole device for transmitting high torques, with consequent size problems of the same device.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,986,400 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,825,988 disclose transmission devices with two pairs of cylindrical sleeves, two control collars and two helical springs, which however cannot transmit high torques, since the helical springs have the same coiling direction, so that they cannot be tightened at the same time on both pairs of sleeves.

Transmission device for two or more shafts


There is provided a small-size electronic heat pump device which is low in power consumption and which secures a vacuum gap without use of an additional circuit. The electronic heat pump device includes an emitter 1 and a collector 2. An electrically and thermally insulative spacer section 5 for keeping a space, i.e. vacuum gap G between an emitter electrode 11 and a collector electrode 21 constant is integrally formed in a semiconductor substrate 20 of the collector 2, which makes it possible to maintain the vacuum gap to be a specified space while a back flow of heat is prevented in a simple structure with a reduced number of component parts.

The present invention relates to an electronic heat pump device for transporting heat from a low temperature section to a high temperature section through, for example, application of a current. The present invention also relates to a laser component for cooling a semiconductor laser diode device by using the electronic heat pump device, an optical pickup equipped with the laser component, and electronic equipment equipped with the electronic heat pump device.
In recent years, images and data recorded by writable optical disk apparatuses are rapidly expanding, by which recording rates as well as optical output from the writable semiconductor laser diodes are steadily increasing.
The semiconductor laser diode device emits light while generating heat whose energy is several times larger than that of the light, and therefore it is concerned that the heat generated by the semiconductor laser diode itself might cause fluctuation in wavelengths and decrease in life.
As an apparatus for cooling the semiconductor laser diode device, a semiconductor laser module equipped with an electronic heat pump device composed of a peltiert device module has conventionally been proposed.
The semiconductor laser module (first prior art example) is composed of, as shown in FIG. 18, a semiconductor laser diode chip (hereinbelow referred to as an LD chip) 101, a metal substrate 104 for mounting a lens, and a peltiert device 105 (see JP 10-200208 A).
The metal substrate 104 is bonded to the top portion of the peltiert device 105 through metal soldering, and for keeping the temperature of the LD chip 101 constant, a thermister 108 is mounted thereon.
Heat travels from the LD chip 101 to the upper surface of the peltiert device 105. Through application of current to the peltiert device 105, the heat moves from the upper surface of the peltiert device 105 to the lower surface, and through control over the current of the peltiert device 105 by an unshown temperature regulation circuit, it becomes possible to keep the temperature of the LD chip 101 constant.
Moreover, as an electronic heat pump device, an apparatus of vacuum diode-type structure different in structure from the peltiert device 105 has been proposed.
The apparatus of vacuum diode-type structure (second prior art), as shown in FIG. 19, functions as an electronic heat pump device in which an emitter electrode 111 and a collector electrode 112 face each other with a vacuum gap 113 interposed therebetween, and a voltage applied to a piezo device 114 for regulating the space between the emitter electrode 111 and the collector electrode 112 is feedback controlled by monitoring its electrostatic capacity so that the voltage is applied in such a way that electrons discharged from the emitter electrode 111 move to the collector electrode 112, thereby achieving transportation of heat drawn from an endoergic section 115 to an exoergic section 116 (see International Publication No. WO 99/13562).
Moreover, as another apparatus of vacuum diode-type structure (third prior art example), there is, as shown in FIG. 20, a thermionic generator of vacuum gap structure having an electron cooling function in which an emitter electrode 111 and a collector electrode 112 are supported by minute barriers 119 (see JP 2002-540636 A).
This apparatus is an apparatus utilizing a phenomenon in which when electrons are injected from the emitter electrode 111 to the barrier 119 and move from the barrier 119 to the collector electrode 112, the electrons are filtered by the barrier 119, and thereby heat moves together with the electrons.
However, the first to third prior art examples had following problems.
In the first prior art example, cooling efficiency of the peltiert device is low, and therefore energy several times larger than that the heat value generated from the semiconductor laser diode must be provided to gain sufficient cooling efficiency.
This is because, as shown in FIG. 21, the peltiert device is structured such that a first metal electrode 121a, a p-type semiconductor 106, a second metal electrode 121b, an n-type semiconductor 107 and a third metal electrode 121c are electrically connected in this sequence in series, and utilizes Peltier effect in which when a voltage is applied from the outside so as to move electrons from the p-type semiconductor 106 to the n-type semiconductor 107, heat generation occurs on the junctions through which electrons move from the first metal electrode 121a to the p-type semiconductor 106, and from the n-type semiconductor 107 to the third metal electrode 121c, whereas heat absorption occurs on the junctions through which electrons move from the p-type semiconductor 106 to the second metal electrode 121b, and from the second metal electrode 121b to the n-type semiconductor 107, resulting in generation of temperature difference between both the ends of the p-type semiconductor 106 and the n-type semiconductor 107. However, inside the p-type semiconductor 106 and the n-type semiconductor 107, there is heat current due to thermal conduction as shown by an arrow 122, which causes a problem of low cooling efficiency and large power consumption.
In the second prior art example, as shown in FIG. 22, electrons emitted from the emitter electrode 111 move to the collector electrode 112 while carrying heat, by which heat is transported by electrons. Since heat transfer from the collector electrode 112 to the emitter electrode 111 is blocked by the vacuum gap 113, one-way flow of the heat current shown by an arrow 123 is achieved, resulting in high cooling efficiency and small power consumption.
However, in this second prior art example, in order to maintain the vacuum gap 113 of 10 nm or less, the piezo device 114 shown in FIG. 19 as well as an electrostatic capacity controller 117 for feedback control of the vacuum gap 113 are required, which causes a problem that the apparatus becomes big and thereby reduction in size and weight is hindered.
Moreover, in the third prior art example, electrons transport heat from the emitter electrode 111 to the collector electrode 112 as shown in FIG. 22. However, as shown in FIG. 20, heat flows through the barrier 119 interposed in between the emitter electrode 111 and the collector electrode 112 due to thermal conduction, which causes a serious problem of poor cooling efficiency and large power consumption because of the same reason as the peltiert device.

Electronic heat pump device, laser component, optical pickup and electronic equipment


Method to modify an existing subsea arranged oil production well having installed a hydraulically operated downhole valve, characterized in using coiled tubing technology to: arrange an electrically operated downhole pump in the production tubing, lock the hydraulically operated downhole valve in an open position by placing a sleeve body in the open positioned valve, arrange an electrically operated downhole valve above the downhole pump. A modified oil production well.

Many oil reservoirs have a relatively low pressure which limits the production. If a new well is going to be arranged in such a reservoir, the well may be supplemented is with a deeply located downhole pump. A deeply located/arranged downhole pump may be post-installed in wells with dryly arranged wellhead, i.e. the wellhead is onshore or dryly on a steady installation, by applying coiled tubing technology to lower and arrange a pump in the production tubing of the well, the coiled tube is used to lower the pump and to contain a power cable. The above mentioned technology is applied today, for example in Yme field of Statoil which contains a steady platform with dryly arranged wellhead.
For existing wells having low pressure and subsea arranged wellhead, no simple solution to increase the well production by installing a deeply arranged downhole pump in the production tubing exists today. Such installation would today require that the tubing is pulled out and the well being recompleted. There is a need for a simple solution to increase the production from an existing subsea arranged oil production well. By simple solution it is here meant the arrangement of a downhole pump deep down in the tubing without pulling out the tubing and to recomplete the well.
An existing oil producing well having low pressure would typically be in a final stage of its production lifetime, in which the pressure in the reservoir has fallen to a low level that limits the production. The well would typically be equipped with existing hydraulically operated systems, included a hydraulically operated downhole valve in the tubing close to the upper part of the well. One object with the present invention is to provide a method to modify a well of the above mentioned type, together with a thus modified well, to render possible the installation of a downhole pump without having to pull out the tubing and to recomplete the well.

Method for modifying an existing subsea arranged oil production well, and a thus modified oil production well


A method for manufacturing a surface acoustic wave apparatus to be mounted via bumps by a flip chip bonding system prevents peeling of electrode pads from the piezoelectric substrate and cracks in the piezoelectric substrate from occurring during the formation of the bumps or at other times during the manufacturing process. In the method of manufacturing a surface acoustic wave apparatus, a first electrode layer of the electrode pad is formed on a piezoelectric substrate by etching, an electrode for a surface acoustic wave element is formed by a lift-off method after the first electrode layer is formed, and thereafter, an electrode film including a second electrode layer of the electrode pad and a wiring electrode is formed.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method of manufacturing a surface acoustic wave apparatus to be mounted using metal bumps by a flip chip bonding system and, also relates to the surface acoustic wave apparatus produced by such a method. In particular, the present invention relates to a method of manufacturing a surface acoustic wave apparatus in which at least one electrode for a surface acoustic wave element is formed by a lift-off method and, also relates to the surface acoustic wave apparatus.
2. Description of the Related Art
In recent years, in order to miniaturize surface acoustic wave apparatuses, the surface acoustic wave apparatuses assembled by a flip chip bonding system have been used widely. In this system, bumps made of Au or other material, are formed at electrode pads on a piezoelectric substrate constituting the surface acoustic wave apparatus, and the electrode pads and input and output electrode pads provided on the package or ground electrode pads are electrically connected via the bumps, and are mechanically joined at the same time.
When the aforementioned flip chip bonding system is used, the bumps not only electrically connect the surface acoustic wave apparatus and the package, but also mechanically fix the surface acoustic wave apparatus to the package. Therefore, it is required that the bumps have a high strength. In addition, the joining strength between the bumps and the electrode pads on the piezoelectric substrate must be high, and the adhesion between the electrode pads and the piezoelectric substrate must be high.
In order to increase the joining strength between the electrode pad and the bump, in general, a method, in which the thickness of the electrode pad is sufficiently increased, has been used. In order to increase the thickness of the electrode pad, a conventional method, in which a second electrode layer having a large film thickness is formed on a first electrode layer having a small film thickness, is known.
On the other hand, when the surface acoustic wave apparatus is formed, electrodes for the surface acoustic wave element, for example, an interdigital transducer, reflector, and wiring electrodes, and the aforementioned electrode pads are formed on the piezoelectric substrate. When the electrode pad includes the first and second electrode layers, in many cases, the electrodes for the surface acoustic wave element and the first electrode layer of the electrode pad are formed simultaneously. As the method for forming the electrode for surface acoustic wave element, (1) an etching method or (2) a lift-off method, has been used. In (1) the etching method, a conductive film primarily containing Al is formed over the entire surface of a substrate, and a desired resist pattern is formed by photolithography. Thereafter, the resulting metal film is processed by wet etching or dry etching, and then, the resist is removed. In (2) the lift-off method, the metal film portion adhered on the resist is removed together with the resist and, therefore, the electrode is formed from the remaining metal film portion.
In particular, regarding some surface acoustic wave filters for use in a 800 MHz band or in a 1 GHz to 2 GHz band, surface acoustic wave apparatuses are formed by the use of the aforementioned (2) lift-off method. An example of the method for manufacturing the aforementioned surface acoustic wave apparatus will now be described with reference to FIGS. 22 to 24.
As shown in FIG. 23A, a resist pattern 102 is formed on a piezoelectric substrate 101 by photolithography. A metal film 103 primarily containing Al is formed on the piezoelectric substrate 101 as shown in FIG. 23B. Subsequently, the resist pattern 102 is removed together with the metal film portion adhered thereon by a lift-off process. Thus, a first electrode layer 103a for constituting an electrode pad and an electrode for the surface acoustic wave element 103b are simultaneously formed on the piezoelectric substrate 101 as shown in FIG. 23C. Then, a resist pattern 104 is formed (FIG. 23D). A metal film 105 is formed as shown in FIG. 24A, and the resist pattern 104 is removed by performing the lift-off process again. Consequently, as shown in FIG. 24B, a second electrode layer 105a is formed on the first electrode layer 103a and, therefore, electrode pads 106 having a double-layer structure can be produced.
Next, as shown in FIG. 22, bumps 107 are joined onto the electrode pads 106. A surface acoustic wave apparatus 108 is joined with a package by a flip chip bonding system using the bumps 107.
Regarding the above-described prior art shown in FIGS. 22 to 24, in the case where the first electrode layer 103a of the electrode pad 106 was formed by the lift-off method, since the adhesion between the piezoelectric substrate 101 and the first electrode layer 103a was relatively weak due to the effects of the resist used for the lift-off, when the formation was performed using bumps 107 by a wire bump bonding method concurrently using ultrasonic waves and heat, sometimes, peeling occurred between the first electrode layer 103a and the piezoelectric substrate 101.
Furthermore, when the surface acoustic wave apparatus 108 was mounted on the package by the flip chip bonding system, and airtight sealing was performed by a covering member, sometimes cracks occurred in the piezoelectric substrate 101 in areas adjacent or near the electrode pads 106 due to the mechanical stress brought about by the residual stress. Therefore, the reliability, especially the reliability of the mechanical strength, of the surface acoustic wave apparatus was significantly degraded.

Surface acoustic wave apparatus and manufacturing method therefor


There is provided a method of manufacturing an openly and highly porous thermoset foam, the method comprising the steps of mixing a thermosetting resin and crystals to form a mixture; applying pressure to the mixture to expel excess thermosetting resin, thereby producing a network of crystals touching each other with the thermosetting resin filling the interstices between the crystals of said network; curing the thermosetting resin in the mixture under pressure to produce a cured material; and contacting the cured material with a solvent for the crystals, thereby leaching the crystals out of the cured material, thereby obtaining said openly and highly porous thermoset foam. There is also provided a thermoset foam made of a thermoset and having a porosity of at least about 70%, wherein more than about 75% of the pores in the foam are connected to a neighboring pore.

The presently known techniques for producing foams, mainly metallic foams, can be classified into several categories: liquid (gas injection, foaming agent and eutectic solidification with gas), solid (gas trapping), ionic (electrochemical deposition) or gaseous (evaporation). Metal foams can also be generated by casting (lost-wax casting, casting with low density elements) or by powder (powder compacting or sintering of powder and fibers). Due to the complex and often non-reproducible manufacturing processes, metal acoustic foams currently available on the market are very expensive.
In addition, polymeric foams are known, and they can be made by expanding the polymer with a pressurized gas or using an emulsifying agent. The foams can also be formed by 3D printing or by thermal phase separation. Also known is a technique of dissolving or leaching sodium chloride crystals; said technique is used for shaping thermoplastic polymer foams, in particular PLA and polypropylene.
On another topic, methods of reducing noise levels of aircraft engines are currently known. Current options include a comprehensive review of engine design and the use of Helmholtz resonators. The latter solution is the most widespread treatment and is referred to as localized reaction treatment. However, this type of processing is normally tuned to a frequency band and quickly becomes very cumbersome when attempting to target a wider frequency range. These techniques are also very expensive and the acoustic gain is not always sufficient.

Openly porous acoustic foam, process for manufacture and uses thereof


According to various aspects, exemplary embodiments are provided of apparatus and methods relating to mounting antenna components, modules, and assemblies, such as antenna modules or RF amplifier modules. In an exemplary embodiment, a fastener includes a clamping portion. An actuator is configured to convert a rotational force applied for rotating the fastener into a clamping force applied to the mounting surface generally between the at least one antenna component and the clamping portion of the fastener, to thereby mount the at least one antenna component to the mounting surface.

This section provides background information related to the present disclosure which is not necessarily prior art.
Various antenna types are used in the automotive industry, including aerial AM/FM antennas, patch antennas, etc. Antennas for automotive use are commonly positioned on the vehicle's roof, hood, or trunk lid to help provide the antenna with an unobstructed view overhead or towards the zenith. By way of example, an antenna module may be fixed to a vehicle's metallic body wall by using a two-handed method (i.e., a method that requires the installer to use both hands) and/or a method that requires separate mechanical fasteners (e.g., screw and nut assemblies, etc.) to be added during the mounting process on the production line. One example installation method includes mounting an antenna to a vehicle body wall using an M14 thread and nut, where the nut is an extra part required for mounting. Another example installation method includes mounting an antenna to a vehicle body wall using two nuts. Still a further example installation method includes the use of adhesive tape for mounting the antenna to a vehicle body wall.

Antenna mounting apparatus and methods including claw fasteners and/or bayonet locking structures


A control device for a motor-driven 4WD (four-wheel-drive) vehicle includes a 42v alternator (motor-generator) driven by an engine to generate three-phase AC power with 42 volts, a step-up and step-down inverter rectifying and stepping down three-phase AC power, generated by the 42v alternator, to DC power with 14 volts, and a 14V battery supplied with and charged with DC power with 14 volts outputted from the step-up and step-down inverter. A diode bridge circuit rectifies AC power with 42 volts, generated by the 42V alternator, to DC power by which a motor is rotationally driven to render the vehicle operative in 4WD drive mode.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a control device and related control method for a motor-driven 4WD (four-wheel-drive) vehicle wherein either of front wheels and rear wheels are available to be driven by an engine and the others are available to be driven by a motor.
2. Description of the Related Art
In the related art 4WD vehicles have heretofore been known wherein front wheels are driven with a drive power, generated buy an engine, by which an electric power generator is driven to generate electric power which in turn rotationally drives a motor to provide a drive power by which rear wheels are driven (see Japanese Patent Laid Open Publication Nos. 2002-152911 and 2002-200932).

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Control device for motor-driven 4WD vehicle and related control method


A process for nitrosating C-H-acidic compounds. The process substantially avoids producing polluted wastewater.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a process for nitrosating compounds containing an active hydrogen bonded to a carbon atom.
2. Description of the Background
Nitrosation products of C-H-acidic compounds are used as intermediates in the preparation of the corresponding amines, which are, in turn, useful in synthesizing a variety of pharmaceuticals and active agents for plant protection products. Hydroxyimino and nitroso compounds of malonic acid derivatives are examples of these nitrosation products. Many processes for nitrosation of malonic acid derivatives, such as esters, amides, imidoesters and malononitrile, are known. For example, J. B. Paine III et al., in J Org. Chem., 50 (1985), 5598-5604, describe a process for preparing diethyl hydroxyiminomalonate by slowly adding an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite to a solution of diethyl malonate in glacial acetic acid, adding sodium hydroxide solution to the homogeneous reaction mixture, followed by separating the reaction product from the aqueous phase by extraction with diethyl ether. This process produces an aqueous solution containing sodium acetate in approximately 4 times the molar amount of the diethyl malonate.
In German Offenlegungsschrift 23 52 706, ethyl cyanoacetate is first converted to diethyl monoimidomalonate hydrochloride with hydrogen chloride in absolute alcohol, and then the hydrochloride is dissolved in acetic acid. To this solution is added, gradually, an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite, and, at the end of the nitrosation reaction, water is added to the reaction mixture. The reaction product is separated by solvent extraction of the aqueous phase, which contains the sodium acetate by-product of the formation of nitrous acid.
EP-A1-0 517 041 discloses preparing dimethyl hydroxyiminomalonate by adding sodium nitrite and acetic acid to a mixture of dimethyl malonate and water. The reaction mixture is extracted twice using dichloroethane in order to separate the diethyl hydroxyiminomalonate from the sodium acetate, which remains in the aqueous phase. Although sodium nitrite is used only in amounts of 1.2 mol per mole of malonate, the reaction time of 21 hours makes this reaction virtually unusable as an industrial process. Furthermore, the process is unsuitable for reacting malonates of low water solubility.
All of the processes discussed above produce sodium acetate in the form of impure aqueous solutions, which are difficult to dispose of. These processes are, therefore, ecologically unsuitable on an industrial scale.
DE 954 873 describes a process for the preparation of diethyl hydroxyiminomalonate by dissolving diethyl malonate in a solvent, such as toluene, which is not discernibly miscible with water and can be separated from the end product by distillation. To this solution, at least molar amounts of sodium nitrite and from 1 to 10 percent by weight, based on the malonate, of water are added, followed by gradual addition of acetic acid to the suspension at 30.degree. to 70.degree. C. When the nitrosation is finished, the undissolved sodium acetate is separated from the reaction solution and crystallized diethyl hydroxyiminomalonate is obtained from the filtered solution. This process requires no solvent extraction, and indeed about 2/3 of the sodium acetate is obtained in solid form. The process claims to give "smooth and fast reactions and good yields". The latter, at least, is not correct, because the resulting crystalline product having a melting point of 86.5.degree.-88.degree. C. was not diethyl hydroxyiminomalonate, but instead, a complex with sodium acetate. This nitrosation product is so impure that hydrogenation to diethyl acetaminomalonate on platinum catalysts in acetic anhydride, a preferred solvent, is not possible.
Accordingly, there remains a need for a method of nitrosating C-H-acidic compounds that avoids these disadvantages and provides reaction products that can be converted to the corresponding amines.

Process for nitrosation of C-H-acidic compounds


A lens drive mechanism includes a rotatable lead screw driven to rotate about an axis thereof, the axis extending parallel to an optical axis of a lens group; a non-rotatable guide shaft which extends parallel to the rotatable lead screw; a nut member made of synthetic resin which includes a screw engaging portion, with which the rotatable lead screw is screw-engaged, and a rotation-prevention portion, which is engaged with the non-rotatable guide shaft to prevent the nut member from rotating about the rotatable lead screw; and a lens support frame which supports the lens group and is movable together with the nut member in an optical axis direction. The rotation-prevention portion of the nut member includes a pair of holding portions which are formed integral with the nut member so as to resiliently contact the non-rotatable guide shaft.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a lens drive mechanism for moving a lens group linearly along an optical axis.
2. Description of the Related Art
Conventional lens drive mechanisms mainly for moving a focusing lens group (movable lens group) linearly along an optical axis are generally provided with a lens support frame which supports the focusing lens group, a rotatable lead screw (feed screw shaft) rotatable on its axis and parallel to the optical axis, a motor (stepper motor) for rotating the rotatable lead screw, a guide shaft parallel to the optical axis, and a nut member (driven member) which is supported by the rotatable lead screw and the guide shaft to be linearly moved together with the lens support frame in the optical axis direction by a rotation of the rotatable lead screw. This type of conventional lens drive mechanism is disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2003-222932.
As an example of such a type of lens drive mechanism, a lens drive mechanism in which the nut member is provided with a screw engaging portion which is screw-engaged with the rotatable lead screw and an engaging groove in which the guide shaft is engaged to prevent the nut member from rotating about the rotatable lead screw by the engagement of the guide shaft with the engaging groove is known in the art. In this type of lens drive mechanism, a rotation of the rotatable lead screw causes the nut member to move linearly together with the lens support frame along the guide shaft (and the rotatable lead screw).
The nut member which serves as an element of the above described type of lens drive mechanism is generally made of metal. However, in the case where the nut member is made of metal, the frictional resistance between the nut member and the guide shaft becomes great if the guide shaft and the engaging groove of the nut member are in contact with each other at all times, thus making the linear movement of the nut member is not smooth. To overcome this problem, it is common to form the engaging groove so as to have a large inner diameter to create a clearance between the guide shaft and the engaging groove.
However, if a substantial clearance exits between the guide shaft and the engaging groove, the nut member (the engaging groove thereof) and the guide shaft hit against each other to make objectionable noise during linear movement of the nut member.


A display device includes a light source, a light modulator, and a control apparatus, the light modulator includes a digital micromirror array including micromirrors and is arranged on a light path of light emitted by the light source and configured to modulate the light emitted by the light source based on a target image and luminance of the light source to obtain a grayscale image. The control apparatus is configured to control a driving current of the light source to adjust the luminance of the light source in different periods within a frame image, and to cause a driving current overdrive pulse of the light source during at least one of the periods, so that a display bit depth of the grayscale image increases from n to n+i and the periods correspond to bitplanes of the grayscale image in one-to-one correspondence, i≥1 and i is an integer.

When displaying an image based on a digital micromirror array (such as Digital Micromirror Device (DMD)), a display bit depth of the image is related to crossover time and switching time of the DMD. The crossover time generally lasts for 1 to 3 microseconds and is the time required for the micromirror to crossover from one state to another state. The switching time generally lasts for more than 10 microseconds and is the time required for a single micromirror to continuously change from one state to another state. The time that the switching time lasts except the crossover time is stable dithering time for the micromirror. In theory, the switching time determines the number of crossovers of a single micromirror within a frame image, and therefore also determines the display bit depth of the image.
Commonly used methods for achieving a high bit depth in the prior art mainly include DMD clear operation, DMD dithering, and light intensity modulating of the light source.
The clear operation can make all micromirrors return to an "off" state without waiting for the stable dithering time. Therefore, the clear operation can shorten the switching time to the crossover time, thereby increasing the display bit depth of the image. However, as the time that the mirror is effectively in an "on" state will decrease, the maximum average brightness of the image for displaying decreases, and the more the bit depth is increased, the more the average brightness of the image for displaying will decrease.
The DMD dithering can be divided into space dithering and time dithering. For example, if only half of the spatially adjacent pixels are bright during one display period, as shown in FIG. 1, among the four adjacent pixels numbered 1, 2, 3, and 4, the pixel 1 and the pixel 4 are bright, or the pixel 2 and pixel 3 are bright, then when the pixels are small enough or the human eye is far enough from the screen, the average brightness of the four pixels visible by the human eyes is half of the minimum brightness that a single pixel can display. In addition, time dithering can be further used to allow the DMD adjacent pixels to display in turn, for example, to allow the above four pixels to respectively display in turn within four image frames, so as to achieve a smaller brightness unit as well as avoid a repeated pattern on the display screen. The DMD dithering increases the bit depth by decreasing the minimum brightness unit of the image for displaying, while also decreasing the maximum average brightness of the image for displaying.
The principle of the light intensity modulating of the light source is to decrease the light intensity of the light source within the time corresponding to the least significant bit (LSB), so as to achieve a lower grayscale display. For example, during the time corresponding to LSB, if the light intensity of the light source is adjusted to 1/16 of the original light intensity, then the brightness corresponding to LSB becomes 1/16 of the original brightness, and the display bit depth of the image increases by 4 bits. The light intensity modulating of the light source also reduces the maximum average brightness of the image display to increase the image display bit depth.
To sum up, in the prior art, the high bit depth is achieved by decreasing the minimum brightness, so that the details of the dark part of the image to be displayed can be displayed, however, all of these methods lead to a decreasing maximum average brightness of the image display, and if ambient light in an environment where the projection system is disposed has a high brightness, the increased gray-scale details in the low-brightness interval will be concealed by the ambient light.

Display device having digital micromirror array with an increased display bit depth


A method for adjustment of the relative angle of rotation between a camshaft and a crankshaft in an internal combustion engine through an electromechanical phase adjuster is provided. The invention provides a rapid and precise adjustment behavior. To that end, a deviation of the adjustment speed (ΔΩ) between a desired adjustment speed (ΩSOLL) and an actual adjustment speed (ΩIST) is calculated from at least one measurement parameter in a second control loop cascaded below the first control loop. An output parameter is calculated dependent on the deviation of the adjustment speed (ΔΩ) through an adjustment speed adjuster (26) cascaded below the angle of rotation adjuster (23), with the output parameter being used to adjust the angle of rotation (Φ) using an electromechanical actuator (14). The relative angle of rotation can be rapidly and precisely adjusted by adjusting the adjustment speed. A phase adjuster for controlling the relative angle of rotation is also provided.

The invention relates to a method for adjusting a relative angle of rotation between a camshaft and a crankshaft in an internal combustion engine by means of an electromechanical phase adjuster. The invention further relates to a phase adjuster for carrying out such a method
Electromechanical phase adjusters of the type according to this class are known from DE 100 38 354 A1 or DE 102 22 475 A1. Such phase adjusters are used for adjusting the relative angle of rotation between a camshaft and the crankshaft of an internal combustion engine. By adjusting this angle of rotation, the opening times of the inlet or outlet valves can be influenced in a targeted way, which has proven to be advantageous in the operation of internal combustion engines in terms of fuel consumption and exhaust emissions.
From DE 102 59 134 A1, an angle of rotation cascading adjustment method for such electromechanical phase adjusters is known, which uses the actuator rotational speed as a control parameter in a cascaded control loop. A disadvantage in such an angle of rotation cascading adjustment method is that the actuator rotational speed deviates from the change in time for the angle of rotation, and the angle of rotation cascading adjustment method thus exhibits poor control behavior.

Method for adjusting an angle of rotation, and phase displacement device for carrying out said method


A method for determining the afterimage level of a display is used for solving the problem in the conventional technology that the accuracy is very low as the afterimage level of the display can only be determined by human-eye observation. The method comprises: determining a brightness variation index and an area index of an afterimage displayed by the display device after an afterimage test; and determining the afterimage level of the display device according to the determined brightness variation index and the determined area index. Because both the brightness variation index and the area index of the afterimage can be determined objectively, the means of human-eye subjective observation is not required any more and the afterimage level of the display can be determined objectively, and hence the accuracy of determining the afterimage level of the display can be improved.

Along with the popularity of flat-panel displays, consumers have increasingly higher demands upon the flat-panel displays, and flat-panel display manufacturers increasingly focus on the improvement of product quality. But the afterimage problem always affects the image quality of flat-panel displays.
Afterimage refers to a phenomenon in which, when a display device is switched to another image after an image is displayed by the display device for a long time, a ghosting image of the previous image will be left on the display device. Liquid crystal display (LCD), as one of the flat-panel display, will have residual charges due to the action of an external electric field after displaying an image for a long time, thus the LCD cannot completely display a new image when being switched to display another image and an afterimage of the original image is still left thereon, and hence the display effect of the LCD can be affected. Other flat-panel displays such as plasma display panel TV also have the similar phenomenon.
Currently, a conventional technology mainly evaluates an afterimage level by the visual comparison with an afterimage level sample. The method for determining the afterimage level by human eyes suffers from strong subjectivity, namely the determination of results is often different due to the visual difference of different people, so that the afterimage levels determined by different people are different as well, and hence the image quality of the display cannot be accurately determined, and consequently the manufacturer cannot improve the display device.
In summary, the afterimage level of a display device can be determined by human-eye observation only, and hence the accuracy is very low.

Method and device for determining afterimage level of display device

HEFEI BOE OPTOELECTRONICS TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD.


An all mechanical support surface that tracks the flotation properties of a true fluid and utilizes a series of constant restoring force springs connecting reciprocating pistons which have supporting surfaces with multiple degrees of freedom to define a user supporting surface that assumes the shape of the user and minimizes the force differential on different areas of the user""s skin.

Not applicable.
Not applicable.
This invention relates to an all mechanical support surface which synthesizes the flotation properties of a true fluid. Specifically, this invention relates to a non-pneumatic support surface that has the capability of assuming the shape of the person lying or sitting on it to minimize the force differential on different areas of the skin of such person. This characteristic of the support surface is particularly critical to facilitate blood flow particularly where the user is handicapped, bedridden or disabled.
The present invention provides the flotation properties of a true fluid as follows: (1) Low surface tension caused by providing a highly displaceable support surface. (2) Buoyancy caused by providing suspension forces that have a constant restoring force which is independent of immersion depth. (3) Wetted surface equivalence is provided by shape compliance, where the application of suspension forces at the tissue-surface interface has multiple degrees of freedom to align with and envelope the shape of the person at the contacted surface areas. (4) Low friction to maintain the constant restoring force properties of the moving elements (piston) throughout the immersion depth of the device. (5) Low friction at the tissue interface, using dry lubricant techniques, e.g., teflon-coated fabrics, to permit some sliding as the shape fitting is occurring. (6) Viscosity control with dash-pot techniques, to maintain the feel of a true fluid and to provide slow changes when a floating body moves. Motion control is of great importance when serving the safety needs of the disabled person. High viscosity, however, does not provide positional stability to the supported object. Stability is defined as: when an object moves after receiving a disturbing force it will return to its initial position after the disturbing force is removed.
A support surface having the foregoing characteristics is especially important when used by persons prone to decubitus ulcers which occur when deformation occurs on areas of the body inducing interference with the flow of blood at the contacted site.
One solution to this problem is the use of cellular air filled cushions and the inventor of this application has numerous patents which are directed to air inflatable cushions which have upstanding soft flexible cells, many of which have finned sides, known as ROHO DRY FLOTATION cushions and mattresses. Among these are patent numbers 3605145, 3870450, 4005236, and 4541136, all issued to Robert H. Graebe. These cushions are made from neoprene rubber or plastic films to create a highly displaceable high resolution surface. The cells also are interconnected pneumatically in what are known as xe2x80x9cfeedback pathways.xe2x80x9d The cells in a particular cushion may all be interconnected or sets of said cells can be isolated from other sets in the same cushion with the cells in each set interconnected to allow for positioning of the user in a desired stable position on the cushion. Among patents with such configurations are 5052068, 5163196, and 5461741. These cellular air-filled cushions can be constructed to fit on the mechanical piston of this invention.
In the ROHO cushions, each air cell acts as a piston to develop constant restoring forces as a function of its internal air pressure and because of the feedback pathways they all have the same restoring force to buoy up the person being supported. The use of feedback pathways causes a catastrophic failure mode, when an aircell develops a leak, and the support surface goes flat. By design each air cell has the same effective piston size to assure uniformity of forces across the support surface. Having different sized pistons and therefore non-uniform forces produces a change in wetted surface area and shape compliance but the total summation of all the suspension forces contributing to buoyancy still must equal the weight of the person being supported. Uniform cell (piston) size and/or cell shape facilitates production and inventory issues more than suspension performance results. These air filled cushions or mattresses with slow air flow feedback paths create a high viscosity effect and permit selecting immersion depth for each individual by adjusting the internal working pressure of the cushion.
The soft flexible cells provide multiple (6) degrees of freedom at the tissue interface by deforming to align with the contours of the supported object to enhance its wetting equivalence to a true fluid. The multiple fin design is employed to create gluing surfaces between individual cells and may have some effect on suspension performance which cannot be measured when compared to a more simple non-finned cell.
It is a principal object of the present invention is to provide a mechanical device which emulates the effect of the aforementioned ROHO air cell cushions and mattresses. Another object is to provide a cushion and mattress constructed from rigid materials which still will provide the flotation properties of a true fluid. Still another object is to provide a cushion and mattress which has a series of reciprocal piston heads which are controlled by constant restoring force springs whereby the force exerted by the piston head is constant regardless of its travel within its movement limits.
A further object of this invention is to provide a cellular cushion and mattress construction in which the cells (pistons) are mechanical and are easily replaceable to adjust the restoring force of the cells to accommodate users of various body weights and contact areas. A further object is to provide a means to dampen piston movement rates to create viscosity control. A further object is to provide a support surface that does not have a catastrophic failure mode.
Still another object is to provide a mechanical cushioned mattress using reciprocal piston rods operated by constant restoring force springs which can be located inside or outside the piston to change the surface area and density of the pistons. Another object is to provide mechanical piston operated cushions and mattress in which the end of the piston rod has multiple degrees of freedom. These and other objects and advantages will become apparent hereinafter.
The present invention comprises mechanically operated mattresses and cushions which are controlled by constant restoring force springs and the arrangements and combination of parts simulate the flotation properties of a true fluid.

Constant restoring force support surface


A dashboard cover sheet that comprises of a central rectangular sheet that is made of an absorbent material and the length is configured to cover a full length of a dashboard of a vehicle. A first rectangular strip that is made of an impermeable material, the first rectangular strip is affixed to an upper side of the central rectangular sheet. A second rectangular strip that is made of an impermeable material, the second rectangular strip is affixed to the central rectangular sheet. A first absorbent rope that is attached to the first rectangular strip. And, a second absorbent rope that is attached to the second rectangular strip, the first absorbent rope and the second absorbent rope are configured to be placed between the front window of the vehicle and the edges of the dashboard of the vehicle.

The present invention is directed to a sheet that covers a dashboard when a window tint is installed on a vehicle.
When a window tint is installed on a front window of a vehicle, copious liquid is sprayed over the window tint. The liquid tends to land on the dashboard or go into a channel that separates the window and the dashboard. When this happens, damage occurs to the vehicle's dashboard.
The damage that occurs to the vehicle's dashboard is that the vehicle's dashboard swells or deteriorates into an unsightly condition or that a computer that is placed under the dashboard is ruined.
The dashboard cover sheet of the present invention minimizes the occurrence of the above damage.
For the foregoing reasons, there is a need for a dashboard cover sheet that prevents damage to the dashboard of a vehicle when a window tint is installed.


A travel support system uses a wireless communication unit for receiving a following vehicle's speed control capacity, and compares the speed control capacity received with a speed control capacity of the subject vehicle. If the speed control capacity of the following vehicle is higher than the capacity of the subject vehicle, a maximum deceleration of the subject vehicle is restricted to a restricted value. In addition, a target inter-vehicle distance to a lead vehicle is set according to the restricted value of the subject vehicle, thereby enabling a reduction of the inter-vehicle distance to the lead vehicle for each of the vehicles in a convoy.

Conventionally, a technique for organizing a convoy travel of vehicles, or a platoon travel of vehicles, is known. The convoy travel of vehicle may include a lead vehicle and following vehicles, where a technique for organizing the convoy may control the travel of the following vehicles based on exchange of information through vehicle-to-vehicle wireless communication between terminals on the respective vehicles, for keeping a certain inter-vehicle distance interposed between vehicles. For example, Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2000-348300 (JP '300) discloses a convoy travel technique where each of the vehicles in the convoy transmits various information such as the subject vehicle position, amount of operations (e.g., operation amounts of a steering wheel, an accelerator, a brake and the like) and physical quantity (i.e., a vehicle speed, an acceleration, a yaw rate) to the following vehicles at regular intervals, and the following vehicles follow the respective lead vehicles according to received information.
In such convoy travel of the vehicles, the inter-vehicle distance between the vehicles may be reduced to accommodate more vehicles in one convoy, or may be reduced to increase the energy efficiency by the reduction of the travel resistance for each vehicle.
However, conventionally, it is difficult to reduce the inter-vehicle distance in the convoy travel of the vehicles, thereby making it difficult to achieve the advantageous effects of the convoy travel.
More specifically, since the brake capacity and the vehicle weight are different vehicle to vehicle, speed control capacity such as (i) a response time from a start of the braking to a start of speed reduction, (ii) deceleration magnitude designated as maximum deceleration and the like may be different for respective vehicle types. Further, whether the vehicle is equipped with an independent range sensor, which independently detects an inter-vehicle distance to a lead vehicle and whether the range sensor has detected an obstacle or not are closely related to and are substantially affecting the speed control capacity such as a "distance-based" response time or the like, which is detected as a response time for reducing the vehicle speed when a detected inter-vehicle distance is too short to the lead vehicle.
When a vehicle has a lower speed control capacity, such vehicle must have a longer inter-vehicle distance to the lead vehicle, because such vehicle takes a longer time to reduce its speed to a target value. Conventionally, for accommodating the lower speed control capacity vehicles, the convoy travel of the vehicles, used, for all the vehicles in the convoy, a target inter-vehicle distance of the lowest capacity vehicle. Therefore, depending on the vehicles, such target inter-vehicle distance is too long, and the advantages of the convoy travel of the vehicles were destroyed.

Travel support apparatus and travel support system


In a recordable optical disc including at least one recording layer, write strategy information is recorded within disc control information, so that standardized disc control information can be uniformly applied to data recording and reproduction. At least one disc information is recorded as the disc control information within the management area. The disc control information is recorded per at least one write strategy type for a same writing speed and recording layer. The write strategy type recorded in the corresponding disc information is determined by recording write strategy parameters of the optionally determined write strategy type among applicable write strategy types.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to recording media, and more particularly, to a method of recording disc control information on a recordable optical disc including at least one recording layer, in which write strategy information is included within the recorded disc control information, and to method of recording data using the disc control information recorded in a specific area of the recordable optical disc.
2. Discussion of the Related Art
A high density optical recording medium, known as HD-DVD, is widely used to record and store high-definition video data and high-quality audio data. The Blu-ray disc represents next-generation HD-DVD technology.
Technological specifications are now being established for the global standardization of the Blu-ray disc, including standards are for the write-once Blu-ray disc (BD-WO). Meanwhile, a rewritable Blu-ray disc, known as the 1×-speed BD-RE and now being discussed, should be compatible with BD-RE discs expected to have higher recording velocities, i.e., the 2×-speed BD-RE and beyond. BD-WO specifications for high recording velocity are also in progress. Efficient solutions for coping with the high recording velocity of a high-density optical disc are urgently needed, and the specifications established should ensure mutual compatibility.

Recording medium, method of configuring control information thereof, recording and reproducing method using the same, and apparatus thereof


Methods and systems for an epicyclic gear mechanism that includes a primary differential assembly to selectively drive the fore secondary differential assembly and the aft secondary differential assembly. The fore secondary differential assembly selectively drives one or more fore interfaces (e.g., output gears), whereas the aft secondary differential assembly selectively drives one or more aft interfaces (e.g., output gears). Each of the primary differential assembly, the fore and aft secondary differential assemblies, and the interfaces rotate about a common central axis. The primary differential assembly drives the fore secondary differential assembly via a first sun gear, and drives the aft secondary differential assembly via a second sun gear, both of which rotate about the common central axis. Further, one or more actuators are to activate or deactivate in order to drive or be driven by a selected interface.

Existing multi-branch gear designs, which do not rotate about a common central axis, are costly, heavy, and take valuable space in systems in which they are deployed.
Further limitations and disadvantages of conventional and traditional approaches will become apparent to one of skill in the art, through comparison of such systems with the present disclosure as set forth in the remainder of the present application with reference to the drawings.

Epicyclic gear mechanism for multiple input/output systems


The present invention relates to a method of terminating a free-radical initiated emulsion polymerization by utilizing a shortstopping agent that contains a stable nitroxyl free-radical or is capable of forming a stable nitroxyl free radical in situ. Besides more effective stopping of polymerization, the present invention does not contain nitrosamine precursors nor is the shortstop agent easily removed during latex and polymer processing.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to the provision of a new class of shortstop agent for use in the polymerization of vinyl monomers. The new class of shortstop agents are compounds which form stable nitroxyl free radicals. Advantages of the use of this new class of materials over those currently used include less volatility, less probability of forming nitrosamine precursors, and superior performance in terminating free radicals.
2. Introduction
In free-radical emulsion polymerization, the properties of the polymer formed are dependent upon monomer conversion. The best properties of the polymer often occur at 55 to 75% conversion. The ability to "shortstop" the polymerization is often critical to the production of polymers having the proper physical characteristics. Termination of polymerization at a particular time is especially critical in the production of synthetic rubber. By the term "shortstop" as used herein is meant a process for ending polymer chain propagation at a specific point in time so as to obtain desirable polymer properties including molecular weight distribution.
Free-radical polymerization consists of three distinct mechanisms: 1) initiation of alkyl radical by catalyst, 2) propagation of polymer chain by addition of monomer to growing alkyl radical, and 3) termination of growing alkyl radical by reaction with another radical or with another substance that forms a product which either retards or stops further reactions with monomers. It is recognized that a reaction can be stopped by destruction of the initiator, by prevention of propagation, or by termination of the growing alkyl radical. Usually a shortstop is selected that works on all three mechanisms. Shortstop agents and the reason for utilizing shortstop agents in the production of synthetic rubber latex are disclosed in "Polymerization-Stopping Agents, G. J. Antlfinger and C. H. Lufter, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Volume 45, No. 1, pages 182-185 January, 1953. Usually some degree of polymerization or crosslinking continues after shortstop agents are added.
Two of the most successful current commercial shortstop agents are diethyl-hydroxyl amine and isopropylhydroxyl amine. Another example of a commercial shortstop agent is a combination of sodium dimethyldithiocarbamate (DTC) and diethylhydroxyl amine (DEHA). These work in conjunction to very effectively stop the polymerization. However, this combination has recently come under scrutiny because these components are nitrosamine precursors, (Crosslinking systems that avoid nitrosamines, Ehrend, Helfried, Rubber and Plastics News, Oct. 30, 1989, page 17-18). U.S. Pat. No. 5,384,372 to Lattime recognizes the nitrosamine generation problem and proposes the use of isopropylhydroxylamine and salts thereof to avoid nitrosamine formation. Likewise EP Application 656,371A2 to Maestri also deals with this potential problem by proposing the use of isopropylhydroxylamine salts in combination with a polysulfide. Recent patents show efforts to develop shortstop materials which avoid or attempt to minimize the formation of nitrosamine materials. These patents typically disclose the use of materials which do not contain or degrade to secondary amines. DE 88-3836777 A1 Hoerpel et al. discloses the use of hydroxydithiobenzoic acid and its water soluble salts as free radical deactivators. Generally a sulfur compound is needed in conjunction with a hydroxylamine to both degrade the catalyst and terminate alkyl radicals. When either material is used alone, we believe that detrimental changes in the polymer occur as measured by changing Mooney viscosity.
The stable nitroxyl free radical (SNFR) is known to quickly combine with alkyl free-radicals to terminate polymerization. The subject compounds are known to prevent polymerization from propagating during the manufacture, purification, and storage of vinyl monomers such as butadiene, styrene, acrylates, acrylonitrile and other vinyl monomers. The use of stable nitroxyl radicals in this fashion are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,670,131 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,254,760, the disclosures of which are both hereinafter incorporated by reference into this specification. While SNFRs have been used in the applications above, they have not been utilized to the knowledge of applicants as shortstopping agents for emulsion polymerization of vinyl or diene monomers, and particularly in the preparation of synthetic rubber. While SNFRs are used at very low concentrations to inhibit polymerization of vinyl monomers during manufacture, purification, storage and transport where polymerization is due to incidental free radicals from heat or oxygen, they have not been utilized as shortstopping agents in polymerizations that are initiated by free-radical catalysts for the express purpose of producing polymer. This is especially true when the free-radical catalysts are added in such quantity to cause polymerization to proceed quickly. The SNFRs are known not to react readily with peroxy initiators or their free-radicals. Also, because of the nitroxyl functionality, they may have been cursorily dismissed as nitrosamine precursors. For these reasons SNFRs have not been used as shortstop agents.
Surprisingly, because SNFRs react so rapidly with alkyl radicals, they have proven to be very effective as shortstop agents in vinyl and diene free-radical polymerizations, and particularly the free-radical polymerization to produce various latex rubbers. Even though a free-radical catalyst used to manufacture latex rubber may still be generating free-radicals that initiate alkyl radicals, the rapid terminations of alkyl radicals by SNFRs do not allow for changes in conversion or molecular weight.
Examples of SNFRs are given in Winter and Ferrell both previously incorporated by reference into this specification. A particularly preferred SNFR is 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl. An example of a compound that would form a SNFR in situ is 1,4-dihydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinium formate. It would react with peroxy catalyst to "kill" the catalyst and produce a SNFR. Diethylhydroxyl amine (DEHA) and isopropylhydroxyl amine (IPHA) do not form SNFRs. Though compounds which kill the catalyst may not be needed when SNFRs are used, an effective amount of SNFR employed as shortstopping agents may be used in combination with DEHA, IPHA, or sulfur compounds such as sodium polysulfide or hydroxydithiobenzoic acid when such materials are utilized.
An additional improvement, over DEHA/DTC combination is believed to be the reduced level of volatile nitrosamine precursors. This is because of the difficulty of forming nitrosamines with SNFRs. If nitrosamines form, it is believed that the relatively high molecular weight of SNFRs would make resultant nitrosamines non-volatile.
Another benefit of the SNFR is its higher molecular weight and subsequent reduced volatility resulting in reduced removal of the shortstopping agent from a vinyl or diene polymerization, and particularly a polymerization in which the desired product is a synthetic rubber during monomer stripping. Still another advantage is that the SNFR, being relatively non-volatile is more likely to stay with the polymer during continued processing such as drying. Continued shortstopping of rubber polymerization during post polymerization steps will result in less change in the polymerization and an improved finished rubber product. The use of SNFRs would accordingly limit changes to the Mooney viscosity (molecular weight) by reducing gel. Gel is defined as areas of insoluble polymer caused by crosslinking of rubber molecules. The advantage for the use of SNFRs would be quicker and more complete termination of polymerization when used as a shortstopping agent.

Shortstop agents for vinyl polymerizations


Disclosed herein are kits for use in adding degradable foam to a tire, methods for preparing a degradable foam-containing tire, tires containing degradable foam, and methods for degrading the degradable foam in tires containing degradable foam. The degradable foam comprises a combination of (i) at least one di- or polyisocyanate, (ii) at least one polysiloxane diol, at least one polysiloxane diamine, or a combination thereof, and (iii) optionally at least one polyol.

The addition of polyurethane foam to pneumatic tires can provide certain advantages such as improved tread wear and elimination of flat tires from punctures. However, the presence of the polyurethane foam inside the tire presents certain challenges when the foam-filled tire reaches the end of its life and needs to be separated from the wheel.

Degradable foam-containing tires, related methods and kits for adding degradable foam to tires

Bridgestone Americas Tire Operations, LLC


The present invention relates to a novel process for the preparation of (1-{9-[(4S,2R,3R,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl)-6-aminopurin-2-yl}pyrazole-4-yl)-N-methylcarboxamide.

Regadenoson is an A2A adenosine receptor agonist that is a coronary vasodilator. It produces maximal hyperemia quickly and maintains it for an optimal duration that is practical for radionuclide myocardial perfusion imaging.
It was approved by the United States Food Drug Administration on Apr. 10, 2008 and is marketed by Astellas Pharma under the tradename Lexican. It has now gained approval in the European Union and is being sold in both the United Kingdom and Germany.
Regadenoson has a 2- to 3-minute biological half-life, as compared with adenosine's 30-second half-life. Regadenoson stress protocols using a single bolus have been developed, obviating the need for an intravenous line. Regadenoson stress tests are not affected by the presence of beta blockers, as regadenosonvasodilates but do not stimulate beta adrenergic receptors.

Process for the preparation of (1-{9-[(4S, 2R, 3R, 5R)-3, 4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl)-6-aminopurin-2-yl}pyrazole-4-yl)-N-methylcarboxamide

Biophore India Pharmaceuticals PVT. Ltd.


Methods and apparatuses to restore data redundancy in a storage system with a storage virtualization engine. In one aspect of the invention, a method to restore data redundancy includes: receiving input indicating loss of redundancy for first data on a first storage unit; copying the first data from the first storage unit to a second storage unit so that the first data stored on the second storage unit has redundancy; and mapping (or configuring a storage virtualization engine to map) logical addresses for accessing the first data to physical addresses for the second storage unit in which the first data is stored. In one example according to this aspect, a portion of the second storage unit is determined and the first data is copied onto the portion of the second storage unit. The first and second storage units can be in a same storage subsystem under control of a storage controller or in different storage subsystems under control of separated storage controllers (e.g., disk controllers).

Due to the increased demands for data storage, a data center maintains a large number of disk drives (e.g., 500–1000 disks). Typically, these disks are not in one monolithic system. Instead, a large number of disk subsystems (e.g., 20 to 100 subsystems) are used to form a data center. A disk subsystem typically has one or more disk controllers, which directly control the disks within the subsystems. However, a disk controller in one subsystem cannot control a disk in another subsystem.
Disk arrays (e.g., Redundant Array of Inexpensive Drives (RAID)) are typically used to achieve faster data access and data redundancy. If one of the disk drives in a disk array dies or crashes, the data on the crashed disk drive can be recovered from the data stored on the remaining disk drive(s) in the disk array. Typically, a disk array can tolerate losing one disk drive. When one disk drive in the disk array fails, the data on the disk array loses redundancy; however, the disk array can still function properly (e.g., read and write data typically with degraded performance). A second failure can lead to data loss. To reduce the risk of data loss, the failed disk drive in the disk array is typically replaced as soon as possible to return the disk array to a normal operation mode with data redundancy.
Some systems have hot spares. A hot spare is a back-up drive in the array that automatically comes on-line in the event of a failure of one of the other drives. The data on the failed disk drive is automatically rebuilt (e.g., by a RAID controller) on the hot spare to restore data redundancy. Since a typical array can only tolerate a single drive failure without data loss, a hot spare drive reduces this window of opportunity for total failure. When the hot spare is used, the replacement of the failed disk drive can be scheduled at a convenient time. After the failed disk drive is replaced, the replacement drive becomes the new hot spare.
Thus, when a disk array (e.g., a RAID system) loses data redundancy in the event of a drive failure, the failed disk is replaced as soon as possible. If there is a hot spare under control of the disk controller in the subsystem, the subsystem can automatically use the hot spare to replace the failed drive; however, if no hot spare is available in the subsystem (e.g., when the hot spares are already depleted), a service person has to manually replace the failed drive with a new one.

Method and apparatus to restore data redundancy and utilize spare storage spaces


An actuating device for automatically operating a manual transmission of a vehicle includes at least two gear and shift actuators for moving by rotation and translatory movement a selector shaft of a manual transmission in order to select a gate and a gear of the manual transmission. Each one of the gear and shift actuators includes a first piston that upon displacement moves by rotation or translatory movement the selector shaft.

The invention relates to an actuating device for automatically operating manual transmissions of vehicles, comprising at least two gear and shift actuators positioned at an angle to one another with which a selector shaft of the manual transmission can be rotated and displaced for selecting a respective gate and gear of the transmission.
In manual transmissions it is known to select with the gear shift lever, extending upwardly into the passenger compartment, the respective gears for driving the vehicle. In order to automatically operate such a manual transmission, actuating devices are known which comprise gear and shift actuators that are positioned at an angle to one another. With them, the selector shaft of the transmission can be rotated and displaced accordingly.
It is an object of the present invention to embody the actuating device of the aforementioned kind such that it is more compact, less expensive, and allows for a simple gear shifting action.

Actuating device for automatically operating manual transmissions of vehicles

Hydraulik--Ring Antriebs- und Steuerungstechnik GmbH


An electrical connector includes a seat having a signal contact receiving slot and a grounding contact receiving slot, and a signal contact and a grounding contact retained therein. The seat includes a first insulating member and a second insulating member surrounding the first insulating member, wherein the grounding contact receiving slot is defined on the first insulating member, the first insulating member further includes a through hole substantially parallel to the grounding contact receiving slot, a shielding member is defined on at least the inner surfaces of the grounding contact receiving slot and the through hole, the second insulating member includes a column formed into the through hole, the signal contact receiving slot is defined on the column of the second insulating member.

1. Field of the Invention
The present disclosure relates to an electrical connector, and more particularly to a shielding electrical connector having an improved shielding effect and easy to be manufactured.
2. Description of the Related Art
Various electrical connectors are widely used in computer and other electronic devices. An electrical connector for electrically connecting a Central Processing Unit (CPU) to a Printed Circuit Board (PCB) typically comprises an insulating housing and a plurality of contacts retained therein. The contacts connect the CPU and the PCB so as to establish an electrical connection therebetween. However with rapid increasing of the amount and speed of the data transmitted by the contacts, the arrangement density of the contacts increases and the Electro Magnetic Interference (EMI) between the contacts becomes more and more serious. Therefore, an electrical connector with shielding member around the contacts is provided.
For example, U.S. Pat. No. 8,167,652 issued to Ju on May 1, 2012 discloses a shielding electrical connector. The electrical connector comprises an insulating body defining a plurality of receiving slots and a plurality of terminals received in the receiving slots, wherein a shielding body is formed on the inner surface of the receiving slot by physical-plating and an insulating paint layer is formed on the shielding body by immersing, spraying or coating to isolate the terminals and the shielding body. However as the insulating paint layer is formed on the shielding body by immersing, spraying or coating, the insulating paint layer is very thin and easy to be punctured by the terminal. While if the insulating paint layer is formed thicker, it affects the dimension of the receiving slot, and it is difficult for the assembling of the terminals.
In view of the above, an improved electrical connector is desired to overcome the problems mentioned above.

Shielding electrical connector and method of making the same


A PBGA package includes PBGA member, a stiffener ring, and a stiffener fixture which includes a retaining recess having a floor for receiving the stiffener ring and includes a ledge positioned above the recess floor for receiving the PBGA member. An adhesive layer is applied to the stiffener ring, which is adhered to the PBGA member. The stiffener ring and PBGA member are essentially coplanar to less than 8 mils. A top plate is placed on top of the PBGA member and the ring and member are secured together tightly.

1. Field of the Invention.
This invention relates to a Plastic Ball Grid Array ("PBGA") stiffener package and method of manufacturing same.
2. Discussion of Related Technology.
Referring to FIG. 1, previously, in the manufacturing of PBGA packages 10, a thixotropic damming compound, formed as a damming ring 12, was used to surround an integrated circuit die 16 attached to an individual PBGA member 22. Bond wires 18 were then attached to the die 16 to form electrical interconnects with signal tracks 42 (FIG. 4a), which in turn connected to solder ball pads 52 (FIG. 4b) on the solder ball attach surface 50 on the underside of the PBGA member 22. Solder ball 20 were then attached to selected pads 52. Inside the perimeter of damming ring 12, a low stress epoxy was then applied to form an encapsulate 14 over the die 16 and the interconnect bold wires 18.
The resulting prior art PBGA package 10 shown in FIG. 1, typically had a coplanarity of, at best, about 18 mil (0.018 inches). This degree of coplanarity has become increasingly unacceptable for many customers who find that PBGA packages manufactured in this fashion contain shorting at the solder ball connections due to package warpage. Alternate existing methods of construction, which include overmoled PBGA packages and glob top PBGA packages, have distinct disadvantages as well. Overmoled PBGA packages require lengthy cycle times and relatively high associated tooling costs. Glob top PBGA packages frequently fail the reduced coplanarity requirement of customers by allowing too much package warpage causing electrical disconnects at the solder joints.
Many customers now demand coplanarity for a PBGA package to be less than 8 mils. Thus, the need has arisen for a PBGA package, and method of manufacturing same, which results in a coplanarity of less than 8 mil to prevent inadvertent electrical disconnects at the solder joints through ensured PBGA package coplanarity, rigidity and board mountability.