A method and apparatus for forming books comprising pages of coated paper interspersed with pages of newsprint paper. The book is formed by providing a moving web of coated paper, providing a plurality of moving webs of newsprint paper, selectively perforating the moving web of coated paper in areas where coupons are to be provided, printing the moving web of coated paper with inks of a plurality of colors including printing within the coupon areas outlined by the perforating process, subjecting the moving web of coated paper to a heatset operation to set the inks on the web, printing the moving web of newsprint paper with at least one color ink, and associating the moving webs of coated paper and newsprint paper in a pasting, folding, and cutting operation to form a plurality of books each comprising a plurality of pages of coated paper interspersed with a plurality of pages of newsprint paper and adhesively bound together along one longitudinal edge of the book and each including detachable coupons on at least some of the coated paper pages.

There is a need in the printing industry to provide a cost-effective means of providing individual books, each comprising a plurality of pages of coated paper interspersed with a plurality of pages of newsprint paper. Such a book may comprise for example a TV book provided in association with a newspaper. It is desirable in such a book to have several pages of coated paper included in the book to accommodate and attract advertisers desiring glossy, multicolor advertising entries. In the past these books have been provided by separately printing, folding, and cutting one or more coated webs, placing the coated products in inventory, separately printing, folding, and cutting one or more newsprint webs, placing the newsprint products in inventory, and thereafter, at a convenient time and place, bringing the coated and newsprint products together in a stapling operation to provide the final book. This separate printing of the coated and newsprint webs, followed by the final stapling of the coated and newsprint products together to form the book, is extremely expensive and time-consuming.

Method of printing a book having pages of newsprint and pages of coated enamel pages


A process for applying and/or impressing or removing of aqueous liquids on or from a surface or a thereon guided weblike by means of a roller pressed against this surface or web includes pressing the working roller having over its entire working width an absorbing surface against the surface and subsequently relaxing it again, and varying the contact pressure force or the compression of the surface for controlling the amount of liquid to be transferred.

In simple cases, a liquid or flowable substance to be controlled on, a web can be water, e.g. when a web of material, a flat formation, a roller or the like is to be humidified or dehumidified. The liquid can also contain various chemicals, for example dyes, impregnating substances and/or solid substances. It can also be a foam.
It is known to apply substances by means of magnetically pressed rollers It is also known to use rollers pressed by magnetic force, which are either dipped into a liquid or are supplied by a feeding roller. In both cases, on the surface of the application roller a thin film of liquid is created, which is then transferred by the application roller at the contact point. In the wedge formed in front of the contact point an accumulation of liquid can result.
In application roller with a smaller diameter applies less substance and the amount of applied substance increases with the diameter of the roller. A weaker or stronger pressing force applied to the rollers results, for instance, in a textile surface with different depth effects, but the amount of applied substance is basically determined by the diameter of the application roller.
The surface structure of an application roller also influences the amount of applied substance. As a rule, application rollers with structured, rough or engraved surfaces, or with wire wrappings apply more substance than rollers with smooth surfaces. The nature of the substance to be applied, its adhesion to the roller and the absorption capability of the substrate also have influence on this type of amount determination.

Process for applying, impressing or removing liquids or substances


This invention relates to the field of wireless data and instant communication technologies and describes a method and a system for connecting words, phrases, or symbols of any languages or multimedia expressions, within the content of transmitted data, to telecommunication codes. The presented method of the invention selects a group of Telecom Codes, defines Content Names, assigns the Content Names to the Telecom Codes, receives the transmitted content, and redirects the content to the connected Telecom Codes after detecting the existence of the Content Names. The presented system of the invention combines both software and hardware functions, with the hardware portion comprising a Processor, a Memory, a Display Device, an input Device, and a Communication Interface, and the software portion comprising an Operating System, a Client Data Management Module including Management Interface, a Database Software, a group of Telecom Codes as well as other connectable Telecom Codes configured in the Database Software, a group of defined Content Names configured in the Database Software, the Connection Relations and the Rules of Directing configured in the Database Software, an Analysis and Redirecting Module, and a Communication Interface. The presented method and system, of the invention solves the difficulties in memorizing and input cumbersomeness when long Telecom Codes of many digits are used, and leads to five new application developments; Information Portal, Multiple Content Names Connecting to Single Telecom Code, Multiple Telecom Codes Connecting to Single Content Name, Connection of Classified Advertisements, and Interactive Customer Relation Management (ICRM) and Supplier Relation Management (ISRM) System.

The data communication technologies currently transmit the data content inputted by the end users to the receiving terminal equipment, such as mobile or cell phones, computers, or cordless phones, which are identified by their telecom codes (numbers) and are specified by the end users at the time of transmission. Both end users sending instant messages and cell phone users sending Short Message Service (SMS) contents can dial a specific SMS Short Code provided by a Mobile Telecom Carrier or dial the intended cell, phone number directly. SMS Short Codes are provided by Mobile Telecom Carriers to Service Providers and the Service Providers use these SMS Short Codes to offer value-added data services to the end users. An SMS Short Code provided by the Mobile Telecom Carriers usually comprises four digits, such as 1188. Following these four digits of each Short Code, any additional digits of any Arabic numbers up to a maximum of 15 digits can be added by the Service Providers to extend it to a Sub Short Code. By this means, a Service Provider can generate many non-repeated and unique Sub Short Codes that can be assigned to the end users or used for any type of information services. Once a specific Sub Short Code is assigned to a specific end user, arty other users can send instant message contents or SMS contents to the specific end user via dialing the assigned Sub Short Code. When sending instant messages or SMS contents by this means, a sender needs to key in the complete digits of a Sub Short Code up to a maximum of 19 digits, such as 1188181297561925793. Such a long code is very difficult to remember, and keying in turns out to he cumbersome and inefficient. More importantly, the sole purpose of the Sub Short Codes with long digits of numbers is to serve as assigned telecommunication codes.

Method and system for connecting characters, words and signs to a telecommunication number

Sheng Zhan Information Technology (Shanghai) Ltd.


In a partially formed liquid crystal display device, a window definition layer defines an etching endpoint detection window over a dummy pattern formed on the substrate. The window definition layer also defines an etch window over a real pattern formed on the substrate. The real pattern and the dummy pattern have the same thickness. During an etching process, a reactant from the etching step is monitored to determine when to stop the etching process.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an etching end point detection window used in the fabrication of a liquid crystal display device to detect an etching end time accurately and a method of fabricating the etching end point detection window. Also, the present invention is directed to an etching end point detecting method for detecting an etching end time using the etching end point detection window.
2. Description of the Related Art
Generally, an active matrix type of liquid crystal display device displays a picture using a pixel (or picture element) matrix having pixels arranged at intersections between gate lines and data lines. Each pixel includes a liquid crystal cell controlling a transmitted light quantity in accordance with a voltage level of a data signal from the data line. Thin film transistors (TFTs) are installed at the intersections between the gate lines and the data lines to switch a data signal to be transmitted toward a liquid crystal cell in response to a scanning signal from the gate line.
Referring to FIG. 1, there is shown a TFT formed on a substrate 18. Hereinafter, a method of fabricating the TFT will be described. First, a gate electrode 20, made from Al or a metal film including Al or the like, is formed on the substrate 18. The gate electrode 20 is integral with a gate line(not shown). On the substrate 18 and the gate electrode 20, a gate insulating film 22 made of an inorganic film, such as SiNx, SiOx or the like, is provided.
A semiconductor layer 24 made from an amorphous Si, hereinafter referred to as a-Si, and an Ohmic contact layer 26 made from a-Si doped with N+ ions are sequentially deposited on the gate insulating film 22. A source electrode 28 and a drain electrode 30 made from a metal such as Cr, etc. are provided on the Ohmic contact layer 26 and the gate insulating film 22. The source electrode 28 is integral with a data line (not shown). The Ohmic contact layer 26 exposed through an opening between the source electrode 28 and the drain electrode 30 are removed by means of dry or wet etching. A protective film 32 made from SiNx or SiOx is deposited over the substrate 18 to cover the TFT. The protective film 32 has the same thickness on the substrate 18 and is deposited with an inorganic material.
In order to provide contact holes, a portion of the protective film 32 disposed on a pad of the drain electrode 30, the data line and the gate line are etched out. At this time, a pixel electrode 34 made from indium tin oxide is electrically connected, via a contact hole through the protective film 32, to the drain electrode 30. Output lines of drive circuits are electrically connected, via contact holes defined by the protective film 32, to the pads of the data line and the gate line, respectively.
As seen from the foregoing, etching is performed in forming the electrode pattern and the contact holes. And, because an etched area defined only by the pattern during the etching process is small, it is difficult to sense an etched depth accurately. Accordingly, as shown in FIG. 2, an end point detection (EDP) window 42 is provided at the outside of a display region 40, that is, a non-display region 19. A number of gate lines 2 and a number of data lines 3 are formed in a direction perpendicular to each other in the display region 40. TFTs 10 are formed at intersections between the gate lines 2 and the data lines 3. The non-display region 19 includes (1) the peripheral area of the display region 40 where pads 2a and 3a, formed at the ends of the gate lines 2 and the data lines 3, respectively, are located, (2) the edge area of the substrate 18, and (3) an area between the display regions 40. After fabrication of the TFTs 10 is completed, the display region 40 and the pads 2a and 3a are cut along a line 41 in such a manner that the display region 40 includes the pads 2a and 3a.
FIG. 3A and FIG. 3B are sectional views taken along line IIIxe2x80x94III in FIG. 2 for the purpose of explaining an etching process for defining a contact hole at a pad of a gate line. As shown, a photo-resist pattern 44 is formed on the substrate 18 so as to define a contact hole 21a on the pad 2a of the gate line. Specifically, an EPD window 42 and a real pattern window 43 are formed in the photo-resist pattern 44 through exposure and development. The gate insulating film 22 and the protective film 32 are disposed between the EDP window 42 and the substrate 18. The pad 2a of the gate line, the gate insulating film 22 and the protective film 32 are disposed between the real pattern window 43 and the substrate 18. The substrate 18, patterned with the EDP window 42 and the real pattern window 43, is mounted within an etching chamber so as to form the contact hole 21a to the pad 2a of the gate line. SF6 gas is then injected into the etching chamber. At this time, an etchant including SF6 gas contacts the protective film 32 through the EDP window 42 and the real pattern window 43, and simultaneously begins to etch the protective film 32.
The etchant and the protective film 32 react to produce a nonvolatile gas SiF4. After the protective film 32 within the real pattern window 43 is removed, the gate insulating film 22 is removed to expose the pad 2a of the gate line. Also, the protective film 32 and the gate insulating film 22 within the EDP window 42 are removed to expose the substrate 18 under the EDP window 42. The concentration of SiF4 gas dramatically decreases or is no longer generated once the pad 2a of the gate line and the substrate 18 are exposed. Accordingly, an operator can determine an etching end time by sensing a concentration difference in or generation of SiF4 gas. Herein, the SiF4 gas evacuated during etching is converted into a voltage signal so that an operator can easily perform the sensing operation.
A liquid crystal display has the advantages of small dimensions (e.g., being slim) and low power consumption. And, studies for improving the liquid crystal display device are ongoing to further reduce power consumption. Recently, a scheme for overlapping the pixel electrode 34 with the data line 3 has become a prevailing technique. In this technique, in order to reduce a parasitic capacitance between the data line 3 and the superimposed pixel electrode 34, the protective film 32, formed between the pixel electrode 34 and the data line 3, is made from an organic substance with a low dielectric constant instead of an inorganic substance. For example, an organic material, such as Benzocyclobutene (BCB), is used as a material for the protective film 32.
Generally, the organic substance is grown into a film by spin-coating and thus the surface of the film becomes even. In this case, as shown in FIG. 4A, an organic protective film 46 exposed by the EPD window 42 is thicker than the film exposed by the real pattern window 43. Specifically, a relationship of a thickness t1 of the organic protective film 46 under the EPD window 43 to a thickness t2 of the organic protective film 46 under the real pattern window 43 is t1 greater than t2. Thus, after etching the organic protective film 46 to expose the pad 2a of the gate line, a portion of the organic protective film 46 exposed by the EPD window 42 remains. As shown in FIG. 4B, a thickness of Dt remains once the pad 2a of the gate line is exposed. As a result, there is only a slight variation in the amount of evacuated SiF4 gas once the pad 2a of the gate line is exposed, and it is difficult to determine an etching end point. Accordingly, as shown in FIG. 4C, the pad 2a of the gate line can become damaged from over-etching. Also the photoresist pattern 44 sticks onto the organic protective film 46 to cause a defect at the time of forming the pixel electrode 34.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide an etching end point detection window in a liquid crystal display device that is capable of detecting an etching end time accurately.
A further object of the present invention is to provide an etching end point detecting method for detecting an etching end time by utilizing an etching end point detection window.
These and other objects are achieved by an intermediate liquid crystal display device product, comprising a real pattern formed on a substrate; a dummy pattern formed on the substrate, the dummy pattern having a same thickness as the real pattern; and a window definition layer defining an etching end point detection window over the dummy pattern.
These and other objects are further achieved by a method of forming an etching end point detection window, comprising forming a real pattern on a substrate; forming a dummy pattern having a same thickness as the real pattern on the substrate; and forming a window definition layer defining an etching end point detection window over the dummy pattern.
These and other objects are still further achieved by an etching end point detecting method, comprising forming a real pattern on a substrate; forming a dummy pattern having a same thickness as the real pattern on the substrate; forming a window definition layer which defines an etching end point detection window over the dummy pattern and an etch window over the real pattern; etching via the etching end point detection window and the etch window; detecting a reaction result from the etching step; and determining an etching end point based on output from the detecting step.

Intermediate liquid crystal display device product having an end point detection window, method of fabrication and method of detecting etching end point


A processing system including a vacuum chamber 24 and at least one tube 12 disposed through a wall 14 of the vacuum chamber 24 is described herein. A gas diffuser 22 is disposed in said tube 12, possibly at the end of the tube 12 and/or outside the chamber 24. The gas diffuser 22 is formed from a porous, possibly metallic, material which includes a plurality of microscopic holes whereby gas entering or leaving the vacuum chamber through the tube has a reduced force compared to if the gas diffuser 22 was not present. Other systems and methods are also disclosed.

In the fabrication of integrated circuits, an ongoing goal is to produce devices which are increasingly smaller. Currently, it is common to fabricate devices which have elements which are only a fraction of a micron in size.
One of the problems which limit fabrication processes and severely hinder yields is due to contamination. Unwanted particles can contaminate wafers in many ways including through human contact, unpure processing chemicals and through the process equipment. These unwanted contaminants may become embedded in the wafer and create unwanted electrical characteristics or may interfere with the photolithographic masking steps thereby reducing production yields.
Steps are presently being taken to reduce to number of particles which may contaminate a semiconductor wafer. Great expense is invested in building clean rooms which have superior ventilation and therefore reduce the number of particles which may contaminate devices. However, contamination remains a problem. Accordingly, improvements which overcome any or all of the contamination problems are presently desirable.

Method and apparatus for reducing particle contamination


A circuit comprises: a bit-flipping signal generation device comprising a storage device and configured to generate a bit-flipping signal based on bit-flipping location information, the storage device configured to store the bit-flipping location information for a first number of bits, the bit-flipping location information obtained through a fault simulation process; a pseudo random test pattern generator configured to generate test patterns based on the bit-flipping signal, the pseudo random test pattern generator comprising a register configured to be a linear finite state machine, the register comprising storage elements and bit-flipping devices, each of the bit-flipping devices coupled to one of the storage elements; and scan chains configured to receive the test patterns, wherein the bit-flipping signal causes one of the bit-flipping devices to invert a bit of the register each time a second number of test patterns is being generated by the pseudo random test pattern generator during a test.

Many electronic components used in driverless cars perform safety critical functions.
One of the most important requirements to ensure functional safety is the "absence of unreasonable risk due to hazards caused by malfunctioning behavior of electrical/electronic systems" defined by ISO 26262 standard. Some integrated circuits used in these applications may have more than 10 billion transistors and require 500 distinct manufacturing steps. The first challenge is to make sure that every million chips shipped from the fab have less than one defective component. The second challenge is that the safety critical circuits can detect defects during system operations and when it occurs, put the whole system in a safe state to avoid a system failure. The highest standard for Automotive Safety Integrity Level (ASIL) D requires that the system failure occurs less than 100 times for one billion hours of operation.
Significant efforts have been devoted to test electronics for ensuring safe automotive performance. Logic built-in self-test (LBIST) is becoming more prevalent in safety-critical or high-reliability systems such as engine management, transmission control, anti-lock braking, steering control, and collision avoidance. The in-field and in-system tests performed in these systems need to meet a number of requirements. First, periodic tests during functional operations should be able to run within short time periods available, e.g., anything between 5 and 50 milliseconds. Key-on tests also have a very little time budget, and thus only limited functions can be tested. On the other hand, the time for budget key-off tests is 10 times that of the key-on tests and thus more comprehensive testing can be accomplished. Therefore, LBIST-based tests need to accommodate both situations. Furthermore, LBIST operating in a car environment has strict power constraints which limit test parallelism or scan shift speed. Finally, in accordance with the ASIL D requirement, LBIST has to reach stuck-at fault coverage of more than 90%.
A conventional LBIST often cannot achieve high fault coverage due to random-resistant faults and linear as well as structural dependencies in LFSR-produced tests precluding generation of certain desired test sequences. To solve this problem, weighted or perturbed pseudorandom patterns have been explored. A bit-flipping technique, disclosed in H.-J. Wunderlich and G. Kiefer, "Bit-flipping BIST," in Proc. ICCAD, 1996, pp. 337-343, depends on a test set which has to be substantially resynthesized every time desired test patterns change due to logic Engineering Change Order (ECO). A bit-fixing technique, disclosed in N. A. Touba and E. J. McCluskey, "Bit-fixing in pseudo random sequences for scan BIST," IEEE Trans. CAD, vol. 20, pp. 545-555, 2001, shares some characteristics with the bit-flipping one in that both alter the LFSR-generated sequence. Instead of perturbing pseudorandom tests, however, one can use clusters of patterns comprising a deterministic parent vector and its random or deterministic derivatives. For example, a Star-BIST technique, disclosed in K.-H. Tsai et al., "Star test: the theory and its applications," IEEE Trans. CAD, vol. 19, no. 9, pp. 1052-1064, September 2000, selectively flips parent ATPG patterns, while scan behaves like a ROM capable of encoding deterministic test vectors. A Star-EDT technique, disclosed in G. Mrugalski et al. "Star-EDT: Deterministic on-chip scheme using compressed test patterns," IEEE Trans. CAD, vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 683-693, 2017, deterministically designates scan-slices of EDT-decompressed test patterns to be flipped during scan shift-in operations. While inheriting some principles of the Star-EDT technique, a Stellar BIST, disclosed in Y. Liu et al., "Deterministic Stellar BIST for in-system automotive test," in Proc. ITC, paper 13.2, 2018, complements parent's bit slices several times during a single test application. The same approach may skew multiple complements to enrich population of patterns.
The effectiveness of pseudorandom test patterns can be significantly improved by means of test points activating and observing faults. Test points need extra gates and flip-flops, however. The number of test points thus is usually not large, which can limit the resultant test coverage. Although LBIST test points may also reduce test pattern counts, only conflict-aware or hybrid test points may decrease the number of test vectors in a consistent manner.
L. Lei and K. Chakrabarty disclose, in "Test set embedding for deterministic BIST using a reconfigurable interconnection network," IEEE Trans. CAD, vol. 23, pp. 1289-1305, 2004, a technique for embedding test patterns into LFSR-reseeding-based sequences. A technique, disclosed in V. Tenentes et al., "Single and variable-state-skip LFSRs: bridging the gap between test data compression and test set embedding for IP cores," IEEE Trans. CAD, vol. 29, pp. 1640-1644, 2010 (referred to as Tenentes hereinafter), uses an LFSR with the capability of performing successive jumps of a constant length (or a few different spans) in the LFSR state sequence. The latter technique can reduce a sequence of a test set embedding method by quickly traversing its irrelevant parts at the expense of additional state-skip logic.

Trajectory-optimized test pattern generation for built-in self-test


A warming device configured to warm an infant. The warming device includes a base that supports the infant and an overhead portion that includes an enclosure. An arm is coupled to the base and to the overhead portion. The arm supports the overhead portion above the base. A heating element is operated to generate heat to warm the infant. The overhead portion includes the heating element. A portion of the heat is dissipated into the overhead portion as a waste heat. A warming blanket has a stored state and a deployed state. In the stored state, the warming blanket is at least partially inside the overhead portion. In the deployed state, the warming blanket is outside the overhead portion. The warming blanket is designed to store the waste heat when the warming blanket is in the stored state and to warm the infant when in the deployed state.

The Background and Summary are provided to introduce a foundation and selection of concepts that are further described below in the Detailed Description. The Background and Summary are not intended to identify key or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor are they intended to be used as an aid in limiting the scope of the claimed subject matter.
Infant warmers are frequently used for the medical care of an infant shortly after birth. In general, infant warmers provide supplementary heat for pre-term or full-term infants to support their still-developing thermoregulatory systems.
Modern infant warmers can generate warmth for the infant through radiant heaters, which are electrically powered and positioned to heat the infant from above. For example, GE Healthcare offers such devices, including the Panda Warmer and the Giraffe Warmer. These devices direct radiant heat downwardly towards the infant without interfering with the caregivers' access to provide care for the infant as needed. The devices also include capabilities for monitoring the infant's health, including temperature, weight, SpO2, and pulse rate. As such, the infant warmers provide a warm, comfortable, and developmentally supportive environment for the infant.

Infant warmers having integral backup warming blanket


Methodology and devices for delivering aerosolized formulation to target areas of a patient's respiratory tract are disclosed. The device is a hand-held, self-contained unit which is readily portable and capable of measuring a variety of parameters including the patient's total respiratory tract capacity, inspiratory flow rate and inspiratory volume. The device is loaded with a container which includes a drug formulation in a liquid form which container includes an opening which is covered, at least in part, by a porous membrane. The pore sizes are designed so as to provide aerosolized particle sizes which are tailored in size for delivery to the specific target area of the respiratory tract. The device can allow the patient to inhale a predetermined volume of unaerosolized air followed by a predetermined volume of aerosol after which flow can be shut off completely or followed by additional aerosol free air. By precisely determining the particle size of the aerosols in combination with precisely determining the volume of aerosol and aerosol free air allowed into the respiratory tact it is possible to target a particular area of the respiratory tract and medicate that area with effective treatment of formulations. In certain circumstances it may be desirable to heat the air surrounding aerosolized particles in order to evaporate away a liquid carrier resulting in particles of a desired size range for delivery to the particular target area of the respiratory tract.

Asthma is a disease effecting approximately 20 million Americans. The death rates from asthma have increased substantially since 1979, increasing for children over five years of age from the period from 1979 to 1982. Hospitalization rates for asthma increased by 50% for adults in that period and by over 200% for the period from 1965 to 1983. Hospitalization rates for black patients are 50% higher for adults and 150% higher for children than the general population. (R. Evans et al., "National Trends in the Morbidity and Mortality of Asthma in the U.S.," Chest (1987) 91(6) Sup., 65S-74S). Increasing asthma mortality rates for the same period of time has been documented in other countries. (R. Jackson et al., "International Trends in Asthma Mortality: 1970-1985," Chest (1988) 94, 914-19.)
The mainstay for the management of asthma as well as other respiratory diseases in the United States has been inhaled aerosolized medication. The primary aerosolized drugs currently prescribed for respiratory therapy in the United States are anti-inflammatory drugs, bronchodilators and enzymes. These medications can be self-administered by patients using hand held metered dose inhalers (MDIs). Bronchodilators, while useful for the management of an acute asthma attack, are currently not the preferred drugs of choice for long-term asthma management. Aerosolized anti-inflammatory drugs, such as inhaled steroids and cromoglycates, used in conjunction with objective measures of therapeutic outcome are the preferred tools for long-term management of the asthmatic patient. (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, "Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma," National Asthma Education Program Expert Panel Report, pub. no. 91-3042, August 1991.)
A rational program for self-administration of aerosolized asthma therapeutic drugs would include: a) avoidance of overuse of bronchodilators, given that all bronchodilator drugs may be potentially toxic when used in excess (W. Spitter et al., "The Use of B-Agonists and the Risk of Death and Near Death from Asthma," N. Engl J. Med (1992) 326, 501-6); and b) using an anti-inflammatory drug on a prescribed scale which may include regular dosing several times a day (J. L. Malo et al., "Four-times-a-day Dosing Frequency Is Better than Twice-a-day Regimen in Subjects Requiring a High-dose Inhaled Steroid, Budesonide, to Control Moderate to Severe Asthma," Am Rev Respir Dis (1989) 140, 624-28).
Existing metered dose inhaler devices deliver aerosolized medication to areas which are not specifically targeted. For example, some devices can deliver aerosolized medication to the outermost areas of the lung (peripheral region where gases are exchanged) here the drug would be absorbed into the circulatory system and have a systemic effect as opposed to a topical effect on bronchial airways (the intermediate region) which have an approximate diameter of 1 mm. Other devices deliver a large fraction of the aerosolized dose to the oropharynx and larger airways. When certain drugs such as steroids are delivered to the back of the throat the effects can be adverse such as candida which results from the delivery of corticosteroids to the back of the throat. Thus, it can be seen that it is important that topically effective medications be efficiently delivered to the desired region of the lung and that they not be delivered to other areas. The present invention endeavors to provide a device and method for achieving such.

Device and method for directing aerosolized mist to a specific area of the respiratory tract


A circuit generally comprising a core circuit and a test access port circuit. The core circuit may be configurable among a plurality of functions in response to a signal. The test access port circuit may be configured to determine an identification value in response to the signal.

Memory devices commonly support multiple Joint Test Action Group (JTAG) product identification values by using a unique identification value for individual derivative products. The "hooks" required to enable the derivative product identification values are designed into a base chip such that only a unique metal layer is required to distinguish each derivative product. Other semiconductor devices commonly establish the JTAG identification values (hereinafter referred to as JTAG ID) through wire bonding of the die pads and an on-die product identifier encoder.
Using the unique metal layer to form the JTAG ID value means that the chips are physically different for each derivative product. Having several unique chip designs increases design, manufacturing, test, and qualification costs, and requires a staffed design team to make the derivative products. Furthermore, developing unique metal layers for derivative products require a design team. If each derivative product used the same chip without a unique metal layer, the derivative product development becomes a back-end project that is both simpler and lower in cost than a design project.


A method and system for synchronizing scan opportunities in a mobile communications system. Time slots are sent between a mobile subscriber and an associated base station wherein the mobile subscriber corresponds to a scan group. The number of time slots sent between the mobile subscriber and the associated base station is counted. Based upon the count, the scan group of the mobile subscriber, a scan rate, and a scan opportunity divisor, a scan opportunity is determined. If it is a scan opportunity, a scan is performed of a neighboring base station.

A mobile subscriber communication system may generally comprise a set of "mobile subscribers," typically mobile subscribers are the endpoints of a communication path, and a set of "base stations," typically stationary and the intermediaries by which a communication path to a mobile subscriber may be established or maintained. It is generally desirable in mobile subscriber communication systems to allow the rapid establishment of communication links between mobile subscribers and base stations, and rapid handoff between base stations, without errors and without inadvertently dropping the call or losing a communication link. This type of capability is generally accommodated by allowing the mobile subscriber to scan where scan means to go from listening to an associated base station to listening to a neighboring base station to determine which base station to hand off to when the need to handoff occurs. The mobile subscriber's ability to scan other base stations needs to be accommodated without affecting the mobile subscriber's ability to lose the current communication link.
Typically, an associated base station provides mobile subscribers scan opportunities for a mobile subscriber to establish a communication with other base stations and receive information relating to power estimation and signal quality estimation. Such scan opportunities are provided during times when the associated base station is not sending data or a slot assignment to the mobile subscriber. However, in order for such scan opportunities to be utilized properly, broadcast channels of the base stations surrounding the associated base station must be synchronized so that mobile subscriber scan opportunities coincide with broadcast channel transmissions. If the associated base station does not know when the mobile subscriber is scanning, the mobile subscriber may miss data or a slot assignment sent by its associated base station while it is scanning another base station. Missing data or a slot assignment wastes time slots and wastes communication bandwidth.
Therefore it would be advantageous to provide a synchronization system for base stations and mobile subscribers of a communication system whereby the mobile subscriber can scan other base stations other than the mobile subscriber's associated base station and still not miss data or slot assignments being sent to it by its associated base station. It would further be advantageous to provide a communication protocol enabling synchronization and control traffic functions, which is particularly suited to use in a time division multiple access (TDMA) environment.
It will be appreciated that for simplicity and clarity of illustration, elements shown in the figures have not necessarily been drawn to scale. For example, the dimensions of some of the elements are exaggerated relative to each other. Further, where considered appropriate, reference numerals have been repeated among the figures to indicate identical elements.

Method and system for synchronization of communication between a mobile subscriber and a base station


In order to make an extension/deletion of management function possible without interruption of a system operation and make a conversion between a plurality of management protocols possible in a network communication system for use and maintenance of a communication network, a managed object obtained by abstracting a physical subject such as a communication device or a communication service to be managed transfers from a management manager or an object server storing a plurality of managed objects on the basis of an instruction from the management manager performing a management operation and the transferred managed object is executed.

The present invention claims priority from Japanese Patent Application No. 10 052265 filed Mar. 4, 1998, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a network management system for operating physical managed objects such as communication equipments and communication services on the basis of an instruction from a management manager and, particularly, to a network management system capable of extending or deleting management functions without interruption of a system operation and capable of performing a conversion between a plurality of management protocols.
2. Description of Related Art
In order to operate physical objects to be managed, such as communication equipments and communication services within a communication network, a network management system has been known in which physical objects to be managed are abstracted as managed objects and a lower layer is operated correspondingly to an instruction which is one of the managed objects from a management manager which is an upper layer.
FIG. 47 shows an example of a management protocol conversion in a conventional network management system. This conventional example is disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. Hei 7-321885 and is constructed with a managed object 4001 which is an upper layer managed object capable of being operated by a management manager according to a protocol xe2x80x9c1xe2x80x9d, a managed object 4002 which is a lower managed object a management agent of which can be operated by a protocol xe2x80x9c2xe2x80x9d, a managed object 4003 which is a lower layer managed object a management agent of which can be operated by a protocol xe2x80x9c3xe2x80x9d and a managed object 4004 which is a lower layer managed object a management agent of which can be operated by a protocol xe2x80x9c4xe2x80x9d.
When the managed object 4001 which is the upper layer managed object is accessed from the management manager by using the protocol xe2x80x9c1xe2x80x9d, the network management system disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. Hei 7-321885 identifies a management operation for the lower layer managed objects 4002, 4003 and 4004 by referring to an information describing a relation between an upper layer managed object name and a lower layer managed object name, which is held by the system. Further, the network management system has an information related to the kind of protocol for operating the lower layer managed object name and issues an operation request to the management agents by using the protocol xe2x80x9c2xe2x80x9d for the managed object 4002, the protocol xe2x80x9c3xe2x80x9d for the managed object 4003 and the protocol xe2x80x9c4xe2x80x9d for the managed object 4004, as shown in FIG. 47. The protocol conversion is realized by converting the name of the managed object which is the upper layer managed object and has the protocol kind into names of one or more managed objects which are the lower layer managed objects, in this manner.
FIG. 48 shows an example of a conventional management function extension/deletion of a network management system. This example is disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. Hei 8-314836 and is constructed with an operator and management application 4101, a management service object 4102 and managed objects 4103, 4104 and 4105.
The management service object 4102 is conducted to define only actions between the managed objects 4103, 4104 and 4105 and the management application 4101 and is described as a sequence for referring to a table containing parameters necessary for operations for the respective managed objects. In the example shown in FIG. 48, a sequence of a name of table storing an information for performing an operation to the managed object 4103, a name of table storing an information for performing an operation to the managed object 4104 and a name of table storing an information for performing an operation to the managed object 4105 is stored in the table as an action of the management service object 4102.
In the network management system disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. Hei 8-314836, when the management application 4101 requests an action operation of the management service object 4102, the table registered as the action of the management service object 4102 is referred to and the management operations are executed in the assigned sequence while referring to the tables storing the operation parameters. Further, this network management system provides a function of dynamically rewriting updates of the registered tables.
However, the above mentioned prior art has some problems.
A first problem of them is that a change of a managed object definition (program abstractedly indicative of a management subject) is impossible in extension/deletion of the management function. The reason for this is that, in the technique disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. Hei 8-314836, subjects are objects (only action operation is executable) of the kind different from the managed objects and the managed object definition is unchangeable.
The second problem is that only operation in managed object unit is permitted for both function extension and protocol conversion. The reason for this is that, in the technique disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. Hei 8-314836, the descriptive capability is limited to a command sequence stored in a table for the purpose of easiness of program development and only correspondence table for each managed object is defined.
The third problem is that it is impossible to guarantee a consistency for one operation from a management manager. The reason for this is that the standardized existing management protocol does no define semantics of a transaction processing.
The fourth problem is that a memory amount required for conversion between a plurality of management protocols is large. The reason for this is that, in the technique disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. Hei 7-321885, a correspondence table of operations converted is produced every managed object instance.
The fifth problem is that the manager can not assign a timing of update of table storing the operation parameters every management service object. The reason for this is that, in the technique disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. Hei 7-321885, the update timing of the table storing the operation parameters is only when the action operation of the management service object is requested.
The sixth problem is that a start time of the action operation of the management service object is long. The reason for this is that, in the technique disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. Hei 7-321885, the table storing the operation parameters is newly generated every time the action operation of the management service object is requested.
An object of the present invention is to provide a network management system in which, when looking from a management manager, the managed object definition can be changed without interruption of a system operation.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a network management system capable of defining a managed object operation having high function for both function extension and protocol conversion.
A further object of the present invention is to provide a network management system which can always guarantee a consistency of management operations for one operation from a management manager.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a network management system in which a required memory amount is saved to make a protocol conversion possible.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a network management system in which the update timing of managed object can be freely assigned according to each managed object.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a network managed object in which operations of managed objects can be executed at high speed.
A network management system according to the present invention, which, in order to perform a use and maintenance of a communication network, executes managed objects obtained by abstracting physical subjects to be managed, on the basis of an instruction from a management manager which manages management operations, is featured by comprising means for receiving the managed objects instructed by the management manager from the management manager or an object server which is provided separately from the management manager and stores a group of managed objects and for executing them. That is, by executing the managed objects transferred from the management manager or the object server, which is provided externally of the communication system, it is possible to perform an addition and/or change of the managed object definition.
The managed object preferably includes managed objects obtained by abstracting the group of managed objects as subjects to be managed with respect to a management agent fixedly storing one or more managed objects and the network management system preferably comprises means for requesting a corresponding management agent to perform an operation requested from a management manager by executing a managed object transferred according to an instruction from the management manager and interpreting/editing a notice from the management agent and notifying it to the management manager. That is, even when the system is constructed to interface between the management manager and the management agent, it is possible to perform an addition/change of the managed object definition by transferring the managed object having the group of managed objects held by the management agent as the subjects to be managed externally and executing it.
The network management system according to the present invention can be constructed with a machine dependent portion which is dependent upon the kind of a communication device or a computer by which the managed object is executed and a machine independent portion which is independent from the kind of device. Thus, the network management system is operable in a communication device or a work station, whose machine independent portion has various softwares.
In such case, the machine independent portion may include a function execution portion for performing a managed object transfer/execution processing and an interface processing between the management manager and the management agent and a plurality of protocol processing portions for processing an exchange of request message and response message according to a plurality of respective communication procedures determined for the management manager and the manager agent. By performing mutual operations with respect to the plurality of protocol processing portions by the function execution portion, it is possible to uniformly handle the plurality of management protocols.
The function execution portion may include an extended function execution portion for adding/updating a managed object transferred from the management manager or the object server and controlling an execution of the transferred managed object and a managed object control portion for receiving a request message of a management operation, judging whether a behavior program is performed every managed object unit operation by dividing the management operation to operations in managed object unit or an operation request is performed to the management agent by using the protocol processing portion, and, when the operation request is to be performed to the management agent, for performing the execution control of the management operation by selecting one of the protocol processing portions. In this case, the network management system operates such that the addition/change of the managed object definition becomes possible and the management operation is realized at high speed, by assembling the definition information of the managed object and the behavior program with an interpreter language by holding and updating them by the extended function execution portion and assembling the operation of the extended function execution portion with a compiler language by controlling it by the managed object control portion.
The extended function execution portion may include a behavior execution portion which stores a behavior program describing one or more operations to one managed object or a group of a plurality of managed objects held in a management agent or the network management system, performs an addition/update of the behavior program and executes the added/updated behavior program according to a request from the managed object control portion, and provides a response of a result of the execution and a definition information management portion which holds a definition information of managed objects, refers/updates the definition information according to a reference/update request of the definition information and, in a case of update, notifies a result of update to the managed object control portion.
The definition information management portion may include a definition information storing portion for storing a definition information related to attribute/notice/kind of action of managed object and data structure thereof, a reference portion for receiving a reference request to the definition information, accessing the requested definition information from the definition information storing portion on the basis of the reference request and transmitting the requested definition information as a response, an update portion for receiving an update request to the definition information, executing an update of the requested definition information with respect to the definition information storing portion on the basis of the update request and transmitting a result of the execution as a response and a notice portion for notifying an information of the definition information update by the update portion to the managed object control portion.
The behavior execution portion may include a behavior program storage portion which stores a behavior program which describes one or more operations for one managed object or a group of managed objects which is managed by a management agent or the network management system correspondingly to the attribute/notice/action of the managed object and is capable of being updated/added/deleted, a behavior program execution portion for providing an environment in which the behavior program operates, monitoring whether or not all of the operations described in the behavior program and performing a confirmation processing when all operations are successful and, otherwise, a cancellation processing, a definition change receiving portion for receiving an information related to a definition change from the definition information management portion, an object access portion for receiving a behavior program execution request from the managed object control portion and an activation control portion for performing an update of the behavior program corresponding to a behavior program update request from the definition change receiving portion, an activation of the behavior program according to the behavior program activation request from the object access portion and a transmission of a result of the operation of the behavior program to the object access portion.
The activation control portion may include behavior program temporary storage means for storing the behavior program and a behavior program state information, behavior program update management means for receiving the behavior program updated by the management manager from the definition change receiving portion and storing it in the behavior program storing portion, performing an addition and a deletion of the behavior program stored in the behavior program temporary storage means, updating the behavior program state information and holding and updating a behavior program update information which is an information related to the behavior program stored in the behavior program storage portion, and behavior program execution control means for activating the behavior program stored in the behavior program temporary storage means, requesting an execution of the activated behavior program to the behavior program execution portion, transmitting an update request of the behavior program to the behavior program update management means after an operation of the activated behavior program and when the behavior program execution portion erases the behavior program, referring and updating the behavior program state information which is an information related to the behavior program stored in the behavior program temporary storage means and receiving the behavior program start request from the object access portion and transmitting a result of operation of the behavior program to the object access portion.
It is preferable to update the behavior program by forming individual name spaces, newly forming a class loader having a function of storing a behavior program in a memory from a disk and newly storing the start requested behavior program in a memory from a disk by the class loader, every time when the behavior program execution control means receives the behavior program start request.
In this case, it is preferable that the behavior program execution control means selects a class loader adapted to store the start requested behavior program from the group of the class loaders in operation in a list containing names of other behavior programs to which the behavior program refers and the behavior program is updated by newly storing the start requested behavior program in the selected class loader.
The managed object control portion may include an active object execution portion for requesting the behavior execution portion to access the managed object having the behavior execution portion storing the behavior program, a remote object execution portion for accessing a management agent storing a managed object in order to execute a management operation, a definition change receiving portion for receiving a notice related to a content of a change of definition information from the definition information management portion, a managed object access portion for receiving an operation request with respect to one managed object, an agent access portion for receiving an operation request for one or a plurality of managed objects and a management operation execution control portion for, when a request is received from the definition change receiving portion, performing a change of data defining a managed object, for, when a request is received from the managed object access portion or the agent access portion, selecting one or more managed objects which are subjects to be operated on the basis of the request and determining whether a processing is requested to the behavior execution portion with respect to the respective managed objects or an operation request is made to the management agent by using the protocol processing portion and for, when an operation request is to be made to the management agent, determining one processing portion of the plurality of the protocol processing portions which is to be utilized, requesting a preparation of execution to the active object execution portion or the remote object execution portion and requesting an execution definition or an execution cancellation to the active object execution portion or the remote object execution portion on the basis of a synchronous or optimal mode assigned as an operation parameter.
The management operation execution control portion may include a definition table management portion for holding an information related to attribute/notice/action defined in the managed object and performing a reference/update processing, a managed object relation management portion for holding an information indicative of a relation between a plurality of managed objects which are subjects to be operated and performing a reference processing, an operation division portion for accessing the managed object relation management portion from the parameter assigned by the management operation and determining a plurality of managed objects which become subjects to be operated, an exclusive control management portion for holding an information indicative of that the managed object to be operated is already being operated in executing the management operation, newly adding a managed object when an operation request is to the managed object which is not being operated and providing a response indicative of that a managed object is being operated to an operation request when the operation request is to a managed object which is being operated, an operation execution portion for executing a plurality of managed objects which are determined by utilizing the operation division portion and the exclusive control management portion as operable subjects to be operated while temporarily holding results of operations and an operation control portion for, in order to execute operations received by the managed object access portion or the agent access portion, newly producing the operation execution portion and requesting an execution, holding a dependency of management operations recursively generated from one management operation and requesting an instruction of a reference to an intermediate result and a deletion request to the operation execution portion.
In the construction mentioned above, a managed object is preferably constructed with a behavior program describing a behavior of the managed object with a language executable by an interpreter and an active object which is a compiled program and holds a definition table which is data describing a correspondence between the behavior program and attribute/notice/action defined by the managed object, an information related to a name of the managed object, an information indicative of a relation to other managed objects and an information related to a pointer to the definition table indicative of definition items of the managed object.
In this case, the active object operates such that the attribute/notice/action defined is identified by referring to the definition table, an identifier (referred to as xe2x80x9cIdxe2x80x9d, hereinafter) of the behavior program described with an interpreter language is acquired, a processing such as a value acquisition related to an attribute/notice/action whose operation is requested next is performed and a response is provided to the management operation by executing the behavior program. Further, since the definition table is data referred to from the active object, it is re writable according to a definition change and, since the behavior program is described with the interpreter language and re-writable, the definition and the behavior of the managed object can be changed without interruption of the system operation.
In a case where a relation data of the managed object held in the managed object relation management portion handles an inclusion relation between two managed objects, it is preferable to construct the relation data such that it has a tree data composed of a route indicative of a top of the tree, a node representing an active object and a node of a virtual object representing a remote object which is necessary to construct a name of the active object and whose subject exists in the management agent.
In this construction, when a definition change of managed object and/or an addition of managed object is performed, a memory is saved without holding information corresponding to all remote objects having subjects existing in the management agent by adding a node corresponding to the active object to the relation data and adding virtual objects which includes the added active object and whose subjects exists in the management agent to the relation data as nodes.
The operation division portion receives the parameter of the management operation and can change the received management operation by listing managed objects to be operated on the basis of the relation data held in the managed object relation management portion, listing active objects when all of the listed managed objects are the active objects, outputting the received operation as it is when all of the listed managed objects are the remote objects and listing the active objects and outputting a new operation obtained by adding a filter condition for preventing an access to the remote objects corresponding to the active objects to the received management operation when the active objects and the remote objects coexist in the listed managed objects. Thus, it is possible to reduce the number of operation request transmissions to the management agent to thereby perform the protocol conversion processing efficiently.
The CORBA (Common Object Request Broker Architecture) can be used as a common object computing platform for communication between the protocol processing portion, the definition information management portion, the behavior execution portion and the managed object control portion. With the CORBA, it is possible to distribute and operate the respective function modules with high mutual connection.
By describing the behavior program with the script language such as Java or Tcl whose grammar is simple and which is de facto standard, it is possible to execute the behavior program on various hardware/OS platforms.

Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation


A computer-implemented method includes obtaining user data associated with a first user, the user data including biometric data associated with the first user and personal information of the first user; conducting a biometric similarity search in a historical user database based on the biometric data; determining, based on the biometric similarity search, that multiple historical users have similar biometric data to the first user; retrieving corresponding personal information of each of the multiple historical users; generating a respective personal information similarity score for each of the multiple historical users; and identifying, as the first user, a historical user of the multiple historical users, the personal information similarity score corresponding to the identified historical user indicating a higher similarity than the personal information similarity scores corresponding to other historical users of the multiple historical users.

Electronic wallet (or e-wallet) related financial services are under worldwide stringent regulations. For example, regulators in many countries and regions set a limit to the number of accounts that a person can register with a same electronic wallet service provider to prevent financial risks such as money laundering and fraud. Identity verification is thus required for electronic wallet service providers or other financial or non-financial institutions to verify their users' identities so as to comply with the regulations and prevent financial risks.
Currently, a user's identity is mainly verified via either a short message service (SMS) one time password (OTP) sent to a mobile phone number provided by the user, or a verification email sent to an email account provided by the user. However, these identity verifications are not accurate, as phone numbers, email addresses or similar information cannot uniquely identify a person. For example, a person can purchase numerous phone numbers or register numerous email accounts, and use them to register different electronic wallet accounts under different names on an electronic wallet platform. With the current phone number based or email address based identity verifications, the electronic wallet platform may verify the same person using different names as different users, since the phone numbers or email accounts are valid. Such inaccurate identity verifications will cause the electronic wallet platform to authorize the registrations of the different electronic wallet accounts, which in turn will cause financial risks.

Biometric based user identity verification


The disclosure provides an electrolyte solution that enables a lithium ion secondary battery to have reduced initial resistance, a small increase in resistance at high-temperature cycles, and reduced gas generation at high temperature. The electrolyte solution for a lithium ion secondary battery contains lithium difluorophosphate, an oxalic acid ion, and a compound (1) represented by the following formula (1):

Current electric appliances demonstrate a tendency to have a reduced weight and a smaller size, which leads to development of electrochemical devices such as lithium-ion secondary batteries having a high energy density. Further, electrochemical devices such as lithium-ion secondary batteries are desired to have improved characteristics as they are applied to more various fields. Improvement in battery characteristics will become more and more important particularly when lithium-ion secondary batteries are put in use for automobiles.
Capacitors have been also studied in order to improve their characteristics. For example, Patent Literature 1 discloses an electrolyte solution for an electrolytic capacitor, containing a quarternary ammonium salt or a quarternary phosphonium salt of a specific boron-containing anion as a solute.
Patent Literature 2 discloses an electrolyte solution for an electrochemical capacitor, containing an amidinium salt that contains a specific boron-containing anion and an imidazolium cation substituted with an alkyl group at the position 2.
Patent Literature 3 discloses a non-aqueous electrolyte solution containing substances such as lithium difluorophosphate.

Electrolyte for lithium ion secondary battery, lithium ion secondary battery, and module

Abstract: wherein R1 and R2 are each independently a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, or a butyl group.


An aircraft assembly having a bush mounted within a lug and a recess which extends along a portion of the lug-bush interface to create a relatively wide cavity for receiving sealant.

An aircraft assembly can include a bush fitted within a lug to provide a static or dynamic bearing. The bush defines a bearing face for supporting a shaft or the like.
The bush can be fitted to the lug by way of an interference fit, or can be mechanically fixed by a bolt or the like. Thus, a narrow space exists between adjacent faces of the lug and bush, which will be referred to as the lug-bush interface.
It is common for the lug to be formed from a corrodible material. As such, sealant is generally applied at the open ends of the lug-bush interface in order to create a barrier inhibiting moisture ingress into the lug-bush interface.
The present inventor has identified that known moisture barriers can be improved.


In a section overspeed regulating method of determining whether a vehicle overspeeds on the basis of whether an average speed of the vehicle in a regulation section exceeds a speed limit, the section overspeed warning apparatus and system determine whether the current speed of the vehicle traveling on a regulation section exceeds the speed limit, and warn a driver. Whether the speed of the vehicle traveling on the regulation section exceeds the speed limit of the section is determined depending on a travel distance from a starting position of the regulation section to a current position of the vehicle, a travel time taken for the vehicle to travel by the travel distance, and a remaining distance from the current position of the vehicle to an end position of the regulation section. If it is determined that the current position of the vehicle will exceed the speed limit of the section, overspeed warning messages are output in the form of text, voice, or warning sound. Further, the section overspeed warning apparatus and system recommend the maximum speed, which allows the vehicle not to violate the speed limit of the section at the current position, to a driver as a recommended speed.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a section overspeed warning apparatus and system, and more particularly, to a section overspeed warning apparatus and system using a navigation device.
The present invention was supported by the IT R&D program of MIC/IITA [2006-S-038-02, Development of Device-Adaptive Embedded Operating System for Mobile Convergence Computing].
2. Description of the Related Art
Various transportation means, such as ships, aircrafts, and automobiles, have used a navigation device that is provided with a global positioning system (GPS) for confirming a current position and moving speed of corresponding transportation means or determining a travel path. The navigation device receives radio waves corresponding to latitude, longitude, and altitude from a plurality of artificial satellites, and calculates the current position of the vehicle, and then displays map information including the current position to a driver.
Further, the navigation device provides various information, which may be required to the drive the vehicle, such as a travel direction of the vehicle, a distance to a destination, and the current speed of the vehicle, to a driver.
The navigation device is also used to warn a driver of the overspeed of the vehicle. In general, the driver obtains information about the speed limit of the road section on which the vehicle travels from the navigation device, and the navigation device calls the driver's attention to the overspeed or warns the driver of the overspeed not to exceed the speed limit in correspondence to the speed of the traveling vehicle. The driver previously perceives a regulation position from the overspeed attention or overspeed warning output from the navigation device, thereby observing the speed limit.
A known method of warning of overspeed may be effective in an unmanned traffic regulation system that regulates speed violation at a specific position. However, there is a problem in that the known method of warning of overspeed cannot effectively be used in a so-called section regulating method that measures an average speed of the vehicle in a specific section and regulates the overspeed over the speed limit.

Section overspeed warning apparatus and system

Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute


An array substrate includes: a substrate; a gate connecting line on the substrate in a gate circuit area; a gate insulating layer on the gate connecting line; an active pattern on the gate insulating layer; a source connecting line and a pixel pattern sequentially disposed on the active pattern; an interlayer insulating layer and an organic pattern sequentially disposed on the gate insulating layer; a first passivation layer on the organic pattern; and a conductive pattern on the first passivation layer, the conductive pattern coupled to the gate connecting line and to the pixel pattern.

1. Technical Field
The present disclosure relates to an array substrate, and more particularly, to an array substrate having an integrated gate driver and a method of fabricating the same.
2. Discussion of the Related Art
Recently, liquid crystal display (LCD) devices have been in the spotlight as a next generation display device because the LCD device has high value added due to its low-power consumption and good portability.
The LCD device includes an array substrate where a plurality of thin film transistors (TFTs) are disposed, a color filter substrate and a liquid crystal layer between the array substrate and the color filter substrate. The LCD device displays an image using difference in refractive index according to optical anisotropy of the liquid crystal layer.
In recent years, an active-matrix LCD (AM-LCD) device where TFTs and pixel electrodes are arranged in matrix shapes has attracted much attention because of its high resolution and its high capability of embodying moving images.
Since amorphous silicon (a-Si) is formed through a low temperature process, an insulating substrate of a low cost may be adopted for amorphous silicon. As a result, the TFTs of the array substrate may be formed using amorphous silicon.
The LCD device includes a liquid crystal panel displaying an image, a backlight unit supplying a light to the liquid crystal panel and a driving unit supplying signals and power to the liquid crystal panel. The driving unit includes a printed circuit board (PCB). The PCB is classified into a gate PCB connected to a gate line of the liquid crystal panel and a data PCB connected to a data line of the liquid crystal panel. The gate PCB and the data PCB may be attached to a gate pad and a data pad, respectively, on the liquid crystal panel through a tape carrier package (TCP). The gate pad connected to the gate line is formed on an edge portion of the liquid crystal panel and the data pad connected to the data line is formed on another edge portion of the liquid crystal panel.
Since the driving unit includes the gate PCB and the data PCB attached to the gate pad and the data pad, respectively, a volume and a weight of the LCD device increase. To lessen the above drawbacks, a gate in panel (GIP) type LCD device where a gate driver is formed in the liquid crystal panel and a single PCB is attached to the liquid crystal panel has been suggested.
In the GIP type LCD device, the gate driver is formed together with the array substrate. In addition, the gate driver integrated in the array substrate includes a shift register and the shift register includes a plurality of stages connected in cascade.
FIG. 1 is a view showing an array substrate for a gate in panel type liquid crystal display device according to the related art.
In FIG. 1, an array substrate for a gate in panel (GIP) type liquid crystal display (LCD) device includes an active area AA and a gate circuit area GCA. A plurality of gate lines GL1 to GLn and a plurality of data lines DL1 to DLm are formed in the active area AA, and a gate driver is formed in the gate circuit area GCA. The gate driver includes a shift register and the shift register includes a plurality of stages ST1 to STn. The plurality of stages ST1 to STn correspond to the plurality of gate lines GL1 to GLn.
An output terminal of the present stage is connected to an input terminal of the next stage so that an output signal of the present stage can start operation of the next stage. In addition, the output terminal of each stage is connected to the gate line GL1 to GLn to supply the output signal to the active area AA. Accordingly, the output signal of each stage is supplied to the gate line GL1 to GLn and the next stage. Since the first stage ST1 does not have the previous stage, a start pulse SP is supplied to the first stage ST1 to start operation of the first stage ST1.
First and second clocks having a high level pulse are sequentially supplied to each stage through first and second clock lines CL1 and CL2 outside the gate driver. In addition, the output signals of the shift register are sequentially transmitted from the plurality of stages ST1 to STn to the plurality of gate lines GL1 to GLn.
Recently, it has been required to reduce a bezel area corresponding to a non-display region for a light weight and a thin profile with a slim design of the LCD device. In the GIP type LCD device according to the related art, since the plurality of clock lines are disposed outside the gate driver, there is a limit to obtain a narrow bezel.

Array substrate having integrated gate driver and method of fabricating the same


Color imaging devices, color imaging methods, and color separation methods are described. According to one embodiment, a color imaging device includes interface circuitry configured to access color image data of an initial color space for a plurality of pixels, color space conversion circuitry coupled with the interface circuitry and configured to convert the color image data for some of the pixels from the initial color space to a first output color space representation and to convert the color image data for others of the pixels from the initial color space to a second output color space representation different than the first output color space representation, and an image engine coupled with the color space conversion circuitry and configured to form a color image using the color image data of the first and the second output color space representations.

Computer systems including personal computers, workstations, hand held devices, etc. have been utilized in an increasing number of applications at home, the workplace, educational environments, entertainment environments, etc. Peripheral devices of increased capabilities and performance have been developed and continually improved to extend the functionality and applications of computer systems. For example, imaging devices, such as printers, have experienced significant advancements including refined imaging, faster processing, and color reproduction.
Color imaging devices are becoming increasingly popular as the desire for color imaging capabilities continues to increase. For example, personal imaging of color photographs, documents, graphics, etc. is becoming increasingly popular. Inkjet printer and color laser printer designs have made remarkable progress in an effort to accommodate the desire for improved color imaging capabilities.
In general, color imaging devices perform color separation processing to convert color image data from an initial color space to a proper output color space to accurately provide reproduction of images using the color imaging devices. Color separation processing including color space conversion provides the color image data to be imaged in an appropriate color space for accurate color reproduction. Some color separation processes reduce or minimize the amount of hardware and processing used to implement color space conversion. Color separation methods using interpolation reduce processing complexity and hardware requirements. Interpolation may utilize a plurality of interpolation regions to generally identify the location of a desired converted value for a respective input value. However, some interpolation regions may have increased sensitivity to interpolation resulting in an increased number of inaccuracies in resultant or outputted images.

Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.


Apparatus with an element for detecting and focusing the electromagnetic radiation emitted by the flame of a burner, and with an element formed by a light-conductive bundle of fiber optics for transmitting and separating the radiation of different wavelengths, which are received and analyzed by separate sensors.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an apparatus for detecting the presence and the quality of a flame. The apparatus includes a detecting and focusing element for the electromagnetic radiation of the flame, this element including a lens system and a suitable holding device. There is also a transmitting and separating element for the radiation, including a radiation inlet site, a light-conductive bundle of fiber optics, and an outlet and separation site. An element integrated with the transmitting and separating element for sealing the combustion chamber against the electric circuit of the apparatus, this element including the outlet and separation site filled with a cast liquid and a cured binding agent. There is an element contained in a metallic receptacle for measuring and analyzing the detected radiation, this element including suitable sensors and electronic circuits.

Apparatus for detecting the presence and the quality of a flame by detecting and analyzing electromagnetic radiation of different wavelengths


The invention provides fluidizable, substantially spherical particulate material of improved attrition resistance having an average particle size from about 100 to about 400 microns useful as sorbents, catalysts, catalytic supports, specialty ceramics or the like. The particles are prepared by spray drying a slurry comprising inorganic starting materials and an organic binder. Exemplary inorganic starting materials include mixtures of zinc oxide with titanium dioxide, or with iron oxide, alumina or the like. Exemplary organic binders include polyvinyl alcohol, hydroxypropylemethyl cellulose, polyvinyl acetate and the like. The spray dried particles are heat treated at a first temperature wherein organic binder material is removed to thereby provide a porous structure to the particles, and thereafter the particles are calcined at a higher temperature to cause reaction of the inorganic starting materials and to thereby form the final inorganic particulate material.

Attrition resistance is an important aspect of fluidizable particles, such as catalysts, sorbent materials, reaction surface supports and the like. Fluidizable particles in fluidized beds are used in numerous chemical conversion applications, including catalytic conversions, absorption reactions, and the like. Numerous techniques have been developed over the years to improve attrition resistance of such particles. However, in many cases, these techniques are not suitable for the particular materials used to form particles for a given application. In other cases, many of these techniques can be limited to use with particular particle sizes.
Fluidizable materials based on active zinc compounds sorbent particles have recently been developed for use in the desulfurization of coal gas. Coal represents our largest fossil energy source. The efficiency of converting the chemical energy stored in coal to electricity can be improved by first generating fuel gas via coal gasification, and then oxidizing the hot gas in either a turbine or a fuel cell. This approach, however, is complicated by the presence of sulfur in coal, which is converted to reduced sulfur species such as H.sub.2 S, COS, and CS.sub.2 during gasification. Subsequently, during combustion of the fuel gas, the H.sub.2 S oxidizes to SO.sub.2 which is environmentally undesirable. In addition to environmental concerns, high concentrations of H.sub.2 S can be corrosive to energy producing equipment and can adversely affect the performance of molten carbonate fuel cells due to sulfur poisoning of electrodes.
Early sorbent technology for sulfur removal from fuel gas was directed toward iron oxide. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,089,809 assigned to W. L. Farrior, disclosed a solid absorbent consisting of iron oxide supported on silica for removal of H.sub.2 S from hot gaseous mixtures. The efficacy of iron oxide sorbents for the absorption of H.sub.2 S is dictated by chemical equilibrium constraints. For example, at 550.degree. C. with 20 percent water vapor in coal gas, theoretically iron oxide sorbents can reduce H.sub.2 S level to about 361 ppm, but typically not any lower.
In contrast, studies performed using zinc oxide as a sorbent indicate that H.sub.2 S levels can be reduced to a few ppm. An example of a zinc oxide sorbent is proposed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,088,736 to Institut Francais du Petrole of France, which discusses zinc oxide sorbent supported on silica and/or alumina. Zinc oxide sorbents hailed as effective sorbents for reduced sulfur species; however, the actual gasifier gases are quite reducing, and zinc oxide sorbents are typically not as effective in these environments as is required in the industry. Pure zinc oxide sorbents are known to lose zinc due to reduction by carbon monoxide and/or hydrogen, both of which are present in fuel gas.
Subsequently, zinc ferrite sorbents were developed. U.S. Pat. No. 4,769,045 to Grindley proposes a representative zinc ferrite sorbent prepared from mixing and calcination of equimolar amounts of zinc oxide and iron oxide. Zinc ferrite sorbents were employed in fixed-bed, moving-bed, and fluidized-bed reactors for desulfurization, but the concerns with respect to sorbent degradation in terms of loss in percent sulfur absorption capacity and mechanical strength remained.
Zinc titanate sorbents were initially developed as an answer to the need for a desulfurization sorbent which exhibits resistance to degradation at the high temperatures and highly reducing coal gas environments of the hot-gases. The use of zinc titanate sorbents as high temperature desulfurization sorbents is proposed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,313,820 and 4,725,415, both assigned to Phillips Petroleum Company. The sorbents proposed therein are discussed in relation to fixed bed applications, and have a particle size of 20 to 40 mesh, a size which is unsuitable for fluidized bed applications. U.S. Pat. No. 4,977,123 to Flytzani-Stephanopolous et al., proposes a method of making mixed metal oxide sorbents suitable for use in fixed bed reactors as well. The proposed mixed metal oxide absorbents are prepared using calcined powders of a desired composition as starting materials, adding water to form a paste, extruding the paste, and drying and heating the extruded paste to yield the desired extrudate strength. The oxides may be oxide mixtures of various metals such as for example, copper, iron, aluminum, zinc, titanium, and mixtures thereof. Inorganic binder materials such as bentonite clay may also be added. The proposed method involves a series of complex, hard-to-reproduce, and potentially expensive steps which discourage its use in commercial applications.
Although fluidized bed reactors provide a particularly efficient environment for removal of sulfur compounds from feed streams, zinc titanate sorbent materials suitable for fluidized bed reactor applications have eluded investigators due to the required particle size range, typically from 40 to 300 microns. Fluidized bed reactor applications also require sorbents exhibiting good absorption rate and capacity for sulfur compounds, good regenerability without appreciable loss of efficacy or efficiency, and high attrition resistance.
Attempts have been made to improve the attrition resistance of zinc titanate materials for fluidized bed applications. U.S. Pat. No. 4,477,592 to Aldag, Jr. proposes a process for making a zinc titanate sorbent which includes a hydrogelling step designed to improve attrition resistance. The proposed hydrogelling step, involves dispersion of a finely powdered zinc titanate in a suspension of .alpha.-alumina monohydrate with the addition of nitric acid to form a hydrosol, which is dried, calcined at 648.degree. C. for 2 hours, and crushed and screened to produce a 420 to 1190 micron particle size catalyst for use in a transport reactor. The hydrogelling step improved attrition resistance at the expense of reduced catalytic activity primarily due to decreased zinc titanate content.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,254,516, issued Oct. 19, 1993 to Gupta et al discloses highly durable and chemically reactive zinc titanate sorbents having a particle size range of between 50 and 400 microns which are prepared by granulating a mixture of fine zinc oxide and titanium dioxide with an inorganic binder, typically bentonite and/or kaolinite, and an organic binder, and then indurating the granules. The resultant sorbent particles have high particle density and are highly attrition resistant and advantageously are capable of absorbing significant quantities of sulfur compounds from a feed stream. Because of their size, reactivity and durability, these sorbent materials are suitable for use in fluidized bed reactors. However, the granulation process results in the production of particles having sizes distributed over a relatively wide range and typically a substantial portion of the product, e.g., 30-40 wt. percent, has a size too large for use in a fluidized-bed reactor and must be discarded. A related publication describes work leading to the development of this sorbent material; see R. P. Gupta and S. K. Gangwal, "Enhanced Durability of Desulfurization Sorbents for Fluidized Bed Applications", Topical Report to DOE/METC, Contract No. DE-AC21-88MC25006, November, 1992, NTIS No. NTIS/DE93000247. As detailed therein, numerous particle-forming techniques and zinc titanate/binder compositions were investigated prior to the development of these attrition-resistant zinc titanate sorbents.
One particularly desirable technique for the production of a particulate sorbent or catalyst suitable for use in fluidized-beds is the spray drying process. This process has been employed extensively in the production of various catalysts, particularly fluid cracking catalysts. Spray drying offers a number of advantages over granulation or agglomeration particulate-forming processes. For example, spray drying is a commercial process which can be readily scaled to commercial production using existing technology to produce large quantities of a product. Spray drying facilitates the addition of other additives and reagents to the composition since additional reagents can simply be added to a slurry prior to spray drying. Spray drying can also provide particles of highly uniform size and shape. In the production of fluidized bed catalysts, the uniformity of the particulate product results in improved process economics in the form of a higher product yield. In many cases, conventional spray drying techniques can provide nearly a 100 percent yield of particles having a size suitable for use in a fluidized bed. In such cases, little, if any, of the spray dried particles must be discarded as waste.
Spray drying processes are well known in the art and are disclosed in numerous publications. In one spray drying process disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,946,814 to Shi et al., an acid stable surfactant is used in combination with a silica-sol binder system to provide FCC catalysts of significantly improved morphology, selectivity, and attrition resistance. The acid stable surfactant can be added to any one, or all, of the final slurry components including the alumina-silica sol slurry, the clay slurry, the alumina and/or the zeolite slurry.
Conventional spray drying involves the use of silica binders to produce coherent, attrition resistant particles. Although spray dried zinc titanate sorbents formed by conventional spray drying techniques and using conventional binders do exhibit improved attrition resistance, this has been achieved only at the expense of sulfur absorption capacity. Various attempts to prepare spray dried zinc titanate catalysts were made during the study described in the previously mentioned November, 1992, publication of R. P. Gupta and S. K. Gangwal, NTIS No. NTIS/DE930000247. In summary, when either a colloidal silica binder, or a silica binder in the form of polysilicic acid, were employed in the formulations, reactivity of the final sorbent was substantially eliminated. In one portion of the study a skilled outside contractor was commissioned to prepare a group of spray dried zinc titanate sorbents including zinc titanate sorbents free of silica and comprising binders prepared from only bentonite and an organic binder. However the resultant sorbents exhibited poor attrition resistance and an unacceptably low sulfur absorption capacity of less than 12 weight percent sulfur absorption. Subsequent attempts to produce spray dried zinc titanate sorbent materials during this work resulted in the failure to produce a stable slurry, resulting in turn, in failure of the particulate-forming spray drying step.
More recently in work related to the present invention, and disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,714,431, issued Feb. 3, 1998 to Gupta et al., highly uniform and attrition zinc titanate particulate materials of high reactively have been prepared. These materials are spherical particles of uniform size and high reactivity. However, when the composition of the slurry was adjusted sufficiently to increase the average size of the particles, the final particles exhibited substantially decreased attrition resistance.
Spray dried fluidizable catalyst and sorbent materials of high porosity and attrition resistance and an increased average particle size, e.g., above about 80-100 micron, are also desirable in a variety of other chemical treatment and conversion processes throughout the art. However, conventional techniques involving a spray drying step are generally unsuccessful in providing such materials.

Fluidizable particulate materials and methods of making same


A rail cover for a seat rail includes a cover element for completely covering a longitudinal portion of the seat rail. The cover element extends at least in part in a plane of extension that is formed by a longitudinal direction and a transverse direction of the rail cover and includes a first, rigid, longitudinal portion and a second longitudinal portion that follows on from the first longitudinal portion. The first longitudinal portion and the second longitudinal portion are mechanically coupled together by means of a flexible portion, wherein the second longitudinal portion is designed to carry out a pivoting movement in a direction across the plane of extension.

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