The present invention provides a pneumatic injector that includes a pressurized gas source, an actuator, a driver, and a dispenser. The dispenser of the injector includes a reservoir for containing a desired amount of a chosen medicament and a needle, such as a hypodermic needle, suitable for subcutaneous, intramuscular, or intra-articular delivery of the chosen medicament. The actuator actuates the transmission of pressurized gas from the pressurized gas source to the driver, and as pressurized gas is delivered to the driver, the driver exerts at least an injection force. The injection force is of sufficient magnitude to expel a chosen medicament through the needle of the dispenser within a desired amount of time. Advantageously, the design of the injector of the present invention is extremely flexible, allowing the injector to be designed to deliver a wide range of medicaments in virtually any human or veterinary context calling for the injection of the subcutaneous, intramuscular, or intra-articular injection of medicament.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to devices for injecting medicaments into human or animal subjects. In particular, the present invention relates to an injector capable of delivering medicaments to animal and human subjects and to a method for delivering medicaments to animal or human subjects.
2. State of the Art
Automatic injectors (hereinafter referred to as "autoinjectors") are well known in the medical and veterinary industries and enable the automatic injection of a desired dose of medicament to animal or human subjects. Autoinjectors are generally designed according to one of two delivery mechanisms: those that deliver medicament using a needle (hereinafter "needled" autoinjectors); and those that do not (hereinafter "needle-less" autoinjectors). No matter what their design, autoinjectors are thought to exhibit several advantages relative to simple hypodermic syringes. For instance, because autoinjectors may be designed to automatically and reliably deliver a desired dose of medicament on demand, they facilitate quick, convenient, and accurate delivery of medicaments. In particular, autoinjectors are well suited for use by human subjects who must self-administer therapeutic substances. Moreover, where autoinjectors incorporate a needled injection mechanism, they may be designed so that the needle is hidden from view before, during, and after a delivery cycle, thereby reducing or eliminating any anxiety associated with the act of penetrating a visible needle into the subject's tissue. Various different injection devices are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,797,489, 5,176,645, 5,527,287, 5,300,030, and 6,270,479, U.S. patent application 20010005781, and International Publications WO 94/13342 and WO 95/31235.
Despite the benefits they provide, however, state of the art autoinjectors are not generally designed for delivery of viscous medicaments. Because the medicament delivered by needle-less autoinjectors is typically accelerated to a very high velocity (e.g., 800 feet per second (fps) to 1,200 fps) to effect injection, needle-less autoinjectors are not well suited for the delivery of viscous medicaments or medicaments incorporating particles larger than a few microns in any dimension. Moreover, autoinjectors including needled injection mechanisms are generally designed to deliver aqueous solutions having very low viscosities, such as insulin or epinephrine solutions, and, therefore, do not typically address the performance hurdles presented when seeking to deliver viscous medicament via a needled injection mechanism.
Generating an injection force of sufficient magnitude to drive a viscous medicament through a needle of suitable gauge within a suitable amount of time is one performance hurdle that must be overcome in order to deliver a viscous medicament via a needled injection device. To ensure the safety and comfort of the subject, the gauge of the needles used in needled injection devices typically ranges from about 21 gauge to about 31 gauge. Yet, a number of existing and emerging medicaments designed for delivery via subcutaneous, intramuscular, or intra-articular injection exhibit viscosities that range up to and above 10 Poise, 100 Poise, 1,000 Poise, and even 10,000 Poise. As is easily appreciated by reference to the Hagen-Poiseuille Law, F=8QμL(R2/r4), wherein "F" represents the injection force required, "Q" represents the flow rate of the material injected, "μ" represents the viscosity of the material injected, "L" represents the length of the needle used, "R" represents the internal diameter of the reservoir containing the material to be injected, and "r" represents the internal diameter of the needle used, injection of such medicaments through a needle of suitable gauge may require an injection force that approaches or exceeds 100 pounds. For example, the Hagen-Poiseuille Law indicates that in order to deliver 0.5 cc of a medicament having a viscosity of 200 Poise within 10 seconds via a syringe having an internal diameter of 4.5 mm and a 0.5 inch needle having an internal diameter of 0.012 inches (a 24 gauge needle), an injection force of approximately 100 pounds would be required. However, the injection mechanisms provided in currently available needled autoinjectors are generally not designed to generate such high injection forces.
Subject discomfort is a second hurdle facing the design of a needled autoinjector capable of delivering viscous medicaments. For instance, the sudden application of a force suitable for delivering a viscous medicament via a needle of suitable gauge may startle the subject, particularly if the application of such force causes the transmission of noticeable recoil or impact forces. Thus, an injector capable of delivering viscous medicaments would ideally incorporate a driver that operates without producing sudden, potentially distressing noises or transmitting significant recoil or impact forces to the subject. In addition, driving a needle into the subject with the same force required to drive a viscous medicament through a needle of desired gauge may cause the subject unnecessary physical discomfort. For instance, where the gauge of the needle ranges from about 21 to 31 gauge, an insertion force ranging from about 1 to 7 pounds is believed to be most comfortable. Some studies even suggest that human subjects experience the least amount of pain when the needle is inserted with the least amount of force necessary. Therefore, in order to minimize or reduce the discomfort of the intended subject, an injector capable of injecting viscous medicaments should not only operate unobtrusively, but, where desired, the injector should be capable of inserting a needle with an insertion force tailored to minimize subject discomfort. Ideally, such an injector would generate both an insertion force and an injection force sufficient to deliver a viscous medicament through a needle of desired gauge within a suitable amount of time using a single driving mechanism.


A multilayer film of which the optical properties hardly change due to heat and where detachment hardly occurs between layers is provided. The multilayer film has a structure where five or more layers made of thermoplastic resin A (layers A) and five or more layers made of thermoplastic resin B (layers B) having a basic skeleton that is the same as that of thermoplastic resin A are alternately layered on top of each other, and is wherein at least one reflection peak is provided and the difference between the reflectance of the reflection peak before heating and after heating for 30 minutes in an atmosphere of 150° C. is no greater than 15%.

Various types of films where multiple layers of thermoplastic resin are layered have been proposed and are used, for example, in order to prevent glass from being broken and greatly scattered by pasting a multilayer film having excellent anti-tearing properties to the surface of the glass (Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication H6 (1994)-190995 (page 2), Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication H6 (1994)-190997 (page 2) and Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication H10 (1998)-76620 (page 2)).
In addition, there exist films where multiple resin layers having different indices of refraction are alternately layered, and thereby, a particular wavelength is selectively reflected (Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication H3 (1991)-41401 (page 2), Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication H4 (1992)-29.5804 (page 2) and Japanese Translation of International Unexamined Patent Publication H9 (1997)-506837 (page 2)). From among these, films which selectively reflect a particular wavelength work as a filter for transmitting or reflecting particular light are used as a film for backlight of, for example, a liquid crystal display.


A semiconductor device controller includes a current supply control unit for controlling a conduction state of a semiconductor device connected to a load in response to a control signal to supply current to the load, a current level judging unit for comparing one or more switching judgment values set in an area smaller than an overcurrent judgment value with current detected by a current detecting unit to carry out a current level judgment and a time constant changing unit for changing the circuit time constant of the input signal processing circuit in accordance with a judgment result by the current level judging unit.

In many cases, the value of a device for controlling a semiconductor device in accordance with an instruction signal input from the outside to supply current to a motor and drive the motor is enhanced by providing the device with such a protecting function that overcurrent (current extremely larger than stationary current) flowing when the motor is set to a lock state is detected and an outputting operation of the motor is restricted or stopped. In the driving device thus constructed, there is a case where when the voltage applied to the motor is drastically varied by the switching of the instruction signal supplied from the outside, the variation of the rotational number of the motor (=the electromotive force of the motor) cannot follow the variation of the applied voltage and inrush current flows transiently. Accordingly, it is supposed that the inrush current is erroneously judged as the above overcurrent.
As a technique of preventing the erroneous judgment of the overcurrent as described above is known a technique of reducing the inrush current by delaying the response of the motor applied voltage to the variation of an input signal, that is, gradually increasing the motor applied voltage (so-called slow start system). This system is effective to prevent the erroneous judgment of the protection function of the overcurrent, however, it is difficult to apply it to a system to which relatively high response is required. For example, supposing that the above system is applied to a system for driving a blower motor of an air conditioner mounted in a vehicle, a delay time occurs from the time point at which a user carries out an operation of changing an air blowing amount till the air blowing amount of the air conditioner is actually varied, and thus the commodity performance is lowered.
For example, JP-A-2001-45790 discloses a technique of allowing the inclination of the slow start to be set by two stages and switching the response so that the response is lowered for a fixed time from the start time of the motor and then the response is increased.
However, in the technique disclosed in the above publication, it is merely supposed that the switching operation of the response is carried out only at the start time of the motor, and the subsequent switching operation of the input signal is carried out with high response at all times. Accordingly, the erroneous judgment problem of the overcurrent protection function to the inrush current as described above can be never solved.
Furthermore, the easiness of the flow of the inrush current is also varied by the rating or type of the motor, the load state of the motor, the ambient temperature of the motor or the like. However, in the technique disclosed in the above publication, the response is lowered at the start of the motor at all times, and thus the start of the motor is delayed at all times irrespective of whether the inrush current flowing at the start of the motor actually occurs at such level that the erroneous judgment occurs.


An information processing apparatus that calculates a similarity between a plurality of pieces of content stored in a content storage unit, stores content information including information of the similarity obtained by the similarity calculation, generates a virtual three-dimensional display screen for content selection on the basis of stored content information, and allows selection of a piece of content from the virtual three-dimensional display screen.

1. Field of the Disclosure
The present disclosure relates to an information processing apparatus having a content playback function with which, for example, content such as music is played back and an information processing method, and more particularly to a technique by which selection of content can be appropriately performed.
2. Description of the Related Art
The number of songs that can be stored in a portable music playback apparatus is increasing because of the expansion of memory capacity for storing music data. In order to play back music, a user typically makes a display unit display a one-dimensional song list in which, for example, the order of songs is fixed, and then selects a song to be played from the displayed song list.
In addition, selection of a song list is performed by using, for example, a content search function that utilizes folder structure display having a tree structure.
In Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2007-213531, in order for the user to easily find a piece of content suitable for the user from a lot of content, it is described that an image of a virtual three-dimensional space in which a plurality of display elements related to the content are arranged is displayed. It is also described that the user can select a desired piece of content by moving an instruction position in the virtual three-dimensional space.

Information processing apparatus and information processing method


The present invention relates to a genetically mutated bacteria strain for detecting an estrogenic compound and a method for detecting an estrogenic compound by using the same. More specifically, the present invention relates to a bacteria strain having an ability to detect an estrogenic compound, transformed by plasmid A comprising base sequences in which a gene for encoding a coactivator interacting with an estrogen receptor ligand binding domain (ER LBD) is conjugated to a gene for encoding λCI protein, and plasmid B in which a gene for encoding an estrogen receptor ligand binding domain (ER LBD) is conjugated to a gene for encoding αNTD protein, and a method for detecting an estrogenic compound by using same.

Endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) refer to a group of compounds exhibiting adverse effects on humans and wildlife due to mimicry, blocking or disruption of the physiological action of a hormone. The American Endocrinology Society has reported the finding that endocrine disruptors may affect male and female reproduction, breast development, cancer, prostate cancer, the neuroendocrine system, thyroid activity, metabolism, obesity and the cardiovascular endocrine system, and warned that EDCs can raise serious concerns about public health.
Hormones serve to cause a variety of responses and normal biological functions such as growth, development, behaviors and reproduction by interacting with receptors of target cells. However, substances causing interference with the activity of hormones such as the EDCs described above may result in a variety of reversible and non-reversible biological impairments including dwarf growth, short-term memory impairment, tubal pregnancy, low sperm number, reproductive disorders, and the impairment of the immune system.
Generally, EDCs may be classified into three major groups, including androgenic EDCs (compounds that mimic or block natural testosterone), thyroid-related EDCs (compounds that directly or indirectly affect the thyroid) and estrogenic EDCs (compounds that mimic or block natural estrogen). Particularly, among these, estrogenic compounds (ECs) are known to be closely related to sex development and disorders of children, as well as adult males and females, and the occurrence of cancer, and have very high severity because they are found in thousands of products that are commonly used in daily life.
It has been widely reported that EDCs containing estrogen are present in a very low concentration in the environment, but due to relatively high fat solubility, they are accumulated in the fat of creatures and animals in high positions in the food chain, resulting in considerable physiological responses even at relatively low concentrations. In addition, they are also found in industrial chemicals such as pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, plasticizers, plastics, resins and detergents.
To date, as methods of detecting estrogens and estrogen-like compounds in a sample, analytical methods such as solid phase extraction (SPE), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) are known. These methods require not only a high equipment cost, but also a high production cost and a lot of time because of a complicated analytic process.
Regarding the detection methods, a yeast two-hybrid system, which is a molecular biology technique used to detect protein-protein interactions or protein-DNA interactions, is based upon the activation of a downstream reporter gene by the binding of a transcription factor to an upstream activating sequence (UAS). In this case, the transcription factor is split into two fragments, called a binding domain (BD) and an activating domain (AD), and the BD is the domain responsible for binding to the UAS and the AD is the domain responsible for the activation of transcription.
Conventionally, while techniques of analyzing the estrogenic activity of estrogenic compounds using such yeast-protein hybridization have been reported (Non-Patent Literature 1: Journal of Health Science Vol. 46 (2000), No. 4, pages 282-298; Non-Patent Literature 2: Steroids, Vol. 62, Issue 4, April 1997, pages 365-372.), yeasts involved in sensing estrogens and environmental hormones need a lot of time and effort to grow a strain, a considerable amount of time for sensing, and very low stability.
Thus, techniques for bacterial protein hybridization using bacteria instead of yeasts, which are eukaryotic microorganisms, have been reported, and they are methods for confirming materials capable of regulating protein-protein interactions using genetically-modified prokaryotic cells containing a reporter gene, a first chimeric gene, a second chimeric gene and the like as components (Patent Literature 1, U.S. Pat. No. 6,200,759).
However, techniques which are optimized to analyze a variety of estrogenic substances capable of affecting humans, facilitate detection of various substances which are impossible to be detected by a conventional molecule-based sensor and can solve problems of instability of a yeast-based sensor and long detection time have not been reported to date.

Genetically-mutated bacterial strain for detecting estrogenic compound and method for detecting estrogenic compound using the same

Abstract: The present invention can provide genetically mutated bacteria for detecting an estrogenic compound and a method for detecting an estrogenic compound by using same since the bacteria are based on estrogen receptor protein originated from the human body, and thus are environmentally friendly, and the detection of the bacteria can be performed in a very short time with low cost and labor by virtue of a relatively simple process.

INDUSTRY-UNIVERSITY COOPERATION FOUNDATION HANYANG UNIVERSITY


A writing pad having extendable tabs to be secured by an elbow to prevent move of the pad when the writer is holding a telephone with one hand and writing with the other. The tabs are extendable from the pad for either right or left handed persons.

The invention is directed to message pads and more particularly to message pads for writing thereon while holding a telephone and talking thereon.
Almost everyone at one time or an other has talked on a telephone and attempted to hold the telephone to their ear and while doing so attempted to take messages and the like and write them down on various type note pads, scrapes of paper or any thing handy. In most instances the pad or scrape of paper slides around making it nearly impossible to write thereon or at least to write in a legible manner.
Secretaries taking short hand from the telephone while holding the telephone to the ear find difficulty in transcribing their notes due to the movement of the steno pad along its support surface while trying to write thereon with no means to steady the steno pad from movement.
There has not been a satisfactory solution to this problem until the emergence of the instant invention.


A system and method for largely controlling transmission gear ratio oscillation is disclosed. When shifts are executed substantially at synchronous points rendering hysteretic anti-hunting schemes impractical, the disclosed techniques in any combination thereof may allow for oscillation control via an overridable lock-out timer. For oscillation control during incline navigation and other similar loading scenarios, the transmission may be selectively locked if certain operational criteria are met.

Because of the relationship between torque and RPM in many rotational power sources such as motors, engines, turbines, etc., different usable gear ratios are provided by drive trains connecting such power sources to a useful load to propel a machine, drive an implement or conduct other work. The drive train relies on the relationship between output torque and angular speed (in revolutions per minute "RPM") to operate at a given gear ratio. Typically, the speed of the power source and/or the load determines the appropriate gear ratio for driving the load. In many systems, a drive train or transmission controller executes this selection automatically without operator intervention.
The automatic selection of gears ratios, while often convenient from an operator standpoint, can lead to gear train oscillations. Such oscillations occur when conditions immediately after a shift indicate that the immediately prior gear ratio should be selected instead. For example, consider a system wherein engine speed is used to determine an appropriate shift point between two gear ratios. When the shift point is reached during acceleration, i.e., increasing engine speed, the shift to a higher gear ratio will cause the engine speed to decrease to a speed lower than the shift point. This in turn, will cause the controller to execute a shift back to the lower gear. However, now the engine will unload and the engine speed will increase past the shift point, causing the controller to execute a shift back to the higher gear.
Such oscillation can be inefficient and annoying, and may decrease the useful life of the drive train and the engine between rebuilds. Accordingly, certain remedial measures have developed in the art to address the issue of gear train oscillation in speed-controlled transmissions. Typically, the transmission controller implements a hysteresis algorithm whereby the shift point between gears is bifurcated into an up-shift point and a down-shift point, with the up-shift point being at a higher engine speed than the down-shift point. In this way, if the engine bogs down slightly after an up-shift, there will not be an immediate down-shift unless the engine loads to such an extent that the lower down-shift point is passed. Similarly, when the engine unloads after a down-shift, there will not be an immediate up-shift unless the engine unloads to such an extent that the higher up-shift point is passed.
The use of hysteresis shift algorithms, however, is not effective for controlling oscillations in parallel path variable transmissions. In these transmissions, a variable direction hydrostatic element drives the gear train such as in certain split torque transmissions. One example of a hydrostatic transmission consisting of a variable speed hydraulic pump and a hydraulic motor is disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,385,970 and 6,424,902 to Kuras et al.
In such a transmission, shift points result in a reversal in the direction of the variator acceleration. Thus, the shift points are necessarily defined such that the down-shift and up-shift points between any two ratios are singular, i.e. they both lie at essentially the same RPM (or transmission ratio). This is in contrast to other transmission types as discussed above wherein a shift may properly occur over a broader range of power source speeds. Thus, the anti-hunt hysteresis algorithm employed in many transmission types is generally impractical in parallel path variable transmissions.
The foregoing background discussion is intended solely to aid the reader. It is not intended to be limiting, and thus should not be taken to indicate that any particular element of a prior system is unsuitable for use, nor is it intended to indicate any element, including solving the motivating problem, to be essential in implementing the innovations described herein. The implementations and application of the innovations described herein are defined by the appended claims.

Anti-hunt system and method for parallel path variable transmission


A safety device for disposing of used hyposyringes employed by home health care professionals is described. A closure assembly permits discarding hyposyringes safely into a container without the danger of hand contact with contaminated surfaces of the safety device, even for objects stuck within the opening to the safety container. A liquid tight seal and liquid absorbent provides additional protection for the home health care professional during the transportation of the safety device after use. The overall design of the assembly permits one hand operation of the assembly.

This invention relates to a safety device for holding and retaining used hyposyringes, needles, razor blades, and other objects that can constitute a danger to personnel engaged in health related activities.
Hyposyringes and other sharp objects commonly employed by health professionals constitute a potential danger once they have been used. Needles used to deliver medication to a patient, or to draw blood, having an infectious disease can accidentally puncture the skin of a doctor or nurse, causing at a minimum a great deal of anxiety. Obviously, in this current time with the deadly disease called "AIDS", safe disposal of sharp objects used in the routine treatment of patients has become a vital necessity.
Attempts have been made to solve this problem as is evident from U.S. Pat. No. 4,454,944, issued Jun. 19, 1984. This patent teaches the use of a container having a means for passing hyposyringes and the like into an opening in the container. This opening contains pie-shaped flaps which deform downward to permit entry of the hyposyringe, but restrict efforts by children and unauthorized personnel from using their hands to retrieve these objects from the container. Additionally, a locking member permits anchoring the container in one place, as, for example, to a hospital wall.
Another attempt is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,494,652, issued Jan. 22, 1985. This invention discloses the use of a second container within a first container. An opening in the first container is equipped with deformable pie-shaped flaps so that hyposyringes can be forced between the flaps and thereby gain entrance to the interior of the first container, and thence into the interior of the second container. This second container has an attached cap for securing the opening in this second container, providing additional difficulties for unauthorized personnel to retrieve objects from this second container. In addition, this invention provides a locking device in the first container closure for aiding in the removal of needles from the end of hyposyringes.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,520,926, issued Jun. 4, 1985 addresses the problem of securing hyposyringes and the like being held within a safety container. After dangerous items have been deposited in the container a captive closure is employed to permanently seal the contents within the safety container. This problem is also addressed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,600,112, issued Jul. 15, 1986. This patent teaches the use of an opening to a safety hyposyringe disposal container having a plurality of generally triangular flaps forming a cone shape into the container so that hyposyringes may be placed within the container but not withdrawn. Additionally a permanent cap closure for this opening is threaded to the opening in a manner to prevent accidental permanent sealing of the safety container.
While the above described solutions to the safety disposal problem inherent in the use of hyposyringes and the like have proven generally useful, additional conveniences and precautions are desirable. Today it is estimated that upwards of 300,000 visiting nurses provide a wide variety of in home services. These nurses typically carry with them a supply of hyposyringes, and necessarily some means to dispose of these hyposyringes. These safety disposal devices are often contaminated with bodily fluids containing potentially deadly pathogens. It is therefore important to provide health professionals with economical, convenient, portable, and liquid leak proof safety disposal devices that provide them with as much protection against accidental needle sticks and infection as can be reasonably done in these circumstances.
Therefore it is a primary object of the invention to provide a safety device for holding and retaining used hyposyringes and the like for the protection of the user against accidental infections.
An additional object of the invention is to provide for positive pressure displacement of items into the safety device without the necessity for the hands of the health professional coming in contact with potentially contaminated portions of the safety device.
A further object of the invention is to provide a safety device for hyposyringes and the like that resists puncture by needles and other sharp objects.
Still another object of the invention is to provide a liquid tight, leak proof safety device for the disposal of hyposyringes and the like.
An additional object of the invention is to provide an economical to manufacture safety device for hyposyringes and the like disposal.
A further object of the invention is to provide a safety device for hyposyringe and the like disposal that is portable, and that can be conveniently carried about during normal routines by health professionals.
Yet another object of the invention is to provide an assembly which permits one hand operation.

Safety device for holding and retaining hyposyringes and the like


The present invention provides vectors that contain and express in vivo or in vitro sand fly Lu. longipalpis salivary antigens that elicit an immune response in animal or human against Leishmania, vaccine compositions comprising said vectors and/or Lu. longipalpis salivary polypeptides, methods of vaccination against Leishmania, and kits for use with such methods and compositions.

Leishmaniasis is a major and severe parasitic disease that affects humans, canines (dogs, wolves, foxes, coyotes, jackals), and to a lesser degree, felines (lions, tigers, domestic cats, wild cats, other big cats, and other felines including cheetahs and lynx).
Leishmania and Viannia subgenera are grouped into complexes of species and subspecies based upon molecular, biochemical and immunological similarities. There are several forms of the disease named by their clinical presentation including cutaneous, mucocutaneous or visceral leishmaniasis. Each of these forms of disease is caused by different species of sand flies found in different regions of the world. Cutaneous leishmaniasis of humans is associated with members of L. aethiopica, L. major, and L. tropica complexes in the Old World and L. mexicana and L. braziliensis complexes in the New World. Visceral leishmaniasis is caused by L. donovani and L. infantum in Old World regions while L. chagasi is primarily responsible for visceral disease in the New World. Because L. infantum is the primary agent associated with canine leishmaniasis, infections in dogs often are regarded as visceral even though they tend to cause both visceral and cutaneous disease.
The agent of visceral leishmaniasis is a protozoan parasite and belongs to the leishmania donovani complex. This parasite is widely distributed in temperate and subtropical countries of Southern Europe, Africa, Asia, South America and Central America (Desjeux P. et al.). Leishmania donovani infantum (L. infantum) is responsible for the feline and canine disease in Southern Europe, Africa, and Asia. In South America and Central America, the agent is Leishmania donovani chagasi (L. chagasi), which is closely related to L. infantum. In humans, the agent is Leishmania donovani donovani(L. donovani), which is also related to L. infantum and L. chagasi.
Sand flies of the genus Phlebotomus (Old World) and Lutzomyia (New World) are the primary vectors responsible for disease transmission. Currently these are the only known vectors capable of spread; fleas, ticks and other arthropods have not been shown to be competent vectors. However, rare cases of leishmaniasis have been contracted through exchange of blood or body fluids, direct contact and at least one case of congenital transmission. The importance of native sand flies is yet undetermined but could be related to infectious dose of the organism. Still, in recent years, and in the absence of known vectors, there has been an overwhelming incidence of leishmaniasis in Foxhound kennels across the United States. It is still not known how transmission of disease occurred or how this disease is maintained in these dogs because infected sand flies have not been reported in the United States. However, certain species of Lutzomyia (L. shannoni), found along the eastern United States and as far north as New Jersey, are considered a potentially competent vector for L. mexicana. Phlebotomus ariasi (P. ariasi) and Phlebotomus perniciosus (P. perniciosus), Phlebotomus neglectus (P. neglectus) are the most common carriers in Southern Europe, Africa, and Asia, whereas Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lu. longipalpis) is the most common carrier in Southern and Central America.
Leishmaniasis is a slowly progressive disease that can take up to 7 years to become clinically apparent (McConkey S E et al.; Slappendel R J et al.). Even then, signs are frequently nonspecific and a diagnosis of Leishmania is seldom considered. Dogs are most commonly infected with L. infantum (L. donovani complex) which is responsible for viscerotropic disease in people. However, up to 90% of infected dogs present with both visceral and cutaneous lesions (Slappendel R J et al.). On the other hand, many dogs appear naturally resistant to this parasite and may remain asymptomatic despite known infection (Grosjean N L et al.). It is estimated that only 10% of dogs residing in endemic areas actually develop clinical disease (Lindsay D S et al.). This lower incidence of clinical disease is attributed to a genetic predisposition of certain dogs to mount a more protective cell-mediated immune response than a humoral response (Lindsay D S et al., McConkey S E et al., Slappendel R J, et al.). Furthermore, it has been reported that up to 20% of infected dogs may mount an adequate immune response and spontaneously recover from clinical illness (McConkey S E et al.). In animals that mount a humoral response, IgG1 appears to correlate with clinical disease while asymptomatic dogs have higher IgG2 antibody levels (Lindsay et al.).
Some of the more frequently reported clinical signs of leishmaniasis include listlessness, fatigue and exercise intolerance coupled with anorexia and weight loss that eventually culminate as wasting disease (McConkey S E et al.). These signs may or may not be accompanied by fever, local or generalized lymphadenopathy (90%) and/or hepatosplenomegaly (Grosjean N L et al., Lindsay D S et al., McConkey S E et al., Martínez-Subiela S et al.). Articular involvement is also fairly common and may present as lameness with swollen joints or simply as a stiff gait. Less common findings include ocular lesions (<5%), chronic diarrhea (30%) and long, deformed brittle nails (20%) referred to as onychogryphosis (Lindsay D S et al., Slappendel R J et al.). Cutaneous lesions are present in up to 89% of infected dogs, with or without overt signs of visceral involvement. Lesions of cutaneous leishmaniasis may occur anywhere on the body but the most common sites are those which are exposed to the environment and are therefore more susceptible to bites from the sand flies. The initial papule rapidly gives rise to an ulcer. Visceral leishmaniasis is invariably fatal if not treated promptly. Visceral leishmaniasis affects the internal body organs, specifically the spleen and the liver.
Dogs are considered the major reservoir of Leishmaniasis. The disease is characterized by chronic evolution of viscero-cutaneous signs occurring in less than 50% of infected animals (Lanotte G. et al.). Both asymptomatic and symptomatic dogs with detectable antibodies may be infectious (Molina R. et al.; Courtenay O. et al.). Cats may also be carriers of the protozoan parasites and are thus considered secondary potential reservoirs.
Due to a number of factors, treatment options for leishmaniasis in dogs and response to therapy are limited at best. For some undefined reason, visceral leishmaniasis is more difficult to treat in dogs than in humans. No treatment option is 100% effective in clearing parasitic infection and clinical disease often reappears with cessation of therapy (Lindsay D S et al.). In endemic areas, the most common treatment regimen has been a combination of allopurinol with a pentavalent antimonial such as meglumine antimonite or sodium stibogluconate (Lindsay D S et al., Slappendel R J et al.). However, in recent years this protocol has fallen out of favor due to increasing resistance of the parasite to the drug as well as adverse side effects associated with these compounds (Lindsay D S et al.). To further limit treatment options, Pentostam® (sodium stibogluconate) is the only available antimonial in the United States and its distribution is regulated by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta, Ga. (Lindsay D S et al.).
Other protocols have been tried but have proven no more efficacious at clearing parasitic infection or at preventing clinical relapse. In addition, each protocol is associated with potential adverse effects. Amphotericin B binds sterols and disrupts cell membrane permeability but is nephrotoxic (Lindsay D S et al.). When given parenterally, Paramomycin acts synergistically with antimonials causing higher levels of the antimonial for longer periods of time but is also nephrotoxic and is not currently recommended for clinical use (Lindsay D S et al.). Pentamidine isethionate is effective against leishmaniasis but requires at least 15 intramuscular injections and is quite painful (Lindsay D S et al.). Ketaconazole, miconazole, fluconazole and itraconazole are oral drugs that may be useful in containing the disease but are cost prohibitive and carry the risk of drug resistance when treating patients symptomatically. In summary, the various treatment regimens for leishmaniasis in dogs have been investigated but are not 100% efficacious; relapses are the rule rather than the exception. Ultimately, the veterinary practitioner is faced with the dilemma of treating symptomatic outbreaks of leishmaniasis in dogs at the risk of developing drug resistant strains of this parasite within the United States.
Mass detection of seropositive dogs followed by culling and/or drug treatment, or the mass application of deltamethrin-impregnated collars, was shown to have an impact in reducing human and canine Leishmaniasis prevalence in endemic areas of Southern Europe, Africa, and Asia (Maroli M. et al. Mazloumi Gavgani A. S. et al.), although the efficacy of eliminating seropositive canines has been debated (Dietze R. et al.; Moreira Jr. E. D. et al.). These control measures are either considered unacceptable, expensive or not effective (Gradoni L. et al.). Mathematical models used to compare the effectiveness of various tools for controlling Leishmaniasis suggest that a canine vaccine may be the most practical and effective method (Dye C.). Therefore, the development of vaccines able to protect canines from Leishmaniasis and/or to prevent disease progression in infected animals is highly desirable for the implementation of Leishmaniasis control programs as well for the veterinary community (Gradoni L. et al.).
Previous investigations have sought to identify methods of diagnosing and treating Leishmania through, for example, administration of antigenic polypeptides (see, for example, WO 2004/039958 which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). However, to date, no vaccine is available for the treatment of Leishmania. The vectors and vaccine formulations of the present invention fulfill this long-felt need in the art.
Citation or identification of any document in this application is not an admission that such document is available as prior art to the present invention.

Leishmania vaccine using sand fly salivary immunogen

The United States of America As Represented by The Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services


An arm structure comprises a first arm and a second arm. The first arm is attached to a base and extends generally upwardly therefrom, while being pivotable about an axis perpendicular to its elongated axis. The second arm extends horizontally outwardly from the first arm. A height of a distal end of the second arm above the base is adjustable. The arm structure is configured such that when the second arm is struck by a swinging golf club, the second arm automatically returns generally to the position relative to the base which it had immediately prior to being struck.. In one embodiment, a resilient sleeve extends outwardly from a distal end of the second leg. In another embodiment, opposing first and second sleeves are provided at a juncture of the first and second legs. The second sleeve has an elliptically shaped surface adjacent an elliptically shaped surface of the first sleeve.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to golfer's training devices.
2. Description of the Related Art
A long, wide, sweeping arc is optimum for a golfer's swing. Such a swing creates better club head speed. A common deficiency is the hurrying and shortening of a swing, and the narrowing of the arc of the swing. This deficiency can occur on the back swing as well as the down swing.
Another deficiency occurs when the swing is not maintained in a proper swing plane. This problem is commonly referred to as swinging over the top.
No golfer's training aid has been developed which is as simple, inexpensive, easy to use and effective as the present invention, for helping a golfer to develop and maintain a long, wide, sweeping arc in his or her swing, and for maintaining a proper swing plane.


An optical element is provide which has a durability enhancing layer. There is provided an optical disk comprising a support having on one surface thereof, in order:. a) a recording layer such that said recording layer does not cover the entire surface of said disk but leaves an annular portion at the outer diameter; PA0 b) a reflective layer such that said reflective layer does not cover the entire surface of said disk but leaves an annular portion at the outer diameter; PA0 c) a first protective layer having a thickness between about 2-20 .mu.m, said protective layer being of a material having good adhesion to said support and covering a portion of the surface of said disk having said reflective layer, including at least a portion of said annular portion; PA0 d) a second protective layer having a thickness of at least about 3 .mu.m, said second layer covering at least the area of said surface having the reflective layer and having good adhesion to said first protective layer. In another aspect, there is provided a method wherein the first protective layer is spin coated and the second is screen printed.

One of the currently popular forms of optical storage of information is the compact disk or CD. Digital information is stored in the form of high optical density marks or pits on an otherwise reflective background. In this format, the optical information is most often in the form of read only memory or ROM. Optical information is not usually recorded in real time but rather is produced by press molding. In a typical process, the optical recording substrate is first press molded with a master containing the digital information to be reproduced. The thus formed information is then overcoated with a reflective layer and then with an optional protective layer. In those areas having the deformations or pits, the optical density is higher than in those areas not having the deformations.
It is desirable to produce optical recording media which, when recorded in real time, produces a record that mimics the conventional CD on read out. In this manner, information can be added to the CD and the CD can be used on a conventional CD player. This adds additional complexity to the CD since a layer that can be recorded upon is interposed between the support and the reflecting layer.
One recently disclosed system of this type is the so called "Photo CD". In this system, conventional photographic film is first processed in a conventional manner. Then, the images from the film are digitized and the digital information is recorded in a CD readable form on an optical recording material. Images can then be played back on a conventional CD type player into a conventional television. Since a CD has a capacity for a number of digitized images that is greater than the typical roll of consumer film, it is anticipated that the user will want to add images to a preexisting CD. Thus the need for recordable, CD compatible optical recording material.
One important characteristic of the finished element is the durability of the surface of the element. As noted, the support is coated with a recording layer, a reflective layer and an optional protective layer. Since the readout of the element is through the support, characterizing information for the CD, such as logos, designs and printed information can be applied by screen printing to the protective layer.
The protective layer itself can be applied by a variety of means. Spin coating of a UV curable composition is common for many different types of optical elements. Workers have generally concentrated on finding coating compositions having desirable properties.
We have found that there are a number of problems associated with conventional overcoat layers and methods, particularly when applied to writable CD types of optical elements. In particular, it has not been possible to obtain layers of sufficient scratch resistance using a single spin coated layer. Such layers do not have sufficient thickness so as to provide the necessary protection. Spin coating multiple layers so as to build up thickness is possible but is economically not desirable. It has been suggested that thicker layers can be produced using screen printing methods but screen printing onto the reflective layer of the writable CD type of element produces unacceptable block error rates. In addition, there is a problem of providing adequate adhesion of the durability enhancing layer to the disk. This is complicated by the complex structure of the writable CD element since, compared to a conventional CD, there is an additional recording layer interposed between the durability enhancing layer and the support. Adhesion among all of these layers has been a problem. Thus, there is a continuing need for improved durability enhancing layer structures for writable CD materials.

Optical element having durability enhancing layer


A storage container includes: a storage portion having a rectangular bottom portion, a side wall, and a hollow region; positioning members positioning a rectangular plate-like structural body inside the hollow region; positioning members positioning a rectangular plate-like structural body inside the hollow region; and grooves formed in the storage portion, each of the grooves being formed in the inner side surface at an inner corner of the bottom surface, and two of the grooves being formed at two inner corners adjacent to each other. Each of the positioning members is detachably fitted into the storage portion into corresponding one of grooves. Each of the positioning members includes a joint member in contact with one of the grooves and a contact member detachably fitted into each other. The contact member includes an engaged portion, a contact portion, and an intervening portion integrally formed with the contact portion.

Conventionally, a storage container storing and transporting a plate-like structural body like a panel is in wide use.
Patent Document No. 1, for example, discloses a packing container including a container main body storing a panel, which is a packing target, and a lid. At a inner corner of a bottom surface of the container main body, a corner protection member detachably fitted to the container main body and protecting a corner of the panel is provided.


A method for making one or more digital documents browseable. In one implementation, the digital documents may be automatically, topically segmented into one or more topical segments. A topical segment may be selected from the topical segments. One or more topical segments that are substantially similar to the selected topical segment may be identified. One or more links between the selected topical segment and the identified topical segment may be established. The established links may be displayed.

There is an increasing volume of digital documentation, such as digital books, digital documents in corporations and the like. The increased volume demands user models that can effectively enable users to search and utilize the digital documentation. Current models involve searching of content, sequential browsing and random access browsing via the table of contents or word index type structures. These models provide a starting point for user access to the digital documents.
A typical digital documentation user model might allow a user to ask for content from one or more digital documents meeting specific criteria, such as a given word or phrase, and retrieve a list of items that match those criteria. The list may be sorted with respect to some measure of relevance of the results. The user is then left to examine the listed items and do additional searches for new words or phrases of interest.

Method for making digital documents browseable


In a laser ignition apparatus, a focusing optical element is configured to focus a pulsed laser light to a predetermined focal point in a combustion chamber of an engine. An optical window member is arranged on the combustion chamber side of the focusing optical element so as to separate the focusing optical element from the combustion chamber. A catoptric-light focal point, at which a catoptric light is to be focused, is positioned on the anti-combustion chamber side of a combustion chamber-side end surface of the optical window member. The catoptric light results from the reflection of the pulsed laser light by a pseudo mirror that is formed by the optical window member when the combustion chamber-side end surface thereof is fouled with contaminants. Further, the catoptric-light focal point falls in a region where no solid material forming either the focusing optical element or the optical window member exists.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates generally to laser ignition apparatuses for ignition of internal combustion engines. More particularly, the invention relates to a laser ignition apparatus for ignition of an internal combustion that is difficult to be ignited, such as a highly-charged engine, a high-compression engine or a natural gas engine that has large bore cylinders.
2. Description of Related Art
In recent years, various laser ignition apparatuses have been proposed for ignition of internal combustion engines that are difficult to be ignited; those engines include, for example, highly-charged engines, high-compression engines, and natural gas engines with large bore cylinders. The laser ignition 20 apparatuses are generally configured to: (1) irradiate an excitation light generated by an excitation light source (e.g., a flash lamp or a semiconductor laser) to a laser resonator (or optical resonator) that includes a laser medium and a Q switch, thereby causing the resonator to generate a pulsed laser light that has a short pulse width and a high power density; and (2) focusing the pulsed laser 25 light, using an optical element (e.g., a focusing lens), to a focal point (or an ignition point) in a combustion chamber of the engine to generate a flame kernel that has a high power density, thereby igniting the air-fuel mixture in the combustion chamber.
For example, a first prior art document (i.e., "Laser Ignition-a New Concept to Use and Increase the Potentials of Gas Engines" presented by Dr. Günther Herdin et al., ICEF2005-1352 (page 1-9), ASME Internal Combustion Engine Division 2005 Fall Technical Conference: ARES-ARICE Symposium on Gas Fired Reciprocating Engines, Sep. 11-14, 2005, Ottawa, Canada) discloses a laser ignition apparatus for ignition of a gas engine. The laser ignition apparatus includes a combustion chamber window. Further, when the power density of a laser light generated by the laser ignition apparatus is higher than or equal to a predetermined threshold, the apparatus can exert an effect of burning off contaminants (e.g., unburned fuel or soot) that has deposited on a combustion chamber-side end surface of the combustion chamber window; the predetermined threshold is close to the strength limit of the combustion chamber window.
A second prior art document (i.e., Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2010-116841) discloses a laser ignition apparatus which includes: a protective cover for protecting a focusing lens of the apparatus; means for detecting contaminants having adhered to a combustion chamber-side end surface of the protective cover; and means for burning off the contaminants with a laser light that has a predetermined power density.
However, in either of the laser ignition apparatuses disclosed in the first and second prior art documents, when the laser light with the predetermined power density is irradiated for burning off the contaminants having deposited on or adhered to the combustion chamber-side end surface of the protective cover (or the combustion chamber window), a pseudo mirror may be formed by the protective cover that is fouled with the contaminants. Consequently, part or the whole of the irradiated laser light may be reflected by the pseudo mirror, forming a catoptric-light focal point on the anti-combustion chamber side (i.e., the opposite side to the combustion chamber) of the protective cover; at the catoptric-light focal point, a catoptric light resulting from the reflection of the laser light by the pseudo mirror is focused.
Further, when the catoptric-light focal point is positioned within the focusing lens or the protective cover, concentration of the energy of the catoptric light may occur in the focusing lens or the protective cover, generating a plasma or a shock wave therein. Consequently, damage may be made to the focusing lens or the protective cover, such as causing cracks to occur in the focusing lens or the protective cover or causing an AR (Anti-Reflective) coating formed on the surface of the focusing lens to be peeled off.
Furthermore, due to the damage made to the focusing lens or the protective cover, scattering of the laser light may occur when it passes through the damaged part of the focusing lens or the protective cover, thereby lowering the power density of the laser light at the focal point in the combustion chamber. Consequently, it may become difficult for the laser ignition apparatus to reliably ignite the air-fuel mixture in the combustion chamber.


A method of communicating a video image via an audio communication signal includes the steps of identifying, for a given pixel location of the video image, a set of samples within a stored audio signal having a corresponding bit pattern, generating a marker identifying the location of the given pixel in the video image, and multiplexing the stored audio signal and the marker such that the marker appears within the stored audio signal proximate to the set of samples having the corresponding bit pattern. This method can also include the steps of transmitting the multiplexed signal to a destination device, demultiplexing, at the destination device, to recover the marker and the corresponding bit pattern, illuminating a display at the given pixel location according to the corresponding bit pattern, and converting the corresponding bit pattern into an analog audio signal.

It is well-known to digitize an audio signal and transmit the digitized audio signal in digital form. Such an audio signal will be reconverted to an analog form at a receiving location by means of a digital to analog converter. A typical method of digitizing an analog audio signal includes sampling an analog audio signal 8,000 times per second (8 Khz), each sample taking the form of an 8 bit byte. Such an audio sampling method produces a 64 kilobit per second data stream. At a receive location, such a 64 kilobit per second data stream is reconverted into an analog signal for use in an audio application.
For example, FIG. 1 shows an audio signal 102 which can be digitized by an analog to digital converter. As is well-known, samples such as samples 104, 106, 108 and 110 can be taken to periodically measure the amplitude of the signal. In the example of FIG. 1, for example, the sampling rate can be 8,000 times per second, such that the width of each of the samples 104-110 is one eight-thousandth of a second. Each of the samples 104-110 can be represented by an 8 bit word corresponding to the magnitude of audio signal 102 at the sampling time. Table 1 shows an example of representative values for samples 104-110.
TABLE 1 ______________________________________ Sample Va1ue Binary Value ______________________________________ 104 252 11111100 106 251 11111011 108 249 11111001 110 240 11110000 ______________________________________
These values, which correlate to a vertical scale of audio signal 102 in as manner known in the art, can then be transmitted as part of a bit stream representing the audio signal. For example, the pattern shown in FIG. 2 shows a portion of a bit stream corresponding to samples 104, 106, 108 and 110. In a conventional digital audio communication system, samples 104, 106, 108 and 110 are transmitted digitally to a destination system which converts the samples into an analog signal by way of a digital to analog converter.
It is also well known that a video image, such as a display on a television screen or on a computer monitor, is made up of a large number of picture elements (pixels). For example, a typical display in a personal computer system is made of a matrix of pixels, such as a 360.times.240 matrix having 240 rows and 360 columns. FIG. 3 shows a magnification of a portion of video display 301, which includes various pixels, such as pixels 303 and 305. In this example, designators 307, 309 and 311 refer to the first, second and third rows of pixels within display 301, respectively. Similarly, designators 313, 315 and 317 refer to the first, second and third columns of pixels within display 301, respectively.
As is known in the art, each pixel within display 301 can be illuminated to one of a plurality of intensities and can have one of a plurality of colors. By providing differing intensities and colors to the various pixels within display 301, a video image can be created on display 301.
Further, it is known that information regarding the color and intensity of a given pixel can be digitally encoded such that a digital bit stream can be configured to represent a specific image.
In a simplified example, suppose each pixel within image 301 can be illuminated at one of four intensities and can have one of four colors. For example, suppose pixel 303, and each of the other pixels within display 301, can have one of the following four intensities: very bright; bright; dull; and dark. Further, presume pixel 303 can be illuminated at a selected one of the aforementioned intensities and can take any one of the following colors: red; blue; green; and white. In this example, one can encode the information corresponding to a given intensity and a given color by using four bits of digital data. For this simplified example, this concept can be seen by reviewing FIGS. 4A-4C. Here, FIG. 4A shows that each of the potential intensity levels can be characterized by two bits. FIG. 4B shows that each of the potential colors can similarly be characterized by two bits. FIG. 4C shows, for a subset of the possible combinations of intensities and colors from FIGS. 4A and 4B, that four bits of information can characterize a given state of a pixel. For example, if a pixel is to be illuminated to a very bright red state, the corresponding information is represented by 1111. Similarly, if a given pixel is to be illuminated to a bright blue state, the corresponding information can be represented by the digital sequence 1010.
Presuming that pixel 303 (FIG. 3) is to be illuminated to a very bright red state, and that pixel 305 is to be illuminated to a bright red state, a portion of a digital bit stream as shown in FIG. 5 can represent the information corresponding to the desired state of these two pixels. For example, segment 503 corresponds to the 1111 characterization of a very bright red pixel, and segment 505 corresponds to the 1011 bit representation for a bright red pixel. Regarding segment 505, one can see that since the bit stream is traveling in the direction of the arrow in FIG. 5, the highest order bit, which is in the first place of the segment, is at the rightmost portion of the segment. This is purely by way of example and not of limitation. If the sending and receiving devices operate under a different protocol, the leftmost bit of a segment can correspond to the highest order of the segment.
As described above, it is known to digitally encode information corresponding to the desired intensity and color of each pixel within a display such that, when this information is processed, the pixels of the display can be individually illuminated according to the corresponding portion of the information in order to produce a meaningful display. Also, as shown in FIG. 5, it is conventional to transmit the digital information corresponding to the pixels of a display in a predefined sequence in order to limit the amount of bits within the bit stream which must be allocated to overhead functions. In the example shown in FIG. 5, the information for pixel 303 is immediately followed by information from pixel 305. Thus, there is no need to provide extensive overhead to identify which pixel corresponds to the given information. Instead, a protocol is established which sets out a specific sequence of pixel information so that a display processor can process the information in order to create the display based on the information.
The example shown in FIGS. 4A-4C and 5 is an extremely simplified example merely for purposes for illustration. In modern digital video processing applications, a significantly greater number of bits are used to characterize each pixel's projected state. For example, 16-bit video is widely used, although new and future applications use 32-bit video. In these applications, the intensity and color of each pixel can take one of a great number of states. As a result, the image presented on the video display can be life-like, and even three-dimensional in quality.

Method of using an audio transmission signal to transmit video data


A method includes, in response to selection of a transport block to be transmitted through a wireless channel at a current data rate, performing at least the following: selecting a size for a data unit that can be scheduled for transmission; identifying one of a number of potential transport blocks, the identified potential transport block having a corresponding transport block size large enough to hold at least the selected size of the data unit and the transport block size of the currently selected transport block; determining whether the identified potential transport block is available for transmission; and transmitting a request for an increase in the current data rate in response to the identified potential transport block being available for transmission.

The following abbreviations are defined as follows:                DCH Dedicated Channel        DPDCH Dedicated Physical Data Channel        DPCCH Dedicated Physical Control Channel        E-DCH Enhanced Uplink DCH        E-DPDCH Enhanced DPDCH        E-DPCCH Enhanced DPCCH        E-TFC E-DCH Transport Format Combination        HSUPA High Speed Uplink Packet Access        IE Information Element        MAC Medium Access Control        Node B base station        PDU Protocol Data Unit        RLC Radio Link Control        RNC Radio Network Controller        RRC Radio Resource Control        SDU Service Data Unit        SG Serving Grant        TTI Transmission Timing Interval        UE User Equipment, e.g., a mobile terminal
Of interest herein is the uplink DCH (EDCH) for packet data traffic in, for example, Release 6 of 3GPP TS 25.309, 3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; FDD Enhanced Uplink; Overall Description; Stage 2 (Release 6).
In HSUPA, certain attempts at enhancements are currently approached by distributing some of the packet scheduler functionality to the Node Bs to provide faster scheduling of bursty, non-real-time traffic than can be provided by the Layer 3 (L3, Network Layer) of the RNC. The idea is that with faster link adaptation it is possible to more efficiently share the uplink power resource between packet data users, as when packets have been transmitted from one user the scheduled resource can be made available immediately to another user. This technique attempts to avoid the peaked variability of noise rise, such as when high data rates are being allocated to users that are running bursty, high data-rate applications.
In the current architecture, the packet scheduler is located in the RNC and therefore is limited in the ability of the packet scheduler to adapt to the instantaneous traffic, because of bandwidth constraints on the RRC signaling interface between the RNC and the UE. Hence, to accommodate the variability, the packet scheduler must be conservative in allocating uplink power to take into account the influence from inactive users in the following scheduling period—a solution which turns out to be spectrally inefficient for high allocated data-rates and long release timer values.
Thus, with E-DCH much of the packet scheduler functionality is transferred to the Node B, i.e., there is a Node B scheduler that is responsible for allocating uplink resources. For the scheduling to be performed efficiently, the Node B needs to obtain some information from the UE. In 3GPP a so called 'happy bit' is defined, which is included in the E-DPCCH. The happy bit is always sent, and can indicate either "UP" (also called "unhappy") or "KEEP" (also called "happy"). When the UE sends an "UP" request, the request means that the UE desires to obtain a higher bit rate (i.e., is "unhappy" with the current bit rate), while when the UE sends a "KEEP" request, this request means the UE is satisfied with (i.e., is "happy" with) the current bit rate.
3GPP defines that the UP-request (e.g., unhappy status) can be sent as follows:                The Happy Bit shall be set to "unhappy" if both of the following criteria are met:        UE has enough power available to transmit at higher E-DPDCH to DPCCH ratios than what is allowed by the current Serving_Grant; and        Total buffer status would require more thanHappy_Bit_Delay_Condition milliseconds (ms) to be transmitted with the current Serving_Grant.
Reference in this regard can be had to Section 184.108.40.206 of 3GPP TS 25.321, 3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol specification (Release 6) (version 6.5.0) (2005-06).
A problem arises in defining the criteria of when the UE has power available to send at higher data rates (e.g., bit rates).
The E-TFCs are defined to have very small steps between them in order to have a relatively good fit to whatever size and number of higher layer data packets (SDUs) are to be transmitted. The small steps occur in transport block sizes of the transport blocks of the E-TFCs. However, the problem in the definition is that if the UE is currently transmitting with an E-TFC Y (e.g., transmitting a specific transport block size), then if the UE has enough power to transmit with E-TFC Y+1 (e.g., transmitting a slightly larger transport block size), the UE should not indicate "unhappy". This is because the next E-TFC can, in a practical sense, almost never accommodate one more SDU, and thus cannot be used to transmit with a higher data rate. For instance, a slightly larger transport block size typically cannot accommodate another SDU.
Thus, the basic problem is that the data from higher layers come to the MAC in specific sized SDUs, and increasing the transmitted data rate means transmitting one or several additional SDU(s) in one transport block (e.g., in one E-TFC).

Apparatus, method and computer program product to request a data rate increase based on ability to transmit at least one more selected data unit


A first test case identifier that indicates a first test case is received. The first test case is indicative of testing one or more features of an application associated with the electronic marketplace. The first test case identifier is compared to a plurality of attributes. The plurality of attributes are associated with one or more listings that describe one or more items for sale in an electronic marketplace. Based at least in part on the comparing, it is determined that a first set of attributes, of the plurality of attributes, are test data candidates to be used as input to the first test case. Based at least in part on the determining, the first test case is caused to be run using at least one of the first set of attributes as test data for input.

Software testing is the process of evaluating the functionality of a developed software application to find any software bugs and/or check whether the developed software application meets specified requirements (e.g., business requirements and technical design). Software testing is typically performed before the software application is deployed to end-users so that there will be better end-user satisfaction, better computer security, and better computer resource utilization, among other things.
Among various problems existing technologies have in software testing is generating or using suitable test data. Test data refers to input data used to test one or more test cases of a software application. A test case is typically a single executable test to verify a particular feature or functionality of the software application during software testing. Test data is typically used for both positive testing to verify that functions produce expected results for given inputs, and for negative testing to test software ability to handle unusual, exceptional, or unexpected inputs. Existing technologies inaccurately identify test data, inadequately perform software testing in general, and consume unnecessary computing resource consumption, among other things.

Mapping of test cases to test data for computer software testing


A recoil reduction system having an elongated forend portion having a front end, a rear end, a left side wall, a right side wall and a bottom wall; and recoil reduction means attached to said forend, wherein said recoil reduction means further comprises a longitudinally extending rail extending downwardly from a bottom surface of said forend portion; and an upright oriented handgrip having a top end, a bottom end, a front end, and a primary chamber that extends upwardly within said handgrip, wherein a track is formed in said top end of said handgrip, wherein said rail is slidably received in said track to support said handgrip, and wherein said recoil reduction means is mounted in said primary chamber of said handgrip.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention is directed generally to a recoil reduction system. More specifically, the present invention is directed to a recoil reduction system that is attached are coupled to or embedded within the forearm of a firearm or other device.
2. Description of Related Art
One age-old problem that has existed with firearms or other similar devices is the fact that many of them have a severe recoil that affects the person firing the weapon. In firearms such as shotguns and rifles, the rear end of the butt stock is positioned against the shooter's shoulder and recoil often causes the shooter to raise the front of the firearm each time the weapon is fired. Also recoil varies depending upon the amount of explosive being fired and the recoil can result in pain and/or bruising to the shoulder area of the person firing the weapon. One example of the recoil being detrimental to a shooter's accuracy is where the firearm is a shotgun being used for skeet shooting by a male or a female.
In the past, recoil systems for the butt stock of a firearm have been very expensive and the inexpensive systems did not function properly. Two examples of expensive systems are a hydro-coil fluid dampening system and a pneumatic air chamber system. The present inexpensive recoil systems utilize compression coil springs to absorb the recoil forces. If the compression coil spring is a little too strong, you get more recoil than with a regular firearm. If the compression coil spring is not strong enough it is worse, in that it gives the gun some travel and it is the same as holding the butt stock too loosely.
One improvement in recoil systems for a firearm is illustrated in the Bentley et al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,722,195. It has a pistol grip recoil assembly having a recoil base member and a pistol grip. The recoil base member is detachably secured to the rear end of the receiver of the firearm and it has an inverted T-shaped rail formed on its bottom wall. This inverted T-shaped rail is captured within and slides in an inverted T-shaped groove in the top end of the pistol grip. A recess formed in the front wall of the pistol grip adjacent its top end allows the trigger guard of the firearm to travel rearwardly with respect to the pistol grip when the firearm is fired. Various embodiments utilize springs to return the recoil base member forwardly to its static position after dissipating the recoil of the firearm resulting from its being fired.
Another recent improved recoil system for a firearm is illustrated in the Bentley et al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,752,339. This patent discloses a recoil system for the butt stock of a firearm having a recoil suppressor assembly whose front end is mounted in the cavity in the rear end of the gun stock. The piston ram of the recoil suppressor assembly in its static position extends rearwardly into a bore hole cavity of a elongated recoil housing. When the firearm is shot, the elongated body portion of the recoil suppressor assembly and its transversely extending mounting flange portion instantaneously travel rearwardly into the bore cavity with the bore hole of the body housing reciprocally traveling over the piston ram. A coil spring whose front end is secured to the front end of the body portion whose rear end is secured to a cam assembly returns the elongated body portion to a static position once the recoil of the firearm has been suppressed.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Blackhawk Industries Product Group Unlimited LLC


A semiconductor device having asymmetric spacers and steps for forming the same are disclosed. The spacers have difference capacitances, with the spacer having a higher capacitance formed over a source region of the device and the spacer having a lower capacitance formed over a drain region of the device. Embodiments of the disclosed invention include spacers made from different materials, having different or substantially equal thicknesses.

Complementary Metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology is commonly used for fabricating field effect transistors (FETs) as part of advanced integrated circuits, such as CPUs, memory, storage devices, and the like. At the core of planar FETs, a channel region is formed in a n-doped or p-doped semiconductor substrate on which a gate structure is formed. The overall fabrication process is well known in the art, and includes forming a gate structure over a channel region connecting a source region and a drain region within the substrate on opposite ends of the gate, typically with some vertical overlap between the gate and the source/drain regions. In finFETs, the gate structure may be formed over or around a semiconductor fin on an insulator layer, with the source and the drain region formed on opposite ends of the semiconductor fin. In planar FETs, an insulating spacer structure is formed on opposing sidewalls of the gate over, vertically overlapping a portion of the source/drain region.
As the industry continues to move towards smaller scale devices that operate at faster speeds and with lesser operational costs, it becomes increasingly difficult to retain device operation and efficiency. This is partially because while operational side effects may be negligible at a given scale, they play a more critical role as devices are scaled down. A particular problem is the buildup of parasitic capacitance in FETs and similar structures. The source/drain regions and the gate are both conductors, and are separated by insulating spacers. Therefore, they functions as an unwanted capacitor, contributing to the buildup of parasitic capacitance. Because capacitance is inversely proportional to insulator thickness between two conductors, it increases as transistors become smaller and spaces become thinner. As the parasitic capacitance of a transistor increases, its operability and performance suffer.
Therefore, it is desirable to form a transistor structure that reduces the build up of parasitic capacitance and improves device reliability and efficiency, particularly in scaled-down transistor structures.


An acoustic monitor assembly for monitoring the particulate content of a liquid, comprising, a body having an electrically conductive portion, the body contacting a liquid whose content is to be monitored in use, a magnetic field generator for generating a magnetic field to which the electrically conductive portion of the body is exposed, the magnetic field generator being positioned such that magnetic particulates in the liquid are drawn on to said body, and a signal generator for inducing eddy currents which oscillate at an acoustic frequency in the electrically conductive portion of the body and in response to which the body is caused to vibrate, and a monitoring for observing the vibration condition of the body so as to provide an indication of the content of said particulates which are drawn onto the body in the liquid.

The invention relates to an acoustic monitor assembly particularly for use in a biosensor. Many different microbial cells are present throughout the environment, however it is often an onerous task to find out exactly where they are located and how many are present. Unfortunately, no hand-held instrument can provide this information even though exposure to certain microbial cells can have debilitating or fatal consequences. Because of these unsatisfactory consequences, there has arisen a strong interest in the monitoring of clinical fluids such as serum, saliva, urine and stools. In addition, the screening of drinking water contaminated with vibrio cholerae, cryptosporidium, total coliforms, legionella, Giardia and heterotrophic bacteria is also important.
Because any screening procedure has to allow for many different types of cells, as well as a great numbers of samples, the favored monitoring/screening approach would have to supply the answer quickly and at minimum cost. Therefore, the ideal candidate, based on current technology would be a synthesis between biological and electronic components, known more generally as a biosensor. Biosensors combine today's modern electronics with a very thin layer of antibodies, which react and adhere to the antigen, in this case particular epitope regions of the microbe cell surface. This adherent process localizes the cells where they can be detected with interrogating beams of light or sound. Unfortunately, the microbial cell counting problem, as described, has not yet yielded to the formidable biosensor revolution. Instead, there is a development restriction that is linked to biosensor systems becoming too complex and costly, betraying the original simplicity of the concept. Therefore, the realization of a new cell counting product requires the solution of two problems. First, there is the development problem, which requires for its solution the instigation of a new biosensor technology that is both cost-effective and simple to apply. The second, and main, problem is to apply the new biosensor technology to the construction of a handheld reader for microbial cell counts. A crucial characteristic required of this reader would be real-time on site monitoring for point-of-care and field diagnostics. currently, no product or technology is available to address these problems.
Conventional biosensors will now be described.
SPR--Surface Plasmon Resonance (Pharmacia) PA0 RN--Resonant Mirror (Fisons) PA0 PW--Piezoelectric Waveguide Devices PA0 PR--Piezoelectric Resonator Devices (Universal Sensors)
The SPR approach is relatively insensitive to the presence of cells. It is based on a glass prism coated with a metal layer. Laser light is projected onto the prism and at a particular angle generates what is known as a surface plasmon wave. This occurs at a specific angle whereby what is known as an evanescent wave "leaks" from the surface of the prism. Optical equipment must be configured carefully to record this angle as small fluctuations are crucial to the action of SPR. For example, protein binding to the prism surface elicits a biological perturbation, that modifies the angle. By monitoring the angle, all manner of surface processes can be monitored. Perturbation of the prism surface due to an accumulation of surface bound cells is possible to measure, however this detection scenario is rarely performed with SPR. This choice is a consequence of an interrogating light field interacting with only a small fraction in the cell volume. In addition, costs, specialized materials and the size of the overall system, make the SPR system generally inappropriate for cell measurements. A general sensing system is available from Pharmacia for $120,000.
This approach is slightly more sensitive to cells than the SPR system. Unfortunately, the same limitation of the SPR approach applies to the Resonant Mirror; interrogation of a very small fraction of the cell plus the need for specialized materials. A system supplied by Fisons is available in the $100,000 region.
Only research prototypes of the piezoelectric waveguide device are available. These work by projecting a high frequency (100 MHz or more) guided acoustic wave along a piezoelectric surface. The received acoustic wave is modified according to any surface viscosity or mass changes. This is a sensitive system so cells binding to the surface would cause an effect, however reported research systems prefer to focus on antibody measurements, demonstrating high sensitivity levels. This acoustic approach is less complicated than the optical approaches, SPR and RN, however cells remain difficult to measure due to limited interactions with the surface acoustic wave. Costs are typically $25,000 for research based systems.
The piezoelectric resonator devices are similar to the piezoelectric waveguide devices, sharing the same basic materials of construction, however they are simpler and operate at a far lower acoustic frequency (10 MHz). There are reports of cell measurements, however an additional step to dry the surface of the device is necessary. More recently, modifications that allow wet cell measurements have been initiated, with some success. Presently, no commercial device is available. Because of the larger interaction of the acoustic wave and the cell, more efficient cell detection is possible with this approach, in addition the system can be made portable. Fluctuations due to surface charge and temperature are the main system limitations. Universal Sensors supply a research system for $6500.
It is clear that although these biosensor technologies achieve useful subnanogram detection levels, substantial adaptations are required to address the demands of the counting problem outlined. In addition, the high costs of purchasing these systems coupled with their physical bulk restricts their application to bench mounted laboratory instrumentation.


Disclosed are immunogenic conjugates and therapeutic compositions that include such immunogenic conjugates. Also disclosed are methods of treating and/or inhibiting an Shigella sonnei infection. The disclosed immunogenic conjugates have the general structure:Pr—Sr—O—N═C-Kdo-OSwherein Pr is a carrier protein, Sr is an optional spacer moiety, Kdo is an 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid or a derivative thereof, and OS is an oligosaccharide or polysaccharide obtained from S. sonnei. In specific examples, the immunogenic conjugates include the core oligosaccharide obtained from S. sonnei having the structure:

Shigellae are Gram-negative bacteria, pathogens to humans only, that can cause endemic and epidemic dysentery worldwide, especially in the developing countries. It has been estimated that ≈160 million cases of shigellosis with ≈1 million deaths occurring worldwide annually. At least half of the cases and deaths are believed to occur in children <5 years old. Control of this disease is hampered by the low infectious dose of this pathogen (<100 bacteria) and lack of safe drinking water and food in the developing world. The symptoms usually start with watery diarrhea that later develops into dysentery, characterized by high fever, blood and mucus in the stool, and cramps.
Lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) of Shigella are both essential virulence factors and protective antigens of this genus. The outer domain of this tripartite molecule, termed O-specific polysaccharide (O-SP), "shields" the bacteria from serum complement killing, similar to the action of capsular polysaccharides. It has been hypothesized that serum antibodies to the O-SP of shigellae confer immunity to humans against the homologous bacteria. To test this hypothesis, experimental vaccines composed of protein conjugates of the O-SP of Shigella dysenteriae type 1, Shigella sonnei, and Shigella flexneri 2a were synthesized and evaluated in young adults. Evaluation of a S. sonnei O-SP/recombinant Pseudomonas aeruginosa Exotoxin A (rEPA) conjugate in Israeli soldiers demonstrated 72% efficacy with vaccine failures occurring in individuals who responded with significantly lower serum antibody levels than those who were protected. Evaluation of such conjugates in children showed age-related antibody responses and protection. A significant improvement in the immunogenicity of S. dysenteriae type 1 conjugates was achieved by using synthetic oligosaccharides (OS) of defined lengths bound by their reducing ends to a protein at defined densities. Unfortunately, this improvement could not be replicated for S. sonnei, as synthesis of S. sonnei O-SP oligosaccharides has not been possible to date. Thus, the need still exists for improved S. sonnei specific vaccines. The conjugates and methods of treatment disclosed herein meet those needs.

Abstract: wherein R is between 1 and 10 disaccharide repeat units.

Abstract: In specific examples, the disaccharide repeat unit included in the immunogenic conjugate has the structure:α-L-AltNAcA-3-β-FucNAc4N-4-.

The United States of America, as represented by the Secretary, Department of Health and Human Services


The present invention describes a method of conditioning radiation upstream from a reticle including: pixelating the radiation, the pixelating involving partitioning into pixels; modulating a first set of the pixels to configure for openings; modulating a second set of the pixels to outline for specific features of the openings; modulating a third set of the pixels to correct for local non-uniformities; modulating a fourth set of the pixels to compensate for global non-uniformities; and modulating a fifth set of the pixels to establish for gray scale.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a field of semiconductor integrated circuit (IC) manufacturing, and more specifically, to an apparatus for and a method of adjusting and controlling illumination in an imaging system.
2. Discussion of Related Art
Integrated Circuit (IC) devices may be fabricated in and over a substrate, such as a wafer, that may include a semiconductor, such as silicon. Various types of materials may be added to, or removed from, the wafer during processing. The materials may include an insulator, such as silicon oxide, or a conductor, such as copper.
Certain materials may be added onto the wafer by processes, such as physical vapor deposition, chemical vapor deposition, and electroplating. Other materials already on the wafer may be modified by processes, such as thermal processing, oxidation, and ion implantation. Yet other materials also on the wafer may be removed by processes, such as wet etching, dry etching, and chemical mechanical polishing (CMP).
As desired, photolithography may be used so that materials may be added or removed selectively from the wafer. For each layer of the IC device, a pattern of features must be transferred accurately from a mask template onto the wafer. Critical features in the pattern must be printed precisely and uniformly with a desired shape, size, separation, orientation, and location.
In order to satisfy product requirements for performance and reliability, critical parameters of the IC device must be measured during fabrication on the wafer. A critical dimension (CD) refers to a smallest lateral dimension, or width, of a feature or a smallest lateral separation between adjacent features that can be printed with good fidelity. Control of the CD may be compromised if an illumination is not correctly adjusted and properly controlled in an imaging tool used for the photolithography.
Thus, a need exists for an apparatus for and a method of adjusting and controlling illumination in an imaging system.

Pixelated modulation of illumination pupil image


In the power transmission device having a torque limiting function for shutting off the transmission of an excessively high torque between the pulley 1 and the rotary shaft 5, the hub 2 and the rotary shaft 5 are connected to each other by means of screw engagement between the female screw portion 2d, which is formed on the inner circumferential face of the hub 2, and the male screw portion 5d which is formed on the outer circumferential face of the forward end portion 5a of the rotary shaft 5, and the seal means 4 for sealing between the hub and the rotary shaft is provided adjacent to the front face or the front and rear faces of the screw engaging portion. The torque limiting function may be provided on the rotary shaft side or the hub side.

The present invention relates to a power transmission device having a torque limiting function. More particularly, the present invention relates to a power transmission device incorporated into a compressor of an air conditioner for vehicle use.
In a conventional power transmission device for transmitting power to a compressor, in order to avoid the occurrence of a problem in which a belt of the compressor, which is used for transmitting power, is damaged when the compressor has seized due to a heavy load, a torque limiter is arranged in the power transmission device. For example, in the case of a torque limiter shown in the official gazette of JP-A-2003-206950, a portion of the power transmitting passage is composed of a screw-in connection.
In the official gazette of JP-A-2003-206950, as shown in FIG. 22, the adapter B, from which the cylindrical limiter attaching portion B1 integrally protrudes, is press-fitted and fixed to the rotary shaft C. On the inner circumferential face of this limiter attaching portion B1, the female screw B2 is formed. On the other hand, the torque limiter A, which is fixed to the pulley D, is integrally composed of a disk-shaped flange portion A1 and a cylindrical connecting portion A2. On the outer circumferential face of the connecting portion A2, the male screw A3 is formed. When the torque limiter A is engaged with the adapter B by means of screwing in this way, the pulley D is connected to the rotary shaft C via the torque limiter A.
In this torque limiter system, to which the above screwing engagement is applied, by utilizing an excessively high axial force which is generated in the screwing engagement portions A3, B2 by an excessively high intensity of torque generated at the time of seizure of the compressor, a portion of the power transmitting path is broken so that power transmission can be shut off.
However, in this torque limiter system, the fastening is accomplished by means of screwing. Therefore, the operation accuracy of the torque limiter is affected by the intensity of torque generated at the time of seizure of the compressor, and by the screwing portions A3, B2 which are engaged with each other and by the coefficient of friction on the seating face which is a contact face of the torque limiter A with the adapter B. Especially, in the case of the power transmission device shown in the official gazette of JP-A-2003-206950, when the coefficient of friction is changed by the influence of corrosion of the screw engagement portion caused by the water which has entered the device from the outside, the operational torque of the torque limiter changes with time.
Further, in the case where the screwing engagement portion is covered with oil so as to stabilize the coefficient of friction, oil flows out while the device is actually being used, and the coefficient of friction changes, which affects the accuracy of the torque limiter.


Rubber compositions are disclosed which are formulated to provide high modulus at 100% and strong adhesion to metal. Chlorinated polyethylene rubber and/or its derivative reformed with maleic anhydride is blended with specified amounts of a 2-mercaptobenzothiazole dicyclohexylamine salt, trithiocyanuric acid and sufur such that formulae (1) and (2) are met ##EQU1## where phr is defined as the amount in parts of the component per hundred parts of component (A) or component (B) or both.

1Field of the Invention
This invention releates to rubber compositions containing chlorinated polyethylene type rubbers and providing increased tensile modulus and improved metal adhesion. Such compositions are suitable for use in rubber-metal composite structures.
2. Description of the Prior Art
There is a growing tendency to use a variety of rubber products such as tires, belts, shapes, rolls, hoses and the like under adversely oily conditions at high temperatures and pressures and for long periods of time. In that instance, the fastly deteriorating rubbers require laborious maintenance and frequent replacement and sometimes pose serious problems or hazards.
Certain rubbers are known to be highly resistant to oil and heat for example at from 120.degree. to 150.degree. C. They include acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR), acrylic rubber (ACM), ethylene-acrylate rubber (AEM), ethylene-acrylate-vinyl acetate rubber (ER), chlorosulfonated polyethylene rubber (CSM), chlorinated polyethylene rubber (CM) and reformed rubbers such as NBR and similar rubbers having their conjugated dienes hydrogenated. Chlorinated polyethylene rubber (CM) amongst these rubbers is commonly accepted as providing a good balance between and among oxidation resistance, weather resistance, oil resistance and chemical resistance.
Chlorinated polyethylene rubber is by nature unvulcanizable with sulfur due to the absence of double bonds in the molecule. Vulcanization is effected necessarily with use of organic peroxides, thioureas, diamines and trithiocyanuric acids.
Thioureas and diamines, however, will make the resulting vulcanizates susceptible to poor modulus. Organic peroxides and trithiocyanuric acids, though giving adequate modulus, will lead to insufficient bonding to metals such as brass and the like. This causes a problem with the use of chlorinated polyethylene rubber.
In an attempt to fully utilize the physical characteristics associated with chlorinated polyethylene rubber, it has been proposed to blend a vulcanizing system composed of magnesia, epoxy resin, trially isocyanurate, dially phthalate, trithiocyanuric acid and organic peroxide (Japanese Patent Publication No. 61-26820). This prior system of vulcanization, however, requires a mix of as many as six components and entails a limited choice of formulations, and has failed to further improve the ultimate rubber composition in regard to its physical properties.