Methods of throttling video streaming downloads in burst transmissions to a mobile device are driven by the network client. By knowing various input parameters such as the media bitrate, the current (average) network link bitrate, transceiver state timeout characteristics (e.g., inactivity timers), and power consumption information for various mobile device operating states, the network client can decide the proportion of each repeating burst interval duration to spend in an idle state. From a control parameter and the other input parameters, it can calculate the amount of media data it then needs to request in each burst transmission. Other calculations further inform this decision, such as the relative average power consumption (as compared to staying at a high activity state continuously).

One popular application on modern "smartphones," such as Android® devices and iPhones®, is rendering media such as audio/video. The HTTP streaming specifications—including progressive download, 3GPP adaptive HTTP streaming, MPEG adaptive HTTP streaming, and Apple® HTTP streaming—do not specify details on how the client or server should regulate the download bandwidth during the download session. One straightforward alternative is to download the entire session using the maximum bandwidth, and store the content in a buffer on the mobile device. Alternatively, if sufficient memory is not available, the mobile device may fill a download buffer and then download data at the rate it is "consumed," or rendered to the screen and speaker.
In practice, however, both approaches exhibit deficiencies. If an entire unit of media content is downloaded and buffered, radio resources in the downlink are wasted if the user only watches part of the media, and the rest is discarded. Thus, a streaming strategy may make more efficient use of radio resources by only downloading data as it is consumed. In practice, however, this may maintain the mobile device in a high activity state, in which it consumes significant power, more quickly depleting batteries.
For example, Android (OpenCore) has a small Media Reception Buffer, about 2.6 MB. The streaming pattern of an Android device is thus a large startup burst which quickly fills the buffer, followed by a regular succession of smaller bursts in an attempt to keep the buffer full. Because of timeout restrictions on transitions between transceiver states, the result is that Android devices remain in an active state (e.g., cell-DCH) throughout much of the streaming session, in which they consume the most power.
In contrast, the iPhone Media Receive Buffer is much larger, about 32 MB. Once the buffer is full, the iPhone throttles video data reception by frequently closing the TCP connection, and restarting with a byte range request to the server as the buffer depletes. Because an active connection to the wireless network is periodically closed, the iPhone may spend more time in an idle state (e.g., URA-pch), consuming less power and prolonging battery life. However, as mentioned above, if a user watches only a few seconds of the media, valuable radio resources may have been wasted in filling the large buffer.
In general, characteristics of the mobile device and network should be taken into account in selecting a streaming throttling strategy, to avoid excessive power consumption, network signaling, and network load.
Analysis of these parameters reveals that many of them have non-linear relationships. This means that small variations in one parameter can lead to large variations of another, or vice versa. Only by understanding these relationships is it possible to select an optimal operating point for a given parameter (e.g., power consumption). Furthermore, understanding the non-linear relationships allows one to avoid operating points where some parameter is set to less desired values without any greater gain on other parameters.

System and method of optimizing the throttling of streaming media burst data transmissions


A transducing device includes a writer having a pole tip region and a heater circuit. The heater circuit has a heating portion and a heater current return path. The heating portion has at least two branches positioned with respect to the writer so that current flowing through the at least two branches heat the writer. The heater current return path is electrically connected to the at least two branches of the heating portion near the pole tip region and includes an electrically conductive portion of the writer.

The present invention relates generally to a transducing device that includes a heating portion.
In a magnetic data storage and retrieval system, a magnetic head typically includes a writer portion for storing magnetically-encoded information on magnetic media and a reader portion for retrieving the magnetically-encoded information from the magnetic media. The reader portion typically includes a bottom shield, a top shield, and a magnetoresistive sensor positioned between the bottom and top shields.
The writer portion typically includes a write pole and one or two return poles (in the case of a perpendicular writer) or a top pole and a bottom pole (in the case of a longitudinal writer). The poles are separated from each other at an air bearing surface (ABS) of the writer by a gap layer, and are connected to each other at a region distal from the ABS by aback gap closer or back via. Positioned between the poles are one or more layers of conductive coils encapsulated by an insulating layer. The writer portion and the reader portion can be arranged in a merged configuration in which layers are shared between the two elements or in a piggy-back configuration in which layers are not shared between the two elements.
To write data to the magnetic media, an electrical current is caused to flow through the conductive coils to thereby induce a magnetic field in the poles. By reversing the direction of the current through the coils, the polarity of the data written to the magnetic media is also reversed.
During operation of the magnetic data storage and retrieval system, the magnetic head is positioned in close proximity to the magnetic media. The distance between the magnetic head and the media is preferably small enough to allow for writing to and reading from the magnetic media with a large areal density, and great enough to prevent contact between the magnetic media and the magnetic head. Performance of the magnetic head depends primarily upon head-media spacing (HMS). Pole-tip recession/protrusion (PTR) at the air bearing surface is considered to be a primary technical gap for meeting required HMS targets. Control of the overall PTR performance is critical in magnetic head designs.
The layers of the magnetic head, which include both metallic and insulating layers, all have mechanical and chemical properties that are different from the substrate. The differences in properties affect several aspects of the magnetic head, including pole-tip protrusion (PTR) of the metallic layers of the magnetic head with respect to the substrate at the ABS of the magnetic head. Two components of PTR exist, thermal pole tip protrusion (TPTR) and current-induced pole tip protrusion (CPTR). TPTR arises from isothermal (global) temperature changes in the magnetic head during drive operation. TPTR is proportional to the difference in coefficients of thermal expansion (ΔCTE) between the magnetic head and substrate materials. Many novel proposals have been made to reduce the TPTR magnitude using low CTE materials, reduced metal material volumes, and compensation schemes.
CPTR results from localized joule heating during application of currents to the writer coil and the resultant heat dissipation into the surrounding components of the magnetic head. CPTR, in contrast to TPTR, is proportional to the first order of the ΔT(CTE) product, where ΔT is the localized temperature rise in the writer core and the CTE is the coefficient of thermal expansion of the insulator material. In principle, CPTR can be reduced by improving thermal conduction away from the coil and the surrounding core structure so that the localized temperature rise is diminished. Replacing the insulator materials with high-thermal conductivity materials is a theoretically straightforward way to optimize the core for thermal dissipation. However, this is difficult due to a processing requirement of filling the coil structure.
To compensate for localized pole tip protrusion, a single-layer heater element is positioned in some magnetic heads either in close proximity to or inside the magnetic writer to heat the magnetic writer to reduce the HMS by controlled thermal expansion. By controlled heating of the writer, thermal expansion of the writer can be controlled to compensate for changes in fly height. One problem with this method is that a significant amount of current must flow through the heater element in order to generate enough heat to effect thermal protrusion.
Additionally, the current path must be designed such that current flowing through the heating element does not form a loop around the magnetic writer and generate a significant magnetic flux. If a significant magnetic flux is generated around the write pole by the heating element, the magnetic flux can result in either inadvertent writing to the magnetic media or inadvertent erasing of data already written to the magnetic media. To ensure that magnetic flux of the remnant write pole is not generated at the write pole, the current flowing in the single-layer heater element must pass along only one side of the via of the magnetic writer.

Two layer writer heater using writer as one current lead


The present invention provides a new Pictet-Spengler process useful for preparing tetrahydro-beta-carboline compounds.

A substantial body of evidence supports the relationship between 5-HT.sub.1c receptor modulation and a variety of diseases and conditions.
The 5-HT.sub.1c receptor subtype was first detected in choroid plexus epithelial cells and is the only 5HT receptor subtype expressed by these cells. Studies of the 5-HT.sub.1c receptor using radioligand binding have been complex due to the cross reactivity of the 5-HT.sub.1c receptor with the 5-HT.sub.1c receptor. The discovery of selective, high affinity compounds which discriminate between 5-HT.sub.1c and 5-HT.sub.2 has been an elusive and important target. Hartig et al., The 5-HT.sub.1c Receptor Annals New York Academy of Science 149, 159. Compounds with selective affinity for the 5-HT.sub.1c receptor can provide treatment for 5-HT.sub.1c -receptor-mediated conditions without the side effects associated with activity at the 5-HT.sub.2 receptor. Such compounds can simplify characterization of the 5-HT.sub.1c receptor and provide useful new therapeutic agents. In vitro, m-chlorophenylpiperazine (m-CPP) has a slightly higher affinity for the 5-HT.sub.1c sites than for other 5-HT receptors; however, prior to the present invention, there have been no known 5-HT.sub.1c selective ligands.
The activation of the 5-HT.sub.1c receptor has been associated with numerous behavioural and physiological effects. TiPS 11, 181 (May 1990). The 5HT.sub.1c receptors in the limbic system can affect mood, behavior, and hallucinogenesis. Hartig et al., The 5-HT.sub.1c Receptor Annals New York Academy of Science 149, 159. Modulation of the 5HT.sub.1c receptors has been associated with schizophrenia and schizophreniform disorders. Ugedo, L. et. al. Psychopharmacology, 98, 45 (1989); Canton H. et. al. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 191, 93 (1990). Hypothalamic 5-HT.sub.1c receptors can influence sleep, appetite, thermoregulation, sexual behavior, motor activity, and neuroendocrine function. Hartig et al., The 5-HT.sub.1c Receptor Annals New York Academy of Science 149, 159. Additionally, studies indicate that 5-HT.sub.1c receptors mediate hypoactivity, caused decreased feeding in rats, and have anxiogenic effects. Id. Studies have shown that drug-induced penile erections are 5-HT.sub.1c mediated. Psychopharmacology 101, 57 (1990). Likewise, 5-HT.sub.1c modulation can treat or prevent priapism.
Other studies have used m CPP to characterize responses associated with 5-HT.sub.1c receptors. Although responses to 5-HT.sub.1c are difficult to characterize by this method, the studies evince that 5-HT.sub.1c receptors influence the onset of anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorders, panic disorders, Gilles de la Tourette syndrome and migraine headaches. TiPS 11, 181 (May 1990). The studies indicate that the 5-HT.sub.1c receptor can be involved in Alzheimer's disease as well. Id. The 5-HT.sub.1c receptor is involved in the modulation of the balance of cerebrospinal fluid. Further, the 5-HT.sub.1c receptor is associated with the sensation of pain. Zemlan, F. P. et al. Neurochem. Int. 16, 507 (1990).
It would be advantageous to have compounds which would permit modulation of the 5-HT.sub.1c receptor. It would be particularly desirable to have compounds with high 5-HT.sub.1c receptor affinity and low 5-HT.sub.1c receptor affinity. It would be further advantageous to have compounds that minimize the effects of eating disorders, sexual disorders, and other disorders or conditions associated with 5-HT.sub.1c modulation.


In an example, a method to generate a visualization of data from a data source based on a contract includes applying a first reversible transform to data of a data source to generate a first intermediate data structure without modifying the data of the data source. The method includes applying a second reversible transform to the first intermediate data structure to generate a second intermediate data structure without modifying the data of the data source. At least one of the first intermediate data structure or the second intermediate data structure is in a format suitable to satisfy a contract. The method includes displaying a visualization of the data of the data source based on the contract satisfied by one or both of the first intermediate data structure or the second intermediate data structure. The displayed visualization has a visualization type specified by the contract.

Unless otherwise indicated herein, the materials described herein are not prior art to the claims in the present application and are not admitted to be prior art by inclusion in this section.
Some structured source data, e.g., of networks, organizations, or other structured source data, lends itself to representation in the form of a diagram or other visualization, such as a network diagram or an organizational chart. Some diagram applications allow users to generate visualizations on a computer based on the structured source data. For example, a user may manually create from the structured source data a diagram that depicts data objects and their relationships, e.g., by manually creating in a graphical drawing canvas graphical objects that represent the data objects and their relationships.
The subject matter claimed herein is not limited to implementations that solve any disadvantages or that operate only in environments such as those described above. Rather, this background is only provided to illustrate one example technology area where some implementations described herein may be practiced.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.


A swage mount is provided for attaching a head suspension assembly to a head actuator arm for a hard disk drive. The swage mount has a flange body with a thickness for providing clearance from the underlying disk. The swage mount may have a tip for in-plane movement. The tip may be ‘T’ shaped. The tip has a thickness that is greater than the thickness of the flange body for withstanding out-of-plane loads and for enhancing performance of the hard disk drive, for example, during reading/writing of data using the head. Mass properties of the swage mount, the twisting/bending yield load, modal frequency responses, and other performance metrics are analyzed to design the dimensions of the swage mount having favorable in-plane compliance and superior out-of-plane robustness.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to disk head assemblies for supporting read/write heads adjacent rotating disks in disk drives and more particularly, to a swage mount for attaching a head suspension assembly to a head actuator arm.
2. Description of Related Art
In hard disk drives, data are stored on surfaces of a plurality of rotatable disks mounted on a housing of the drive. Transducer heads that write data to and read data from the disk surfaces are supported by an actuator that positions the transducer heads in alignment with concentric data tracks defined on the disks. Each transducer head is attached to one end of a head suspension that is connected to an actuator arm that extends from the actuator body.
It has been common practice for hard disk drives to incorporate dual stage actuation swage mounts, for example, as shown in FIG. 1. FIG. 1 is a perspective illustration of a head suspension assembly 11 that may be connected to an actuator arm (not shown). The head suspension assembly may be swaged onto the actuator arm by inserting and swaging the hub 16 of a swage mount 15 into a hole in the actuator arm positioned above the disk. The head suspension assembly 11 may include a swage mount 12 having a flange portion 13 and a hub 16 surrounding an aperture of the flange portion 13 and extruding out of plane.
Primary actuation may be performed, for example, using a voice coil motor. In addition, at least one of a secondary actuation near the swage mount 15 or a direct movement of the head near the flexure 25 may be performed.
Piezoelectric transducers (PZTs) 17 may be provided as secondary actuators that mechanically position the head in a planar direction in response to applied electrical charge. The PZTs 17 actuate the head to move or vibrate in the x-z plane (see for example, the x, y and z axes shown in FIG. 3). The PZTs 17 may have conductive contacts 19. A hinge 21 may connect the swage mount 15 to a load beam 23 that acts as a spring that forces the head against the disk surface. A flexure 25 may be provided to locate the head, which is bonded underneath the flexure 25. The flexure 25 locates the head rigidly in the x-z plane while allowing the head to rotate about the x and z axes. In one embodiment, the head flies very close to the disk surface without contacting it in order to read and/or write very small magnetic bits. Rotation of the head maintains proper fly height and attitude.
In another embodiment, the swage mount 12 of FIG. 1 may extend into a tip (for example, with a 'T' shape) such that a stiffener 14 of the head suspension assembly 11 is eliminated, and the hinge 21 and the load beam 23 are welded to the tip as shown, for example in FIG. 2.
FIG. 2 is a top view illustration of a head suspension assembly 30 having a swage mount 31. The swage mount 31 has a flange portion 37 with a flange body 32 and a tip 33. A hub 35 extrudes out of plane from the flange body 32. The contacts 19 may connect the PZT 17 to a ground path. The contacts 19 may be epoxies for providing a conductive link between the swage mount 31 (for example, the 'T' shaped tip 33) and the PZTs 17.
FIG. 3 shows the swage mount 31 in isolation. The swage mount 31 includes a flange portion 37 having a flange body 32 and a tip 33. The tip 33 may be shaped, for example, similar to the letter 'T.' PZTs (similar to PZTs 17 discussed above with respect to FIG. 2) may be incorporated to bias the 'T' shaped tip 33 to deform substantially in-plane (in the x-z plane). As a result, positive or negative charges may be applied to the PZTs resulting in their expansion and/or contraction which then moves the head to align with the proper track for a read/write process on the underlying disk.
The swage mount 31 has a uniform thickness along the surface that extends from the flange portion 37 to the 'T' shaped tip 33. As the flange portion 37 and the tip 33 become thinner for providing additional clearance between the swage mount 31 and the disk underneath, the tip 33 becomes more susceptible to bending and/or twisting. The thin tip 33 lacks sufficient robustness for withstanding out-of-plane loads during shipping, handling, or assembly. Manufacturers in the art have sought to employ greater care in shipping, handling, or assembly methods, but such methods are costly and often ineffective in avoiding out-of-plane loads that cause permanent deformation of the swage mount and result in costly yield loss. Because the swage mounts known in the art have inadequate out-of-plane robustness, some manufacturers provide the swage mounts on a fret (a flat sheet for delivery of swage mounts) to help protect them, as shown in FIG. 4.
FIGS. 4-6 show swage mounts 31 with uniform thicknesses manufactured on a fret 39. A drawback of utilizing frets 39 is that the manufacturing process adds to processing and shipping costs. Manufacturing using frets 39 can also create cutting burrs and particles when the swage mount is removed from the strip along the trim line 34 before or after assembly. The burrs and particles have an adverse impact on drive reliability.
Beyond concerns involving shipping, handling, or assembly, the swage mounts known in the art suffer from poor drive performance. More particularly, the thin 'T' shaped tip 33 often has out-of-plane mechanical resonance modes that are too low in frequency and/or too high in amplitude, and has high displacements due to mechanical shock on the drive, resulting in poor drive performance.
There is a need in the art for a swage mount with higher manufacturing throughput and lower cost handling, shipping, and assembly in order to decrease the likelihood of permanent deformation of the swage mount or the tip. There is a need in the art for a swage mount that on the one hand, has a relatively thin flange body for providing sufficient clearance for the disk, and on the other hand, has a thicker tip with high out-of-plane yield robustness. Beyond shipping, handling, or assembly, it is critical for the tip to have favorable compliance in an in-plane direction (for example, along the x-z plane as shown in FIG. 3), yet robustness and high stiffness in an out-of-plane direction (for example, along the y axis as shown in FIG. 3) for high out-of-plane resonant frequencies, low out-of-plane resonant mode amplitudes, and small shock induced deformations, to achieve improved drive performance.


A Raman amplifier providing a wideband gain for use in a wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) optical communication system. In one embodiment, a first optical amplifier Raman amplifies a wavelength division multiplexed signal light in both a first wavelength band and a second wavelength band in accordance with a plurality of excitation (pumping) lights provided to the first optical amplifier, the first and second wavelength bands being different from each other. A divider divides the amplified signal light into first and second lights in the first and second wavelength bands, respectively. A second optical amplifier amplifies the first light and has a gain band in the first wavelength band. The third optical amplifier amplifies the second light and has a gain in the second wavelength band. In various embodiments, a gain equalizer and/or an optical isolator is used in combination with the first optical amplifier providing the Raman amplification. A controller is also provided to control the excitation lights provided to the first optical amplifier to achieve specific effects.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a Raman amplifier for wideband Raman amplification of wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) signal lights.
2. Description of the Related Art
In a wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) optical communication system, a plurality of signal lights at different wavelengths are multiplexed together, and then transmitted through a single optical fiber operating as an optical transmission line. Such a WDM optical communication system has a very high capacity for information transmission, and is currently being used as a basic technology for backbone networks supporting Internet services.
To transmit signal lights over long distances, optical amplifiers are positioned along the transmission line, to amplify the multiplexed signal lights. Such optical amplifiers include rare-earth element dope optical fiber amplifiers, such as erbium doped optical fiber amplifiers (EDFA), and Raman amplifiers.
In a WDM optical communication system using an optical amplifier, the maximum limit of optical transmission power is restricted by the degradation of light waveform and cross-talk caused by nonlinear optical effects in the transmission line.
Moreover, the minimum limit of optical transmission power is restricted by the deterioration of optical signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) caused by optical noise, e.g. amplitude stimulated emission light, generated by the optical amplifier.
For a high-capacity WDM optical communication system which multiplexes tens to hundreds of signal lights together, the use of Raman amplifiers together with EDFAs installed at intervals of several tens of kilometers is regarded as a promising technology to compensate for loss in the transmission line by reducing nonlinear optical effects and deterioration of optical SNR.
Various combinations of Raman amplifiers with EDFAs have been proposed, but such proposals do not consider the situation where the number of multiplexed signal lights at different wavelengths is further increased to thereby increase capacity of the system.

Optical amplifier for wide band Raman amplification of wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) signal lights


In a knit slide fastener in which a continuous fastener element row is knitted in a fastener element attaching marginal portion of each of fastener tapes simultaneously with the knitting of the fastener tape, the fastener element attaching marginal portion includes a plurality of parallel binding chain stitch yarns extending longitudinally of the marginal portion for holding the fastener element row to the marginal portion. One of the binding chain stitch yarns, which is adjacent to coupling heads of fastener elements, is larger in size than the remaining binding stitch yarns.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a knit slide fastener in which a coiled fastener element row is continuously knitted in a fastener element attaching marginal portion longitudinal on warp-knit slide fastener tapes simultaneously with the knitting of the slide fastener tape, and more particularly to a knit slide fastener having a fastener element attaching structure that can prevent coupled fastener element rows from any accidental split due to a large bending force and thrusting force exerted on the slide fastener.
2. Description of the Related Art
In one type of conventional knit slide fastener, as disclosed in, for example, Japanese Patent Publication No. Sho 38-11673, each of fastener tapes is knitted of chain stitch yarns and laid-in weft threads, and a fastener element row of a coiled nylon monofilament is knitted in the chain stitches of the fastener tape simultaneously with the knitting of the fastener tape. In another type of conventional knit slide fastener, as disclosed in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,035,125, each of fastener tapes is knit of chain stitch yarns and laid-in weft threads, and a fastener element row of a plastic monofilament is knitted in a longitudinal marginal portion of the tape simultaneously with the knitting of the fastener tape in such a manner that the laid-in weft threads are interlaced with the wales of chain stitches extending over upper legs of fastener elements so as to press the upper legs toward the tape and also with the wale of chain stitches extending over lower legs of the fastener elements so as to press the lower legs against the tape.
With the first-named type knit slide fastener, since the fastener elements are held by sinker loops of chain stitch yarns of the ground structure of the fastener tape, dimensional stability cannot be achieved due to the longitudinal expansion and shrinkage of the chain stitches and hence smooth coupling of the fastener elements cannot be realized. With the second-named type knit slide fastener, in which the laid-in weft thread projecting into the longitudinal marginal portion of the fastener tape is interlaced with the needle loops of the chain stitch yarns, since the needle loop rows of the two binding chain stitch yarns extending over the fastener element row are arranged merely in parallel in such a manner that the individual needle loops are successively arranged in each binding chain stitch yarn, the longitudinal marginal portion of the fastener tape tends to expand and shrink so that firm attaching of the fastener element row cannot be achieved. And since the needle loops of the parallel binding chain stitch yarns tend to be displaced sideways, it is impossible to attach the fastener element row in a stable posture so that smooth coupling of the fastener elements cannot be realized, thus causing the coupled fastener element rows to accidentally split during using.
Further, in the knit slide fastener disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,035,125, the binding yarns are larger in size than the knitting yarns of the ground structure of the fastener tape. In either of the first- and second-named conventional knit slide fasteners, all the yarns for binding chain stitches have the same size and are merely knit in parallel chain stitches. Therefore adjacent binding chain stitch yarns tend to move on the leg of the fastener element. Particularly when a thrusting force is exerted perpendicularly on the fastener surface of the slide fastener or a force so as to separate the fastener tapes apart is exerted on the slide fastener, the coupling heads of the opposed fastener element rows are pulled by each other to project a further extent from the marginal portions of the fastener tapes so that the coupled fastener element rows tend to split apart.


A kit for implanting a glenoid component in one embodiment includes a retroversion glenoid component including a generally flat glenoid bone contacting surface defining a first plane, a first offset peg extending away from the glenoid bone contacting surface, a concave articulating surface, an upper surface extending about the concave articulating surface and generally opposite to the glenoid bone contacting surface, the upper surface defining a second plane, the second plane angled with respect to the first plane, and a drill guide configured to guide a drill in forming a bore in a scapula to receive the first offset peg.

As depicted in FIG. 1, a typical shoulder or glenohumeral joint is formed in a human body where the humerus 10 movably contacts the scapula 12. The scapula 12 includes a glenoid fossa 14 that forms a socket against which the head of the humerus 10 articulates. At this socket, the scapula 12 includes cartilage 16 that facilitates such articulation. Beneath the cartilage is subchondral bone 18 that forms a wall of a glenoid vault 20 that defines a cavity which contains cancellous bone 22. The subchondral bone 18 that forms the glenoid vault 20 defines a glenoid rim 24 at a periphery of the glenoid vault 20 that is attached to the cartilage 16. During the lifetime of a patient, the glenoid fossa 14 may become worn, especially at its posterior and/or superior portions thereby causing severe shoulder pain and limiting the range of motion of the patient's shoulder joint. To alleviate such pain and increase the patient's range of motion, a shoulder arthroplasty may be performed. Arthroplasty is the surgical replacement of one or more bone structures of a joint with one or more prostheses.
Shoulder arthroplasty often involves replacement of the glenoid fossa of the scapula with a prosthetic glenoid component. The conventional glenoid component typically provides a generally laterally or outwardly facing generally concave bearing surface against which a prosthetic humeral head (or, alternatively, the spared natural humeral head in the case of a glenoid hemi-arthroplasty) may bear during operation of the joint. The conventional glenoid component typically also includes a generally medially or inwardly projecting stem for fixing the glenoid component in a cavity constructed by suitably resecting the glenoid fossa 14 and suitably resecting cancellous bone 22 from the glenoid vault 20.
The goal of shoulder arthroplasty is to restore normal kinematics to the shoulder. Accordingly, known systems attempt to replicate the normal kinematics by carefully controlling the geometry of the articulating surfaces in the joint as well as the positioning of the prostheses in the bones in which the prostheses are implanted. Thus, the articulating surface of a humeral component is typically spherical and positioning of the humeral component is accomplished by using the anatomical neck of the humerus as the reference plane for reconstruction of the humeral head.
In known systems, the glenoid component is positioned in the geometric center of the glenoid fossa. The geometric center is established by generating a line from the most superior point of the glenoid rim to the most inferior point of the glenoid rim ("Saller's line"). A second line is generated between the most posterior point of the glenoid rim and the most anterior point of the glenoid rim. The intersection of the two generated lines is considered to be the geometric center of the area circumscribed by the glenoid rim. By way of example, FIG. 2 depicts a sagittal view of the scapula 12. In FIG. 2, Saller's line 30 extends between the most superior point 32 of the glenoid rim 24 and the most inferior point 34 of the glenoid rim 24. A second line 36 extends from the most posterior point 38 of the glenoid rim 24 and the most anterior point 40 of the glenoid rim. The geometric center 42 of the glenoid fossa 14 is located at the intersection of the line 36 and Saller's line 30. As used herein, the terms anterior, posterior, superior, and inferior, unless otherwise specifically described, are used with respect to the orientation of the scapula 12 as depicted in FIG. 2.
Depending upon the particular morphology of an individual, preparing a glenoid to receive an implant once the desired location for the implant is determined can be problematic. One particularly difficult morphology is referred to as "glenoid retroversion." In glenoid retroversion, the glenoid fossa has experienced uneven deterioration. Since known glenoid components are configured to be implanted upon a level base of bone, significant surface preparation is required before the glenoid component can be implanted. In some approaches, a bone graft is used to even out the glenoid fossa so that a desired orientation of a glenoid implant can be achieved. Using a bone grafting procedure, however, is typically a two-stage procedure which complicates the implant procedure.
In another approach, the area of the glenoid fossa in which the implant is to be implanted is simply planarized to the level of the deepest defect and a thicker glenoid implant is used to achieve the desired position for the articulating surface of the glenoid component. While effective, this approach necessitates removal of a large amount of bone.
There remains a need for a glenoid component that allows for establishing normal kinematics. There is a further need for a technique, instrumentation, and implant that facilitates positioning of such a component. A glenoid component that can be positioned in a manner that reduces the amount of bone that is required to be removed without overly complicating the implant procedure is also needed.

Device and method for retroversion correction for shoulder arthroplasty


Provided is a duplex printer and method of duplex printing. The duplex printer and method of printing includes a paper feeding belt that is vertically installed to form a first vertical surface; a photosensitive drum that is installed to contact the first vertical surface; and a transfer roller that is installed to contact an other surface of the first vertical surface contacting the photosensitive drum to transfer a toner image from the photosensitive drum onto a sheet of paper, which is supplied between the photosensitive drum and the paper feeding belt. A back surface feeding path of the paper is formed at an opposite side of the photosensitive drum in the paper feeding belt, and the paper is conveyed closely adhered to a surface of the paper feeding belt in the back surface feeding path of the paper.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a duplex printer that prints images on both surfaces of a sheet of paper. More particularly, the present invention relates to a photoelectrographic printer for duplex printing, which uses a paper conveying belt for conveying the paper when a front surface and a back surface of the document are printed.
2. Description of the Related Art
In general, a printer using an electrophotographic method is a device that forms an electrostatic latent image by irradiating light on a photosensitive medium charged to a predetermined electric potential, develops the electrostatic latent image with a toner of a predetermined color using a developing apparatus, and transfers and fixes the image on a sheet of paper to print a mono-color image or full-color image.
The electrophotographic printer can be classified into a wet type and a dry type electrophotographic printer according to a type of developer. The wet type electrophotographic printer uses a developer in which liquid carrier includes distributed powder toner. The dry type electrophotographic printer uses a binary developer including a powder type carrier and a toner or a unitary developer including the toner only. Hereinafter, the dry type electrophotographic printer will be described, and the developer will be referred to as toner.
In order to print a full-color image, yellow (Y), magenta (M), cyan (C), and black (K) toner colors are required, thus four developing devices that develop the four color toners are required. To form a full-color image, two methods can be used. The first is a single path method, wherein a transfer substance passes through photosensitive substances on which four color images are formed and the color images on the photosensitive substances are sequentially transferred. The second is a multi-path method, in which when a transfer substance passes through photosensitive substances, an image on the photosensitive substances is transferred from only one photosensitive substance and the transferring process is repeated to form a full-color image. In both methods, four developing devices are required.
To print a color image, the multi-path method requires a processing time four times longer than for printing a mono-color image, however, the structure of a printing apparatus is simple. On the other hand, in the single-path method, the printing time to print a mono-color image or a full-color image is same, and color printing can be performed with high speed.
FIG. 1 is a schematic view illustrating a conventional electrophotographic image forming apparatus using the single-path method.
Referring to FIG. 1, the image forming apparatus includes a light scanning unit 20 that scans light onto a photosensitive drum 10, which is charged to a predetermined electric potential, to form an electrostatic latent image, four developing devices 30 that develop the electric latent image with four color toners (Y, M, C, and K) to form toner images on the photosensitive drums 10, a feeding belt 40 that conveys a sheet of paper, on which the toner images of four colors formed on the photosensitive drums 10 are transferred sequentially, and a fusing device 50 that fixes the image onto the paper by heating and pressing the paper on which the toner images are transferred. A paper feeding cassette 60 that feeds the paper (P) is installed to be input in and output from a main body of the image forming apparatus, and the paper placed on the paper feeding cassette 60 enters a printing path by a pickup roller 70. A developing roller 31 is disposed on a front end of the developing device 30, and the developing roller 31 develops the latent image on the photosensitive drum 10. The photosensitive drum 10 and the developing devices 30 are disposed horizontally, and perform the color printing process in the single-path method to form a compact type image forming apparatus. Reference numeral 11 denotes transfer rollers corresponding to the photosensitive drums to transfer the toner images on the photosensitive drums on the paper (P). A voltage having different polarity from that of a toner is applied to the transfer rollers 11.
On the other hand, U.S. Published Application Ser. No. 2003/108359, which is incorporated herein by reference, discloses a duplex printer, in which a single printing path and a duplex printing path are formed using guide plates. In this case, a transfer process is performed in a horizontal direction, and a space for a plurality of photosensitive drums is required to perform color printing. Thus, it is difficult to construct a compact color printer. Also, the above duplex printer has a complex structure that includes upper and lower plates, which guide the paper for making the paths for printing on a back surface of a sheet of paper, a roller for conveying the paper between the plates, and a gear train for actuating the roller.
Therefore, it is desirable that the color printing is performed on a vertical plane to make a compact duplex printer, and a paper feeding belt as shown in FIG. 1 can be used.


A bridal accessory apparatus is comprised of an enclosure capable of holding therein important personal items such as cosmetics, facial tissues and mints in a secure fashion and further being capable of removable attachment to conventional bridal bouquet holders of the prior art. The enclosure is sized to remain hidden behind the head member of such bouquet holders when suspended from the neck region thereof using a variety of attachment means. Thusly positioned, the subject apparatus is relatively hidden from view by wedding guests and photographers and may be inconspicuously carried by members of the bridal party during the wedding ceremony, photograph sessions, and other critical time periods during the wedding day. Means for preventing axial displacement of the enclosure along the handle of the bouquet holder are also described. In another embodiment, the bouquet holder itself is modified to retain those items of importance to the bridal party.

The subject invention relates to an accessory item for members of a bridal party, in general, and to a decorative temporary storage apparatus for use with bouquets intended to be carried by hand, in particular.
During the course of a wedding day members of the bridal party, comprised of the bride-to-be, maid or matron of honor and bridesmaids, almost certainly find themselves in circumstances where access to their purse or handbag is impractical or impossible. A few such circumstances, for instance, are immediately prior to and during the wedding ceremony, during photographic sessions, and during their introduction at the wedding reception. Ironically, it is during these critical time periods when bridal party members will want to look and feel their best, but access to the articles within their handbags, such as lipstick and other makeup items, facial tissues, a small mirror, breath mints and the like, is limited. Some brides have even been known to want smelling salts close by during what may be considered a highly stressful, albeit happy event.
Rather than a handbag and the essentials carried therein, members of the bridal party will typically be in possession of a flower bouquet during most of the day. The bouquet is usually held with both hands at approximately elbow level in front of the carrier. In many instances, flowers are suspended in a cascading fashion from the head of the bouquet holder. The construction of a conventional hand held flower bouquet holder is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,070,644 issued to Hasty in 1991, as comprising a head with an element for holding the stems of a bouquet of flowers and an elongate, rigid, plastic handle for holding the bouquet. Numerous variations of this general design have been taught in the prior art such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,204,365 issued to Hirvi in 1980 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,566,221 issued to Kossin in 1986. The Hirvi reference teaches, inter alia, a bouquet holder having a flexible handle which conforms to the hand of its holder. The Kossin reference teaches a holder having a head adapted with moisture retention and flower stem retention means. Numerous other variations of this basic design may also be found in the prior art.
It is clear that a significant need exists among members of a bridal party for carrying essential personal items in an inconspicuous manner during the wedding ceremony and at other important times during the wedding day, and without interfering with the carrying of their wedding bouquets.
The subject invention meets the needs of bridal party members by providing a means for carrying necessary personal items during the wedding day in an inconspicuous manner. More particularly, the subject bridal accessory apparatus is comprised of an enclosure capable of holding therein important personal items in a secure fashion and further being capable of temporary attachment to conventional bridal bouquet holders of the prior art. The enclosure is sized to remain hidden behind the head member of such bouquet holders when suspended from the neck region thereof using a variety of attachment means. Thusly positioned, the subject apparatus is relatively hidden from view by wedding guests and photographers. Means for preventing axial displacement of the enclosure along the handle of the bouquet holder are also described herein. In another embodiment, the bouquet holder itself is modified to retain those items of importance to the bridal party.
There has thus been outlined, rather broadly, the more important features of the invention in order that the detailed description thereof that follows may be better understood, and in order that the present contribution to the art may be better appreciated. There are, of course, additional features of the invention that will be described hereinafter and which will form the subject matter of the claims appended hereto. In this respect, before explaining at least one embodiment of the invention in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details of construction and to the arrangements of the components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings. The invention is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced and carried out in various ways. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology employed herein are for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting. As such, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the conception, upon which this disclosure is based, may readily be utilized as a basis for the designing of other structures, methods and systems for carrying out the several purposes of the present invention. It is important, therefore, that the claims be regarded as including such equivalent constructions insofar as they do not depart from the spirit and scope of the present invention.
Further, the purpose of the foregoing abstract is to enable the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and the public generally, and especially the scientists, engineers and practitioners in the art who are not familiar with patent or legal terms or phraseology, to determine quickly from a cursory inspection the nature and essence of the technical disclosure of the application. The abstract is neither intended to define the invention of the application, which is measured by the claims, nor is it intended to be limiting as to the scope of the invention in any way.
It is, therefore, a primary object of the subject invention to provide a bridal accessory apparatus capable of holding therein items of importance to bridal party members such as cosmetics, facial tissues, a compact mirror, mints, and the like.
Another primary object of the subject invention is provide means for carrying the above items in an inconspicuous manner, such that the apparatus as a whole is essentially hidden from view by wedding guests and photographers, but which is fashionably designed so as to serve as a keepsake item for the bride and bridesmaids.
It is also an object of the present invention to provide a bridal accessory apparatus having means for removable attachment to conventional bouquet holders.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a bridal accessory apparatus having means for preventing axial displacement of the apparatus along the handle of a bouquet holder.
Still another object of the present invention is to provide a bridal accessory apparatus that is simple in its construction and therefore easily manufactured in mass quantities and relatively inexpensive to the consumer.
These together with other objects of the invention, along with the various features of novelty which characterize the invention, are pointed out with particularity in the claims annexed to and forming a part of this disclosure. For a better understanding of the invention, its advantages and the specific objects attained by its uses, reference should be had to the accompanying drawings and descriptive matter in which there is illustrated preferred embodiments of the invention.


A hydro-active scrubber and reactor (HSR) system and apparatus is disclosed that includes a main body, an inlet configured to receive a first fluid medium comprised of pollutant particles, and a nozzle configured to dispense a second fluid medium within the main body. In addition, the HSR system and apparatus may also include a cylindrical body or hydro-vortex generator within the main body having a plurality of horizontally positioned rods projecting therefrom, wherein the cylindrical body further comprises a plurality of openings. Further, the HSR system and apparatus can include a motor configured to rotate the cylindrical body thereby directing the first and second fluid mediums through the cylindrical body. In addition, a first area within the main body can receive the pollutant particles from the first fluid medium, and a first outlet within the main body can be configured to direct the received pollutant particles out of the main body.

This section is intended to introduce the reader to aspects of art that may be related to various aspects of the present disclosure described herein, which are described and/or claimed below. This discussion is believed to be helpful in providing the reader with background information to facilitate a bet-ter understanding of the various aspects of the present disclosure described herein. Accordingly, it should be understood that these statements are to be read in this light, and not as admissions of prior art.
Exhaust gases are generated in many industrial and transportation applications. Environmental concerns as well as industrial consequences of release of pollutants or contaminants require their elimination or reduction. There are many examples of specific instances where a scrubber is desirable for removing elements from exhaust gases. For example, it may be desired to remove gaseous and fine particulate matter contaminants, odorous compounds and other undesirable elements from exhaust gases emanating from combustion of fossil fuels, whether they be gas, fuel oil, diesel oil, or other petroleum products. Further, in some instances, the use of a water scrubbing medium is also desired to discourage or eliminate spark emission.
Devices currently in use for removal of pollutants include cyclones, bag filters, electrostatic precipitators, and high energy scrubbers. A common method of scrubbing, for example, exhaust gases, is to spray a scrubbing medium, such as water, across the exhaust gas passage, or to force the exhaust gases through a continuously fed curtain of water, or along a channel with wetted sides. However, the conventional methods and systems for scrubbing exhaust gases are highly inefficient and further have high capital costs and high energy and maintenance costs.
One device that utilizes the shedding vortex is a dynamic mandrel catalytic reactor. The mandrel catalytic reactor employs a different methodology then that of the disclosure described herein, namely, among other reasons, the rotating mandrel is plated with a catalyst and the shifting vortex specifically manipulates flow to interact with its self/same surface (i.e. the notion of a mandrel which is to hold an object in a shape or fixture so that work may be performed on it). The mandrel holds the catalyst in a preferred shape such that the shifting vortex may do the work of sweeping the surface of the catalyst plated mandrel clean in order that the mandrel surface may be as reactive to the flow past it as possible. The problem with this method is that all moving surfaces exposed to fluid develop a boundary layer that insulates the same surfaces from being acted upon.
Hence, what is needed is a more efficient and effective method of cleaning or scrubbing various fluids, gasses, pollutants, and contaminants.


Some implementations feature a mast stabilizing device that includes a mast comprising a first portion and a second portion, a sensor coupled to the first portion of the mast, and a pivot structure coupled to the mast. The pivot structure is configured to allow the mast to pivot in the mast stabilizing device. The mast is coupled to the pivot structure so as to pivot along a pivot portion of the mast. The mast stabilizing device also includes a mass coupled to the second portion of the mast. The mass is configured to counteract a force applied to the first portion of the mast. The mast stabilizing device further includes a platform coupled to the pivot structure, the platform configured to operate on a body of water. In some implementations, the pivot structure is a gimbal device.

1. Field
Various features relate to a mast stabilizing device.
2. Background
Masts are used to hold antennas or sensors aloft in terrestrial (e.g., ground) applications. The range of a sensor attached to a mast is limited by the height of the mast itself. As a result, a higher/longer mast results in a longer range of the sensor. The mast can be a single piece or can be constructed from telescoping sections. Masts are subject to various forces. One type of force that a mast is subject to is wind (e.g., wind loading). Wind loading produces a moment that must be reacted. Typically, the longer the mast, the higher the force (e.g., from wind loading) that may be applied on the mast. FIG. 1 conceptually illustrates how a force (e.g., from wind) may be applied on a mast. As shown in FIG. 1, a mast 100 is coupled to a ground 102. The mast 100 is further coupled to a sensor 104. A force is applied through the length of the mast 100 and the sensor 104. This force may be a force from wind loading. This force produces a moment at the point where the mast 100 and the ground 102 are coupled.
To counteract and/or react to the moment that is generated, a mast, shown in FIG. 2, may be built in a guy-wired supported system 200 or a freestanding structure 202. In a guy-wire supported system, the mast is only required to react to the vertical load. This approach has an advantage in that the mast can be a much simpler structure than a freestanding structure (e.g., freestanding tower). The primary disadvantage of a guy-wired system over a freestanding structure is the large ground area required for the guy wires. Although the freestanding structure requires less ground area than a guy-wire supported mast, the freestanding structure requires a significant foundation, such as poured concrete footers, to react to the wind load generated moment.
Sensors mounted on terrestrial (e.g., ground) type masts attached to moving platforms, such as a ship, suffer signal degradation due to the motion. That is, the data captured by the sensor attached to a moving platform can be inaccurate. There are means that can be used, such as gyroscopically stabilized platforms, to counter act the motion of the platform. FIG. 3 illustrates an example of a gyroscopically stabilized platform 300 known in the art. A gyroscopically stabilized system can provide precise positioning for high gain antennas, but such systems consume power and have a higher failure rate than a purely passive system. In addition, gyroscopically stabilized systems have higher costs than purely passive systems.
Therefore, there is a need for a mast stabilizing device that can reduce/minimize the effects of motion on a mast coupled to a moveable platform and/or moveable structure, such as boats, ships, or buoys.


This invention describes reagent precursors and methods for chemical and biochemical reactions. These reagent precursors that can be activated in solution upon irradiation to generate reagents required for the subsequent chemical reactions. Specifically, photogenerated reagents (PGR) are useful for controlling parallel combinatorial synthesis and various chemical and biochemical reactions.

The present invention relates to the field of chemical and biochemical reactions. More specifically, the present invention relates to the use of photogenerated reagents (PGR) for use in parallel synthesis and assay of a plurality of organic and bio-organic molecules on a substrate surface in accordance with a predetermined spatial distribution pattern. Methods and apparatus of the present invention are useful for preparing and assaying very-large-scale arrays of DNA and RNA oligonucleotides, peptides, oligosacchrides, phospholipids and other biopolymers and biological samples on a substrate surface.
Development of modern medicine, agriculture, and materials imposes enormous demands on technological and methodological progress to accelerate sample screening in chemical and biological analysis. Development of parallel processes on a micro-scale is critical to the progress. Many advances have been made in this area using parallel synthesis, robotic spotting, inkjet printing, and microfluidics (Marshall et al., Nature Biotechnol. 16, 27-31 (1998)). Continued efforts are sought for more reliable, flexible, faster, and inexpensive technologies.
For high-throughput screening applications, a promising approach is the use of molecular microarray (MMA) chips, specifically biochips containing high-density arrays of biopolymers immobilized on solid surfaces. These biochips are becoming powerful tools for exploring molecular genetic and sequence information (Marshall et al., Nature Biotechnol. 16, 27-31 (1998) and Ramsay, Nature Biotechnol. 16, 40-44 (1998)). Target molecules have been hybridized to DNA oligonucleotides and cDNA probes on biochips for determining nucleotide sequences, probing multiplex-interactions of nucleic acids, identifying gene mutations, monitoring gene expression, and detecting pathogens (Schena, et al., Science 270, 467460 (1995); Lockhart et al., Nature Biotechnol. 14, 1675-1680; Weiler, Nucleic Acids Res. 25, 2792-2799 (1997); de Saizieu et al., Nature Biotechnol. 16, 45-48 (1998); Drmanc et al., Nature Biotechnol. 16, 54-58 (1998)). The continued development of biochip technology will have a significant impact on the fields of biology, medicine, and clinical diagnosis.
Light-directed on-chip parallel synthesis has been used in the fabrication of very-large-scale oligonucleotide arrays with up to one million sequences on a single chip. Two major methods have been disclosed: synthesis using photolabile-group protected monomers (Pirrung et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,143,854 (1992); Fodor et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,424,186 (1995)) and synthesis using chemical amplification chemistry (Beecher et al., PCT Publication No. WO 98/20967 (1997)). Both methods involve repetitive steps of deprotection, monomer coupling, oxidation, and capping. Photomasks are used to achieve selective light exposure in predetermined areas of a solid substrate surface, on which oligonucleotide arrays are synthesized.
For the synthesis process involving photolabile-protecting groups, the photolabile-protecting groups are cleaved from the reactant, i.e., the 5′-O of the growing oligonucleotide molecules in illuminated surface areas while in non-illuminated surface areas the protecting groups on oligonucleotide molecules are not affected. The substrate surface is subsequently contacted with a solution containing monomers having an unprotected first reactive center and a second reactive center protected by a photolabile-protecting group. In the illuminated surface areas, monomers couple via the unprotected first reactive center with the deprotected oligonucleotide molecules. However, in the non-illuminated surface areas oligonucleotides remain protected with the photolabile-protecting groups and, therefore, no coupling reaction takes place. The resulting oligonucleotide molecules after the coupling are protected by photolabile protecting groups on the second reactive center of the monomer. Therefore, one can continue the above photo-activated chain propagation reaction until all desired oligonucleotides are synthesized.
There are significant drawbacks in the method involving photolabile-protecting groups: (a) the chemistry used is non-conventional and the availability of building blocks is limited (only DNA oligonucleotides are now routinely made); (b) the method is not applicable to the synthesis of other types of organic molecules due to the unavailability of the photolabile protected building blocks; (c) the method suffers from low sequence fidelity due to inherent low efficiency of the photoreaction used and requirement of 100% deprotection efficiency.
The method of using chemical amplification chemistry has its limitations as well: (a) The method requires application of a polymer/photoresist layer and is not suitable for routine solution reactions since there is no measure provided for separating sites of reaction on a solid surface; (b) in certain circumstances, destructive chemical conditions required for pre- and post-heating and stripping the polymer/photoresist layer cause the decomposition of oligonucleotides on solid surfaces; (c) the entire process is labor intensive and difficult to automate due to the requirement for many cycles (up to 80 cycles if 20-mers are synthesized) of photoresist coating, heating, alignment, fight exposure and stripping; (d) the method is not applicable to a broad range of biochemical reactions or biological samples to which chemical amplification reagents are applied since embedding of biological samples in such a polymer/photoresist layer may be prohibitive.
Additional limitations are linked to the use of photomasks in the above two methods: (a) Setup for making a new chip is expensive and time consuming due to a large number of photomasks that have to be made; (b) photolithography equipment is expensive and complicated, and thus, can not be accessed by many interested users; (c) photolithography processes have to be conducted in an expensive cleanroom facility and require trained technical personnel. These limitations undermine the applications of oligonucleotide chips and the development of the various MMA-chips.
Recently a new method for producing biopolymers on biochips and microarrays has been developed. U.S. Pat. No. 6,426,184 describes an apparatus and methods for synthesizing and assays of arrays of biopolymers utilizing PGRs. These PGRs are useful in the synthesis and assays of arrays of biopolymers by virtue of the fact that the precursors of these reagents can be used in conventional synthesis reactions to produce biopolymers with high yield or that the precursors of these reagents can be used in conventional reaction conditions to induce changes in reaction conditions. The production of the PGRs is accomplished by the irradiation of these PGR precursors, which undergo photolytic reaction upon irradiation to produce product or intermediate that can be utilized in synthesis and other chemical reactions.
While not intended for solution reactions, there are ample examples of PGR-P compounds, which are used as polymerization initiators and as reagents used in chemical amplification reactions of photoresists (a polymer matrix). These processes are fundamental to microelectronic fabrication of semiconductor industries. Examples of PGR-P compounds are photogenerated acid precursors (PGA-P) that yield H+ in the form of carboxylic acids, phosphate acids, sulfate acids, and hydrohalogen acids. PGA-P may also be Lewis acids, forming complexes, such as MmXn (m and n are number of atoms). Examples of PGR-P compounds also include photogenerated base precursors (PGB-P) that yield a base, such as an amine, a hydroxide or the like, upon irradiation. References for such compounds may be found in Süs et al., Liebigs Ann. Chem. 556, 65-84 (1944); Hisashi Sugiyama et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,158,855 (1997); Cameron et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 113, 4303-4313 (1991); Frechet, Pure & Appl. Chem. 64, 1239-1248 (1992); Patchornik et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 92, 6333-6335 (1970). PGA-P compounds have been widely used for many years in printing and microelectronics industries as a component in photoresist formulations (Willson, in "Introduction to microlithography", Thompson et al. Eds., Am. Chem. Soc.: Washington D.C., (1994)). A specific example of a PGA-P is triarylsulfonium hexafluoroantiimonate derivatives (Dektar et al. J. Org. Chem. 53, 1835-1837 (1988); Welsh et al., J. Org. Chem. 57, 4179-4184 (1992); DeVoe et al. Advances in Photochemistry 17, 313-355 (1992)). This compound-belongs to a family of onium salts, which undergo photodecompositions, either directly or sensitized, to form free radical species and finally produce diarylsulfides and H+.
The PGA chemical amplification reaction has recently been modified and applied to an imaging process (acid amplified imaging or AAI, Marshall et al. Science 297, 1516 (2002)). In these solid-phase reactions, sensitizer dyes, super sensitizer, iodonium photo-acid generator, and amplifier reagents are present in thin layers with or without the presence of a polymer matrix, such as polystyrene (the binder). It is believed that the AAI reagents are not dissolved in the polymer. Light irradiation activates sensitizers which react with iodonium photo acid generator to produce primary H+. The light activated reaction is accelerated under after heating the thin layers of the AAI reagents to high temperature (140° C.). The system can be stabilized after the AAI reactions by light bleaching the sensitizers, reducing the iodonium salts using hydroquinone reducing agents (fixer), and base neutralizing the acid generated.
The PGA compounds have been shown in solution reactions to be effective for parallel synthesis of microarrays of oligonucleotides and peptides (Gao et al. Nucleic Acids Res. 29, 4744-4750 (2001); Pellois et al., Nature Biotechnol. 20, 922-926 (2002)).


A retainer ring is provided for use in conjunction with Chemical Mechanical Polishing apparatus which polishing is used to polish a substrate. Particularly, the retainer ring includes an inner surface defining a retainer area, an outer surface, a front surface extending between the inner and outer surface, the front surface being in contact with the polishing pad during polishing and a transition region between the outer surface and the front surface. A CMP apparatus which includes at least a ring having the above features is also provided for.

Typically, an integrated circuit includes electronic components, such as transistors, capacitors, or the like, integrated into a thin wafer/substrate of semiconductor material, e.g. silicon. Additional materials are deposited and patterned to form interconnections between the electronic components.
During the fabrication process, it may be necessary or desirable to perform one or more planarization processes on the wafer/substrate in order to achieve an atomically-smooth and damage-free surface at feature level. A commonly accepted process to achieve the flat surface involves Chemical Mechanical Polishing/Planarization (CMP). CMP is a process for material removal that uses chemical and mechanical mechanisms to produce a planar mirror-like wafer surface for subsequent processing. This process typically requires that the wafer/substrate be mounted on a carrier or polishing head of a CMP apparatus. The exposed surface of the substrate is placed against a rotating polishing disk pad or belt pad covered at least partially by slurry. A polishing slurry, including at least one chemically-reactive agent and abrasive particles if a standard pad is used, is supplied to the surface of the polishing pad. Both continual slurry movement and constant abrasion by the disk pad of the apparatus lead to a polished wafer surface. The carrier head provides a nominally uniform controllable load on the wafer/substrate to push it against the polishing pad. The carrier head has a retainer ring which holds the substrate in place during polishing.


A method for obtaining diagnostic information about a region of a living being, the region having a medical device with a radiopaque portion disposed therein. An X-ray beam having a first energy level in excess of the K-absorption edge of the radiopaque portion of the medical device is directed at the region to obtain a first image information and radiographically locate the medical device within the living being and an X-ray beam having second energy level at or below the K-absorption edge is applied to the region to obtain a second image information.

Stents are placed or implanted within a blood vessel for treating stenoses, strictures or aneurysms therein. They are implanted to reinforce collapsing, partially occluded, weakened, or dilated sections of a blood vessel. They have also been implanted in other bodily vessels including arteries, veins, biliary ducts, urethras, fallopian tubes, bronchial tubes, the trachea and the esophagus.
Stents are typically either self-expanding or mechanically expandable via the application of radially outward force from within the stent, as by inflation of a balloon. Hybrid stents, e.g., stents which are both self-expanding and mechanically expandable are also known.
Stents may be produced from a wide variety of materials. Typically, radiopaque materials are incorporated into stents to facilitate visualizing them as they are delivered to desired bodily locations. The radiopaque material may be provided in the form of a coating, in the form of one or more marker bands which are attached to the stent or may be incorporated into the basic structure of the stent as by blending a radiopaque metal with a structural metal. The entirety of the stent may be radiopaque or only desired portions of the stent may be radiopaque, for example, the proximal and distal ends of the stent. In the case of a bifurcated stent, it may be desirable for the region of sidebranch access to be radiopaque.
While rendering regions of a stent radiopaque facilitates imaging the stent during delivery, the radiopacity of the stent may hinder visualizing the contents of the stent subsequent to expansion of the stent. Visualizing flow of a bodily fluid through a stent may be necessary in cases where restenosis has occurred subsequent to implantation of the stent. The darkness of the radiopaque region of the stent obscures the contents of the stent from the fluoroscopic image.
There remains a need to provide novel methods of imaging stents which allow for viewing the stent under fluoroscopy but which also allow for visualizing the contents of the stent.
All U.S. patents, applications and all other published documents mentioned anywhere in this application are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
Without limiting the scope of the invention, a brief summary of the claimed embodiments of the invention is set forth below. Additional details of the summarized embodiments of the invention and/or additional embodiments of the invention maybe found in the Detailed Description of the Invention below.
A brief abstract of one or more embodiments of the invention is provided as well for the purposes of complying with 37 C.F.R. 1.72.

Customized material for improved radiopacity


A terminal includes a first sliding cover and a second sliding cover disposed opposite to each other, and a sliding structure disposed between the first sliding cover and the second sliding cover. The sliding structure includes a first substrate and a second substrate that can slide relative to each other in a sliding direction, a first groove is provided on a first side of the first substrate, a second groove is provided on a second side opposite to the first side, a first spring is disposed at an opening of the first groove, and a second spring is disposed at an opening of the second groove.

A slide is a movable mechanical member that is widely used, and enables a device to be opened and folded. In a conventional slide phone, a process in which an upper sliding cover and a lower sliding cover slide relative to each other is generally implemented also by disposing a sliding structure.
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an existing slide phone. As shown in FIG. 1, a sliding structure is disposed between an upper sliding cover 120 and a lower sliding cover 140 of the phone, and the upper sliding cover 120 and the lower sliding cover 140 can slide relative to each other by using the sliding structure. When the upper sliding cover 120 and the lower sliding cover 140 are slidably opened, a keyboard may be exposed for usage by a user.
As shown in FIG. 2, the sliding structure generally includes an upper sliding plate 201 fastened to the upper sliding cover 120, a lower sliding plate 202 fastened to the lower sliding cover 140, and a boost spring (not shown in FIG. 2) disposed between the upper sliding plate 201 and the lower sliding plate 202. Although the boost spring can make a sliding process of the sliding structure smoother, the presence of the boost spring increases a thickness and a weight of the entire sliding structure and makes production and assembly of the sliding structure more complex.

Terminal with a sliding structure disposed between first and second sliding covers


A hollow-core structure including: an inner mold that has a hollow cylindrical shell shape; an outer mold that has a hollow cylindrical shell shape to correspond to the inner mold, and in which the inner mold is disposed to be separated; and a filling member that is filled in a separation space between the inner mold and the outer mold.

The present invention relates to a hollow-core structure and a method of manufacturing the same, and more particularly, to a hollow-core structure and a method of manufacturing the same capable of having sufficient structural stiffness and strength while reducing the total weight by forming an inner hollow portion.
In general, when a concrete column on which a large compressive load and bending act has insufficient lateral confinement or has a tall and narrow shape, such concrete column is destroyed at strength lower than that expected from a material. According to a traditional design method, in order to avoid such premature failure, it is necessary to unnecessarily increase a cross-section area of the column in a large-scaled structure such as a high-rise building or a high-rise tower, and, thus, a large and heavy column that is difficult to treat may be constructed.
Since a process of providing a formwork, a process of casting concrete, and a process of removing the formwork are performed, it takes a lot of time to construct the concrete column according to the related art and it is also costly to construct the concrete column. Thus, there is a problem in that it is difficult to reduce construction cost.
As an alternative of the concrete structure according to the related art described above, a steel structure may be used. However, above-mentioned limitations are not likely to be largely improved due to buckling, and in addition to this, steel structures are vulnerable to corrosion.

Hollow structure, and preparation method thereof

AJOU UNIVERSITY INDUSTRY-ACADEMIC COOPERATION FOUNDATION


A resonator comprises a quartz resonator element (11) sealed between a pair of flat quartz housing members (12, 13) the resonator comprises an active central region 110 defined by an annular recess 111 within which vibrational energy is trapped. The crystal orientation of the housing may be aligned with that of the resonator to minimise thermal effects.

A low loss quartz resonator typically comprises a quartz plate of suitable crystal orientation or cut driven via electrodes disposed on either side of the plate. It has been found that by thickening the electroded portion of the plate, either by metallising the electrodes or by providing the plate with a convex contour, it is possible to trap the mechanical vibration within the electrode region so as to provide a low loss device. The device can be mounted via its edge or rim without significant interference with the vibration of its active region. Typically the device is mounted at discrete points using spring clips and a silver loaded resin whereby electrical contact to the device is effected.
Such a design has a number of problems. The frequency of the device is inversely proportional to its thickness and is thus sensitive to the presence of surface films such as water or organic materials. It is for this reason that close tolerance devices are hermetically sealed either in vacuum or in a dry nitrogen atmosphere. However, it has been found that the silver loaded region used for contacting the device is a source of trace organic materials which cause ageing of the device.
Typically the trapped vibrational mode of the device is a thickness shear mode. However, such a mode is inevitably associated with flexural vibrations which are not trapped and hence reach the edge of the device. With conventional discrete point mounts, these vibrations are partially reflected back into the resonator area. At certain frequencies these interfere constructively to produce whole-plate resonances. These resonances can be close together in frequency as well as having poor temperature coefficients. The result is that as their frequency passes through the frequency of the wanted trapped resonance, they interfere with that resonance and cause `activity dips` with an associated frequency glitch. Furthermore, slight variations in the boundary conditions at the edge of the plate can cause large changes in the frequencies of these plate resonances, and hence the temperatures at which they interfere with the main mode. This leads to thermal hysteresis which causes problems with temperature compensated crystal oscillators.
Another major problem with conventional discrete point mounting is the vibration sensitivity of the final device. In theory if the mount was completely symmetrical, and the vibration was placed at the centre of symmetry, then the vibration sensitivity vanishes in all three axes. However, in practice this is very difficult to achieve because of the difficulty in placing the silver loaded resin or other mounting structures at the precise point required.
The object of the invention is to minimise or to overcome these disadvantages.
One approach to the above problem is to mount the device in a quartz package. This technique is discussed in our specification No. 2202989B which describes and claims a crystal resonator assembly, including a crystal resonator, and first and second housing members mated together to define a cavity in which the resonator is located, wherein the housing members are formed from the same crystal material and hence the same crystal orientation as the resonator.
Whilst this structure has proved satisfactory in operation, the manufacture of the housing members within which the resonator is encapsulated represents a significant process cost.


The present invention relates to a process to manufacture alkaline cells by applying electrically conductive paint on an inner wall area of cathode container which contacts with cathode molds, and by heating said cathode container itself by applying electromagnetic induction in order to dry and/or cure the paint and to form a uniform electrically conductive coating layer adhered firmly on the inner wall of said container. By employing this process, continuous production of alkaline cells having excellent and uniform load characteristics which deteriorate very little became possible.

A typical structure and manufacturing process of the alkaline-manganese cell which is most popular and mass produced presently among various types of the alkaline cell are first explained in the following. FIG. 1 shows a vertical cross-section of AA-size LR6 type cell.
A mixture comprised of manganese dioxide powder and graphite powder is molded into a cylindrical hollow pipe, and plural of such molds are stacked in an axially aligned form. After these molds acting as a cathode 1 are inserted into a cell case 4, the cathode is pressed against the inner wall of the cell case 4 which acts as a positive terminal.
Then, a cylinder-shaped separator with a bottom, 3, is inserted into a cylindrical space provided within the cathode 1, and alkaline electrolyte is supplied into the center space of the separator 3 in order to wet the separator 3.
A gel-anode 2 comprised of zinc powder dispersed into alkaline electrolyte of which viscosity is enhanced by means of a viscous agent such as carboxy methyl cellulose, is then supplied into the inner space within the separator 3. After a collector 6 integrated with a bottom plate 5 acting as a negative terminal, insulating washer 7, and a gasket 8, is inserted into the gel-anode 2, the cell case is sealed, and is packaged with a jacket 9.
However, within the alkaline-manganese cell manufactured by the process shown in above, growth of oxide film over the area contacted with the cathode may take place within the cell case, and by this, the electrical resistance between the cell case and the cathode is increased gradually.
Since this increased resistance and thus increased IR loss within the oxide layer invites cell voltage drop and deterioration of discharge characteristics, these should be processed particularly when the cell is operated a heavy load.
In order to solve this problem of increased ohmic resistances between the cathode 1 and the cell-case 4, a method providing plural axially protruded ridges on the inner wall of the cell case 4 at the area contacting with the cathode mold, or, a method such as disclosed by the Japanese Patent Publication Sho 42 (1967)-25145, providing a conductive film 10 on the inner wall had been developed and employed.
The most effective among these methods was found to be a method by which an electrically conductive paint made mainly of graphite and/or carbon black powder is applied and dried in order to form an electrically conductive film on the inner wall of the cell case 4.
FIG. 2 is a partially enlarged view of the cross-sectional area contiguous to the cell case 4 wherein the specified numbers are identical with the corresponding numbers shown in FIG. 1.
Although either one of the conventional methods shown below had been employed in order to dry the before-mentioned conductive paint, problems shown below had been found.
(1) Method to dry at room temperature
This is advantageous since no particular manufacturing equipments are required. However, since at least one day has to be allowed before complete drying of the paint, this process has to be conducted at a dedicated place other than the alkaline cell manufacturing area. Moreover, the wet paint coated on the inner wall of the cell case trailed down very often producing streaks of swelled conductive paint or a conductive film with uneven thickness.
Since these swelled paint streaks may easily be peeled off at the time when the cathode molds are inserted into the cell case, this had been considered as one of the major causes producing uneven load characteristics of the cells. Furthermore, since the thermosetting resin was found improper to be used as the paint binder resin, the types of binder resin had been limited.
(2) Method to dry by hot wind
This is a method by which the cell case painted with conductive paint is placed in a hot wind oven heated at about 100.degree. C. in order to purge the paint solvent or in order to cure the thermosetting resin such as epoxy resin used as a binder of the paint if such paint is used.
However, even with this heating method, it takes a period of one to ten minutes before the coating paint layer is completely dried or cured. Thus, a fairly large batch system or a fairly large manufacturing system formed around a conveyor line provided with a residence time has to be provided for this.
Moreover, in a case where a deep cell case, for example LR6 (AA-size) or LR03 (AAA-size), having a large aspect ratio between the inner diameter and the depth from the flange to the bottom, has to be painted, complete elimination of the paint trailing phenomenon is virtually impossible, so the complete elimination of variation in the load characteristics of the cells.
(3) Method to dry at decompressed atmosphere
This is a batch method using a decompressed chamber instead of hot wind oven. Since boiling of the paint solvent may take place in the decompressed chamber, this may result in poor adhesion of conductive layer onto the cell case. Moreover, the batch system is not advantageous in respect of the productivity.

Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.


The present invention provides a flexible display panel and a manufacturing method thereof. The flexible display panel includes a flexible substrate, a thin film transistor, a planarization layer having a non-through groove, an anode layer, a pixel defining layer having a through groove, and a photoresist supporting element. The present invention utilizes a patterning structure of the pixel defining layer and the planarization layer to reduce internal stress of the flexible substrate, so as to improve dynamic bending performance of the flexible substrate.

The present invention relates to a display field, and particularly, to a flexible display panel and a manufacturing method thereof.
With development of display technology, display techniques are ever-changing, wherein organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) are acclaimed as a rising star of display technology due to advantages of thin thickness, being self-luminous, rich colors, and being bendable. In a display panel field, OLEDs have received great attention from academia and industry because of their great potential in solid-state lighting and flat panel displaying. OLED panels can be made lighter and thinner, and thus flexible display technology will be a future development trend.
OLEDs have been widely increasingly used due to advantages of being light in weight, being self-luminous, wide viewing angles, low driving voltages, low luminous efficiency, low power consumption, and quick response times. In particular, flexible OLED display devices have become a main subject of research and development in the field of display technology because of their characteristics of being bendable and easy to carry.
However, current OLED substrates tend to produce excessive internal stress during bending, resulting in uneven display performance of the OLED substrates or damages to the OLED substrates. Therefore, how to improve bending resistance properties of the OLED substrates is an important issue in development of current flexible substrates.

Flexible display panel having a photoresist supporting element

Wuhan China Star Optoelectronics Semiconductor Display Technology Co., Ltd.


According to one embodiment, a semiconductor integrated circuit includes memories, comparison circuits, first registers and a BIST. The comparison circuits compare output values of the memories with expected values, respectively. The first registers store comparison result data in the comparison circuits, respectively. The BIST controls tests of the memories and generates the expected values. A relief data generator generates relief data indicating the presence of a defect of each of the memories and a failure position on the basis of the comparison result data stored in a second register in the BIST. A third registers store the relief data and are smaller in number than the memories. A judgment circuit outputs a relief impossible signal when the total number of the relief data is greater the number of the third registers.

There is known a method of building a self-test circuit for memories in a semiconductor integrated circuit and detecting a failure in a manufacturing test. This built-in self-test circuit is called a built-in self test (BIST) circuit. A built-in redundancy allocation (BIRA) circuit is known as a built-in redundant relief circuit which is used together with the BIST circuit and which performs analysis and redundant allocation on-chip.
In a semiconductor integrated circuit on which both the BIST circuit and the BIRA circuit are mounted, the BIRA circuit analyzes and processes the result of a comparison between a memory output and an expected value, and generates relief data. This relief data is then output to an external tester from the BIRA circuit. Such a semiconductor integrated circuit increases in circuit scale for the BIRA circuit mounted thereon.
Meanwhile, there has been suggested a semiconductor integrated circuit on which the BIRA circuit is not mounted and the BIST circuit is only mounted. This semiconductor integrated circuit can decrease a circuit scale because the BIRA circuit can be eliminated. However, in such a semiconductor integrated circuit, uncompressed data regarding the result of a comparison between a memory output and an expected value is serially output to a tester, and analyzed and processed in the tester. That is, a data row output by the semiconductor integrated circuit on which the BIRA circuit is not mounted is longer than a data row output by the BIRA circuit, and the number of comparisons with the expected value is greater. Thus, the test time of a memory increases.


A multifunctional protection rack for a safety helmet having interchangeability, which is connected to the safety helmet to install a welding mask for performing a welding operation, a shade for preventing a direct ray of light from passing therethrough, or a protective shield for preventing foreign substances from being introduced thereinto. The multifunctional protection rack includes a support frame bent into front and rear frames and side support frames, and made of an elastic member formed along the outer surface of a visor of the safety helmet so that the width of the support frame can be adjusted; a first connecting support member, one side of which is connected to the outer surface of the support frame by a rotational angle adjusting portion for adjusting a rotational angle of a protective equipment attached to the protection rack, and the other portion of which is connected to the outer of the support frame by an interval adjusting portion for adjusting an interval between the protective equipment and the face of a worker wearing the safety helmet; and a second connecting support member additionally installed between the support frame and the protective equipment, thereby being installed on the safety helmet such that the protection rack can be opened and closed.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a multifunctional protection rack for a safety helmet, and more particularly to a multifunctional protection rack for a safety helmet having interchangeability, which is connected to the safety helmet to install a welding mask for performing a welding operation, a light shade for preventing a direct ray of light from passing therethrough, or a protective shield for preventing foreign substances from being introduced thereinto.
2. Description of the Related Art
Workers have increased understanding of safety according to industrial development, and thus protective equipments have been developed now.
Korean Utility Model Laid-open Publication No. 94-12068 discloses a conventional welding mask, which is easily attached to and detached from a safety helmet. The welding mask comprises a transparent window formed through a face portion. A head portion is opened from the upper part of the face portion, and a longitudinal slide hole is formed through the upper part of a side portion so that upper and lower pincers elastically moved by a pincer spring are inserted into a shaft rod through pieces and connected thereto using a butterfly nut. Here, the welding mask has an elastic lock piece and a fixed lock piece installed thereon so that an elastic spring and teeth are engaged with the outer portions of the pieces, thereby being easily installed on the safety helmet.
The above-described welding mask is installed on a visor of the safety helmet, thereby being easily detached from the safety helmet even when a worker changes his/her position.
Further, since the welding mask is opened and closed using the visor of the safety helmet as an axis, weight is concentrated on the front part of the welding mask, thereby damaging the worker's neck.
Korean Utility Model Registration No. 0320527, filed by the present applicant, discloses a sun cap for a safety helmet, which is integrally connected to the safety helmet. The sun cap shades a direct ray of light and prevents foreign substances from being introduced into eyes of a worker by vertical operation of a light shade. The sun cap comprises a band having an elastic coil spring so that the width of a fixing frame surrounding the outer surface of the safety helmet can be adjusted, the light shade connected to the outer part of the band by a fixing member and vertically opened and closed, and the fixing member for integrally connecting the light shade and the band.
The above sun cap is installed on the safety helmet to prevent the direct ray of light and the foreign substances from being introduced into eyes of the worker, and the light shade having a light weight is vertically opened and closed. However, the sun cap has several problems, as follows.
First, the sun cap requires a distance adjusting device for satisfying working conditions of a worker in consideration of a welding position, visibility, and a working posture of the worker.
Second, the sun cap requires a high adhesiveness, which does not change the position of the welding mask at any posture of the worker, and more particularly firmly attaches the heavy sun cap to the safety helmet without separation.
Third, the sun cap requires an ergonomic design, such that the sun cap covers the maximum area of a face of the worker and has a large rotational radius by locating a central shaft of rotation at the rear part of the sun cap so that the center of gravity of the sun cap is the same as the center of gravity of the safety helmet, thereby not damaging the worker's neck.

Multifunctional protection rack for safety helmet