An embodiment of the invention provides an AC motor that is driven by an AC voltage. The AC motor includes a motor coil, a switch circuit, a position detector and a controller. The motor coil receives the AC voltage to drive an axis of the motor. The switch circuit is coupled to the motor coil and controls a current passing through the motor coil. The position detector detects the position of a motor rotor to output a polarity signal. The controller controls the switch circuit according to the polarity signal and the AC voltage to make the current to be a first current with a first direction or a second current with a second direction.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a motor and more particularly to an AC motor.
2. Description of the Related Art
The conventional AC motor is not easily added new electronic control means due to the bulky and heavy motor, and thus is replaced by the DC motor gradually. AC voltage is first transformed into DC voltage and then a DC motor is driven by the DC voltage via a full bridge converter or a half bridge converter. At present, the AC voltage is transformed into the DC voltage by a full-wave rectifier or half-wave rectifier, but the performance is not good and easily causes undesired power consumption.


Hydrolyses of various chiral compounds are performed in stereospecific manner by antibodies generated from analogs of transition states of the compounds. The compounds susceptible to such hydrolysis include esters, thioesters and amides. In certain embodiments of the invention, antibodi. This invention was made with Government support under Grant Contract No. AI-24695, awarded by the Department of Health and Human Services, and under Grant Contract No. N00014-87-K-0256, awarded by the Office of Naval Research. The Government has certain rights in this invention.

Enzymes are playing an increasingly important role as catalysts in chemistry, due to their ability to catalyze highly selective transformations of chiral or polyfunctional molecules. See Whitesides, G. M., et al., Agnew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 24:617 (1985). Many reactions exist for which enzymes are unavailable, however. To address this situation, Pollack, S. J.., et al., Science 234:1570 (1986), Jacobs, J. W., et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 109:2174 (1987), and Tramontano, A., et al., Science 234:1566 (1986) have demonstrated that the high binding specificity of the immune system can be exploited to develop new biological catalysts with tailored specificities. In addition, antibodies generated with catalytic groups in the binding site have been reported by Cochran, A. G., et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 110:7888 (1988), and Shokat, K. M., et al., Nature London) 338:269 (1989); the generation of antibodies with cofactor binding sites has been reported by Shokat, K. M., et al., Agnew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 100:1227 (1988), and Iverson, B. L., et al., Science 243:1184 (1989); the generation of semisynthetic antibodies has been reported by Pollack, S. J., et al., Science 242:1038 (1988), and Pollack, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 111:1929 (1989): use of the notion of approximation in the generation of antibodies has been reported by Napper, A. D., et al., Science 237:1041 (1987); and the notion of transition state stabilization as applied to the generation of antibodies has been reported by Pollack, S. J., et al., Science 34:1570 (1986), Jacobs, J. W., et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 09:2174 (1987), Tramontano, A., et al., Science 234:1566 (1986), Jackson, D. Y., et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 110:4841 (1988), and Hilvert, D., et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85:4953 (1988). The experimental data in the examples in this specification was published in Pollack, S. J., et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 111:5961 (1989).
The notion of transition state stabilization as applied to hydrolysis of esters has been reported by Janda, K. D., et al., Science 244:437 (1989), whose work has involved the generation of catalytic antibodies which stereospecifically hydrolyze unactivated esters of chiral alcohols. Other literature of potential relevance to this invention is that of Schechter, I., et al., Biochemistry 6:897 (1967), pertaining to the greater immunogenicity of D amino acids and their analogs as compared to the L counterparts.
A disclosure of a cleavage reaction which involves separation of a fluorescence-generating 2-aminobenzoyl group from a fluorescence-quenching 4-nitrobenzylamide group originally present on the same molecule, and the increase in fluorescence which results, is offered by Nishino, N., et al., J. Biol. Chem. 255:3482 (1980).

The Regents of the University of California


A highly selective metal wet etchant with an active ingredient comprising one or more types of molecules having two or more oxygen atoms is described. In one embodiment, the wet etchant is utilized to pattern a metal layer in a semiconductor structure. In another embodiment, a highly selective metal wet etchant with an active ingredient comprising one or more types of molecules having two or more oxygen atoms is used to pattern a metal gate electrode in a replacement gate processing scheme.

1) Field of the Invention
The invention is in the field of Semiconductor Devices.
2) Description of Related Art
For the past several years, the performance of semiconductor devices, such as Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors (MOS-FETs), has been greatly enhanced by the incorporation of metal layers, e.g. the use of metal gate electrodes. In the drive for patterning ever-smaller device features, the importance of precisely patterning such metal layers has increased dramatically.
Conventional patterning techniques used to pattern metal layers in the presence of other layers in a semiconductor structure may detrimentally impact the other layers. For example, a photo-resist may erode if present during a conventional metal patterning process. Also, the formation of residues during a metal layer patterning process may obscure the patterning process and impact the quality of the metal feature that is formed. Thus, a method to pattern metal layers in a semiconductor structure is described herein.


Examples disclose a method, executable by a processor, to assign a metric of vulnerability to a virtual machine. Based on the metric of vulnerability, the method places the virtual machine into a detection phase. Additionally, the examples disclose the method is to receive an alert corresponding to the virtual machine and based this received alert, the method implements a countermeasure.

Attackers in a cloud network may compromise virtual machines to deploy collaborated attacks, such as distributed denial of service (DDoS). These attacks compromise virtual machines within the cloud network by flooding resources of a targeted system, such as a web server. Flooding resources of the targeted system, prevents connections with other virtual machines within the cloud network.

Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.


In a control method for a motor 10 for generating a reaction force when a driver operates a steering wheel, as a behavior of a vehicle increases, a larger reaction force to the behavior is generated. When an anti-lock brake system is operated, the reaction force to the behavior is corrected so as to be large.

The present invention relates to a control method for a reaction force device for generating a reaction force when a driver operates an operating member.
Some of electric steering devices for reducing the steering force of a driver have reaction force devices for generating an auxiliary reaction force to improve a deflection suppressing performance of a vehicle when a disturbance such as transverse wind acts on the vehicle (for instance, see patent Document 1).
A usual reaction force device judges the behavior of the vehicle from a yaw rate and determines the auxiliary reaction force in accordance with a yaw rate value. [Patent Document 1] Japanese Patent No. 3176900
On some of the vehicles, various kinds of support systems are mounted including an anti-lock brake system (abbreviate it as an ABS, hereinafter) for preventing wheels of the vehicle from being locked during a quick brake under a condition of a slippery road surface such as a snow road, a brake system for reducing a clash from behind that anticipates the possibility of a collision of a self-vehicle to automatically operate a brake so as to avoid the collision, a traction control system (abbreviate it as a TCS, hereinafter) that prevents an excessive slip of driving wheels liable to occur during a start or acceleration under the state of a slippery road surface such as a snow road by automatically controlling an engine output or an electronically controlled front and rear brake distributor for optimally distributing front and rear brake force by controlling the brake pressure of rear wheels.
However, usually, the deciding processes of the operation of each of the various kinds of support systems and the auxiliary reaction force by the reaction force device are respectively independently controlled. Accordingly, when each of the support systems is operated, an optimum auxiliary reaction force for improving the deflection suppressing performance of the vehicle is hardly determined.

Control method for a reaction force device in a power steering device


A boat propulsion unit controller includes a switch arranged to switch between a long intake duct and a short intake duct for drawing air into an engine of a boat propulsion unit, a motor-operated driver arranged to drive the switch, a duct length switching position sensor arranged to detect the position of the switch at the time of switching the duct length, a fuel supply arranged to supply fuel to the engine, a sensor failure detector arranged to detect failure of the duct length switching position sensor based on its output, and a controller arranged to compensate the fuel supply rate based on the position of the switch detected at the time of duct length switchover. A controller, when the duct length switching position sensor fails, takes the action of switching to the long intake duct and compensates the fuel supply rate using a sensor output quasi value corresponding to the time of switchover to the long intake duct. Engine performance may be maintained as much as possible even when duct length switchover fails due to frequent duct length switchover actions.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a controller for switching between a long duct and a short duct for drawing intake air into an engine.
2. Description of the Related Art
A method is conventionally known to detect a failure in a control valve for controlling the amount of intake air into an engine, as described in JP-A-2002-285900. According to the known method, the control valve is operated by pressure in a vacuum tank. In a case in which the period of time during which a signal is being sent to the control valve for operating the control vale is longer than the period of time required for actually operating the control valve according to the operating state of the engine, the control valve is determined to have failed. Another known method is described in JP-A-H5-312066. According to this known method, when the engine revolution is between a first preset revolution and a second preset revolution, the opening state of the valve for switching between a long intake duct and a short intake duct is detected with an opening state detector. Then, according to the engine revolution, throttle opening degree, and the opening state of the valve, and based on a preset fuel injection rate, a fuel injection rate corresponding to the engine revolution at the time is calculated. Then, a fuel injection device is controlled to inject fuel into the engine at the calculated injection rate.
As an outboard motor is often operated at a high load and high revolution, the negative pressure type of actuator as disclosed in JP-A-2002-285900 sometimes cannot cope with the frequent switchover. On the other hand, the structure disclosed in JP-A-H5-312066 does not include controlling in an emergency, such as in the case of a failure of the valve, to compensate the fuel supply rate corresponding to the operation of the valve.


A multipurpose pillow serving couple in a relaxed and comfortable when they face each other or when they are in a face-to-back position in bed. The pillow has a body with sides, ends, top and bottom with the bottom having passageways formed by the intersection of one longitudinal and two transverse channels. The channels have first and second end openings and the formed the passages are firm to prevent undue pressure on the arms when they inside the pillow. Multiple opens are available in the pillow to provide variations in positioning the arms inside the pillow.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to pillows, and more particularly, to a pillow having many uses and which can accommodate one or two people assuming various positions in bed or otherwise.
2. Description of the Prior Art
The pillow of the present invention is an improvement over the pillow shown and claimed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,336,236 by the same inventor, the contents of which are expressly incorporated herein by reference.
The use of one pillow for two or more people is not widely practiced, and even if such a feature is claimed, many times the resulting product is really two separate pillow joined together to simulate a single pillow. In the earlier patent referenced above, very little close prior was cited during prosecution and little additional art has been noted.
The pillow in the referenced patent was designed to be shared by a couple, to allow them to face each other, and to accommodate their arms and legs so that blood circulation was not adversely impacted. There is a need to have more of such products readily available, and it is to that continuing need that the present invention is directed.


A tracing operation by designating a region is performed after a wire limit. Tracing line segments (2a, 2b, 2c) parallel to the wire limit (1)are found connecting a plurality of points. The tracing operation is performed by moving a stylus on a path along the tracing line segments (2a, 2b, 2c), whereby a tracing region determined by a complex wire limit can be accurately traced.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a tracing method by which tracing is carried out by designating a region by a wire limit, and more specifically, to a method by which a tracing direction can be arbitrarily changed in a single path.
2. Description of the Related Art
A method of tracing a model configuration by designating a region by a wire limit includes, for example, a method shown in FIG. 3(a). As shown in the figure, tracing is carried out along a path 12a in a tracing direction parallel to the X-axis, from a tracing start point Ps1, and when a stylus comes into contact with a wire limit 1, the stylus senses the line, a predetermined amount of a pick feed 13a is effected from the point P1 to a point Pa1, and the tracing is again carried out along a path 12b which is parallel to the X-axis and extends in a direction opposite to that of the path 12a. Thereafter, a not shown model configuration is traced by sequentially executing a pick feed 13b, path 12c, pick feed 13c . . . . Note that a tracing direction of the above respective paths may be set at a predetermined angle to the X-axis direction or the paths may be traced in the Y-axis direction.
Nevertheless, according to this method, the start point Pa1 of the path 12b is positioned inward of the wire limit 1, whereas the start point Pa3 of the path 12d is positioned outward of the wire limit 1. Therefore, tracing cannot be accurately carried out within a region enclosed by the wire limit 1, and thus the tracing accuracy is poor.
As a method of solving this problem, the method shown in FIG. 3 (b) can be used, in which tracing is carried out from the start point Ps1 to a point Pb1 along a path 22a traveling in a direction that is at an angle .theta.1 with respect to the X-axis, whereby the tracing is carried out in parallel to the line segment P1-P2 of the wire limit 1. Thereafter, the tracing is carried out from the point Pb1 to a point Pb2 along a path 22b traveling in a direction that is at an angle .theta.2 with respect to the X-axis, whereby the tracing is carried out in parallel to the line segment P2-P3 of the wire limit 1. Subsequently, the tracing is carried out in a similar way by combining paths traveling in different directions.
When, however, the configuration of the wire limit 1 is complex, the number of paths is greatly increased, which requires a complex program and increases the tracing time.


A refrigeration apparatus is provided with a vapor compression type refrigerant circuit. With this apparatus, reliability from the standpoint of the pipe cleaning mode of the apparatus is improved. The air conditioning system has a main refrigerant circuit that has a compressor, a heat-source-side heat exchanger, and a user-side heat exchanger. The air conditioning system also has a contaminant collecting device provided on the intake side of the compressor (21). The contaminant collecting device is equipped with a contaminant collecting container, an inlet pipe, an outlet pipe, and a main opening/closing device. The contaminant collecting container separates contaminants from refrigerant flowing in the intake gas pipe toward the compressor when the refrigerant is directed through it. The inlet and outlet pipes are each provided with a return preventing shape for preventing contaminants that have accumulated inside the pipes from returning to the intake gas pipe.

One example of a refrigeration apparatus provided with conventional vapor compression type refrigerant circuits is air conditioning systems used to air-condition office buildings. This kind of air conditioning system includes chiefly a heat source unit having a compressor and a heat-source-side heat exchanger, a plurality of user units having user-side heat exchangers, and gaseous refrigerant piping and liquid refrigerant piping for connecting said units together. In view of such environmental concerns as destruction of the ozone layer, HFC (hydro-fluorocarbon) based refrigerants and HC (hydrocarbon) based refrigerants have come to be used in this kind of air conditioning system.
When air conditioning systems in existing buildings are replaced, the existing gaseous refrigerant piping and liquid refrigerant piping are sometimes used in order to reduce the cost and time required for the replacement work. In such cases, the air conditioning system installation work proceeds according to the following steps:                1) Recover refrigerant        2) Install equipment        3) Install piping and wiring (reuse existing gaseous refrigerant piping and liquid refrigerant piping)        4) Perform airtightness test        5) Pull vacuum        6) Charge system with refrigerant        7) Perform test run
With this work procedure, the work time can be reduced chiefly by simplifying the piping and wiring work.
However, debris, oil, and other residual contaminants that remain in existing gaseous refrigerant pipes and liquid refrigerant pipes must be removed by cleaning the piping before performing a test run of the system. More particularly, if old oil for CFC (chlorofluorocarbon) or HCFC (hydro-chlorofluorocarbon) based refrigerants remains in the existing gaseous refrigerant piping and liquid refrigerant piping when existing gaseous and liquid refrigerant piping is reused for a new air conditioning system, the old refrigerant oil will not be compatible with the new oil for the HFC or HC based refrigerant and will behave as a contaminant in the refrigerant circuit, possibly clogging expansion valves and capillaries in the refrigerant circuit and damaging the compressor.
The oils used for the conventional CFC and HCFC based refrigerants are naphthene-based mineral oils and other non-polar oils. Conversely, the oils used for the newer HFC and HC based refrigerants are ester-based and ether-based mineral oils and other non-polar oils. Consequently, if oil for the CFC or HCFC based refrigerant remains in the piping, the solubility of the oil in the refrigerant will change and the proper refrigeration performance will not be obtained from the HFC or HC based refrigerant. Thus, it is also necessary to clean the piping in view of this issue of oil compatibility.
An air conditioning system that enables existing gaseous refrigerant piping and liquid refrigerant piping to be used is disclosed in Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 2001-41613. This air conditioning system is provided with a main refrigerant circuit that includes a compressor, a user-side heat exchanger, and a heat-source-side heat exchanger and an oil recovery device provided in the gas intake pipe of the compressor. After the air conditioning system is charged with the HFC based refrigerant, the compressor is run in a mode (pipe cleaning mode) that circulates the refrigerant and cleans the piping with the circulated refrigerant. The residual oil that remained in the existing gaseous refrigerant piping and liquid refrigerant piping is recovered by the oil recovery device.
The oil recovery device is provided in such a manner as to bypass a portion of the gas intake pipe. Thus, with this air conditioning system, the refrigerant circuit can be changed over so that the oil recovery device is not used during normal operation. However, after operation in pipe cleaning mode, contaminants including old refrigerant oil remain in the branched inlet and outlet pipes that lead into and out of the oil recovery device from the gas intake pipe and there is the possibility that these contaminants will be returned to the gas intake pipe and cause damage to the compressor downstream or other problems when the system is operated in a normal mode.
Furthermore, there is a gate valve installed at the outlet side of the oil recovery device for disconnecting the oil recovery device from the main refrigerant circuit. If liquid refrigerant remains in the oil recovery device when the gate valve is closed after pipe cleaning mode, overpressuring of the container might occur due to evaporation of the residual liquid refrigerant.
Also, there are times when pipe cleaning using such an oil recovery device is conducted by circulating refrigerant that is in a wet state (gas-liquid two-phases) through the refrigerant circuit. When this type of operation is conducted, liquid refrigerant collects in the oil recovery device and causes the quantity of refrigerant circulating through the refrigerant circuit to decrease, which sometimes impedes sufficient cleaning of the piping.
Thus, in some respects, conventional system configurations utilizing an oil recovery device are not sufficiently reliable when the system is run in pipe cleaning mode.


A scanning transmission electron microscope which enhances correction accuracy of a de-scanning coil for canceling a transmitted-electron-beam position change on an electron detector. Here, this transmitted-electron-beam position change appears in accompaniment with a primary-electron-beam position change on a specimen caused by a scanning coil. First, control over the scanning coil is digitized. Moreover, while being synchronized with a digital control signal resulting from this digitization, values in a de-scanning table registered in a FM(2) are outputted to the de-scanning coil. Here, the de-scanning table is created as follows: Diffraction images before and after activating the scanning coil and the de-scanning coil are photographed using a camera. Then, based on a result acquired by analyzing a resultant displacement quantity of the diffraction images by the image processing, the de-scanning table is created.

The present invention relates to a scanning transmission electron microscope (: STEM). More concretely, it relates to a control device and method for controlling an electron beam which has passed through a specimen.
The STEM is a device for visualizing specimen structure with a sub-nanometer high space resolution. A raster scanning of an electron beam which is converged down to a nanometer order is performed on a specimen whose film is thinned down to a few hundreds of nm. Moreover, a signal generated from an electron-beam irradiation area is detected, then being synchronized with the raster scanning. This synchronization allows the two-dimensional image to be formed. Examples of the signal generated from the electron-beam irradiation area are a transmitted electron beam, a secondary electron beam, and characteristic X-rays.
FIG. 2 is a basic configuration diagram of the general STEM. The direction parallel to an optical axis 20 of the lens-barvel is defined as the Z direction, and the plane perpendicular to the optical axis is defined as the XY plane. A primary electron beam emitted from an electron gun 1 is accelerated up to a few hundreds of kV, then being formed in shape by a first condenser lens 2 and a second condenser lens 3. Moreover, the primary electron beam passes through a condenser aperture 4 for restricting an aperture angle of the primary electron beam, then being focused on a specimen 21 by an upper objective lens 7-1. Although an objective lens is, physically, a single lens, the specimen 21 is set up in a gap of the objective lens. For this reason, the upper objective lens 7-1 and a lower objective lens 7-2 are assumed as the ray diagram. Here, the lens 7-1 allows focal point of the primary electron beam to be achieved on the specimen, and the lens 7-2 has a role of projecting the transmitted electron beam which has passed through the specimen 21. An irradiation lens system including these lenses permits the primary electron beam to be converged down into a sub-nm diameter on the specimen 21.
The transmitted electron beam which has passed through the specimen 21 is projected onto an electron-beam detection system by the lower objective lens 7-2 and a projection lens 9. A raster scanning of the electron beam is performed within the XY plane by a scanning coil 5. Furthermore, a control signal for the scanning coil 5 and an output signal from an electron detector 14 are synchronized with each other, thereby forming a STEM image within a computer, and displaying the STEM image on a monitor. The characteristic of the STEM is that changing the detection signal permits various specimen information to be imaged in an easy and convenient manner. For example, if high-angle scattered electrons are detected using an electron annular detector 12, a high-angle annular dark field (: HAADF) image can be acquired. If low-angle scattered electrons in proximity to the optical axis 20 are selected using an angle selection aperture 13, and if the low-angle scattered electrons selected are detected using the electron detector 14, a bright field (: BF) image can be acquired.
JP-A-2001-93459 has disclosed the following technology: Namely, according to this technology, in the device configuration for acquiring an electron energy loss spectrum (: EELS) image, a change in incident position of the transmitted electron beam relative to the electron detector is cancelled using a de-scanning coil. Here, this change will occur in accompaniment with a change in incident position of the primary electron beam relative to the specimen.
If the incident position of the primary electron beam relative to the specimen 21 is changed, the incident position of the transmitted electron beam relative to the electron detector changes.
Accordingly, when selecting electrons under a certain condition out of the transmitted electrons by an aperture or a slit, and detecting the selected electrons, the transmitted electron beam displaces relative to the electron detector. On account of this displacement, the condition of the transmitted electrons to be detected at the electron detector changes depending on the incident position of the primary electron beam. This condition change causes an artifact to occur in the STEM image. The use of the de-scanning coil makes it possible to suppress this artifact. In JP-A-2001-93459, however, no disclosure has been made concerning a concrete control method for the de-scanning coil.

Scanning transmission electron microscope and scanning transmission electron microscopy


Process for preparing halogenated hydrocarbons, comprising at least 3 carbon atoms, by catalytic telomerization between a haloalkane and an olefin in the presence of an amine with a high boiling point as co-catalyst. 1,1,1,3,3-Pentachloropropane and 1,1,1,3,3-pentachlorobutane are thus prepared under mild conditions in good yield and the catalyst/co-catalyst system can be easily separated by distillation and recycled.

The present invention relates to a process for preparing halogenated hydrocarbons, comprising at least 3 carbon atoms, by catalytic reaction between a haloalkane and a olefin, in particular a halogenated olefin.
The addition of a haloalkane to an olefin is a well-known reaction, generally referred to as a telomerization reaction. Very often, copper derivatives are used to catalyse this addition reaction. For example, patent U.S. Pat. No. 3,651,019 describes the addition of carbon tetrachloride to olefins in the presence of catalysts containing copper or iron. That patent describes reactions in batches (non-continuous process) and, at the end of the reaction, the catalyst is not recovered. This makes the process economically unattractive. In the event of separation of the constituents of the reaction mixture by distillation, the catalyst would precipitate in the boiling vessel of the distillation column, thereby making its recycling difficult.
Patent application WO 97/07083 describes a process for preparing halogenated hydrocarbons by telomerization, preferably under the catalytic action of cuprous chloride in the presence of t-butylamine as co-catalyst, in which the mixture of products derived from the reaction step is separated in several steps. The mixture is first separated by a flash distillation into a first flow containing the unconverted reagents and the co-catalyst, and into a second flow comprising the halogenated hydrocarbon and the catalyst. The catalyst is then separated from this second flow by filtration, after which the halogenated hydrocarbon is purified by distillation. This process requires a filtration of the catalyst in solid form, which is always a difficult step to control in an industrial plant, in particular in a continuous synthetic process.
Patent application WO 97/05089 describes another process for preparing halogenated hydrocarbons by telomerization, under the catalytic action of a copper catalyst dissolved in a solvent which is immiscible with the desired halogenated hydrocarbon, thus making it possible to separate the catalyst/solvent system from the halogenated hydrocarbon by decantation. However, the production efficiency of this process remains very low.
A need consequently exists to provide a telomerization process which makes it possible to prepare halogenated hydrocarbons in excellent yield and excellent production efficiency, while at the same time also making it possible to recover the catalyst easily and return it to the reactor in a simple manner.
The present invention relates to a process for preparing a halogenated hydrocarbon, comprising the following steps:
(a) a reaction step between a haloalkane and an olefin in the presence of a catalyst and a co-catalyst under conditions which are suitable for producing the halogenated hydrocarbon, the co-catalyst being chosen from amines which are less volatile than the halogenated hydrocarbon;
(b) a separation step of the mixture of reaction products from step (a) wherein at least a first fraction comprising the halogenated hydrocarbon and a second fraction comprising the catalyst and the co-catalyst are obtained;
(c) optionally a recycling step of at least a part of the second fraction into step (a).
By xe2x80x9cfractionxe2x80x9d we relate to any part of the mixture enriched in certain of its constituents, obtained either in continous flow or in a discontinuous treatment. By xe2x80x9crecyclingxe2x80x9d we relate to any operation of recovery and reuse indifferently in a continous or in a discontinuous mode.
In a specific mode of carrying out of the invention, in step (b) the mixture of reaction products from step, (a) is subjected to a separation by distillation, and, in addition to the first fraction comprising the halogenated hydrocarbon and the second fraction comprising the catalyst and the co-catalyst a third fraction comprising reagents not consumed is obtained, and in a step (c) also at least a part of the third fraction is recycled optionally to step (a).
The use, as co-catalyst, of an amine whose boiling point is higher than that of the halogenated hydrocarbon makes it possible to separate the halogenated hydrocarbon from the reagents not consumed and the catalyst/co-catalyst active complex by distillation. Since the catalyst remains soluble in the amine after the removal of the reagents not consumed and the halogenated hydrocarbon, it can thus be recovered easily.
In the reaction step (a) of the process according to the present invention, a haloalkane and a olefin, preferably a halogenated olefin are reacted in the presence of a catalyst and a co-catalyst to form a halogenated hydrocarbon, the co-catalyst being chosen from amines which are less volatile than the halogenated hydrocarbon produced.
Amines comprising from 8 to 25 carbon atoms, in particular aliphatic amines, may be suitable as co-catalysts in the process according to the invention. Aliphatic amines comprising from 10 to 22 carbon atoms are preferred. Very special preference is given to amines whose alkyl chain is branched, and more especially to tert-alkyl amines corresponding to the general formula (I)
in which R1, R2 and R3 represent C1-C8 alkyl groups. As non-limiting examples of amines with a high boiling point, in particular which are less volatile than 1,1,1,3,3pentachloropropane and 1,1,1,3,3pentachloro butane, mention may be made in particular of nonylamine, decylamine, undecylamine, dodecylamine and collidines. Amines corresponding to formula (I) are, in particular, the tert-alkyl amines Primene(copyright) 81-R and JM-T sold by Rohm and Haas Company. These latter amines are preferred. Mixtures of amines can also be used in the present process. The amines used as co-catalysts in the process according to the invention have also been found to be markedly more stable in the presence of the catalyst and the haloalkane than the amines used in the prior processes, such as isopropylamine and t-butylamine.
The haloalkanes used in the process according to the present invention are generally saturated organic compounds. They preferably contain from one to three carbon atoms and preferably at least 2 chlorine atoms. They can also comprise other substituents, such as other halogen atoms, alkyl groups or haloalkyl groups. As examples of haloalkanes according to the present invention, mention may be made of dichloromethane, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, 1,1,1-trichloroethane or 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane. Carbon tetrachloride is most particularly preferred.
The olefins used in the process according to the present invention are, for example, linear or branched olefins comprising from 2 to 10 carbon atoms which may themselves be optionally substituted. They can be substituted, for example, with halogen atoms, alkyl or haloalkyl groups, nitrile (CN) groups or carboxylic acid (COOH) groups. Specific examples of such olefin are, amongst others, ethylene, propylene, butylene and the 1-olefines comprising from 2 to 10 carbon atoms. The olefin is preferably a halogenated olefin. The halogenated olefins are preferably derivatives of a haloethene or of a halopropene, which may themselves be optionally substituted. The halogenated olefins used in the process according to the present invention preferably correspond to the formula
Preferably, the halogenated olefin is a chlorinated olefin. As non-limiting examples of halogenated olefins, mention may be made of vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, trichloroethylene and the various chloropropene isomers, such as 1-chloro-1-propene, 2 -chloro-1-propene and 3-chloro-1-propene. Among these compounds, those in which X=Cl and R=H or CH3 are preferred. Vinyl chloride and 2-chloro-1-propene are particularly suitable.
The halogenated hydrocarbons obtained according to the process of the present invention generally belong to the family of chlorinated hydrocarbons comprising from 3 to 12 carbon atoms. Often they belong to the family of chloropropanes, chlorobutanes or chloropentanes. The carbon atoms in the said chloropropanes, chlorobutanes and chloropentanes can also be substituted with other functional groups, such as other halogen atoms (for instance fluorine, bromine or iodine atoms), alkyl or haloalkyl groups, nitrile (CN) groups or carboxylic acid (COOH) groups. Preferably, the halogenated hydrocarbons obtained according to the process of the present invention correspond to the general formula CnH(2n+2)xe2x88x92pClpin which n is an integer and has the values 3 or 4, and p is an integer which has the values 3 to 7. Examples of compounds obtained according to the process of the present invention are 1,1,1,3,3-pentachloropropane, 1,1,1,3,3-pentachlorobutane, 1,1,1,3-tetrachloropropane, 1,1,3,3-tetrachlorobutane, 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexachloropropane and 1,1-dichloro-2-trichloromethylpropane. Among these compounds, 1,1,1,3,3-pentachloropropane, 1,1,1,3,3-pentachlorobutane and 1,1-dichloro-2-trichlorom ethylpropane are preferred. The process according to the invention applies in particular to the manufacture of 1,1,1,3,3-pentachlorobutane starting with carbon tetrachloride and 2-chloro-1-propene, to the manufacture of 1,1,1,3,3-pentachloropropane starting with carbon tetrachloride and vinyl chloride, and to the manufacture of 1,1,1,3,3,-hexachloropropane starting with carbon tetrachloride and vinylidene chloride.
The molar ratio between the haloalkane and the olefin used can vary within a wide range. This ratio is generally greater than or equal to 0.1. Advantageously, this ratio is greater than or equal to 0.5. In a preferred manner, it is greater than or equal to 1. Generally, this ratio is less than or equal to 15. Advantageously, this ratio is less than or equal to 10. In a preferred manner, this ratio is less than or equal to 5, or even 3.
The catalyst used in the present invention preferably comprises at least one copper compound. Advantageously, this is a copper(II) compound. In a particularly preferred manner, this copper(II) compound is chosen from copper(II) chloride, copper(II) hydroxy chloride, copper(II) acetate, copper(II) acetylacetonate and copper(II) hexafluoroacetylacetonate and mixtures thereof. Excellent results have been obtained with copper(II) chloride, copper(II) acetylacetonate and copper(II) hexafluoroacetylacetonate.
The molar ratio between the catalyst and the olefin is usually greater than or equal to 0.0001. Advantageously, it is greater than or equal to 0.001. Preferably, it is greater than or equal to 0.005. The molar ratio between the Cu(II) compound and the olefin is usually less than or equal to 1. Advantageously, it is less than or equal to 0.5. Preferably, it is less than or equal to 0.1.
The molar ratio between the catalyst and the co-catalyst is chosen such that all the catalyst used is dissolved. This ratio is generally greater than 0.001. Advantageously, this molar ratio is greater than 0.01 and less than 1. A preference is given for molar ratios greater than 0.05 and less than 0.5.
The molar ratio between the co-catalyst and the olefin is generally greater than or equal to 0.01. Preferably, this molar ratio is greater than or equal to 0.05. Advantageously, this molar ratio is greater than or equal to 0.1. However, this molar ratio is usually less than or equal to 2. Preferably, this molar ratio is less than or equal to 1. Advantageously, this molar ratio is less than or equal to 0.5.
It is understood that the above catalyst/olefin and co-catalyst/olefin ratios are expressed, in a non-continous process, relative to the total amount of olefin used, and, in a continuous process, relative to the stationary amount of olefin present in the reactor.
Usually, the reaction takes place at a temperature greater than or equal to room temperature. Preferably, the temperature is greater than or equal to 50xc2x0 C. Advantageously, the temperature is greater than or equal to 70xc2x0 C. However, the temperature is generally less than or equal to 200xc2x0 C. Preferably, the temperature is less than or equal to 175xc2x0 C. Advantageously, the temperature is less than or equal to 150xc2x0 C. A very special preference is shown for a temperature of less than or equal to 120xc2x0 C., or even 100xc2x0 C.
The reaction time in a non-continuous process or the residence time in a continuous process depends on various parameters, such as the reaction temperature, the concentration of reagents and of catalyst in the reaction mixture and their molar ratios. In general, depending on these parameters, the residence time or the reaction time can range from 5 minutes to 10 hours. Advantageously, in a non-continuous process, the reaction time is generally greater than or equal to 15 minutes. However, the reaction time is usually less than or equal to 10 hours, with a preference for reaction times of less than or equal to 5 hours.
The pressure is generally chosen so as to keep the reaction medium in the liquid phase. The pressure used varies depending on the temperature of the reaction medium. It is usually greater than or equal to atmospheric pressure and less than or equal to 10 bar.
The telomerization reaction is usually carried out in the liquid phase. It can be carried out in the presence of a polar solvent such as an alcohol or a nitrile. Among the alcohols which can be used as solvents for the reaction are, in particular, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol and tert-butanol. Among the nitrites which can be used as solvents for the reaction are aliphatic and aromatic nitrites. Among the aliphatic nitrites are, in particular, acetonitrile, propionitrile and adiponitrile. Among the aromatic nitrites are, in particular, benzonitrile and tolunitrile. Propionitrile and adiponitrile are preferred. The amount of solvent used in the reaction is not critical. However, an excessively dilute solution does not favour a high yield or a high degree of conversion. Preferably, the molar ratio of the solvent to the olefin is greater than or equal to 0.05. Advantageously, this ratio is greater than or equal to 0.1. The molar ratio of the solvent to the olefin is generally less than or equal to 30. Advantageously, it is less than or equal to 20. This ratio is preferably greater than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to 15. However, in the process according to the invention the presence of a co-catalyst in an amount sufficient to dissolve the catalyst generally makes it possible to carry out the reaction in the absence of solvent.
In the process according to the invention, a separation step (b) is carried out. The separation technique may be any separation technique allowing to separate organic compounds having different volatilities such as, for example, a distillation or vapor stripping or stripping. Among these techniques a distillation is preferred.
Should it be the case, the distillation is carried out in a manner which is known per se, in one or, preferably, several distillation columns. It is preferably carried out under reduced pressure.
Preferably, the process according to the invention comprises also a step (c) in which all or some of the fraction containing the catalyst and the cocatalyst are returned into step (a), optionally after additional purification. Other fractions obtained in step (b), notably, should it be the case, a fraction containing the reagents not consumed may also be returned into step (a), optionally after additional purification. In the event of a reduction in the degree of conversion of the olefin, the addition of a supply of fresh co-catalyst and possibly of fresh catalyst makes it possible to regain the initial degree of conversion. The consumption of catalyst and co-catalyst can thus be limited very considerably, as can the amount of waste to be removed.
One of the main advantages of the process according to the invention is that the catalyst remains in dissolved form throughout the separation step (b), which avoids a complicated manipulation of solid compounds. Another advantage of the process is that it makes it possible to obtain the desired chlorinated hydrocarbons with a very high production efficiency and in a very high yield.
The halogenated hydrocarbons obtained according to the process of the invention are precursors of the corresponding fluoro analogues, which can be readily obtained by treatment with hydrogen fluoride in the presence of a catalyst such as an antimony salt, a titanium salt, a tantalum salt, a tin salt or a chromium derivative.
The example below illustrates the invention in a non-limiting manner.


The invention relates to a hydraulic device for braking the wheels of a vehicle, especially for wheel anti-lock and/or anti-slip functions, comprising, between a chamber of a master cylinder and at least one brake motor, a plurality of solenoid valves (36) and a hydraulic pump driven by an electric motor including a rotor (10) arranged between two bearings (12, 14) and enclosed in a cylindrical sleeve (20) made of metallic material, the rotor driving in rotation an eccentric cam (24) imparting an alternating translational movement to radial pistons (26), the delivery outlet of the pump being connected to the solenoid valves (36) via hydraulic slides by way of fluid circulation channels (32, 34). According to the invention, the sleeve (20), in which the rotor is accommodated, is enclosed in a housing (30) made of non-magnetic material. The fluid circulation channels (32, 34) and the solenoid valves (36) extend in the housing.

The present invention relates to a hydraulic device particularly intended for a braking circuit of the wheels of a vehicle, comprising, between a chamber of a master cylinder and at least one brake motor, a plurality of solenoid valves and a hydraulic pump driven by an electric motor consisting of a rotor enclosed in a cylindrical sleeve made of metallic material.
Such a device is generally used for performing the functions of anti-lock wheel braking and of anti-slip wheel acceleration.
The documents EP-A-0,379,957 and EP-A-0,373,551, among many others, describe a device of this type.
As a general rule, such a device consists of two subassemblies. One is hydroelectrical and contains the fluid circulation channels, the solenoid valves and the various hydraulic slides, while the other consists solely of the drive motor f or the pistons of the pump. In fact, the technologies put into practice in each of these subassemblies are so different that each of these subassemblies is manufactured by different craftsmen, the subassembly comprising the electric motor being connected operationally to the other subassembly only after the device has been assembled.
Now many problems arise in respect of the complete assembly. Of these, mention may be made of the complexity of the electrical connections as a result of the hostile environment where the device is to function, the noise occurring as a result of the operational functioning of the device, the cooling of the motor, especially when the device functions in the anti-slip acceleration mode, etc. In addition to this, there is the need to reduce the outer dimensions of the device in view of the small space available in the engine compartment of a modern vehicle and, of course, the need to reduce the cost of this device, without adversely affecting its performance. The present invention aims to solve the aforementioned problems, while at the same time obtaining the abovementioned reductions.

Integrated pressure generating and control device


A rotary axis module includes an actuator that includes a first member and a second member, the actuator relatively driving the second member so as to rotate about a predetermined axis with respect to the first member, a DC power source, and a switch. The actuator includes a brake that is releasable by supplying a DC voltage. A first brake circuit that is connected to a control device that controls the actuator, and a second brake circuit that is provided in parallel with the first brake circuit and connected to the DC power source via the switch, are connected to the brake.

There is a known rotary module including an actuator having a fixed member to which a first link is to be attached and a mobile member to which a second link, which is rotatable relative to the fixed member, is to be attached (refer to, for example, Publication of Japanese Patent No. 6506195).


Infrared sensitive photographic elements comprise an opaque film support, an infrared sensitized silver halide emulsion layer and a hydrophilic colloid protective layer on one side of the film support, said protective layer comprising colloidal silica having an average particle size lower than 15 nanometers.. The elements have an increased exposure latitude upon exposure to infrared laser diodes, and higher maximum density upon photographic processing.

Silver halides have been widely used as the light sensitive components in photographic elements. Upon exposure of the silver halides to light, a latent image is formed which is then developed during the photographic processing to form a visible image. Silver halides are intrinsically sensitive only to light in the blue region of the visible spectrum. To impart to silver halides sensitivity to other wavelengths of radiation, visible such as green or red as well as invisible such as infrared, spectral sensitizing dyes, such as cyanine dyes, are used in photographic elements. Said sensitizing dyes, adsorbed to the surface of silver halide grains, absorb light or radiation of a particular wavelength and transfer the absorbed energy to the silver halide to form a latent image.
Dyes which have been capable of sensitizing silver halides to infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum have been known for many years. Cyanine and merocyanine dyes, particularly those with longer bridging groups between cyclic moieties have been used for many years to sensitize silver halide to the infrared. U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,619,154; 3,682,630; 2,895,955; 3,482,978; 3,758,461; 4,515,888 and 2,734,900, and GB Pat. Nos. 1,192,234 and 1,188,784 disclose well-known classes of dyes which sensitize silver halide to portions of the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum.
With the advent of lasers, and particularly solid state laser diodes emitting in the infared region of the electromagnetic spectrum, the interest in infrared sensitive photographic elements has greatly increased. These infrared emitting diodes have a wide variety of emission wavelengths, the most interesting ranging from about 700 to 900 nm. Typical emission wavelengths include 750 nm, 810 nm, 820 nm, and 870 nm. Many different processes and articles useful with laser diodes have been proposed for a number of applications, such as for making prints from computer assisted tomography and various graphic arts products.
With the increasing popularity of infrared emitting laser diodes as exposure sources for photographic elements, it is desiderable to provide silver halide materials offering an increased exposure latitude upon exposure to said diodes, and higher maximum density upon photographic processing.
The following is a description of the prior art, cited with reference to the present invention.
Silica (silicon dioxide) has been widely disclosed for use as matting agent in photographic elements, as described for example in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,411,907; 4,409,322; 4,499,179; in EP Pat. Applications Nos. 395,956 and 404,091 and in Japanese Pat. Applications Nos. 62005-235 and 60188-942. Typically, silica used as matting agent has grain size of 0.1 micrometers or more. U.S. Pat. No. 4,711,838 describes silver halide photographic materials for laser exposure to near infrared containing, in a top coat layer and/or a backing layer, surface roughening agents (including silica) having average particle sizes in the range from 0.1 to 1.5 micrometers, to prevent formation of non-contact interference fringes.
Colloidal silica (i.e., silica having grain size below 0.1 micrometers) has been widely described as antistatic compound for use in photographic elements comprising a photosensitive layer and an antistatic layer coated on the film base on the side opposite to a that of the photosensitive layer, as described for example in U.S. Pat. No. 3,525,621 and in EP Pat. Applications 296,656 and 334,400.
Colloidal silica has been also widely disclosed for use in protective layers of photographic elements for reducing scratching, glossiness or adhesion, as described for example in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,232,117; 4,264,719; 4,777,113 and 4,985,394 and in Japanese Pat. Application No. 03168-637.


An electric cooker having an enhanced heat insulating property to improve heat efficiency. The electric cooker includes a cabinet, a cooking plate disposed at a top portion of the cabinet, a heating member to heat the cooking plate, at least one heat insulating member disposed below the heating member to prevent heat generated by the heating member from being transmitted downward, and a reflecting member to reflect thermal infrared lights generated from the heating member towards the heat insulating member.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an electric cooker, and more particularly, to an electric cooker designed to insulate against heat generated from a heating member.
2. Description of the Related Art
Generally, an electric cooker carries out cooking operations using a heat source produced by converting electricity into heat.
The conventional cooker is typically provided with a casing that includes a cooking plate at a top thereof, to allow cooking containers to be placed on the cooking plate. The electric cooker further includes a heater to serve as a heat source, and a control unit to drive the heater via electric signals, both of which are provided below the cooking plate. To prevent heat generated by the heater from affecting the control unit disposed below the casing, the heater is spaced apart from the control unit or heat insulating material, such as glass fiber, is provided between the heater and the control unit.
According to the conventional electric cooker, where the heater is spaced apart from the control unit by a predetermined distance, the resulting electric cooker product has an increased thickness, thereby, making production of a thin product complex. Furthermore, where a heat insulating material, such as glass fiber, is provided between the heater and the control unit, production of the electric cooker becomes more complicated and costly.
Japanese Patent Laid-open No. Hei6-304074 discusses an electric cooker provided with a heating sheet, on which a conductive resistive element is patterned, in place of the heater. According to this electric cooker, the heating sheet is spaced apart from an object disposed therebelow or a heat insulating member, such as ceramic fibers rather than the glass fiber, is closely attached to a lower surface of the heating sheet. Accordingly, productivity is improved and the product is thinner while production costs are lowered.
Because the heat insulating member of the conventional electric cooker is made of ceramic fibers having a high heat resistance, productivity and production costs of the electric cooker made of the ceramic fibers are superior to those of the electric cooker made of glass fibers. However, the electric cooker made of ceramic fibers has a relatively deteriorated heat insulating property, thus, causing heat efficiency to decrease.
Further, because the heating sheet of the conventional electric cooker includes a heat insulating member attached thereto, the heat insulating member and the heating sheet may burn out in cases where the heat insulating member and the heating sheet have thermal expansion coefficients different from each other.


Semiconductors of different types are formed by a crystal growth technique and joined at the interface at which rapid atomic-layer-level compositional changes occur while maintaining high crystallinity of the semiconductor layers so as to form a heterogeneous PN junction. A layered film that includes a PN junction oxide thin film is formed on a single crystal substrate. The PN junction oxide thin film is constituted by an N-type semiconductor oxide thin film and a P-type semiconductor oxide thin film that are epitaxially grown to have c-axis orientation represented by (00k).

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a layered film including a heteroepitaxial PN junction oxide thin film.
2. Description of the Related Art
PN junctions formed by elemental semiconductors such as Si and Ge and compound semiconductors such as GaAs, InP, and GaN are widely used in solid-state electronic devices such as bipolar transistors and rectifier diode devices and solid-state photoelectronic devices such as semiconductor lasers, light-emitting diodes, photodetectors, and solar cells. Homogeneous PN junctions composed of the same types of compounds are often used in these devices. However, in semiconductor lasers and light-emitting diodes, heterogeneous PN junctions composed of compounds of different types are used.
In order to ensure optimum device characteristics and reproducibility thereof for these electronic devices, the crystallinity of functional films is desirably high. It is difficult to obtain favorable device characteristics from polycrystalline substances due to disturbance of physical quantities at grain boundaries. Accordingly, epitaxial films as close to single crystals as possible are needed.
However, as in the case of making heterogeneous PN junctions, it is difficult with a crystal growth technique to join semiconductors of different types at the interface at which rapid atomic-layer-level compositional changes occur and to conduct deposition while maintaining high crystallinity of the semiconductor layers. Furthermore, materials used for forming PN junctions, in particular, compound semiconductor materials, are in many cases thermally and chemically unstable, hazardous to environment, and facing depletion of resources. Some of the challenges imposed on PN junction devices that use semiconductor materials can be addressed by using oxide semiconductor materials.
However, it is still difficult to form semiconductor thin films with oxides, in particular, to form a P-type semiconductor with an oxide. Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2004-119525 discloses a PN junction device and reports that a PN junction having a heteroepitaxial interface is realized by depositing a polycrystal P-type oxide film on an epitaxially grown N-type semiconductor oxide thin film and then annealing the two films. However, annealing a film deposited to be in a polycrystal state will only improve the crystallinity of each of the domains constituting the polycrystal state and will not give an epitaxial film that is close to single crystal. There has been no report of forming a heteroepitaxial PN junction with oxide semiconductor thin films.
In order to achieve good PN junction device characteristics from oxide semiconductors, epitaxial films that are close to single crystal as much as possible are needed. In particular, in order to stack materials of different types as in forming a heteroepitaxial PN junction, materials having different lattice constants must be stacked while maintaining the crystallinity. Accordingly, there is a high expectation for development of a technique for c-axis-oriented epitaxial growth of oxide semiconductors.

Layered film including heteroepitaxial PN junction oxide thin film


An ultraviolet absorber composition is provided and includes: a compound represented by formula (I); and an ultraviolet absorber having a maximum absorption at a wavelength of from 340 to 400 nm:

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to an ultraviolet (UV) absorber composition and a resin composition.
2. Background Art
A UV absorber has been used in combination with various resins to impart UV absorbing properties to the resins. UV absorbers include inorganic UV absorbers and organic UV absorbers. Inorganic UV absorbers, such as disclosed in JP-A-5-339033, JP-A-5-345639, and JP-A-6-56466, are excellent in durability including weatherability and heat resistance but provide limited choice because the absorption wavelengths depend on the band gap of the compound. No inorganic UV absorbers are capable of absorbing long wavelength UV light called UV-A irradiation having wavelengths around 400 nm, or inorganic UV absorbers capable of absorbing UV-A irradiation also absorb visible light and are therefore accompanied by coloration.
On the other hand, organic UV absorbers offer broad freedom of design of their structure. Hence, organic UV absorbers having various ranges of absorption wavelengths are provided through structural design.
A variety of organic UV absorbers have thus been studied. For example, JP-T-2002-524452 discloses triazole UV absorbers, of which those having an absorption maximum in the UV-A region have poor light resistance and reduce in UV light shielding effect with time.
To address this problem, it has been proposed to use a combination containing a UV absorber having UV light shielding effect in the UV-A region. It is considered that combining a certain UV absorber that is incapable of absorbing a certain UV wavelength region with another UV absorber will provide a UV absorber composition capable of absorbing the whole UV region and also capable of effectively shielding the UV-A region. A primary problem with this approach is that a composition containing UV absorbers different in basic skeleton exhibits poor compatibility with a polymer matrix, often resulting in bleeding or poor solubility in a solvent, which can cause deterioration of the operational efficiency. Another problem is that the differences between the combined UV absorbers in UV shielding effect or rate of degradation with time can cause a failure to obtain sufficient UV shielding effect over the whole UV region.
It has therefore been demanded to develop a UV absorber composition that settles down the above discussed problems and exhibits excellent light resistance even in the UV-A region.

Ultraviolet absorber composition and resin composition

Abstract: R1a, R1b, R1c, R1d, R1e, R1f, R1g, R1h, R1i, and R1j each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a monovalent substituent except OH, or adjacent two of R1a, R1b, R1c, R1d, R1e, R1f, R1g, R1h, R1i, and R1j may be taken together to form a ring; R1k, R1m, R1n, and R1p each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a monovalent substituent, or adjacent two of R1k, R1m, R1n, and R1p may be taken together to form a ring; and at least one of R1a, R1b, R1c, R1d, R1e, R1f, R1g, R1h, R1i, R1j, R1k, R1m, R1n, and R1p is a substituent having a positive σp value in Hammett equation.


Security from an unwanted intrusion into a computer system is provided by coupling a host component with a peripheral component using a high-speed serial bus having a high-speed physical layer and using features of the bus to implement the security. In an embodiment, the high-speed serial bus has a secondary bus layer that is used to implement a number of the security features of the invention.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to the field of computer system security for preventing unwanted intrusion into a computer system.
2. Background of the Invention
The vast amount of data and information stored in and processed by computers makes them obvious targets for corporate spies and other information thieves. Unfortunately, computers generally are susceptible to security breaches. An ability of a bus coupling a host computer to one or more peripherals to use a direct memory access (DMA) engine to directly read from and write to the host computer's physical memory locations exacerbates the problem. For example, a rogue device can be tapped into the network and can use the DMA engine to obtain massive amounts of data from the host and its peripherals. A bus with this ability to use a host DMA engine is described in U.S. Provisional Applications Ser. Nos. 60/006,431; 60/011,320; and 60/013,302, filed on Nov. 10, 1995, Feb. 8, 1996, and Mar. 8, 1996, respectively. Since peripherals attached to such a bus may be several meters away from the host computer, an unwanted attachment of a rogue device to the bus which could monitor data traffic on the bus and directly access host memory could go unnoticed by legitimate system users.
Conventionally, an addition of security features to a modern, high-performance computer system necessitated incurring substantial costs, especially in order to avoid causing diminished system performance. There is a need, therefore, for a reliable, low-cost security system to prevent unwanted intrusions into a computer system. Optimally, the system should not affect system performance.


A non-volatile memory device, a data access circuit and a data access method are provided. The non-volatile memory device includes a main controller, a plurality of sub-controllers and a plurality of memory blocks. The sub-controllers are coupled to the main controller and are used to execute the tasks assigned by the main controller. The memory blocks are respectively coupled to the corresponding sub-controllers. The main controller is used to divide a received main data into a plurality of sub-data, and the sub-data are respectively saved in the memory blocks through corresponding sub-controllers. Therefore, the data access speed of the non-volatile memory device is substantially speeded-up.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to a data access technique, more particularly, to a data access technique of non-volatile memory device.
2. Description of Related Art
Conventional semiconductor memory can be roughly classified into two basic types, namely, non-volatile memory and volatile random access memory (RAM). The so-called 'non-volatile memory' is a memory capable of retaining stored data even after power to the device is removed. Non-volatile memory includes, for example, read only memory (ROM), programmable ROM (PROM), erasable PROM (EPROM), electrically erasable PROM (EEPROM), mask ROM, flash memory and so on.
Volatile memory refers to those memories whose stored data will disappear when power to the device is removed. Volatile memory includes, for example, static random access memory (SRAM) and dynamic random access memory (DRAM).
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a conventional flash memory. As shown in FIG. 1, the flash memory 10 includes a main controller 20 and a plurality of memory blocks, for example, 31, 32 and 3n. When the flash memory 10 receives a data, the data is saved in the memory block 31 by the main controller 20 until there is no more space available in the memory block 31. Thereafter, the main controller 20 will transfer the remaining data into the memory block 32 and so on. However, the conventional flash memory 10 not only has a slow data access speed, but also cannot provide output data when a portion of the data is lost or damaged.

Non-volatile memory device and data access circuit and data access method


A controller capable of self-monitoring, a redundant storage system having the same, and its method are proposed. Each controller is arranged with a self-monitoring operating circuit and a watchdog unit. The self-monitoring operating circuit can periodically issue a confirmation signal to the watchdog unit. The watchdog unit comprises a counter unit for counting a predetermined time interval, and if it does not receive the confirmation signal issued by the self-monitoring operating circuit over the predetermined time interval, it will send out an output signal to the self-monitoring operating circuit. The self-monitoring operating circuit will then generate a plurality of global reset signals to shut down the entire operation of the controller. Another controller will take over the functions of the shut-down controller.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention is related to a controller used in a storage field, and more particularly, to a controller capable of self-monitoring, a redundant storage system having the same, and a method thereof.
2. Description of Related Art
A redundant system means a system includes two or more particular sub-systems which is important to the system. For example, a redundant RAID (redundant arrays of independent disks) system often seen in the storage field usually has two redundant controllers. The controllers can be arranged in two kinds of configuration. One is Active-Standby, also called Active-Passive while the other is Active-Active.
Reference is made to FIG. 1, which is a schematic diagram showing the redundant controller pair in Active-Passive configuration. It has a host 11, controllers 121, 122, and a physical storage device array (PSD array) 13. Examples of a PSD are a hard disk drive or an optical disc. The controller 121 is called primary controller while the controller 122 is called secondary controller. The controllers 121, 122 are connected to at least one host 11. Thus, the host 11 can issue access requests to the controller 121 or 122.
Normally, the host 11 sends an access request to the controller 121 so as to access data stored in the PSD array 13 via the controller 121. Before the controller 121 accesses the PSD array 13, it informs the controller 122 of what it is going to do. For example, the controller 121 may inform the controller 122 that it is going to write some data into the PSD array 13. After that, the controller 122 backs up the data and records the action the controller 122 is going to perform.
Once the controller 121 fails or performs an error action, the controller 122 takes over the task of the controller 121 to write the data into the PSD array 13. Hence, when the controller 121 is broken, the controller 122 temporarily serves as the primary controller. The host 11 sends access requests to the controller 122, instead, until the controller 121 is restored or replaced by a new one.
Reference is made to FIG. 2, which is a schematic diagram showing the redundant controller pair in Active-Active configuration. It has a host 21, controllers 221, 222, and a PSD array 23. The controller 221 is called primary controller while the controller 222 is called secondary controller. The controllers 221, 222 are connected to at least one host 21. Thus, the host 21 can issue access requests to the controllers 221 and 222. The controllers 221 and 222 access the PSD array 23 respectively according to the access requests they receive.
Before the controller 221 accesses the PSD array 23, it informs the controller 222 of what it is going to do. Similarly, before the controller 222 accesses the PSD array 23, it also informs the controller 221 of what it is going to do. Hence, if one of the controllers 221 and 222 fails or performs an error action, the other temporarily takes over its task and completes the access action.
In either configuration mentioned above, i.e., Active-Active configuration or Active-Standby configuration, there must be a monitoring mechanism between the redundant controllers so that any one of the controllers can detect whether the other one operates abnormally. Reference is made to FIG. 3, which shows a schematic diagram for illustrating the monitoring mechanism between the redundant controller pair. It includes controllers 31, 32, a PSD array 33 and a common transmission interconnect 34. The controller 31 is called the primary controller while the controller 32 is called the secondary controller.
If the common transmission interconnect 34 is a small computer system interface (SCSI) interconnect, whose transmission cable has many pins, for example, 68 pins, a portion of which are unused generally, the controllers 31, 32 can employ the unused pins of the SCSI's transmission cable to send monitoring signals to each other. In this way, either one of the controllers 31, 32 can detect whether the other one operates abnormally.
For example, if the controller 31 malfunctions, the monitoring signals sent from the controller 32 cannot be replied to. So the controller 32 notifies the host (not shown) that the controller 31 is malfunctioning and temporarily takes over the functions of the controller 31.
In addition, the controllers 31, 32 access the PSD array 33 through the common transmission interconnect 34. If one of the controllers 31, 32 operates abnormally, it may abnormally access the data of the PSD array 33 and affect other normal access operations. Hence, for example, when the controller 31 finds that the controller 32 operates abnormally, it sends a reset signal to the controller 32 to reset the same so as to prevent the whole storage system from being affected by the abnormal operation.
Furthermore, if the controller 31 malfunctions and the other controller 32 does not take over its functions immediately, the host may still send access requests to the controller 31 and not receive any response. Thus, the controllers 31, 32 have to monitor each other via the common transmission interconnect 34, and the interval between any two monitoring signals sent from the controller 31 or 32 must be very short, such as several milliseconds.
A conventional monitoring signal includes multiple detecting signals. When the controller 31 or 32 receives the detecting signals, they perform a hand-shaking action. This action occupies a portion of transmission bandwidth of the common transmission interconnect 34 and degrades the efficiency of the access operations of the controllers 31 and 32. For resolving this problem, an additional transmission interface can be provided for conveying the monitoring signals of the controllers 31 and 32. However, it increases the cost and overall hardware complexity.

Controller capable of self-monitoring, redundant storage system having the same, and method thereof


A plurality of video cameras each send a video signal and an audio signal to a video controller. Each of the video cameras receive a vertical drive signal and a horizontal drive signal from the video controller. A sensor interface sends sensor signals to the video controller. The video controller sends camera status signals to camera status indicators which indicate which of the video cameras are active. The video controller determines which of the video cameras are active, selects the video signals from one of the plurality of cameras, inserts a camera number code into the selected video signals which corresponds to the selected video camera, inserts indicator symbology into the selected video signals which represent the information from the status interface, and sends the selected video having the camera number code and the indicator symbology to a video recorder.

The present invention relates to camera systems, and more particularly, to multiplexing video camera systems.
Recently, there has been an increase in the need for recording images from multiple video cameras onto a single recording by switching from one video camera to another video camera during the recording process. However, often it is desired to distinguish between the images of the various video cameras when playing back the single recording made by this recording process. Therefore, there is a need for systems which can record the images from multiple video cameras onto a single recording with an identifying code for each image that indicates which of the video cameras the specific image came from.
Although video cameras record images, it is often desired to know additional information which is not readily seen from an image in the video camera. Therefore, there is a need for video multiplexing systems which also insert additional information on the images which are recorded.

Method and system for video multiplexing


A liquid discharge apparatus includes a liquid discharging unit configured to discharge liquid onto a recording medium, a dryer unit configured to heat and dry the liquid, a medium supporting unit configured to support the recording medium while the liquid is dried by the dryer unit, the medium supporting unit having an opening section allowing vapor generated while the liquid is dried by the dryer unit to pass therethrough, a condensation causing member in contact with the medium supporting unit and configured to condense the vapor passed through the opening section, and a low thermal expansion member connected to the condensation causing member and having a smaller thermal expansion coefficient than the condensation causing member.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to a liquid discharge apparatus.
2. Related Art
A liquid discharge apparatus including a medium supporting unit configured to support a recording medium has been used. For example, JP-A-10-217572 discloses an ink jet recording apparatus including a mesh member functioning as a medium supporting unit at a position near a heater used as a dryer unit. Through the mesh member, water vapor can be released to the outside. In addition, JP-A-2000-75773 discloses a recording apparatus including a sling functioning as a medium supporting unit configured to support a transfer material used as a recording medium. In the recording apparatus, a toner image transferred on the transfer material is caused to contact with a heating roller, which corresponds to a dryer unit, and water vapor is allowed to be expelled through the sling.
In recording apparatuses according to the related art, the medium supporting unit supporting the recording medium may be deformed in some cases. Particularly, in the medium supporting unit including the mesh member at the position near the heater, as disclosed in JP-A-10-217572, the mesh member may be thermally deformed. In addition, in the recording apparatus including the heating roller configured to be in contact with the transfer material used as the recording medium, which is supported by the sling functioning as the medium supporting unit, as disclosed in JP-A-2000-75773, the sling functioning as the medium supporting unit may be deformed due to a pressing force or to heat of the heating roller. Deformation of the medium supporting unit may cause deformation of the recording medium supported by the medium supporting unit. As a result, an image on the recording medium may be distorted, or the recording medium may not be properly transported.


A felt for repairing soft tissue defects comprising a membranous collagen substrate and a bioresorbable fiber felted onto the collagen substrate. Methods of preparing a felt and methods of repairing soft tissue damage with a felt are also provided.

Collagen is useful in various pharmaceutical applications and as an implant material for soft tissue defects. The collagen useful for implant materials may be broadly categorized into xenograft collagen and allograft collagen. Selecting the appropriate collagen materials may present challenges as there is a need to balance strength and durability of the implant with reducing immunogenicity and promoting soft tissue ingrowth.
It may be desirable to provide an implant which promotes soft tissue ingrowth, minimizes the amount of the implant used, and is not prone to an immunogenic response.

Composite collagen material and method of forming same


Described is a method for producing a semiconductor device (100), in which at least one column-shaped or wall-shaped semiconductor device (10, 20) extending in a main direction (z) is formed on a substrate (30), wherein at least two sections (11, 13, 21, 23) of a first crystal type and one section (12, 22) of a second crystal type therebetween are formed in an active region (40), each section with a respective predetermined height (h1, h2), wherein the first and second crystal types have different lattice constants and each of the sections of the first crystal type has a lattice strain which depends on the lattice constants in the section of the second crystal type. According to the invention, at least a height (h2) of the section (12, 22) of the second crystal type and a lateral thickness (D) of the active region (40) is formed perpendicular to the main direction, in such a manner that the lattice strain in one of the sections (11) of the first crystal type also depends on the lattice constants in the other section (13) of the first crystal type. A semiconductor device (100) is also described, having at least one column-shaped or wall-shaped semiconductor element (10, 20) on a substrate (30), which can be produced in particular by means of the stated method.

The invention refers to a method for the production of a semiconductor device such as a light-emitting component, having at least one column-shaped or wall-shaped semiconductor element, and in particular refers to a method for the production of a semiconductor device where at least one semiconductor element has a lateral thickness in at least one cross-section direction of less than 1 μm, in particular less than 500 nm. The invention furthermore refers to a semiconductor device having at least one column-shaped or wall-shaped semiconductor element, in particular a semiconductor device with at least one nanowire and/or at least one nanowall which is arranged on a substrate. Applications for the invention exist in the production of optical, in particular light emitting, electrical, electromechanical and/or electro-thermal components.
The production of semiconductor elements (nanostructured semiconductor elements) on a substrate which have characteristic dimensions in the submicrometer range is common knowledge. "Top-down" methods such as the selective etching of planar semiconductors, or "bottom-up" methods such as the epitactic growth of nanostructured semiconductors are known for the structuring of a substrate and the production of the semiconductor elements.
For example column-shaped semiconductor elements (nanowires, nanocolumns) (see for example US 2011/0127490 A1 or US 2007/0257264 A1) or wall-shaped semiconductor elements (nanowalls, nanoplates, nanodiscs) are produced on a substrate with the specified methods. Typically, nanowire heterostructures are produced which include segments with various types of crystal along a main direction of the semiconductor elements, e.g. with different chemical composition or different doping, in order to provide the semiconductor element with specific optical, electrical, mechanical and/or thermal properties.
It is furthermore known that these properties of nanostructured semiconductors differ from semiconductors which are planar or have a bulk shape because the structuring influences the conduction properties and band characteristics. It is pointed out in US 2011/0127490 A1 that the nanowires are characterised by a negligible number of dislocations compared to planar semiconductors due to an effective stress relaxation.
The production of light emitting components (light emitting diodes, LEDs) from nanostructured semiconductors has been proposed. For example, K. Kishino et al. ("Proceedings of SPIE", Volume 6473, 2007, P. 6473T-1-64730T-12) and A. Kikuchi et al. (in "Japanese Journal of Applied Physics", Volume 43, 2004, P. L1524-L1526) describe LEDs which consist of (In,Ga)N/GaN nanowires on sapphire or silicon substrates and which emit light in the visible spectral range. The nanowires are formed as heterostructures by self-organisation, whereby sections of a crystal type with a lower band gap (quantum well sections) alternate with sections of a crystal type with a larger band gap (barrier sections) in the main direction of the nanowires. The wavelength of the emitted light is determined in particular by the band structure of the quantum well sections and specifically their content of In. B. Guo et al. (see "Nanoletters", Volume 10, 2010, P. 3355) describe an LED made of (In,Ga)N/GaN nanowires on a silicon substrate, which emits various wavelengths in a broad spectral range (white light) by a variation of the semiconductor composition along the nanowires.
The production of LEDs with nanostructured semiconductors produces expectations of advantages compared to conventional GaN-based LEDs in terms of the growth conditions (possible use of silicon as substrate), the quantum yield of light emission and the adjustment of spectral properties (use of higher concentrations of In). However in practice until now only the few process parameters have been used to adjust specific emission properties which are also used in conventional LEDs, such as the composition of the semiconductor. In particular the adjustment of the emission of a specific spectral range, e.g. the adjustment of a white light emission, constitutes a great challenge for the control of procedural parameters in the production of the nanostructured semiconductors.
The specified problems not only have an effect on the production of LEDs, but also on other uses of nanostructured semiconductors, e.g. as electronic components, as electro-thermal components or as electromechanical components (MEMS components).

Production of a semiconductor device having at least one column-shaped or wall-shaped semiconductor element


An image forming apparatus comprising: a built-in rotary driving member; a developing device detachably attachable to the body of the image forming apparatus; a developer driving part disposed at one end in a shaft direction of the developing roller and the agitation screw; a driving part duct enveloping the developer driving part of the developing device; a developer case surface duct formed along a surface parallel to the shaft direction of the developing roller and the agitation screw; and a blast fan or a exhaust fan to blow air from either the driving part duct or the developer case surface duct to each other.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an image forming apparatus such as a copier, a printer, a facsimile machine, or a multi-function apparatus having one or more capabilities of the above devices.
2. Description of the Related Art
In an image forming apparatus employing electrophotography, friction between a developer control member and a developer, friction between a developer carrier surface and the developer, and friction between developer particles cause heat to be generated and the heat generated increases a temperature of the developer. In addition, heat around the driving units such as gears, shafts, and bearings of a developing roller and a developer agitating screw is transmitted, via a screw shaft or a case that supports the shaft and the bearing, to increase the temperature of the developer. The increase in the temperature of the developer causes such problems as agglomeration and degradation of the developer.
To solve the above-described problem, it is possible to cool the developer. For example, JP-2009-009074-A discloses a method to cool the developer by blowing air onto the developer from the side of the developer unit.
Similarly, JP-2008-250284-A provides a duct in the image forming unit to block heat from a fixing unit and cool the image forming unit.
Further, JP-2009-288583-A discloses another approach, in which a duct is defined by a guide rail used for attaching a developer unit to a developer case, through which air is blown, thereby cooling the developer.
The above approaches are used to cool the developer via the developer case. By contrast, JP-2006-145727-A discloses a method of blowing air onto front and rear shaft bearings of the developing roller to counter the temperature rise of the developer due to the heat generated at a driving part.
However, none of the above cooling means and methods cools both the developer case and the driving part. If used in combination the cooling units would need to be provided at two locations in the front and the back sides of the developing device, which inevitably increases the size of the apparatus and its cost.
Further, it is known that energy lost as heat from the motor itself as the power source and the heat transmitted via the gears is propagated via the apparatus main frame and the internal air to the developer.


While a check ring of a screw of an injection molding machine is in open state, an absolute value (|Δ resin pressure/Δ rotation amount|) of a variation of a resin pressure per unit variation of the screw reverse rotation becomes greater than a predetermined reference value. However, after the check ring is closed, |Δ resin pressure/Δ rotation amount| becomes equal to or less than the reference value. From this, detecting if the |Δ resin pressure/Δ rotation amount| during reverse rotation of the screw, it is possible to determine that the check ring is closed or not. As a result, it is possible to obtain a screw reverse rotation amount which is optimal for reliably closing the check ring.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an injection molding machine, and more particularly, to an injection molding machine which determines a closing state of a check ring based on a variation of a resin pressure when a screw is rotated by a constant amount to carry out controlling of closing operation of a check ring.
2. Description of the Related Art
A screw of an inline injection molding machine is provided with a check ring. There are various kinds of check rings and as a representative check ring, there is a known check ring in which a pressure in front of the check ring is relatively higher than a pressure behind the check ring, and a pressure difference is generated, thereby closing the valve.
It is known in Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 62-060621 that a screw is rotated in reverse (in a direction opposite from the rotation direction of the screw in a metering step) simultaneously when injection is started, and the check ring is closed.
It is known in Japanese Patent Applications Laid-open Nos. 3-45325, 4-71817 and 9-174629 that if the screw is normally rotated, a first resin flow path and a second resin flow path of the check ring are brought into communication with each other, and if the screw is rotated in reverse, the communication between the first resin flow path and the second resin flow path of the check ring is cut and they are sealed.
It is known in Japanese Examined Patent Publication No. 47-8380, and Japanese Patent Applications Laid-open Nos. 60-201921 and 62-19423 that if the screw is rotated in reverse, the check ring is relatively retreated from the screw to seal the resin flow path.
These check rings have a mechanism which opens and closes a flow path when the check ring rotates by a predetermined amount with respect to a screw head. In the injection molding machine having such a check ring, control is performed such that if the screw is rotated in reverse by a predetermined amount after the metering operation is completed, thereby closing the flow path and then, injection is carried out. A set value of the reverse rotation amount is calculated and set from a distance between the check ring when it is opened and a check seat.
When the screw rotates the screw in reverse head rotates in reverse at the same speed, and the check ring also rotates in reverse together with the screw head at a given speed. When the screw rotates by a predetermined amount, the rotation amount of the check ring with respect to the screw head is smaller than the reverse rotation amount of the screw. Therefore, when the screw is rotated in reverse to close the flow path, reverse rotation of the screw greater than reverse rotation obtained from a design value of a closing mechanism of the check ring is required.
A reverse rotation amount of the screw which is necessary to close the check ring is varied depending upon a viscosity of resin and the injection speed. Therefore, even if the calculated reverse rotation amount is set, the reverse rotation amount is insufficient and the check ring can not be closed perfectly or the reverse rotation amount becomes excessively large in some cases.
When the reverse rotation amount is insufficient and the flow path is not closed, there is inconvenience that resin reversely flows rearward of the screw during injection. When the flow path is closed but the reverse rotation amount is excessively large, resin reversely flows backward of the screw more than necessary during the reverse rotation, and there is inconvenience that the metering time is increased and resin resides too long in the cylinder.

Injection molding machine which carries out controlling of closing operation of a check ring


A system and method for providing access to a communication network includes providing a radio node comprising a first set of access point components including a radio component, and providing a physically separated controller node in communication with the radio node. The access point controller comprises a second set of access point components distinct from the first set of access point components, creating a distributed access point. A system controller may also be used to control at least one of the radio node and the controller node. The radio node, the controller node, and the system controller communicate over a communication link, such as a wireless or wired link.

In a large wireless network (meaning one that serves a large number of users and/or covers a significant area) multiple access points are often desired to provide connectivity to a backbone network for various client devices. The backbone network might be a corporate network (e.g., a Local Area Network (LAN)), an extension of the Internet, or a "last mile" connection from a Wide Area Network (WAN), which might include public spaces (e.g., libraries, shopping centers, airports, etc.). A conventional access point has its core components integrated in a single device. These core components typically include an RF (radio) component, an amplifier, an antenna, a baseband module, a MAC (medium access control) module, a processor, memory, a LAN interface and so on, making the access point fairly complex and expensive. A technology specific chip or chipset typically provides lower level functions while upper level functions are sometimes provided by software running on a processor.
Access points are sometimes implemented using a single device design, sometimes called a "stand-alone unit." However, with a single device, all-in-one-style access point there is no economy of scale. Each access point costs the same to manufacture as the first, and there is no advantage to be gained from modern power processors. Also, as a system implementing access points scales, certain aspects of the system become more complex. Because software processes or other processes governing functions such as multiple access management and/or mobility (e.g., roaming or handing-off of a device from one access point to another) are sometimes distributed among multiple access points or other network-connected processing entities, the system's complexity may grow faster than the number of access points.
Open industry interface specifications between radio and baseband blocks, as well as between physical (PHY) and MAC blocks of wireless networking systems are the focus of current development in the field. For example, the JC-61 standards will initially focus on the Wireless LAN systems compliant to the IEEE 802.11 standard. Current development initiatives do not address the remote connection of the PHY and MAC blocks.
In the drawings, the same reference numbers identify identical or substantially similar elements or acts. To easily identify the discussion of any particular element or act, the most significant digit or digits in a reference number refer to the Figure number in which that element is first introduced (e.g., element 604 is first introduced and discussed with respect to FIG. 6).

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Network access points using multiple devices