A heat dissipation structure for LED lighting includes a light seat, a support body, a cap body and a lens. A heat sink and a fan are assembled on the support body and disposed in the opening of the light seat. The cap body has a first open end and a second open end. At least one air outlet is formed on the cap body in adjacency to the first open end. At least one air inlet is formed on the cap body at the second open end. The fan serves to forcedly drive airflow from the air inlet into the light seat and then drive the airflow to multiple radiating fins of the heat sink so as to directly carry the heat from the radiating fins to outer side through the air outlet. Accordingly, the heat dissipation effect is enhanced and the noise is reduced.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to a heat dissipation structure for LED lighting, and more particularly to a heat dissipation structure for LED lighting, which has better heat dissipation effect and is able to reduce noise.
2. Description of the Related Art
Recently, various green products meeting the requirements of energy saving and carbon reduction have been more and more respected. Following the rapid advance of manufacturing technique of light-emitting diode (hereinafter abbreviated as LED), various LED products have been widely applied in various fields as illumination devices, such as LED car lights, LED streetlights, LED desk lamps and LED lightings.
When high-power LED emits light, LED also generates high heat. The heat must be efficiently dissipated. Otherwise, the heat will locally accumulate where the light-emitting component is positioned to cause rise of temperature. This will affect the normal operation of some components of the product or even the entire product and shorten the lifetime of the product.
Taking a conventional LED lighting as an example for illustration, the conventional LED lighting lacks any heat dissipation structure for dissipating the heat. Therefore, after a long period of use, the heat generated by the LED will accumulate in the LED lighting without being effectively dissipated. This will lead to burnout of the LED due to overheating. To solve this problem, some manufacturers have developed various heat dissipation structures with for LED lightings.
Please refer to FIGS. 1a, 1b and 1c. FIG. 1a is a perspective exploded view of a conventional heat dissipation structure for LED lighting. FIG. 1b is a perspective assembled view of the conventional heat dissipation structure for LED lighting. FIG. 1c is a perspective view of a part of the conventional heat dissipation structure for LED lighting, seen from another angle. The conventional heat dissipation structure for LED lighting includes a light seat 10, a cap body 11 and a lens 12. A drive circuit 101 is disposed in the light seat 10. The cap body 11 has an open end 111 and is capped on the light seat 10. The cap body 11 has an internal support section 112. Multiple air inlets 113 are formed on the support section 112 between the cap body 11 and the support section 112. Multiple radiating fins 114 are formed on one side of the support section 112, which side is proximal to the light seat 10. A fan 115 is disposed on the side of the support section 112. The rear ends of the radiating fins 114 are annularly connected with each other. The center of the support section 112 is formed with an air outlet 116. The air outlet 116 extends from the other side of the support section 112 in a direction away from the radiating fins 114. An LED module 13 is fitted on the air outlet 116. One side of the LED module 13 is attached to the support section 112. The lens 12 is assembled on the cap body 11. The lens 12 is formed with a central hole 121 in alignment with the air outlet 116. The lens 12 is assembled and connected with the LED module 13.
Please now refer to FIG. 1d, which is a sectional view showing the operation of the conventional heat dissipation structure for LED lighting. When the LED module 13 emits light and generates high heat, the support section 112 and the radiating fins 114 will absorb the heat. In the meantime, the fan 115 operates to suck the ambient airflow of the LED lighting into the cap body 11. The fan 115 will forcedly drive the airflow toward the radiating fins 114. When the airflow reaches the radiating fins 114, the airflow will carry away the heat from the radiating fins 114. The hot wind is guided from the radiating fins 114 to the central air outlet 116 and sent out to dissipate the heat of the LED module 13.
According to the above, the conventional heat dissipation structure for LED lighting is able to dissipate the heat generated by the LED module 13. However, the heat dissipation effect is poor. This is because when the fan 115 drives the airflow to the radiating fins 114, the support section 112 will stop the airflow to affect the heat dissipation efficiency. As a result, the heat generated by the LED module 13 can be hardly effectively dissipated and the LED module 13 is likely to overheat. In some slight cases, the illumination of the LED lighting will be deteriorated and the lifetime of the LED lighting will be shortened. In some serious cases, the LED module 13 may damage (burn out). Moreover, the airflow is stopped, the LED lighting will make a noise. Furthermore, the air outlet 115 is not provided with any design for preventing alien articles from entering the light seat 10. As a result, alien articles may directly enter the light seat 10 from the air outlet 116 to affect the operation of the fan 115.
According to the above, the conventional heat dissipation structure for LED lighting has the following shortcomings:    1. The heat dissipation effect is poor.    2. The noise is increased.    3. The illumination of the LED lighting is likely to be deteriorated and the lifetime of the LED lighting is shortened.    4. Alien articles are likely to enter the light seat from the air outlet to affect the operation of the fan.

Heat dissipation structure for LED lighting


An angular velocity sensor comprises a substrate, a vibrating member of an elongate plate formed by processing a part of the substrate, a support beam formed by processing a part of the substrate to support a center of the vibrating member in a longitudinal direction thereof, a driving device for driving both longitudinal ends of the vibrating member to vibrate in a first direction, and a detecting device for detecting vibrations of the vibrating member in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction thereby to detect an angular velocity of rotation of the substrate.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an angular velocity sensor for detecting an angular velocity by utilizing occurrence of a Coriolis force corresponding to the angular velocity of rotation of a vibrator in a direction perpendicular to a vibrating direction of the vibrator when the vibrating vibrator is rotated.
2. Related Background Art
Since a mechanical rotating top rate gyroscope is large and expensive, there has been developed an angular velocity sensor for public use as called as a piezoelectric gyroscope or oscillation gyroscope which is effective in power savings, longer in life, and suitable for decrease in size.
FIG. 1 is a perspective view to show a conventional angular velocity sensor comprising such an oscillation gyroscope. A vibration piece for detection 4 is mounted through a coupling member 3 above a vibration piece 2 fixed on a base 1, while a vibration piece for detection 7 is mounted through a coupling member 6 above a vibration piece 5 similarly. There are provided on the vibration piece 2 a piezoelectric element drive 8 vibrating the vibration piece 2 in the X-direction and a piezoelectric element for monitor 9 for monitoring actual vibrations of the vibration piece 2. Also, a piezoelectric element detector 10 is provided on the vibration piece for detection 4 to detect vibrations in the Y-direction. Similarly, a piezoelectric element drive 11 and a piezoelectric element monitor 12 are provided on the vibration piece 5, and a piezoelectric element detector 13 is on the vibration piece for detection 7.
In the above arrangement, while the vibration pieces 2, 5 are vibrating at a resonance frequency .omega.1 with a constant amplitude as opposing to each other in the X-direction, and when the vibration pieces 2, 5 are rotated together with the base 1 at an angular velocity .OMEGA. about the Z-axis, a Coriolis force Fc proportional to the angular velocity .OMEGA. acts on the vibration pieces for detection 4, 7 to vibrate the vibration pieces for detection 4, 7 at the resonance frequency .omega.1. Since an amplitude of the vibrations of the vibration pieces for detection 4, 7 is proportional to the angular velocity .OMEGA., the angular velocity .OMEGA. may be obtained by detecting the amplitude of the vibrations by the piezoelectric elements for detection 10, 13. In the detection, in order to keep the amplitude of the vibration pieces 2, 5 constant, the amplitude is detected by the piezoelectric elements monitor 9, 12 and the detected amplitude is fed back to each drive signal of the piezoelectric element drives 8, 11.
The above-described conventional example, However, includes a drawback of an inability of increase in detection precision of angular velocity because the resonance frequency would be deviated and the attenuation property would be distributed unless the work and assembly precision of the vibration pieces 2, 5 and the vibration pieces for detection 4, 7 should be high. In addition, since the parts are not integrally made, the assembly becomes complicated and the sensor cannot be made smaller or cheaper.
An angular velocity sensor free of the above drawbacks was proposed in Japanese Laid-open Patent Application No. 61-139719. FIG. 2 is an exploded perspective view to show a construction of the angular velocity sensor as disclosed. In FIG. 2, reference numeral 51 designates a substrate made of silicon, 52 a spacer, and 53 a support substrate made of silicon. A cantilever beam 50 is formed on the substrate 51 by etching. An electrode 54 is provided at a free end of the cantilever beam 50. An AC signal is applied from a generator 55 to the electrode 54 to vibrate the free end of the cantilever beam 50 in the Z-direction.
In FIG. 2, when the substrate 51 rotates about the Y-axis, the free end of the cantilever 50 is vibrated by a Coriolis force in the X-direction. Since an amplitude of the vibrations in the X-direction corresponds to an angular velocity of rotation, the angular velocity may be measured by detecting the vibrations by piezo resistance elements 56a and 56b mounted on the cantilever beam.
There appears, however, a force to vibrate the fixed end as a reaction to the vibrations at the free end in the arrangement of FIG. 2. This force is absorbed by a material of the substrate, and, therefore, the vibrations of the free end are attenuated by an amount as absorbed. Thus, the angular velocity sensor of FIG. 2 is not effective to generate the vibrations in the Z-direction, and has a loss in vibrations in the X-direction, resulting in a decrease in detectivity.

Angular velocity sensor having cantilever beams


Methods and systems described herein provide or use a wall structure for a hydrocarbon storage vessel. The wall structure includes an inner layer that includes a first rubber compound. A center layer includes a polymer film. An outer layer includes a second rubber compound.

This section introduces various aspects of the art, which may be associated with exemplary embodiments of the present techniques. This discussion is believed to assist in providing a framework to facilitate a better understanding of particular aspects of the present techniques. Accordingly, it should be understood that this section should be read in this light, and not necessarily as admissions of prior art.
Fuel can be stored in a vehicle, such as an aircraft, in any number of ways. For example, the fuel can be held in metal tanks, in an integral fuel storage area, called a wet wing in aircraft, or in a bladder. The bladder is often termed a fuel cell, and can hold the fuel in case of damage to the storage system.
Fuel cells are often made using a base material that includes either a nitrile rubber or a polyurethane. They are manufactured by combining two or more layers of material to create an inner liner bonded to an outer liner. The inner layers are selected to be non-porous and resistant to fuel. The outer layer is selected to protect the fuel cell from heat, ozone, humidity, and other external hazards, such as puncture. Fuel cells formed from nitrile rubber compounds are vulcanized (autoclave cured) to increase strength and reduce permeability.
Current techniques for forming fuel cells were developed in the mid-twentieth century and involve numerous complex steps for formation and assembly. Accordingly, the cost and complexity of current fuel cells may limit their use in lower cost vehicles.


A mixed-class service multiple-tier theater that allows different patrons attending the same movie to experience differing levels of service depending on how much they wish to pay. There are two tiers for seating. The upper tier would be for regular, stadium style seating, while the lower tier would be for VIP seating with fully reclining seats. The lower and upper tiers are completely separated, each offering its own ingress/egress access, with a balcony overhang from the upper tier cantilevered over the lower tier.

Traditionally, motion pictures have provided inexpensive and accessible entertainment for a large portion of the population worldwide. Until recently, the nature of the product being provided by motion picture theaters is of a one-size-fits-all nature. That is, movie theaters have provided an identical experience to all patrons attending any movie theater or multiplex.
As individual consumer tastes developed, the industry saw the need for a more upscale type of service for patrons that desire better service and are willing to pay additional fees for it. This demand has seen the development of "VIP" (very important person) movie theaters offering the additional, more expensive services. Among these services are included: larger, more comfortable seats; reclining seats; seat-side food service; complete, restaurant-style food and beverage menus; and the like.
The existence of two distinct levels of service has forced patrons and theater operators to make a choice, from the outset, as to what type of service they wish to experience and provide respectively.
At present, there is no mixed-class service that allows different patrons attending the same movie theater to experience differing levels of service depending on how much they wish to pay. Such a mixed-class service is similar to an airline offering a first class cabin and an economy cabin all in the same flight.
The principal reason for this is the fact that in order to provide each class of service, a significantly different configuration of the theater's seating area is needed for each class. The overwhelming majority of movie theaters in the U.S. are single-tiered offering no natural separations that could serve to divide seating areas into differently-configured areas.
Therefore, there is a need in the art for a mixed-class service multiple-tier theater that allows different patrons attending the same movie to experience differing levels of service depending on how much they wish to pay. Further, there is a need in the art for such a theater in which the configuration of the various tiers is optimized to allow for the most convenient, enjoyable and commercially feasible operation possible

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Single-screen multiple-tier movie picture theater having separate service class sections


Provided is a fabric for use as sportswear, the side fabric of a futon or the inner bag thereof that has superior heat retention and a soft texture despite being lightweight and thin. The fabric is a thin fabric having a fabric density of 15 g/m2 to 50 g/m2 in which thermoplastic synthetic fibers having fineness of 5 dtex to 30 dtex are arranged in at least a portion of the warp yarn or weft yarn, wherein the average deviation of the coefficient of friction on at least one side of the fabric is 0.008 to 0.05, and the value of Qmax of that one side of the fabric is 85 W/m2·° C. to 125 W/m2·° C.

Sportswear woven fabric has conventionally been desired to be lightweight and thin while demonstrating superior tear strength from the viewpoints of being comfortable to wear and being easy to move in when worn. In addition, in applications for futon ticking fabrics such as futon covers or futon inner bags, the fabric is desired to be lightweight and thin while having a high level of tear strength in order to reduce the burden when sleeping and in order to be used in sleeping bag applications. In the case of producing a lightweight, thin woven fabric, since it is effective to use yarn having a small fineness when composing the fabric and carry out calendaring under harsh conditions, there were the problems of the fabric feeling extremely cold when touched or worn, and the fabric easily allowing heat to escape due to the small size of the air layer in the fabric, thereby resulting in inferior heat retention. In the case of fabric for sportswear, and particularly down jackets, the ticking fabric of sleeping bags or down-filled futons, or the inner bags of down-filled futons, although the fabric is required to be down-proof in addition to being lightweight and thin, it is necessary for the fabric to employ a dense structure in order to satisfy the requirement of being down-proof, and since this normally resulted in carrying out calendaring under harsh conditions, there was the problem of the woven fabric becoming hard.
Patent Document 1 indicated below discloses a lining having an exothermic energy index indicative of moisture adsorptive heat generation performance of 5 or more and a surface contact cold sensation (Qmax) of 0.12 W/cm2 or less. However, since this lining has a large basis weight (babric density or weight per unit area) and reduces contact cold sensation by being provided with small surface irregularities, it cannot be said to be a fabric that is extremely thin, retains heat and has a favorable texture.
In addition, Patent Document 2 indicated below discloses a windbreaker that uses a fabric having an exothermic energy index indicative of moisture adsorptive heat generation performance of 5 or more and a contact cold sensation (Qmax) of the lining surface of 0.1 W/cm2 or less. However, it cannot be said that since the lining of this windbreaker has large fineness, is extremely thin and retains heat, such a fabric is a woven fabric having favorable texture.

Thin woven fabric having superior comfort


The birthday calendar is a dual monthly calendar and twelve-month chart. The calendar is perpetual in that it is not designated for any particular time period. The monthly calendar displays a month, either from a single use calendar or by filling in a month grid disposed on a dry-erase board with erasable ink. The chart is a grid used to permanently record and display birth dates and other annual dates such as anniversaries and holidays. The chart displays columns intersected by rows. The columns are grouped in twelve sets of two having a month column adjacent to a year column. The rows display the dates of each month down the left side of the chart, numbered from 1–31. An event is recorded in the chart by writing the event's name in the appropriate month and date space and the year in the adjacent year space.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to calendars, and more particularly to a dual monthly calendar and a twelve-month chart used to record dates and provide an overall view of events on one page.
2. Description of the Related Art
Remembering birth dates or other recurring occasions can be difficult when several birthdays or events are involved. For example, one not only has to remember important dates of immediate family members, but also of extended family members, such as aunts, uncles, cousins, grandparents, etc. People who rely on memory to recall dates are subject to human error. A better way to recall events is by writing them down on a
Using calendars to recall events, however, is not problem-free. For example, many calendars only display one month at a time, so one must flip through the calendar to the other months to see when future events will arise. Also, most calendars are discarded after the calendar year expires, so that events recorded on an expired calendar must be transcribed to a new calendar. In some cases calendars do not provide space for recording events, so important dates must be written on some other reminder document. In either instance, problems exist, such as improper transcription of dates or misplacement of pieces of paper that have information recorded on it. Several calendars have been developed that are perpetual and others have been developed that provide the user with space to record information.
U.S. Pat. No. 2,909,202, issued to Rock on Oct. 20, 1959, describes a calendar for recording important events. The calendar uses blank month sheets that allow the user to fill in the name of the month, the dates of the month and important events in the space provided. After one use, the calendar sheet is discarded. U.S. Pat. No. 4,218,077, issued to Ember on Aug. 19, 1980, describes a blank six-month chart. The device consists of six individual blank month grids on one page used to display and record events for any six-month period.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,794,711, issued to Christensen on Jan. 3, 1989, describes a perpetual calendar that uses memo cards to record important dates and anniversaries. The memo cards are inserted into a calendar that has pockets representing each date of a month. British Patent Number 2,124,413, published on Feb. 15, 1984, describes a perpetual calendar, assembly where memo cards are inserted into numbered date pockets. Month indicating cards and day indicating cards are inserted into month and day pockets, respectively, to display the appropriate month and day of the year. U.S. Pat. No. 5,655,319, issued to LeCompte on Aug. 12, 1997, describes a perpetual recordation calendar that is folded along designated lines to display the appropriate dates for a particular month.
U.S. Pat. No. Re. 30,959, issued to Anderson et al. on Jun. 8, 1982, describes a scheduling board. The board has a number of columns and rows. One column provides space to display a day-date, the other columns provide space to list jobs and to note the progress of the jobs. The day-date column of the scheduling board is shown displaying four five-day workweeks of a month.
Some calendars have been designed to have a tear-away portion for removal of expired calendar dates. U.S. Pat. No. 6,138,391, issued to Ngan on Oct. 31, 2000, describes a calendar. The calendar has a top cover having apertures to display the month, the day of the week and the year on an underlying stack of calendar sheets. The calendar sheets are perforated for easy removal. As the month expires, the sheet is removed from the rest of the calendar. The calendar does not have to be removed from the wall each time a new month comes up nor does the page have to be rotated when using a spiral type multi-page calendar.
German Patent Number 3,143,667, published on May 11, 1983, describes a tear-off calendar having calendar sheets with perforated fields. German Patent Number 19,648,842, published on Aug. 7, 1997, describes a calendar where expired calendar sheets can be torn off and recycled into useful articles such as an envelope.
Many calendars have a plurality of sheets that are bound together into a book or binder. U.S. Pat. No. 5,062,229, issued to Werjefelt on Nov. 5, 1991, describes a postcard calendar. The calendar comprises a plurality of sheets bound together as a binder along one edge. The sheet therefore can be turned to expose the next sheet. The sheet is divided into a first portion and a second portion by a perforated demarcation line that runs across the sheet. The first portion of the sheet displays the calendar indicia and remains attached the binder. The second portion of the sheet displays the postcard and it is detachable. On the rear surface of each sheet, space is provided for writing down important dates, notes or other messages.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,902,042, issued to Rassi on Feb. 20, 1990, describes a calendar. The calendar comprises a number of sheets that are bound together into a book so that when one page is turned the next page is displayed. The calendar sheets are divided into sections, one containing calendar information and the other containing illustration or text. The illustration or text section is the portion bound into a book. The calendar section may be detached from the rest of the book so when the calendar expires the calendar may be converted into and stored as an art, science or photography book for future reference.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,531,314, issued to Parent et al. on Jul. 30, 1985, describes a calendar bound as a book. The calendar month is subdivided into a number of fragments to facilitate overturning, if not complete detachment from the book once the exposed dates expire. Overturning will expose current dates as well as future dates.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,289,615 issued to Kytlica on Sep. 18, 2001, describes a calendar that can double as a photo album. The calendar comprises twelve transparent sleeves that are rotatably bound together along one edge. The sleeves receive inserts such as photos or sheets having calendar indicia. The sleeves have a hole or magnetic tabs to suspend the album from a structure.
Several calendars have been developed to have a support integrated with the calendar. U.S. Pat. No. 4,024,656, issued to Farnsworth on May 24, 1977, describes a greeting card calendar where a single folded card forms a front panel covering a scored back panel. A calendar pad is mounted on the back panel, which can be folded along the score lines into an easel to display the calendar pad.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,345,456, issued to Bracken on Feb. 12, 2002, describes a calendar frame having two spaces to display a picture and a monthly calendar. Monthly sheets of the calendar are attached to and advanced about pivoting pegs, forgoing the need to tear, remove or flip the calendar sheets to display a new month. U.S. Pat. No. 6,035,565, issued on Mar. 14, 2000, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,784,814, issued on Jul. 28, 1998, both to Capehart, describe a calendar display comprising a flat support and a plurality of stacked sheets attached to the support. The support can be manipulated to form a stand to display the calendar.
U.S. patent Publication No. 2002/0162253, published on Nov. 7, 2002, describes a calendar cover that folds on itself to create a slanted display stand for the calendar. The cover also folds into a box to wrap around, retain and conceal the calendar. U.S. Pat. No. 4,342,167, issued to Stanard on Aug. 3, 1982, describes a display calendar. The calendar comprises a multi-sheet paper pad having an upper mounting portion, which can display advertisements, and a lower detachable portion, which displays date sheets for each day of the year.
U.S. Pat. No. 1,153,544, issued to Eddy on September 14, 1915, describes a daily date sign. The sign has a back having indicia such as data or advertisements on the top portion of the back and a hanger strip disposed across the middle of the back to receive and detachably retain a removable daily date pad.
A number of calendars have been designed to removably receive a picture. U.S. Pat. No. 5,426,876, issued to Jagoe et al. on Jun. 27, 1995, describes a calendar photo album. The calendar has a picture holding member on every leaf to permit the user to display photos, pictures, and other graphic works of the user's choice in conjunction with a calendar indicia page. The picture holding member may use adhesive material or may be diagonal slits for inserting photos or a cut out window frame for receiving photos.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,033,215, issued to Newberry et al. on Jul. 23, 1991, describes a calendar apparatus for displaying pictures in conjunction with a calendar. The apparatus comprises a rectangular backing member to hold pictures of varying sizes and friction slide members that permit the pictures to be displayed without disassembling the apparatus. The apparatus permits the user to display pictures of the users choice.
U.S. Pat. No. 2,743,011, issued to Woofter on Apr. 24, 1956, describes a display article. The article is a plastic calendar having a top display portion for holding a picture, illustration or advertisement and a bottom portion for displaying a monthly calendar. The top portion forms a pocket for removably receiving a picture at the top. The bottom portion has a pair of plastic pegs for receiving a calendar pad, thereby permitting the user to reuse the display article year after year.
Calendars that display one month per page are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,316,342, issued to Almo on May 31, 1994 (calendar sheet is divided into an upper half and a lower half, the lower half displays a pre-designated month and the upper half is blank to display art work) and U.S. Pat. No. 1,222,612, issued to Evans on Apr. 17, 1917 (twelve-sheet memorandum calendar providing space to record information).
Calendars designed to fit on one continuous sheet and that can be rolled to expose current or future dates are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 1,710,434, issued to Shedo on Apr. 23, 1929 (a rolling calendar, which has a stationary portion to display advertisements or other data); and U.S. Pat. No. 4,345,392 issued to Cornell on Aug. 24, 1982.
Still other calendars are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,720,123, issued to Chelius on Jan. 19, 1988 (a year-specific calendar displaying twelve months divided between two columns and a third column that lists important events and holidays) and U.S. Pat. No. 5,431,450, issued to Coleman on Jul. 11, 1995 (medication management calendar-chart that uses a dry-erase board).
None of the above inventions and patents, taken either singly or in combination, is seen to describe the instant invention as claimed. Thus, a birthday calendar solving the aforementioned problems is desired.


A method of setting time information of a display apparatus is provided. The method includes: receiving a Turn-on signal from a remote controller; receiving time information from the remote controller in response to a determination that resetting the time information is necessary; and setting time information of the display apparatus based on the received time information.

1. Field
The exemplary embodiments relate to a method for setting time of a display apparatus. More particularly, the exemplary embodiments relate to a method for setting time of a display apparatus for controlling an RTC of a display apparatus, a method for setting time of a display apparatus by a remote controller, a display apparatus and a remote controller.
2. Description of the Related Art
Generally, an On TV service provides a service that recommends programs to users by analyzing a user's viewing habits, matters of interest, trends, etc. Smart TVs request a server to search for a program based on the data relating to a user, and display information on the program provided by the server. In response to the Smart TV being powered on by a user with a remote controller, etc., the Smart TV displays information, etc., relating to recommended programs. The program information provided by the Smart TV not only includes information related to Internet-based programs, but also programs with real-time broadcast information. The Smart TV generally maintains current time information including a Real Time Clock (RTC) module, since it is required to contain information on the current time in order to provide broadcast information in real-time.
A TV is consistently supplied with a standby power while being connected to an external power source; for example, an alternating current (AC) power source. Even when the TV is powered off by shutting off the main power, the RTC module can maintain the current time information by a supply of standby power, as long as the TV is connected to the AC power source.
However, when the TV is shut off from even the external power supply by a user, the standby power supply is also cut off, and standby power is no longer supplied to the RTC module. As a result, the RTC module loses the current time information.
When power is again supplied to the smart TV, that is, when the smart TV is powered on, the smart TV performs the operation of the RTC module. The RTC module, which does not have the current time information, performs time synchronization in order to set the time. Time synchronization is an operation to synchronize time with the time provided by a broadcasting station or the time provided from the server. Even when the smart TV is powered on, delays occur when providing an On TV Service which is time-dependent, or performing other operations, since the smart TV is required to receive time information either by being connected to the server or from a broadcasting station, so as to set the RTC module
Therefore, there is a need to solve the problem of delays which occur during services such as rapidly providing programs for users, when the smart TV loses time information due to being shut off from an external power source.

Method for setting time of display apparatus, method for setting time of display apparatus by remote controller, display apparatus and remote controller


A refractory ceramic plate and an accompanying wall structure for an incinerator, such as a garbage incinerator. The refractory ceramic plate has at least two recesses arranged on a main surface of the plate, wherein a blind hole runs from each recess to the interior of the plate. The wall structure features a furnace wall, in which numerous pipes spaced apart from each other, through which a fluid can flow, are arranged. Anchors are secured to sections of the furnace wall with one end, and project essentially perpendicularly from the furnace wall. A hollow space is formed between the furnace wall and the refractory ceramic plates spaced parallel apart from the furnace wall. Joints are formed between boundary regions of the refractory ceramic plates on main surfaces thereof, facing the furnace wall. The anchors lie in the joints, with free ends embedded in a heat-resistant filling. A heat-resistant, deformable compensating layer is provided in the joint area between adjacent plates. A refractory compound fills the hollow space between the furnace wall and the refractory ceramic plates, and covers sections of the anchors running into the hollow space.

1. Field of Invention
The invention relates to a refractory ceramic plate and an accompanying wall structure for an incinerator, for example a garbage incinerator.
2. Background of the Invention and Description of Related Art
DE 44 20 294 C2 describes a basic wall structure for such a garbage incinerator.
According to this publication, the wall structure comprises a (mostly metallic) furnace wall, in which numerous pipes spaced apart from each other are arranged, through which a fluid, mostly water, flows during operation.
Anchors are secured to the furnace wall, which are essentially spaced perpendicularly apart from the furnace wall, and provide reinforcement in a ceramic compound lying adjacent to the furnace wall, downstream from which are the refractory ceramic plates toward the interior of the furnace.
Both the refractory plates and the compound located behind them must exhibit good thermal conductivity to convey heat from the interior of the furnace to the pipes carrying the fluid. The heated fluid is used to generate steam and/or current, or as a secondary power for heating purposes.
The known wall structure satisfies these requirements.
In addition to good thermal conductivity, a high corrosion resistance to the aggressive combustion gasses in the furnace space is required. This applies both to the plates and the refractory compound behind them. This is also intended to protect the furnace wall against corrosion.
The object of the invention is to find a way to adapt the wall structure of the mentioned type to various applications with respect to its thermal conduction. In addition, the goal is to have the wall structure be able to withstand length changes in the plates during exposure to changing temperatures without any problem.
The solution according to the invention described below is based on various considerations:
In order to make the flow of heat from the interior space of the furnace to the pipes carrying the fluid adjustable, the monolithic layer between the furnace wall and plates must have a variable width (thickness). As a result, we know that the reinforcing anchors must not be allowed to end in the monolithic compound, but must be expanded in such a way as to extend through the monolithic compound, and hence simultaneously serve to hold the preceding plates.
In this case, the anchors must be joined in corresponding recesses of the plates in such a way that no cracks form in the plates, even when the plate length changes during exposure to a variable temperature. From this standpoint, the invention also provides that a deformable compensating layer be placed in the boundary region between adjacent plates. In its most general embodiment, the wall structure is characterized by the following features:
a furnace wall, in which numerous pipes, spaced apart from each other are arranged, through which a fluid can flow,
anchors being secured to sections of the furnace wall with one end, and which are projecting essentially perpendicularly from the furnace wall,
refractory ceramic plates which exhibit recesses with the formation of a hollow space between the furnace wall and the plates spaced parallel apart from the furnace wall, and with the formation of joints between their boundary regions on their main surfaces facing the furnace wall, in which the anchors lie with their free ends embedded in a heat-resistant filling, as well deformable during exposure to heat,
heat-resistant, deformable compensating layers in the joint area between adjacent plates, and
a refractory compound filling the hollow space and covering sections of the anchors.
In this wall structure, the plates adjacent to the furnace space are xe2x80x9cfloatingxe2x80x9d mounted. They are secured and aligned relative to each other by means of the anchors. However, the anchors do not lie flush in corresponding recesses of the plates. Instead, a deformable, heat-resistant filling that compensates for length changes during exposure to temperature is provided around the corresponding sections of the anchors. The same holds true for the heat-resistant, deformable compensating layers arranged in the joint areas.
The distance between the plates and furnace wall can be set as desired over the length of the anchors. In this way, the flow of heat from the furnace space to the pipes of the furnace wall can be set. The distance between the plates and furnace wall can be alternatively or cumulatively defined via the spacers, which can be designed as an integral component of the plates.
At least two boundary regions of the plate can be coated with a deformable, heat resistant compensating layer, if necessary, except for in the area of accompanying recesses.
The plates are especially easy to secure to the anchors, which permits easy and quick assembly, along with replaceability.
Before describing the wall structure in any greater detail in various embodiments, we will first describe an accompanying refractory ceramic plate in various embodiments in greater detail.
The recesses in the plate can all be expanded to accommodate a blind hole, which is used to hold a free anchor end forming an angle, for example.
In this case, the blind hole can run essentially parallel to the main surfaces of the plate, and hence essentially parallel to the furnace wall. In this way, the plates can be mounted slightly parallel to the furnace wall.
The recesses can lie completely in the area of a main surface of the plate. However, it is also possible to design the recesses in such a way that they continue in the boundary region of the plate. This embodiment will be described in greater detail in the figure description below.
During assembly, the plates can then be placed laterally on the anchor ends forming an angle and, depending on the geometric configuration of the anchors, vertically inserted into the finally position.
As already mentioned above, a deformable compensating layer is to be situated between the corresponding boundary regions of adjacent plates. In one embodiment of the plate, this compensating layer is already permanently affixed to the plate. In a square plate with rectangular main surfaces, two adjacent boundary regions of the plate can be prefabricated in this way, for example.
In this case, the compensating layer can be made out of a fiber material, e.g., an insulating strip, which is affixed to the corresponding boundary region(s) of the plate.
As an alternative, the joint area between adjacent plates can be filled with a compressed fiber layer after the plates have been installed. To this end, a fiber mat or fiber strip, whose thickness exceeds the joint width, can initially be moistened and then (more slightly) compressed, so that it can be placed into the joint (the gap). After or while drying, the fiber layer is pressed into the joint insitu through expansion (due to the restoring forces of the fibers), and seals it off. The apparent density of the fiber layer can be increased to 2 to 3 times the original apparent density during compression (e.g., 35-70 kg/m3). Crystalline fibers are particularly suited, for example those based on aluminum oxide (e.g., 95% w/w Al2O3, 5% w/w SiO2). In like manner, the recesses in the plates can be filled with fiber material. This joint configuration can be converted independently of the above applications.
The fact that the anchors can be secured to defined points on the furnace wall, and the plates have a defined size, the plates can be precisely allocated by simply pinning or sliding the plates on the anchors, so that the plates are enhanced to form a continuous surface to the interior of the furnace.
Assembly can be further simplified and the assembly time shortened by using anchors having two arms that extend into recesses of adjacent plates. In this way, two anchoring points, one each on adjacent plates, can be provided with a single anchor. This is also explained in greater detail in the following description to the figures.
The plates can be made out of a material based on silicon carbide and/or aluminum oxide, e.g., with the addition of Cr2O3. Both exhibit good thermal conductivity, corrosion resistance and slagging resistance. The heat flow from the furnace to the pipes of the furnace wall can be set via the plate material and its thermal conduction.
A casting compound, in particular a so-called free-flowing casting compound, that can be filled into the hollow space without vibration aids is suitable as a refractory compound for filling the hollow space between the plates and furnace wall. In this case, cement-free compounds along with low-cement compounds can be used.
As do other refractory ceramic compounds, these casting compounds exhibit good thermal conductivity levels, and are highly corrosion resistant, so that they can protect the accompanying furnace wall with integrated pipes.
The heat-resistant filling in the area of the recesses (around the corresponding anchor ends) can also be made out of a ceramic compound or fiber materials. Ceramic materials for this purpose can be those based on silicon carbide, vermiculite, corundum and/or bauxite, and are known as such (e.g., CARSITECT 170V from DIDIER-WERKE AG, Wiesbaden).
Other features of the invention are specified in the features of the subclaims, and in the other application documents.

Refractory ceramic plate and accompanying wall structure for an incinerator


A tire pressure drop detecting method, which executes a pneumatic pressure drop judging processing for autocruise traveling when the vehicle is in a state of autocruise traveling. It is judged based on a front/rear acceleration of the vehicle whether the vehicle is in a state of autocruise traveling or not. Furthermore, the pneumatic pressure drop judging processing for autocruise traveling is performed by using a judging threshold value which is set to become smaller as the speed of the vehicle becomes larger.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a tire pressure drop detecting method and device for detecting whether the tire pressure drops or not,based on the rotational angular velocities of four tires provided for a four-wheel vehicle.
2. Description of Related Art
As one of the safety devices for a four-wheel vehicle such as automobile, truck, etc., devices for detecting a tire pressure drop (DWS) have recently been developed, and some of them have been put to practical use.
As one of methods of detecting a tire pressure drop, for example, there is a method of utilizing a difference in the respective rotational angular velocities F.sub.1, F.sub.2, F.sub.3 and F.sub.4 of four tires W.sub.1, W.sub.2, W.sub.3 and W.sub.4 provided for a vehicle. This method utilizes the fact that the rotational angular velocities F.sub.i (i=1, 2, 3, 4) vary depending on the state of the pneumatic pressure of the tire W.sub.i. That is, when the pneumatic pressure of any tire W.sub.i drops, the effective rolling radius of the tire W.sub.i decreases. As a result, the rotational angular velocity F.sub.i of the tire W.sub.i becomes larger. Therefore, the pressure drop of the tire W.sub.i can be detected based on the difference in rotational angular velocities F.sub.i of four tires W.sub.i.
Incidentally, the effective radius is a value obtained by dividing by 2 .pi. a travel distance of the vehicle while the tires make one free revolution.
One embodiment of a method of determining the pressure drop of a tire W.sub.i based on the difference in rotational angular velocities F.sub.i is as shown in the following equation (1) (e.g. see Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication (KOKAI) Nos. 63-305011 and 4-212609). ##EQU1##
If the effective rolling radiuses of four tires W.sub.i are equal, the respective rotational angular velocities F.sub.1 are equal (F.sub.1 =F.sub.2 =F.sub.3 =F.sub.4). Accordingly, the judged value D becomes 0. Then, threshold values D.sub.TH1 and D.sub.TH2 are set (provided D.sub.TH1, D.sub.TH2 >0). If the condition shown in the following expression (2) is satisfied, it is judged that the tire W.sub.i whose pneumatic pressure has dropped is present. If this condition is not satisfied, it is judged that all of the tires W.sub.i have a normal inner pressure. EQU D<-D.sub.TH1, or D>D.sub.TH2 (2)
However, there is a fear of causing an erroneous judgment according to the traveling state of the vehicle only by performing the pneumatic pressure drop judgment using the above expressions (1) and (2). For example, in case that the pneumatic pressure of any one of the right front and left front tires W.sub.i, the tires to which a driving force is transmitted, has dropped, there is a fear of causing an erroneous judgment when the vehicle is traveling at comparatively high speed without decelerating (hereinafter referred such a traveling as to a "high-speed drive traveling").
That is, at the time of high-speed drive traveling, the slip rate of the tire W.sub.i whose pneumatic pressure has dropped is lowered, while the effective rolling radius is increased by a centrifugal force applied to the respective parts of the tire W.sub.i. Therefore, the difference in rotational angular velocity between a tire W.sub.i having a normal inner pressure and a tire W.sub.i whose pneumatic pressure has dropped nearly disappears. As a result, the judged value D approaches zero in the form of the second order function as the speed V of the vehicle increases even if the pneumatic pressure of any tire W.sub.i has dropped, and hardly satisfy the condition of the above expression (2).

Method of and device for detecting tire pressure drop


The invention relates to a machining tool holder comprising alignment elements in a housing and clamping elements on the base of the housing, the elements being used to align and clamp a removable cutting tip comprising a lateral slide for the lateral deviation of a pressure force exerted by a screw belonging to the tool holder, the screw being guided such that it abuts obliquely against the lateral slide in order to push the slide, and consequently the tip, back towards a longitudinal alignment side which defines the housing and which serves as an alignment end stop for the associated alignment edge of the tip. In this way, the tip is oriented as desired in order to slide along the longitudinal side and abut against a rear alignment side.

To machine a part, a cutter with two removable cutting plates pressed and attached to respective base surfaces of two radial housings axially opposite one another is conventionally used. Each base surface has at its center a threaded attachment hole with which a clamping screw is engaged, passing through a smooth attachment hole provided in the thickness of the plate, in order to press a contact face thereof on the base.
However, as the screw has a certain lateral clearance with respect to the threading, in order to facilitate the screwing, such a screwing can control only one degree of freedom in translation, in the "vertical" direction, in order to hold the contact face of the plate secured in the plane of the base of the housing.
To control the two other degrees of freedom in so-called horizontal translation, in its plane, i.e. to precisely align the plate with respect to its desired position on the base, and also to prevent a parasitic rotation on it, the housing also comprises a series of two lateral sides on which two flanks of the plate come into contact.
Nevertheless, the alignment precision remains limited, because the necessary clearance between the screw and the threading occurs laterally between each flank and the opposite housing side.
It is possible to thrust the plate forward in order to position it in the desired corner of the housing. However, the manual alignment of the plate is sometimes difficult to achieve, and there is the possibility of a positioning error.

Cutting tip comprising an alignment slide


A conversation for simulation by an artificial intelligence-based tutor is automatically generated. The conversation relates to content on which the artificial intelligence-based tutor is being trained. The automatically generating the conversation includes automatically generating inputs from a simulated student regarding the content, and automatically generating on behalf of the artificial intelligence-based tutor expected responses to the inputs generated from the simulated student. The conversation is provided as an output to be input to the artificial intelligence-based tutor for simulation by the artificial intelligence-based tutor.

One or more aspects relate, in general, to computer technology, and in particular, to employing artificial intelligence.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is a branch of computer science that relates to the simulation of intelligent behavior in computers. It is intelligence demonstrated by machines. A device that includes artificial intelligence is able to mimic cognitive functions. It perceives its environment, takes actions, learns from experience and/or adjusts to new inputs.
Many processes, such as services, tasks, functions, aspects and/or other processes, employ artificial intelligence. One particular example of an artificial intelligence-based process includes educational services, such as an artificial intelligence-based tutor.

Automatic evaluation of artificial intelligence-based processes

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION


A method and apparatus for providing enhanced functionality to product webpages is described. This method and apparatus may be used to provide a unified toolbar across product webpages of multiple, independent retailers. This toolbar may be used to create a gift registry across multiple retailers, to create an inter-retailer shopping cart and automate purchases, to create an inter-retailer advertising network, and to create a virtual network of retailers with a multitude of services spanning them.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for providing enhanced functionality to webpages. More particularly, the present invention relates to a method and apparatus for providing a unified gift registry which allows user to register and purchase gifts from multiple retailers.
2. Description of Related Art
Gift registries are often created for special occasions such as weddings. Gift-recipients visit a retailer to select and register a list of desired gifts. Gift-givers then visit the retailer to select and purchase a gift from this list. The gift is then marked as purchased and therefore no longer available for purchase by a subsequent gift-giver.
Gift registries are typically separately maintained at each store and are particular to each store. This requires both gift-recipients and gift-givers to visit the same store. Gift registries are often maintained on a single non-networked computer within the individual store to automate the bookkeeping functions.
Gift registries may also be implemented on a computer network, which provides improved access to other stores of the same retailer as well as gift-givers. For example, a private network between stores associated with the same retailer allows gift-recipients and gift-givers to visit any store which is part of the network to register or purchase gifts. As another example, a publicly accessible network such as the Internet allows gift-recipients and gift-givers to register and purchase gifts from a computer with Internet access. Such networked gift registries are currently provided by numerous individual retailers.
However, these networked gift registries are particular to each retailer and are designed to work only with stores of the same retailer, and are limited to products available in the stores of the same retailer.
Currently, gift-recipients wishing to register gifts from more than one retailer must visit each retailer, create a new registry account, and go through the oftentimes laborious process of selecting and registering gifts to be placed on their registry. This process must be repeated for every retailer involved, each process varying in number of steps and degree of difficulty. Gift-givers wishing to purchase these registered gifts must determine which stores to shop at, look up each registry, and purchase the gift through the supplying retailer. Both the gift-recipient and the gift-giver are inconvenienced by a narrower product selection, store location, inability to reconcile registry lists across multiple retailers, and the degree of effort required.
Furthermore, gift registry services offered by just one retailer often contain erroneous listings, untimely updates of product selection and purchase status, and may lead to duplicate gift purchases.
Current gift registry solutions require the retailer to offer their own registry services for their own product selection. However, it is difficult for many retailers to to carry a sufficient number of products to provide the product selection consumers often desire.
What is needed is a single gift registry service that is compatible with more than one retailer. What is needed is a gift registry solution which allows a gift-recipient to visit a single location and create a gift registry which includes products from more than one retailer. What is also needed is a gift registry solution which allows a gift-giver to visit a single location and access a gift registry which includes products from more than one retailer.
The present invention is directed towards a computer implemented method for providing enhanced functionality to product webpages. One embodiment of the method comprises: receiving a request for a product webpage from a user, the product webpage being associated with a product and an independent vendor; retrieving the product webpage from an independent source; extracting a location and structural information associated with the product webpage; modifying the product webpage to provide a toolbar, the toolbar having at least one command associated with the product; and presenting the modified product webpage to the user.

Method and apparatus for providing enhanced functionality to product webpages


Modified exendins and exendin agonists having an exendin or exendin agonist linked to one or more polyethylene glycol polymers, for example, and related formulations and dosages and methods of administration thereof are provided. These modified exendins and exendin agonists, compositions and methods are useful in treating diabetes and conditions that would be benefited by lowering plasma glucose or delaying and/or slowing gastric emptying or inhibiting food intake.

The following description includes information that may be useful in understanding the present invention. It is not an admission that any of the information provided herein is prior art to the presently claimed invention, nor that any of the publications specifically or implicitly referenced are prior art to that invention.
The exendins have some sequence similarity to several members of the glucagon-like peptide family, with the highest homology, 5300, being to GLP-1[7-36]NH2 (Goke, et al., J. Biol. Chem., 268:19650-55, 1993). GLP-1[7-36]NH2, also sometimes referred to as proglucagon [7-107] or simply "GLP-1", has an insulinotropic effect, stimulating insulin secretion from pancreatic beta-cells; GLP-1 has also been reported to inhibit glucagon secretion from pancreatic alpha-cells ({acute over (Ø)}rsov, et al., Diabetes, 42:658-61, 1993; D'Alessio, et al., J. Clin. Invest., 97:133-38, 1996). GLP-1 has been reported to inhibit gastric emptying (Willms B, et al., J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 81(1): 327-32, 1996; Wettergren A, et al., Dig. Dis. Sci. 38 (4); 665-73, 1993), and gastric acid secretion (Schjoldager B T, et al., Dig. Dis. Sci. 34 (5):703-8, 1989; O'Halloran D J, et al., J. Endocrinol. 126 (1): 169-73, 1990; Wettergren A, et al., Dig. Dis. Sci. 38 (4): 665-73, 1993)). GLP-1[7-37], which has an additional glycine residue at its carboxy terminus, is reported to stimulate insulin secretion in humans ({acute over (Ø)}rsov, et al., Diabetes, 42:658-61, 1993). Other reports relate to the inhibition of glucagon secretion (Creutzfeldt W O C, et al., Glucagonostatic actions and reduction of fasting hyperglycemia by exogenous glucagon-like peptide I(7-36) amide in Type 1 diabetic patients, Diabetes Care 1996; 19(6):580-6), and a purported role in appetite control (Turton M D, et al., A role for glucagon-like peptide-1 in the central regulation of feeding, Nature 1996 January; 379(6560):69-72). A transmembrane G-protein adenylate-cyclase-coupled receptor, said to be responsible at least in part for the insulinotropic effect of GLP-1, has reportedly been cloned from a beta-cell line (Thorens, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:8641-45, 1992). GLP-1 has been the focus of significant investigation in recent years due to its reported action on the amplification of stimulated insulin production (Byrne M M, Goke B. Lessons from human studies with glucagon-like peptide-1: Potential of the gut hormone for clinical use. In: Fehmann H C, Goke B. Insulinotropic Gut Hormone Glucagon-Like Peptide 1. Basel, Switzerland: Karger, 1997:219-33).
GLP-1 has also been reported to restore islet glucose sensitivity in aging rats, restoring their glucose tolerance to that of younger rats (Egan J M, et al., Diabetologia 1997 June; 40(Suppl 1):A130). However, the short duration of biological action of GLP-1 in vivo is one feature of the peptide that has hampered its development as a therapeutic agent. Various methods have been tried to prolong the half-life of GLP-1 or GLP-1(7-37), including attempts to alter their amino acid sequences and to deliver them using certain formulations (see, e.g., European Patent Application, entitled "Prolonged Delivery of Peptides," by Darley, et al., publication number 0 619 322 A2, regarding the inclusion of polyethylene glycol in formulations containing GLP-1 (7-37)).
Pharmacological studies have led to reports that exendin-4 can act at GLP-1 receptors in vitro on certain insulin-secreting cells, at dispersed acinar cells from guinea pig pancreas, and at parietal cells from stomach; the peptide is also reported to stimulate somatostatin release and inhibit gastrin release in isolated stomachs (Goke, et al, J. Biol. Chem. 268:19650-55, 1993; Schepp, et al., Eur. J. Pharmacol., 69:183-91, 1994; Eissele, et al., Life Sci., 55:629-34, 1994). Exendin-3 and exendin-4 were reportedly found to stimulate cAMP production in, and amylase release from, pancreatic acinar cells (Malhotra, R., et al., Regulatory Peptides, 41:149-56, 1992; Raufman, et al., J. Biol. Chem. 267:21432-37, 1992; Singh, et al., Regul. Pept. 53:47-59, 1994). Exendin-4 has a significantly longer duration of action than GLP-1. For example, in one experiment, glucose lowering by exendin-4 in diabetic mice was reported to persist for several hours, and, depending on dose, for up to 24 hours (Eng, J. Prolonged effect of exendin-4 on hyperglycemia of db/db mice, Diabetes 1996 May; 45(Suppl 2):152A (abstract 554)). Based on their insulinotropic activities, the use of exendin-3 and exendin-4 for the treatment of diabetes mellitus and the prevention of hyperglycemia has been proposed (Eng, U.S. Pat. No. 5,424,286).
The results of an investigation which showed that exendins are not the species homolog of mammalian GLP-1 was reported by Chen and Drucker who cloned the exendin gene from the Gila monster (J. Biol. Chem. 272(7):4108-15 (1997)). The observation that the Gila monster also has separate genes for proglucagons (from which GLP-1 is processed), that are more similar to mammalian proglucagon than exendin, indicated that exendins are not merely species homologs of GLP-1.
Methods for regulating gastrointestinal motility using exendin agonists are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,858,576 (i.e., based on U.S. application Ser. No. 08/908,867 filed Aug. 8, 1997, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/694,954 filed Aug. 8, 1996). Methods for reducing food intake using exendin agonists are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,956,026 (i.e., based on U.S. application Ser. No. 09/003,869, filed Jan. 7, 1998, which claims the benefit of U.S. Application Nos. 60/034,905 filed Jan. 7, 1997, 60/055,404 filed Aug. 7, 1997, 60/065,442 filed Nov. 14, 1997, and 60/066,029 filed Nov. 14, 1997.
Novel exendin agonist compounds are described in WO 99/07404 (i.e., PCT/US98/16387 filed Aug. 6, 1998, which claims the benefit of U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 60/055,404, filed Aug. 8, 1997). Other novel exendin agonists are described in WO 99/25727 (i.e., PCT/US98/24210, filed Nov. 13, 1998, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/065,442 filed Nov. 14, 1997). Still other novel exendin agonists are described in WO 99/25728 (i.e., PCT/US98/24273, filed Nov. 13, 1998, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/066,029 filed Nov. 14, 1997). Other recent advances in exendin related technology are described in WO 99/40788 (i.e., which claims priority to U.S. Application No. 60/075,122, filed Feb. 13, 1998); and in WO 00/41546, and WO 00/41548 (i.e., which claim priority to U.S. Application No. 60/116,380, filed Jan. 14, 1998).
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) modification of therapeutic peptides and proteins may yield both advantages and disadvantages. While PEG modification may lead to improved circulation time, reduced antigenicity and immunogenicity, improved solubility, resistance to proteolysis, improved bioavailability, reduced toxicity, improved stability, and easier formulation of peptides (See, Francis et al., International Journal of Hematology, 68:1-18, 1998) problems with PEGylation in most cases is substantial reduction in bioactivity. Id. In addition, most methods involve use of linkers that have several types of adverse effects including immunogenicity, instability, toxicity, and reactivity. Id.
Modified exendins and exendin agonists and related formulations, dosage formulations, and methods that solve these problems and that are useful in the delivery of therapeutically effective amounts of exendins and exendin agonists are described and claimed herein.
The contents of the above-identified articles, patents, and patent applications, and all other documents mentioned or cited herein, are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. The inventors reserve the right to physically incorporate into this application any and all materials and information from any such articles, patents, patent applications, or other documents mentioned or cited herein.

Methods of treating diabetes with albumin-conjugated exendin peptides


An electrophotographic apparatus with improved blue sensitivity comprises: a) a charging means; b) an exposure means, which includes light of a wavelength between 350 and 500 nanometers, and c) a photoconductive element comprising an electrically conductive base, two or more charge generation layers, at least one charge transport layer, and a protective layer comprising plasma-polymerized fluorocarbon, wherein the fluorine content of the protective layer is equal to or greater than 2.2 and less than 65 atomic percent. A method of making an image is also disclosed.

Electrophotographic imaging processes and techniques have been extensively described in both the patent and other literature. Generally, these processes have in common the steps of employing a photoconductive insulating element which is prepared to respond to imagewise exposure with electromagnetic radiation by forming a latent electrostatic charge image. A variety of subsequent operations, now well-known in the art, can then be employed to produce a visible record of the electrostatic image.
The electromagnetic radiation used to produce the electrostatic latent image on the photoconductive element can come from a variety of sources. For example, optical exposure or electronic exposure using a laser scanner or light-emitting diode array can be used. In certain cases, it is desirable to use illumination of specific wavelength ranges for producing the electrostatic latent image. For example, reproduction of color images may require the use of an illumination source or exposure means that employs filters that limit the wavelengths of illumination reaching the photoconductive element in order to allow separation of the colors of the image. In certain cases, it is desirable that some or all of the illumination be in the wavelength range of 350 to 500 nanometers (nm), the blue region of the spectrum. Exposure by light with these wavelengths may occur when a filter is used to give blue light passage for a color separation process in producing color images or when a blue laser is used as the illumination source, for example. It is desirable to have an electrophotographic apparatus that uses exposures in the blue region of the spectrum.
Photoconductive elements useful in electrophotographic apparatuses must be sensitive to the wavelengths of illumination reaching them. In particular, a photoconductive element must display good photosensitivity. Photosensitivity is a measure of the amount of energy that must be supplied during exposure to discharge the element in an image-wise fashion. For high process efficiency, high photosensitivity and low energy requirements for discharge are desired.
An important group of photoconductive elements used in electrophotographic imaging processes comprise a conductive support in electrical contact with a charge generation layer (CGL) and a charge transport layer (CTL). A CGL is designed primarily for the photogeneration of charge carriers (holes and electrons). A CTL is designed primarily for transportation of the generated charge carriers. The combination of all CGLs and CTLs in a photoconductive element is sometimes referred to as the photoconductive layers. Electrophotographic elements having one CGL and one CTL are sometimes referred to as dual layer photoconductive elements. Representative patents disclosing methods and materials for making and using such elements include U.S. Pat. No. 5,614,342 to Molaire et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 4,175,960 to Berwick et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 4,082,551 to Steklenski et al.
Photoconductive elements containing two or more CGLs and at least one CTL, referred to herein as multilayer photoconductive elements, are known. Photoconductive elements containing a CTL and two CGLs were disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,213,927 by Kan et al. This patent shows that the inclusion of two CGLs, the first containing a charge-generation material and a first charge-transport material, and the second containing a second charge transport material that is less susceptible to positive-surface charge injection than is the first charge-transport material, gives a photoconductive element with improved charge uniformity and charge acceptance upon cycling.
Multilayer photoconductive elements frequently have protective overcoats on their outermost surface to protect from damage incurred during the electrophotographic process or during installation of the element in the apparatus. The overcoat imparts longer process lifetimes to the elements. Typical overcoat materials include diamond-like carbon (DLC) or amorphous carbon films. U.S. Pat. No. 4,965,156 to Hotomi et al. discloses the use of two protective layers on an organic photoconductive element. The first layer is an amorphous carbon layer which includes more than 5 atomic percent fluorine. The second, outermost layer is a similar material except that the fluorine content must be lower than 5 atomic percent. U.S. Pat. No. 5,525,447 to Ikuno et al. discloses an electrophotographic photoconductive element with a surface protective layer formed on the photoconductive layer. The surface protective layer is a multi-layer or graduated layer structure having at least one additive element selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, fluorine, boron, phosphorous, chlorine, bromine, and iodine. The additive element is at a higher concentration near the surface of the protective layer than at the interface between the protective layer and the photoconductive layer. When the additive element is fluorine, the fluorine to carbon atomic ratio (F/C) of 0.001 or less (less than 1% fluorine) in the vicinity of the photoconductive layer adjacent to the protective layer and of 0.005 or more in the vicinity of the top surface of the protective layer.
A problem associated with protective overcoats is the undesirable absorption of radiation at particular wavelengths. DLC protective overcoats known in the art have measurable absorption in the blue range (350 to 500 nm) of the spectrum. For optical copiers in particular, this is undesirable. A decrease in blue sensitivity of the photoconductive element, resulting from absorption by the protective overcoat, is known as "blue blindness." It results in loss of blue parts of a multi-color original image. Other colors, such as red, however, are reproduced as dark lines. The result is either unacceptable loss or change of information in a black and white copy, where blue information is reproduced as gray or is not reproduced at all, or an unacceptable change in the color balance of a color copy. This can also be detrimental in digital copier and printer applications where the protective overcoat can attenuate the exposure radiation. Both the inventions of Hotomi et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 4,965,156) and of Ikuno et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 5,525,447) require that the protective overcoat contain a layer or portion of the protective overcoat that imparts significant blue blindness to the photoconductive element.
Protective layers can also change the photosensitivity and residual voltage of the photoconductive element. This can result in loss of contrast between light and dark areas in the final image and in failure to reproduce some or all of an image. The impact of the protective layer on these properties depends on the combination of its properties, for example its light absorption at particular wavelengths or its resistivity, with the properties of the other layers, particularly the photoconductive layers, in the element. Thus, it is not obvious that a protective layer that has proven useful with one type of photoconductive element will work for all photoconductive elements.
It is not evident from the prior art how to construct an electrophotographic apparatus which uses blue light exposure with a photoconductive element having a protective overcoat.

Electrophotographic apparatus with improved blue sensitivity


A magnetic resonance imaging apparatus has a plurality of cooling pipes disposed while being spaced apart from each other along a longitudinal length of the coil assembly, a first manifold connected to a lower end of the plurality of cooling pipes to distribute and supply a coolant to the plurality of cooling pipes, and a second manifold connected to an upper end of the plurality of cooling pipes to be supplied with the coolant from the plurality of cooling pipes, thereby able to evenly cool off the coil assembly in a longitudinal direction thereof.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to superconductive electromagnets, and more particularly to a cooling apparatus for a superconductive electromagnet apparatus configured to operate as a superconductive magnet at a cryogenic state.
2. Description of the Related Art
In general, a superconductive electromagnet apparatus is configured to receive an applied electrical current and to generate a strong magnetic field by operating as a superconductive magnet at a cryogenic state.
The superconductive electromagnet apparatus as such includes a coil configured to generate a magnetic field when an electrical current is applied and to operate as a superconductive magnet in a cryogenic state, a housing having a shape of a ring in which the coil is positioned, a helium container in which a coil assembly is positioned and in which helium in a liquid state is retained, and a cryogenic cooling apparatus configured to cool off the helium such that the helium maintains the liquid state.
Thus, when heat is generated from the coil, the helium in a liquid state, which fills an inside of the housing, changes into a gaseous state by absorbing the heat, and the helium in the gaseous state, having a relatively lower density compared to the helium in a liquid state, moves to an upper side of the housing due to the difference of density. The helium in the gaseous state, which moves to the upper side of the housing, is cooled off by the cryogenic cooling apparatus that is disposed at an upper side of an inside of the housing, and so the helium changes again into the liquid state, and thus the coil disposed at an inside of the housing may continuously maintain the cryogenic state.
When using the superconductive electromagnet apparatus, a magnetic resonance imaging apparatus is configured to obtain a cross-sectional image of a body by using a nuclear magnetic resonance phenomenon that occurs due to a strong magnetic field generated from the superconductive electromagnet apparatus, and is referred to as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).

Superconductive electromagnet apparatus and cooling apparatus and method thereof


A system is designed to facilitate heat transfer via radiation, convection and conduction from components within the system to the external environment and housing. The system includes a thermally conductive plate positioned between a surface of the housing and one or more heat generating components within the housing. A compliant thermally conductive material may then be placed between the heat generating components and the plate to facilitate conductive heat transfer from the component to the plate. From the plate, heat is transferred to the external environment through radiation and convection of air through perforations in the housing which cover a substantial portion of the surface area of the housing. The housing may also be inexpensively manufactured through stamping and may include two mating pieces which interlock using chamfered electrostatic discharge fingers. The housing may also incorporate a metal shroud for enveloping certain ESD sensitive connectors, such as optical couplers.

Design and manufacturing technology for electronic and optical components has advanced and continues to advance in miniaturization, density, function and performance. As a result, today's devices and systems incorporate a large amount of functionality into a small amount of space. Examples of this are laptop computers, servers, switches and other small form factor devices and systems. These systems must be kept from overheating by dissipating heat to the surrounding environment. Some components within the systems must also be given special attention either because they generate more heat than the others or because they exhibit more sensitivity to temperature changes and therefore must be kept cooler than other components. Examples of these components may include microprocessors, optical transceivers, power converters and many other components.
Conventionally, components within a system which generate large amounts of heat are cooled by mounting a heat sink on the components themselves. In addition, fans are frequently implemented within the housing of a system to improve airflow within the system and facilitate dissipating heat to the outside environment.
Fans are problematic, however, because they are not reliable and present a single point of failure. When a fan fails, a system may overheat thus damaging or destroying the system itself. Heat sinks which are used within the housing of a system also present problems. First, depending on their construction and the materials used, they may be expensive and also heavy. In addition, heat sinks present various other disadvantages depending on the way in which they are mounted within the system. When adhesives and clips are used to mount heat sinks to components, the attachment may not be stable or reliable and may not be well suited to certain applications. In addition, when heat sinks are mounted on a printed circuit board, posts or standoffs may be required which may block wiring channels and take up valuable space on the substrate that could be used for other purposes.
Accordingly, there is a need for a technique for dissipating heat from within a system to the surrounding environment that does not require a fan within the system and that does not require expensive and bulky heat sinks within the interior of the system. There is a further need for inexpensive techniques to remove heat from within a system and components of the system. There is a further need for systems that have housings that are easy to assemble and disassemble, that are efficient at eliminating heat and that include features for preventing electrostatic discharge damage to components within the system.

Heat dissipating housing with interlocking chamfers and ESD resistance


The invention provides a viewing angle control element capable of realizing high information concealment without damaging brightness of transmitted light and dynamically changing a viewing angle in accordance with need or no need of information concealment. The viewing angle control element according to the invention can include liquid crystal twist-aligned by approximately 180°, and have a liquid crystal layer being electrically controllable and a pair of polarizing layers provided at both sides of the liquid crystal layer. Optical axes of both polarizing layers can be arranged to be substantially parallel to each other, and liquid crystal molecules of the liquid crystal layer adjacent to the polarizing layers can be aligned to be substantially parallel to the optical axes of the polarizing layers.

1. Field of Invention
The present invention relates to a viewing angle control element, a display device, and an electronic apparatus.
2. Description of Related Art
In general, image display devices provided in word processors, computers, or the like, display manipulation result of an operator together with various data on screens. In such image display devices, the brightness, the contrast ratio and the width of viewing angle of display are required, and with enhancement of such characteristics, works can be easily performed and fatigue due to the works can be reduced. On the other hand, recently, when secrecy of works is high or when computers or mobile phones are used in public places of public transportation such as trains or buses, image display devices having techniques for concealing the displayed image from persons around the operator have been required more and more. In this use, even if the image display devices have high display performance, the place for use is limited, or the image display devices are used while paying attention to surroundings, so that troubles in use may occur. Therefore, for the purpose of improving concealment of the displayed images, optical components for limiting viewing angles of the display devices or display devices having the optical components have been suggested. See, Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2002-297044 and "Light Control Film" published by Sumitomo 3M Ltd. (on-line) (searched on February 5, Heisei 15 (2003)), Internet, <URL: http://www.mmm.cojp/display/light>.

Viewing angle control element, display device, and electronic apparatus


A lubricating oil composition comprising base oil, one or more glycerol esters selected from glycerol monooleate and/or glycerol dioleate, optionally in combination with glycerol trioleate, wherein said composition further comprises one or more dispersant-viscosity index improver compounds and an additive amount of one or more additional polyhydric alcohol esters; and a method of lubricating an internal combustion engine comprising applying said lubricating oil composition thereto.

Increasingly severe automobile regulations in respect of emissions and fuel efficiency are placing increasing demands on both engine manufacturers and lubricant formulators to provide effective solutions to improve fuel economy.
Optimising lubricants through the use of high performance basestocks and novel additives represents a flexible solution to a growing challenge.
Friction-reducing additives (which are also known as friction modifiers) are important lubricant components in reducing fuel consumption and various such additives are already known in the art. Friction modifiers can be conveniently divided into two categories, that is to say, metal-containing friction modifiers and ashless (organic) friction modifiers.
Organo-molybdenum compounds are among the most common metal-containing friction modifiers. Typical organo-molybdenum compounds include molybdenum dithiocarbamates (MoDTC), molybdenum dithiophosphates (MoDTP), molybdenum amines, molybdenum alcoholates, and molybdenum alcohol-amides. WO-A-98/26030, WO-A-99/31113, WO-A-99/47629 and WO-A-99/66013 describe tri-nuclear molybdenum compounds for use in lubricating oil compositions.
However, the trend towards low-ash lubricating oil compositions has resulted in an increased drive to achieve low friction and improved fuel economy using ashless (organic) friction modifiers.
Ashless (organic) friction modifiers typically comprise esters of fatty acids and polyhydric alcohols, fatty acid amides, amines derived from fatty acids and organic dithiocarbamate or dithiophosphate compounds. Further improvements in lubricant performance characteristics have been achieved through the use of synergistic behaviours of particular combinations of lubricant additives.
WO-A-99/50377 discloses a lubricating oil composition which is said to have a significant increase in fuel economy due to the use therein of tri-nuclear molybdenum compounds in conjunction with oil soluble dithiocarbamates.
EP-A-1041135 discloses the use of succinimide dispersants in conjunction with molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamates to give improved friction reduction in diesel engines.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,562,765 discloses a lubricating oil composition which is said to have a synergy between an oxymolybdenum nitrogen dispersant complex and an oxymolybdenum dithiocarbamate which leads to unexpectedly low friction coefficients.
EP-A-1367116, EP-A-0799883, EP-A-0747464, U.S. Pat. No. 3,933,659 and EP-A-335701 disclose lubricating oil compositions comprising various combinations of ashless friction modifiers.
WO-A-92/02602 describes lubricating oil compositions for internal combustion engines which comprise a blend of ashless friction modifiers which are said to have a synergistic effect on fuel economy.
The blend disclosed in WO-A-92/02602 is a combination of (a) an amine/amide friction modifier prepared by reacting one or more acids with one or more polyamines and (b) an ester/alcohol friction modifier prepared by reacting one or more acids with one or more polyols.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,114,603 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,683,069 describe lubricating oil compositions comprising mixtures of glycerol monooleate and glycerol dioleate in combination with other additives which were added for their conventional purpose.
EP-A-0747464 describes a lubricating oil composition for automatic transmissions which comprises alkoxylated fatty amines as well as a mixture of two friction modifiers which are selected from a large list of possible compounds. While said list includes glycerol esters, it is of note that there are no examples in EP-A-0747464 which comprise glycerol esters as friction modifiers.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,286,394 discloses a friction-reducing lubricating oil composition and a method for reducing the fuel consumption of an internal combustion engine. The lubricating oil composition disclosed therein comprises a major amount of an oil having lubricating viscosity and a minor amount of a friction-modifying, polar and surface active organic compound selected from a long list of compounds including mono- and higher esters of polyols and aliphatic amides. Glycerol monooleate and oleamide (i.e. oleylamide) are mentioned as examples of such compounds.
However, current strategies with regard to friction reduction for fuel economy oils are not sufficient to meet ever-increasing fuel economy targets set by Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs).
For example, molybdenum friction modifiers typically outperform ashless friction modifiers in the boundary regime and there is a challenge to approach similar levels of friction modification using solely ashless friction modifiers.
Thus, given the increasing fuel economy demands placed on engines, there remains a need to further improve the friction reduction and fuel economy of internal combustion engines utilising low ash lubricating oil compositions. It is therefore desirable to further improve on the performance of known ashless friction modifiers and known combinations of ashless friction modifiers, in particular to further improve on the friction-reducing performance of polyol ester friction modifiers such as glycerol monooleate that have been commonly used in the art.


A method of welding together a motor vehicle structural assembly is available. The vehicle structural assembly includes a boxed member including an outboard wall, a top wall, a bottom wall and an inboard wall spaced from the outboard wall. The inboard wall has an opening therein. The motor vehicle structural assembly also includes a cylindrical support including a first end and a shoulder spaced from the first end at least the distance the boxed member inboard wall is spaced from the boxed member outboard wall. The method comprises spinning the support and advancing the support through the inboard wall opening so that the support first end is friction welded to the outboard wall and so that the support shoulder is friction welded to the inboard wall.

The invention relates to vehicle frames and, more particularly, to truck frames and methods of constructing such frames, including supports.
A conventional truck frame includes a pair of generally parallel side rails with a plurality of cross member assemblies extending there between. The side rails are C shaped and open inwardly toward the other side rail or are boxed in cross section.
Various devices need to be attached to the side rails. Such devices include the cross member assemblies and brackets for supporting springs, the engine, body mounts. etc. In prior art constructions, such as Wallace U.S. Pat. No. 2,173,525, supports have been attached to boxed side rails in the following manner. A box member includes an outboard wall, a top wall, a bottom wall, and an inboard wall spaced from the outboard wall. A box member can be a tube or an assembly of two channels. Openings are cut in the inboard wall and in the outboard wall, such that a support can be passed through both openings. After being passed through both openings, the support is welded first to one wall and then to the other wall. Such a method of constructing a support attached to a side rail has had various advantages. The method of construction, however, had disadvantages, for it was difficult to align the inboard wall opening and the outboard wall opening, and to ensure a good weld fit-up of the support to the respective walls. A weld of the support to the wall after the support is placed in the wall opening may result in a weld which only partially extends through the thickness of the wall and only partially into the support, as illustrated in FIG. 9 of the drawings. A larger problem is that to allow for misalignment, at least one hole must be oversized, and the resulting gaps welded up--a poor weld condition. As shown in FIG. 12, it is known to solve this problem with a full collar spacer between the support and the wall. This requires two 360 degree welds and positioning of the extra part.

Method of friction welding a support to a boxed vehicle structural assembly