To detect a potential virus-infected control script in a networking system, visual representations of control structures and operations effected by a suspect script are presented to a user. A visual representation of the control links that are contained within the suspect script is presented to the user, preferably in a manner such that inappropriate links and/or device states are easily recognized. To further assist in the identification of potential aberrant behavior, a manual or automated simulation process allows the user to visually observe the changes of state of appliances in response to control stimuli, based on the instructions contained in the suspect script. In addition to facilitating an identification of a virus-infected script, the visual representation of the control structure of the network described by the script, and the simulation or emulation of this control structure, also facilitates the development and de-bugging of well-mannered control scripts, particularly in a home or office networking system. A third-party provider may provide the visual representation and/or the simulation process, in return for information regarding the inventory of equipment at the user's site, to facilitate marketing opportunities.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to the field of control networking, and in particular to the detection of a potential virus in a control script.
2. Description of Related Art
Conventional anti-virus programs look for particular patterns or blocks of code in suspect programs, such as any program downloaded from the Internet, received via an e-mail application, loaded from a removable disk, and so on. When a block is recognized that matches the "signature" of a known or hypothesized virus, the suspect program is determined to contain a virus. Depending upon the user preferences, the virus detecting program will either delete the block, delete the entire program, or provide the user with disposition options. Similar pattern matching techniques are used for detecting viruses in scripts, or macros, that are attached to data files.
Emulation programs are also used to detect potential viruses, as exemplified by U.S. Pat. No. 5,398,196, "METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR DETECTION OF COMPUTER VIRUSES", issued 14 Mar. 1995 to David A. Chambers, which is incorporated by reference herein. In this referenced patent, the antivirus program maintains variables corresponding to the CPU registers and emulates procedures corresponding to the CPU instructions contained in the suspect program. A monitor program evaluates the result of each CPU instruction between each instruction set to detect aberrant or dangerous behavior, based on 'intelligent' rules and procedures, such as a procedure that detects the replication of code, or a procedure that detects a modification of program code, based on the observation that convention programs do not replicate themselves, nor do they modify program code. As discussed in the referenced patent, other virus detecting techniques include behavior monitors, checksum monitors, digital signature verification, and the like.
Home or office networking systems provide a unique opportunity for ill-intentioned programmers to wreak havoc. The HAVi architecture, the Home API initiative and UPnP, the Universal Serial Bus (USB), HomeRF Lite, and the Bluetooth standard, each involving substantial contributions from Philips Electronics, the Jini technology of Sun Microsystems, Inc., and others, have been developed to enhance the interoperability of multiple devices in a network. In a conventional home or office networking system, explicit or implicit links are created among devices on one or more networks, wherein the state of one device, such as a control device, effects an operation by another device, such as a home appliance. Increasingly, programs and techniques are being developed to effect a high degree of automated control, including, for example, activating devices based on user habits or preferences, and/or user commands or gestures, and so on. Typically, small office or home network users usually lack the technical skills and/or technical support, necessary for a thorough evaluation of third-party software.
Generally, networking is effected by providing a mapping function that links one device's state to another's. In the Home API system, an example mapping function is the "AddRoute" function:root.AddRoute (device1, stateA, device2, stateB).
This AddRoute function provides a control route between device1 and device2, such that, if device1 is in stateA, device2 is placed into stateB. An example AddRoute mapping may be:root.AddRoute (switch, "power-on", light, "bright").
This example AddRoute function effects a link between the switch device and the light device, such that when the switch is in the "power-on" state, the light is placed in the "bright" state. Each time a device changes state, it reports its new state to all the devices on the net. Devices that have been linked to the device whose state has changed then determine whether they need to change state to correspond to the reported changed state. In some systems, each device monitors the states of other devices and effects its required changes directly; in other systems, one or more controllers monitor the states of devices on the network, and effect the required changes via commands to the controlled devices.
In like manner, a UPnP network effects control by having devices advertise their services, and also provide the commands necessary to effect each service, including providing a "presentation" page for presentation to a potential user. In this manner, a user control point (UCP) can provide an interface for a user, or another application program, to control the device. UPnP enabled devices, UCPs and/or software applications may receive notifications about status changes in other devices and/or services using the subscription protocol defined by the UPnP architecture. The Microsoft WindowsME operating system allows users to enable the UPnP functionality and control networked devices via the "My Network Places" folder. Other network systems employ other schemes for describing the structure and functions of a control network, such as JavaScript, VB script, and the like. The eXtensible Mark-up Language (XML) is also often used to create control system definitions and to describe control system configurations. XML files may also contain script elements, written, for example, in JavaScript, VBscript, and others.
For convenience, the term "script" is used hereinafter to define one or more commands, instructions, data sets, and so on, that, when executed or processed, effect a control or monitor function with regard to one or more devices and/or services. Each control network architecture provides a method for defining the mapping among states of devices, as well as methods for effecting an intended control of a device and/or service. These methods allow the network control logic to be expressed via scripts, and are collectively referred to as scripting methods.
A virus program can easily provide a script that effects aberrant behavior, such as controlling a device that does not logically correspond to the state of another device, or controlling a device contrary to the logical correspondence to another device. For example, in a typical home control network, a music system may be programmed via a script to be turned off whenever a particular television system is turned on. A virus program may introduce a link that turns the music system on whenever the television system is turned on, or after an nth channel-change on the television, or whenever a garage door is opened, or whenever a telephone call is received, and so on. In like manner, aberrant behavior can be induced via a virus that introduces changes to the advertising, control, or other UPnP scripts associated with a device, or via changes to the URLs that provide the address of the appropriate scripts corresponding to the controlled device.
A virus-induced script, however, will not necessarily have a characteristic "signature" that can be detected via a pattern matching scheme, nor a characteristic "behavior" that can be detected by a convention emulation system. For example, a script that changes a channel of a networked television provides a useful function, when executed in accordance with a user's intent. The same script, executed randomly by a virus, will be disruptive, and may force a user to discontinue the use of the network until the problem is resolved. Critical to the operation of a conventional emulation system is the recognition of behavior that can be considered aberrant or dangerous, such as computer commands that effect wide-scale deletions of files, or the characteristic replication and program-modification effects of virus programs, discussed above.
In like manner, inappropriate scripts, such as scripts prepared for a different target system, or scripts that are incompatible with a user's existing system, can wreak havoc on the user's networking system. Relatively minor incompatibilities, such as the use of a device-name in the script that corresponds to a different device having the same device-name in the user's existing network, can have major consequences. Such scripts are difficult to detect as being problematic, because they may work properly on one particular system configuration, and improperly in another.

Visual anti-virus in a network control environment


Provided are enamel compositions and water-borne enamel compositions comprising phenol functionalized vinyl polymers and crosslinking agents such as aminoplasts, e.g., alkylated melamine-formaldehyde condensates. The coatings produced from such compositions possess excellent acid-etch resistance, solvent resistance, hardness, and gloss. The compositions of the present invention are thus particularly useful for automotive, appliance and machinery coatings.

There is a need in the coatings industry for high strength, high modulus, chemically resistant coatings. This invention is directed toward meeting the above needs and the coatings described herein exhibit improvements in one or more specific properties of acid resistance, pencil hardness, solvent resistance, gloss, etc.
EP-A 466,359 discloses a process for preparing phenol functionalized polymers by the polymerization of 4-acetoxystyrene and copolymerization of 4-acetoxystyrene and additional vinyl comonomers such as acrylates followed by transesterification with an alcohol. The polymers are taught to be useful as photoresist components for use in combination with UV, X-ray and E-beam imaging systems. Similarly, U.S. Pat. No. 4,857,601 discloses a process for preparing copolymers of 4-acetoxystyrene and dialkyl muconates or alkyl sorbates, followed by an alcohol or aqueous treatment with acid or base to provide the final phenol functionalized polymer.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,106,651 discloses a method for preparing coatings consisting of applying a film forming composition containing an active hydrogen-containing polymer and an aminoplast curing agent to form a coated article. No phenol functionalization is disclosed and only aliphatic hydroxy and carboxylic acid active hydrogen groups are mentioned. Further, these compositions require an additional exposure to UV radiation to produce enamels having good resistance to acid etching and water spotting.
EP-A 419,088 discloses non liquid crystalline, ester phenol capped polymers and such polymers cross-linked with aminoplast curing agents to give enamel coatings. In these compositions, the phenol moiety is always linked to the polymer through an ester group prepared by reacting polymers containing aliphatic hydroxy groups with hydroxybenzoic acids. This reference teaches that the polymers may be polyesters, alkyds, acrylics, or epoxy resins.
Additional linear, high molecular weight, phenol functionalized polymers have been prepared by polymerization of hydroxystyrenes in the presence of cationic catalysts [Masao Kato, J. of Polymer Science, Part A-1, Vol. 7, 2405-2410 (1969)]. Also, hydroxystyrenes have been copolymerized with other vinyl monomers such as acrylate esters in the presence of free radical initiators to produce phenol functionalized polymers [Masao Kato, J. of Polymer Science, Part A-1, Vol. 7, 2175-2184 (1969)]. Further, phenol functionalized polymers have been produced by radical catalyzed copolymerization of 4-(acetoxymethyl) styrene and 4-(t-butyloxycarbonyloxy) styrene followed by removal of the t butyloxycarbonyl groups from the polymer (J.M.J. Frechet, et al., Macromolecules, 1991, 24, 1746-1754). Poly(4-hydroxystyrene) has also been prepared from poly(4-vinylphenyl benzyl ether) followed by cleavage of the benzyl ether groups on the polymer by hydrobromic acid (Paolo Ferruti and Angelino Fere, J. of Polymer Science, Part A1, Vol. 9, 3671-3673 (1971)).


The present invention relates to a photocurable composition, to a barrier layer including same, and to an encapsulated device including same, wherein the composition comprises a photocurable monomer(A) and a silicon containing monomer(B), wherein the silicon containing monomers(B) has a structure according to Formula 1.

Organic light emitting diodes (OLED) refer to a structure in which a functional organic material layer is inserted between an anode and a cathode, wherein an exciton having high energy can be created by recombination of a hole injected into the cathode and an electron injected into the anode. The created exciton may move in a ground state, thereby emitting light within a specific wavelength band. The organic light emitting diodes have various merits such as self-luminance, fast response, wide viewing angle, ultra-thinness, high definition and durability.
However, organic light emitting diodes have problems in that, due to moisture or oxygen flowing from outside or outgases generated inside or outside of the light emitting diodes despite sealing, thus organic materials and/or electrode materials can be oxidized, causing deterioration in the performance and lifespan thereof. In order to overcome such problems, some methods have been proposed, such as coating with a photocurable sealing agent, attachment of a transparent or opaque moisture absorbent, or provision of frits to a substrate on which an organic light emitting diode is formed.
For instance, Korean Publication No. 2006-0084978A has disclosed an encapsulated structure of organic light emitting diode devices, which includes a protective member for sealing formed by any one of moisture penetration inhibiting materials among silicone compounds and polymer resins.

Photocurable composition, barrier layer including same, and encapsulated device including same


A method for laser marking an anodized metal surface (5) with a desired color, which method comprises: providing a laser (1) for emitting a laser beam (4) comprising laser pulses having a pulse energy, a pulse width, and a pulse repetition frequency; providing a scanner (2) comprising a first mirror (6) for scanning the laser beam in a first direction (8), and a second mirror (7) for scanning the laser beam in a second direction (9); providing a lens (3) for focussing the laser beam from the laser (2) onto the anodized metal surface (5) to form a spot (31) having a spot diameter and a pulse fluence; providing a controller (11) for controlling the scanner (2) with a control signal (12); marking a plurality of lines (15) separated by a hatch distance (19) on the anodized metal surface to form a desired mark (16) by scanning the scanner (2) while pulsing the laser (1); selecting a scan speed (16), the pulse repetition frequency, and the spot diameter such that the separation (18) between consecutive spots (31) during each scan of the scanner (2) is at least one quarter of the spot diameter; the method being characterized by: overwriting each line (15) more than once; the color being given by the spot to spot separation (18), hatch distance (19), the pulse fluence, the pulse width, and the number of times each line is written; and selecting the spot to spot separation (18), the hatch distance (19), the pulse fluence, the pulse width, and the number of times each line is written to form the desired color.

The use of dyes, inks and other chemicals in the marking of commercial, consumer and industrial goods places restrictions on supply chains, logistics and the environment. Processes that can mark without the use of dyes, inks or other chemicals can therefore provide a distinct advantage. Laser marking is also generally more versatile, reproducible, and can provide marks that have a higher quality and durability than chemical methods such as silk screens.
Laser marking has been applied to many materials including metals. Once perfected for a particular material, the laser marking process is typically reliable, repeatable, and amenable to high-throughput high-yield production. An example is the color marking of anodized aluminium, a material that is in widespread use as it is lightweight, strong, easily shaped, and has a durable surface finish. The anodized surface is generally dyed with colored dyes. However it is also possible to laser mark anodized aluminium without the use of dyes, inks or other chemicals. Laser light can be used directly to form various colors either within the anodization or in the interface region between the oxide layer that forms the anodization and the aluminium. Similar marks can also be made on other anodized metal surfaces such as titanium, zinc, magnesium, niobium and tantalum.
It is very desirable in consumer goods to have a mark that is distinctive in shape, quality and color, and have a high color contrast to the surrounding material. High quality black marks in anodized aluminium are highly desirable and commercially very important.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,777,098 describes a method of marking anodized aluminium articles with black marks which occur in a layer between the anodization and the aluminium and therefore are as durable as the anodized surface. The marks described therein are described as being dark grey or black in hue and somewhat less shiny than unmarked portion using nanosecond range infrared laser pulses. As taught in U.S. Pat. No. 8,451,873, making marks according to the methods claimed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,777,098 are disadvantageous because (i) creating commercially desirable black marks with nanosecond range pulses tends to cause destruction of the oxide layer, and (ii) cleaning of the aluminium following polishing or other processing adds another step in the process, with associated expense, and possibly disturbs a desired surface finish.
U.S. Pat. No. 8,451,873 discloses a method for creating a mark on an anodized specimen. The method involves providing a laser marking system having controllable laser pulse parameters, determining the laser pulse parameters associated with the desired properties, and directing the laser marking system to mark the article using the selected laser pulse parameters. Laser marks so made have an optical density that ranges from transparent to opaque, a white color, a texture indistinguishable from the surrounding article, and durable, substantially intact anodization. The patent teaches that marks created using laser pulses greater than 1 nanosecond results in clear signs of cracking of the anodization. In particular, the patent teaches that when marking with prior art nanosecond pulses, applying enough laser pulse energy to the surface to make dark marks causes damage to the anodization which causes the appearance of the marks to change with viewing angle. The patent also teaches solving this problem by using pulses having pulse widths of approximately 10 ps. Marks produced by using pulses having pulse widths of approximately 10 ps or less do not damage the anodization, regardless of how dark the marks are, and nor do the marks change in appearance with viewing angle. Such marks are typical of so-called "cold processing" that utilize multi-photon absorption effects in the material. Cold processing (such as cold ablation) does not rely on thermal effects to produce the desired processing effect, and therefore has little if any thermal damage surrounding the processed area. Cold processing relies on femtosecond lasers, or picosecond lasers having pulse widths up to around 10 ps to 50 ps. The marks, quantified by the CIE system of colorimetry, have a chromaticity less than L=40, a=5, and b=10. Although the picosecond lasers used in the patent were much less expensive than femtosecond lasers, the picosecond lasers users are more expensive than nanosecond lasers because they rely on very advanced techniques and components such as optical pulse compressors to produce the very narrow laser pulse widths. Moreover, an L value lower than approximately 30 is more commercially important, and for this, the picosecond lasers used do not write the marks quickly enough for many commercial applications where cost is at a premium. It is advantageous not to rely on expensive techniques or components such as optical pulse compression and optical pulse compressors.
The damage to the anodization layers caused by the use of nanosecond lasers is a particular problem. It is believed that this is caused by thermal effects, and heat build up below the anodization layer as consecutive pulses are written.
There is a need for a method for laser marking a metal surface with a desired color that avoids the aforementioned problems.

Method for laser marking an anodized metal surface with a desired colour


A card connector (100) for receiving a card (5), includes an insulative housing (1) having a card receiving space (11), a number of contacts (2) mounted in the insulative housing to contact with the card and an eject mechanism (3). The eject mechanism defines a slider (6) movably mounted on the housing and engageable with the card, a spring (10) for biasing the slider to move in a direction opposite to an insertion direction of the card, a cam mechanism including an cam (61) and a cam groove (62) formed around the cam having a starting point (62a), and a pin member (9) movable within the cam groove. The cam includes a first recessed portion (62c) and a second recessed portion (62e) both communicating with the cam groove, the pin member disengages from the first recessed portion and the second recessed portion upon ejection of the card.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to a card connector for connecting an integrated circuit card, and more particularly to a card connector having an ejecting mechanism for removing the card from the connector.
2. Description of Related Art
Nowadays, memory cards such as Multimedia card (MMC), Secure Digital card (SD), Smart Media card (SM), Memory Stick (MS) and the like, are widely used for storing electrical data information, correspondingly, various types of card connectors are available for connecting the mating cards to a given electronic device, such as a digital camera, a personal computer, so that information is able to be transmitted therebetween.
A conventional card connector as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,508,402 typically comprises an insulative housing defining a card receiving room and mounted with a plurality of contacts, a slider movably attached to the housing for facilitating ejection of the card, and a coil spring continuously urging the slider to move in an ejection direction of the card. A known heart-shaped groove is formed on the housing to cooperate with a pin member movably mounted therein, thereby controlling forward and backward movement of the slider. While retracting the card, an user pushes the card in the card insertion direction slightly, then the card is ejected by the slider and the spring to move outwardly and automatically, till an end of the card is exposed outside, such that the user can snatch the card and draw the card out of the connector. Insertion and ejection of the card are performed by a double push operation. A problem with said connector is that while the card is ejected by the slider under great restoring force of the coil spring, the card moves outwardly so fast, and tends to fly out of the card connector and even drops onto the ground. In this case, the card may be damaged due to impact of collision, and data information in the card may be lost.
A card connector of U.S. Pat. No. 6,767,232 is provided with a switch for detecting the presence of the card, the switch is normally open without insertion of the card. Said switch is composed of a stationary terminal and a movable terminal for contacting with the stationary terminal. In case of the insertion of the card, the movable terminal comes into contact with the stationary terminal to close the switch, accordingly, a memory system of the electronic device starts to allow data transmission between the card and the electronic device. Upon ejection of the card, the card is ejected outwardly to make switch open, and then the memory system switches off. Finally, contacts of the card disconnect with the card connector. However, since the card may be withdrawn too fast such that there is not enough time for a memory system of the electronic device to be turned off before the card disconnects from the card connector, that is to say, electrical connections between said card and the electronic device are broken when data transmissions are still in process, therefore, there is a risk of lost data.
It is thus desired to provide a card connector to overcome the shortcomings described above.


An electrosurgical instrument for the removal of tissue polyps and the like is disclosed. It features a bipolar pair of conductive electrodes for the cutting of tissue in which at least one electrode is moveable in relation to the other. These electrodes are mounted relative to an insulating plug, which is secured at the distal end of a tubular member. Pressure exerted on a thumb loop shifts the position of one electrode relative to the other. Upon application of RF voltage, the distance at which the electrodes are placed controls the amount of arcing which will occur between electrodes, when placed within a proper range. The electrodes are supplied with power from a standard RF energy source, controlled from a foot or hand switch. The insulating plug may further include metal traces disposed on the peripheral surface. When energized, these traces function as a bipolar pair of electrodes for effecting electrocoagulation of tissue and blood.

I. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to the design of an electrosurgical instrument and more particularly to an electrosurgical instrument for insertion into a laparoscopic trocar or endoscope and having one electrode which is movable relative to a stationary electrode. When the movable electrode is brought within a close predetermined distance to the fixed electrode and a voltage is applied across these electrodes, an arc is created for effecting radio frequency cutting or coagulation of a polyp or other tissue captured between the two electrodes. The device is especially adapted for trimming small polyps from the wall of the colon and, subsequently, cauterizing the remaining tissue at the site of the polyp removal. The device can also be utilized to coagulate vascular tissue areas.
II. Discussion of the Prior Art
Bipolar electrosurgical instruments typically feature a handle or housing which supports a pair of closely spaced conductive electrodes at a distal tip. These electrodes typically are stationary and extend distally from the tip and have a dielectric, such as air, therebetween. Neither is movable with respect to the other. In those electrosurgical instruments where at least one electrode is moveable, forceps-type electrodes which are movable by squeezing the electrodes toward one another, are commonly involved. In this forceps configuration, each electrode moves essentially equidistantly towards the other in one action.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,353,371, issued to Cosman, discloses a bipolar surgical instrument with longitudinally side-biting electrodes, which Is typical of the forceps-type designs. The forceps' blades are squeezed equidistantly towards one another along a longitudinal axis, as a coagulating potential is applied. Both blades of the forceps pivot towards one another within an insulating element which maintains electrical isolation at their bases. This configuration requires that the blades be placed at a right angle to the tissue to be cut if a smooth, even removal of tissue is desired.
U.S. Pat. No. 1,978,495, issued to Landau, discloses a medical instrument for the removal of tonsils. Pressure applied on a handle pushes an electrode toward a conductor. Increasing pressure eventually positions the electrode at a point where current is permitted to flow, whereupon a blade is advanced to sever the tonsil. In operation, a contact on a spring touches the conductor portion of the handle and maintains an open circuit for cutting. However, continuing pressure on the handle eventually advances the conductor forward until it is advanced to a region on the handle which is specifically dimensioned to break contact. Release of pressure on the handle permits the electrode to retreat and re-establish the circuit while the contact and handle are touching. Although exemplary of a movable electrode configuration, this device is awkward in applications other than tonsillectomies.
U.S. Pat. No. 373,399, issued to Hamilton, discloses an electrode for forming clots in varicose veins. In this device, a J-shaped rod has an electrode placed at its tip. A second electrode is placed in opposing relation on a slightly curved rod. Each electrode terminates at a conducting wire and is held within a pair of retainers. The "J"-shaped rod is held securely, but the curved rod may be displaced Proximally or distally. An adjustable stop regulates the extent of proximal or distal movement and, thus, prevents the approach of the two electrodes beyond a desired limit. After the device is positioned within body tissues, a coagulating electrical current is applied. Although this device also provides an example of a configuration for a movable electrode, this "J"-shaped rod requires greater clearance than is available in some electrosurgical applications.
It is accordingly a principal object of the present invention to provide a new and improved method and apparatus for bipolar cauterization of tissue featuring one stationary electrode and one movable electrode.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a new and improved method and electrocauterizing apparatus for encompassing polyps and the like then severing them in a guillotine fashion.
It is yet another object of the present invention to provide such a new and improved electrocauterizing apparatus dimensioned for insertion within a laparoscopic trocar or endoscope.
A further object of the present invention is to provide an electrocauterizing apparatus with a moveable electrode, further including electrocoagulating traces for coagulation of blood in the treatment region.

Bipolar instrument utilizing one stationary electrode and one movable electrode


A method of fabricating a liquid crystal display device, including: forming alignment layers over a first substrate and a second substrate, wherein the first and second substrates have a first region and a second region, the first and second regions each including a panel region, wherein a panel region in the first region has a different driving mode than a panel in the second region; producing a first alignment direction in the alignment layers of the first region; producing a second alignment direction in the alignment layers of the second region; assembling the first and second substrates together; and dividing the assembled substrates into liquid crystal display panels.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method of fabricating a liquid crystal display device, and particularly to a method of fabricating a liquid crystal display device capable of improving the efficiency of a glass substrate and reducing the fabrication cost by fabricating liquid crystal display devices having various sizes various driving modes on a glass substrate.
2. Description of the Related Art
In general, a liquid crystal display device is a display device in which data signals including picture information are individually supplied to liquid crystal cells arranged in a matrix form, and the optical transmittance of the liquid crystal cells is controlled to display an image.
FIG. 1 is a plan view showing the structure of a liquid crystal display device according to the related art.
In FIG. 1, the liquid crystal display device 10 includes an attached driving element array substrate 1 and color filter substrate 2. The liquid crystal display device also includes an image displaying unit 13 where a plurality of pixels are arranged in a matrix form and a gate pad unit 14 and a data pad unit 15 respectively connected to gate lines and data lines of the image displaying unit 13. The driving element array substrate 1 has a region along a long side and region along a short side that protrudes beyond the color filter substrate 2. The gate pad unit 14 is formed in the region along the short side region protruding from the driving element array substrate 1 and the data pad unit 15 is formed in the region along the long side region protruding from the driving element array substrate 1.
A scanning signal is applied to the gate lines of the image displaying unit 13 by a gate driving unit through the gate pad unit 14, and an image signal is applied to the data line of the image displaying unit 13 by a data driving unit through the data pad unit 15.
The image displaying unit 13 of the liquid crystal display device 10 includes a plurality of pixels defined by a plurality of data lines to which the image signal is applied and a plurality of gate lines to which the scan signal is applied. Each pixel has a pixel electrode and a thin film transistor on the driving element array substrate I that applies the image signal to the pixel electrode.
The image displaying unit 13 of the color filter substrate 2 has a color filter for displaying color images and a common electrode facing the pixel electrode over the driving element array substrate 1.
The driving element array substrate 1 and the color filter substrate 2 face each other and are attached by a sealant (not shown) printed along an outer edge of the image displaying unit 13. A liquid crystal layer is placed between the attached driving element array substrate 1, and the color filter substrate 2 and a spacer is placed therebetween to maintain a uniform cell gap.
In order to fabricate this liquid crystal display device, a plurality of driving element array substrates is formed on a large substrate made of glass or the like, and a plurality of color filter substrates is formed on a separate large substrate. Thereafter, the two large substrates are assembled (i.e., attached) to each other to form a plurality of liquid crystal display panel regions and are cut into individual liquid crystal display panels.
The process of fabricating the liquid crystal display device may be divided into a driving element array substrate process for forming the driving elements on the driving element array substrate 1, a color filter substrate process for forming the color filter on the color filter substrate 2, and a cell process. These processes of forming a liquid crystal display device will now be described using the accompanying FIG. 2.
In the driving element array substrate process, first, a plurality of gate lines and a plurality of data lines defining a plurality of pixel areas are formed on a driving element array substrate 1 and thin film transistors, or driving elements, are formed and connected to the gate lines and the data lines at each pixel area (S101). Further, the pixel electrode connected to the thin film transistor is formed on the driving element array substrate to drive the liquid crystal layer with the signal applied trough the thin film transistor.
Next, the color filter layer with R, G and B (red, green and blue) colors and the common electrode are formed on the color filter substrate 2 using the color filter process (S104).
Thereafter, alignment layers are deposited over the driving element array substrate and the color filter substrate, and then the alignment layers are rubbed in order to provide an alignment controlling force and/or a surface anchoring force (i.e., so as to set a pre-tilt angle and orientation direction) to the liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal layer (S102, S105).
Subsequently, a plurality of spacers is dispersed onto the driving element array substrate 1 to maintain a uniform cell gap between the driving element array substrate 1 and the color filter substrate 2. The sealing material is deposited along the outer edge portion of the color filter substrate 2 and the substrates are compressed to attach the substrates (S103, S106, S107).
The driving element array substrate 1 and the color filter substrate 2 are large glass substrates. In other words, because a plurality of panel regions including the thin film transistor and the color filter are formed on the large glass substrates, the glass substrate is cut to fabricate the individual liquid crystal display panel. (S108). Thereafter, the liquid crystal material is injected into the individual liquid crystal display panels through a liquid crystal injection opening, and then the liquid crystal injection opening is encapsulated to form the liquid crystal layer. Finally, the injected liquid crystal display panel is tested (S109, S110).
Generally, the glass substrate may include a plurality of liquid crystal display panels, for example, 4, 6, 8 or 16 liquid crystal display panels. The technology used to form the plurality of liquid crystal display panels on the glass substrate is a primary factor that determines fabrication efficiency of the liquid crystal display device. Accordingly, techniques for more efficiently using the glass substrate have been studied. Today as large liquid crystal display devices are in greater demand, the fabrication technology affects the competitiveness of liquid crystal display device manufacturers.
In general, as shown in FIG. 3A, liquid crystal display panels 10 having the same size are formed on the glass substrate 20. The glass substrate 20 should have an area large enough to form a plurality of the liquid crystal display panels 10 thereon at set intervals. The glass substrate 20 with the plurality of the liquid crystal display panels 10 is separated to form a plurality of individual liquid crystal display panels 10 leaving behind a region of the glass substrate 20 between the liquid crystal display panels 10 which is discarded after separation. Therefore, the glass substrate 20 may be formed to minimize the interval between liquid crystal display panels 10.
The size of the glass substrate 20 is standardized and depends on the size of the liquid crystal display panel 10 being fabricated. Namely, the standard size of the glass substrate 20 is set so that the glass substrate 20 has an area to most efficiently fabricate the liquid crystal display panels 10. As shown in FIG. 3B, when liquid crystal display panels with a different size need to be fabricated on the standard sized glass substrate 20, a large region of the glass substrate 20 remains unused. This problem may be solved by forming the liquid crystal display panel 10 on a glass substrate 20 with a standard size corresponding to the liquid crystal display panel 10 to be made. But, there may be no glass substrate that is standardized according to the liquid crystal display panel to be made, so the liquid crystal display panel 10 must be formed on a glass substrate 20 with a different standard as shown in FIG. 3B. Accordingly, a large portion of the glass substrate remains unused, and thus the unused region of the glass substrate is discarded, thus increasing the fabrication cost of the liquid crystal display device.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Method of fabricating liquid crystal display devices having various driving modes on a common substrate


A method and apparatus for preventing vortical air flow behind a free-falling curtain in a curtain coating apparatus. There is a critical region within the coating apparatus defined in part by a coating hopper, the free-falling curtain delivered from the coating hopper, a portion of the moving substrate supported on a roller to which the free-falling curtain is delivered, and an air shield located between the roller and the coating hopper. A first intake slot proximate to the moving substrate shield is used to remove boundary-layer air entrained on the moving substrate. A second intake slot positioned within the critical region is used to remove boundary-layer air entrained on the free-falling curtain. Each of the two intake slots is connected to vacuum source. One or two vacuum sources may be used.

In slide hopper curtain coating operations, the liquid to be coated onto a moving substrate issues from the hopper slot and flows down the slide to the hopper lip. As the liquid exits the hopper lip, there is formed a generally planar liquid sheet or curtain which falls freely by the action of gravity. This resulting curtain is deposited on the moving substrate at a point of impingement or, more accurately, a line of impingement. The action of the moving web substrate or web induces a flow of air forming a boundary layer. The detrimental effect of boundary-layer air resulting from the movement of the web is known. Also known are methods for mitigating the detrimental effect of boundary-layer air. One approach was taught in U.S. Pat. No. 3,508,947 to Hughes in which the air entrained on the moving web is minimized by the use of an air shield that has been provided with a vacuum manifold which is positioned adjacent the web to be coated and connected to a vacuum pump to withdraw air therefrom. In this manner, Hughes proposes that the multi-layer, free-falling vertical curtain is shielded from ambient air currents and the air entrained by the moving web is drawn off before the curtain impinges on the moving web.
More recent curtain coating practice employs the air shield mainly for the purpose of drawing off air entrained by the moving web as opposed to shielding the free-falling curtain from ambient air currents. This is because curtain coating operations now typically include an enclosure to shield the free-falling liquid curtain from ambient air currents. The enclosure is continuously supplied with laminar low velocity air flow from the top while, at the same time, air is exhausted from both the front and rear of the enclosure. It is known that air shield systems employing a single manifold and a single vacuum source have been operated to exhaust higher air volumes in an attempt to remove additional air from behind the free-falling curtain as well as air entrained on the web.
A similar approach to minimizing the detrimental effect of boundary-layer air of the moving web is taught in U.S. Pat. No. 5,224,996 to Ghys et al. Ghys et al employed an alternative design for a curved air shield arranged in a closely spaced relationship to a backing roller which supports the moving web at the point of impingement. The alternative design for the air shield provides for increased resistance to air flow in the gap between the air shield and the backing roller at the end and side regions thereof as compared to air flow resistance at an intermediate region of the shield. A vacuum device communicates with the gap in the intermediate region to reduce air pressure therein. In such manner, there is improved removal of boundary-layer air at the surface of the moving web prior to the impingement point which apparently allows for increased speed of the moving web.
Although the prior art has dealt with minimizing the effect of boundary-layer air induced by the moving substrate, the prior art has failed to recognize or deal with the removal of entrained or boundary-layer air induced by the free-falling curtain. In fact, no negative impact on product quality in the production of photographic elements has been attributed to boundary-layer air of the free-falling curtain in the past. However, with the increased sensitivity of photographic materials achieved in recent years, product quality has become more susceptible to the detrimental effects of air currents. It has been found that on photographic products with high sensitivity, random or irregular streaks may be produced in the product even though the boundary-layer air caused by the moving web has been nullified.

Method and apparatus for curtain coating


Metal cyanide catalysts are complexed with complexing agents that are miscible in poly(propylene oxide) at higher temperatures and immiscible at lower temperatures.

This invention relates to methods for making metal cyanide catalysts complexes and to methods for polymerizing alkylene oxides in the presence of a metal cyanide catalyst.
Polyethers are prepared in large commercial quantities through the polymerization of alkylene oxides such as propylene oxide and ethylene oxide. This polymerization reaction is usually conducted in the presence of an initiator compound and a catalyst. The initiator compound usually determines the functionality (number of hydroxyl groups per molecule of the polymer) and in some instances imparts some desired functionality. The catalyst is used to provide an economical rate of polymerization.
Metal cyanide complexes are becoming increasingly important alkylene oxide polymerization catalysts. These complexes are often referred to as "double metal cyanide" or "DMC" catalysts, and are the subject of a number of patents, including, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,278,457, 3,278,458, 3,278,459, 3,404,109, 3,427,256, 3,427,334, 3,427,335 and 5,470,813, among many others. In some instances, these complexes provide the benefit of fast polymerization rates and narrow polydispersities. Additionally, these catalysts are associated with the production of polyethers having very low levels of monofunctional unsaturated compounds.
It is often desirable to remove residual DMC catalyst from polyethers. Various methods of accomplishing this have been developed, but the simplest method would be a simple filtration or phase separation. However, DMC catalysts that can be easily and effectively filtered from the polyol have not been commercially established.
Thus, it would be desirable to provide metal cyanide catalyst complex that exhibits good catalytic activity and can be simply and easily removed from a polyether polyol.

Method for preparing metal cyanide catalyst complexes using partially miscible complexing agents


A microwave radio frequency bidirectional energy flow-capable antenna method and related antenna of the physically conformal microstrip transmission line, traveling wave and leaky wave characterizations; the antenna is especially suited to vehicle mounting. The disclosed antenna operates in an EH1 or other above dominant mode energy wave propagation configuration, a configuration at least partially achieved by an array of selected-location radiating element shortings to an antenna-underlying transmission line ground plane element. Comparisons of the disclosed antenna with characteristics of a similarly classified antenna of somewhat lesser desirable but know characteristics are included.

One of the "Holy Grails" for antenna engineers working in the aircraft and other vehicle fields, where aerodynamic drag and vehicle profile are important, is achieving an antenna with wide bandwidth, high efficiency, a convenient radiation pattern, and a small addition to vehicle profile. This latter characteristic may be considered, with the use of other words, as a need for a vehicle "conformal antenna." The need for these characteristics extends significantly into the world of the stealth aircraft since non-conformal protuberances on an airframe provide a substantial radar signal reflection or return point addition to the aircraft's radar signature. These desired antenna characteristics typically are, however, conflicting in nature and thus an antenna engineer must often make trade-offs amongst these needs.
There are a variety of conformal antennas used in microwave signal and aircraft practice, but perhaps the most studied of these is the microstrip patch antenna. As a result of its relative simplicity with respect to both modeling and construction, the patch antenna has been a subject of extensive research and use for over thirty years. Munson [1] performed seminal work on this antenna as did Carver and Mink [2]. (Numbers of this configuration herein refer to entries in the list of references at the close of this specification.) The simple approximate models developed by these authors have been used since their publication and are now included in the subject matter of many Engineering School undergraduate antenna courses [3].
One of the major challenges associated with the patch antenna is however, the relatively narrow bandwidth such an antenna achieves [4]. Such antennas, if probe or microstrip transmission line fed, have a bandwidth of typically less than 5% and often less than 2% [3]. Increasing the substrate thickness used with these antennas can increase this bandwidth; however, surface waves can be excited in such patch antennas and this leads to a rather serious reduction in efficiency. This reduction can be limited by the introduction of shorting pins, or a cavity that have the effect of squelching surface waves. However, care must be used in achieving such surface wave reductions since placement of metal near the radiating edges of a patch antenna has a significant impact on its properties. Moreover since patch antennas are usually used in large arrays, in part because of their low cost and low gain, shorting pins or cavities cannot always be used due to the proximity of the antenna elements to each other. The result is strong surface wave coupling between adjacent antennas and this complicates the antenna synthesis task. Alternative feeding mechanisms can be used to increase the achieved bandwidth, without exciting surface waves; however, the achievable bandwidth is typically on the order of 20% to 60% [5] but certainly bandwidths of 2:1 or 10:1 are not achievable with any manner of feeding a patch antenna.
Another approach to increasing patch antenna bandwidth, without a commensurate reduction in efficiency involves the use of magneto-dielectric materials [6] in the antenna. However, the relatively high efficiency that can otherwise be achieved with patch antennas requires low loss magnetic materials. Such materials are difficult to realize at high frequencies, at frequencies greater than 1 gigahertz for example.
From another perspective, there are a group of antennas that are inherently of wide bandwidth and have reasonable efficiency. These antennas include printed spirals (including slot spirals), circular log-periodic arrays as well as helix, bicone, and sleeve antennas. A general theory concerning these and other frequency independent antennas has in fact been presented by Rumsey and is described by Thiele [3]. The first two of these wide band antennas are amenable to conformal installation as in an airframe while the latter types typically are protruding antennas. However, like the patch antenna, the radiation pattern for these antennas depends on feed conditions or mode of operation chosen and has a peak normal to the platform in which it is installed. Examples of feed conditions that will result in a pattern peak away from this direction include higher-order mode excitation for the patch or a phase array of elements with the excitation feed phases chosen to steer the beam. However, it is a well-known fact that for a finite array of elements, there are scan limits on the beam for such elements.
The antenna of the present invention provides what is believed to be a useful addition, perhaps even a breath of fresh air, to this antenna selection scene.

The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Air Force


Apparatus and method to produce point-of-use compressed superheated steam for a wide variety of uses including, but not limited to, cleaning, heating, drying, surface preparation, sterilization, pest control and elimination, degreasing and food preparation. The apparatus produces and compresses superheated steam without the hazards and problems associated with the current state of the art where steam is generated, compressed and stored in potentially dangerous and maintenance intensive boilers and associated piping and fixtures. The in-line steam generator of the present application produces superheated steam at one atmosphere which is immediately pressurized using a compression means and then immediately utilized through application employing a nozzle or a storage tank or other such device.

1. Field
The present application relates to the generation of superheated steam at one atmosphere and subsequent pressurization for a wide variety of uses including, but not limited to, cleaning, heating, drying, surface preparation, sterilization, pest control and elimination, degreasing and food preparation.
2. Prior Art
For industrial and non-industrial applications, steam is currently often produced by the heating of water in a boiler or other vessel. Generally, for these applications, saturated steam is produced and is then pressurized to a desired level by the continued application of heat. The pressurized steam generated by this process is then piped from the vessel for use. Saturated steam, having high moisture content, will readily condense in piping and upon application to surfaces. Such systems have several obvious disadvantages including expense, maintenance, efficiency, safety and dimensional constraints.
Common boiler systems can be expensive to install due to the required strength of materials and adequate fabrication needed to meet safety standards. The high temperatures and pressures associated with boilers are very hazardous and need to be compensated for with appropriate engineering design and advanced materials. Required inspection, maintenance, training and insurance costs add to the expense of such systems. Elaborate and expensive piping, gauging and monitoring equipment may also be called for, further adding to the overall expense.
Boiler systems use large amounts of clean water on initial start-up to produce steam. If water is in short supply, operation of such systems would be costly if at all possible. Leaks and condensation in such systems also result in water wastage, corrosion, damage and clean-up. Large amounts of costly and environmentally unfriendly fuel are required to heat the masses of water required in boilers to needed temperatures and pressures. If proper insulation is not installed on piping and other fixtures, which would add to cost, an amount of heat and energy would be lost from the process. For these and other reasons present boiler systems may be very inefficient for their intended purposes. Boiler operators need to be well trained in the operation of their equipment as well as focused, observant and skilled in their duties. Costs and work-place hazards could be minimized with a system that requires less training due to higher safety and easier operation than is the case with current methods for the pressurization of steam.
In many cases, due to their size and weight, current methods of pressurized steam production are limited to industrial or other settings where space is not an issue. In other cases, where space is limited, a boiler system would be too bulky. A smaller, lighter and portable method for providing pressurized steam is needed and is provided for by the present application.
The greatest concern in regards to the generation of pressurized steam is safety. Boilers and other pressure vessels can be extremely dangerous when not designed, built, operated or maintained properly. Pressurized steam lines running from the vessel are hazardous as well. In the vessel, large amounts of very hot pressurized steam are contained in a relatively small volume, creating the possibility of catastrophic rupture and explosion. The failures of steam pressure vessels are common and often deadly. To decrease the chances for such failures, boiler systems must be carefully designed, operated, maintained and inspected, which, as stated above, add to the overall cost of such systems.

Pressurized point-of-use superheated steam generation apparatus and method


A smart key for a vehicle includes: a base part; a first terminal part coupled to the base part and which makes contact with a first electrode of a battery so as to be electrically connected to the battery; a second terminal part disposed facing the first terminal part to form an insertion part where the battery is inserted and which makes contact with a second electrode of the battery to be electrically connected to the battery; a separation prevention part which extends from the second terminal to the base part and which abuts the side surface of the battery to prevent the battery from separating from the insertion part; and a pressure applying part which is connected to the second terminal part so as to enable contact with the battery and which maintains contact between the battery and the separation prevention part by an elastic restoring force.

Generally, smart keys are devices which operate using radio frequency identification (RFID) at long range in order to lock or unlock a vehicle door or to start the vehicle. Such smart keys may include fob keys and card keys. Smart keys are operated by means of an internal battery.
The securing structure for batteries in smart keys is a structure which is assembled by forcefully pressing the side surface of the battery and interference-fit coupling same by means of a hard contact rib or the like formed in a terminal, and thus deformation of the terminal can easily occur. Also, when the battery size is large compared to the securing structure of the battery, there is a problem in that assembling the battery is impossible as the battery cannot be inserted into the securing structure. Furthermore, when the battery size is small compared to the securing structure of the battery, there is a problem in that securing the battery is impossible and free movement may occur.
Background art with respect to the present invention is disclosed in Korean Registered Patent Publication KR 10-0980974 B1 (Published 7 Sep. 2010, Title of the Invention: SMART KEY OF VEHICLE HAVING BUTTON STARTING SYSTEM), which is incorporated by reference herein.


A content addressable memory (CAM) device having a plurality of CAM blocks and a block selection circuit. Each of the CAM blocks includes an array of CAM cells to store data words having a width determined according to a configuration value. The block selection circuit includes an input to receive a class code and circuitry to output a plurality of select signals to the plurality of CAM blocks. Each of the select signals selectively disables a respective one of the plurality of CAM blocks from participating in a compare operation according to whether the class code matches a class assignment of the CAM block.

Content addressable memories (CAMs) are frequently used for address look-up functions in Internet data routing. For example, routers used by local Internet Service Providers (ISPs) typically include one or more CAMs for storing a plurality of Internet addresses and associated data such as, for instance, corresponding address routing information. When data is routed to a destination address, the destination address is compared with all CAM words, e.g., Internet addresses, stored in the CAM array. If there is a match, routing information corresponding to the matching CAM word is output and thereafter used to route the data.
A CAM device includes a CAM array having a plurality of memory cells arranged in an array of rows and columns. Each memory cell stores a single bit of digital information, i.e., either logic zero or logic one. The bits stored within a row of memory cells constitute a CAM word. During compare operations, a compared word is received at appropriate input terminals of a CAM device and driven into the CAM array using compared lines to be compared with all the CAM words in the device. For each CAM word that matches the compared word, a corresponding match line signal is asserted to indicate a match condition. If the compared word matches more than one of the CAM words, the match line corresponding to each of the matching CAM words is asserted, and a "multiple match" flag is also asserted to indicate the multiple match condition. The match line signals from each CAM block are combined in a priority encoder to determine the address of the highest-priority matching CAM word, i.e., the CAM index. Associative information corresponding to the CAM index stored in, for instance, an associated RAM, may also be provided.
A single CAM device can be used to store multiple tables each storing and maintaining different classes of data. All entries, however, typically participate in a compare operation. This can cause an undesirable amount of power to be drawn during the compare operation. It would be desirable to limit a search to only those entries associated with a particular class of data to reduce power consumption during the operation.
In a typical CAM device, the width of the data word is fixed according to the number of memory cells per row of the CAM array. U.S. Pat. No. 5,440,715 describes a technique for expanding the width of the data words beyond that of a single row of CAM cells. This inter-row configurability provides flexibility in the use of the single CAM array to store data words larger than that available in a single addressable row of CAM cells.
It would be desirable to have a CAM system that includes intra-row configurability to provide additional flexibility in the use of a single CAM array to be used in multiple array configurations. Intra-row configurability is the ability to access and operate upon one or more segments of rows of CAM cells.

Content addressable memory with configurable class-based storage partition


A method and apparatus for anodizing a component. The component is placed in a container having first and second seal members that seal an annular surface of the component to be anodized. The first and second seal members, the annular surface of the component, and an inner surface of the container form a reaction chamber that holds a reaction medium therein. The reaction medium is supplied to the reaction chamber through a supply passage formed in the container. The reaction medium is drained from the reaction chamber through a drain passage formed in the container.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a method and an apparatus for an anodic treatment on a surface of a piston used for an internal combustion engine. More particularly, the present invention relates to a method and an apparatus for anodizing an annular surface of the piston.
2. Description of the Related Art
It is well known that a portion of the piston used in the internal combustion engine is placed close to a combustion zone. More particularly the portion of the piston is in contact with relatively hot gases, and therefore, is subject to high-thermal stresses that may cause deformations or changes in the metallurgical structure. This negatively affects functions of the portion.
As a measure against such negative affections, a surface of the piston has been treated by an anodic treatment in order to develop an anodic oxide coating that protects a metal of the piston from undesirable affections of heat. One such apparatus that performs the anodic treatment is disclosed in, for example, a Japan Patent Publication (koukai) No. 9-217200 (incorporated herein by reference). According to the publication, as shown in FIG. 19, the apparatus includes a jacket 101, a lid member 102, a mask socket 103, an O-ring 105, an electrolyte bath 106, a nozzle system 107, a cathode 108, and an anode 109. The jacket bath 101 forms a part of a circulation circuit of electrolyte (reaction medium), and is substantially like a cup shape. The jacket 101 has an opening, which is closed by the lid member 102, at its upper end. A hole in which the mask socket 103 is fitted is formed at the center of the lid member 102. The mask socket 103 is substantially cylindrical in shape, and is provided its lower opening portion with an inwardly projected flange portion. A piston 104 is inversely placed in the mask socket 103. Namely, the piston 104 is inserted into the mask socket 103 from its head portion (piston head).
The O-ring 105 is placed on the flange portion. The O-ring 105 touches a surface of the piston head when the piston 104 is placed in the mask socket 103. Thereby, a portion of the piston not to be anodized is sealed. The nozzle system 107, through which the electrolyte is directed to the piston 104, is placed in the electrolyte bath 106 that is provided in the jacket 101. The cathode 108 is provided at an upper portion of the electrolyte bath 106. The anode 109 is in contact with the piston 104. The apparatus disclosed in the publication thus performs the anodic treatment on an end face of component (piston) that is cylindrical or columnar in shape.
According to the publication, however, since the O-ring 105 touches the surface of the piston head, there is a difficulty in anodizing a limited area defined at a middle portion on a cylindrical surface. That is, for instance, where the anodic treatment on the end face of the component (piston) is unnecessary while the anodic treatment on the limited area at the middle portion on the cylindrical surface is carried out, a masking of a portion of the component (the end face) is required to prevent the end face from being anodized. However, to make a mask portion, a masking process to the end face of the component must be accomplished before putting the component in the apparatus. This causes a decline of working efficiency and processing ability.
The electrolyte upwardly flows to the end face of the component through the nozzle system 107, and then, downwardly moves away from the end face to be drained from the electrolyte bath 106. The electrolyte supplied to the end face meets the electrolyte leaving from the surface, which causes an obstruction to a smooth circulation of the electrolyte. To provide the smooth circulation, a large area for flow of the electrolyte is necessary, and thereby, the size of the apparatus becomes large.

Method and apparatus for an anodic treatment


A scale-bar artifact can include a base, a structural component, at least two nests disposed on the structural component and configured to receive a spherically shaped object having a center, and at least three mounting assemblies, each mounting assembly including a first portion and a second portion. The second portion of each mounting assembly is coupled to the base. The first portion of each mounting assembly is coupled to the structural component. The first portion and second portion of each mounting assembly are in mutual contact. Each mounting assembly has a center of rotation. The centers of rotation of the three mounting assemblies share a common plane with the centers of the spherically shaped objects.

A variety of artifacts are available to measure dimensional measuring devices such as coordinate measuring machines (CMM), articulated arm CMMs, laser trackers, and 3D scanners. Many types of artifacts are available including scale bars, ball bars, gage blocks, step gages, and ball plates.
One type of scale bar includes a bar onto which are mounted two or more nests, each of which can hold an object having a spherical shape. One conventional method to accurately measure the distance between the centers of spheres held in the nests includes using a calibrated interferometer within a laser tracker. A laser tracker is a device that measures the distance and two angles to a retroreflector target, which is usually a spherically mounted retroreflector (SMR). An SMR includes a cube corner retroreflector embedded within a steel sphere with the vertex of the cube corner at the center of the sphere. By lining up the laser tracker with the positions of the SMRs on the scale bar, a very accurate measurement based on tracker interferometer readings can be obtained.
To measure the distance between the centers of the nests on the scale bar, the operator aligns the laser beam with the SMR when mounted on each of the two nests. The operator reads the distance to the SMR at the first nest and then moves the SMR to the second nest without allowing the laser beam to break, which would result in count loss and invalidate the measurement. The operator then reads the distance to the second nest. The difference between the measured distances is the distance between the two nest centers. To make this SMR movement possible, the scale bar is designed to permit the laser beam from the tracker to travel between nest centers without encountering any obstructions.
Most scale bars are designed to sit on kinematic mounts. Kinematic mounts enable the scale bar to be removed and then be reseated in the same position. Conventionally, there are many kinematic mounting methods. One method brings a sphere on a first mount in contact with a plane, a sphere on a second mount in contact with a V-block, and a sphere on a third mount in contact with three smaller spheres located 120 degrees apart. The scale bar can be mounted on a flat surface such as a table. The three larger spheres can be mounted on the bottom of the scale bar and the three complementary surfaces (plane, V-block, 3-sphere structure) can be placed on the table in contact with the larger spheres. A first alternative is to mount the larger spheres on the table and the three complementary surfaces on the bottom of the scale bar. A second alternative is to mount some of the larger spheres on the table and others on the bottom of the scale bar.
Regardless of selected method, the principle involved in kinematically mounting a rigid body is to fully constrain, but not over-constrain, the rigid body. A rigid body—in this case the scale bar—has six degrees of freedom that need to be eliminated to fully constrain without over-constraining. The mount with the three small spheres constrains the larger sphere so that translational motion is not possible at the position of the larger sphere. In other words, three of the six degrees of freedom of the scale bar have been removed. The mount with the V-block constrains the second sphere to move along a straight line, thereby removing two more degrees of freedom. The mount with the flat surface constrains the third sphere to move on a plane, thereby removing one degree of freedom. By using the three mounts together, six degrees of freedom are removed, and the scale bar is fully constrained, but not over-constrained.
Another kinematic mounting method uses three pairs of cylinder, each pair spaced 120 degrees away from the other pairs and each pair pointed toward a central point. Each of the three pairs of cylinders is brought in contact with a sphere. As each cylinder constrains the sphere to move along a straight line, each removes two degrees of freedom, so that the three mounts, when placed between the scale bar and table, fully constrain motion of the scale bar.
Usually the three mounts are placed opposite the side of the scale bar that holds the magnetic nests as described herein. For example, if the mounts are placed on the bottom of the scale bar, the nests are placed on the top of the scale bar. This positioning of the mounts on the side opposite the nests prevents the laser beam from being broken as the SMR is moved from one nest to the other.
However, this placement of the mounts on the side of the scale bar opposite the nests may increase errors in the use of the scale bar. One such error occurs when forces applied to the bar causes the bar to bend. Such forces may be applied by the operator when the operator touches the scale bar with a probe of the instrument under test (for example, the probe on an articulated arm coordinate measuring machine (CMM)). Alternatively, such forces may come from gravity as the scale bar is moved to different orientations, or they may come from thermal expansion of the base element to which the scale bar mounts are attached.
An additional type of error can occur for the case of a scale bar that includes two scale bar segments mounted on a supporting structure. In this case, forces on the structure can cause movement of one of the segments, thereby resulting in a change in the length between the centers of the nests.
There is a need today for an artifact that (1) resists changes in length as forces are applied to it and (2) is free of obstructions, thereby permitting measurement of the distances between nests centers with a laser tracker interferometer.


A manufacturing method for a silicon carbide semiconductor device is disclosed. It includes an etching method in which an Al film and Ni film are laid on an SiC wafer in this order and wet-etched, whereby a two-layer etching mask is formed in which Ni film portions overhang Al film portions. Mesa grooves are formed by dry etching by using this etching mask.

A. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a manufacturing method of a silicon carbide (hereinafter abbreviated as SiC) semiconductor device for high breakdown voltage and large current uses. More specifically, the invention relates to a manufacturing method including a dry etching method for forming a mesa groove having a junction end portion surface which surrounds an active portion where a main current flows in a power semiconductor device such as a diode or a MOSFET which uses a SiC semiconductor substrate.
B. Description of the Related Art
Power MOSFETs, IGBTs, etc. are known and widely used as silicon (hereinafter referred to as Si) power semiconductor devices which are used in inverters and for AC power control and other purposes. However, in recent years, Si as a semiconductor material has come to be used frequently in ranges that are close to its material property limits in terms of power device semiconductor characteristics. As a result, SiC, which is a semiconductor material whose material property limits are higher than those of Si has attracted a great deal of attention. SiC materials (in particular, the one having a 4H—SiC crystal form) have features that the dielectric breakdown electric field is one-order higher, the band gap is 2.9 times larger, the thermal conductivity is 3.2 times higher, and the temperature of transition to an intrinsic semiconductor is 3 to 4 times higher than those of Si. Therefore, the material properties of SiC, the limits of which are higher than those of Si, are exercised greatly, particularly when SiC is used as a substrate material for a power device. As a result, it is expected that power devices having an SiC substrate can satisfy both high breakdown voltage and low on-resistance, which is difficult for Si devices because of a tradeoff relationship between these two parameters. As such, in recent years, many approaches to implementing such SiC devices as products have come to be made.
Techniques relating to manufacturing methods, including etching for putting into practical use or implementing as products power devices using wide-band-gap semiconductor materials such as SiC, are disclosed in JP-A-2005-322811 (corresponding to US 2005/0250336 A1), JP-A-2005-56868 (corresponding to which WO 02/099870 A1), and JP-A-2006-228901. JP-A-2005-322811 relates to a dry etching mask and discloses a manufacturing method which can increase the adhesion of an etching mask to a GaN semiconductor substrate and enables high-accuracy groove formation. JP-A-2005-56868 discloses a method to prevent occurrence of micro-trenches (which tend to cause reduction in breakdown voltage) in dry-etching a SiC substrate in which dry etching using an Al mask and full-surface dry etching (which is performed after removing the Al mask) are combined. JP-A-2006-228901 has a statement to the effect that to prevent reduction in breakdown voltage at top corners of trenches formed in a SiC substrate by etching, trench top corners are rounded by performing isotropic etching after increasing the thickness of oxide films formed on the trench bottoms.
However, actual manufacturing processes for putting into practice or implementing as products SiC power devices still have many and various problems to be solved. One specific problem resides in a process of forming, for example, a trench for a trench gate or a mesa groove having a junction end portion surface which surrounds a device active portion by dry etching in manufacturing a device using a SiC substrate. That is, in dry etching a SiC substrate, if kinds of gases used for the etching and various etching conditions (ICP (induction-coupled plasma) power, bias power, gas pressure, and gas flow rates) are not controlled properly, an etching failure occurs because an etching mask material is stuck to an etching subject material (formation of micro-masks) during dry etching of mesa grooves or micro-trenches are formed (i.e., small grooves are formed by excessive etching at bottom corners of recesses formed by the etching). This is problematic for the following reason. If such micro-masks or micro-trenches are formed, acute-angled portions tend to be formed in the etching surfaces of a mesa groove. If such acute-angled portions are formed in the surfaces of a mesa groove, an electric field is concentrated which makes any resulting device prone to dielectric breakdown. That is, the breakdown voltage of the device cannot be increased.
Usually, in manufacture of a high-breakdown-voltage device using a SiC substrate or some other substrate such as a Si substrate, the etching surface is required to be as free of acute-angled portions as possible when a mesa groove is formed by etching. To this end, a method is employed in which the mesa groove formation in a SiC substrate by dry etching is done in two stages having different sets of etching conditions to suppress generation of micro-trenches as mentioned above. For example, etching is performed at a relatively high etching rate at the first stage and then the etching rate is lowered to obtain a smooth final etched shape. However, this two-stage etching method has problems because the process is complex and there still remains some doubt about its reproducibility.
The present invention is directed to overcoming or at least reducing the effects of one or more of the problems set forth above.

Manufacturing method of a silicon carbide semiconductor device


A uniform system for marking X-Ray films with pertinent data. Further, it establishes a technique for manufacturing X-Ray markers which vary only slightly, so that by piggy-backing or stacking, virtually any thickness of marker can be obtained. In addition a method for making a transparent, adherent, and reusable marker is described. The markers are made of brass by a photo-chemical-etching technique and are coated with nickel in order to achieve permanency and contrast against a black plastic background for easy identification and storage.

1. Field of Invention-
The invention relates generally to a system for correctly identifying the type of X-Ray exposure performed. More particularly, the invention concerns a system which permits the use of substances other than lead to correctly and permanently mark X-Ray films taken for diverse conditions and with differing intensities of radiation exposure.
2. Description of Prior Art and Background of Invention-
Roentgen or X-Ray examinations, particularly for medical purposes, require not only the name and other statistics of the patient, but often the position of the patient, times after injections, specific and particular views, respiratory states, identification of the technician and other pertinent information. This information is supplied by an identifying marker which is permanently imprinted on the developed X-Ray film with a negative shadow due to the obstruction or absorption of X-Rays.
In the past, a variety of marking methods have been used for such identification. Generally, these have consisted of stamped or cast flat lead pieces. The exposed lead pieces are usually stored in open boxes divided in cubicles and are removed manually by the technician. Some of them are embedded in plastic and partially encased in aluminum. Frequently a hole is fashioned at one end by which they are hung on hooks in a random fashion and without organization. This results in time lost searching for the correct marker. Another method uses a clip-marker combination attached to the periphery of an X-Ray cassette. At times these do not imprint on the developed film because of their peripheral position. Yet another uses powdered lead contained between plastic tapes on which symbols can be written. These are cut in any desired length and again are attached to the cassette by opaque surgical adhesive. On the back of the opaque tape the type of marker concealed by the tape is written in ink for identification purposes. These are adhered to random sites when not being used.
While some markers are clipped to the edge of the film cassette, the majority are taped to the X-Ray film cassette or on the X-Ray table. At times, the cassette is placed on a "Buckey-Tray" beneath the X-Ray table, which carries the film cassette behind (or underneath) the patient and permits repeated exposures, without raising the patient to remove the film.
There exists disadvantages to each of the describe marking objects and methods:
First and foremost, they require the use of inorganic lead which is a poisonous substance. The powdered lead tape, in particular, permits the dissemination of lead into the environment. This occurs when the tape containing the powdered lead is cut across in order to obtain a marker of 2-4 inches in length. In addition to its toxicity, lead deposits on film cassette holders and X-Ray tables, so that particulate lead matter causes artifacts which can appear on the exposed X-Ray film. The stamped or cast lead markers that are not encased in plastic continue environmental contamination. In addition, they are handled by unprotected personnel.
Secondly, the common lead markers which are embedded in plastic and encased around the periphery with an aluminum frame, are too thick to be used in a "Buckey-Tray" because they can be easily scraped off and lost in the X-Ray table mechanism. In addition, research reveals no evidence that lead does not leach through the plastic to present in molecular forms on the surface. The lead tape may also be lost in X-Ray tables, and this is more serious since manipulating it for removal can cause the powdered lead to be spilled on the worker and within the X-Ray table. Expensive and time-consuming efforts are necessary to remove the lost objects and clean up the powdered lead.
The United States Environmental Protection Agency through the Toxic Substance Control Act, has instituted a concerted effort to reduce human exposure to lead through regulatory authorities. Included as one of the four major efforts in this direction is to "encourage use of substitutes for lead." Other efforts to rid the environment of lead address mining, smelting, casting and forming of the material. (OTS Candidate Pollution Prevention Project-"Lead Pollution Prevention." Jun. 30, 1989 and "U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Strategy for Reducing Lead Exposures." Feb. 21, 1991).
The difficulties addressed by the present intervention have also been recognized by prior art as discovered by a pre-examination search. The most relevant references recognizing these concerns and disclosed by the search is U.S. Pat. No. 4,813,062 to Gilpatrick, M.W., entitled "Radio-opaque Marker and Method," which elucidates the potential health hazards of lead and utilized bismuth-trioxide (Bi.sub.2 O.sub.3) as an alternative to make a radio-opaque crayon marker for textiles. Similarly, U.S. Pat. No. 4,274,006 to Caine, R.D., entitled "Universal X-Ray Marker," discusses the health hazards of various lead X-Ray markers and attempts to circumvent such problems by making a paste of powdered lead and sealing it. There is no reference to the concomitant health hazards of mining, smelting and mixing the lead that are necessary to that invention.
A number of other problems with only partial solutions can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 4,953,193 to Robinson, N.L., entitled "Fastening Combination Having Special Utility in Affixing on X-Ray Marking Device to a Cassette Adapted to Hold X-Ray Film." He points out the disadvantages of using opaque masking or surgical tape to affix the identifying marker to the cassette, which tape prevents the technician from visually confirming the identifying character of the marker. The present invention overcomes this objection by simply using clear transparent surgical tape, which permits identification of the marker. In addition, when discussing dislodgement of an X-Ray identifying marker, he states: (Column 1, Lines 57-64), "This is specially a problem when the drawer opening is just barely high enough to allow the cassette to pass through the opening. That is, when the cassette drawer is being closed, a thick profile marker on top of the cassette face might accidentally contact the upper edge of the drawer opening and be repositioned or be completely dragged off of the cassette face." He describes a marker 0.18 inches thick with a gap between the marker and the cassette to facilitate grasping and repositioning. Both the thickness and the unattached periphery of such a marker would present an object that could be scraped off. The present invention demonstrates a marker 0.04 inches thick which is completely adherent all about the periphery of the marker for fixation to the cassette and has been demonstrated more difficult to be removed inadvertently from the cassette.
Further, Robinson describes attaching the marker to the cassette using the Velcro mechanism of loop and hook. Besides increasing the thickness of the marker beyond the original 0.18 inches, the loops and hooks collect threads, lint and other debris which are extremely difficult to remove and may result in artifactual problems on the exposed X-Ray film. Again, the present invention solves these problems by using clear tapes which tapes can be renewed with minimal effort and expenditure of time, should they lose adhesion or become soiled.
In U.S. Pat. No. 3,573,455 to Suierveld, J., a brass template with precisely drilled holes was used to mask the x-rays impinging on a photographic film. After such exposure, the template was removed and another exposure made of the article to be analyzed. In that context, the template was used to assure precise spatial orientation of an article during X-ray photography. This invention utilizes the template concept only as a means of efficient manufacturing X-ray markers of the same size with different information. These markers are totally removed from the template and used repeatedly for identification purposes. The periphery of the template is then discarded. Malmud, H. et al U.S. Pat. No. 4,788,707 shows a tool comprised of plastic, lead, and aluminum which was designed to indicate the correct x-ray dosage for a given matter. They also refer to a step-wedge of increasing thicknesses to measure radiation dosages. The present invention describes markers of a constant thickness used only for the identification of the subject matter. By stacking these almost identical markers one on the other, the desired imprint on film can be achieved with almost any degree of radiation.
An excellent overview of the techniques generally employed by X-Ray technicians can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 4,529,635 by Sheldon, A.D., which method, however, requires special equipment, is time-consuming and employs lead.
Other Patents referring obliquely, from the standpoint of the current invention, to X-Ray marking systems are: U.S. Pat. No. 4,127,774 to Gillen, J.; U.S. Pat. No. 4,698,836 to Minasian, J.L.; U.S. Pat. No. 4,194,122 to Mitchell, E.C., Mitchell, C.J.; and U.S. Pat. No. 2,433,480 to Rendick, R.A.


A virtual reality image display system includes processor selects an attribute, senses motion of a user, generates a virtual reality image from body image information of the selected attribute, and controls motion of the generated virtual reality image based on information on the sensed motion of the user and displays the virtual reality image in accordance with the controlled motion.

In recent years, a virtual reality (hereinafter, also referred to as VR) system that allows a user to have a pseudo experience in a virtual space by displaying an image linked to the motion of the user in a visualized virtual space has been actively developed. In the VR system, when the user wears a goggle with a sensor, the virtual space is usually displayed on the monitor of the goggle, and the sensor senses the motion of the user to display an image corresponding to the motion of the user in the virtual space.

Virtual reality image display system and virtual reality image display method for displaying a virtual reality image in accordance with a sensed motion


A lighting device may include: a cover in which a circuit board mounted with multiple lighting modules is provided, an end cap which is used to close the cover at least one end of the cover, as well as adhesive sealant, wherein the end cap includes a first portion that can be closely mounted into the cover and a second portion at the outside of the cover, and the second portion is configured to form a recess, the adhesive sealant encapsulate the cover and seal the end cap by flowing into the recess.

Luminaries for outdoor use usually need a certain level of IP protection, for example, IP65 or a higher level. To meet such needs, luminaries, such as the LED products need to be sealed to prevent water from entering the LED products. For LED linear light source, a common point of existing solution is to use a glue to pot and seal an end cap. For example, one solution in the prior art is that a glue is used to seal an end cap firstly and then potting material is potted directly at the LED, thereby realizing encapsulating the lighting device. Its weakness is that there exists color difference and bubbles on the LED surface. Another solution in the prior art is that the end cap is first sealed and then potting material is potted to the cover in which a circuit board mounted with multiple lighting modules is arranged. Its weakness is that there are too many assembling steps.

Lighting device and encapsulating method for lighting device


Methods and systems for monitoring the performance of a building management system by analyzing log files of various modules of the building management system. A user request is received at a first one of the plurality of modules of the building management system, which initiates a sequence of messages processed by two or more modules. Each of the sequence of messages include a common tag value that corresponds to the user request. Each of the plurality of modules that process one of the sequence of messages logs the corresponding message including the common tag value in a corresponding log entry. The log entries are analyzed to identify resource utilization of at least some of the plurality of modules.

Building management systems (BMS) are routinely used to monitor, control, and/or automate building controls, which may include security systems, surveillance systems, environment control systems, etc. In some cases, modules of a BMS used to operate building control devices may make entries into a data log for each at least some actions taken by the modules. In many cases, the various modules of a BMS produce large amounts of log data related to the various actions taken by the various BMS modules.

Systems and methods for monitoring performance of a building management system via log streams