A novel influenza C virus with only low homology to any influenza C virus previously characterized. Challenge studies show that the virus can infect pigs and be transmitted between pigs. Additionally, influenza C is commonly thought of as a human pathogen and serological studies have been performed, looking at the incidence of antibodies against this virus in both pigs and humans. Approximately 10% of pigs and 30% of humans have antibodies to this virus. Additional experimental data show that the virus can infect and transmit in ferrets (a surrogate for human infection studies). In a third aspect, the present invention is the partial genome of this novel influenza C virus. In another aspect, the present invention is a method of detection in animals of this novel influenza C virus.

Influenza C is a common pathogen of humans as most individuals are infected as children. Influenza C causes a mild respiratory disease similar to the common cold. There is one report of influenza C being isolated from pigs in China (Yuanji and Desselberger 1984, J. Gen. Virol. 65:1857-72). Additionally, this work demonstrated that porcine influenza C viruses could infect and transmit between pigs. Several other papers have identified antibodies in pigs that react with influenza C, suggesting that either pigs are a reservoir for influenza C or that humans very commonly pass this virus to pigs (Kimura et al. 1997, Virus Res. 48:71-9; Yamaoka et al. 1991, J Gen Virol. 72:711-714; Brown et al. 1995, Epidemiol. Infect. 114:511-20; Ohwada et al. 1987, Microbiol Immunol. 31:1173-80).


A mobile, coiled tubing drilling apparatus with a rotary drill head, includes a non-rotating mast on a mobile platform. The mast has mounted thereon an injector below a coiled tubing reel. The injector defines an operational axis for the coiled tubing. The rotary drill head is pivotally mounted on the injector so as to be movable between a retracted position away from the operational axis and an operating position in line with the operational axis. The rotary drill head includes a top swivel for non-rotating connection to the coiled tubing and a bottom spindle for rotating connection to a pipe section. The top swivel and the bottom spindle provide fluid communication between connected coiled tubing and connected pipe section during operation.

Mineral exploration has historically used rotating drill strings (being a series of attached, rigid, pipe sections) with drill bits attached at one end to drill subterranean holes in an effort to locate valuable mineral deposits. As a rotating drill bit drills into the earth to form a borehole, additional pipe sections are added in order to drill deeper, while the opposite occurs as the drill bit is withdrawn from the borehole. A significant amount of time and energy (and thus cost) are consumed in adding and removing these pipe sections to assemble and disassemble drill strings during drilling.
Coiled tubing has been developed as an alternative to the use of drill strings (albeit typically for use in the oil industry not for mineral exploration), the coiled tubing typically being a ductile metal available in virtually unlimited lengths. The use of coiled tubing involves the uncoiling of a tube from a reel carrying such tubing, typically by an injector located above and close to a borehole, the injector being responsible for raising and lowering the tubing. The reel is typically located horizontally away from the injector and the borehole, and a curved guide (often referred to as a "gooseneck") is used between the reel and the injector to guide the tubing from the reel across the apparatus to the injector. An example of this can be seen in FIG. 6 of US patent publication 2013/0341001 A1.
In most coiled tubing drilling, a bottom hole assembly (BHA) located at the bottom of the tubing typically includes a mud motor that powers and rotates a drill bit (given that the coiled tubing does not rotate about its own longitudinal axis), the mud motor being powered by the motion of drilling fluid pumped from the surface through the coiled tubing. In other forms of coiled tubing drilling, above-ground apparatus has been developed to allow for the rotation of the coiled tubing about its longitudinal axis. Needless to say, substantial and complex above-ground apparatus is required to be able to rotate an entire reel of coiled tubing to achieve such rotation of the tubing, and the present invention does not relate to rotating coiled tubing drilling of this type.
However, in the normal operation cycle of even a "non-rotating" coiled tubing drilling apparatus, there is still often a need for drilling of the conventional type that uses rotating drill strings and thus the insertion and connection of multiple pipe sections down a borehole. Typically this need occurs at the commencement of drilling a borehole, such as during drilling through the regolith. Also, it will be appreciated that even with coiled tubing drilling apparatus, there is still a need for the installation of casing, which typically requires the ability to insert and rotate multiple casing sleeves into a borehole and to subsequently inject cement or the like down the borehole through the casing sleeve to subsequently pass back up the borehole between the walls of the borehole and the exterior of the casing sleeve.
With coiled tubing drilling to date, this has typically required the use of additional fluid handling equipment associated with a traditional rotary drill head, such as that used to drill with conventional drill strings, so as to be able to provide both torque and drilling fluid to a bottom hole assembly. It is an aim of the present invention to avoid the use of such additional fluid handling equipment in non-rotating coiled tubing drilling apparatus.
Before turning to a summary of the present invention, it must be appreciated that throughout this description, terms such as "horizontal" and "vertical", "upper" and "lower", and "before" and "after" will be used. It should be understood that these and other similar orientation-type descriptive terms are made in relation to the orientation of an operational drill rig, which would normally be located on a reasonably flat (and thus horizontal) surface at ground level, and with respect to a normal tubing pathway on and off a reel and down and up a borehole. The terms are not, however, intended to bring operational limitations, or a requirement for parts of the apparatus to be perfectly horizontal or perfectly vertical.
Finally, it should also be noted that discussion of the background to the invention herein is included to explain the context of the invention. This is not to be taken as an admission that any of the material referred to was published, known or part of the common general knowledge as at the priority date of this application.

Rotary drill head for coiled tubing drilling apparatus


An individual animal identification system in a station includes a structure forming a passage way in which the animal, whose neck is furnished with an identification collar, engages its head, spreading metallic bars affixed on articulated flaps on the structure of the station. The collar worn by each animal is in the form of a V with a large base radius. The collar includes two identical parts, each formed from a metallic tube, protected against corrosion or made of stainless steel, whose top extremity has a passage hole for a cord permitting the easy attachment of the collar to the animal's neck. The bottom extremity of the two identical parts of the collar is either pressed or held on a tube made on a semi-rigid plastic material. An electronic identification circuit for storage of a specific identification number is disposed in the plastic tube. In operation, the collar closes a presence detection electrical circuit when it comes in contact with the metallic bars affixed to the flaps. The electronic identification circuit modulates the current flowing in the closed circuit, and thereby communicates its identification number to a data processor which senses and analyzes the current flowing in the presence detection electrical circuit and determines the identification number.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to the identification of animals in a control station, or a station for various other functions, or in a passage area.
2. Description of Related Art
There exists identification systems for use in feeding stations or in passage areas which use a badge or a similar item attached to an animal's neck. Such a system includes an emitter system with its own energy source coupled with a magnetic passage detection system to detect the passage of the emitter. The emitter is designed so as to emit a specific identification signal when under the influence of a radio electric activated field generated by the control station. The specific signal from the badge is received by a receiver in the control station. This signal is utilized to activate and track various operations relative to the animal in the control station. The system is complicated and very expensive. Furthermore, it requires periodic inspection of the electrical source in each badge and replacement of the electric source whenever necessary. If this monitoring and replacing operation is not timely conducted, each animal on which the badge is no longer active is not identified when present in the control station.

Individual animal identification system in a control station


An improved structure of a multi-slotted iron rod includes a core, a coil, and a lead frame. The core is a rod is made from good magnetic iron powder. The core has a fixture area and a winding area. The winding area has several winding sections and isolation sections. The winding area is used for coil winding. The isolation sections serve as capacitors. The fixture area has a hexagonal cross section and is used as a fixing end during winding. The coil winds on the winding sections of the core. The lead frame is attached to the two sides of the isolation sections of the core for connection to an electrical circuit. The device utilizes the above components to wind the coil on the winding sections of the core. The output pin of the coil is soldered to the lead frame of the isolation sections. The lead frame is soldered on the PC board. The capacitor of the isolation section of the core is connected in parallel to the coil in the winding section. The lead frame is soldered directly to the PC board or is mounted by Surface Mounting Technology (SMT) to the PC board. The device functions as capacitor and inductor at the same time.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention provides an improved structure for a multi-slotted iron rod which is convenient for winding, easy to solder, increases daily capacity, and also combines the functions of capacitor and inductor in one multi-slotted iron rod.
2. Description of the Prior Art
The inductor is usually used in electronic devices as a filter. The conventional inductor of a multi-slotted iron rod winds the coil on the core, and then the coil is soldered to the PC board directly. As the core is very slippery during winding, large errors in the coil numbers can result, leading to inaccuracy of induction. Moreover, the soldering is always done by a human. If the solderer is not skilled enough, it is very easy to have defective soldering.
After soldering, epoxy is used to seal the inductor inside the case. During epoxying, the temperature of the inductor is reduced from 100.degree. C. to room temperature. As the wire of the coil is very fine, it expands significantly when it is heated and contracts during the cooling. It is therefore very easy to break the wire of the coil.
Space on the PC board is very limited, which makes the soldering more difficult. The working speed of the solderer is very slow.
Moreover, conventional function only as filters. The capacitors and inductors need to be added to the PC board. This wastes space on the PC board.

Renovated structure of multi-slotted iron rod


A projection device comprises a light source, a color wheel which is inserted into an optical path of the light source and in which a plurality of color segments are formed along a peripheral direction of the color wheel. The color segments are configured to transmit a plurality of wavelength band components in the white light in a time division manner during a rotation of the color wheel. A light source driving unit alternating-current discharges the light source at a period shorter than a rotation period of the color wheel while reverses a polarity at a timing to switch the segment of the color wheel inserted into the optical path.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a projection device and a projection method capable of forming an image of primary color components in a time division manner by use of a white light source and a color wheel to thereby project a color image.
2. Description of the Related Art
In a projection device of a digital light processing (DLP) (registered trademark) system, each primary color component of light from a white light source is transmitted in a time division manner via a member which is referred to as a color wheel and which is provided with at least primary color filters of red (R), green (G) and blue (B), and the primary color light is successively reflected in the time division manner by an optical modulation element for displaying a monochromatic image. In consequence, an optical image is formed and projected, whereby a color image is projected and displayed.
In this type of projection device, a high-pressure mercury vapor lamp which performs arc discharge is used as the white light source, and the mercury vapor lamp is driven with an alternating current. A rotation frequency of the color wheel is set to be integer times as much as a driving frequency of the white light source.
FIG. 4 illustrates a constitution of a general color wheel 1. In the drawing, an arrow r indicates a rotating direction. Here, the wheel 1 employs a constitution of four segments in total in which a white (W) (practically transparent) segment is disposed in addition to the red (R), green (G) and blue (B) segments.
Rotation driving of the color wheel 1 is synchronized with a frame frequency of an image to be projected, and it is set to 50 (PAL)/60 (NTSC) [Hz] in many cases.
Driving (discharge) of the lamp which is the light source causes a problem such as flicker of the image, if the driving of the lamp is not synchronized with this frame frequency of the image. Therefore, the general light source lamp is always driven at 50/60 [Hz].
FIG. 5 shows a driving timing of the general color wheel in response to a driving period of the light source lamp. In this drawing, the frequency of the light source lamp is set to 60 [Hz]. On the contrary, a case where the driving frequency of the color wheel 1 is doubled to 120 [Hz] will be exemplified.
During a first half, i.e., 1/120 [sec], of one period (= 1/60 [sec]) of driving of the lamp, the light source lamp is driven with one polarity, for example, a plus (+) polarity. In synchronization with this, the segments R, G, B and W of the color wheel 1 are inserted into an optical path in this order.
Afterward, during a latter half, i.e., 1/120 [sec], the light source lamp is driven with the other polarity, for example, a minus (−) polarity. In synchronization with this, the segments R, G, B and W of the color wheel are similarly inserted into the optical path in this order.
Thus, it is appropriate to set the rotation frequency of the color wheel to be integer times as much as the driving frequency of the lamp. On the other hand, to realize a brighter projected image, a lamp having a high emission luminance is demanded.
However, the driving frequency of the lamp depends on a structure and a performance of the lamp. In a case where a structure having the high emission luminance is simply employed, there is a possibility that the lamp is required to be driven at a frequency which deviates from the synchronization frequency.
However, when the lamp is driven outside a synchronization frequency (e.g., 50/60 [Hz]), there occurs a large problem of image quality such as the flicker as described above. As a result, even if such a lamp has the high emission luminance, the lamp cannot be employed in a projector of the DLP system.
Moreover, another technology has been considered in which the driving frequency of the lamp is set to be, for example, 0.75 time as much as the rotation frequency of the color wheel. As understood from the above, the rotation frequency of the color wheel is not necessarily set to be integer times as much as the driving frequency of the lamp (e.g., Jpn. Pat. Appln. KOKAI Publication No. 2003-162001).
However, even in the technology described in the patent document, a period of each segment of the color wheel (an occupying angle of each segment on the color wheel) is influenced by the driving frequency of the lamp. Therefore, the period of each segment of the color wheel cannot arbitrarily be set.


A camera having a sliding cover supported to slide along a front surface of a camera body to selectively cover and uncover a photographing lens. The sliding cover has at least two sliding cover elements which are slidable along the front surface of the camera body. The sliding cover has a main cover element that slides along the front surface of the camera body, and an auxiliary cover element provided between the main cover element and the front surface of the camera body. The auxiliary cover element is moved in association with a movement of the main cover element in an opening direction and a closing direction to respectively increase and reduce an amount of overlap between the main cover element and the auxiliary cover element.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a camera having a sliding cover which is slidable along a front surface of a camera body.
2. Description of the Related Art
In conventional cameras, a single sliding cover is provided to slide along a front surface of the camera body in a longitudinal direction, so that when the sliding cover is manually slid to selectively cover or uncover a photographing lens, the photographing lens is located in an inoperative position in which no picture can be taken or in an operative position in which a picture can be taken.
Generally, in such conventional cameras, when the sliding cover is closed, not only the photographing lens but also an object window of a view finder (finder object window), an AF object distance measuring window, or an AE photometering window, etc., provided on the front surface of the camera body, are protected (covered) by the sliding cover. Consequently, upon photographing, the sliding cover must be moved to open or uncover the photographing lens, the finder object window, the AF object distance measuring window, and the AE photometering window, on the front surface of the camera body.
To miniaturize the camera, it is necessary to make the sliding cover small. In particular, to reduce the longitudinal size of the camera, the sliding (shifting) amount of the sliding cover must be reduced. However, if the sliding cover is too small, it is impossible for the sliding cover to cover the photographing lens, the finder object window, the AF object distance measuring window, and the AE photometering window, when closed. Moreover, if the sliding amount of the sliding cover is too small, it is impossible to completely uncover the photographing lens, the finder object window, the AF object distance measuring window, and the AE photometering window, on the front surface of the camera body, when the sliding cover is opened. Under these conditions, there has been a limitation to the amount by which the camera can be miniaturized due to the restriction of the size and displacement of the sliding cover.

Lens cover that slides along front surface of a camera body


A computer system, method, and article of manufacture for shading graphical objects and/or displays is disclosed. A graphical geometric data structure has a plurality of vertex positions defining one or more polygons, typically triangles. In a preferred embodiment, the polygons define a wireframe representation of a geometric object. Each of the vertex positions is associated with one or more sets of vertex color information. A color table has one or more fill colors to be rendered (shaded) between two or more of the vertex positions on a rendering of the geometric object. These colors can uniformly vary between the vertices of the triangle over the entire surface. A substitute color is associated with each of the fill colors so that at least two of the fill colors are associated with the same substitute color.

Graphical computer objects, particularly 1D, 2D or 3D graphics (graphical) objects, are most commonly stored in memory or in a file as a set of triangles with 3 coordinates (x, y, and z) representing the vertices of each triangle. The rendering and display of 1D, 2D or 3D graphics models results from the transformation and rendering of these triangles from a 1D, 2D (or 3D) object space to a 2D image space represented by the displays framebuffer. In the simplest case, these models are transformed and rendered as wireframe (lines) objects with a single color representing the wireframe lines. A more common approach is to render these models as filled polygons (triangles). The process of filling a triangle is called scan conversion and can be performed in various ways to achieve different visual effects. Generally, the different forms of filling a triangle fall into one of 3 categories. In the simplest case, each interior pixel (picture element) of the triangle in image space is identified and assigned the same color (R,G,B) value. The value is stored in the display framebuffer at the computed location. This is type of filling is called flat shading since there is no variation in the colors stored across the interior of the triangle. In other words there is 1 color per triangle. In another case, a pre-existing picture or pattern may be mapped across the interior of the triangle. This technique is known as texture mapping. A third case is smooth shading, where the color of the triangle interior varies from pixel to pixel. Smooth shading is usually performed by the algorithms such as Gouraud or Phong shading. In Gouraud shading a color is assigned to each vertex or the triangle and used to compute the rate of change of each color component (R, G, B) over the interior of the triangle. Phong shading differs slightly in that normal vectors are assigned to each vertex and are interpolated across the interior pixels of the triangle. A normal vector is a vertex attribute which relates to how light will be reflected when it strikes that vertex or the polygon that the vertex is part of. At each pixel location a new normal is computed and used in a lighting equation to compute a color at that pixel location. This is generally considered a more accurate form of shading a triangle although computationally much more expensive. In every form of smooth shading, there exists the probability of generating new colors, i.e. R,G,B values not represented by the original values attached to each vertex of the polygon. With limited display memory this becomes problematic. A more detailed explanation of computer graphics can be found in textbooks such as Computer Graphics: Principles and Practice by Fole,van Dam, Feiner, & Hughes, pp. 598–599,613,736–740 or Real-time Rendering by Moller and Haines, pp 14,68–69, 77, which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.

System, method, and article of manufacture for shading computer graphics

International Business Machines Corporation


A system and method for applying rotary percussive impacts to a drill bit, according to which an anvil is connected to the bit and a hammer is driven in one direction in the anvil when the bit encounters a relatively large load. Energy is stored during the movement of the hammer in the one direction and the stored energy is released to drive the hammer in a direction opposite the first direction to produce the percussive impacts.

The present invention relates to the drilling of well bores, and, more particularly, to the impact assisted drilling of well bores using a rotary bit connected to the end of a drilling string.
In connection with the recovery of hydrocarbons and other minerals from the earth, wells are generally drilled in an earth formation using a variety of different methods and equipment. According to a method often used, a roller cone bit or fixed cutter bit is rotated against the subsurface formation to form the well bore. The bit is rotated in the well bore through the rotation of a drill string attached to the bit and/or by the rotary force imparted to the bit by a subsurface fluid motor powered by the flow of drilling fluid through the drill string.
A problem associated with normal rotary drilling of this type, particularly when a fixed bit configuration is used, is that the bit can drag or stop rotating as a result of encountering a relatively large load in the well bore W while the attached drill string continues to turn. This alone can cause damage, and, even if the torque applied through the string eventually succeeds in breaking the bit free of the formation, the sudden release of the bit can cause it to rotate faster than the drill string. The latter phenomenon can cause problems in the operation of the drilling assembly and in the formation of the well bore but can be eliminated or reduced by reducing the weight-on-bit. However, weight-on-bit reduction may produce undesirable effects such as a reduction in the rate-of-penetration of the bit into the formation.
Therefore, what is need is a drilling system that eliminates the above problems.

Rotary impact well drilling system and method


A functional electronic toilet and flushing system capable of controlling the amount of flushing water according to the sensed occupancy time compared with predefined normal time durations for urination and bowel movement, in order to use an optimum amount of flushing water and to protect an occupant by detecting the sitting attitude or position. To perform these functions, this electronic toilet and flushing system comprises a sensor unit attached at the exterior of the toilet bowl for detecting a toilet user, a control unit for issuing a control signal indicating either urine or stool by comparing the occupancy time with the predefined normal time duration, an air bubble generator for generating air bubbles according to the control signal from the above control unit indicating the nature of the toilet's contents; a solenoid valve connected to the air bubble generator for controlling the supply of air bubbles; a float for floating up or sinking down according to the air bubbles supplied by the air bubble generator; and a siphon lid for flushing the toilet water according to the floating position of the float.

Generally, a toilet bowl used for both urination and stool consisted of a ceramic bowl as a main body and a flushing water tank as a reservoir disposed at the back of the main body. The conventional toilet bowl adopts the method that a certain amount of water must be filled in the water tank to completely flush out the contents of the toilet bowl.
Recently, an improved automatic toilet system has been introduced for installation in modern public buildings. The automatic toilet bowl adopts the control system, which has an infrared sensor to detect occupancy of the toilet and to transmit the sensed signal to the main control unit for operating a solenoid valve connected to a flushing valve installed in the toilet bowl.
As shown in FIG. 1, another method is introduced for flushing the bowl in which an infrared sensor (1) installed on the cover of the toilet bowl senses occupancy of the toilet and a main control unit (2) for processing the sensed signal and a motor (3) for lifting a siphon cover vertically by means of a connected chain.
The conventional solenoid valve applied to the flushing system requires high water pressure in the water supply line. Therefore, it is possible to use a pilot type of solenoid valve in the public buildings, which is operable in the high water pressure with low power consumption. On the contrary, it is difficult to use a solenoid valve for the common toilet bowl with a back water tank used in residences because the water pressure in the residential water supply line is relatively low.
Especially, a direct-operating type of one-inch diameter solenoid valve is developed and currently produced for installation in residential bathrooms, which has relatively lower water pressure and flow rate. However, this type of valve has a disadvantage in that it takes relatively longer to operate and does not properly dispose of the contents because of the low water pressure and low flow rate.
Further, some conventional toilet bowl employ a motor for forcibly supplying the proper amount of water. However this system has the disadvantage of a complicated linkage mechanism. Because the motor is operated in a damp environment, the durability of the motor is always problem.


A balanced digital-to-analog converter has improved half-wave symmetry and glitch energy due to the use of a pair of single-ended DACs. By subtracting the outputs from a pair of DACs operating 180.degree. out-of-phase, even-order distortion and glitch energy can be cancelled out. When the balanced DAC is employed in a high-speed direct digital synthesizer, the alias second-harmonic, which is the dominant spur, is dramatically decreased without increasing the noise level of the circuit.

Spectral purity, clock speed, and direct current (dc) power consumption are three key performance parameters of a direct digital synthesizer (DDS). For a given DDS design, improvements in the underlying integrated circuit fabrication process, such as decreasing the delay-power product of the logic family, allow performance improvements without any tradeoff. Unfortunately, making major process improvements takes a considerable amount of resources. For DDSs fabricated in an existing integrated circuit process, however, spectral purity, clock speed and dc power can be traded off against each other for different applications by making architectural or circuit-level design choices. For example, higher speeds can be obtained in exchange for increased dc power by increasing the bias currents. High-speed DDSs, however, have an output spectrum that is dominated by a single large spur, the aliased second-harmonic.
The aliased second-harmonic spur in a DDS can be reduced using dithering techniques. In these techniques, an extra noise source is added to break up discrete spurious signals into broadband noise, thereby increasing the overall noise floor. Additionally, these dithering techniques are only useful for breaking up spurs caused by phase truncation, which is not a significant spur contributor in high-speed DDSs.
It has also been known that a balanced Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC) results in reduced even-order distortion and provides common-mode rejection to noise. Indeed, a number of DACs have been developed that employ conventional differential amplifiers to maintain a pair of balanced analog signals throughout the DAC to achieve the same advantages. Although a number of differential DACs have been developed by others in the past, they are special DAC designs throughout, typically employing differential amplifiers. In many high speed DDSs, however, single ended DACs are used instead of differential DACs.


A method and apparatus are provided for assigning a user equipment transmitter local oscillator frequency including informing the network of a capability of the user equipment to adjust a frequency location of a transmit local oscillator of the user equipment, to a frequency location which has been identified by the network, within a predefined channel frequency spectrum. The frequency location identification to be used to adjust the frequency location of the transmit local oscillator is received from the network. The frequency location of the local oscillator is then adjusted in accordance with the frequency location identification received.

Presently, user equipment, such as wireless communication devices, communicate with other communication devices using wireless signals, such as within a network environment that can include one or more cells within which various communication connections with the network and other devices operating within the network can be supported. Network environments often involve one or more sets of standards, which each define various aspects of any communication connection being made when using the corresponding standard within the network environment. Examples of developing and/or existing standards include new radio access technology (NR), Long Term Evolution (LTE), Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service (UMTS), Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM), and/or Enhanced Data GSM Environment (EDGE).
In connection with uplink transmissions, adjacent channel leakage and spurious emissions into adjacent channels can occur. For example, sometimes energy associated with the frequency of the linear oscillator which is internally used as a carrier signal can sometimes leak and find its way into the signal path associated with the system output. By way of further example, the location of the frequency of the linear oscillator can also impact the presence and location of an in-phase and quadrature (IQ) image, where the difference between the frequency location of the linear oscillator and the frequency of the signal being transmitted can affect the location of unwanted intermodulation products. The greater the difference, the wider the spread of the potential impact, such that proximate to a boundary of a channel frequency spectrum a transmitted signal can extend into another nearby channel space, such as the channel space of another provider. In order to address the potential for unwanted adjacent channel power, in some instances, a system may impose an additional maximum power reduction to help reduce the potential for impact in the form of unintended radiated energy into adjacent channels.
The present inventors have recognized that by better managing the frequency location of the local oscillator of the transmitter, it may be possible to better control the extent that unwanted power can leak into nearby channels. Further, it may be possible to define multiple channels and/or bandwidth parts, where upon selection of a particular one of the channels or bandwidth parts, the frequency of the local oscillator can be selected to help minimize the difference between its location and the selected transmit frequency, and correspondingly the extent that the adjacent channel power can deviate from the intended transmit frequency. In turn, this could allow the additional maximum power reduction that is identified as being needed for resource block locations at or near the edge of the channel for protecting adjacent channels and operators to be reduced. It could also be beneficial for the network to be able to manage the frequency location of the local oscillator being used by a particular user equipment, in conjunction with assigning a particular uplink channel to be used by the user equipment.

Method and apparatus for network assignment of the user equipment transmitter local oscillator frequency


A combination airborne substance detection apparatus includes an enclosure, a first module disposed within the enclosure for detecting the presence of a quantity of a first airborne substance, a second module disposed within the enclosure for detecting the presence of a quantity of a second airborne substance, and an alarm module for producing a first perceivable emission when the first substance is detected and for producing a second perceivable emission when the second substance is detected. The first perceivable emission includes at least one of an audible and a visible emission that is distinguishable from the second perceivable emission. The first and second detector modules are each capable of independently and continuously detecting the first and second substances, respectively.

Common types of airborne substance detectors include smoke and carbon monoxide detectors. Such devices are typically configured as single detector units that sound an alarm upon detection of a single target substance. Combination airborne substance detectors, by contrast, are capable of sensing, within the same device, the presence of a plurality of target substances.
Combination airborne substance detectors are useful because they provide an efficient means for detecting and warning of the presence of potentially hazardous and/or harmful target substances. For instance, when detecting for a plurality of airborne substances, the use of more than one substance detector is undesirable in that multiple detectors does not allow for optimal placement near potential source(s) of target substances, requires additional power sources or connections, imposes additional space requirements, and can be visually unappealing.
In typical combination detector systems, the detection of one substance has priority over the remaining secondary substance(s). The detection of secondary substances is disabled in typical combination detector systems once the primary substance is detected. The theory of operation in these typical combination detectors is that detection of the primary substance has priority that negates further detection of remaining target substance(s).
A problem associated with typical combination airborne substance detectors is the user is no longer warned of the presence of secondary substances once the primary substance is detected. For airborne substances such as smoke, carbon monoxide or combustible gases, a life-threatening condition can occur for which no warning is given. For instance, in typical combination smoke-carbon monoxide detectors, smoke detection has precedence over carbon monoxide detection. But, in a combination combustible gas-carbon monoxide detector, carbon monoxide detection may have priority over combustible gas detection, thereby potentially endangering a user's health and/or safety. A combustible gas leak, such as a propane leak, requires the user to take immediate action, whereas excess carbon monoxide generally means the user has time to react. If carbon monoxide is detected causing the alarm to emit a warning, and there is further a propane leak, the user will be unaware of the dangerous second condition. For example, in reacting to a carbon monoxide alert, the user may activate an electrical device, such as a fan or light, which could in turn lead to ignition of a combustible gas that is also present in the nearby environment.
A combination airborne substance detector, as disclosed herein, provides advantages over conventional devices by its capability to simultaneously alert a user of multiple life-threatening conditions. Furthermore, in environments where combustible gas(es) and/or other critical conditions involving potentially hazardous airborne substances are present, and for which immediate attention and remedial action is required or desirable, the present combination airborne substance detector provides the additional advantage of being able to initially warn of such critical conditions, followed by warnings of any secondary critical conditions.


A method for heating a battery in a hybrid electric vehicle. The hybrid electric vehicle has an engine, a battery, a motor generator powered by the engine or the battery, and a control module. The method includes the steps of determining a battery temperature and determining whether a tip-in event, a tip-out event, or a terminal voltage event has occurred. The polarity of the battery is reversed if the battery temperature is below a predetermined value and if a tip-in event, a tip-out event, or a terminal voltage event has occurred.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to the operation of hybrid vehicles, and more particularly to the operation of a battery system of a hybrid electric vehicle.
2. Background Art
Hybrid electric vehicles use an internal combustion engine and a battery as power sources for vehicle propulsion. In general, the battery performs poorly at cold temperatures. Specifically, cold temperatures affect battery chemistry and increase electrical resistance within the battery. As a result, the peak charge of the battery is limited and the peak battery discharge capability is reduced. Poor battery performance reduces torque to the vehicle wheels when battery power is utilized to propel the vehicle and increases reliance on the internal combustion engine. Greater reliance on the engine increases vehicle emissions and decreases fuel economy. In addition, poor cold temperature battery performance could result in the need to add external or secondary battery heating devices to the hybrid electric vehicle.
Cold temperatures also increase the effects of polarization resistance voltage of the battery, which at sufficiently high levels can prevent the battery from charging or discharging. Polarization resistance voltage can be temporarily lowered by reversing the polarity of the battery, such as by switching from discharging the battery to charging, or vice versa. Reducing the polarization resistance voltage allows more current to circulate through the battery. The current circulating through the battery interacts with the internal battery resistance (i.e., I2R loss), resulting in a battery temperature increase and improved battery performance at cold temperatures. However, battery current polarity reversals may be noticeable to vehicle occupants. For example, polarity reversals may be manifested as noise, intermittent engine revving, and hesitation in vehicle acceleration and may be particularly noticeable when cruising at a steady speed.
Consequently, there was a need for a method of heating a hybrid electric vehicle battery to improve battery performance and to do so in a manner that is not objectionable to vehicle occupants. Problems associated with prior art as noted above and other problems are addressed by Applicant's invention as summarized below.

Method for heating a battery in a hybrid electric vehicle


A system for spectral analysis of a multi-wavelength signal is disclosed. The illustrative embodiment of the present invention, like the prior art, uses a grating or prism to disperse the spectral components of a multi-wavelength signal, and then uses a reciprocating or rotating mirror to direct the spectral components, one at a time, into a photodetector. The illustrative embodiment uses a telescope between the grating and the mirror to improve the spectral resolution of the system.

The spectral analysis of multi-wavelength signals is vital in many fields. For example, in the field of telecommunications voice, data, and video signals are often transmitted on optical carriers of different wavelengths in optical fibers. In these systems, it is essential for the operators of an optical telecommunications system to be able to perform a high-resolution spectral analysis of its signals to ensure that they are within their intended operating parameters.
In the field of medicine, for example, optical coherence tomography (hereinafter "OCT") is a well known and widely-used technique for tissue sample analysis. One version of OCT, called Fourier-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography, involves the spectral analysis of the light scattered by a tissue sample. The widespread adoption of Fourier-Domain OCT has been limited, however, because the available systems are not capable of performing the spectral analysis at a level sufficient for many applications. Therefore, the need exists for a Fourier-Domain OCT system that has a higher spectral resolution than systems in the prior art.


An adjustable fishing reel spool brake, the reel having a body, comprising in combination, the spool having a metallic zone that rotates as the spool rotates, a magnetic flux provider carried on the reel body, the provider adjustably movable to vary magnetic flux establishment in the path of rotation of said zone and acting to resist and thereby brake reel rotation.

This invention relates generally to control of fishing line travel from a fishing reel, as during casting, and more particularly concerns adjustable magnetic control of reel rotation, as during casting.
In the past fisherman relies primarily upon thumb or finger pressure application to the line wound on the reel spool to control casting as during line unwinding from the rotating spool. This method was generally objectionable due to factors such as uneven thumb pressure to the rotating line, the line bundle, and leading to inaccurate casting. There is need for an improved and simple control method and apparatus for providing even and reliable automatic control of spool rotation.

Controlled magnetic braking of fishing reel spool


A method is provided for fabricating a double-sided wiring board for mounting an electronic component thereon having metal wiring patterns formed both on upper and lower sides of an electrically-insulating board. The metal wiring patterns are electrically connected each other through a through-hole and/or a blind via-hole. The method has the steps of: laminating a metal layer with a support substrate on at least one side of the electrically-insulating board; removing the support substrate from the metal layer so that the metal layer is left on the electrically-insulating board; and forming the through-hole and/or the blind via-hole in the electrically-insulating board.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a double-sided wiring board fabrication method, a double-sided wiring board and a base material therefor and, particularly, to a double-sided wiring board fabrication method, a double-sided wiring board and a base material therefor, capable of forming a fine wiring even if a copper film electro deposited on exposed copper foil becomes thick during electroplating a metal layer for electrical conduction on the wall of a through-hole or blind via-hole.
2. Description of the Related Art
With the rapid flow of size reduction, high integration, and performance enhancement of electronic devices, double-sided wiring boards attract attention as boards for mounting IC chips. Double-sided wiring boards have a copper foil pattern layer on both upper and lower (front and back) sides of the board made of glass epoxy, polyimide, or the like, as an insulating layer, and through-holes or blind via-holes (via-holes having a bottom) formed at any positions of the front and back patterns, where the inner walls of the through-holes and blind via-holes are made electrically conductive by plating treatment or paste embedding (See Japanese patent No. 3593234, for example).
It has been confirmed that such double-sided wiring boards are advantageous in high-density packaging because of wiring patterns on both front and back sides thereof, and excellent in electrical properties as well.
FIGS. 1A-1F are cross-sectional views showing the respective steps of a conventional double-sided wiring board fabrication process using a glass epoxy board (through-hole processing).
In the step of making a double-sided wiring base material, a copper foil 11 is laminated on both sides of a glass epoxy board 1 (FIG. 1A). Taking handling into account, the copper foil 11 is generally not less than 18 μm thick.
Generally, the method for electrical conduction at via-holes in both upper and lower wiring (FIG. 1B) forms through-holes 5 at desired positions by means of a laser, punch, drill, or the like before etching processing for forming wiring in the copper foil 11; (FIG. 1C) plates the exposed hole walls with electroless copper to form an electroless copper plating film 6 for simplified electrical conduction; and subsequently (FIG. 1D) applies electrolytic copper plating to form an electrolytic copper plating film 7 for making the film thickness thick.
As the initial treatment for electrical conduction for the through-hole walls, the above-mentioned electroless copper plating treatment has many uses in glass epoxy boards, but palladium catalyst addition, conductive material coating, or the like may be used.
The opening diameter of the through-holes 5 is as fine as the minimum 100 μm in the case of punching or drilling. An electroless copper plating solution is caused to penetrate into these fine openings to form a thin copper coating film, and the upper and lower copper foil 11 is caused to serve as a cathode, followed by causing current to flow, allowing further thick copper plating to be electrodeposited on the through-hole 5 walls and the copper foil 11, which result in electrical conduction in the through-hole 5 formation portions of the copper foil 11 established on both upper and lower sides of the glass epoxy board 1 (insulative base material).
A double-sided wiring board is completed generally by the subsequent photoetching processing of the copper foil 11 into a finished fine wiring pattern 8 (FIG. 1E), to which is further applied a surface treatment film 9 (FIG. 1F) matching the purposes of mounting of electronic components, packaging on the print wiring board, bonding to the glass board, attaching to connector terminals, and so on.
FIGS. 2A-2H are cross-sectional views showing the respective steps of a conventional double-sided wiring board (flexible double-sided wiring board) fabrication process using a polyimide board (blind via-hole processing).
In the step of making a double-sided wiring base material, a copper foil 11 is laminated on both sides of a polyimide board 10 formed of a polyimide tape having a flexible property (FIG. 2A). For the flexible double-sided wiring board taking advantage of such a polyimide tape property, as thin a copper foil material as possible is used to make the copper foil 11 thin, but has a limit up to the order of 12 μm thickness as it stands.
The flexible double-sided wiring board requires a fine pitch at least in signal wiring particularly in order to enhance wiring density. For this reason, the holes for electrical conduction are generally non-through blind via-holes 12 (FIG. 2B).
The blind via-holes 12 are often formed by laser processing having many uses for fine wiring formation, because the via opening diameter is 40-80 μm, which is finer than the opening diameter formed by punching or drilling.
The treatment for electrical conduction within the blind via-holes 12 is substantially the same as in the case of the glass epoxy board 1 of FIG. 1, but a masking tape (insulating tape) 13 (FIG. 2C) is mounted on the copper foil surface opposite the via-hole opening surface to mask it so as not to make the film thick, because the thick copper foil film for signal wiring formation formed during copper plating of the via-holes causes extreme difficulty in etching formation of finer-pitch wiring.
Subsequently, a palladium catalyst 14 (FIG. 2D) is added to the inner walls of the blind via-holes 12 for simplified electrical conduction, followed by electrolytic copper plating to form an electrolytic copper plating film 7 (FIG. 2E) for making the film thickness thick.
As the initial treatment for electrical conduction for the blind via-hole walls, electroless copper plating treatment, conductive material coating, or the like may be used for or combined with the above-mentioned palladium catalyst addition.
A flexible double-sided wiring board is completed by subsequent masking tape 13 stripping (FIG. 2F) followed by photoetching processing of the copper foil 11 into a finished fine wiring pattern 8 (FIG. 2G), to which is further applied a surface treatment film 9 (FIG. 2H) matching the purposes of mounting of electronic components, packaging on the print wiring board, bonding to the glass board, attaching to connector terminals, and so on.
According to the conventional double-sided wiring boards, however, there is the problem of difficulty in fine wiring formation because the copper plating thickness for the electrically conductive treatment of the through-holes or blind via-holes is required to be as thick as more than 15 μm from the point of view of ensuring reliability in heat resistance and moisture resistance of the boards, in which case the copper foil thickness combined with the original thickness can be more than about 30 μm by applying copper plating to both the upper and lower copper foil surfaces in the case of the through-holes, and to the unmasked copper foil surface on the via-hole open side in the case of the blind via-holes with one of the upper and lower copper foil surfaces masked with the insulating tape or the like. In order to form fine wiring by etching, thinner copper foil thickness is advantageous. For instance, the wiring pitch limit which is possible to form by etching is 100 μm for 35 μm copper foil thickness, 80 μm for 25 μm copper foil thickness, and 60 μm for 18 μm copper foil thickness.
For the strong demand for the size-reduction of electronic components, the wiring pitch of wiring boards for mounting electronic components is increasingly narrower, which therefore requires making wiring still finer.

Method for fabricating double-sided wiring board


A method of using a computer to execute a computer program, in which a caller portion of the program calls a callee function that returns a data structure. Before the callee function is called, the computer is used to determine whether the structure is to be used, and if so, an address to which the structure is to be returned is determined. The caller passes this address to the called function. The callee executes, and if the structure is to be used, the callee copies the structure to the predetermined address.

The C programming language is a relatively small and simple language, used for a wide range of applications. C is relatively portable, despite its rich set of low level operations. Implementations of C are available on most computers and operating systems, ranging from supercomputers to microcomputers. The characteristics of C are described in a reference book entitled The C Programming Language, by Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie, which is widely accepted by users of C, and its subsequent edition. In very general terms, some basic characteristics are easily identifiable. C supports the use of functions. Argument passing is by value, although a call by reference can be achieved by passing addresses of arguments. Variables can be static, automatic, or external. C is a typed language, supporting a number of data types; for example, integers, characters, and floating point numbers with various lengths. A powerful feature of C is the use of variables to hold addresses in the form of a pointer, which is defined in C as a variable containing the address of another variable. Arrays can be defined to hold a number of items of information of the same data type.
C permits the use of structures, which permit a program to operate on data items of different types together as a unit. As defined by Kernighan and Ritchie, a structure is a collection of one or more variables, possibly of different types, grouped together under a single name for convenience. A C structure is analogous to a "record" of other languages, such as Pascal.
The efficient use of structures is becoming more important with expanding applications of C, notably the use of variations of C for object oriented programming. Yet, a particularly inefficient use of structures has been the manner in which they are returned from functions. Typical programming methods cause all functions that return a structure to be processed in the same manner. An area of memory is statically allocated at link time for storing the structure. The called function copies the returned structure into that area, then the caller copies the returned structure out of that area. This method requires two copies of the structure.
Another problem with the above method for returning structures is that the method is not re-entrant. Some methods have provided for re-entrancy by creating a buffer in the local frame of the caller, passing the buffer address to the caller, and requiring the called function to copy the return structure to the buffer. Nevertheless, this method does not cure the problem of redundant copying.
Thus, a need exists for an efficient way to return structures from functions. A method that eliminates the redundancy of making more than one copy would greatly improve the speed of execution of functions that return structures. Furthermore, in addition to avoiding unnecessary copying, the method should permit re-entrancy.

Method of returning a data structure from a callee function to a caller function for the C programming language


A lock-on detection circuit for a phase-locked loop includes circuitry configured to receive first up and down outputs and second up and down outputs from one or more phase detectors and to determine from the first up and down outputs and the second up and down outputs how well the phase-locked loop is locked on to a reference clock.

A phase-locked loop (PLL) circuit is a feedback system that generates an output signal whose phase is constant relative to the phase of an input reference signal. In addition to synchronizing signals, a phase-locked loop can generate a frequency that is a multiple of the input frequency.
For example, shown in FIG. 1 is a typical PLL circuit 100. The PLL 100 includes a phase detector (PFD) 102, charge pump 104, loop filter 106, and VCO 108. The phase detector 102 compares the input signal and a feedback signal. The PFD 102 detects the difference in phase and frequency between the reference signal Fref and a feedback signal and generates an "up" U or "down" D control signal based on whether the feedback frequency is lagging or leading the reference frequency. These "up" or "down" control signals determine whether the VCO 108 needs to operate at a higher or lower frequency, respectively.
The PFD 102 outputs these "up" and "down" signals to the charge pump 104. If the charge pump 104 receives an up signal, current is driven into the loop filter 106. Conversely, if it receives a down signal, current is drawn from the loop filter 106.
The loop filter 106 converts these signals to a control voltage that is used to bias the VCO 108. Based on the control voltage, the VCO 108 oscillates at a higher or lower frequency, which affects the phase and frequency of the feedback clock. If the PFD 102 produces an up signal, then the VCO frequency increases. A down signal decreases the VCO frequency. The VCO 108 stabilizes once the reference clock and the feedback clock have the same phase and frequency. The loop filter 106 filters out jitter by removing glitches from the charge pump and preventing voltage over-shoot.
In some implementations, a frequency divider 110 is provided in the feedback path. Negative feedback forces the error signal output from the phase detector 102 to approach zero. At this point, the feedback divider output 110 and the reference frequency are in phase and frequency lock, i.e., aligned, the PLL is considered locked.
PLL circuits are often used in integrated processors and microcontrollers to provide an internal system clock. An external or internal clock determining component, such as a crystal or an RC (resistor-capacitor) component may be used. The crystal may have a relatively low oscillation frequency and the PLL circuit is used to multiply this base frequency to multiples of the base frequency for providing an internal high frequency system clock. However, PLL circuits are not immediately stable when a circuit is powered on.
In some applications, it is desirable to know when the PLL is locked on (stable). According to conventional lock-on detectors, a PLL is determined to be locked on via the use of counters, one on the input clock and one on the feedback clock, and checking that both the counters have the same count. However, missing by one count is a very relaxed criterion for lock-on in many situations; the desired lock is much tighter than that.


In some embodiments, a method receives a history of videos that were viewed on a video delivery system as a first sentence in a sequential order and a target video as a second sentence as input to a prediction network. The prediction network analyzes representations for the history of videos and a representation of the target video. The prediction network generates a session representation based on bidirectionally analyzing a sequence of the first representations and the second representation. The method uses the session representation to determine whether to recommend the target video.

A video delivery system uses a video recommendation system to recommend videos to users. When the recommendations are of interest to the users, the users may spend more time on the video delivery system viewing the recommended videos. Existing recommendation systems select recommendation candidates based on implicit feedback from users, such as watch behavior and search behavior. Implicit feedback is derived from user actions, in contrast to explicit feedback provided by users that may specify which videos the users like. Deriving implicit feedback requires that the users use the video delivery system and watch videos on the system. Then, the video delivery system can determine the watch and the search behaviors of the users with respect to the videos. However, when a video (e.g., an episode of a show) is new and added to the library of videos of the video delivery system, the recommendation system may perform poorly. This may be referred to as a content cold start problem where a new video has very little behaviors from user accounts and the recommendation system cannot accurately recommend the video to users.

Content recommendation generation using content based on bi-directional prediction


An electrode structure for use in a transflective liquid crystal display device having a plurality of pixels is disclosed. Each pixel has a reflective region and a transmissive region. The electrode structure at least comprises a first transparent electrode, a reflective electrode and a second transparent electrode. The first transparent electrode is disposed within the transmissive region, while the reflective electrode and the second transparent electrode formed above the reflective electrode are disposed within the reflective region. The area of the second transparent electrode is smaller than the area of the reflective electrode.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates in general to an electrode structure and a transflective liquid crystal display (LCD) device using the same, and more particularly to the electrode structure capable of improving the reflectivity and brightness at the low gray level and lower driving voltage applied to the transflective LCD device.
2. Description of the Related Art
With the increasing demand of the electronic products, such as the personal digital assistants (PDAs), cellular phones, projectors and projector TV with large size, the liquid crystal displays (LCDs) have been researched and developed. Also, the displays having great functions such as quick response, high resolution and especially vivid image have been required by the consumers.
According to the light source from the interior or exterior of the display, liquid crystal displays have three basic mode: transmissive, reflective and transflective. The transmissive LCD is illuminated from behind (i.e. opposite the viewer) using a backlight unit. The transmissive LCD, typically used in laptop personal computers, offers wide color gamut, high contrast and the best performance under lighting conditions varying from complete darkness to an office environment. However, if the transmissive LCD is operated in a very bright outdoor environment, it tends to "wash out" unless it has a high brightness backlight. In reflective LCD, the pixels reflect incident light originating from the ambient environment or from a frontlight. Reflective LCD can offer very low power (especially without a front light). Reflective LCD offers the best performance under lighting conditions typical of office environments and brighter. However, reflective LCD will require a frontlight under a dim lighting condition. Transflective LCD combines characteristics of transmissive and reflective LCDs. The pixels in a transflective display are partially transmitting and partially reflective. Transflective LCD can be used under a wide variety of lighting conditions (from complete darkness to full sunlight). Nowadays, transflective LCD is used in small portable devices such as cellular phones, PDAs, handheld games or other portable instrumentation.
FIG. 1A (related art) is a cross-sectional view of a single pixel of a conventional transflective LCD. The pixel illustrated in FIG. 1A has a uniform gap, and is divided into a transmissive region 1 and a reflective region 2. Also, the conventional transflective LCD includes an upper substrate 3, a lower substrate 5, and a liquid crystal layer 4 filled with numerous LC molecules 16 interposed between the upper substrate 3 and the lower substrate 5. In the reflective region 2, a reflective plate 13 is formed on the lower substrate 5. A transparent electrode 14 is formed above the reflective plate 13, and corresponding to the transmissive region 1 and the reflective region 2. A common electrode (made of the transparent material) 15 is formed on the upper substrate 3. The polarization of the light passing through the liquid crystal layer is modulated by changing the alignment of the liquid crystal molecules that is varying with a voltage applied to the transparent electrode 14 and the common electrode 15.
The light 11 in the transmissive region 1 is generated from the backlight unit 17 under the lower substrate 5, while the light 12 in the reflective region 2 is provided by the ambient environment or from a frontlight. When a voltage is applied to the transparent electrode 14 and the common electrode 15, the arrangement of the LC molecules 16 is varied and the light transmission consequently changes. Thus, the LCD can display images with different brightness such as white, black, and intermediate gray scale. However, the path of the light 12 is different from that of the light 11, and the optical retardation of the light 12 passing through the reflective region 2 is almost twice as that of the light 11 passing through the transmissive region 1. When a voltage is applied to the pixel of the LCD, the transmittance in the transmissive region 1 and the reflectance in the reflective region 2 are not a good match. FIG. 1B (related art) is a graph illustrating the transmittance in the transmissive region and the reflectance in the reflective region when a voltage is applied to the LCD of FIG. 1A. As shown in FIG. 1B, when the transmissive region 1 achieves the brightest condition, the reflective region 2 has already achieved and starts to drop into the dark state. The highest efficiencies of the transmissive region 1 and the reflective region 2 cannot be achieved simultaneously at the same voltage value. Recently, a dual-gap design which uses different cell gaps in the transmissive region 1 and the reflective region 2 has been provided for solving the problem of the optical retardation described above. However, the dual-gap design complicates the process for making the transflective LCD; thus, the production yield is decreased and the production cost is increased.

Electrode structure and transflective liquid crystal display device using the same


The invention relates to a multi-layer composite for use in an air filter, comprising at least one upstream ply and a support ply that is connected to the upstream ply. The upstream ply is made of a non-woven fabric and has a finer porosity than the support ply. The aim of the invention is to form and further develop a multi-layer composite for use in an air filter, in particular in a filter bag in such a manner that the upstream ply can be connected in a stable and economical manner to the support ply. The invention is characterised in that the upstream ply is embodied as a spun bonded non-woven, the continuous filaments of which are at least partially twisted or interwoven with the support ply.

Multilayer composites of this type are employed in filter bags and bag filter installations. Bag filter installations are often used for the purification of dust-containing gases in power stations. In a bag filter installation, a plurality of filter bags are arranged. In this case, the filter bags are tension-mounted on a supporting body which is located on the clean gas side. When the flow passes through the filter bags from the crude gas side to the clean gas side, dust is retained on the crude gas side of the filter bag. The purified gas passes through the filter bag onto the clean gas side.
Filter bags of this type are clogged by a dust cake after a certain operating time. The dust cake is located on the side facing the crude gas side of the filter bag. The filter bags can then be cleaned off by means of pressure pulses from the clean gas side. As a result of these pressure pulses, the filter cake adhering to the filter bags comes loose and falls into a dust collection container on the crude gas side.
It is known to deposit a fiber nap as an upstream ply on a supporting ply. Nonwovens consisting of staple fibers are known as fiber naps. A nonwoven consisting of staple fibers is often connected thermally to the supporting ply and processed to form a laminate. This measure is necessary in order to give the multilayer composite a sufficient stability against pressure pulses. The upstream ply is to be prevented from coming loose from the supporting ply.
It is in this case a disadvantage that, due to the thermal bonding, the multilayer composite obtained, on the one hand, is brittle and difficult to move and, on the other hand, can be manufactured only in a complicated way.
Furthermore, for the manufacture of filter bags, multilayer composites consisting of one supporting layer and of two staple fiber nonwovens are often selected. In these, the staple fiber nonwovens are connected to the supporting layer and to one another by means of mechanical needling.
It is in this case a disadvantage that the multilayer composite has as a consequence of production penetration points which increase the permeability to dust particles. It is also a disadvantage that, in order to manufacture such a multilayer composite, only relatively coarse fibers with a fineness which allows a carding of the fibers can be used.

Multi-layer composite for use in an air filter


A system for facilitating wireless communication between an accessory and a device comprising a device capable of converting at least an audio signal into a signal transmittable by a wireless communication means; a wireless communication means associated with the device capable of transmitting the converted signal; an accessory, including a docking cradle comprising a plurality of pins, wherein at least one pin on the docking cradle is capable of receiving an audio signal; and an adaptor capable of communicatively coupling with the accessory's docking cradle, the adaptor being capable of receiving the transmission from the wireless communication means associated with the device and converting the signal into an audio signal that can be received by the accessory via the docking cradle.

Whether integrated into other devices such as cellular telephones or digital cameras, or as stand-alone devices, portable devices that play music, video, or the like, commonly referred to as portable media players or PMP's, have become ubiquitous. Perhaps best known of these PMP's is the iPod line of products distributed by Apple Computer of Cupertino, Calif. Because of its popularity, the iPod also has one of the broadest ranges of accessories that address some of the inherent limitations of the iPod and other PMP's.
One such limitation is the fact that, to improve their portability, PMP's typically do not include any external speakers. While many users listen to music or other audio from a PMP on headphones, headphones are inherently limiting because, generally, only one person can hear the audio. Thus, many users prefer to connect their PMP's to remote speaker systems, since these remote speaker systems typically allow others to listen to the audio from the PMP.
Users connect their PMP's to an external speaker system, such as a home stereo, car stereo, or portable speaker system, via either a frequency modulation ("FM") transmitter or via a cable or direct connection. FM modulators are useful for connecting PMP's to stereo systems that are not configured to accept signals from external devices, such as car stereos or the like. Frequently, FM modulators plug into the headphone jack on the PMP (and sometimes through other connectors of the PMP such as the 30-pin connector on the iPod) and broadcast the audio signal on a traditional FM frequency at a low power level so that only devices near the PMP can receive the broadcast. The broadcast signal is received by an FM tuner in the car stereo or home stereo, which then plays the music over the associated speaker system. While such FM modulators are advantageous because they allow users to listen to PMP's on sound systems that are not configured to accept wireless input from a PMP, the FM modulators typically only broadcast on one of a few frequencies, and thus are subject to interference from other FM modulators or from local radio stations broadcasting at the same frequency or neighboring frequencies. The FM modulators also tend to introduce noise into the audio signal, and to lose some of the dynamic range of the audio signal because of limitations inherent in frequency modulation.
As a result of the limitations imposed by FM modulators, many audio enthusiasts tend to prefer to connect their PMP to remote speaker systems via a cable or by direct connection. Many cables simply have a ⅛″ stereo headset plug on one end for connecting to the headphone jack on the PMP, and either an RCA, ⅛″ stereo headset, or ¼″ phono plug on the other for connecting to the remote speaker system. Because the cables plug into the headset jack, these cables receive an amplified signal from the PMP. This means the signal is likely to contain some amplified noise. This amplified signal, including the amplified noise, is then transmitted through the cable where it is subject to the induction of additional noise. Where, as is typical, the remote speakers include an amplifier, both the induced noise and the amplified noise can be further amplified, thus resulting in relatively poor audio quality. Direct connection is achieved by attaching a PMP to a remote speaker system via a docking port and connector, such as, without limitation, the 30-pin proprietary connector used on the Apple iPod. An exemplary remote speaker system that capable of direct connection with a PMP is the inMotion IM3 made by Altec Lansing Technologies, Inc. of Milford, Pa.
While cables and direct connections offer improved audio quality compared to the use of FM modulators, cables and direct connections are inherently proximity-limiting. That is, the PMP must remain tethered to the remote speaker system while the remote speaker system is in use. Because PMP's are easily stolen and easily left behind, many users would prefer to keep their PMP on their person or in their purse, coat, backpack, or the like, rather than having to leave the PMP on a desk, in their car, or next to their home stereo, but these users would rather not resort to FM modulators and the reduced audio quality associated therewith.
What is needed is a device that allows a PMP or other device to wirelessly communicate with remote speakers that is not subject to the same limitations as the related art.

Portable media player emulator for facilitating wireless use of an accessory


A motor vehicle body part, especially a motor vehicle roof, cargo bed, or the like, which includes a composite material having an outside skin and a support structure in a sandwich structure. In order to prevent penetration of moisture into the support structure, the support structure, at least in certain areas, is provided with a vapor barrier layer.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a motor vehicle body part, especially a motor vehicle roof, a cargo bed or the like.
2. Description of Related Art
A prefabricated roof module as a motor vehicle body part is disclosed in published German Patent Application DE 100 19 201 A1. This roof module is of a sandwich construction in layers from an outside shell which represents the outside skin and an inside shell which constitutes the support structure. The two shells are formed on a foam core base. The side of the foam core of the outside shell facing the environment is covered by a sheet metal, e.g., plastic or aluminum layer, and the side of the foam core of the inside sheet facing the vehicle interior is covered by a soft plastic material. Furthermore, the roof module includes a removable protective film which serves as protection of the roof module during painting the pertinent motor vehicle and is removed after painting.
Additionally, a roof module with a plastic outside skin and a support structure has been produced in a sandwich construction which includes a paper honeycomb core. This type of roof module encounters the problem that the paper honeycomb can absorb moisture over time which reduces the stiffness of the roof module.

Webasto Vehicle Systems International GmbH


A zoom lens includes: a front group including a plurality of movable lens groups; and a rear group that is provided on an image side of the front group and that includes a negative lens and a positive lens. The positive lens has a flat lens surface on its image side, and is tiltable about a spherical center of its object side lens surface that is convex on the object side. When a lens system is inclined, the positive lens is tilted in relation to the optical axis of the lens system based on: a focal length of the overall lens system; an angle of the optical axis of the lens system after being inclined in relation to the optical axis before being inclined; a distance between the image side lens surface of the positive lens and the image plane; and a refractive index of the positive lens.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a zoom lens and imaging apparatus. More specifically, with respect to a zoom lens that is capable of image shifting, the present invention relates to a technology that makes it possible to reduce the lens diameter, and that suppresses fluctuations in various aberrations that occur during image shifting.
2. Description of Related Art
With a zoom lens that has a large zoom ratio, because the angle of field becomes narrow in the maximum telephoto state, there is an issue in that even the smallest hand movement or camera shake causes a significant blurring of the image.
As methods of image stabilization that correct for the blurring of images caused by such hand movements or the like, optical image stabilization systems are known.
With an optical image stabilization system, by combining a detection system that detects movements of the camera that accompany hand movements that result from shutter release, a control system that instructs a displacement to a drive system based on a signal outputted from the detection system, the drive system that drives an optical system based on an output from the control system, and the optical system that is capable of image shifting when a displacement is instructed by the drive system, it is possible to correct for the blurring of the image caused by movements of the camera by canceling it out with the blurring of the image that accompanies the displacement of the optical system.
For the optical system used in such optical image stabilization systems, such methods as the lens shift method where a portion of the lens system is moved in a direction that is perpendicular to the optical axis, or the variable angle prism method where the angle of the prism located right before the lens system is varied.
In the lens shift method, in order to suppress changes in the optical performance that occur when a predetermined lens is shifted, the number of lenses increases. Because the lenses need to be suspended midair (in a neutral position), there is an issue in that reducing power consumption is difficult.
The variable angle prism method does not have this issue that is seen in the lens shift method.
The variable angle prism method can be divided into two types. One is where a variable angle prism is placed on the side of the optical system that is closest to the object, and the other is where a variable angle prism is placed in the optical system itself.
An example where a variable angle prism is placed on the side of the optical system that is closest to the object can be seen in the optical system disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Publication No. S62-153816 (Patent Document 2).
A case where a variable angle prism is placed on the side of the optical system, which is closest to the object, is characteristic in that the change in the angle of field in relation to the amount, by which the angle of the variable angle prism is varied, is not dependent on the focal length of the zoom lens. When image blurring caused by camera movements that accompany hand movements and the like are to be corrected, it is advantageous in that the angle of the variable angle prism can be controlled independent of the focal length of the zoom lens. On the other hand, however, since image blurring is amplified in the maximum telephoto state, as the zoom ratio becomes greater, the stopping in the maximum telephoto state needs to be controlled with higher accuracy, and there is an issue in that higher precision is demanded for the drive system.
In addition, since the variable angle prism is placed on the object side of the first lens group, whose lens diameter is large, the diameter of the beam of light that is incident upon the variable angle prism is large, and as a result, there is an issue in that the variable angle prism itself becomes very large, and further in that protective measures, such as providing a protective glass and the like, need to be taken in order to prevent the user's hand from coming into direct contact with the variable angle prism. For these reasons, there is a limit as to the extent to which miniaturization can be carried out.
In contrast, examples where a variable angle prism is located within the optical system are disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Publication No. H02-168223 (Patent Document 1), Patent Document 2, Japanese Patent Application Publication No. H10-246855 (Patent Document 3), Japanese Patent Application Publication No. H11-44845 (Patent Document 4) and the like.
In the optical system disclosed in Patent Document 1, a variable angle prism is provided where the beam of light is parallel. In the optical system disclosed in Patent Document 2, a variable angle prism is provided before the master lens group. In the optical systems disclosed in Patent Document 3 and Patent Document 4, a variable angle prism is provided near the aperture stop.
With the optical systems disclosed in Patent Documents 1 through 4, since the axial beam of light is incident upon the variable angle prism in a state where it is close to being parallel, they are characteristic in that fluctuations in axial aberration that occur when the prism angle is varied can be reduced.


Systems and methods for treating disc herniation or degeneration, disc degeneration, and vertebral body fracture include surgical and endoscopic access and removal of disc tissue. The tissue removal devices that may be used include rotatable blade devices having flow control surfaces that may be inserted into a vertebral disc and rotated to pulverize the disc material and facilitate its removal.

Vertebral disc herniation or degeneration are a common disorder where a portion of a vertebral disc, a cushion-like structure located between the bones of the spine, bulges out or extrudes beyond the usual margins of the disc and the spine. Disc herniation or degeneration are believed to be the result of a loss of elasticity of the tissue comprising the disc, and is associated with increasing age. Disc herniation or degeneration and other degenerative disc disease are also associated with spinal stenosis, a narrowing of the bony and ligamentous structures of the spine. Although disc herniation or degeneration can occur anywhere along the perimeter of the disc, it occurs more frequently in the posterior and posterior-lateral regions of the disc, where the spinal cord and spinal nerve roots reside. Compression of these neural structures can lead to pain, parasthesias, weakness, urine and fecal incontinence and other neurological symptoms that can substantially impact basic daily activities and quality of life.
Temporary relief of the pain associated with disc herniation or degeneration are often sought through conservative therapy, which includes positional therapy (e.g. sitting or bending forward to reduce pressure on spine), physical therapy, and drug therapy to reduce pain and inflammation. When conservative therapy fails to resolve a patient's symptoms, surgery may be considered to treat the structural source of the symptoms. Surgical treatments for disc herniation or degeneration traditionally involve open procedures that require extensive dissection of muscle, connective tissue and bone along a patient's back to achieve adequate surgical exposure. These surgeries also expose the patient to a significant risk of complications, due to the presence of critical neurovascular structures near the surgical site. For example, a discectomy procedure may be used to decompress the herniation by accessing the affected disc and removing a portion of the disc and any loose disc fragments. To achieve sufficient access to the affected disc, a portion of the lamina or bony arch of the vertebrae may be removed, thereby increasing the invasiveness of the procedure. When discectomy fails to resolve a patient's symptoms, more drastic measures may include disc replacement surgery or vertebral fusion.


A storage safe is especially adapted for storage of hand guns having a substantially parallelepiped shaped exterior body and internal compartment for holding a hand gun in position for grasping ready to fire. Fast access to the gun under emergency conditions is provided by a novel internal spring biased latching mechanism locking the access door closed. The safe may be immediately opened by operating a hidden unlatching trigger from outside the safe and opening the door in an unconventional manner.

It is imperative to keep hand guns out of the hands of children and thieves. The art does supply somewhat conventional small safes for locking up hand guns. Most of such safes are small portable safes, which may be easily carried off by thieves. Also they are not easily disguised or proportioned to be hidable to reduce the possible discovery of their location and access thereinto by either a curious child or potential thief.
Some of these safes have combination locks, which in particular are quite unsatisfactory in that the guns cannot be quickly withdrawn because of the time for manipulation and the need for visibility which makes night-time entry difficult. Thus, in the event of danger such as the encountering of a burglar at night, it is difficult to retrieve a hand gun quickly without making noises or turning on lights. Under such times of stress, not only is fast action necessary, but a routine for removal of the hand gun into a ready to use posture is necessary which is not apt to be aborted by the need to access the safe quietly and rapidly, or simply because of nerves in the excitement of the moment that makes a combination inoperable. With the operation of a combination lock necessary, for example, an aborted attempt to open the safe to retrieve a hand gun could end up as a fatality because the combination was not handy or because in the excitement and need for fast action the combination was muffed or the unlocking process was noisy or required turning on a light.
Similar problems are encountered with key operated safes. To find the key in times of stress in the presence of a middle-of-the-night intruder, for example, you cannot turn on a light to search for the key hidden in a drawer which could not be opened without possibility of a tell-tale noise, or a possibility of stumbling over an object trying to get to the key hiding place, thus being apt to make noises in the attempt that would alert a burglar.
It would be desirable therefore to have a hand gun safe that would permit a loaded hand gun to be stored in a position available for immediate use and preferably a safe of a size that could easily be secreted so that it would be hard to locate.
In the case of storing a hand gun in a household with minor children, special precautions must be made to keep that gun secretly stored and if found, still inaccessible to the children because the safe is child-proof enough that it could not be easily opened. Also the ability to hide the safe and its contents from potential theft is important.
Even with these pressing demands for better solutions, no known safes have been introduced which would satisfy the aforesaid safety and access conditions and avoid the problems. Gun safes in the prior art are typically small safes which are made and locked in a conventional way and depend upon keys or combinations for preventing access to a gun. Thus, there is a special need for a satisfactory improved and innovative hand gun safe.
A general objective of this invention is to provide an improved safe for storage of a hand gun.
A more specific objective of this invention is to provide a fast access, childproof safe especially adapted for storing a hand gun. Another objective of the invention is to provide a safe for storage of a hand gun that affords the desired advantages above discussed and solves the prior art problems above set forth.
Other objects, advantages and features of the invention will be found throughout the following description.


The present invention relates to a method includes: implementing, by the board in the BBU1, frequency synchronization between a system clock of the board in the BBU1 and a system clock of the board in the BBU0 by using a synchronous Ethernet clock that is output by the board in the BBU0; and implementing, by the board in the BBU1, time synchronization between the system clock of the board in the BBU1 and the system clock of the board in the BBU0 by using an IEEE1588 clock that is output by the board in the BBU0. The present invention can enable the multimode base station to support more standards.

A multimode base station refers to a base station that can simultaneously support multiple wireless standards. A common base station that can support both a Global System for Mobile communications (Global System for Mobile communications, GSM) standard and a Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System, UMTS) standard is called a GU dual-mode base station, a base station that can support both a GSM standard and a Long Term Evolution (Long Term Evolution, LTE) standard is called a GL dual-mode base station, and a base station that can support both a UMTS standard and an LTE standard is called a UL dual-mode base station.
In an actual application, main control boards of different standards are generally overlaid in a baseband unit (Base Band Unit, BBU) to form a multimode base station. Using a GU dual-mode macro base station shown in FIG. 1 as an example, a board of the GSM standard and a board of the UMTS standard may be overlaid in a single BBU, where the board of the GSM standard and the board of the UMTS standard each are connected to a common-mode radio frequency module through a common public radio interface (Common Public Radio Interface, CPRI), so as to form a GU dual-mode base station.
It is found in practice that because slots supported by a single BBU are limited, standards supported by the single BBU are limited. Generally, a single BBU can support only two boards, and therefore, a multimode base station supports few standards.

Multimode base station and implementation method thereof


A process for the preparation of 2-fluoro-9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl purine (VII) by a reaction of palladium chloride and hydrochloric acid with 2-fluoro-9-(2,3,5-tribenzyl-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)adenine (VI) at elevated pressures in a solvent for (VI) is described. The reaction is rapid, economical and efficient.

(1) Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of 2-fluoro-9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl adenine (VII) which is useful in the preparation of 2-Fluoro-Ara-AMP (the phosphate of (III), a cytotoxic agent. The compound (VII) is also known as 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-2-fluoroadenine or 2-F-Ara-A.
(2) Prior Art
Example 4A of U.S. Pat. No. 4,188,378 to Montgomery shows the preparation of 2-fluoro-9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl adenine (VII) from 2-fluoro-9-(2,3,5-tribenzyl-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)adenine )VI) using sodium in liquid ammonia with a 34% yield. The most efficient procedure disclosed in this patent is the use of boron trichloride in methylene chloride in Example 4B which produces a 91% yield, but which is difficult and expensive to perform on a large scale since the reaction is performed at -80.degree. C. using liquid nitrogen or dry ice acetone. The reference describes catalytic hydrogenolysis of (VI) in the presence of palladium or palladized charcoal to remove the benzyl group. It suggests that partial defluorination results from this reaction.
J. Org. Chem. 1977, 42, 2309, describes hydrogen transfer from an organic compound to chlorobenzene. Under the reaction conditions employed, fluorobenzene did not react.


A dynamic display ornament includes at least one transparent display device, each display device holding a liquid and having a top opening and a bottom air inlet,a box-like base which supports the at least one transparent display device, at least one projection lamp mounted inside the base and controlled to project light vertically through the bottom side of each of the at least one transparent display device, and air pump means mounted inside the base and controlled to pump air into the air inlet at the bottom side of each of the at least one display device, causing bubbles to be produced in the liquid in each display device.

The present invention relates to a display ornament, and more particularly a dynamic display ornament that can be put in a public place or home at the entrance for decoration.
Antiques and paintings are commonly used to decorate a room, house, or particular place. However, these ornaments are static decorations that are not suitable for some particular business places. Furthermore, these ornaments are commonly expensive.

Liquid holding ornament including an air pump and a projection lamp