A method of manufacturing a liquid crystal display device includes the steps of: providing a first substrate and a second substrate; forming a first alignment film on the first substrate; irradiating light to the first alignment film to obtain an acute angle of 0° or greater between an alignment direction of the first alignment film and a director of a liquid crystal molecule adjacent to the first alignment film; and forming a liquid crystal between the first substrate and the second substrate.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a liquid crystal display (LCD) device, and more particularly, to a method of manufacturing a liquid crystal display device in which alignment process is performed to obtain a desired twist angle.
2. Discussion of the Related Art
Generally, a twisted-nematic(TN)-LCD device used as a large area, high quality LCD device has a liquid crystal alignment film arranged inside a transparent electrode to directly adjoin liquid crystal molecules. On the interface between the liquid crystal alignment film and the liquid crystal molecules, the liquid crystal is aligned by a unidirectional alignment of the liquid crystal molecules and a pre-tilt angle of the liquid crystal alignment film and the liquid crystal molecules. The unidirectional alignment is performed in such a manner that the liquid crystal alignment film is stretched unidirectionally.
A related art rubbing method used to perform a unidirectional stretching process on the liquid crystal alignment film is performed in such a manner that a substrate coated with a high polymer is rubbed with a cloth. Since the related art rubbing method enables a large area and high speed process, it is industrially and widely used.
If the substrate is rubbed by the related art rubbing method, micro grooves are uniformly formed in the alignment film. The micro grooves are arranged in parallel to the liquid crystal molecules to minimize elastic deformation energy. However, in the related art rubbing method, types of the micro grooves formed in the alignment film are different according to the intensity of friction between an alignment cloth and the alignment film. Therefore, the liquid crystal molecules are unevenly arranged, thereby causing phase distortion and light scattering. The phase distortion and light scattering may significantly act on the performance of the LCD.
In the related art rubbing method, a value of a pre-tilt angle is susceptible to deposition or rubbing condition. Accordingly, to realize the related art rubbing method, sufficient consideration is required. Moreover, since the related art rubbing method is performed in such a manner that the high polymer film is rubbed with the alignment cloth, fine dust or electrostatic discharge (ESD) may occur. In other words, the dust causes serious problems in forming a high resolution pixel electrode or a thin film transistor (TFT) by repeatedly performing deposition, exposure and etching processes. Furthermore, local discharge may damage the alignment film, or cause short of a transparent electrode or the TFT, or destruct static electricity. Besides, the alignment film for TFT requires high voltage retention ratio capable of retaining charges for a long time.
Particularly, in the TN-LCD, light transmittivity is symmetrically distributed for a viewing angle in left and right direction, but asymmetrically distributed for a viewing angle in up and down direction. Image is shifted for the viewing angle in up and down direction, thereby causing the viewing angle to be narrowed.
To supplement anisotropic characteristic of the liquid crystal, a multi-domain TN-LCD such as a TDTN(two domain TN)-LCD and DDTN(domain divided TN) are provided. The process of the multi-domain TN-LCD is characterized by photolithography and rubbing. That is to say, to form domains within each pixel in opposite directions or different alignment directions, photolithography and rubbing processes are twice required. Furthermore, four-domain TN-LCD may be provided.
However, the multi-domain TN-LCD has several problems. That is, the two domain TN-LCD has a viewing angle of ±25° at most in up and down direction within the range of a contrast ratio of 10 or greater. The four domain TN-LCD has a viewing angle of ±40° at most in up and down direction and left and right direction. Moreover, the multi-domain TN-LCD has a complicated manufacturing process.
To solve the problems of the rubbing method, a photo-alignment method is provided. The photo-alignment method is based on a photo-polymerization of the alignment film by irradiation of light. In the photo-alignment method, the alignment direction is determined by irradiating ultraviolet rays two times.
Also, in the photo-alignment method, a PVCN(polyvinylclinnamate) based material is used as a photo-alignment film, and a pre-tilt direction on a surface of the alignment film is determined by irradiating ultraviolet rays to the alignment film vertically and slantingly. At this time, the pre-tilt angle of a surface of the alignment film is determined by varying the alignment film and an irradiation angle of the ultraviolet rays.
However, in case where the photo-alignment film has low isotropic characteristic and anchoring energy, the photo-alignment method has a problem. That is, the liquid crystal is implanted to the alignment film, a director of the liquid crystal molecule adjacent to the actual alignment film is not coincident with alignment direction. Accordingly, the alignment film has a twist angle different from a desired twist angle.
The difference between the director of the liquid crystal molecule intended in the alignment direction and the director of the actual liquid crystal molecule fails to obtain normally white mode or normally black mode and deteriorates contrast ratio.

Method of manufacturing a liquid crystal display device with compensation for angle between director and alignment direction


A network processing device is configured to receive a configuration message from a host device and forward the configuration message to a server. The configuration message can be configured to request the server assign an Internet Protocol (IP) address to the host device. The network processing device can be configured to send at least one probe message to the host device responsive to receiving the configuration message. The network processing device can be configured to determine whether the host device intends to continue utilizing a previously assigned IP address in addition to the IP address requested by the configuration message based, at least in part, on any responses to the at least one probe message received from the host device.

Many communication networks include intermediate networking devices, such as access concentrators described in RFC 4388, to forward network traffic to and from host devices based on their assigned Internet Protocol (IP) addresses. The ability of these intermediate networking devices to identify and accurately associate IP addresses to host devices allows for effective routing of network traffic and also provides security in the communication networks.
As the networking community transitions from Internet Protocol, version 4 (IPv4) to version 6 (IPv6), many host devices are starting to include operating systems that enable the use of both Internet Protocol versions. For instance, when these host devices are assigned an IP address for one of the two versions, i.e., either IPv4 or IPv6, they are in a single-stack configuration. When the host devices are assigned IP addresses for both versions, i.e., both IPv4 and IPv6, they are in a dual-stack configuration. The introduction of host devices capable of dual-stack configuration to the communication networks, however, renders it difficult for the intermediate networking devices to detect whether the host devices are in a dual-stack configuration and thus to properly associate the corresponding IP addresses to the host devices.

Detection and support of a dual-stack capable host


A pump system having a pump module (10) comprising a stator housing (28) with a chamber (30), a rotor (32) rotatably and axially slidably received in the chamber and comprising a first axial extension (46) with a liquid supply channel (50) and a second axial extension with a liquid supply channel (52), the first and second axial extensions having different diameters, and first and second sealing rings (54, 56), mounted around the first and second axial extensions.

One approach to intensive insulin therapy is a continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion utilizing an external insulin infusion pump. The portable pump is connected to the patient via a flexible tube attached at one end to the pump and at the other end to a patch with a needle for subcutaneous injection. The patch typically comprises an adhesive to adhere to the patient's skin. The patch with needle is typically provided with a short section of transparent flexible tube through which the insulin is supplied to the patient, the tube extending from the needle to a connector for connection to a complementary connector at the end of a flexible tube extending from the insulin pump. This enables the patch with needle to be regularly changed, for example every three days. The insulin is supplied in a disposable cartridge with a reserve of insulin that may last for three days to three weeks depending on the patient's insulin requirement. The patch with needle is thus changed more often than the insulin cartridge. At each change of patch with needle or of the insulin cartridge, the flexible supply tube or section of tube must be filled with insulin and any air removed prior to subcutaneous injection. Many precautions must be taken when changing the insulin cartridge, and a rigorous procedure must be followed. There is therefore a risk of false manipulation in existing insulin pump systems, particularly when components are replaced. Risks of errors are increased by the need to change the patch at intervals different to those required for the insulin cartridge.
A further disadvantage of the existing insulin pumps is that, in spite of their portability, they are not sufficiently compact and light to be carried without a certain discomfort and inconvenience. Moreover, the size of the existing insulin pumps does not allow them to be easily positioned close to the point of injection. They thus require fairly long flexible supply tubes, with the disadvantages this confers, when considering the need to evacuate the air from the tubes, and the high cost of the tubes when replacement is needed.
Another important disadvantage of existing insulin pumps is that they are unable to pump very small quantities of liquid with sufficient precision to allow the insulin in the cartridge to have a higher concentration thus enabling a longer interval between cartridge changes and/or reduction in the size of the cartridge. The limited precision of conventional pumps is thus a limiting factor on the miniaturization of the pump and the length of intervals between cartridge changes. The aforementioned factors also adversely affect the portability of the device and the high risk of manipulation error by patients in view of the long supply tubes and the need to change different interconnected elements, such as the cartridge, the flexible tube and the patch with needle. Each connection and disconnection operation requires a procedure to be followed and precautions to be taken by the patient, which are subject to a certain risk of false manipulation.


A method for notifying a motion includes decoding watermark information superimposed on sound or video, outputting timing information obtained as a decoding result, analyzing a motion of a user with reference to a table, determining whether or not a predetermined timing comes based on the timing information, performing determination regarding the motion of the user based on an analysis result if it is determined that the predetermined timing comes, and performing notification based on a result of the determination.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a technique for determining a content of a motion or a timing of the motion and performing notification according to a result of the determination.
2. Description of the Related Art
In a fitness-based game or a dance-based game, a system is developed in which if a user moves in connection with a screen of the game, feedback is applied by detecting a movement of the user and an image such as "OK" is notified from the screen together with a sound or voice. In such a system, a camera as a sensor is provided and the motion of the user is image-analyzed by the camera or a sensor is provided on a dedicated stand and the like, and the motion of the user is analyzed by turning on and off of the sensor (for example, JP-A-2001-178965).

Method and apparatus for notifying motion


The present invention relates to a compound of formula (II) or (IIb) Wherein X, Y, Rx, Ry, R5 and Nu are as defined in the description and in the claims. The compound of formula (II) can be used in the manufacture of oligonucleotides.

The use of synthetic oligonucleotides as therapeutic agents has witnessed remarkable progress over recent decades leading to the development of molecules acting by diverse mechanisms including RNase H activating gapmers, splice switching oligonucleotides, microRNA inhibitors, siRNA or aptamers (S. T. Crooke, Antisense drug technology: principles, strategies, and applications, 2nd ed. ed., Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press, 2008). However, oligonucleotides are inherently unstable towards nucleolytic degradation in biological systems. Furthermore, they show a highly unfavorable pharmacokinetic behavior. In order to improve on these drawbacks a wide variety of chemical modifications have been investigated in recent decades. Arguably one of the most successful modification is the introduction of phosphorothioate linkages, where one of the non-bridging phosphate oxygen atoms is replaced with a sulfur atom (F. Eckstein, Antisense and Nucleic Acid Drug Development 2009, 10, 117-121.). Such phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides show an increased protein binding as well as a distinctly higher stability to nucleolytic degradation and thus a substantially higher half-live in plasma, tissues and cells than their unmodified phosphodiester analogues. These crucial features have allowed for the development of the first generation of oligonucleotide therapeutics as well as opened the door for their further improvement through later generation modifications such as Locked Nucleic Acids (LNAs). Replacement of a phosphodiester linkage with a phosphorothioate, however, creates a chiral center at the phosphorous atom. As a consequence, all approved phosphorothioate oligonucleotide therapeutics are used as mixtures of a huge amount of diastereoisomeric compounds, which all potentially have different (and possibly opposing) physiochemical and pharmacological properties.
While the stereospecific synthesis of single stereochemically defined phosphorothioate oligonucleotides is now possible (N. Oka, M. Yamamoto, T. Sato, T. Wada, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 16031-16037) it remains a challenge to identify the stereoisomer with optimal properties within the huge number of possible diastereoisomers. In this context, the reduction of the diastereoisomeric complexity by the use of non-chiral thiophosphate linkages is of great interest. For example, the symmetrical non-bridging dithioate modification (see e.g. W. T. Wiesler, M. H. Caruthers, J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 4272-4281), where both non-bridging oxygen atoms within the phosphate linkage are replaced by sulfur has been applied to immunostimulatory oligonucleotides (A. M. Krieg, S. Matson, E. Fisher, Antisense Nucleic Acid Drug Dev. 1996, 6, 133-139), siRNA (e.g. X. Yang, M. Sierant, M. Janicka, L. Peczek, C. Martinez, T. Hassell, N. Li, X. Li, T. Wang, B. Nawrot, ACS Chem. Biol. 2012, 7, 1214-1220) and aptamers (e.g. X. Yang, S. Fennewald, B. A. Luxon, J. Aronson, N. K. Herzog, D. G. Gorenstein, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 1999, 9, 3357-3362). Interestingly, attempts to make use of this non-chiral modification in the context of antisense oligonucleotides have met with limited success to date (see e.g. M. K. Ghosh, K. Ghosh, O. Dahl, J. S. Cohen, Nucleic Acids Res. 1993, 21, 5761-5766. and J. P. Vaughn, J. Stekler, S. Demirdji, J. K. Mills, M. H. Caruthers, J. D. Iglehart, J. R. Marks, Nucleic Acids Res. 1996, 24, 4558-4564).
To our surprise we have now found that non-bridging phosphorodithioates can be introduced into oligonucleotide, in particular to oligonucleotide gapmers or mixmers in general and LNA-DNA-LNA gapmers or LNA/DNA mixmers in particular. The modification is well tolerated and the resulting molecules show great potential for therapeutic applications, while every non-bridging phosphorodithioate modification reduces the size of the overall library of possible diastereoisomers by 50%. When the modification is placed in the LNA flanks of gapmers, the resulting oligonucleotides turn out to be generally more potent than the corresponding all-phosphorothioate parent. In general, the modification is additionally well tolerated within the gap region and even more surprisingly can lead to an improved potency as well, when positioned appropriately.
We have thus surprisingly found that the invention provides oligonucleotides with improved physiochemical and pharmacological properties, including, for example, improved potency. In some aspects, the oligonucleotide of the invention retains the activity or efficacy, and may be as potent or is more potent, than the identical compound where the phosphodithioate linkages of formula (IA or IBIB) are replaced with the conventional stereorandom phosphorothioate linkages (phosphorothioate reference compound). Every introduction of the non-bridging phosphorodithioate modification removes one of the chiral centers at phosphorous and thereby reduces the diastereoisomeric complexity of the compound by 50%. Additionally, whenever a dithioate modification is introduced, the oligonucleotide appears to be taken up dramatically better into cells, in particular into hepatocytes, muscle cells, heart cells for example.
The introduction of non-bridging dithioate modifications into the LNA flanks of gapmers appears to be particularly beneficial, leading to molecules demonstrating a higher target reduction and a substantially better uptake behavior, higher stability and good safetly profile.
The chemical synthesis of non-bridging phosphorodithioate linkages in oligonucleotides is best achieved by solid phase oligonucleotide synthesis techniques using appropriate thiophosphoramidite building blocks. The successful application of such thiophosphoramidites has been described for regular DNA (X. Yang, Curr Protoc Nucleic Acid Chem 2016, 66, 4.71.71-74.71.14.) as well as RNA (X. Yang, Curr Protoc Nucleic Acid Chem 2017, 70, 4.77.71-74.77.13.) and the required building blocks are available from commercial sources. Interestingly, the more challenging synthesis of the corresponding LNA thiophosphoramidites has not been reported. Within this application, we also report the successful synthesis of all four LNA thiophosphoramidites and their incorporation into oligonucleotides.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.


A new and distinct cultivar of Aloe plant named ‘FIRECRACKER’ is disclosed, characterized by an irregularly serrated leaf edge, intense orange-red protuberances on leaves, and a red flowered inflorescence. The new variety is an Aloe, typically produced as a garden or container plant.

The new cultivar is a product of a planned breeding program. The seed parent is the unpatented Aloe hybrid 'Pink Blush'. The pollen parent is the unpatented, unnamed proprietary seedling which is a cross of Aloe divaricata x Aloe intermedia x Aloe cv 'Pink Blush'. The crossing was made in December 2016 at a commercial greenhouse in Vista, Calif. 'FIRECRACKER' was found and selected by the inventor in June 2017 at the same greenhouse in Vista, Calif.
Asexual reproduction of the new cultivar 'FIRECRACKER' was first performed by tissue culture at a commercial laboratory in Vista, Calif. in July 2017. 'FIRECRACKER' has since produced several generations and has shown that the unique features of this cultivar are stable and reproduced true to type.


An apparatus and method are disclosed for monitoring and/or detecting concentrations of a chemical precursor in a reaction chamber. The apparatus and method have an advantage of operating in a high temperature environment. An optical emissions spectrometer (OES) is coupled to a gas source, such as a solid source vessel, in order to monitor or detect an output of the chemical precursor to the reaction chamber. Alternatively, a small sample of precursor can be periodically monitored flowing into the OES and into a vacuum pump, thus bypassing the reaction chamber.

Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) and Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) are both processes used to form a film on a semiconductor substrate disposed within a reaction chamber. The processes may involve flow of a first gas onto the substrate and flow of a second gas onto the substrate, such that the first gas reacts with the second gas in order to form a film having a particular chemical composition on the semiconductor substrate.
The chemistries used for these processes generally are kept in particular conditions in order to ensure proper film formation and to avoid any defects or clogging issues. Defects may occur due to condensation of heated chemistries along a gas pathway to the reaction chamber. The condensation of the heated chemistries may lead to a chemical reaction within the gas pathway prior to reaching the reaction chamber, leading to adverse particle formation on the film formed within the reaction chamber.
In addition, clogging may occur within the gas pathways due to the condensation. Clogging may result in shutting down operation of the reaction chamber in order to clear the gas pathways, as well as exacerbate the particle formation that adversely affects the film formed in the chamber. In addition, changes to process conditions may affect the deposition onto the wafer; for example, a change in temperature or pressure may lead to shifts in non-uniformities as it relates to film properties. These process shifts may lead to non-uniformities in thickness or concentration of the film, potentially resulting in scrapped wafers.
Prior art approaches to monitor concentrations of chemistries have been limited to temperatures less than 60-80° C. At these temperatures, condensation of gaseous precursors may occur, leading to the above described problems. An example of such a setup is described in the article entitled "Effluent Stream Monitoring of An Al2O3 Atomic Layer Deposition Process Using Optical Emission Spectroscopy," by John P. Loo (available at http://www.lightwindcorp.com/uploads/6/2/8/7/6282375/ald_effluent_monitoring_.pdf).
FIG. 1 illustrates a prior art optical emissions spectroscopy setup 10 in an exhaust foreline. The optical emissions spectroscopy setup 10 comprises a reaction chamber 20, an exhaust foreline 30, a sampler 40, an optical emission source 50, an optical emission spectrometer 60, an RF supply 70, and a processor 80. Exhaust from the reaction chamber 20 travels through the exhaust foreline 30. The sampler 40 may take a portion of the exhaust in the exhaust foreline 30 and pass it through the optical emission source 50, which may be an inductively coupled plasma source. The optical spectrometer 60 and the RF supply 70 are able to take readings of a spectrum generated in the optical emission source 50 and provide a reading to the processor 80.
As a result, an apparatus and method to monitor concentrations of chemical precursors in a high temperature environment is desired.
It will be appreciated that elements in the figures are illustrated for simplicity and clarity and have not necessarily been drawn to scale. For example, the dimensions of some of the elements in the figures may be exaggerated relative to other elements to help improve understanding of illustrated embodiments of the present disclosure.

Apparatus for detecting or monitoring for a chemical precursor in a high temperature environment


A method for manufacturing field emission elements having sharp convex points (tips) that uses a mold concavity having a sharp concavity point (cusp) comprises the steps of preparing a substrate having an opening at least in its front surface, depositing a sacrificial film on the substrate, to form a mold concavity having a sharp concavity point in the opening, forming a film made up of electrically conducting ultra fine particles on the sacrificial film, to bury the mold opening and removing at least that portion of the sacrificial film that is at the concavity point. A method for manufacturing field emission elements with sharp convex points is provided, wherewith emitter material can easily be packed into a mold concavity having a sharp cusp.

a) Field of the Invention
The present invention pertains to a manufacturing method for a field emission element, and more particularly to a manufacturing method for a field emission element having a sharp tip using a mold concavity having a sharp cusp.
b) Description of the Related Art
A field emission element is an element (emitter) that emits electrons from a cathode tip having a sharp point by means of the action of an electric field. The sharper the convex point of the cathode tip, the stronger is the electric field concentration produced, and the more possible becomes efficient electron emission. It is also desirable to provide a control electrode that is centered on the cathode tip in order to generate an efficient electric field about the cathode tip.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,334,908 discloses a method for forming a mold concavity having a sharp concave end (cusp) above the concavity by means of forming on the surface of the substrate a concavity having perpendicular side walls, and depositing on the substrate surface a sacrificial film. If the sacrificial film is removed after the cathode layer is deposited above the mold concavity, a sharp convex cathode tip is exposed.
If an electrically conducting layer is formed on the substrate surface and a concavity is then formed which penetrates through the said conducting layer, then it is possible to form a control electrode with the conducting layer that has an opening in it, simultaneously with fabricating the cathode tip. The control electrode need not be limited to one electrode but may be made in a plurality of electrode layers.
The present applicant and his colleagues have proposed various methods for forming mold concavities having sharp cusps. For example, when a sacrificial film is deposited in a concavity having a rectangular cross-section, a sharp cusp is formed when the sacrificial film deposited on the two side walls meets in the middle. However, it is not always easy to control the film thickness or, for that reason, the height of the cusp. Control becomes easy by combining the deposition with a chemical reaction. More specifically, the growth of the film being deposited on the two side walls is stopped before it meets in the middle. After that, the surface of the deposited film is subjected to a chemical reaction and its volume thereby caused to expand so that the reacting film surfaces meet in the middle. By imparting a taper to the side walls on the upper side of the concavity, or causing the cross-sectional shape of the cathode tip to converge in two steps, the precision of fabricating the shape of the tips can be raised.
The formation of the cathode film to the top of the mold concavity was being done by sputtering, etc. When the concave tip of the mold concavity becomes sharp, it becomes very difficult to fill cathode emitter material all the way to the bottom of the sharp form. Voids readily develop when one tries to fill emitter material all the way to the bottom of a sharp form. Even if such filling is possible, the process margin becomes very narrow. As a result, the yield of the field emission element manufacturing process becomes low.
Thus, even if a mold concavity having a sharp cusp can be formed, if emitter material cannot be sufficiently filled all the way to the bottom of the cusp of the said mold concavity, a field emission element exhibiting the desired high performance cannot be realized.

Manufacturing method for electric field emission element using ultra fine particles


Disclosed is an antenna matching device of a folder type portable wireless terminal with a built-in antenna. In the antenna matching device, a π-type matching circuit is connected between an built-in antenna and a duplexer, one end of a passive element is shunted between the π-type matching circuit and the duplexer, and an active element opens or connects the other end of the passive element to ground according to the opening or closing of a folder of the terminal. The antenna matching device lowers antenna impedance difference between the opened and closed states of the folder, such that the terminal can constantly maintain its radiation performance, such as VSWR and resonant frequency, regardless of the opened or closed position of the folder.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a portable wireless terminal with a built-in antenna, and, more particularly, to an antenna matching device and method that allow the terminal to have steady radiation performance regardless of whether a folder of the terminal is opened or closed.
2. Background of the Prior Art
Recently, portable wireless terminals are becoming more popular, and terminals having various functions and designs are being introduced. Further, small-sized, slim and lightweight terminals that are being introduced are, at the same time, required to provide various functions in order to satisfy user's demand. Therefore, the design of the terminal is focused on reducing the terminal size while maintaining or improving the terminal's functions, to ensure the customer satisfaction.
Specifically, terminals having a rod antenna (i.e. whip antenna) and a helical antenna that are protruded outward from the terminal are easily broken when the terminal is dropped, and such antennas reduce the portability of the terminal. Therefore, a plate type antenna installed within the terminal is being widely used. The plate type antenna is also called a built-in antenna, internal antenna, or intenna, and includes for example, a Planar Inverted F Antenna (PIFA), a Folded Monopole Antenna (FMA), and so on.
Though an external antenna is easy to design owing to its sufficient gain, the built-in antenna is not easy to design because its gain will vary depending on the shape of the terminal. Specifically, the impedance of a built-in antenna will vary according to opening or closing (or sliding up or sliding down) of the folder, causing degradation in efficiency. That is, the radiation performance of the built-in antenna significantly changes according to the opening or closing of the folder. Such change in radiation performance occurs because an antenna impedance matching is designed based on the opened position of folder (or, for sliding type terminals, whether the slider is slid up).
FIG. 1 is a circuit diagram of a conventional π-type antenna matching device.
Referring to FIG. 1, a π-type matching circuit consists of passive elements of inductors L1 and L2 and capacitor C1. The π-type matching circuit is used for antenna impedance matching. A detailed description of the π-type matching circuit will be omitted because the circuit is well known to those skilled in the art. Specifically, the design of the π-type matching circuit is merely based on the opened position of the folder (or slid up position).
FIG. 2A is a graph showing VSWR of the device depicted in FIG. 1 when a folder is opened, and FIG. 2B is a graph showing VSWR of the device depicted in FIG. 1 when a folder is closed. The vertical axis of each graph denotes VSWR and the horizontal axis of each graph denotes frequency.
The π-type matching circuit of FIG. 1 has an L1 value of 5.6 nH, an L2 of value 1.0 nH, and a C1 value of 1.5 pF. Triangular markers 1 and 2 are used to denote VSWRs measured from a Global System for Mobile (GSM) terminal having upper and lower frequency limits of 880 MHz and 960 MHz. Triangular markers 3 and 4 are used to denote VSWRs measured from a Digital Cordless System (DCS) terminal having upper and lower frequency limits of 1710 MHz and 1880 MHz.
In the case of the GSM terminal, when the folder is opened (refer to FIG. 2A), the graph reads a VSWR of 2.3629 in a transmission line and a VSWR of 1.4791 in a receiving line. In the case of the GSM terminal, when the folder is closed (refer to FIG. 2B), the graph reads a VSWR of 7.0171 in the transmission line and a VSWR of 2.5504 in the receiving line, and a resonant frequency is out of the frequency range between 880 MHz and 960 MHz. Since the antenna impedance matching circuit is designed based on the opened position of a folder, the graph reads the higher VSWR, and resonant frequency range is out of frequency range when the folder is closed. Specifically, when the resonant frequency is out of the frequency range, the transmission and reception efficiency of the terminal is lower and an undesired mute state of the terminal exists in weak electric fields.
Accordingly, in conventional systems the antenna matching is carried out by one π-type matching circuit. Since the π-type matching circuit does not cover both the opened (slid-up) and closed (slid-down) positions of the folder (slider), the radiation characteristic of the antenna is biased to one position (e.g. the opened position of the folder). That is, the antenna radiation characteristic can not be optimized for both positions of the folder. Therefore, there is a demand for an antenna matching technology that enables the antenna to have steady radiation performance regardless of whether the folder is opened or closed.

Device and method for antenna matching in portable wireless terminal with built-in antenna


A servo rotary scanning system of three-dimensional holographic imaging may include a servomotor (20) having a first angle sensor (21), a second angle sensor (30), a control component (40), a servo driver (50) and a rotary frame (10), the servo rotary scanning system of three-dimensional holographic imaging is a full-closed loop servo control system, the second angle sensor (30) detects an actual rotating angle of the rotary frame (10) and feeds back a frame feedback signal to the control component (40), an instruction signal in the control component (40) is compared with the frame feedback signal to generate a following error, the first angle sensor (21) detects an output rotating angle of the servomotor (20) and feeds back a motor feedback signal to the servo driver (50), and the servo driver (50) controls the servomotor (20) to rotate according to the following error and the motor feedback signal.

Three-dimensional holographic imaging systems have found wide application in the field of security inspection, and have achieved the purpose of covering and inspecting carried foreign matters with no dead angle due to the capability of observing and imaging from multiple viewing angles as compared to the flat-plate imaging system. In order to achieve precise three-dimensional imaging, an object-under-test needs to be covered from multiple angles by adopting cylindrical scanning. Thus, higher requirements have been imposed on the servo rotary scanning system of three-dimensional holographic imaging. During the operation, a rotary frame for transceiving antenna modules needs to rotate within a certain range of angles and it needs to be ensured that the overall deformation or shaking of the rotary frame in the horizontal direction and the radial direction is below a certain threshold. Due to requirements for the imaging speed imposed by the market, the scanning speed of the three-dimensional holographic imaging system during the operation is relatively high, which results in a decreased stability at the start and stop of the scanning. Moreover, to cooperate with the accurate transmitting and receiving of the signal of the transceiving antenna module, it is also needed to ensure that the rotation of the motor and the transceiving of the transceiving antenna module are performed simultaneously at time sequence, and this imposes requirements for the real-time monitoring and the inspection of the servo control system. During the multiple reciprocating scanning processes of the servo control system, the start and end positions of each scanning have to be positioned accurately, a real-time output rotating angle of the motor and an actual rotating angle of the rotary frame should be fed back in time and the time delay of the feedback should satisfy certain requirements. Accordingly, an urgent need exists in the market to develop a servo rotary scanning system of three-dimensional holographic imaging that satisfies the aforesaid technical requirements.

Servo rotary scanning system of three-dimensional holographic imaging

CHINA COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD.


A method for operating the powertrain includes monitoring operator inputs, monitoring a transmission output, and terminating an engine operating mode when a time-rate change in the transmission output exceeds a threshold absent a change in the monitored operator inputs.

The statements in this section merely provide background information related to the present disclosure and may not constitute prior art.
Powertrain architectures comprise torque-generative devices, including internal combustion engines and electric machines, which transmit torque through a transmission device to a vehicle driveline. One such transmission includes a two-mode, compound-split, electro-mechanical transmission which utilizes an input member for receiving motive torque from a prime mover power source, typically an internal combustion engine, and an output member for delivering motive torque from the transmission to the vehicle driveline and to wheels of the vehicle. Electric machines, operatively connected to an electrical energy storage device, comprise motor/generators operable to generate motive torque for input to the transmission, independently of torque input from the internal combustion engine. The electric machines are further operable to transform vehicle kinetic energy, transmitted through the vehicle driveline, to electrical energy that is storable in the electrical energy storage device. A control system monitors various inputs from the vehicle and the operator and provides operational control of the powertrain system, including controlling transmission gear shifting, controlling the torque-generative devices, and regulating the electrical power interchange between the electrical energy storage device and the electric machines.
The exemplary electro-mechanical transmissions are selectively operative in fixed gear modes and continuously variable modes through actuation of the torque-transfer clutches, typically employing a hydraulic circuit to effect clutch actuation. A fixed gear mode occurs when rotational speed of the transmission output member is a fixed ratio of rotational speed of the input member from the engine, typically due to actuation of one or more torque-transfer clutches. A continuously variable mode occurs when rotational speed of the transmission output member is variable based upon operating speeds of one or more electric machines. The electric machines can be connected to the output shaft via actuation of a clutch, or by direct connection. Clutch actuation and deactivation is typically effected through a hydraulic circuit.
The electric machines can be connected to the output shaft via actuation of a clutch, or by direct connection. Clutch actuation and deactivation is typically effected through a hydraulic circuit, including electrically-actuated hydraulic flow management valves, pressure control solenoids, and pressure monitoring devices controlled by a control module.
During operation, there is a need to monitor operation to identify a mismatch between a commanded operating range state and an actual operating range state. In such a situation, a mode-gear mismatch may occur, comprising the control system commanding operation in a continuously variable mode, when the transmission is actually operating at a fixed gear ratio. When this occurs, the control system tries to force engine speed to a calculated optimum speed based upon the continuously variable operating mode. There is a need to effectively identify absence of a mismatch, identify presence of a mismatch, and mitigate effects of any mismatch.

Method and apparatus to detect a mode-gear mismatch during operation of an electro-mechanical transmission


A method for inscribing a substrate with an inkjet printer using a light-curing ink. The method includes traversing, by the carriage, to the first end position at a first travel speed. The light-curing ink is sprayed-on along an inscription row onto the substrate using the print head during the traversing to the first end position. The sprayed-on ink is irradiated, for curing, using the illumination head during the traversing to the first end position. The carriage is traversed from the first end position to the second end position along the inscription row at a second travel speed, the second travel speed being lower than the first travel speed. The print head is inactive during the traversing to the second end position. The sprayed-on ink is irradiated using the illumination head during the traversing to the second end position. The substrate is then advanced using the transport apparatus.

It is commonly known to use light-curing inks when printing with inkjet printers. These contain multiple photoinitiators tuned to a predetermined short wavelength of light. Inkjet printers operable with light-curing inks comprise an illumination head for irradiation and illumination of the light-curing inks. During illumination, this head is moved along with the print head in traversing fashion between two housing sides of the inkjet printer, and irradiates the ink sprayed through print head nozzles onto the substrate. The wavelength of the emitted light is selected so that the photoinitiators are excited and the ink is at least partly polymerized. Polymerization results in an increase in the ink's viscosity, and in solidification of the ink. The degree of solidification depends on the irradiation duration and on the radiation power level of the illumination head.
The difficulty with inkjet printing, is that a very high radiation energy in a very short time is necessary in order to cure the ink sprayed onto the substrate. The energy necessary to cure UV-light-curing inks, is on the order of one joule. In order to apply the required energy even at high printing speeds, the radiation power levels required from an illumination head traveling along with the print head are in the kilowatt range. In the context of a fast-moving print head, an illumination head having a very high radiation power level must be selected so that the ink is solidified, and so that spreading of the ink is effectively prevented.
To achieve a sufficiently high radiation power level, the dimensions selected for the illumination head must be so large that it is no longer suitable for use in an inkjet printer embodied as a desktop unit. If a smaller illumination head is used in an inkjet printer embodied as a desktop unit, the risk then exists, especially when imprinting a non-absorbent substrate having capillary structures on the surface, that the ink applied onto the surface of the substrate will spread, and the printed image represented by the sprayed-on ink will become increasingly less sharp with time.
The spreading process depends on the ratio between the surface tensions of the ink and of the substrate, and thus also on the surface roughness of the substrate. The rougher the surface to be imprinted, the more quickly the ink spreads into the capillary structures. Although there is little ink spreading when the substrate has a smooth surface with no capillary structures, it is once again disadvantageous in this context that the adhesion between the ink and the surface of the substrate is low, and that a smear-proof bond thus cannot be achieved.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,092,980 describes a method for inkjet printing with light-curing ink that corresponds to the method cited above. In accordance therewith, a printing machine is used that comprises a carriage having a print head and an illumination head. After the printing of multiple line segments, a check is made as to whether the ink has cured. If that is not the case, provision can be made for additional passes over the printed image, during which only the illumination head, but not the print head, is active.
U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US 2003/0035037 further describes a method for inkjet printing with light-curing ink. Here the printing machine that is used comprises a carriage having a print head, on each side of which is arranged one illumination head. Only the illumination head that trails the print head along the relevant printed line is active in each case. The irradiation intensity of the two illumination heads is, however, not sufficient to cure the printed image line by line. A post-irradiation unit is therefore described, the substrate having the printed image being conveyed through beneath said unit.

Method for inkjet printing with light-curable ink


An oil and water gel composition is provided containing a polymer gel former of a polymer or copolymer of acrylic acid or acrylamide, a wax component having a melting point of at least 30° C. containing esters of pentaerythritol, dipentaerythritol and/or tripentaerythritol, and an oil component liquid at 25° C. and water.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to specific ON/W gel formulations, to their use as skin-care preparations and to a process for their production.
2. Prior Art
Polyacrylate-based gel formulations have long been known to the expert. Many of these gel formulations are surfactant-containing preparations which are used for personal hygiene. Thus, WO 96/17591 and WO 96/17592 describe surfactant-containing skin-cleansing formulations which are stabilized by polymeric gel formers. Although gels impart a sensorially very light and pleasantly cooling sensation, they are not normally used for the formulation of skin-care preparations because their care effects are poor. Polyacrylate-based gel formulations in particular do not have lasting care effects. In addition, gel formulations are salt-sensitive so that, when applied to the skin, they often break through the presence of salts.

O/W-gel-compositions having pentaerythritol esters or oligomers thereof


In an oscillator device that outputs a frequency signal based on an oscillation frequency of a crystal resonator and a frequency setting value, a frequency difference detector that obtains a difference value corresponding to a frequency difference between the output frequency of the oscillator device and an external clock signal and a temperature detector are disposed. An aging coefficient and a temperature characteristic coefficient are obtained based on a secular change of the difference value obtained in the frequency difference detector and a secular change of the detected temperature during a period where the external clock signal is obtained. Furthermore, a frequency correction value is calculated using the aging coefficient and the temperature characteristic coefficient during a holdover period, and the frequency correction value is added to the frequency setting value.

A high frequency stability is required in, for example, base stations for a mobile communication of mobile phones, a terrestrial broadcasting system, and the like. In this respect, as a technique to generate a frequency signal further high in stability, for example, Patent Document 1 discloses an oscillator device (an oscillation clock circuit) that obtains and uses an external clock signal (a synchronization signal) high in frequency stability from a Global Positioning System (GPS) for calibrating a frequency signal (a corrected frequency signal after multiplication) generated using a crystal controlled oscillator (terms used in Patent Document 1 are written in the parentheses).
In such an oscillator device that achieves the frequency stability using the external clock signal may fail to receive the external clock signal (holdover), for example, when a malfunction occurs in equipment or a transmission path. Once the holdover thus happens, the external clock signal can be no longer used, and therefore, a problem is caused in generating a highly stable frequency signal.
Therefore, the oscillator device described in Patent Document 1 focuses on a temperature change and a secular change that may be a cause that influences on the stability of the frequency signal. During a period of holdover, the oscillator device obtains a stable frequency signal by compensating the influence of the temperature change and the secular change using a calibration signal obtained by calculating an age of the crystal controlled oscillator and an ambient temperature as parameters, instead of the external clock signal.
Patent Document 2 discloses an Oven Controlled Crystal Oscillator (OCXO) that obtains an oscillation frequency that corresponds to a frequency setting value by oscillating a crystal resonator in a heat regulated atmosphere. This OCXO obtains a further stable oscillation frequency by calculating a frequency correction value for cancelling a secular change in the oscillation frequency based on a correspondence relationship between an accumulated elapsed time of the oscillation after the oscillation of the crystal resonator has started and the oscillation frequency and correcting the frequency setting value.
Furthermore, Patent Document 3 discloses an oscillator device that oscillates a first oscillator circuit based on an external clock signal obtained from the GPS and obtains the frequency corresponding to the frequency setting value. Also, there is disposed a second oscillator circuit for obtaining a frequency corresponding to the frequency setting value, besides the first oscillator circuit. An approximation formula that predicts an influence of a secular change of the frequency is obtained based on time-series data of a difference value corresponding to a frequency difference between a frequency of the external clock signal when the external clock signal is received and a frequency obtained by the second oscillator circuit. Furthermore, there is disclosed a technique that uses the frequency of the second oscillator circuit obtained by correcting the frequency setting value with a correction value calculated from the approximation formula and an elapsed time as an internal clock signal when the external clock signal is interrupted to oscillate the first oscillator circuit.
Thus, while the technique to obtain the frequency signal with high stability even during the period of holdover is variously proposed, the request for the frequency stability during the period is increasing.


A transmission circuit includes: a modulated signal generator; a modulated signal line where an OFDM modulated wave flows; a detector; a phase component line for transmitting a phase component; an amplitude component line for transmitting an amplitude component; a level judging circuit for judging the level of the amplitude component; a constant-voltage supply line; first and second selectors; a quadrature converter; and an RF power amplifier. An EER or pseudo-EER technique is performed in a region where the RF input-output characteristic of the RF power amplifier with an EER technique exhibits a linear response, whereas usual modulation is performed in a region where a nonlinear response is exhibited. The modulation method is switched using the level judging circuit and the selectors with reference to a threshold value which is the boundary between the region where the linear response is exhibited and the region where the nonlinear response is exhibited.

The present invention relates to circuits for transmitters of radio communications, below denoted as "transmission circuits".
In general, to process modulated signals with amplitude modulation, especially multiple modulation such as Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM), radio-frequency power amplifiers in transmission circuits for transmitting power to antennas need linear amplification. Therefore, class A or AB had been adopted as operation classes of the RF power amplifiers.
However, with the progress of broadband communication, communication methods using subcarrier modulation such as Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex (OFDM) have come to be used and high efficiency is not expected any more with the conventional class-A or AB radio frequency amplifiers. That is, in the OFDM modulation, subcarriers are overlapped so that a large amount of power is instantaneously generated at random time and the ratio between the average power and the peak power, i.e., a Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR), is high. Therefore, a large amount of DC power always needs to be held in order to allow linear amplification of peak power which is much greater than the average power. With respect to class-A operation, the efficiency is only 50% at the maximum. In particular, in the case of the OFDM modulation, since the PAPR is high, DC power obtained by multiplying current by the difference between the peak voltage for the peak power and the peak voltage for the peak power is lost in the form of heat in almost all the time except for the period in which the peak power is output. Accordingly, the resultant efficiency decreases largely.
As a result, wireless equipments using batteries as their power supplies, for example, have shorter continuous operation time, and thus inconveniences arise in actual application.
To solve this problem, a conventional Envelope Elimination and Restoration (EER) technique known as Kaln Technique was proposed in FIG. 6 of U.S. Pat. No. 6,256,482B1, for example.
FIG. 8 is a circuit block diagram showing a general concept of a known EER technique. In FIG. 8, an OFDM modulated wave (modulated signal) generated by a modulator 401 is input to a detector 402, which is a modulated signal detecting means, through a modulated signal line 410. The detector 402 detects the OFDM modulated wave by dividing the wave into a phase component and an amplitude component. Specifically, the IQ carriers of the OFDM modulated wave generated by the modulator 401 are divided into an amplitude component √(I2+Q2) and a phase component tan−1 (Q/I) and these components are detected. The phase component (conjugated phase modulated wave) is transmitted from the detector 402 through phase component lines 411, is up-converted by a phase component quadrature modulator 404, and then is input to an RF input terminal of a PA 405 (RF power amplifier) in the form of RF signal power. The amplitude component (amplitude modulated wave) is transmitted through an amplitude component line 412, is subjected to DC-to-DC conversion in a DC-to-DC converter 403, and then is input to a power-supply-voltage terminal of the PA 405.
Now, as an example of the OFDM modulated wave in the case of IEEE 802.11a, about 7 dB is needed as a backoff (the amount representing how much lower the output power is than the saturation power). That is, only 20% of the RF peak power is used as the RF output power, so that the efficiency deteriorates from 50% to 10%. To use the class-A or AB PA with high efficiency, the minimum power-supply voltage required to output RF power is successively applied to the PA and the backoff is ideally 0 dB.
To solve this problem, in the EER technique, a modulated signal wave in which a quadrature modulation has been performed on a phase component obtained by polar mapping of a modulated signal is applied to the PA 405. The modulated wave with this phase component is a sine wave whose amplitude is constant and whose phase changes with time, so that the PA 405 is operable with a backoff of almost 0 dB. As the output of the PA 405, the amplitude component input from the power-supply-voltage terminal is multiplied by the phase component, so that the same modulated wave as that obtained by performing the quadrature modulation on the original modulated signal is obtained.

Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.


An address receiving circuit for a semiconductor apparatus includes a controller that, in response to a semiconductor apparatus initialization-related command, generates a control signal having an activation cycle corresponding to the standard of cycle time of the semiconductor apparatus initialization-related command, and an address buffer that receives an address according to the control signal.

1. Technical Field
The embodiments described herein relate to a semiconductor apparatus, and in particular, to an address receiving circuit for a semiconductor apparatus.
2. Related Art
As shown in FIG. 1, a conventional receiving circuit includes an address buffer 10, an MRS latch 20, and an MRS decoder 30.
The address buffer 10 receives a general address "A<0:13>" and a bank address "BA<0:1>" according to a clock signal "CK."
The MRS latch 20 latches an address "TLA<0:15>" output from the address buffer 10 in response to a pulse signal "MRS," which is generated according to an MRS (Mode Register Set) command. Since the MRS latch 20 must latch the entire address "TLA<0:15>" output from the address buffer 10, latches are provided by the number of bits of the address "TLA<0:15>."
The MRS decoder 30 decodes and outputs the address TLAD<0:15> latched by the MRS latch 20 according to the configuration settings information of the particular semiconductor operation mode that the semiconductor apparatus is set to. Examples of configuration settings include burst lengths (e.g., "BL4," "BL8," etc.), burst type "BTINT," CAS latency "CL<2:4>," and write recovery cycle.
The MRS command is input to initialize a semiconductor apparatus. The MRS command defines the standard of MRS command cycle time (tMRD) such that a prescribed time difference is created between an initial MRS command and a subsequent MRS command. In the case of DDR2 and DDR3, the tMRD defines 2 clocks and 4 clocks.
In a conventional semiconductor apparatus, in order to latch an address input according to the MRS command, the number of latches provided need to match the number of bits of the address. Therefore, a large design layout area is required for the latches.
Even if the address is not input until a successive MRS command is input after the initial MRS command input, the clock may be toggled to latch the address, which can result in unnecessary power consumption.

Address receiving circuit for a semiconductor apparatus


The present invention provides a combinational charging mechanism comprising a main body, a transformer circuit unit, and a bearing seat. The main body has a receiving room therein. The transformer circuit unit is received in the receiving room of the main body. The transformer circuit unit has connection points. The transformer circuit unit joins a first plug and a cable. The other end of the cable joins a second plug. A bearing seat is joined at the outside of the main body. The connection points stick into the bearing seat. A charging mechanism having both travel-charging function and desktop-charging function is thus formed.

The present invention relates to a combinational charging mechanism and, more particularly, to a combinational charging mechanism having both travel-charging and desktop-charging functions, which can be simultaneously used.
Along with continual progress of information technology, portable electronic devices such as mobile phones and personal digital assistants (PDAs) have become articles of frequent use in everyday lives of people. General portable electronic devices use chargeable Li batteries, Nixe2x80x94MH batteries, or Nixe2x80x94Cd batteries to provide required electricity.
As shown in FIG. 1, a conventional travel charger 10a comprises a main body 11a, which has a transformer circuit unit (not shown) therein. The input end of the transformer circuit unit joins a first plug 12a, and the output end thereof joins a cable 13a. The other end of the cable 13a joins a second plug 14a. The first plug 12a can be plugged into a socket of 110V or 220V alternating current (AC). Through the function of the transformer circuit unit, a direct current is obtained. The direct current is transferred to the second plug 14a via the cable 13a. The second plug 14a is then plugged into a portable electronic device 20a such as a mobile phone to charge it.
However, the above charger can only provide travel-charging function to directly charge a mobile phone or a PDA, and cannot charge a second battery as a desktop charger. It is necessary to purchase another charging seat, hence increasing economic burden to a user.
Moreover, when the charging seat is to be used, it is necessary to connect the charger and the charging seat. At this time, only desktop-charging function can be provided, and travel-charging function cannot be used. Therefore, travel-charging and desktop-charging functions of the prior art charger and charging seat cannot be used simultaneously, hence limiting their usage and resulting much inconvenience for the user.
The primary object of the present invention is to provide a combinational charging mechanism, which can provide travel-charging and desktop-charging functions. It is not necessary to purchase another charging seat, hence lessening economic burden to a user. Moreover, travel-charging and desktop-charging functions can be used simultaneously, resulting in more flexible use. Therefore, the user can flexibly choose either travel-charging function or desktop-charging function to use, or can use both of them simultaneously.
To achieve the above object, the present invention provides a combinational charging mechanism comprising a main body, a transformer circuit unit, and a bearing seat. The main body has a receiving room therein. The transformer circuit unit is received in the receiving room of the main body. The transformer circuit unit has connection points. The transformer circuit unit joins a first plug and a cable. The other end of the cable joins a second plug. The bearing seat is joined on the main body. The connection points stick into the bearing seat. A charging mechanism is thus formed.
The various objects and advantages of the present invention will be more readily understood from the following detailed description when read in conjunction with the appended drawing, in which:

No. 10, Alley 38, Lane 229, San Chun St.


A battery pack includes a first battery module, a first battery case accommodating the first battery module, a second battery module, and a second battery case placed on an upper side of the first battery case so as to overlap each other and accommodating the second battery module. The second battery module is fixed to a fastening portion formed on a bottom surface of the second battery case and bulging downward. A hole portion for accommodating the fastening portion is provided on an upper surface of the first battery case at a position overlapping the fastening portion when viewed from above.

In a recent year, electric vehicles such as electric automobiles using a motor as a driving source and hybrid automobiles using an engine and a battery as a driving source have been known in place of gasoline vehicles equipped with only an engine as a driving source. Those electric vehicles are equipped with batteries which supply electric power to the motors. For example, in an electric vehicle described in JP2015-088312A, a battery case accommodating a plurality of batteries is mounted under a floor.
In such an electric vehicle, it is necessary to install more batteries in order to extend the mileage that can be traveled by a motor. To install more batteries, for example, as in a battery pack described in JP2015-088312A, it is conceivable to form one battery pack by stacking and fixing two battery modules in an up-down direction with a plate portion interposed between them.

Battery pack having overlapping battery modules


A digital line card for interfacing a remotely located digital telephone to a central office system by a two-wire connection is disclosed. The digital line card consists of a line interface connected to the two-wire connection. The line interface provides a full duplex transmission link with the remotely located digital telephone over the two-wire connection. A buffer is connected between the line interface and the central office system. The buffer converts data between the line interface and the central office system. The line card further comprising a protocol controller connected to the line interface. The protocol controller performs a packet protocol for communications with the remotely located telephone. To complete the line card, there is provided a processor connected to the protocol controller and to the central office system, under the direction of the central office system, the processor controls the operation of the digital line card and, through the protocol controller means, communicates with and controls the remotely located digital telephone.

Prior to the present invention, remote telephone consoles were implemented as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,751,696 "CENTREX ATTENDANT CONSOLE INTERFACE". But this implementation was limited because:
1) It required a total of six wires between the central office (CO) and the console; PA1 2) The analog signal is not digitized until reaching the CO, thereby allowing noise to be induced; PA1 3) The line card (CONI) does not provide any call processing functions; PA1 4) The data channel is limited to a low BAUD rate, and; PA1 5) All customer information is stored in the central office's central computer or the remote console.
Most organizations desire each secretary to have a telephone console for answering unattended telephones, determining who is using the telephone, intercepting calls, etc. These features are generally present if the organization purchases a Private Branch Exchange (PBX); however, as stated in U.S. Pat. No. 4,751,696, the telephone industry developed CENTREX to provide many of the same features without the initial capital or maintenance requirements. But, because of the limitation stated above, the number of consoles per CO was limited.
Because of the limited number of consoles, the telecommunications industry developed its CENTREX features to function on the standard telephone instrument. This was accomplished by using "access" codes to indicate which feature was to be used. Each feature generally required a distinct access code.
To simplify the features, and reduce the number of access codes that must be memorized, a programmable telephone was developed. Here, the telephone instrument had feature buttons that sent the appropriate access code. But to answer an unattended telephone the secretary must either forward the unattended telephone to their telephone or be able to hear the unattended telephone ring and press the correct access code (or feature button). To solve this problem, each line to be monitored was split and sent to both the telephone and the console. When the telephone rings (or is busy) the console indicates which line is ringing. But, the number of wires connected to the console can quickly become prohibitive.
It therefore becomes the object of the present invention to provide a console telephone system that allows the user to program its functionality, displays the current status, and can be provided in substantial numbers.

Digital line card for interfacing a remotely located digital telephone to a central office system


Metadata includes runtime dependencies for services that form an application. Each runtime dependency includes one or more of the one or more services, unless it has no runtime dependencies. A first of the services is selected, based on the metadata, that does not have runtime dependencies or those runtime dependencies are operational. The selected service is started. Other embodiments are described and claimed.

Data is an important asset for businesses. Data can be stored on servers which can be cloud-based and/or reside in a local network. Applications are run on servers to manage the data for a variety of computing needs.
A monolithic software architecture is characterized by a software that is (e.g., computer instructions) are built as a single application. Such a solution can include a client-side user interface, a server side-application, a database, or combinations thereof. Application functionality with monolithic software architecture is unified and managed and served from a single application base. Monolithic applications lack modularity-they have a single large code base. To make changes and upgrades, a developer would make changes to the entire application. Thus, the monolithic software architecture can be cumbersome and require large efforts to make small changes.
Virtual machines (VMs) allow internet providers to run multiple operating system instances on a common server. With VMs, applications can be isolated from each other in the same server, thus reducing the need for buying or maintaining multiple servers. VMs, however, can consume system resources because they make virtual copies of resources such as operating systems, etc. For servers to run VMs, a substantial amount of RAM, clock time, and operating system licenses may be required.
Deployment of software can refer to the process of running an application on a server or other target computing device (e.g., a production environment, a desktop, laptop, smart phone, tablet computer, or IoT device). The deployment of software can include making the application work properly on the device. Common activities that coincide with deployment include software release, installation, testing, deployment, and performance monitoring.

Deployment of services with dependencies


Regulatory elements (e.g. promoters) activated by a stimulus are isolated by a FACS-based method. Preferably, a library of random fragments representative of a target (e.g. bacterial) genome are cloned in front of a promoterless gfp (green fluorescent protein) sequence in a plasmid, and inserted into target cells. The resulting target cell mixture is sorted according to GFP levels in the presence and the absence of the stimulus. Suitable stimuli include compounds of interest (e.g. drugs), environmental factors (e.g. extracellular acidity), and complex stimuli such as in vivo environments of hosts infected by the target cells. The method allows identifying pathogen genes which are selectively expressed during infection.

Many intracellular pathogens survive in host organisms by coordinately regulating the expression of a wide spectrum of genes in response to their surroundings. This adaptation includes not only metabolic and physiological adjustments to new nutritional requirements, but also the synthesis of proteins necessary to circumvent the host organism's anti-microbial arsenal. For example, bacteria survive in phagocytes by expressing certain genes in response to the phagocytic environment. Since a microbe's ability to survive in the host correlates with its ability to cause disease, the identification of genes that are preferentially transcribed in the in vivo environment of the host is central to our understanding of how pathogenic organisms mount a successful infection. For further information on the relationship between gene expression and pathogen survival in hosts, see the articles by Mekalanos in J. Bacteriol. 174:1 (1992), Mahan et al. in Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium F. C. Neidhart, Ed. (ASM Press, Washington D.C., 1996), vol. II, pp. 2803, Fields et al. in PNAS USA 83:5189 (1986), and Horwitz in J. Exp. Med. 166:1310 (1987).
Recently, the isolation of preferentially-induced genes has been made possible with the use of sophisticated promoter traps (e.g. IVET) that are based on conditional auxotrophy complementation or drug resistance. In one IVET approach, various bacterial genome fragments are placed in front of a necessary metabolic gene coupled to a reporter gene. The DNA constructs are inserted into a bacterial strain otherwise lacking the metabolic gene, and the resulting bacteria are used to infect the host organism. Only bacteria expressing the metabolic gene survive in the host organism; consequently, inactive constructs can be eliminated by harvesting only bacteria that survive for some minimum period in the host. At the same time, constitutively active constructs can be eliminated by screening only bacteria which do not express the reporter gene under laboratory conditions. The bacteria selected by such a method contain constructs that are selectively induced only during infection of the host. The genome fragments in such constructs make promising therapeutic targets. For information on IVET see the articles by Mahan et al. in Science 259:686-688 (1993), Mahan et al. in PNAS USA 92:669-673 (1995), Heithoff et al. in PNAS USA 94:934-939 (1997), and Wanget al. in PNAS USA. 93:10434 (1996).
IVET has been limited to bacterial pathogens with tractable genetic systems because of its requirement for high frequencies of homologous recombination and extensive strain manipulation prior to gene selection. In IVET, the library of constructs is made by recombination into the chromosome; consequently, building a representative library can be difficult and labor-intensive. The technique's reliance on conditional auxotrophic complementation or drug resistance limits its use to organisms with particular nutritional requirements or antibiotic sensitivity. Gene fusions that are transcriptionally silent under laboratory conditions must be manually screened, a step which is not only biased but also time-consuming. The use of lacZ or other conventional reporter genes requires the addition of substrates to the bacteria. In addition, the method is limited to the measurement of gene activity on a populational basis, and is sensitive to the bacterial load present within cells and to the effect of microenvironments on enzymatic activity (e.g., lacZ is irreversibly denatured below pH 5.5).

Flourescence-based isolation of differentially induced genes

The Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University


A framework for declarative expression of data processing is provided. The framework allows for data to be represented by its metadata in a declarative manner, allowing for the generation of code at, for example, build time. The declarative representation of the metadata facilitates the separation of the data (e.g., the raw data that is stored in a data store and that is available using, for example, a data store adapter) from the code (e.g., the code that is executed for the manipulation and validation of data) and the view (e.g., the form that the data is shown to a user, for example, through a UI).

Persisting state and data into a database is an important part of many solutions and applications. In the databases, the data can be saved in many formats, such as text, application-specific binary, or a format that is supported by generally available database engines such as MICROSOFT SQL Server. Often times, as an application is developed, the application ends up containing details about the specific storage format or method. In addition, the format of the data when stored is usually different than the format of the data in memory, for example, as it is used by the application. For example, an application may be required to convert a number to a string in order to save to a text file, or construct an XML text block in order to save it into an XML file. Moreover, in order to store the data in a database, the data may need to be converted to a type that is supported by the database engine used.
When converting data formats, the application typically needs to validate the data for the new form the data is taking. For example, an application that needs to convert a "number" to a "string" in order to save an integer into a text file may be required to perform a length check on the number if the file has limited space allocated for the data being written. The application also needs to check the integrity of the data before actually storing the data in its new form. In these applications, the validation and integrity-checking code is typically tightly integrated with the application code—i.e., the data conversion and rules for validating the converted data types and checking the integrity of the converted data before storing the data ends up becoming an integral part of the application.
The integration of the validation and integrity-checking code with the application code presents many problems. A major problem is the time and energy required to add or change a storage type in an application where the validation and integrity-checking code is tightly integrated with the application code. For example, in order to add or introduce a new storage target in an application that is using an existing storage type, all of the validation and integrity-checking needs to be repeated in the application for the new storage target. Also, where an application is using multiple types of storage, changes to any of the storage types requires all of the validation and integrity-checking to be repeated in the application for each of the storage types that is being changed.
The tight integration of code is also present in the development of user interfaces (UIs). Many server, and sometimes client, software products provide an administrative UI that allows users, such as administrators or end users, to locally or remotely configure the settings for the various aspects of the products, and allows users to monitor the health statistics of the running software process. In the server management UI, there are typically a set of nodes representing different deployment or management entities.
By way of example, a server's administrative console may include a set of deployment/management entities such as, an Active Directory forest, domains inside the forest, server pools, servers associated with the pools, users that are assigned to different pools, etc. Each type of node may represent a logical deployment/management entity that is associated with, for example, different sets of properties, management tasks and extensibility points. In conventional implementations, the management software typically "hard codes" a set of UI elements for each entity, and each entity has the built-in knowledge of what set of UI elements it needs to display as well as how to organize and render these elements. In these implementations of the management software, the coupling is very tight between the deployment/management entities and their corresponding UI elements. A major drawback to the tight coupling between the deployment/management entities and their corresponding UI elements is that a change to the logic in the UI elements or to the deployment/management entities usually causes a rebuild of several binaries in the product.
Another drawback is the inflexibility caused by the tight coupling between the deployment/management entities and their corresponding UI elements. For example, if a set of new UI elements needs to be added for a particular deployment/management entity, the entity code needs to be changed, rebuilt, tested and redistributed to, for example, a customer with the knowledge of these newly added UI elements. The customer needs to know how to create, organize, render and communicate with these UI elements. Moreover, the code for these new UI elements needs to be written, built, tested and redistributed to the customer as well. The cost associated with these steps can be very high, and may force the development of incremental, yet important additions/changes, which could otherwise reach the targeted customers more quickly and drive up customer satisfaction, to be "pushed off" or delayed, for example, to a next release of the product.
It would be desirable to have a technique that allows for the decoupling of various functionalities from the application code.

Framework for declarative expression of data processing


The gas cycle in a high pressure hydroformylation reaction using a series of at least two reactors is controlled to optimise yield, conversion and selectivity and to control reaction temperature. The control is achieved through balancing fresh gases and recycle gases in each of the reactors and as an optional feature the use of hydrogen off gases from the downstream hydrogenation used in the conversion of the hydroformylation reaction product to product alcohols.

Hydroformylation is a well-known process in which an olefin is reacted with carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst to form aldehydes and alcohols containing one carbon atom more than the feed olefin. This process has been operated commercially for many years and there have been two principal technology families used. One is known as the low or medium pressure oxo process family and which generally involves the use as catalyst of an organometallic complex of rhodium with organophosphorous ligands for providing the necessary stability at the lower pressures and operates at pressures from 10 to 50 Bar. The second process family is known as the high or medium-pressure process family and generally involves the use of a cobalt or rhodium based catalyst and typically operates at pressures from 50 to 350 Bar. Generally the low pressure processes are used for the hydroformylation of unbranched and terminal, primarily lower olefins such as ethylene, propylene and n-butenes, but also including n-hexene-1, n-octene-1 and mixtures of higher carbon number terminal olefins produced by the Fischer-Tropsch process. The high or medium pressure processes are primarily used for the hydroformylation of linear internal and branched higher olefins such as those containing 5 or more carbon atoms. This process is widely used to produce what are known as "higher alcohols" or aldehydes or acids which are in the C6 to C15 range particularly the C9 to C13 range. Such materials are typically used in the production of plasticiser or lubricant esters such as the esters of phthalic acid and anhydride, esters of cyclohexane dicarboxylic acids, esters of adipic or trimellitic acid, esters of the various isomers of pyromellitic acid, and polyol esters, but also in surfactant derivatives like ethoxylates, sulfates, or ethoxysulfates.
Hydroformylation is typically performed in large volume reactors which may be continuous or batch reactors. The present invention is concerned with hydroformylation that is performed in a series of at least two reactors.
The present invention is concerned with improving hydroformylation reactions operating continuously and at high or medium pressures and generally using a cobalt based catalyst although other catalyst systems may be used.
As with most large scale industrial chemical processes improvements in the efficiency of the use of raw materials, optimisation of the recycle of unreacted materials and the optimisation of reaction conditions, material balance and other variables are most important. Improvements which can result in a few percentage point increases in conversion, output and efficiency are extremely significant improvements.
High and medium pressure hydroformylation (sometimes known as OXO) reactions involve the reaction of liquid materials with normally gaseous materials which are at least partly dissolved in the liquid during reaction due to the high pressure conditions, and gaseous materials may also be entrained as droplets or bubbles in the liquid phase. Unreacted materials are vented off after the reaction and the present invention is concerned with optimising the reuse of such off-gases in the reaction system. The invention is particularly concerned with the optimisation of gas utilisation by the use of a combination of fresh gaseous feeds and the recycle gases to optimise reaction conditions and thus the conversion and yield of the hydroformylation reaction.
The starting liquids that are involved in high pressure hydroformylation comprise olefins which may be mixtures of olefins such as those obtained from olefin oligomerisation units. For example the olefins may be mixtures of C5 to C12 olefins obtained by the phosphoric acid catalysed oligomerisation of C3 and C4 olefins and mixtures thereof, and where olefin mixtures are used, they may have been fractionated to obtain relatively narrow boiling cut mixtures of mostly the appropriate carbon number for the production of aldehydes and alcohols with the desired carbon number. Alternatively the olefins may be obtained by other oligomerisation techniques such as for example the dimerisation of butene using a nickel oxide catalyst, like the Octol® process, or an oligomerisation process for ethylene, propylene and/or butenes using a nickel salt and involving di-alkyl aluminum halides, like the range of Dimersol® processes, or a zeolite catalyst. The olefins may also be obtained from ethylene growth processes, in which case they are often called linear alpha olefins or normal alpha olefins, or they can be mixtures obtained from the Fischer Tropsch process, which primarily contain terminal olefins but which may show some side branches along their longest alkyl chain.
The gases that are involved in high and medium pressure hydroformylation include carbon monoxide and hydrogen, frequently supplied in a mixture that is known as synthesis gas or "syngas". Syngas can be obtained through the use of partial oxidation technology (POX), or steam reforming (SR), or a combination thereof that is often referred to as autothermal reforming (ATR). It can be generated from almost every carbon containing source material, including methane, natural gas, ethane, petroleum condensates like propane and/or butane, naphtha or other light boiling hydrocarbon liquids, gasoline or distillate-like petroleum liquids, but also including heavier oils and byproducts from various processes including hydroformylation, and even from coal and other solid materials like biomass and waste plastics. On liquid feeds, a steam reformer may involve a pre-reformer to convert part of the feed to methane before entering the actual reformer reaction. The gaseous feed streams can also contain inert components such as nitrogen, helium, argon, methane and carbon dioxide which, although mostly inert, are significant in that they have a dilution effect and can help to control reaction temperature. The drawback with these inerts is that their concentrations may change over time, which changes their effects in the hydroformylation step. Nitrogen, helium and argon can come in as impurities with the oxygen supply, or when air or enriched air is used as feed for syngas generation. Also natural gas or methane feeds can contain such inerts. Methane can be left over from incomplete conversion during the syngas generation, or from a methanation reactor that may be included in the flow scheme. As source levels can change, and operating conditions can change, so can the levels of these inerts. Carbon dioxide levels are controlled by reaction conditions in the syngas generation or by absorber and regenerator efficiency if an acid gas absorber/regenerator system is included downstream thereof. Carbon dioxide levels in the fresh syngas are therefore prone to change too.
The gases that are involved in the present invention are fresh gases and the recycle of unreacted gases. An important aspect of the present invention is the use of recycle gases to obtain the appropriate balance of gases in the reactors. Compression of gases, particularly when these need to be brought up to medium and high pressure levels, is energy intensive, and especially inefficient in energy use when the gases comprise significant amounts of hydrogen. Separating unreacted gases from the hydroformylation reaction product, and the partial recycle of this offgas to the reactor, is a well-known way to improve the overall utilisation of the gas feeds to the hydroformylation reactors. It is known that with this gas recycle, due to the presence of inerts in the fresh gases, inerts will build up in the system and reduce the partial pressures of the reactive components like hydrogen and carbon monoxide. Purging a portion of the offgas mixture is the typical solution to avoid excessive buildup of inerts.
Hydroformylation reactions may be continuous or batch reactions and the present invention is concerned with continuous reactions. The reactions with which the invention is concerned take place in a series of two or more reactors and in a preferred embodiment the reactions take place in a series of reactors involving gas lift reactors as lead or front end reactors, more preferably involving loop reactors. The series of reactors may be made up of separate distinct sections within one or a few reaction vessels. Alternatively, one reactor in the series can in itself be made up of different volumes set up in series or in parallel.
The main hydroformylation reaction is the reaction of an olefin with carbon monoxide and hydrogen to produce an aldehyde,Olefin+CO+H2→Aldehyde
This reaction consumes equimolar amounts of CO and H2. Its rate of reaction is proportional to the ratio of hydrogen-to-CO. When the fresh feed syngas does not contain CO and hydrogen in equal molar amounts, this H2/CO ratio is bound to change as the reaction progresses through the hydroformylation reactor zone. Also, there are a number of competing and consecutive gas consuming reactions in which the CO and H2 is not necessarily consumed in an equimolar ratio, for example:Olefin+H2→ParaffinOlefin+CO+H2O→AcidAldehyde+H2→AlcoholAldehyde+CO+H2→Formate esterAldehydes can condense with alcohols to form a hemi-acetal, R1-CHOH—O—R2, which is not very stable and splits off water to form an unsaturated ether. This again can undergo gas consuming reactions:Unsaturated ether+H2→di-alkyl etherUnsaturated ether+CO+H2→ether aldehyde
All these other gas consuming reactions also affect the quantity of CO and hydrogen present throughout each reactor and throughout the series of reactors. Also the rates of these reactions are dependent on conditions and concentrations at each local spot in the reaction zone which are not necessarily constant. The presence of CO and hydrogen is therefore not constant throughout the reaction zone in absolute terms, and even less in relative terms particularly the case when two or more reactors in series are used.
There remains therefore a need to control the concentration and ratio of CO and hydrogen in the second and any subsequent reactors in the ranges desired for that part of the reaction zone. The present invention provides such a control.
In an industrial hydroformylation plant that is producing alcohols, at least part of the product of hydroformylation which consists primarily of aldehydes, or of mixtures of alcohols, aldehydes and formate esters, potentially together with various other compounds, is hydrogenated to convert the aldehydes and formate esters to alcohols and to reduce the level of the impurities. On certain catalysts, these formate esters can, amongst others, split into an alcohol and carbon monoxide, which in the presence of water, can undergo the water-gas-shift reaction and produce hydrogen and carbon dioxide. Alternatively, the formate ester can hydrolyse with water to form the alcohol and formic acid, which then can decompose into carbon monoxide and hydrogen. This formed hydrogen is then available to participate in the hydrogenation reaction. Overall, the hydrogenation reaction is typically operated with a stoichiometric excess of hydrogen, and can therefore result in a stream of unreacted hydrogen. In one aspect, the present invention is therefore also concerned with the use of this stream, to provide the optimum gas balance in the second and subsequent reactors in hydroformylation reactions involving a series of two or more reactors. As with the other streams this hydrogen off gas stream may contain inerts such as nitrogen and methane. It can also contain carbon dioxide as explained earlier. Typically it does however not contain significant amounts of carbon monoxide, because this is against the equilibrium of the water-gas-shift reaction (H2O+CO<--->CO2+H2) that is approached over many catalysts used in the hydrogenation step. Carbon monoxide in the offgas from hydrogenation is typically below 1 mol %, preferably not more than 0.5 mole %, more preferably not more than 0.4 mole %.
It is known, from WO 94/29018, to conduct hydroformylation reactions in a series of reactors and it is also known from WO 94/29018 to feed fresh olefin and fresh synthesis gas to the first and second reactors. This split feed has been found to be beneficial because the first reactor, when it is a gas-lift reactor or preferably a loop reactor, in which the internal fluid circulation and mixing is driven by a density difference provided by having more gas in the upward moving part of the reactor, as compared to the downward moving part, can become unstable as the olefin feed rate, particularly also combined with the additional amount of gas required for the reaction, is increased above a certain threshold. The maximum amount of olefin that can be fed to the lead reactor depends upon many factors, but also on the reactivity of the particular olefin that is being processed. More stable conditions can be realised if the fresh olefin feed is divided between the first and second reactors. It has also been found that if the optimum amount of syngas is fed to the first reactor there can be hydrodynamic instabilities due to the large volumes of gas present. These instabilities can also lead to fluctuations in the temperature in the reactor. This can lead to unique steady state conditions that are periodic, also known as limit cycles. Further increases may enlarge the limit cycle range, and ultimately lead to more severe conditions of a multiplicity, usually a runaway or, at startup, an inability to start the reactor. This situation may be managed by adjusting temperature and catalyst concentration, but it is preferred that a part of the fresh syngas also be fed to the second reactor to alleviate the risk and consequences of the instabilities. Another way to cope with possible instabilities in the lead gas-lift reactor is to provide two lead reactors in parallel, both fed independently and both feeding their product into a third reactor which is in the second position. This method may still be combined with the split feed of olefin and/or fresh syngas to the reactor in second position and in the second reactor for the purposes of this invention. U.S. Pat. No. 4,320,237 also employs a series of reactors.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,378,590 hydroformylates olefins and synthesis gas using a single hydroformylation reactor and cobalt catalysis. Gases that are unreacted during the hydroformylation reaction are recycled to the hydroformylation reactor. In U.S. Pat. No. 3,378,590 the product of hydroformylation containing cobalt carbonyls passes to a hydrogenation zone where the aldehydes are hydrogenated to alcohols and the metal carbonyls are decomposed to the metal and carbon monoxide. The mixture of unreacted hydrogen and the carbon monoxide can be recycled to the hydroformylation reactor.
In U.S. Pat. No. 4,049,725 a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide is used for the hydrogenation of aldehydes and the partially hydrogen depleted waste stream that is obtained after this hydrogenation is used in the hydroformylation reaction.
The ratio of hydrogen to carbon monoxide is an important criterion for the performance of the hydroformylation reaction. As stated by Falbe on page 17 of his book "New Syntheses with Carbon Monoxide", the reaction rate is directly proportional to that ratio. He also states that for each temperature and cobalt concentration, there must be a minimum partial pressure of carbon monoxide present to keep the cobaltcarbonyl catalyst stable, so that plating out of the cobalt as cobalt clusters or as metal does not occur. As a consequence, within these requirements of a minimum carbon monoxide presence, the higher the hydrogen concentration the better.
Hydroformylation reactions typically do not convert all the reactive materials fed to the reactor and so the product of hydroformylation contains unreacted materials particularly carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The traditionally applied excess of carbon monoxide assures the stability of the catalyst even after most of the reaction has taken place. A hydrogen excess is typically desirable to keep the reaction rate up also in the back end of the reactor section.
The products of hydroformylation, predominantly aldehydes and alcohols, but also some formate esters and possibly including heavy materials, are typically fed at least partially, as such or optionally after distillation, to a hydrogenation reactor. This is usually done after catalyst removal, and the products are then hydrogenated to produce alcohols. There is generally an excess of hydrogen in the hydrogenation reactor, which is left over as a waste stream. Optionally, a part of the aldehydes from the hydroformylation reaction may be separated off for use as such or for being converted into carboxylic acids.
There are therefore many gas streams in the commercial manufacture of alcohols and the present invention is concerned with the optimisation of gas utilisation throughout the hydroformylation reaction and also throughout a process involving both hydroformylation and hydrogenation.
The present invention is illustrated by reference to FIG. 1 which is a schematic diagram illustrating a hydroformylation facility employing a gas cycle according to the present invention.