A DC brushless fan motor driving circuit has a Hall PWM signal generator, a speed signal generator, a PWM driver and a full-bridge switching circuit. The Hall PWM signal generator obtains a Hall sine wave signal from an external Hall sensor and converts the Hall sine wave signal to a varied Hall PWM signal. The speed signal generator is connected to an external PWM input signal to set speed of a fan motor and a low speed voltage to determine a present speed setting signal. The speed signal generator further obtains the varied Hall PWM signal to compare the present speed setting signal to generate a SPWM signal to the PWM driver. The PWM driver outputs a SPWM signal to the full-bridge switching circuit and then coil current is formed close to a sine wave signal to decrease the electromagnetic noise.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a driving circuit for a DC brushless fan motor, and more particularly to a DC brushless fan motor driving circuit having low electromagnetic noise.
2. Description of Related Art
Two types of driving circuit exist to drive a DC brushless fan motor that has a single coil (52). One type is a single-phase full-wave motor driving circuit, and the other one type is a two-phase half-wave motor driving circuit. Each motor driving circuit uses a driver element to drive the fan motor, and the output driving signal of the driver is a form of pulse width modulation (PWM).
With reference to FIG. 4, one DC brushless fan motor driving circuit has a PWM driver (50), a Smith trigger (53), a Hall sensor (not shown), a lock detecting and auto-re-start circuit unit (54), an oscillator (501) and a full-bridge switching circuit unit (51).
The PWM driver (50) has a Hall signal input terminal (I1), a PWM input terminal (I4), a low speed setting terminal (I5), a frequency output terminal (FG O/P), a reset terminal (I3), a clock input terminal (I2) connected to the oscillator (501) and multiple controlling output terminals (O1˜O4). Each controlling output terminal (O1˜O4) outputs a controlling signal, that is a form of a PWM wave signal. The low speed setting terminal (I5) is connected to an external low speed setting signal (Low Speed Set). The PWM input terminal (I4) is connected to an external PWM input signal (PWM I/P). The external PWM input signal (PWM I/P) adjusts the speed of the fan motor by changing the width of the PWM input signal.
The Hall sensor is connected to the hall signal input terminal (I1) of the PWM driver (50) through the Smith trigger (53). The Smith trigger (53) converts the Hall sine wave signal output from the Hall sensor to a square wave signal.
The lock detecting and auto-re-start circuit (54) has two inputs and one output. The two inputs are respectively connected to the Smith trigger (53) and the oscillator (501), and the output is connected to the reset terminal (I3) of the PWM driver (50).
The full-bridge switching circuit (51) can have four electronic switches (not shown), each of which has a controlling terminal. The four controlling terminals are connected respectively to the output terminals (O1˜O4) of the PWM driver (50) and the coil (52) of the fan motor. The PWM driver (50) controls the conductive sequence of the full-bridge switching circuit (51) and the conductive period of each electronic switch to adjust coil current amplitude and a coil current direction in the coil (52) of the fan motor.
The PWM driver (50) compares the PWM input signal (PWM I/P) and the low speed setting signal (Low Speed Set) to determine whether the PWM input signal (PWM I/P) is larger than the low speed setting terminal (Low Speed Set). If the PWM input signal (PWM I/P) is larger than the low speed setting signal, the PWM driver (50) will drive the fan motor at a higher speed through the full bridge switching circuit (51). If not, the PWM driver (50) will keep the fan motor at a low speed condition.
With further reference to FIGS. 5A to 5C, three different controlling signals (COT1˜COT3) are input to one controlling terminal (O1) of the full bridge switching circuit (51) to produce three coil currents (IL1˜IL3). Since the controlling signal is formed of the PWM wave signal, the first to third controlling signal (COT1˜COT3) are different pulse widths respectively with 20%, 50% and 80% duty cycles. When the fan motor is driven by the third controlling signal (COT3) having an 80% duty cycle, the speed of the fan motor is faster than the fan motor driven by the first or second controlling signals (COT1, COT2). However, each coil current (IL1˜IL3) has a serious ripper phenomenon and the rate of change of the coil current is large. Therefore, the fan motor driven by the forgoing controlling signals will be electromagnetically noisy. In addition, the reliability of the motor driving circuit will be reduced.
With reference to FIG. 6A, forming the controlling signal from a PWM wave signal is easy, but electromagnetic noise is not reduced or eliminated. Since the controlling signal is formed from a PWM wave signal similar to a square wave signal, the rate of change of the coil current is large, and the ripper phenomenon is obvious.
To overcome the forgoing drawback, one solution is proposed. With reference to FIG. 6B, forming the controlling signal as a trapezoidal wave signal makes the rate of change of the coil current smaller than that of the coil current driven by the PWM wave signal. Thus, the electromagnetic noise will be slightly reduced. Although the trapezoidal wave signal slightly reduces the electromagnetic noise, the frequency of the trapezoidal wave signal is limited in a specific range. Therefore, to achieve the same high speed of the fan motor, a motor driving circuit that is implemented to output the trapezoidal wave signal requires a larger current than that of the PWM driving circuit. For example, to drive the fan motor to work at 4000 rpm, the motor driving circuit with the PWM controlling signal requires a coil current of about 300 mA, and the motor driving circuit with the trapezoidal wave signal requires about 350 mA. Therefore, the motor driving circuit with the trapezoidal wave signal has higher power consumption.
Therefore, the present invention provides a DC brushless fan motor driving circuit to reduce the electromagnetic noise and consume less power.


One provides (401, 402) both an in-phase signal component (501) and a quadrature signal component (601) wherein the latter has a non-zero portion. These two signal components are then combined (403) to provide a Cartesian training waveform that can be used when training a linear amplifier that uses Cartesian feedback linearization. By one approach, the non-zero portion of the quadrature signal component can be coincident with a zero-crossing portion of the in-phase signal. In many application settings this non-zero portion of the quadrature signal component can be less (and sometimes considerably less) than a peak amplitude of the in-phase signal component. One may also shape the in-phase signal component to have a smoothed envelope. This may include, for example, using a smoothed sine wave such as a raised-sine function.

Generally speaking, a linear amplifier provides an output that is linearly proportional to its input. Such a performance characteristic is important in many application settings such as, but not limited to, wireless transmissions. Unfortunately, many cost effective amplifier designs only exhibit substantially linear behavior over a portion of a corresponding operating range.
Various techniques are therefore known in the art to facilitate linearizing the performance of such an amplifier. One such technique can be referred to as Cartesian feedback linearization and provides, in part, for closed loop phase training of the amplifier. This training utilizes a Cartesian training waveform of known form and duration (which may comprise, at least in part, a sine wave).
Such an approach, unfortunately, can give rise to a certain amount of corresponding adjacent channel splatter during the phase training activity. This unwanted phenomena is becoming a source of greater concern as standards and specifications governing levels of acceptable splatter become ever more restrictive.
Skilled artisans will appreciate that elements in the figures are illustrated for simplicity and clarity and have not necessarily been drawn to scale. For example, the dimensions and/or relative positioning of some of the elements in the figures may be exaggerated relative to other elements to help to improve understanding of various embodiments. Also, common but well-understood elements that are useful or necessary in a commercially feasible embodiment are often not depicted in order to facilitate a less obstructed view of these various embodiments. It will further be appreciated that certain actions and/or steps may be described or depicted in a particular order of occurrence while those skilled in the art will understand that such specificity with respect to sequence is not actually required. It will also be understood that the terms and expressions used herein have the ordinary meaning as is accorded to such terms and expressions with respect to their corresponding respective areas of inquiry and study except where specific meanings have otherwise been set forth herein.

Method and apparatus for providing a Cartesian training waveform


A pneumatic tire comprises an improved tread portion provided with blocks, each block provided with a sipe, the sipe extending across the block to have a first open end and a second open end, the sipe comprising three components forming a generally Z-shaped configuration, whereby the two parts divided by the sipe are engaged with each other to increase the block rigidity.

The present invention relates to a pneumatic tire more particularly an improved tread portion.
In recent years, the so called studless tires are widely used in various vehicles not only passenger cars but also heavy duty vehicles such as trucks and buses. In such studless tires, block type tread patterns are usually employed to improve road grip (snow grip, ice grip). In the heavy duty vehicles, however, due to the extremely heavy load in comparison with the passenger cars, the steering stability is liable to decrease because blocks are lower in the rigidity than a rib which is usually employed in summer tires. Notwithstanding, it is necessary for obtaining a necessary minimum road grip that the block tire is further provided with sipes to utilize the edges thereof. Such sipes are shown in FIGS. 7 and 19. The sipes divide the blocks into small parts, and the sipes open when the blocks are subjected to a circumferential force. Accordingly, the block rigidity decreases and the steering stability decreases. Further, uneven wear so called heel and toe wear occurs, and sometimes cracks and tear-off occur.


A radiation imaging apparatus comprising: an image capture unit capturing a radiation image; a first decision unit deciding, as a first region of interest, a region of interest from a region of a first radiation image; a first extraction unit extracting the first region of interest from the first radiation image; a form decision unit deciding a first form from the first region of interest; a first display unit enlarging and displaying the first region of interest; a first search unit searching a region of a second radiation image for a second form similar to the first form; a second decision unit deciding a second region of interest from the second radiation image so as to include the second form; a second extraction unit extracting the second region of interest from the second radiation image; and a second display unit enlarging and displaying the second region of interest.

Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a radiation imaging apparatus, a radiation imaging method, and a program.
Description of the Related Art
As a radiation imaging apparatus, for example, an X-ray imaging apparatus using an FPD (Flat Panel Detector) has been commercialized. FPDs allow increases in area and reductions in thickness and weight. Portable X-ray imaging apparatuses using portable FPDs in cassette form are used for medical applications and the like.
Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2000-033082 discloses an image processing apparatus which recognizes an exposure field region of radiation, and sets a region of interest which is included in the recognized exposure field region and which includes the center point of the exposure field region. This apparatus then corrects the region of interest based on image data near the set region of interest. The apparatus decides image processing conditions based on the image data in the corrected region of interest, and performs image processing based on the decided image processing conditions.
Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2005-324058 discloses a radiation image processing apparatus which positions each of a plurality of chest radiation images indicating the respiratory dynamics of the chest of an object (a patient) and constituting a dynamic chest image, based on a predetermined anatomical region in each chest radiation image.
Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2004-056230 discloses a technique of estimating past and current rotational angles from past and current X-ray images as three-dimensional projection images, deriving a relational expression for obtaining one point f on the past image and a point g after deformation from the past image by using the obtained angles, and performing deformation for each depth. This reference discloses a method of obtaining the difference between the deformed past image and the current image. This method can position three-dimensional projection images even with back-and-forth tilting or rotation of a target.
According to Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2004-343176, when a user selects a mode of displaying only a shadow increase (disappearance) in the difference image generated by a difference processing unit, the difference image is subjected to tone conversion such that only the region where the shadow increases (disappears) has a brightness different from those of the remaining regions. This reference discloses an apparatus which displays the state of each shadow change individually as an image by displaying the tone-converted difference image on a display unit, thereby facilitating the observation of each shadow change. With this technique, when displaying a difference image, even if a plurality of shadow changes have occurred, the apparatus allows easy and reliable observation of each shadow change, and also allows easy and reliable determination to be performed in a follow-up.
Conventionally, surgical operations such as orthopedic operations have been performed by using surgical C-arms (moving image apparatuses). Some operations are performed by using portable radiation imaging apparatuses (e.g., portable X-ray imaging apparatuses) to which FPDs are connected in place of conventional surgical C-arms. The reason why a portable X-ray imaging apparatus is used in place of a surgical C-arm is that the apparatus provides the convenience of requiring a sensor to be placed near an operating table only when X-ray imaging is required. Another reason is that when a surgical C-arm is used, a sensor unit and a tube unit positioned near the operating table may interfere with excision and the like.
The portable radiation imaging apparatus has, however, a problem that the positional relationship between the sensor unit and the tube unit changes for every imaging operation. For this reason, it is necessary to perform image capture upon setting a wide radiation application range for a patient and to extract and display a region of interest from a captured image for every image capture. This extracting/displaying operation is generally performed several tens of times. That is, this operation is cumbersome. In addition, the extraction position of an assistant who performs the extracting operation varies. This may affect the determination made by a doctor.

Radiation imaging apparatus, radiation imaging method, and program


A set of blends for extinguishment of fires, suppression of explosions, and inertion against fires and explosions is disclosed. The blends are comprised of a bromine-containing component and a fluorine-containing component. The bromine-containing component is comprised of one or more hydrobromoalkanes, hydrobromoalkenes, and/or hydrobromoarenes. The fluorine-containing component is comprised of one or more fluorine-containing halocarbons, which may also contain chlorine. Specifically provided as fluorine-containing halocarbons are saturated and unsaturated hydrochlorofluorocarbons, hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, perfluoroethers, hydrofluoroethers, and/or hydrofluoropolyethers. This provides a blend that mimics the fire and explosion protection action of halons and hydrobromofluorocarbons without the environmental impact associated with these compounds, which contain bromine and fluorine in the same molecule.

The broad class of compounds termed "halocarbons" consists of all molecules containing carbon (C) and one or more of the atoms fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), and/or iodine (I). These four elements--fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine--are members of the halogen family of elements. When defined in the broadest sense, as we do here, halocarbons may also contain other chemical features such as hydrogen atoms, carbon-to-carbon multiple bonds, aromatic rings, and ether linkages. Haloalkanes, a subset of halocarbons, contain only single bonds between the carbon atoms. Haloalkenes contain one or more double bonds connecting carbon atoms. Haloarenes contain aromatic groups based on the six-carbon benzene ring. Aromatic groups formally contain alternating single and double carbon to carbon bonds, but in actuality, the bonds are "delocalized" such that the carbon to carbon bonding is greater than single bonding but less than double bonding. Compounds that contain no multiple bonding, such as the alkanes, are said to be "saturated." Alkenes and arenes are said to be "unsaturated."
The use of certain haloalkanes as fire extinguishing agents has been known for many years. Fire extinguishers containing carbon tetrachloride (CCl.sub.4, also known as tetrachloromethane) or methyl bromide (CH.sub.3 Br, also known as bromomethane) were used in aircraft applications as early as the 1920s (Charles L. Ford, "An Overview of Halon 1301 Systems," in Halogenated Fire Suppressants, Richard G. Gann, editor, ACS Symposium Series 16, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., 1975). Over a period of years, the high toxicity of these compounds was recognized and they were replaced with less toxic materials, in particular bromofluoroalkanes and closely related compounds. A major study of haloalkanes as fire extinguishing agents was conducted by the Purdue Research Foundation for the U.S. Army from 1947 to 1950 (Fire Extinguishing Agents, Final Report, Purdue University, 1950. A synopsis of the results from this study is available in Ford, op. cit.).
The term "extinguishment" is usually used to denote complete elimination of a fire; whereas, "suppression" is often used to denote reduction, but not necessarily total elimination, of a fire or explosion. These two terms are sometimes used interchangeably. There are four general types of halocarbon fire and explosion protection applications. (1) In total-flood fire extinguishment and/or suppression applications, the agent is discharged into a space to achieve a concentration sufficient to extinguish or suppress an existing fire. This is often, though not always, done by an automatic system, which detects the fire and then automatically discharges the extinguishing agent to fill the space with the concentration of a gaseous or an evaporated volatile liquid agent to the concentration needed to suppress or extinguish the contained fire. Total flooding use includes protection of enclosed, potentially occupied spaces such as computer rooms as well as specialized, often unoccupied spaces such as aircraft engine nacelles and engine compartments in vehicles. Note that the term "total flood" does not necessarily mean that the extinguishing or suppressing agent is uniformly dispersed throughout the space protected. (2) In streaming applications, the agent is applied directly onto a fire or into the region of a fire. This is usually accomplished using manually operated wheeled or portable fire extinguishers. A second method, which we have chosen to include as a streaming application, uses a "localized" system, which discharges agent toward a fire from one or more fixed nozzles. Localized systems may be activated either manually or automatically. (3) In explosion suppression, an agent is discharged to suppress an explosion that has already been initiated. The term "suppression" is normally used in this application since an explosion is usually self-limiting. However, the use of this term does not necessarily imply that the explosion is not extinguished by the agent. In this application, a detector is usually used to detect an expanding fireball from an explosion, and the agent is discharged rapidly to suppress the explosion. Explosion suppression is used primarily, but not solely, in military applications. (4) In inertion, an agent is discharged into a space to prevent an explosion or a fire from being initiated. Often, a system similar or identical to that used for total-flood fire extinguishment or suppression is used. Inertion is widely used for protection of oil production facilities at the North Slope of Alaska and in other areas where flammable gases or explosive dusts may build up. Usually, the presence of a dangerous condition (for example, dangerous concentrations of flammable or explosive gases) is detected, and the agent is then discharged to prevent the explosion or fire from occurring until the condition can be remedied.
Thus, there are four fire and explosion protection applications covered by this disclosure:
1. Total-Flood Fire Extinguishment and Suppression PA1 2. Streaming Fire Extinguishment and Suppression PA1 3. Explosion Suppression PA1 4. Explosion and Fire Inertion
The cup burner is a widely accepted laboratory test apparatus for determining the fire extinguishing and suppressing effectiveness of agents. In this method, an agent is introduced into a stream of air which passes around a cup of burning liquid fuel, and the concentration of gaseous agent needed to extinguish the flame is determined. During this operation, any agent that is normally a liquid is allowed to become a gas before being mixed into the stream of air and passed by the burning liquid fuel. The cup burner is so widely accepted that the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Standard 2001 on Clean Agent Fire Extinguishing Systems mandates this method as the primary procedure for determining the concentration needed to extinguish a fire of liquid hydrocarbon fuels (e.g., gasoline, hexane, etc.; such fires are termed "Class B fires"). That standard states that "The minimum design concentration for Class B flammable liquids shall be a demonstrated extinguishing concentration plus a 20 percent safety factor. Extinguishing concentration shall be demonstrated by the cup burner test." Concentrations are usually expressed as "percent by volume." This is the same as the "percent by gas volume," which is calculated assuming that all of the introduced agent has volatilized (i.e., vaporized to become a gas).
The halocarbons most widely used for fire extinguishment (by total flooding or streaming), explosion suppression, explosion inertion, and fire inertion have been the three compounds shown in Table I. These materials are all alkanes containing both bromine and fluorine. To avoid the use of complicated chemical names, these (and other halocarbons used for fire and explosion protection) are often designated by a "Halon Number." Usually the word "Halon" is capitalized when used as part of a halon number, but is not capitalized when used generically for haloalkanes employed in fire and explosion protection. In recent years and, in particular, in regulatory documents, the term "halon" has been increasingly applied to denote the specific, widely used halocarbon agents shown in Table I and this is a practice that we use here. The "CAS No." is the number assigned by the Chemical Abstract Services of the American Chemical Society to aid in identifying chemical compounds. Halon 1301 has been widely used for total-flood fire extinguishment, explosion suppression, and inertion. Due to its higher boiling point and higher toxicity, Halon 1211 is most often used in streaming. Halon 2402 has had significant use in Eastern Europe for both total-flood and streaming, but has had relatively little use in other parts of the world.
TABLE I ______________________________________ HALONS USED IN FIRE AND EXPLOSION PROTECTION Hal- Name Formula on No. CAS No. ODP ______________________________________ bromotrifluoromethane CBrF.sub.3 1301 75-63-8 10 bromochlorodifluoromethane CBrClF.sub.2 1211 353-59-3 3 1,2-dibromotetrafluoroethane CBrF.sub.2 CBrF.sub.2 2402 124-73-2 ______________________________________ 6
Bromine-containing compounds such as the halons are believed to operate as fire extinguishing agents by a complex chemical reaction mechanism involving the disruption of free-radical chain reactions, which are essential for continued combustion. Bromine is much more effective than chlorine or fluorine in promoting this disruption. In fact, there is doubt that chlorine or, in particular, fluorine plays a significant role in free-radical reaction disruption. The fluorine-containing portion of the halon molecules may, however, provide significant cooling and may thereby enhance extinguishment by the bromine. The halons are desirable as fire extinguishing agents because they are effective, because they leave no residue (i.e., they are liquids that evaporate completely or they are gases), and because they do not damage equipment or facilities to which they are applied.
Recently however, the halons have come to be recognized as serious environmental threats due to their ability to cause stratospheric ozone depletion. The ability of a compound to deplete stratospheric ozone is termed the "Ozone Depletion Potential" (ODP). Larger ODPs indicate greater stratospheric ozone depletion. ODPs reported for the halons are shown in Table I (Federal Register, Vol. 58, No. 250, 30 December 1991). Since ODPs are calculated and various models and input data are used, other values have been reported. The relatively high ODPs of the halons is due to two factors. (1) Bromine is a potent depleter of stratospheric ozone and is much more damaging to ozone than is chlorine. (2) Fluorine increases compound stability, greatly decreasing the amount of compound removal and breakdown in the troposphere and thus allowing most of any discharged halon to reach the stratosphere, where ozone destruction occurs. Due to stratospheric ozone depletion concerns, the Montreal Protocol, an international treaty prepared in 1987 and amended several times since, has required a halt in the production of Halon 1301, Halon 1211, and Halon 2402 at the end of 1993 in the United States and in other industrialized nations.
Much research has gone on to find replacements for the halons for protection against fires and explosions; however, the search for halon replacements has been less than totally successful ("Pressure Mounts As Search for Halon Replacements Reaches Critical Phase," Chemical and Engineering News, Sep. 19, 1994, pp. 29-32). One class of candidates proposed at one time as replacements of the halons were the hydrobromofluorocarbons (HBFCs), which contain only hydrogen, bromine, fluorine, and carbon. For example, bromodifluoromethane, CHBrF.sub.2, is a highly effective HBFC fire suppressant and was commercialized for a short time as a halon replacement. Like the halons, however, the production of most HBFCs has now been banned in industrialized nations due to their significant ODP. None of the agents now being actively promoted as replacements for the halons contain bromine. The primary replacements are now hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), and perfluorocarbons (PFCs or FCs). HCFCs, HFCs, and PFCs (FCs) appear to operate primarily by heat absorption, which is a less effective mechanism for most fire and explosion protection applications than the free-radical chain disruption mechanism believed to be effected by bromine and believed to be the primary mechanism for fire extinguishment by the halons. Thus, HCFCs, HFCs, and PFCs (a group of materials that we refer to as "first-generation" halon replacements) have a significantly decreased effectiveness in most fire and explosion protection applications compared to the halons that they are replacing.
Although bromine is believed to be the primary feature providing the outstanding fire extinguishment capability of the halons, it is precisely this feature that causes most (for Halon 1301 and Halon 2402, essentially all) of the stratospheric ozone depletion exhibited by these agents. Similarly, although fluorine-containing portions of the halon molecules may provide significant cooling and thereby enhance fire suppression by the bromine, it is precisely this portion of the chemicals that stabilizes the molecule and allows the halons to reach the stratosphere, where ozone depletion occurs. Thus, it is the combination of bromine and fluorine that both provides the outstanding fire extinguishment and produces the large ozone depletion exhibited by halons. Note, however, that it is the combination of bromine and fluorine in the same molecule that leads to large ozone depletion impacts. We have conceived, therefore, that one should be able to use a blend of two or more materials, none of which contain bromine and fluorine in the same molecule, to produce at a fire a mixture of bromine- and fluorine-containing fragments and bromine and fluorine atoms such as would be produced by the halons and by the HBFCs without the associated environmental impacts and regulatory restrictions. We have thus conceived blends of a bromine-containing component comprised of one or more halocarbons containing only bromine as the halogen and a fluorine-containing component comprised of one or more halocarbons containing only fluorine or only fluorine and chlorine as the halogens.
We first conceptualized the hydrobromoalkanes (compounds containing only hydrogen, bromine, and carbon) as constituents of the bromine-containing component. Of particular importance is whether such compounds would have sufficiently low ODPs to make them environmentally acceptable. The lightest member of the family of hydrobromoalkane chemicals, methyl bromide, has an unacceptably high ODP of 0.64 (Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 1994, Report No. 37, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, United Nations Environment Programme, and World Meteorological Organization, February 1995) and is undergoing increasing restrictions due to ozone depletion concerns. We conceived, however, that hydrobromoalkanes with more hydrogen atoms and with more carbon-carbon bonds than methyl bromide should have lower ODPs and might not be environmentally harmful. For example, the atmospheric lifetimes of perfluorocarbons, which contain no hydrogen atoms, decreases from 50,000 years for carbon tetrafluoride (CF.sub.4), which has no carbon-carbon bonds, to 10,000 years for hexafluoroethane (CF.sub.3 CF.sub.3), with one carbon-carbon bond, to 2600 years for octafluoropropane (CF.sub.3 CF.sub.2 CF.sub.3), with two carbon-carbon bonds (Climate Change 1995, The Science of Climate Change, J. T. Houghton, L. G. Meira Filho, B. A. Callander, N. Harris, A. Kattenberg, and K. Maskell, editors, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1996.). Compounds that are rapidly removed from the atmosphere and, therefore, have a decreased atmospheric lifetime, will have a decreased impact on stratospheric ozone. Methyl bromide is the only hydrobromoalkane for which an ODP (or atmospheric lifetime) has been reported. To determine whether our concept was correct, we first used reported hydroxyl reaction rate constants to calculate atmospheric lifetimes for several hydrocarbons with increasing numbers of hydrogen atoms and carbon-carbon bonds. The results arc given in Table II. As we expected, the atmospheric lifetime decreases with increasing hydrogen content and carbon bonding. We then plotted the values in Table II and obtained a rather smooth curve (FIG. 1). What was surprising and was unexpected was that the atmospheric lifetime value for bromomethane, the only hydrobromoalkane for which an atmospheric lifetime has been reported, appears to lie on the extrapolated curve. We therefore postulated that hydrobromoalkanes having a single bromine atom, would all lie on or near the curve obtained for the simple hydrocarbons. For example, the 1-bromopropane, a hydrobromoalkane with seven hydrogen atoms and two carbon-carbon bonds, would be predicted to have an atmospheric lifetime of around 30 days. We have concluded from reported values for ODPs and atmospheric lifetimes that for bromine-containing compounds, the ODP increases by approximately 2 for each 10-year increase in atmospheric lifetime. Thus, with a predicted lifetime of about I month for bromopropane, one would predict an ODP of approximately 0.017. Bromobutanes containing a single bromine atom (e.g., 1-bromobutane, CH.sub.3 CHBrCH.sub.2 CH.sub.3, and 2-bromobutane, CH.sub.3 CHBrCH.sub.2 CH.sub.3), hydrobromoalkanes with nine hydrogen atoms and three carbon-carbon bonds, have predicted atmospheric lifetimes of approximately 7 days and ODP values of approximately 0.004. It should be noted that the atmospheric lifetimes may also decrease as the number of bromine atoms increases due to photolysis-decomposition by solar radiation, another, but often less efficient, atmospheric removal process. Thus, our investigation indicated that methyl bromide has an "anomalously" high ODP and that hydrobromoalkanes containing more hydrogen atoms and/or carbon-carbon bonds should be environmentally acceptable, as might such molecules with multiple bromine atoms.
TABLE II ______________________________________ TROPOSPHERIC HYDROXYL RATE CONSTANTS AND LIFETIMES CALCULATED FROM THOSE CONSTANTS FOR ALKANES. Number of Atmospheric IUPAC name Formula hydrogen atoms lifetime, days ______________________________________ methane CH.sub.4 4 154 ethane C.sub.2 H.sub.6 6 46.5 propane C.sub.3 H.sub.8 8 9.49 n-butane C.sub.4 H.sub.10 10 4.67 ______________________________________
To determine whether our concept for a fire extinguishing agent was valid, we tested two blends of 1-bromopropane (CH.sub.2 BrCH.sub.2 CH.sub.3, 10 percent and 25 percent by weight) as the bromine-containing component with a hydrofluoropolyether as the fluorine-containing component. The hydrofluoropolyether was a mixture of different molecular weight materials containing ether (C--O--C) linkages and hydrogen and fluorine substituents. The materials were tested using a cup burner apparatus and ii-heptane fuel (C.sub.7 H.sub.16). For five determinations each, the average cup-burner extinguishment concentrations (with average deviations) were 3.18.+-.0.05 volume percent in air for the 25 percent 1-bromopropane blend, 3.11.+-.0.04 volume percent in air for the 10 percent blend, 5.23.+-.0.10 volume percent in air for the hydrofluoropolyether by itself, and 4.63.+-.0.23 volume percent in air for the 1-bromopropane by itself. A lower volume percent in air required for extinguishment indicates better performance. The results were surprising for three reasons. First, the blends were better than either of the two components separately. While we had hoped that this would be true, the magnitude of the improvement was unexpected. The average extinguishment concentrations for the two blends were approximately 40 percent lower than the extinguishment concentration for the hydrofluoropolyether by itself and approximately 32 percent lower than the extinguishment concentration obtained with 1-bromopropane by itself. Second, the extinguishment concentrations exhibited by the blends were very close to those obtained in separate studies for Halon 1301 and Halon 1211 (approximately 2.9 and 3.2 percent, respectively). This was entirely unexpected since it has proven extremely difficult to find halon replacement candidates with extinguishment concentrations as low as the halons. In fact, these cup burner extinguishment concentrations are better than those reported for any agents now being commercialized (NFPA 2001 Standard on Clean Agent Fire Extinguishing Systems 1996 Edition National Fire Protection Association, 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, Mass., 1996). Third, although the difference was small and lies within the data scatter, the blend containing 10 percent 1-bromopropane appeared to be slightly more effective than the blend containing 25 percent 1-bromopropane. One would expect that the performance should improve as the bromine concentration increased.
Field testing also indicated the surprising result that a lower concentration of 1-bromopropane gave improved performance. Thus, in streaming tests, a blend of 25 percent 1-bromopropane with 75 percent hydrofluoropolyether required a flow rate of 0.29 pounds/second to extinguish a 2.25-square foot heptane fire, whereas a blend of 10 percent 1-bromopropane with 90 percent hydrofluoropolyether required a flow rate of only 0.17 pounds/second. In these tests, a lower flow rate for extinguishment implies an improved performance. A flow rate of 0.38 pounds/second was required for extinguishment with the hydrofluoropolyether by itself. Again the effectiveness of the blends and the difference between the 10 percent 1-bromopropane and 25 percent 1-bromopropane blends was surprising and entirely unexpected.
Because of these unexpectedly good results, we looked for other families of compounds resembling the bromoalkanes in that they were composed only of bromine, hydrogen, and carbon. Hydrobromoalkenes and hydrobromoarenes meet the requirements and, moreover, have atmospheric lifetimes and ODPs even lower than those of the hydrobromoalkanes. The presence of multiple bonding in these unsaturated compounds provides additional reaction pathways for removal from the atmosphere. Thus, hydrobromoalkenes and hydrobromoarenes are unlikely to be regulated. We, therefore, conceived that hydrobromoalkenes and hydrobromoarenes could also be used in the bromine-containing components of the conceptualized blends. Some fluorine-containing bromoalkenes have been suggested for investigation as fire suppressants (W. M. Pitts, M. R. Nyden, R. G. Gann, W. G. Mallard, and W. Tsang, Construction of an Exploratory List of Chemicals to Initiate The Search for Halon Alternatives, NIST Technical Note 1279, Air Force Engineering and Services Laboratory, Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Md., August 1990). Nonblended fluorine-containing bromoalkenes and nonblended fluorine-containing bromoarenes have been proposed as fire extinguishants (R. E. Tapscott, G. D. Brabson, G. W., Gobeli, E. W., Heinonen, J. A., Kaizerman, J. L., Lifke, and R. A. Patterson, "Research on Advanced Agents as Halon Replacements," Proceedings, International Conference on Ozone Protection Technologies, Washington, D.C., pp. 651-658, 21-23 October 1996; M. L. Robin, "Halogenated Fire Suppression Agents," in Halon Replacements, Technology and Science, ACS Symposium Series 611, Miziolek, A. W. and Tsang, W., editors, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., 9, pp. 85-98, 1995.) and cup burner flame extinguishment concentrations for some fluorinated bromoalkenes have been reported (Tapscott, R. E., and Mather, J. D., Development of a Tropodegradable Total-Flooding Agent, Phase II: Initial Screening, NMERI 96/22/30930, Advanced Agent Working Group, July 1997). In none of this art, however, were any alkenes or arenes containing no fluorine proposed as fire suppressants and no blends of these compounds were proposed, probably because the thinking up to now has been that fluorine is needed in the same compound as bromine in order to have a workable fire suppressant
Although the purpose of the fluorine-containing component is to add fluorine to the blend reaching the fire to mimic the action of halons and HBFCs, there are side benefits. For example, the use of a nonflammable or a low-flammability fluorine-containing component may allow the use of normally flammable constituents in the bromine-containing component. Moreover, fluorine-containing components with appropriate physical properties may provide improvements in discharge and dispersion of bromine-containing materials having very high or very low boiling points. Compounds with very high boiling points may not disperse effectively to fill a space and compounds with very low boiling points may not discharge well in streaming applications. In addition, suitable fluorine-containing components can decrease toxicological concerns that may be associated with certain hydrobromocarbons by diluting the bromine-containing material. Our work also indicates that some blends possess flame extinguishment and suppression ability greater than would be predicted from the intrinsic fire suppression ability of the separate components, a phenomenon that we term "synergism."
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide effective fire extinguishing, fire suppression, explosion suppression, and explosion and fire inertion blends that contain two components.

Hydrobromocarbon blends to protect against fires and explosions


A communication system comprising a processing system is configured to support data, voice and video communications. A docking station is coupled to the processing system and is configured to provide power and data connections to a personal computer wireless device. The personal computer wireless device is configured to provide power, data, and analog connections. The docking station may act as a controlled-environment facility communication terminal, providing communication functionality to a user employing an integral, solid-surface keypad defined in, and by, a surface of the docking station's housing, when the personal computer wireless device is not held in the docking station. The docking station is coupled to the processing system over at least one pair of low-voltage wires having an electrical current sufficient to power the personal computer wireless device. The pair(s) of low-voltage wires may provide sufficient electrical current to charge a battery in the personal computer wireless device.

Portable computing devices, including tablets, laptop computers, and personal digital assistants, allow users to access many of the functions of a personal computer (PC) while facilitating freedom of movement. Portable computing devices can offer a very high level of mobility and flexibility to the user. Portable computers are generally lightweight and compact, but these devices can also be subject to certain limitations, such as smaller keyboards and displays, reduced battery storage, lack of a keyboard, mouse, or printer ability, restricted network connections, or limited memory/data storage.
Traditionally, jails and prisons have allowed inmates to contact friends and family via letters and telephone calls. More recently, jails and prisons have begun to allow inmates to use portable electronic devices, such as tablets, to facilitate contact with friends and family and for entertainment and education. It is not desirable to provide inmates with chargers or other electronics that could be used with the tablets since these devices might be used as weapons or vandalized. However, there is still a need to charge the tablets and potentially a desire to expand the capabilities of portable devices.
Traditional communication services provide residents of controlled-environment facilities (such as correctional facilities) the ability to place outbound phone calls to non-residents of the controlled-environment facility. Additionally, non-residents can typically schedule video visitation with residents (inmates) of the controlled-environment facility. Other types of communication available to controlled-environment residents include the ability to exchange email and canned text messages between residents and non-residents of the controlled-environment facility. Such communications are typically carried out using a controlled-environment facility resident communications terminal, or the like, that has a keypad, keyboard, or the like, composed of a membrane and open circuit board utilizing resistive or capacitive touch. Such traditional keypads are predominantly implemented using mechanical and electrical contact-based systems. These systems are prone to mechanical failure breaking down and consequently require expensive replacements over their lifetimes due to moving parts and dependence on electrical contact. Further, these keypads and keyboards are suspectable to damage from (sanitizing) cleaning products, such as bleach, ammonia, etc.

Controlled-environment facility communication terminal and personal computer wireless device docking station with integral keypads


An integrated chassis control system includes a first sensor configured to sense a first vehicle driving in a lane adjacent to a lane in which an own vehicle is driving and to sense behavior information of the first vehicle, a second sensor configured to sense a variation in behavior of the own vehicle, a first determinator configured to determine a degree of influence of a side wind, which is predicted to occur due to the first vehicle, based on the behavior information of the first vehicle, a second determinator configured to determine a variance in abnormal behavior of the own vehicle based on information sensed by the second sensor, a first controller configured to perform a semi-active chassis system control, and a second controller configured to perform an active chassis system control.

A side wind is generated by a natural side wind or high-speed driving of large vehicles. When the side wind is severe, a driving direction of a vehicle may be changed regardless of a driver's intention of a driver, and the vehicle leaves a lane in which the vehicle is driving due to a change of the driving direction of the vehicle so that a vehicle accident may occur.
Generally, as a method of compensating for a vehicle behavior change caused by a side wind, a technique using a motor-driven power steering (MDPS) system and active and semi-active suspension systems (electronic controlled suspension (ECS) system) is applied. However, when a degree of influence of the side wind is large to the extent to which a driving direction of the vehicle is changed, there is a problem in that a behavior of an own vehicle is not stabilized by only control of the MDPS system and the active and semi-active suspension systems.
The information disclosed in the Background section above is to aid in the understanding of the background of the present disclosure, and should not be taken as acknowledgement that this information forms any part of prior art.


An information handling system can include cooling devices that are organized into zones. A method of using an information handling system can include setting a cooling level for each cooling device. Each zone can be associated with thermal data or regions within the information handling system, and a cooling demand can be determined for the thermal data or regions. A zone cooling level for each zone corresponds to a higher cooling demand from each zone's associated thermal regions, and a cooling device cooling level corresponds to a higher zone cooling level from each cooling device's associated zones. The method can be embodied as machine executable code for an information handling system. An information handling system can include cooling devices associated with zones, and can operate to set a cooling level for each cooling device by determining cooling demands in response to information regarding thermal energy generated by an electrical sub-assembly.

As the value and use of information continues to increase, individuals and businesses seek additional ways to process and store information. One option is an information handling system. An information handling system generally processes, compiles, stores, and/or communicates information, or data for business, personal, or other purposes. Because technology, information handling needs, and requirements may vary between different applications, information handling systems may also vary regarding what information is handled, how the information is handled, how much information is processed, stored, or communicated, and how quickly and efficiently the information may be processed, stored, or communicated. The variations in information handling systems allow for information handling systems to be general or configured for a specific user or specific use such as financial transaction processing, airline reservations, enterprise data storage, or global communications. In addition, information handling systems may include a variety of hardware, firmware, and software components that may be configured to process, store, and communicate information, and may include one or more computer systems, data storage systems, and networking systems.
Information handling systems generate heat as a result of their operation, and as they become more powerful, the amount of heat generated also increases. Cooling fans or other cooling devices are used in an information handling system to dissipate the heat and keep the information handling system operating within acceptable temperature ranges. Additionally, in applications where large numbers of information handling systems are operated in close proximity (e.g., data processing centers), air conditioning units remove the heat from the environment surrounding the information handling systems. As such, a significant portion of the overall power consumption in a data processing center is devoted to cooling, and any improvement in cooling efficiency may result in a lower operating cost.
Typically, the information handling systems in a data processing center include groups of blade servers in a modular enclosure or chassis. The chassis can be equipped with groups of cooling fans that run at substantially the same speed, as determined by the hottest temperature of a blade server or input/output (I/O) component in the chassis. In an example, the fans in a chassis are grouped by columns, the blade servers are placed vertically in the chassis, and several blade servers control the fan speed for each column of fans. This arrangement leads to running some fans at a higher speed than necessary to cool each particular blade server. This is a problem because the power consumed by a fan increases with the cube of the fan revolutions per minute (RPM) (i.e., Power∝(RPM)3). The arrangement also leads to overcooling of the blade servers that are not running hot, and results in cooler exhaust air being discharged from the chassis. Also, a larger air flow causes a greater load on air conditioning, air handling, and filtration systems, thus increasing operating costs.
The use of the same reference symbols in different drawings indicates similar or identical items.

Information handling system including cooling devices and methods of use thereof


A method for dynamically modifying synaptic delays in a neural network includes initializing a delay parameter and operating the neural network. The method further includes dynamically updating the delay parameter based on a program which is based on a statement including the delay parameter.

Field
Certain aspects of the present disclosure generally relate to neural system engineering and, more particularly, to systems and methods for dynamically assigning and examining synaptic delay.
Background
An artificial neural network, which may comprise an interconnected group of artificial neurons (i.e., neuron models), is a computational device or represents a method to be performed by a computational device. Artificial neural networks may have corresponding structure and/or function in biological neural networks. However, artificial neural networks may provide innovative and useful computational techniques for certain applications in which traditional computational techniques are cumbersome, impractical, or inadequate.
Artificial neural networks are subject to the effects of synaptic delay. Recently, synaptic delay has been used for the emergence of certain network characteristics. During its application, it has been found that synaptic delay may allow for rich features to be implemented. However, the conventional approach to assignment of synaptic delay in network models has been ad hoc at best. In addition, some network models only allow the assignment of synaptic delay during initialization and do not provide any method of dynamically modifying the synaptic delays during simulation. Thus, there is no standard and straightforward method of dynamically assigning and examining the delays for synapses in a network model.

Dynamically assigning and examining synaptic delay


A traffic signal including a housing, a light source disposed within the housing, and a door operably attached to the housing. The door is configured such that photons generated by the light source may be sensed outside the housing. The traffic signal also includes a sensor attached to one of the door and the housing.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates generally to traffic signals and public lamps. Still more particularly, the present invention relates to a traffic signal and public lamps having one or more sensors integrated with a housing.
2. Description of Related Art
Traffic signals for directing traffic at road intersections are ubiquitous and have been known for decades. More recently, traffic signal cabinets have been equipped with communications equipment that allows local law enforcement, fire departments, and various government agencies to better optimize the control of traffic signals. In addition, cameras and microphones have been located at various points at intersections to monitor traffic, detect violations of traffic laws, and generally monitor intersections for criminal activity. As used herein, the term "traffic signals" includes both traditional traffic signals, pedestrian crossing signals, railroad crossing signals, boating signals, and other signals useful for controlling the flow of vehicles and pedestrians.
Various government agencies responsible for maintaining intersections and traffic signals are interested in further increasing the ability to monitor intersections. For example, agencies responsible for civil defense are interested in adding nuclear, biological, or chemical sensors at intersections because the communications infrastructure required to coordinate so many of these sensors is likely to already be in place. However, the cost of many of these sensors can be high, especially because the sensors must be resistant to weather, vandalism, and other dangers. Thus, it would be advantageous to have an improved apparatus for providing a variety of sensors at traffic intersections.


Methods and systems are provided for populating a database with data associated with a specific task. The method comprises creating a work package specification for a work package associated with the specific task, creating a task specification within the work package specification, creating a view specification within the task specification, and creating a task network comprising tasks that when performed in a desired sequence populates the database with the data associated with the specific task.

A database (DB) is an organized collection of data for one or more purposes, usually in digital form. The data are typically organized to model relevant aspects of reality (for example, the availability of seats on an aircraft), in a way that supports processes requiring this information (for example, finding an aircraft with seats available). This definition is very general, and is independent of the type of technology used.
The term "database" may be narrowed to specify particular aspects of the organized collection of data and refers herein to a physical database as data content in a computer readable data storage device. The term database is correctly applied to the data and their supporting data structures, and not to an associated database management system DBMS. The database data collection with a DBMS is referred to herein as a database system.
A Knowledge management System ("KMS") is an application that is built on top of a DBMS and manipulates data within the structure of a DBMS. While a DBMS contains facts, a KMS adds rules and relationships to those facts to convert the facts into a model that can be used by software to automatically make further inferences and decisions.
The term database system implies that the collection of data is managed to some level of quality (measured in terms of accuracy, availability, usability, and resilience) and this in turn often implies the use of a general-purpose database management system (DBMS). A general-purpose DBMS is typically a complex software system that meets many usage requirements, and the databases that it maintains are often large and complex. The utilization of databases is now spread to such a wide degree that virtually every technology and product relies on databases and DBMSs for its development and commercialization, and may even have such embedded in it. Well known exemplary DBMSs include Oracle, IBM DB2, Microsoft SQL Server, PostgreSQL, MySQL and SQLite. A DBMS also needs to provide effective run-time execution to properly support (e.g., in terms of performance, availability, and security) as many end-users as needed.
The design, construction, and maintenance of a complex database has historically required the skills of a specialist, whose tasks are supported by specialized computer tools provided either as part of the DBMS or as stand-alone software products. These tools include specialized database languages including data definition languages (DDL), data manipulation languages (DML), and query languages. These can be seen as special-purpose programming languages, tailored specifically to manipulate databases; sometimes they are provided as extensions of existing programming languages, with added database commands. The most widely supported database language is SQL, which has been developed for the relational data model and combines the roles of DDL, DML, and a query language.
However, the common every day user is not a skilled database programmer Oft times the user is left to his own devices to use standard one-size-fits-all query tools and data presentations. Although data presentations are known that sort results by subject relevancy, those data presentations are typically rendered as a list of documents pages long with mere summary lines attempting to describe the data contained in each document. Hence, there is a need for methods to alleviate the need for special programming skills to efficiently retrieve desired data from large complex databases and to provide the most useful display of the requested information.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Methods and systems for providing intuitive direction for populating complex model content into a database


A method of manufacturing, characterizing, mounting, and a system of a probe may include a pillar having a taper angle and at least one engineered defect. The taper angle may be formed using crystallographic- or etching-based techniques. The probe may be mounted to an AFM chip. Furthermore, an RF waveguide may be connected to the AFM chip for providing RF excitation.

The nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond has played a unique role in quantum information and magnetometry. NV magnetometry was used to investigate many fundamental physics studies and develop a number of industrial applications. One of the powerful aspects of NV magnetometry is the ability to scan in space to perform spatial magnetic field sensing with nanometer resolution. As an emerging scanning probe technique, it faces a huge challenge to being widely adopted due to its complexity in fabrication.
Diamond is a metastable allotrope of carbon, where the carbon atoms are arranged in a variation of a face-centered cubic crystal structure called a diamond lattice. It is notable for its mechanical strength, chemical inertness, thermal properties, and wide-band optical transparency. Diamond further serves as a host material for a variety of atomic defects, some of which show interesting quantum-mechanical spin and optical properties. The presence of such atomic defect centers is important for quantum computing, magnetometry, and photonics. For such applications, optimizing the diamond structure in relation to the defect center on the micro- and nanoscales and along particular crystal directions may be important. Developing new etching techniques and processes is a critical step for successfully fabricating devices in diamond.
Nitrogen-vacancy (NV)-based nanoscale sensing is possible because the NV center forms a bright and stable single-photon source for optical imaging and has a spin-triplet ground state that offers excellent magnetic and electric field sensing capabilities. The remarkable performance of the NV center in such spin-based sensing schemes is the result of the long NV spin coherence time, combined with efficient optical spin preparation and readout. These properties persist from cryogenic temperatures to ambient conditions, a feature that distinguishes the NV center from other systems proposed as quantum sensors, such as single molecules or quantum dots. Reducing the distance between the NV center and the sample of interest is crucial for improving spatial resolution. Past experiments aimed at implementing scanning NV microscopes were focused on grafting diamond nanocrystals onto scanning probe tips. Although used successfully in the past, this approach suffers from the poor sensing performance of nanocrystal-based NV centers, for which the spin coherence times are typically orders of magnitude shorter than for NVs in bulk diamond.
The ability to transform single crystalline materials into desired shapes is vital in nanotechnology. In micro- and nanoscale fabrication, controlling etch direction is essential to achieve the specific shapes in single crystal materials required by device applications. Developing new manufacturing techniques and processes is therefore critical for successful realization of complex devices.
Monolithic diamond nanopillars have been fabricated on thinned down diamond cantilevers to increase photon collection efficiency. Single photon count rates of up to 1.4×106 per second could be observed with T2 coherence times typically around 30-90 μs. However, fabrication and handling of monolithic diamond membranes as thin as 1-5 μm is challenging, making it difficult to manipulate and attach such micron-sized diamond cantilevers onto a scanning-probe platform. Probes that may be implemented in a wider range of environments is desirable.

Diamond probe hosting an atomic sized defect

President and Fellows of Harvard College


A method for safeguarding data stored in a memory of a data storage system includes monitoring values of a subset of environmental variables associated with the data-storage system and updating a portion of a table containing values of environmental variables associated with the data-storage system. The table includes values for environmental variables that are not in the subset of environmental variables monitored. The values of the environmental variables are then inspected. On the basis of the inspection, a condition in which there exists a high-risk of data loss is determined.

A data-storage system often includes a volatile cache for temporary storage of data that will ultimately be written to a disk. When a host requests that particular data be written, the data-storage system writes that data to the cache and notifies the host that the write is complete. A short time later, and without further interaction with the host, the data-storage system copies the data from the cache to a disk. Because a write to disk is so much slower than a write to cache, this two-stage procedure for data-storage has the advantage of concealing from the host the latency associated with writing to a disk.
A disadvantage of this two-stage procedure is that for a brief interval, the data only exists in a volatile memory. During this interval, an unexpected power interruption may result in loss of that data.

Determining environmental availability in a storage subsystem


A rolling bearing device with a sensor includes a rotational component estimator that extracts a rotational synchronization component included in the rotation of an inner shaft relative to an outer ring from each of a signal output by a first displacement detector and a signal output by a second displacement detector. The rotational component estimator performs rotational operation and integration operation.

The invention relates to a rolling bearing device with a sensor having raceway members, rolling elements, and a sensor unit, and particularly, to a hub unit having a sensor unit.
Conventionally, as a rolling bearing device with a sensor, there is a hub unit described in Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2001-21577.
This hub unit includes a rotating raceway ring, a fixed raceway ring, and one displacement sensor, and the displacement sensor is provided in the fixed raceway ring. Specifically, an outer peripheral surface of the fixed raceway ring has a hole that extends radially, and the displacement sensor is inserted into the hole. A detection surface of the displacement sensor is directed to an outer peripheral surface of the rotating raceway ring.
The displacement sensor detects a gap between the rotating raceway ring and the fixed raceway ring that changes depending on any displacement of the outer peripheral surface of the rotating raceway ring to be generated when a load acts on a wheel of a vehicle (specifically, an electric signal that changes in response to this gap). The hub unit calculates a vertical load that acts on the wheel on the basis of a gap detected by the displacement sensor.
In the conventional rolling bearing device with a sensor, the conventional displacement sensor is one, and the detection surface of the displacement sensor is directed to the outer peripheral surface of the rotating raceway ring. Therefore, there is a problem in that it is possible to find a translational load that vertically acts on the wheel on the basis of a detection value of a displacement sensor, whereas it is impossible to find a moment load in a front-back direction of the vehicle, a moment load in a vertical direction of the vehicle, and a translational load in an axial direction of the wheel, which are generated with a centrifugal force at the time of the turning driving or the like of the vehicle.
Further, the request for improve the sensitivity of the sensor unit to precisely measure the load applied to a rolling bearing exists in the rolling bearing device with a sensor.
Further, in a hub unit, there has conventionally been a request for easily and precisely detecting the translational load in the vertical direction of the vehicle, the translational load in the traveling direction of the vehicle, the translational load in the axial direction of the wheel, the moment load around the vertical direction of the vehicle, and the moment load around the traveling direction of the vehicle.


The present invention generally relates to network connectors, and more particularly, to apparatuses, systems, and methods associated with network jacks having compatibility with more than one plug and corresponding plugs. In one embodiment, the present invention is a jack having multiple printed circuit boards, wherein each circuit board is used for connection to a particular style of a plug. In one embodiment, the jack according to the present invention is compatible with an RJ45 plug.

With a steady increase of users adopting 10GBASE-T Ethernet for platforms such as high performance computing (HPC), storage area networks (SANs), and cloud computing, there is a need for an increase in bandwidth in the network backbone to support such increasing data transfer rates. The structured cabling industry has recently started a dialogue regarding the feasibility of next-generation high-bandwidth cabling solutions to anticipate the next computing boom.
Among the top currently established data transmission rates for structured copper cabling is 10 Gigabits per second running on Augmented Category 6 (CAT6A) cabling. Additionally, point-to-point copper cabling solutions can run through a 40 Gigabits per second Quad Small Form-factor Pluggable (QSFP) connector via a twin-axial copper cable. Unfortunately, the QSFP connectivity comes with drawbacks such as deficiencies in maximum length and a potential lack of backwards compatibility with other connector styles.
It is desirable to create a connector that is capable of reaching the higher bandwidth requirement of emerging platforms while still providing backwards compatibility with an RJ45 plug.

High bandwidth jack with RJ45 backwards compatibility


Hydrophobic polymer particles (e.g., granules or fragments) employed as filter media, e.g., for filtering runoff water, include an antimicrobial compound on exterior surfaces and can reduce proliferation of microbial organisms as well as sorb chemical contaminants from the water. By employing this dual decontamination action, filter systems employing such particles can improve the quality of runoff water (or other contaminated water streams) and reduce the risk presented by potentially harmful organisms.

Typical water runoff contains a surprisingly large amount of oil and other contaminants. The resulting contamination of natural receiving water incurs enormous annual costs, both financial and environmental. For example, a government study in one published article showed that storm water sampled from street sites contained an "event mean concentration" of 2.2 mg. of oil per liter of runoff water. Shepp, "Petroleum Hydrocarbon Concentrations Observed in Runoff from Discrete, Urbanized Automotive-Intensive Land Uses," Watershed'96. If one meter of rain per year falls on a street 10 meters wide, then at that observed mean rate, the annual runoff from each kilometer of street will contain about 275 liters of hydrocarbons.
Various systems have been developed to remove hydrocarbons and other chemical contaminants from runoff water. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,080,307, and commonly owned with the present application, discloses a system for recovering trash and oil from water passing into storm drains or the like.
Unfortunately, a report of the National Resources Defense Council ("Testing the Waters 2001," available from www.nrdc.org) makes it dear that such conventional systems for chemical decontamination and debris removal are inadequate for effective purification of runoff water. Eighty-five percent of beach closings and health advisories occurring in 2000 were the result of high bacteria levels, according to the report, and "polluted runoff and storm water caused or contributed to more than 4,102 closings or advisories." Clearly there remains a need for further improvements in the purification of runoff water to alleviate continued concerns about public health.


A system and method for adjusting or selecting the treatment parameters for HIFU signals to treat a target treatment site, and/or to aid in visualizing the likely degree and location of HIFU effects on patient tissue. The system transmits one or more test signals into patient tissue and receives signals created in response to the test signals. The signals are analyzed to determine a response curve of how a characteristic of the signal varies with the one or more test signals. The response curve of the detected signals is used to select a treatment parameter.

As an alternative to more invasive types of surgical procedures, many physicians are employing the use of High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) as a technique to therapeutically treat internal body tissues. With HIFU, an ultrasound signal of sufficient power (pressure and particle velocity) and time is focused on a target volume of tissue in order to change a state of the tissue by heating and/or by cavitation.
To be effective in treating tissue, the delivered energy of the HIFU signal must be sufficient to cause the desired physical effect. Additionally, the energy must not be so great or uncontrolled as to cause unintended collateral damage to healthy tissues surrounding the target volume. The non-homogenous nature of tissue(s) in the body creates variations in attenuation, propagation velocity, and acoustic impedance that modify the expected acoustic wave propagation and deposition of HIFU energy delivered to a target tissue volume when compared to homogeneous material. The technology disclosed herein is a method and apparatus for dynamically controlling and/or selecting parameters that affect the energy of a HIFU signal and/or the location where the energy is directed so that the desired physical effect in tissue is obtained and collateral damage to surrounding tissue is minimized.

Optimization and feedback control of HIFU power deposition through the analysis of detected signal characteristics


A device for resisting rotation of a tap fitted to a work surface comprises a body; an engagement formation for engaging with a part of the tap; and an attachment means for irrotatably attaching the device to the tap. The device further comprises fastening means for irrotatably fastening the device to a work surface.

FIG. 1 shows cross-section of a known arrangement comprising a "worktop" or work surface 1 with a tap (or faucet) 3 attached thereto. The tap 3 can actuate a valve to control the release of water from the tap 3. The tap 3 is a mixer tap that can supply water at a desired temperature by mixing hot water and cold water. In order to open the valve to start the flow of water, the user lifts a handle 4 of the tap 3. In order to then select a desired water temperature, the user turns the handle 4 in either a clockwise direction or a counter-clockwise direction, depending on the desired temperature, which controls the relative flow of hot water and cold water through the tap 3. To then close the valve to stop the flow of water, the user lowers the handle 4 of the opened tap 3 and turns the handle 4 back to a central position.
The tap 3 comprises a substantially cylindrical body. The body of the tap 3 comprises an abutment portion 2 and a pipe 6 with a screw thread. The radius of the abutment portion 2 is greater than the radius of the pipe 6.
In order to fit the tap 3 to the work surface 1, the tap 3 is first inserted into a cylindrical hole through the work surface 1 so that the abutment portion 2 abuts with a top surface of the work surface 1 and the pipe 6 protrudes downwardly from a bottom surface of the work surface 1. A nut 5 is threaded onto the screw thread of the pipe 6 to secure the tap 3 to the work surface 1. The nut 5 is tightened until it is in contact with the lower surface of the work surface 1. The compressive force between the abutment portion 2 and the nut 5, combined with the friction between the nut 5 and the rough lower surface of the work surface 1, holds the tap 3 in its place. Thus, the tap 3 is secured to the work surface 1 both rotationally and axially.
However, over time, or due to vandalism, the repeated counter-clockwise and clockwise turning of the handle 4 may cause the tap 3 to become rotationally unsecured so that the tap 3 can freely rotate whilst fitted in its hole in the work surface 1. This problem may be caused by, for example, the nut 5 loosening on the screw thread of the pipe 6 thereby reducing the compressive force between the nut 5 and the abutment portion 2, or by the nut 5 wearing away the lower surface of the work surface 1 so that it becomes smooth, thereby lowering the frictional force between the nut 5 and the lower surface of the work surface 1. The problem of loosening over time can even occur with automatic taps (which are not intended to be turned, but operate based on a sensor) perhaps because of users attempting to turn the tap, unaware that it is automatic, or through vandalism.
Embodiments of the present invention seek to address the above problem, whilst the applicant's unpublished International (PCT) Patent Application No. PCT/GB2017/050087 (the entire content of which is incorporated herein) provides a solution to unwanted rotational movement of taps attached to sinks.


The present invention is a constant pressure ink supply for use in a printing system. The ink supply includes a flexible fluid reservoir for containing a quantity of fluid, and a spring which has an expanded position, and a contracted position. The spring is configured to operatively engage the flexible ink reservoir as the spring transitions from the expanded position to the contracted position and wherein the flexible fluid reservoir is biased by the spring as the spring contracts to produce fluid at a substantially constant fluid pressure at a fluid outlet.

The present invention relates to an ink reservoir for providing a supply of pressurized ink to a printer. More particularly, the present invention relates to a method and apparatus for biasing a flexible ink reservoir to provide a supply of ink at constant pressure to the printer.
Printers typically include a drop ejection device and a supply of ink for replenishing the drop ejection device. In the case of thermal printing, the drop ejection device is typically referred to as a printhead. Printing is accomplished by the selective activation of the printhead as the printhead is moved relative to a print media.
One previously used type of printer makes use of an ink reservoir that is separately replaceable from the printhead. As ink is selectively deposited on print media, the ink reservoir replenishes the printhead with ink. In this embodiment, a region within the printhead is maintained at a slight vacuum, sometimes referred to as xe2x80x9cbackpressure.xe2x80x9d Typically, this backpressure is approximately two to three inches of water below atmospheric pressure. This backpressure within the printhead tends to prevent ink from leaking or drooling from nozzles within the printhead which can reduce print quality. If this backpressure is too large, ink flow to ink ejection chambers is reduced. This is sometimes referred to as xe2x80x9cprinthead starvationxe2x80x9d resulting in print quality degradation and possible printhead failure.
The replaceable ink reservoir can be positioned on a scanning carriage with the printhead or positioned off the scanning carriage. In the case where the ink reservoir is mounted off carriage, the ink reservoir can be continuously in fluid communication with the printhead such as connected by a flexible conduit or intermittently connected by positioning the carriage proximate a refilling station that is in fluid communication with the printhead. The printhead is selectively replenished with ink from the refilling station. Using a replaceable ink reservoir allows for the replacement of the ink reservoir separate from the printhead allowing the use of the printhead until end of printhead life thereby reducing the cost per page of printing to the consumer.
It is frequently useful for providing a pressurized supply of ink to the printhead to achieve high flow rates or greater reliability. High flow rates are sometimes required in large format printing. Large format printing often involves printing on print media on the order of 34-54 inches in width. High flow rates are required in small format printing in cases where high print speed is required.
Various schemes have been suggested for pressurizing sources of ink. U.S. Pat. No. 5,650,811 entitled xe2x80x9cApparatus for Providing Ink to a Printheadxe2x80x9d, issued Jul. 22, 1997, to Seccombe et al., discloses the use of a spring for urging a piston to engage a deformable bag filled with ink.
There is an ever-present need for techniques for providing a pressurized supply of ink to achieve high flow rates and high reliability. These techniques should minimize pressure variations thereby reducing the pressure range in which the pressure regulator must compensate. In addition, these techniques should be volumetrically efficient to provide a compact ink reservoir, well suited to high volume manufacturing and be relatively low cost thereby reducing the per page print costs.
These techniques should be capable of dispensing substantially all of the ink from the replaceable ink reservoir. Stranding ink in the replaceable ink reservoir tends to reduce the consumer value. In addition, stranded ink within the replaceable ink container produces an added component in the waste stream when the ink container is discarded.
Finally, these techniques for producing a pressurized supply of ink should allow for the determination of remaining ink in the ink reservoir. It is important that the remaining ink in the ink reservoir be capable of accurately being measured to provide advance notice that the ink reservoir is in need of replacement. Another important reason for determining an amount of remaining ink in the ink reservoir is to prevent operation of the printer when the ink reservoir is exhausted of ink. In the case of thermal printers, operation of the printhead without an adequate supply of ink can result in catastrophic damage to the printhead.
The present invention is a constant pressure ink supply for use in a printing system. The ink supply includes a flexible fluid reservoir for containing a quantity of fluid, and a spring which has an expanded position, and a contracted position. The spring is configured to operatively engage the flexible ink reservoir as the spring transitions from the expanded position to the contracted position and wherein the flexible fluid reservoir is biased by the spring as the spring contracts to produce fluid at a substantially constant fluid pressure at a fluid outlet.

Method and apparatus for pressurizing ink in a printer ink supply using spring force


An implantable medical device which senses atrial electrograms, detects atrial tachyarrhythmias and delivers atrial cardioversion/defibrillation pulses in response thereto, which employ a correlation analysis to assist in detection of arrhythmias and/or timing of delivery of cardioversion/defibrillation shocks. The device includes an electrogram recorder which stores atrial electrogram segments associated with R--R intervals extending over multiple atrial depolarizations and a correlator which measures correlation of successive stored atrial electrogram segments. The device may use the measured corellation meeting a defined threshold value to detect the occurrence of a defined tachyarrhythmia such as atrial fibrillation or allow delivery of a cardioversion/defibrillation pulse.

This invention relates to devices which detect and/or treat tachyarrhythmias (rapid heart rhythms), and more specifically, to mechanisms to distinguish among various tachyarrhythmias and to provide appropriate therapies to treat the identified tachyarrhythmias.
Early automatic tachyarrhythmia detection systems for automatic cardioverter/ defibrillators relied upon the presence or absence of electrical and mechanical heart activity (such as intra-myocardial pressure, blood pressure, impedance, stroke volume or heart movement) and/or the rate of the electrocardiogram to detect hemodynamically compromising ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation. Presently available pacemaker/cardioverter/defibrillator arrhythmia control devices, such as the Model 7219 and Model 7221 implantable pacemaker/cardioverters/defibrillators commercially available from Medtronic, Inc., employ programmable fibrillation interval ranges and tachycardia detection interval ranges, along with measurement of suddenness of onset and rate variability.
For future generations of devices, numerous detection and classification systems have been proposed. Numerous patents, including U.S. Pat. No. 5,217,021 issued to Steinhaus et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,086,772 issued to Lanard et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,058,599 issued to Andersen and U.S. Pat. No. 5,312,441 issued to Mader et al propose waveform morphology analysis systems for determining the type and origin of detected arrhythmias. Other patents, including U.S. Pat. No. 5,205,583 issued to Olson, U.S. Pat. No. 5,913,550 issued to Duffin, U.S. Pat. No. 5,193,535 issued to Bardy et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,161,527 issued to Nappholz et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,107,850 issued to Olive and U.S. Pat. No. 5,048,521, issued to Pless et al. propose systems for analysis of order and timing of atrial and ventricular events. Complex dual chamber detection mechanisms which rely upon a sets of ordered rules which are applied to distinguish between various atrial and ventricular arrhythmias are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,545,186, issued to Olson et al. and in pending U.S. application Ser. No. 08/895,342, filed on Jul. 17, 1997 by Gillberg et al. for a "Prioritized Rule Based Method and Apparatus for Diagnosis and Treatment of Arrhythmias .
In spite of the extensive work done toward optimizing detection methodologies, there are still situations in which improvements in detection methodology are to be desired. One such situation is the detection and classification of rhythms which may be due to atrial fibrillation and/or atrial flutter. In some cases, these two rhythms are difficult to distinguish, and in other cases, the patient may move between the two types of rhythm, during either the detection process or during the process of delivering an electrical therapy to terminate the rhythm.

Method and apparatus for diagnosis and treatment of arrhythmias


A method for producing from a plate-shaped substrate circular sections for use for instance in a color wheel encompasses inter alia such steps as positioning predefined edge break lines in such fashion that the circular sections to be separated at a subsequent point are arranged in columns, with the circular sections within a column being so positioned relative to one another that in each case at least certain points of the inner annular edge are in contact with the outer annular edge of another circular section, thus forming part of a common predefined edge break line, while the orientation of the curvature of the circular sections of neighboring columns is reversed in alternating fashion. In a subsequent step the circular sections are separated along the predefined edge break lines.

This invention relates to color wheels for projection systems and to a method for producing color wheels.
The invention pertains to a color wheel of the type employed in generating sequential color images using projection equipment. Such a color wheel can be produced by appropriately coating and configuring a disk-shaped glass substrate. It is especially the configuration process, however, that is expensive. In practice, therefore, a color wheel is in most cases composed of circular sections. It is typically produced by separating ring sectors or circular sections from dichroic plates and attaching them on a rotary disk in such fashion that the outer regions of the circular sections protrude past the rim of the disk and the outer edges of the circular sections form an annular circle. The color wheel thus produced, when to be used, is positioned in the optical path of an illuminating beam which, depending on the optical characteristics of the circular section currently in the optical path, will be transmitted or reflected for instance as a function of the wavelength concerned. Rotating the wheel makes it possible to generate a sequence of different colors.
This invention also relates to a method for producing the circular sections for use in a color wheel. For a more comprehensible description of this invention the following will identify and define some of the geometric parameters of the circular sections with reference to FIG. 1. A standard circular section 3 is circumscribed by an outer annular edge 5, an inner annular edge 7 as well as two radial edges 9, 9′ that enclose the central angle φ and extend in a direction perpendicular to the outer and inner annular edges 5, 7. For the purposes of this invention the outer annular edge 5 is divided into a central circular arc section 11 and two lateral circular arc sections 13 and 13′ in such fashion that the chord to the central circular arc section 11 is of the same length as the chord to the inner annular edge 7 and that the two lateral circular arc sections 13, 13′ are of an identical length.
It is not generally possible to completely and fully cover a two-dimensional area with identical circular arc sections. As an inevitable result, the separation of such circular sections from plate material cannot make full use of all the material, i.e. parts thereof are wasted and the material yield is less than 100%. The plate material is usually preprocessed involving expensive procedures. For example, the plates used in making color wheels are first vacuum-coated. Maximum utilization of the material is therefore desirable. Another factor that further reduces material utilization in the separation process and that depends on the method by which the plate material is separated into circular sections, is the need for the individual circular sections to be more or less spaced apart so that clean, reproducible edges can be obtained. A widely used method for separating substrates from glass plates involves a scoring and breaking process (the S&B method). The surface of the plate material is first scored along the line of the intended edge and the glass is then broken along that line. There must be enough material on both sides of the scored line to permit the application of the force necessary for breaking it and making sure that the break actually follows the line of the intended edge. In that context, enough material means at least three times the thickness of the glass to be broken. If the glass is 1 mm thick, the circular arc sections must consequently be spaced at least 3 mm from the respectively neighboring circular arc section over its entire circumference, unless the circular sections share a common break line.
Accordingly, in order to increase the yield, an attempt is made to position the substrates that are to be cut out by appropriate separation on the plate material from which they are to be obtained, in such fashion that as many joint break lines as possible are produced. That, of course, depends in large measure on the intended geometric shape of the separated sections. For identical circular arc
sections the only possibility is to position a radial edge of a first circular arc section so as to coincide with a radial edge of another circular arc section. If the curvatures of circular arc sections are aligned in matching fashion, additional circular sections can be positioned along the free radial edges, provided they are not more or less completely closed circular arc sections and provided the size of the plate permits it. The circular sections thus form an undulating, serpentine strip. This method is therefore referred to below as the serpentine method.
Another possibility to produce joint cutting edges and thus to achieve a better yield is to use a modified circular section, assuming the application permits it. As an example in the case of the color wheel described, the inside center area of the circular sections is used for the mechanical mounting only, thus allowing the inner annular edge to be varied as necessary.
A desirably modified circular section features an inner annular edge whose curvature matches the outer annular edge. In that case the circular sections can be so positioned that the inner annular edge 7 of a circular section constitutes a common edge break line with the central section 11 of the outer annular edge 5 of another circular section. The circular sections will thus form columns in which they are positioned one above the other. This process is therefore referred to below as the columnar method.
Applying the columnar method by which the inner annular edge is adapted, only a small part of the perimeter shares a joint break line intended to minimize material loss. For the remainder of the perimeter, at least three times the distance to the break line must be allowed to permit proper breaking. Since in most cases the plate material used for the segmentation is preprocessed by a preceding, cost-intensive coating procedure, this loss of material is still a significant factor in terms of the manufacturing cost.
It is the objective of this invention to introduce a solution that overcomes the shortcomings of prior art.
Simply combining the serpentine method and the columnar method will not work: The technician who tries to apply the serpentine method by moving the undulations closer together will fail due to the fact that parts of the outer edges of the mutually adjoining circular sections have a differently oriented curvature, so that a common break line is not possible even in the case of a relatively unencumbered configuration of the inner annular edge.
The technician who, by applying the columnar method along the concept of the serpentine method, tries to align the radial break lines of one column with the radial break lines of another column will fail due to the fact that the circular sections would overlap.

Method for producing color-wheel segments


A measuring apparatus is capable of measuring chlorine dioxide gas concentration by correcting for changes in light emission of an LED due to heating and passage of time, and applying the correction to the optical absorption rate of chlorine dioxide gas at a photodetector. The measuring apparatus includes a main body with a measuring passage surrounded by a pair of transparent bodies, into which specimen gas or fresh air is fed and then discharged, and a comparing passage arranged in the vicinity of the measuring passage, into which no specimen gas is fed, first and second LEDs for emitting ultraviolet light which both have identical properties and are mounted at one end of the measuring passage and at one end of the comparing passage, respectively, and first and second photodetectors for receiving light respectively from the first and second LEDs and detecting a light emission amount thereof.

Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to apparatuses for measuring the concentration of chlorine dioxide gas in an enclosed space, and particularly relates to a chlorine dioxide gas concentration measuring apparatus which uses ultraviolet light.
Description of the Related Art
Chlorine dioxide gas is effective in performing disinfection or fumigation in an enclosed space, and is most effective in performing disinfection in factories that produce food or medicine, for example, and which require that a hygienic environment be maintained. The applicant has made various proposals concerning chlorine dioxide gas generating apparatuses capable of generating such chlorine dioxide gas directly inside factories etc.
Since improper handling of chlorine dioxide gas can cause hazards such as explosions, it is of the utmost importance to ensure that it is possible to adjust and manage the gas concentration in the gas generating apparatus and after generating the gas, depending on the usage conditions. To that end there has been proposed, for example in Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 1979-10784, an apparatus for measuring chlorine dioxide gas concentration as a "bleaching compound" in the pulp and paper industry.
Measuring and managing the concentration of chlorine dioxide gas is also important when performing disinfection, and the concentration of gas needs to be measured and managed both during disinfection, and for confirming safety afterwards. In addition, measuring and management of chlorine dioxide gas concentration must be performed in real-time, in order to prevent the occurrence of any unforeseen consequences (such as the aforementioned explosive hazard or adverse effects on personnel) during disinfection.
As discussed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 1998-311790, chlorine dioxide gas is very toxic, corrosive, and can strongly irritate mucous membranes and the eyes, and has a very low TLV-STEL (threshold limit value-short time exposure) of 0.3 ppm (ml/m3), as defined by the ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists) in 1993 to 1994. It is therefore important to measure the concentration of chlorine dioxide gas in order to avoid the aforementioned adverse effects, and to comply with the threshold limit value of the work environment. Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 1998-311790 proposes a chlorine dioxide gas measuring apparatus for this purpose.
The contents of Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 1979-10784 and Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 1998-311790 are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

Chlorine dioxide gas concentration measuring apparatus