A system for coupling a plurality of pipes end-to-end in a locked configuration to thereby form an enclosed conduit comprising a first pipe having a receiving end and an insertion end, a first annular ring track formed on an inner surface of the receiving end; a second pipe, the second pipe having an insertion end and a receiving end, an opposing annular ring track formed on an outer surface of the insertion end; the receiving end of the first pipe sized to tightly receive the insertion end of the second pipe; an anti-reversing locking ring having a partial conic profile, the ring having a leading edge formed on a larger diameter opening of the ring, the ring having a trailing edge formed on a smaller diameter opening of the ring; and the ring positioned in the first ring track of the first pipe with the leading edge of the ring closer to the receiving end than the insertion end, such that when the insertion end of the second pipe is inserted into the receiving end of the first pipe, the trailing end of the ring drops into the opposing ring track of the second pipe to thereby couple the first and the second pipes in the locked configuration.

In laying underground cable and electrical wires, a bore hole is drilled and lined with piping to form a conduit. Cables or electrical wires are then run through the pipe. The pipe provides protection against water, dirt, cuts, compression, and the like.
One type of piping system employs HDPE pipe that is stored on and dispensed from a reel. This system suffers from a number of drawbacks, including problems with handling the reel, fusion welding of pipe connections, uncoiling of pipe, wasted pipe, safety hazards and increased labor costs.
One preferred piping system employs a plurality of sections of PVC pipe. The sections of pipe are preferably between 10 to 20 feet in length, so that they are easy to ship and handle. The pipes have inner diameters ranging from about 3 to 6 inches, depending on the application. The sections of PVC pipe are fastened end-to-end so as to prevent water, dirt and the like from entering the pipe. An o-ring or gasket is used to form a water-tight seal between adjacent pipes. Once the pipes are in place, a plurality of cables and/or wires are run through the pipes.
Connecting the pipes end-to-end presents various problems. The pipes can be glued together, but this process is time consuming, and therefore expensive. Additionally, glued joints are not strong enough for boring. Accordingly, attempts have been made to develop alternative coupling systems.
Several companies, including include Carlon/Lamson & Sessions, Certainteed, and Victaulic, distribute a pipe coupling system that employs a nylon locking strap. The strap has a locking means on opposing ends thereof. An annular groove is formed on an inner surface of a receiving end of a first pipe. An aperture extends through the wall of the pipe and communicates with the groove. A matching groove is formed on an outer surface of an insertion end of a second pipe. The insertion end of the second pipe is inserted into the receiving end of the first pipe until the groove and the matching groove are opposite one another. Once the grooves are lined up, the strap is inserted into the aperture and slid into the opposing grooves. The strap is sized to occupy both the groove and the matching groove, such that the strap and the grooves together prevent the first and second pipes from sliding relative to one another. While the strap mechanism is effective for locking pipes end-to-end, it can be difficult to align the opposing grooves and to insert the strap into the opposing grooves. The separate straps also require installation by the end user, which increases installation cost. Additionally, straps may become dislodged during pipe installation, resulting in uncoupling of pipes.
There is thus a need for a pipe coupling system having the following characteristics and advantages over the prior art.

Pipe coupling system having an anti-reversing locking ring


A vehicle collision warning system converts collision threat messages from a predictive collision sensor into intuitive sounds which are perceived by the occupant to be directed from the direction of the potential collision. The type and volume of the sounds are dependent upon the estimated likelihood, severity, and commencement time of the collision. The types of sound are chosen to evoke the proper corrective action by the driver as necessary to avoid the collision or mitigate the effects thereof. Examples of the sounds include a horn, screeching tires, a siren, sounds of various types of vehicles and object, and voice commands. The sounds are stored monaurally and are converted to directional sounds using known techniques.

Known arrangements for alerting a vehicle driver to potential danger have utilized lights and/or buzzers located in the vehicle instrument panel. In addition, for collision avoidance systems, a heads-up display has been proposed to display threat symbols for the driver to see while driving.
However, audible tones or warning lights have not proven to be completely satisfactory because they are ineffective as warning devices for high threat real-time situations. Warning lights on an instrument panel will not be seen unless the operator looks at them, which inadvertently causes the driver's attention to be diverted from the road. Audible tones (buzzers, etc) tend to only confuse the driver since the tones do not inherently provide a context for the tone unless the driver is provided with considerable training. For example, a driver can not necessarily determine the possible source or type of danger simply from hearing the tone. In addition, in very complex situations, humans tend to not notice these tone sounds at all, and if anything, the noise only adds to the level of confusion in the situation.
Heads-up displays also suffer from the drawback that a driver's attention can be inadvertently diverted from the road in order to concentrate on a particular display region of the windshield. For situations such as a possible collision, the warning information must be immediately recognized by the operator to be effective. Requiring the operator to physically look to the display at a regular interval to see if a warning is present reduces the effectiveness of the warning system. Also for situations where an operator is less attentive than desired, such as driving when sleepy or while under the influence of alcohol, these visual monitor-type warnings are completely ineffective. In addition, many drivers, particularly older drivers with poor vision, find heads-up displays very awkward and difficult to use.
Faced with a potential crash, the driver must act quickly and decisively to take corrective action to avoid the crash. Under these circumstances, the typical driver does not normally have time to think about what to do or to comprehend messages from a typical display system. Instead, the operator needs intuitive cues which evoke the correct automatic driver reactions. The main disadvantage of prior art collision warning systems is that they do not provide such cues.


The present invention relates to a nitrogen-containing fused ring compound represented by the following formula [I]

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus (type 1)) belonging to retrovirus is a causative virus of AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome).
HIV targets CD4 positive cell groups such as helper T cell, macrophage and dendritic cell and destroys these immunocompetent cells to cause immunodeficiency.
Accordingly, a pharmaceutical agent that eradicates HIV in a living organism or suppresses its growth is effective for the treatment or prophylaxis of AIDS.
HIV possesses a bimolecular RNA gene in a shell, and which is covered with an envelope protein. The RNA codes for several enzymes (protease, reverse transcriptase, integrase etc.) characteristic of the virus and the like, and has translated reverse transcriptase and integrase in the core, as well as protease inside and outside the core.
HIV contacts and invades a host cell, causes uncoating, and releases a complex of RNA and integrase, and the like into the cytoplasm. From the RNA, DNA is transcribed by reverse transcriptase, and a full length double stranded DNA is produced. The DNA moves into the core of the host cell and is incorporated by integrase into the DNA of the host cell. The incorporated DNA is converted to an mRNA by polymerase of the host cell, from which mRNA various proteins necessary for forming a virus are synthesized by HIV protease and the like, and a virus particle is finally formed, which then undergoes budding and its release.
These virus specific enzymes are considered to be essential for the growth of HIV. These enzymes are drawing attention as the target of the development of antiviral agents, and several anti-HIV agents have been already developed.
For example, zidovudine, didanosine, lamivudine and the like have been already on the market as reverse transcriptase inhibitors, and indinavir, nelfinavir and the like as protease inhibitors.
In addition, a multiple drug combination therapy concurrently using these pharmaceutical agents has been employed. For example, a combined use of two reverse transcriptase inhibitors (zidovudine and didanosine), and a combined use of three agents of reverse transcriptase inhibitors (zidovudine and lamivudine) and a protease inhibitor (nelfinavir) have been clinically applied. Such multiple drug combination therapy is becoming a mainstream of AIDS therapy (Folia Pharmacologica Japonica, 118, 131–134, 2001).
However, some of these pharmaceutical agents are known to HIV cause side effects such as liver function failure, central nervous disorders (e.g., vertigo), and the like. In addition, acquisition of resistance to a pharmaceutical agent causes a problem. Even worse, emergence of an HIV that shows multiple drug resistance in a multiple drug combination therapy has been known.
Under the circumstances, a further development of a novel pharmaceutical agent, particularly a development of an anti-HIV agent based on a new mechanism, has been desired, wherein a development of an anti-HIV agent having an integrase inhibitory activity is-expected, because an integrase characteristic of retrovirus is an essential enzyme for the growth of HIV.
Nevertheless, an effective integrase inhibitor has not been found as yet.
Known compounds comparatively similar to the anti-HIV agent of the present invention are described in the following.
WO01/96283 describes, as an anti-HIV agent having an integrase inhibitory activity, the following compound [A] (see WO01/96283, p. 176, compound 70).

WO03/016266 describes the following compound [B] and the like having an integrase inhibitory activity (see WO03/016266, p. 159, Example Nos. 3–17).

WO01/95905 describes the following compound [C] and the like, as an anti-HIV agent having an integrase inhibitory activity (see WO01/95905, p. 109, Example E-2).

In addition, WO03/047564 describes the following compound [D] and the like, as an anti-HIV agent having an integrase inhibitory activity (see WO03/047564, p. 73, Example 11).

Moreover, WO02/30930 and WO02/55079 describe, as an anti-HIV agent having an integrase inhibitory activity, the following compounds [E], [F] and the like, respectively (see WO02/30930, p. 171, Example 1; WO02/55079, p. 79, Example 1). WO02/30426, WO02/30931 and WO02/36734 also disclose similar compounds.

In addition, WO03/031413 describes, as an anti-HIV agent having an integrase inhibitory activity, the following compound [G] and the like (see WO03/031413, p. 21, compound 8).

Moreover, WO03/035076 and WO03/035077 describe, as an anti-HIV agent having an integrase inhibitory activity, the following compounds [H], [i] and the like (WO03/035076, p. 188, Example 1; WO03/035077, p. 146, Example 22).

However, these publications do not disclose nitrogen-containing fused ring compound encompassed in the present invention, or a description suggestive thereof.
Furthermore, WO2004/24078 describe, as an anti-HIV agent having an integrase inhibitory activity, the following compound [J] and the like.

This publication describes the following formula as the formula (I) of claim 1 and a tautomer thereof. However, the compound described in this publication is clearly different from the compound of the present invention in that a hydroxyl group or a carbonyl group is essential at a position corresponding to the position of Ry1 for y2 in the formula [I] of the nitrogen-containing fused ring compound of the present invention. In addition, this publication does not suggest a compound free of a hydroxyl group or a carbonyl group at said position.

A production method of the compound of the formula (I) is disclosed in this publication from page 46 to page 113, but the production method concretely disclosed here cannot produce a nitrogen-containing fused ring compound encompassed in the present invention, and a concrete production method of this compound is not referred to at all.

Nitrogen-containing fused ring compound and use thereof as HIV integrase inhibitor

Abstract: wherein each symbol is as defined in the specification, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and an anti-HIV agent containing such compound. The compound of the present invention has an HIV integrase inhibitory activity, and is useful as an agent for the prophylaxis or treatment of AIDS, or as an anti-HIV agent. In addition, by the combined use with other anti-HIV agents such as a protease inhibitor, a reverse transcriptase inhibitor and the like, it can be a more effective anti-HIV agent. Because it shows integrase-specific high inhibitory activity, the compound can be a pharmaceutical agent safe on human body, which causes only a fewer side effects.


The present invention is an improved method of resequencing DNA using microarrays to rapidly map and identify SNPs, deletions and amplification events present in the genome of an organism. The method is performed by hybridizing a reference and a test genome to two separate arrays with each array exhibiting a specific intensity pattern. The intensity differences between the reference and the test genome arrays are used to produce a mutation map. The mapped differences are resequenced on a set of resequencing arrays to identify specific genetic mutations.

The advent of DNA microarray technology makes it possible to build an array of hundreds of thousands of DNA sequences in a very small area, such as the size of a microscope slide. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,375,903 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,143,854, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. The disclosure of U.S. Pat. No. 6,375,903, also incorporated by reference in its entirety, enables the construction of so-called maskless array synthesizer (MAS) instruments in which light is used to direct synthesis of the DNA sequences, the light direction being performed using a digital micromirror device (DMD). Using an MAS instrument, the selection of DNA sequences to be constructed in the microarray is under software control so that individually customized arrays can be built to order. In general, MAS based DNA microarray synthesis technology allows for the parallel synthesis of over 800,000 unique features each containing unique pre-selected oligonucleotides, in a very small area of on a standard microscope slide. The microarrays are generally synthesized by using light to direct which oligonucleotides are synthesized at specific locations on an array, these locations being called features.
With the availability of the entire genomes of hundreds of organisms, for which a reference sequence has generally been deposited into a public data base, microarrays have been used to perform sequence analysis on DNA isolated from such organisms. One technique that can be used to identify a genetic variant is to sequence the genomic DNA of an individual and then to compare that sequence to the reference sequence of that organism. It has been found that many differences in DNA sequence are presented as single variations in DNA sequence, often referred to as single nucleotide polymorphisms or SNPs. The sequence comparison between the test genome and the reference genome of a species has been generally by the brute force mechanism of capillary sequencing to identify the SNPs for that individual.
Specifically, another method of identifying genetic variations has been by resequencing (See Sakai et al., (1989) PNAS 86:6230-6234). One method of resequencing that has shown significant results utilizes oligonucleotide microarray technology (Hacia, et al., (1999) Nature Genetics, 21(1 Suppl):42-7.) In particular, this type of resequencing chip consists of a complete tiling of the reference sequence—that is, a chip containing one probe corresponding exactly to each 29-mer in the reference sequence—plus, for each base in this sequence, three mismatch probes: one representing each possible SNP at this position. In theory, any time a SNP is present, the mismatch probe representing this SNP will have a higher intensity signal than the corresponding probe that matches the reference sequence. However, due to unpredictability in signal strength, varying hybridization efficiency, and various other sources of noise, this method typically results in many base positions whose identities are incorrectly predicted. As such, alternative methods for efficiently and accurately resequencing DNA using microarrays to identify mutations in the genomes of organisms would be a desirable contribution to the art.


An information processing device includes an input operation function identification unit configured to identify an input operation and a function performed on a display screen including at least two areas; an area determination unit configured to determine an area among the at least two areas of the display screen to which the input operation belongs; a function process unit configured to execute a process of the function corresponding to the input operation, with respect to the area determined by the area determination unit; and a display output unit configured to display, on the display screen, a result obtained by the process executed by the function process unit.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an information processing device including a display device and an information processing method.
2. Description of the Related Art
Conventionally, there is known a technology of opening two windows in one screen displayed on a display device of an information processing device, and separately performing page operations for the respective windows. Specifically, in each of the separate windows, characters are written, lines and drawings are drawn, the written characters and drawn lines and drawings are moved, and pages are switched in each window.
Furthermore, Patent Document 1 discloses an education support system that is one kind of information processing device. The education support system includes an instructor-use terminal device and a student-use terminal device. The display control unit of the student-use terminal device includes a means for dividing the screen, displaying a display image of the instructor-use terminal device in a part of the screen, and displaying a unique image in another part of the screen. Accordingly, in one part of the divided screen, the display image of the instructor-use terminal device is displayed, and the student can display a unique screen in the other part and write a memorandum, etc., in the other part.
Patent Document 1: Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 2002-229427

Information processing device, information processing method, and computer-readable medium that determine an area of a display screen to which an input operation belongs


An apparatus for switching television channels and a method thereof are provided. The apparatus for switching television channels includes a tuner unit, at least two video de-multiplexing modules and a switch unit. The tuner unit locks a specific frequency point in a broadcast stream, and the frequency point has at least two program channels. After the tuner unit locks the specific frequency point, each of the video de-multiplexing modules simultaneously and respectively receives the broadcast stream, and performs a de-multiplexing operation and a decoding operation to each of the program channels to generate at least two program streams. The switch unit selects and displays one of the at least two program streams corresponding to a first program channel, and when a second program channel is selected, the switch unit selects and displays the other one of the at least two program streams corresponding to the second program channel.

1. Technical Field
The invention relates to a switch technique of television channels. Particularly, the invention relates to an apparatus for switching television channels and a method thereof.
2. Related Art
Along with progress of multimedia technology, digital video devices such as digital televisions and set-top boxes are widely used. Multimedia practitioners also provide multiple television channels to facilitate the users enjoying rich audio and video resources.
When the user watches a digital television program of a certain channel, and wants to switch to an adjacent channel, it generally takes several seconds before images and sounds of the corresponding program are decoded after the user presses a corresponding key, which leads to a result that the user feels a noticeable pause. Such sense of pause is due to that a tuner in a digital television receiver is required to transmit a received video stream to an image decoding module for decoding, and the image decoding module performs video decoding according to a decoding technique corresponding to the video stream, and the above two steps consume more processing time. For example, the video stream is composed of an I-frame, a P-frame and a B-frame, and the image decoding module has to receive the I-frame in the video stream in order to decode the P-frame and the B-frame.
A channel switching time can be reduced in order to mitigate the aforementioned sense of pause, and one method thereof is to simultaneously use a plurality of tuners to reduce the time consumed in locking frequency points of the channels. However, based on statistics, it is known that the most time-consuming step is not switching of different frequency points, but is that the image decoding module cannot quickly decode the video stream. Therefore, it is necessary to provide a method to quickly switch television channels, such that the user may have better operation experience when watching the digital video device.

Apparatus for switching television channels and method thereof


A gain generator 10 for use in high-energy flowing gas lasers such as COIL devices comprises a chemical reactant mixing nozzle 12 disposed in a gain medium 16. The nozzle includes a plurality of blades 22 formed of a plastic material resistant to chemical attack at the operating temperature of the gain medium and non-catalytic to O.sub.2 (.sup.1 .DELTA.). A preferred material is polyetherimide. The gain medium includes octagonal shaped openings 50 for the optical mode of the laser beam.

The invention relates to the field of chemical lasers and, more particularly, to a gain generator for use in high-energy flowing gas chemical lasers.
The chemical oxygen-iodine laser (COIL) is a high-energy chemically pumped continuous wave (cw) laser which utilizes electronic transitions between different states of atomic iodine. The COIL can produce continuous high-power and good beam quality due to low pressure operation.
The overall process in the COIL involves the liquid phase generation and flow of electronically excited molecular, singlet-delta oxygen, O.sub.2 (.sup.1 .DELTA.), into the gaseous phase. This is followed by electronic energy transfer to metastable atomic iodine to produce the excited state of atomic iodine. O.sub.2 (.sup.1 .DELTA.) is generated by a chemical reaction between basic hydrogen peroxide (BHP), HO.sub.2 -, and chlorine gas, Cl.sub.2. Resonant energy transfer from O.sub.2 (.sup.1 .DELTA.) produces excited state atomic iodine I(P.sub.1/2) and a population inversion: EQU O.sub.2 (.sup.1 .DELTA.)+I(P.sub.3/2).fwdarw.O.sub.2 (.sup.3 .SIGMA.)+I(P.sub.1/2) (1)
The ground state iodine atoms for reaction (1) can be produced by the dissociation of molecular iodine, I.sub.2, introduced into a flow stream of O.sub.2 (.sup.1 .DELTA.). The transition between the first electronically excited state of atomic iodine and the ground state generates a photon at 1.315 .mu.m: EQU I(P.sub.1/2).fwdarw.I(P.sub.3/2)+h.nu.(1.315 .mu.m) (2)
Lightweight versions of high-energy chemical lasers are emerging strategic weapons having potential for airborne use. In the gain generator, a resonant transfer of energy occurs through the reaction of the energizing reactant, O.sub.2 (.sup.1 .DELTA.), and the lasing reactant, iodine. Lightweight materials are needed in the gain generator for airborne applications where weight reduction reduces fuel consumption and operating costs.
The materials used in the gain generator also need to have resistance to high-temperature chemical attack by aggressive chemicals. In the COIL, the nozzle blades need to be chemically resistant to iodine and also to residual chlorine (Cl.sub.2) from O.sub.2 (.sup.1 .DELTA.) generation.
Materials used to form the nozzle blades in COIL devices also need to have sufficient mechanical properties at operating temperatures typically as high as 300.degree.-400.degree. F. Strength is needed to maintain acceptable dimensional stability of the nozzle.
Known metallic nozzle materials such as high-purity nickel and nickel-based alloys must be heated to a temperature above about 400.degree. F. to prevent I.sub.2 condensation on the blades, which can reduce I.sub.2 flow. Consequently, a heating source must be included in the gain generator to heat the nozzle blades.
These metallic materials are also difficult and expensive to cast and machine.
A further need for the nozzle blade material is that it does not catalyze the deactivation of O.sub.2 (.sup.1 .DELTA.). Deactivation reduces the amount of O.sub.2 (.sup.1 .DELTA.) available in the nozzle for electronic energy transfer to iodine and, thus, reduces photon output.
Another problem encountered in COIL devices is efficiently extracting power from the gain medium while at least satisfactorily matching the laser beam director geometry. In high-energy flowing gas chemical lasers such as COIL devices, it is often advantageous to use a laser beam director with circular optics. Due to diffraction effects, power at the target is increased by filling this aperture as much as possible. High-energy laser gain mediums are typically trapezoidal in shape, however, with a narrower dimension at the nozzle exit plane. Furthermore, the laser power is commonly extracted using an optical resonator which requires that the laser mode have an inversion symmetry about its optical axis.
Known solutions to this problem include either using a rectangular beam and physically clipping the corners after out coupling, or using a circular or elliptical extraction beam. These solutions are less than totally satisfactory. Clipping the corners of a rectangular beam after extraction sacrifices the outcoupled power that is clipped. Furthermore, in laser resonators with inversion symmetry, the rectangle height must be selected to match the shorter width dimension of the gain medium near the nozzle outlet end.
Using a circular or elliptical extraction geometry is also less than totally satisfactory. These geometries are more difficult to fabricate. Also, in transfer lasers such as the COIL, these geometries are less efficient and more sensitive to intensity spikes at the top and bottom.
Thus, there is a need for a gain generator for use in high-energy chemical lasers such as chemical oxygen-iodine lasers that (a) is lightweight; (b) comprises a nozzle that (i) is resistant to high temperature chemical attack, (ii) has sufficient mechanical properties at high temperatures, (iii) includes blades that are easier and less expensive to manufacture than metallic blades, do not require heating by a separate heating source, and do not catalyze deactivation of chemical reactants; and (c) provides both increased power extraction efficiency from the gain medium and satisfactory matching of the laser beam director geometry.

Gain generator for high-energy chemical lasers


According to the preferred embodiments, an apparatus and method is described for creating a real-time class package to class archive file mapping index that improves the performance of a class loader to load needed classes in an object oriented programming environment. In preferred embodiments, the class loader includes a mapping mechanism that creates and maintains a real-time class package to file archive mapping index. In preferred embodiments, the mapping mechanism optimizes access to the file archive mapping index. In a preferred embodiment, when the mapping mechanism finds a entry in the file archive mapping index for the package, but the class is not found, the class is searched in the class path beginning from the last file archive listed in the index to optimize the search. In other embodiments, the class loader includes a large package list that is used to further optimize access to the archive index.

1. Technical Field
This invention generally relates to object oriented programming and more specifically relates to an apparatus and method for creating a real-time class package to class archive file mapping index.
2. Background Art
Computer systems typically include operating system software that controls the basic function of the computer, and one or more software application programs that run under the control of the operating system to perform desired tasks. As the capabilities of computer systems have increased, the application software programs designed for high performance computer systems have become extremely powerful. Additionally, software development costs have continued to rise because more powerful and complex programs take more time, and hence more money, to produce.
One way in which the performance of application software programs has been improved while the associated development costs have been reduced is by using object-oriented programming concepts. The goal of using object-oriented programming is to create small, reusable sections of program code known as "objects" that can be quickly and easily combined and re-used to create new programs. This is similar to the idea of using the same set of building blocks again and again to create many different structures. The modular and re-usable aspects of objects will typically speed development of new programs, thereby reducing the costs associated with the development cycle. In addition, by creating and re-using a comprehensive set of well-tested objects, a more stable, uniform, and consistent approach to developing new computer programs can be achieved.
A central concept in object-oriented programming is the "class." A class is a template that defines a type of object. A class outlines or describes the characteristics or makeup of objects that belong to that class. By defining a class, objects can be created that belong to the class without having to rewrite the entire definition for each new object as it is created. This feature of object-oriented programming promotes the reusability of existing object definitions and promotes more efficient use of program code.
Many object oriented programming languages allow packaging multiple classes together in a class archive file. In Java, the class archive file is known as a JAR, where the name comes from the file extension (file.jar). When an application needs a class, the JARs are searched for the needed class. In large applications, the search can impact performance due to the large number of JARs in the search path. One prior art solution has been to combine JARs into one or a few large JARs to decrease the search path, but this solution is not optimal for code reuse and cannot be used where the class path search order must be maintained to ensure the same class file is found given a specific class name.
Another prior art solution created a data structure that maps Java class packages to JARs, so all the JARs in the class path do not need to be searched for each needed class. The prior art systems that used this approach required pre-processing to create a Java package to JAR mapping index. This solution using preprocessing is not practical in complex and changing environments. Without a mechanism for creating a Java package to JAR mapping that can be done without pre-processing or done in real-time, the computer industry will continue to suffer from performance penalties caused by excessive resources used for class path searches.

Creating a real-time class package to class archive file mapping index

International Business Machines Corporation


A safety syringe is disclosed. The safety syringe has a hollow barrel and a plunger. The plunger enters the barrel from one end and a retractable needle leaves the barrel from the other end. A blunt sheath is positioned over the needle. The needle has an exposed position in which the point of the needle extends beyond the sheath and a covered position in which the point of the needle is contained within the sheath. The plunger and the needle are configured to cause the needle to move from the exposed position to the covered position upon the depression of the plunger. In operation, the safety syringe may be filled like a conventional syringe by placing the needle in a vial of medication and retracting the plunger. Once the safety syringe is filled, the needle is inserted into the patient. In one embodiment, the sheath may be inserted into the patient with the needle. The medication is then injected into the patient by depressing the plunger. Depressing the plunger will, as stated, cause the needle to retract into the covered position.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates generally to hypodermic syringes and particularly to safety syringes designed to avoid accidental sticks.
2. Prior Art
The risk of contracting diseases such as HIV or hepatitis from accidental sticks with dirty needles is a potentially deadly hazard for medical professionals. Many syringe designs have been created that attempt to avoid or minimize this risk. Although most designs provide safety advantages over the conventional syringe, many come with substantial drawbacks. One of the most serious is the length of time between the completion of the injection and the covering of the needle. During this period, a window of opportunity exists for an accidental stick. Frequently, the minimization of this window comes at the price of creating a complicated syringe that is operated quite differently from a conventional syringe. The complicated designs often result in a syringe that is expensive to manufacture. The presence of these short comings in the prior art gives rise to the need for a safety syringe meeting the following objectives.


A method and apparatus for initializing multiple security modules are provided. The method may comprise the acts of determining if the security module is a controlling security module or a subordinate security module, generating at least one key if the security module is the controlling security module, and receiving at least one key from another security module if the security module is the subordinate security module. The apparatus may comprise a detector that is adapted to determine if the security module is a controlling security module or a subordinate security module, a key generator that generates a key for the security module if the security module is the controlling security module, and a key receiver that receives a key from another security module if the security module is the subordinate security module.

This section is intended to introduce the reader to various aspects of art, which may be related to various aspects of the present invention that are described and/or claimed below. This discussion is believed to be helpful in providing the reader with background information to facilitate a better understanding of the various aspects of the present invention. Accordingly, it should be understood that these statements are to be read in this light, and not as admissions of prior art.
In the field of processor-based systems, such as computer systems, it may be desirable for information to be transferred from one system to another system via a network. Networks may be arranged to allow information, such as files or programs, to be shared across an office, a building, or any geographic boundary. While these networks may be used to increase productivity, they also expose computer systems to security risks, such as interception of confidential data by unauthorized parties, loss of data integrity, unauthorized access to computer systems on the network, and the like.
A wide variety of security measures may be employed to secure data in a networked environment. For example, security components or modules may be used to attest to the settings within the computer system. In other words, the security modules may certify the validity of the computer system as a system that may be trusted by other systems. Such a security module may maintain records that relate to components and devices that are utilized by the computer system. These records, which may be encrypted with keys to prevent unauthorized access and/or may be managed by an administrator who is able to control the configuration of the computer system. However, if multiple security modules are utilized in a single computer system, each security module may contain incompatible data, which may be undecipherable by the computer system or other security modules. The data is incompatible because each security module may have a different perspective (i.e. may store differently encrypted data) of the information within the computer system and/or the operating environment of the computer system. These differences in perspective may result in conflicts that prohibit effective operation of the computer system.
For example, if two security modules are utilized in a computer system, each of the security modules may have different information that relates to the configuration of the computer system because each security module may have its own keys to encrypt the information that relates to the computer system. If one of the security modules is damaged, access to the information that was stored in or for the security module may not be obtainable. As such, the loss of a single security module may hinder the operation of the computer system as a whole and prevent access to specific information within the computer system.
In addition, with multiple security modules in a single computer system, the security modules may not be able to determine which security module is the controlling security module. As a result, the security modules may be unable to coordinate the operation of multiple security modules within a single computer system. Also, an administrator of the computer system may not be able to determine which security module is being utilized by the computer system. This problem may hinder maintenance or troubleshooting of the computer system.

Method and apparatus for initializing multiple security modules

Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.


A multi-layered adhesive sheet is provided, including a metal sheet and at least two thermosetting resin layers having different functions on at least one side of the metal sheet.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a multi-layered adhesive sheet which is processed into parts having an optimum shape, assembled, and thermally cured to form a structure. More particularly, the present invention relates to a multi-layered adhesive sheet which exhibits sufficient bonding strength even if the thickness of the sheet is reduced in order to reduce the weight of the heat exchanger, and which can be bonded without lifting even when assembled into a curved shape, a material for forming a heat exchanger, and a heat exchanger.
2. Description of Background Art
In the case of manufacturing an aluminum heat exchanger, an aluminum sheet is processed into parts having a specific shape, and the resulting parts are assembled. As the aluminum sheet, an aluminum material with a thickness of about 500–1000 μm is used as a core material, and an aluminum material as a filler metal having a melting point lower than that of the aluminum material as the core material is stacked on one side or each side of the core material (see JP-A-2002-47523).
A filler metal made of aluminum generally has a melting temperature of about 577° C. and must be heated to a brazing temperature (about 600° C.) equal to or greater than the melting temperature during joining. This increases the amount of energy consumed during brazing. Therefore, an aluminum sheet coated with a resin instead of a filler metal made of aluminum has been proposed (JP-A-2002-243395).
In recent years, reduction of the weight of heat exchangers has been demanded for automotive air conditioner applications or the like. To deal with this demand, the thickness of the aluminum material used as the core material must be reduced to 100 μm or less. However, since the strength of the aluminum material is decreased by reducing the thickness of the aluminum material, it is necessary to use a high-strength aluminum alloy to which an element such as magnesium, copper, or silicon is added in order to increase the strength of the core material.
The strength of the alloy is increased by increasing the amount of element to be added. However, the brazability of the aluminum sheet on which a filler metal is stacked decreases to a large extent due to a decrease in the melting point or the like.
An aluminum sheet coated with a resin has been proposed in order to reduce energy consumption. However, this aluminum sheet exhibits insufficient bonding strength in a curved section or has inferior heat resistance. Therefore, an adhesive sheet material having sufficient reliability and replacing brazing has been demanded.

Multi-layered adhesive sheet, material for forming heat exchanger, and heat exchanger


The present invention relates to the reduction of artifacts introduced by sending data at a higher rate than the bandwidth of the communication channel, such as the voltage and current offsets introduced in the data at the receiver as a function of the preceding data.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to the communication of signals, in particular, to the transmission and reception of digital signals. More specifically, the present invention relates to encoding and decoding the data being sent to reduce the offset of the signal around the sampling threshold voltage when the data rate is above the bandwidth of the channel.
The present invention is particularly applicable to interfaces between integrated circuits and for high speed communications, such as currently addressed by Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), Gigabit Ethernet, 3GIO, RapidIO, Hyperchannel and Fibre Transmission Channels, and makes possible yet higher data rates for a particular bandwidth of the transmission medium.
2. Background of the Invention
As the operating frequency of complex digital communication and data transfer systems increases, one of major technical challenge has been to improve the data transmission when the data rate is about or exceeds the bandwidth of a communication channel. A conventional communication channel comprising a differential driver, such as an LVDS (Low Voltage Differential Signaling) driver, a production package for the integrated circuit such as a BGA (Ball Grid Array), a printed circuit board, a receiver packaged similarly with its ESD (Electronic Static Discharge) structure, acts together as a filter. In the example given of a LVDS driver, BGA, pcb trace, BGA and receiver ESD structure and input parasitics, will have a cut-off frequency of around 1 GHz, and with between 4 and 6 poles, the slope will be sharp. A signal at 6 GHz (or 12 Gbps) may only have 20% of the amplitude of a signal at 1 GHz (2 Gbps). A 20 GHz (40 Gbps) signal over a 2 GHz BW channel may have only 10% of the amplitude of the 2 GHz (4 Gbps) components.
The receiver commonly has a relatively fixed sampling threshold voltage or current. If the signal being transmitted is a sine wave, and small changes are introduced at the time the sine wave is transmitted, such as by channel calibration processes or simply jitter, the entire signal can shift such that none of the data points for a period after the time shift cross the sampling threshold. An example of this is shown in FIG. 2. In this plot, the signal at 6 GHz is sent through a channel with 1 GHz bandwidth, and then at the start of the third cycle, the data is shifted in the transmitter by 5 ps. The result is that at the receiver, the signal no longer crosses the threshold. This problem is related to the ratio of the bandwidth of the channel to the bandwidth of the data, and the degree of non-linearity in the channel, so a 12 Gbps signal sent over a channel with 1 GHz bandwidth will behave as shown in FIG. 2, but 40 Gbps over a 2 GHz BW channel would have much worse behaviour.
The problem gets even more complex when the signal is not an almost continuous sine wave but rather a data signal, such as in FIG. 3, in which the same 1 GHz bandwidth channel is shown, sending data which varies in bandwidth from 1 GHz to 6 GHz. A channel implemented using standard production packages, such as BGAs, 1 GHz bandwidth drivers and with the receiver having the normal 2 KV HBM (Human Body Model) ESD protection, will cause signals above 1 GHz to have a dramatic loss in amplitude. It is normal practice in such situations to equalise the channel by attenuating the lower frequencies, effectively increasing the channel bandwidth. However, the tolerance on the components in the channel and the number of poles, typically 4 to 6 even in a direct chip to chip link, limits greatly the practical use of equalization. The result is that the system must tolerate the filter response when sending data.
The limited ability to equalise the channel at a practical level means that above the pass band of the channel, the data will be attenuated. This attenuation can be managed using tracking receiver thresholds, however, the impulse response of the filter causes a more dramatic problem: the entire data signal shifts over a small number of cycles as a function of tiny amounts of phase noise or phase variations.
In a channel with 1 GHz bandwidth (BW), if the signal comprises a pattern at 1 GHz, then the driver and receiver will reach their saturated values. When the data pattern changes from a 1 GHz repetitive signal to a series of data bits equivalent to a 6 GHz repetitive signal, the speed of response depends on where in the sine wave the 1 GHz signals happens to be at the point of change. Each cycle of the 6 GHz signal represents a little over 1 radian of the 1 GHz signal. The 1 GHz signal normalised to +/− 1V, will change at a rate of 2V per nS over the radian centred on the sampling threshold, but less than 1/12th of this over 1 radian of the cycle centred about the apex of the 1 GHz sinusoid. For the reader unfamiliar with Kalman filtering and signal processing, the received signal can be considered to have a momentum, determined by the impulse response of the channel filter characteristic. This means that a 1 unit time delay of the signal, imposed on the signal as it crosses the sampling threshold, will have 6 to 12 times the effect at the receiver than the same unit time delay of the signal as it is at its apex, where the unit of time is a very small number.
The variation in time in the received signal, caused by a delay imposed on the signal before the driver, can vary over a ratio of 1:6 in the example given above. The actual variation is a product of the two bandwidths: the bandwidth of the channel, and the bandwidth of the data. This problem is evident from FIG. 3, where a change from DC to ⅛th cycle of a 1 GHz signal, to a 6 GHz signal occurs in rapid succession in a channel with a 1 GHz bandwidth.
The use of transmission codes to improve the received characteristics of the information is well known in the prior art. For example, Manchester and 8 b/10 b encoding is commonly used to ensure there are sufficient transitions present in the bit stream to make clock recovery possible, as in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,420,234 and 4,486,739. Coding is known also as a means to improve noise immunity of a signal in a communication channel, such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,944,842. Other coding methods have been used for many decades to increase the probability of detecting single or multiple bit errors. However, these existing schemes operate within the channel bandwidth, or within the bandwidth that can support baseband transmission and sampling using a relatively fixed sample threshold voltage or current.

Means and method of data encoding and communication at rates above the channel bandwidth


The disclosed clamp device for clamping blank pieces may comprise a mounting table, first and second clamping units, positioning units, and lock units. The mounting table is for placing thereon first and second blank pieces. The first and second clamping units have respective clamp plates that are able to be put on the first and second blank pieces while permitting a guided movement of the first and second blank pieces on the mounting table. The positioning units move the first and second blank pieces to establish a positioning of the first and second blank pieces on the mounting table. The lock units apply a given force to the first and second clamp plates to lock the first and second blank pieces.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates in general to clamp devices that clamp work pieces together, and more particularly to clamp devices of a type that clamps different types of blank pieces together for welding them to produce a tailored blank sheet. More specifically, the present invention is concerned with the clamp devices of a type that clamps a plurality of blank pieces in such a manner that every adjacent two of the blank pieces contact to each other at respective given edges thereof, in order to join thereafter the blank pieces together by applying a welding to the mutually contacting edges.
2. Description of the Related Art
Recently, particularly in the field of metal materials for wheeled motor vehicles, tailored blank sheets have been widely used, which are to be pressed to produce various parts of the motor vehicles. As is known, the tailored blank sheet is manufactured by welding different blank pieces at their mutually contacting edges. Actually, the different blank pieces are different in size, shape, thickness, strength, etc. The tailored blank sheet is ideal for the material for motor vehicle parts because of its wide applicability for the needs that the parts have, such as, reduction in weight and cost while keeping a satisfied mechanical strength of given portions. Some of such tailored blank sheets are shown in Japanese Laid-open Patent Applications (Tokkaihei) 10-180470, 11-104750 and (Tokkai) 2003-19516.


A cable reel or cable reel assembly for use in transporting and storing cable of length, diameter and weight up to a predetermined reel capacity. The cable reel, or cable reel assembly when assembled, includes a generally cylindrical cable-receiving drum, which in the case of the cable reel assembly is assembled from a plurality of drum components, and a pair of opposed flanges that are fixed to the ends of the drum and retain wound cable in place on the drum. The drum is made of a material, and has dimensions, that enable it to resist bending under the load of the cable wound on the drum and to resist cable loading and unloading stresses. The opposed flanges resist the lateral load applied to the cable reel by the wound cable. The flanges are made from a selected blended rubber-plastics composition and have dimensions selected to resist bending due to the lateral load of the cable wound on the drum, and due to the stress applied to the flanges by the drum bearing the cable.

Cable reels or spools are conventionally made from construction lumber, steel, plywood and cardboard. The distinction between a reel and a spool is essentially a distinction of size. In this specification, any reference to a "reel" (which will be the term usually chosen) should be understood as embracing a spool as well as a reel.
Conventional cable reels comprise a centrally located drum of generally cylindrical configuration at both ends of which are provided circular flanges of substantially wider diameter than the diameter of the drum so that cable may be coiled around the drum and retained in place by the flanges. The flanges are constructed according to conventional practice by nailing together layers of boards, each successive layer being aligned generally perpendicular to the adjacent layer so as to strengthen the flange. Successive layers are added until the flange reaches design thickness. Because cables, including electric power and communications cables and especially wire rope, can be very heavy, the drum must be able to bear the total cable load without undue bending, and the flanges must be able to resist buckling or undue bending by reason of the cable load.
Conventionally, the drum for such cable reels is made of a series of profiled staves manufactured from board lumber, cardboard and steel. The staves are configured into a generally cylindrical shape forming the drum. The ends of the staves fit into grooves in the flanges, these grooves having been previously milled into the inside faces of the flanges. The three elements (two flanges and central drum) of the reel are held together by means of bolts that pass through both flanges and pass through the interior of the drum.
The conventional method of manufacturing a cable reel, as described above, requires considerable labor. Further, the expense of manufacturing such reels is heavily dependent upon the widely fluctuating price of lumber. Wood being a raw material in limited supply, it is undesirable to use wood as a construction material unless other materials are unsuitable. Furthermore, the conventional manufacturing process for manufacturing cable reels generates a substantial amount of wood waste.
It is known to manufacture spools and reels of other materials, notably metal, plywood and (for lighter loads) cardboard. It is also known that various plastic materials may be molded into various shapes. However, both metal and plastics materials are expensive.
It has also been previously proposed to use mixtures of rubber and plastic to make molded articles. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5, 219, 913 (Tomomatsu) granted 15 Jun., 1993 describes an automobile bumper made of a molded plastic/talc/rubber composition. U.S. Pat. No. 5,177,139 (Klaar) granted 5 Jan., 1993, discloses a roof sealing strip made of an elastomeric/plastic composition. U.S. Pat. No. 5, 180,629 (Terada) granted 19 Jan., 1993 describes an automobile bumper made of a specified plastic and rubber composition. U.S. Pat. No. 5,221,702 (Richards) granted 22 Jun., 1993 discloses a paving block made from a plastic/elastomeric composition. However, it is not known to provide rubber-plastics blended material for use in cable reel drums or flanges, nor is it anywhere described that such blended material would be suitable for use in cable reels, especially having regard to the loading requirements for such reels. The flanges of cable reels are required to absorb substantial tensile and sheer stresses. It is noteworthy that the articles mentioned in the aforementioned U.S. patents do not have to meet this requirement. There is no suggestion in any of the foregoing patents that a cable reel or similar article would be suitably manufactured of a composite rubber-plastics composition.

Molded product of recycled plastic and rubber


A front-projection screen can include a substrate having first and second opposing sides with an array of optical microstructures on the first side of the substrate and an image reflecting layer on the second side of the substrate opposite the array of optical microstructures. An optically absorbing layer is located between the image reflecting layer and the array of optical microstructures, the optically absorbing layer includes an array of apertures therein exposing portions of the image reflecting layer therethrough.

Microlens arrays are used in many applications where gathering light from a source and then directing it to various locations and at various angles is desirable. Such applications include computer displays, screens for projection televisions, illumination devices and other applications. When coated with reflective materials, such arrays can function as retroreflectors, reflecting light from a source back in the direction from which it entered the material. The array can include an aperture mask which only permits light to pass through the array in certain directions and which absorbs ambient light which would otherwise reflect off of the surface of the array and potentially degrade the contrast of the optical system. Such masks with apertures may be conventionally formed at the points where the microlenses focus paraxial radiation.
Conventional techniques for creating microlens arrays with aperture masks may involve fabrication of the arrays on suitable substrates which are or can be coated with appropriate radiation absorbing mask materials. High intensity radiation is then directed through the lenses and focused by them. If the structure of the lens array, substrate and mask has been designed so that the focal points of the lens array are at or near the mask layer, the radiation can form apertures in the mask at these focal points. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,172,219 to Deml et al., entitled Daylight Projection Screen and Method and Apparatus for Making the Same and U.S. Pat. No. 6,967,779 to Fadel et al., entitled Micro-Lens Array With Precisely Aligned Apertures Mask and Methods of Producing Same.
The design and manufacture of front projection screens may present design and manufacturing challenges. In particular, it may be desirable to provide high gain, high contrast screens for use with data projectors to exploit emerging opportunities in the home theater market and/or for other applications. Existing commercial screens are generally white or gray matted finish and may produce poor contrast, poor color saturation, and/or washed out black rendering under normal ambient lighting. These screens may also lack the ability to differentiate between projector light, which contains the desired image information, and ambient light, which contains light that can wash-out the image.

Front-projection screens including reflecting layers and optically absorbing layers having apertures therein, and methods of fabricating the same


The endovascular graft disclosed includes a main tubular body having a first end portion and an exterior surface. The first end portion has a flanged end disposed on exterior surface and extending radially thereabout, for engaging blood vessel walls. The graft may be made from a surgically implantible material. The graft has a second end portion of the main body that can either be a continuation of the main body or split into two tubular legs. The two tubular legs, each define a bore. The bore of the main body is in communication with the bores of the legs.. A method of installing the endovascular graft includes installing the graft intraluminially to the operative site using a catheter having a balloon portion. The graft is positioned to extend through a damaged portion of a blood vessel. The balloon portion is positioned within a bore defined by the graft proximal to a first end portion, the first end portion having a flanged end. The balloon is expanded such that the flanged end expands into a blood vessel forming a raised portion on an exterior surface of the blood vessel. Finally, surgical clips are atraumatically applied to the raised portion compressing vessel tissue about the flanged end to capture the graft within the blood vessel.

1. Technical Field
This disclosure relates to a graft and, more particularly, to an endovascular graft having a flanged end to provide engagement to the walls of a blood vessel
2. Background of Related Art
Atherosclerosis is a major disease that effects the blood vessels. This disease may have its beginnings early in life and is first noted as a thickening of the arterial walls. This thickening is an accumulation of fat, fibrin, cellular debris and calcium. The resultant narrowing of the internal lumen of the vessel is called stenosis. Vessel stenosis impedes and reduces blood flow which can cause hypertension and dysfunction of the organ or area of the body that suffered the impaired blood flow.
As the buildup on the inner wall of the vessel thickens, the vessel wall loses the ability to expand and contract. Also, the vessel loses its viability and becomes weakened and susceptible to bulging, also known as aneurysm. In the presence of hypertension or elevated blood pressure, aneurysms will frequently dissect and ultimately rupture.
An abdominal aordic aneurysm is a sac caused by an abnormal dilation of the wall of the aorta as it passes through the abdomen, the portion of the body which lies between the thorax and the pelvis. The aorta arises from the left ventricle of the heart, passes upward, bends over and passes down through the thorax and through the abdomen where it divides into two iliac arteries. The aneurysm arises in the aorta near the region where the iliac arteries branch off. It is common for the aneurysm to expand from the aorta into the iliac arteries. When left untreated the aneurysm can rupture which can often lead to fatal hemorrhaging.
Transabdominal surgery to repair the aneurysm is a major undertaking with associated high risks. Performing the surgical procedure requires exposure of the aorta through an abdominal incision, which can extend from the rib cage to the pubis and requires moving the intestines to get to the back wall of the abdomen in order to clamp off the aorta. The aorta must be closed both above and below the aneurysm, so that the aneurysm can then be opened and the thrombus, or blood clot, and arteriosclerotic debris removed. A synthetic tube or graft is often sutured or stapled into place, thereby replacing the aneurysm. A graft with bifurcated ends is necessitated when the aneurysm has expanded into the iliac arteries.
With vascular suturing or stapling techniques for attaching the tube or graft, thrombosis or clotting may occur at the points of penetration which may cause occlusion of the vessels. In addition, suturing is a very tedious and time consuming process for surgeons to perform.
It would be advantageous to provide a method of securing a graft, atraumatically within a blood vessel that does not require suturing or stapling, yet still provides a reliable seal between the graft and the interior walls of the blood vessel. It would also be desirable to secure a graft to a section of a damaged blood vessel without making an incision in the blood vessel.


A strapping device includes a base and a handle pivotally coupled together by two shafts, and a ratchet wheel engaged on the shafts and rotated in concert with the shafts. Each of the shafts includes a flange formed on one end and an aperture formed in the other end for receiving a pin; and each of the shafts includes a hollow interior and includes two edge portions extended inward of the hollow interior, whereby, the shafts have high strength and low manufacturing cost.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a strapping mechanism, and more particularly to a strapping mechanism having a tough configuration.
2. Description of the Prior Art
A typical strapping mechanism is shown in FIG. 3 and includes a base 60 having a stop 61 resiliently disposed therein and having a pair of lugs 62 oppositely provided therein, a handle 70 having a pawl 71 resiliently disposed therein and having a pair of ears 72 oppositely provided therein and aligned with the lugs 62 of the base 60 respectively, a ratchet wheel 80 disposed between each of the lugs 62 and a respective ear 72 and engageable with the stop 61 and the pawl 71, each of the ratchet wheels 80 including a hole 82 formed in the center thereof, and a rib 84 formed in the hole 82 so as to separate the hole 82 into a pair of opposite semi-circular openings 86, and a pair of shafts 90 engaged through the openings 86 so as to form a rotating axle of the base 60 and the handle 70. Each of the shafts 90 has a semi-circular cross section corresponding to the shape of the openings 86 and includes a flange 91 formed on one end for engagement with one of said ears 72 of said handle 70 and a stub 92 formed on the other end for engagement in the orifices 94 of a disc 93 which is engaged with the other ear 72, such that the lugs 62 of the base 60 and the ears 72 of the handle 70 are rotatable about the shafts 90, and the ratchet wheel 80 rotates in concert with the shafts 90. The pawl 71 causes the ratchet wheels 80 and the shafts 90 to rotate in an active direction when the handle 70 is pulled away from the base 60, and the stop 61 prevents the ratchet wheels 80 from rotating in a reverse direction, such that the ratchet wheels 80 and the shafts 90 can be caused to rotate step by step. In operation, one end of a strap is inserted through the gap formed between the shafts 90 such that the strap can be tensioned when the ratchet wheels 80 and the shafts 90 are rotated.
However, the shafts 90 are made by molding processes and should be made of alloy materials such that the manufacturing cost thereof is greatly increased; in addition, the strength of the shafts 90 is weak such that the shafts 90 are usually broken.
The present invention has arisen to mitigate and/or obviate the afore-described disadvantages of the conventional strapping mechanisms.

No. 12, Alley 111, Lane 437, Chen Hsing Rd.


Aspects described herein relate to configuring a search space size for a demodulator to use in generating log likelihood ratios (LLRs) in demodulating received signals. In an aspect, an indication of a search space size for a demodulator to use in generating LLRs can be received from a base station, and a demodulation of one or more signals received in wireless communication can be performed by a node using the demodulator and based on the search space size. In another aspect, a search space size for the demodulator of the node to use in generating log likelihood ratios (LLRs) can be determined based on one or more signals transmitted by the node, and an indication of a search space size can be transmitted to the node.

Aspects of the present disclosure relate generally to wireless communication systems, and more particularly, to demodulator search spaces in wireless communications.
Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various types of communication content such as voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, and so on. These systems may be multiple-access systems capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing the available system resources (e.g., time, frequency, and power). Examples of such multiple-access systems include code-division multiple access (CDMA) systems, time-division multiple access (TDMA) systems, frequency-division multiple access (FDMA) systems, and orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) systems, and single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) systems.
These multiple access technologies have been adopted in various telecommunication standards to provide a common protocol that enables different wireless devices to communicate on a municipal, national, regional, and even global level. For example, a fifth generation (5G) wireless communications technology (which can be referred to as 5G new radio (5G NR)) is envisaged to expand and support diverse usage scenarios and applications with respect to current mobile network generations. In an aspect, 5G communications technology can include: enhanced mobile broadband addressing human-centric use cases for access to multimedia content, services and data; ultra-reliable-low latency communications (URLLC) with certain specifications for latency and reliability; and massive machine type communications, which can allow a very large number of connected devices and transmission of a relatively low volume of non-delay-sensitive information.
In some wireless communication technologies, such as 5G NR, devices, including user equipment (UE), can use advanced receivers having specific demodulators that consider a defined search space over a constellation for generating log likelihood ratios (LLRs) for demodulating received signals. One example of such a demodulator can include a per-stream recursive demapping (PSRD) demodulator.

Techniques for configuring demodulator search space in wireless communications


A three-group zoom lens having lens groups, in order from the photographic object side, of negative, positive, and positive refractive power. The zoom lens is specially designed for use in a still or video camera employing a CCD array positioned at a fixed photographic image plane. Zooming is primarily performed by moving the two lens groups nearest the photographic object side, and focusing is primarily performed by adjusting the position of the lens group nearest the photographic image side. By satisfying certain conditional expressions a distance from the exit pupil to the photographic image plane is maintained to prevent shading, a back focus length sufficient to accommodate a filter component is provided, and a compact zoom lens of high quality is obtained.

Heretofore, there have been three-group zoom lenses for every type of camera. Three-group zoom lenses are compact and are widely used. Examples of such lenses are disclosed in Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication 3-240011, Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication 59-31922 and in U.S. Pat. No. 4,647,160. However, the rapid dissemination of digital cameras and video cameras in recent years, coupled with the increased demand for small lenses having a high picture quality and low distortion, as in general cameras, has necessitated the satisfaction of unique conditions when employing fixed photographic image elements, such as CCD arrays.
In contrast to film, CCD arrays as used in digital cameras and video cameras can receive light efficiently only when the incident luminous flux is nearly perpendicular to the photographic image plane. For example, in the case of zoom lenses with a two-group construction of a positive group and a negative group, as used frequently in 35 mm compact cameras, the incidence angle onto the photographic image plane increases as the image height reaches the periphery of the image plane. This is especially true if the distance from the exit pupil to the photographic image plane is short. When using such an optical system to image optical flux onto a CCD array, the peripheral luminance will be greatly reduced as compared to that at the center of the image, and the so-called "shading" effect occurs. Accordingly, as a condition for satisfactorily using a two-group zoom lens for photographic imaging onto a CCD array, it becomes necessary to move the exit pupil to a position sufficiently remote from the photographic image plane.
However, with digital cameras and video cameras, autofocus is commonly a feature that is desired, and high speed focusing is often favored. For this reason, what is known as the inner focusing method and the rear focusing method are frequently used as focusing methods for zoom lenses in order to allow the zoom lens to be light-weight and for easily allowing the zoom lens focus position to be driven close to the camera body side.


A device for feeding sheet material to a sheet transport system leading downstream in a machine, for example a printer, comprises a plurality of sheet material magazine stations, each of which is provided with a feed channel leading into the sheet transport system and with at least one friction roller set which can be selectively driven or stopped. Provision is made for the friction roller sets (28, 50) of the various magazine stations (2, 4) to be provided in each case with a mechanical clutch (72, 74) enabling them to be selectively coupled to a common drive motor, and for the clutches (72, 74) each to be provided with a clutch actuator ( 88, 96 ) cooperating with a control cam member (38 ) common to all the actuators (88, 96 ) and connected to a servomotor (108). In this way a plurality of friction roller sets can be operated with a single servomotor.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a device for feeding sheet material in single sheet form or web form to a downstream processing station in a machine, for example a printer, comprising a plurality of friction roller sets which are each allocated to a sheet material magazine station and are each able to be coupled via an associated clutch to a common drive motor.
The machines in question may be printers which for example are to print different types of paper, or else automatic cash dispensers which are to dispense different banknotes.
2. Description of the Related Art
From German Patent Application 39 07 146 A1 a device for feeding sheet material in single sheet form or web form to a downstream processing station in a machine, for example a printer, comprising a plurality of friction roller sets which are each allocated to a sheet material magazine station and are each able to be coupled via an associated clutch to a common drive motor is already known for a printer having a plurality of paper wells. Each paper well is allocated a friction roller set which is brought into engagement when required in order to convey a sheet through the appertaining feed channel into the sheet transport system leading downstream. The sheet transport system leading downstream comprises a plurality of friction roller pairs continuously coupled to a transport motor. Since the friction roller sets allocated to the individual paper wells should each be operated only singly and intermittently, they cannot be continuously connected for rotation to the drive motor. Consequently, they have their own clutches, each of which is connected to its own drive and which are intermittently operated by a control means. In a machine having a plurality of magazine stations the number of drives required is thereby increased, so that a complicated construction, large overall dimensions and high cost of the machine result.

Device for feeding sheet material to a sheet transport system leading downstream in a machine


The present invention relates to an improved process for obtaining a precursor of an insulin or insulin derivative having correctly bonded cystine bridges in the presence of cysteine or cysteine hydrochloride and chaotropic auxiliary.

The present invention relates to an improved process for obtaining a precursor of insulin or an insulin derivative having correctly bonded cystine bridges in the presence of cysteine or cysteine hydrochloride and a chaotropic auxiliary.
Human insulin is a protein with two amino acid chains together having 51 amino acid residues. Six cysteine residues are found in the two amino acid chains, each two cysteine residues being bonded to one another via a disulfide bridge. In biologically active human insulin, the A and B chains are bonded to one another via two cystine bridges, and a further cystine bridge is found in the A chain. Within a human insulin molecule, looked at statistically, there are 15 possibilities for the formation of disulfide bridges. In biologically active human insulin, only one of the 15 possibilities is found. The following cysteine residues are linked to one another in human insulin:
A 6-A 11 PA1 A 7-B 7 PA1 A 20-B 19 PA1 Fermentation of the microorganisms--cell disruption--isolation of the fusion protein--cyanogen halide cleavage of the fusion protein--isolation of the cleavage product having the proinsulin sequence--protection of the cystine residues of proinsulin by S-sulfonate groups--chromatographic purification of the S-sulfonate--formation of the correctly bonded cystine bridges--desalting of the proinsulin--chromatographic purification of the proinsulin having correctly bonded cystine bridges--concentration of the proinsulin solution--chromatographic purification of the concentrated proinsulin solution--enzymatic cleavage of the proinsulin to obtain human insulin--chromatographic purification of the resulting human insulin. PA1 (a) mixing an aqueous suspension of the precursor of insulin or an insulin derivative with an amount of cysteine or cysteine hydrochloride which results in approximately 1 to 15 SH residues of the cysteine or cysteine hydrochloride per cysteine residue of the precursor, PA1 (b) introducing the cysteine- or cysteine hydrochloride-containing suspension of the precursor into an approximately 4 to 9 molar solution of the chaotropic auxiliary at a pH of approximately 8 to 11.5 and a temperature of approximately 15.degree. C. to 55.degree. C., keeping the mixture obtained at this temperature for approximately 10 to 60 minutes; and PA1 (c) introducing the mixture at a pH of approximately 8 to 11.5 and a temperature of approximately 5.degree. C. to 30.degree. C. into an amount of water which results in a dilution of the concentration of the cysteine or of the cysteine hydrochloride in the mixture to approximately 1 to 5 mM and of the chaotropic auxiliary to approximately 0.2 to 1.0 M. PA1 a) an amino acid residue from the group consisting of His, Arg and Lys, PA1 b) a peptide having 2 or 3 amino acid residues, comprising the amino acid residue Arg or Lys at the carboxyl end of the peptide, PA1 c) a peptide having 2-35 genetically encodable amino acids, comprising 1 to 5 histidine residues, or PA1 d) OH; PA1 a) a hydrogen atom, PA1 b) an amino acid residue from the group consisting of lysine (Lys) and arginine (Arg), or PA1 c) a peptide having 2 to 45 amino acid residues, comprising the amino acid residue lysine (Lys) or arginine (Arg) at the carboxyl end of the peptide; PA1 a genetically encodable amino acid residue; PA1 a) an amino acid residue from the group consisting of lysine (Lys) and arginine (Arg), PA1 b) a peptide having 2 to 35 amino acid residues, comprising the amino acid residue lysine (Lys) or arginine (Arg) at the N-terminal end and at the carboxyl end of the peptide, or PA1 c) a peptide having 2 to 35 genetically encodable amino acids, comprising 1 to 5 histidine residues; PA1 a) a hydrogen atom, or PA1 b) a peptide having 2 to 25 amino acid residues, comprising the amino acid residue arginine (Arg) at the carboxyl end of the peptide; PA1 a) a hydrogen atom, or PA1 b) a peptide having 2 to 15 amino acid residues, at whose carboxyl end is found an arginine residue (Arg);
The letters A and B represent the respective insulin amino acid chain and the numbers represent the position of the amino acid residue, which is counted from the amino to the carboxyl end of the respective amino acid chain. Disulfide bridges can also be formed between two human insulin molecules such that an incalculable number of different disulfide bridges can easily result.
A known process for the preparation of human insulin is based on the use of human proinsulin. Human proinsulin is a protein having a linear amino acid chain of 86 amino acid residues, the A and B chains of the human insulin being bonded to one another via a C peptide having 35 amino acid residues. The formation of the disulfide bridges found in human insulin takes place via an intermediate, the cysteine residues of the human insulin being provided with a sulfur protective group, e.g. an S-sulfonate (--S--SO3--) group (EP 0 037 255). A process for obtaining proinsulin having correctly bonded cystine bridges is additionally known (Biochemistry, 60, (1968), pages 622 to 629), which starts from proinsulin obtained from porcine pancreas, in which the cysteine residues are present as thiol residues (--SH). The term "correctly bonded cystine bridges" is understood as meaning the disulfide bridges which are found in biologically active insulin from mammals.
Recombinant DNA processes allow precursors of insulin or insulin derivatives, in particular human proinsulin or proinsulin which has an amino acid sequence and/or amino acid chain length differing from human insulin, to be prepared in microorganisms. The proinsulins prepared from genetically modified Escherichia coli cells do not have any correctly bonded cystine bridges. A process for obtaining human insulin using E. coli (EP 0 055 945) is based on the following process steps:
Disadvantages of this process are the number of process steps and the losses in the purification steps, which lead to a low yield of insulin. From the stage of the isolated fusion protein via cyanogen halide cleavage, sulfitolysis and purification of the proinsulin, a loss of up to 40% of the proinsulin product has to be expected (EP 0 055 945). Similarly, high losses can occur in the course of the subsequent required to obtain the final product.
Yield increases in the preparation of human insulin or insulin derivatives by recombinant DNA means can be achieved if the number of process steps necessary can be significantly reduced.
EP 0 600 372 A1 (or U.S. Pat. No. 5,473,049) and EP 0 668 292 A2 disclose an improved process for obtaining insulin or insulin derivatives, in which the insulin precursor or precursor of the insulin derivative whose cystine bridges are not present in correctly linked form is reacted in the presence of a mercaptan, for example cysteine, and of at least one chaotropic auxiliary, for example urea or guanidine hydrochloride, to give an insulin precursor or precursor of the insulin derivative having correctly bonded cystine bridges. In the known process, these proteins are first dissolved in a very low concentration in aqueous solutions of a chaotropic auxiliary or of mixtures of various chaotropic auxiliaries. The protein mixture is then mixed with an aqueous mercaptan solution.
Surprisingly, it has now been found that the yields of correctly folded precursors of insulins or insulin derivatives can be increased and the reaction times for the folding process can be reduced by delaying the dissolution of the precursor in a first step by means of the chaotropic auxiliary. Instead, a mercaptan, such as cysteine or cysteine hydrochloride,is introduced into the aqueous suspension of the precursor in the first step, followed by dissolution of the precursor in a subsequent step by introducing a chaotropic auxiliary, and finally bringing about the correct folding of the precursor by dilution of the mixture to a preferred cysteine or cysteine hydrochloride concentration with an appropriate amount of water.

Process for obtaining insulin precursors having correctly bonded cystine bridges


A method for printing an IBIP indicium in an IBIP open metering system includes the steps of obtaining a bit mapped image of a fixed graphic portion of the indicium and drawing a bit mapped image of a variable portion of the indicium using indicium data elements. Then it is determined whether the indicium is to be printed of displayed. If displayed, a bit mapped image of a representative bar code is generated; and a message that indicates the barcode is not valid for printing is applied to the bit mapped image of the representative bar code. The bit mapped image of the indicium can safely be displayed. Whenever an IBIP indicium is being displayed, the whole indicium is shown on the screen with a message, such as "NOT VALID FOR MAILING" superimposed over the PDF bar code area. This gives the user means to visually design the mailpiece with an IBIP indicia in its to-be-printed form but with a distinguishing characteristic that makes it impossible for a postal worker to mistake it for a valid IBIP indicium should it be copied by standard user interface functions and printed.

The Information-Based Indicia Program (IBIP) is a distributed trusted system proposed by the United States Postal Service (USPS) to retrofit and augment existing postage meters using new technology known as information-based indicia. The program relies on digital signature techniques to produce for each envelope an indicium whose origin cannot be repudiated. IBIP is expected to support new methods of applying postage in addition to, and eventually in lieu of, the current approach, which typically relies on a postage meter to mechanically print indicia on mailpieces. IBIP requires printing a large, high density, two-dimensional (2-D) bar code on a mailpiece. The 2-D bar code encodes information and is signed with a digital signature.
The USPS has published draft specifications for IBIP. The INFORMATION BASED INDICIA PROGRAM (IBIP) INDICIUM SPECIFICATION, dated Jun. 13, 1996, ("IBIP Indicium Specification") defines the proposed requirements for a new indicium that will be applied to mail being processed using IBIP. The INFORMATION BASED INDICIA PROGRAM POSTAL SECURITY DEVICE SPECIFICATION, dated Jun. 13, 1996, ("IBIP PSD Specification") defines the proposed requirements for a Postal Security Device (PSD) that will provide security services to support the creation of a new "information based" postage postmark or indicium that will be applied to mail being processed using IBIP. The INFORMATION BASED INDICIA PROGRAM HOST SYSTEM SPECIFICATION, dated Oct. 9, 1996, defines the proposed requirements for a host system element of IBIP ("IBIP Host Specification"). The specifications are collectively referred to herein as the "IBIP Specifications". IBIP includes interfacing user (customer), postal and vendor infrastructures which are the system elements of the program.
The user infrastructure, which resides at the user's site, comprises a postage security device (PSD) coupled to a host system. The PSD is a secure processor-based accounting device that dispenses and accounts for postal value stored therein. The host system (Host) may be a personal computer (PC) or a meter-based host processor.
The IBIP Indicium Specification provides requirements for the indicium that consists of both human-readable data and PDF417 bar code data. The human-readable information includes an originating address, including the 5-digit ZIP Code of the licensing post office, PSD ID/Type number, date of mailing and amount of the applied postage. The bar code region of the indicium elements includes postage amount, PSD ID, customer ID, date of mailing, originating address, destination delivery point identification, ascending and descending registers and a digital signature.
An integrated mailing system is subject to open system requirements if it includes a computer interfaced to the meter and it prepares mailpiece fonts or labels that include both the destination address and the indicium. The integrated system is an open system even if different printers apply the address and the indicium. If the mailing system satisfies such criteria, the USPS considers the "meter" to be an open system peripheral device that performs the dual functions of printing the indicia and interfacing the PSD to the open host. The integrated mailing system must be approved by the USPS according to open system criteria.
The IBIP Host Specification sets forth the requirements for a Host in an open system. The Host produces the mailpiece front including the return address (optional), the delivery address (required), the Facing Identification Mark (FIM), and the indicium as an integral unit. The Host may print this unit on the actual mailpiece stock or label(s) for later attachment to the mailpiece. The Host provides the user with an option to omit the FIM (e.g., when the FIM is preprinted on envelopes). The Host produces standardized addresses, including standard POSTNET delivery point bar code, for use on the mailpiece. The Host verifies each address at the time of mailpiece creation. The Host then creates the indicium and transmits it to the printer.
It is expected that once IBIP is launched, the volume of meters will increase significantly when the PC-based meters are introduced. Such volume increase is expected in the small office and home office (SOHO) market. The IBIP Specifications address and resolve issues which minimize if not eliminate USPS risks regarding security and fraud. However, as with any system implemented on a non-secure device, such as a personal computer, an implementation of an IBIP system may have inherent security weaknesses that could be exploited by sophisticated users intent on defrauding the USPS.
For example, a typical user interface for application programs provides a user with the ability to display a "print preview" of a document prior to printing the document. The IBIP Specifications does not preclude the Host from similarly displaying completely prepared mailpieces, i.e. envelopes with destination address, return address and indicium, prior to printing the envelope. Such display of the mailpiece may subject to abuse by a user.

Method for preventing fraudulent printing of a postage indicium displayed on a personal computer


The present invention is directed to irciniastatin analogs. Uses of these analogs also described.

In 2004, the laboratories of Pettit and coworkers first published the isolation, structural elucidation, and biological activity of (+)-irciniastatin A and (−)-irciniastatin B. Pettit, G. R.; Xu, J. P.; Chapuis, J. C.; Pettit, R. K.; Tackett, L. P.; Doubek, D. L.; Hooper, J. N. A.; Schmidt, J. M. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 2004, 47, 1149-1152. Pettit and coworkers first collected samples containing irciniastatins A and B from the Indo-Pacific marine sponge Ircinia ramosa near Samporna, Borneo in 1991. The dichloromethane-methanol extracts exhibited strong activity (GI50=10−2 μg/mL) against the P388 murine lymphocytic leukemia cancer cell line. Unfortunately, recollection on a larger scale to allow for isolation of the individual constituents was not permitted (political obstacles) and so the extracts were preserved for later use. As isolation techniques advanced over the past decade, irciniastatins A and B were isolated as an individual constituent (34.7 mg and 2.2 mg, respectively) from the initial dichloromethane-methanol extracts.
After isolating irciniastatins A and B, Pettit and coworkers tested the compound against cancer cell lines, including the P388 murine lymphocytic leukemia cell line and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) (Table 1.1). Id.
TABLE 1.1Growth Inhibition of Cancer Cell Lines (GI50, μg/mL) byIrciniastatins A and BCancer Cell LineIrciniastatin AIrciniastatin BpancreasBXPC-30.00380.00073breastMCF-70.00320.0005CNSSF-2680.00340.00066lungNCI-H460<0.00010.0012colonKM20L20.00270.0021prostateDU-1450.00240.0016leukemiaP3880.004130.006normal endothelialHUVEC<0.0005ND
Additionally, (+)-irciniastatin A was evaluated against the panel of 60 human cancer cell lines within the NCI Developmental Therapeutics in Vitro Screening Program (Table 1.2).
TABLE 1.2Differential Sensitivities (LC50) of Several NCI 60 CellLines to (+)-Irciniastatin ACell LineLC50 (M)Cell LineLC50 (M)leukemiamelanomaCCRF-CEM>2.5 × 10−5LOX IMVI>2.5 × 10−5HL-60(TB)>2.5 × 10−5MALME-3M<2.5 × 10−9K-562>2.5 × 10−5SK-MEL-2>2.5 × 10−5MOLT-4>2.5 × 10−5SK-MEL-5<2.5 × 10−9RPMI-8226>2.5 × 10−5UACC-257>2.5 × 10−5SR>2.5 × 10−5UACC-62<2.5 × 10−9breast cancercolon cancerMCF7>2.5 × 10−5HCC-2998 3.6 × 10−7HS 578T>2.5 × 10−5HCT-116<2.5 × 10−9MDA-MB-435<2.5 × 10−9HT29>2.5 × 10−5NCI/ADR-RES 1.9 × 10−5SW-620>2.5 × 10−5T-47D1.36 × 10−5
(+)-Irciniastatin A exhibits activities in the low nanomolar range for the MDA-MB-35 breast cancer, SK-MEL-28 and UACC-62 melanoma, and the HCT-116 colon cancer cell lines with an activity differential of greater than 10,000-fold as compared to other cell lines within their respective subsets. Burres, N. S.; Clement, J. J. Cancer Res. 1989, 49, 2935-2940; Kobayashi, J. I.; Itagaki, F.; Shigemori, H.; Sasaki, T. Journal of Natural Products 1993, 56, 976-981; West, L. M.; Northcote, P. T.; Hood, K. A.; Miller, J. H.; Page, M. J. Journal of Natural Products 2000, 63, 707-709; Hood, K. A.; West, L. M.; Northcote, P. T.; Berridge, M. V.; Miller, J. H. Apoptosis 2001, 6, 207-219; Paul, G. K.; Gunasekera, S. P.; Longley, R. E.; Pomponi, S. A. Journal of Natural Products 2002, 65, 59-61.
(+)-Irciniastatin A was also evaluated in the NCI Developmental Therapeutics Program hollow fiber assay using several solid tumor cell lines resulting in an overall score of 34 (compounds considered active score 20 or higher), based on scores of 28 against intraperitoneal fibers and 6 against subcutaneous fibers. Robinson, S. J.; Tenney, K.; Yee, D. F.; Martinez, L.; Media, J. E.; Valeriote, F. A.; vanSoest, R. W. M.; Crews, P. Journal of Natural Products 2007, 70, 1002-1009.
Analogues of irciniastatin have been only sparingly investigated. For example, De Brander prepared analogues to investigate the bioactivity where the psymberate (C-1 to C-8) and didhydroisocoumarin side chains were altered.
Various compounds prepared and evaluated by De Brander et al.

Varying biological activity was observed. Wu, C. Y.; Feng, Y.; Cardenas, E. R.; Williams, N.; Floreancig, P. E.; De Brabander, J. K.; Roth, M. G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 18998-19003.
TABLE 1.3Cytotoxicitya and Translation Inhibition of Analogues of Irciniastatintranslation inhibition (EC50 nM)acytotoxicity (IC50 nM)cell-based assaycompoundHelacSK-MEL-Sdin vitro assayHelaSK-MEL-Scycloheximide2292 ± 15253126 ± 764  3150 ± 23523325 ± 434 2670  1a0.64 ± 0.140.27 ± 0.0428 ± 7 22 ± 1.433 ± 10 1b0.54 ± 0.010.35 ± 0.07342 ± 215.8 ± 1.74.2 ± 5.2 1c2.34 ± 0.531.58 ± 0.42320 ± 479.6 ± 8.99.3 ± 8.582.52 ± 1.393.79 ± 0.04238 ± 4459 ± 32 643613.6 ± 267.0352.0 ± 12.1 346 ± 644950 ± 48704954>1000762.8 ± 70.0  318 ± 1822200 ± 14108435>1000>1000 641 ± 2621650 ± 10605786>1000>1000>10 000>10 000>10 000   7>1000>1000>10 000>10 000>10 000   aA CellTiter-Glo luminescent assay, which measures cellular ATP concentrations, was used to measure cell viability with and without compound treatment. IC50 values were calculated by fitting the luminescence data to an equation representing the dose-response of inhibiting luminescence.bData are means ± standard deviation from at least two independent experiments conducted as triplicate.cR2 values range from 0.931 to 0.994.dR2 values range from 0.865 to 0.997.eR2 ranges from 0.90 to 0.995.
Huang et al. also prepared analogues by altering the psymberate side chain. Additionally, the C11-deoxyirciniastatin demonstrated 3 to 10 times the potency of irciniastatin against various cancer types. Huang, X.; Shao, N.; Huryk, R.; Palani, A.; Aslanian, R.; Seidel-Dugan, C. Org. Lett. 2009, 11, 867-870.
TABLE 1.4Anticancer Activity of C11-Deoxyirciniastatin and its Epimersa29 29a 29b 29c 2929a29b29ccellhuman(IC50 nM)(IC50 nM)(IC50 nM)(IC50 nM)linetissue type0.265 ± 0.008n.d.n.d.8.7 ± 0.18ACHNkidney0.149 ± 0.005n.d.n.d.5.9 ± 0.18DU145prostate0.034 ± 0.004n.d.n.d.1.6 ± 0.27H226lung0.055 ± 0.002177 ± 646 ± 73.0 ± 0.12HOP62lung0.142 ± 0.007n.d.n.d.5.3 ± 0.15MB231breast0.076 ± 0.004n.d.n.d.3.9 ± 0.48MKN45gastric0.073 ± 0.006n.d.n.d.2.9 ± 0.21 PC3prostate0.160 ± 0.015n.d.n.d.6.1 ± 0.22SW620colon0.066 ± 0.004n.d.n.d.3.8 ± 0.10NHDFnormalaThe CellTiter-Glo Luminescent Cell Viability Assay (Promega, Technical bulletin 288) was employed in this study. IC50 data are the mean value of three experiments with statistical significance calculated.
However, the full structure-activity relationship is not fully developed and there is a need for more irciniastatin analogues.

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