The flow machine is furnished with an abradable (10) made of a particle composite material. This so-called composite (1) contains granular core particles (2) of a ceramic material. The surfaces (20) of the granular core particles carry functional layers (22) which form an intermediate phase of the composite which is stable at a high operating temperature. The intermediate phase in this process has been produced in situ at least in part by a chemical reaction of a precursor material (22′) and material (21) of the granular core particles on the particle surfaces (20). Bonds (23) are formed between the granular core particles arranged in a porous composite by the intermediate phase. These bonds have a breaking characteristic for abradables.

The invention relates to a flow machine with a ceramic abradable and to a method for the manufacture of materials which can be used for the abradable.
With flow machines such as airplane engines, stationary gas turbines, turbocompressors and pumps, it is necessary for a high efficiency for a sealing gap or clearance between vane tips and housing at the periphery of a rotor bearing runner vanes to be very narrow during operation. By using an abradable on the inner surface of the housing over which the tips of the runner vanes move, it is possible to produce a minimum clearance without the runner vanes being damaged in the process. The abradables must be made of ceramic material for high operating temperatures lying above 800° C. This can be applied by means of thermal spraying process, flame spraying or atmospheric plasma spraying (APS). Porosity, and so friability, of the abradable can be produced by mixing a phase which can be burned out (polymer powder) to a ceramic spray powder. Fine particles from the surface of the abradable are released by the vane tips of the rotating rotor due to this friability.
Abradables are known from EP-A-1 111 195 and EP-A-0 935 009 which are known as structured surfaces. Ceramic abradables with non-structured surfaces are also used. The vane tips usually have to be armored in these so that they are not damaged during abrasion. (Armoring can be produced, for example, by laser remelting with the simultaneous addition of hard particles.) Released abrasion particles must be able to escape from the clearance without any significant resistance. Armoring of the vane tips can be omitted with an abradable having a suitably structured surface, since abrasion particles escape from the clearance without any damaging effect.


The present invention is directed to methods to harvest, integrate and exploit nanomaterials, and particularly elongated nanowire materials. The invention provides methods for harvesting nanowires that include selectively etching a sacrificial layer placed on a nanowire growth substrate to remove nanowires. The invention also provides methods for integrating nanowires into electronic devices that include placing an outer surface of a cylinder in contact with a fluid suspension of nanowires and rolling the nanowire coated cylinder to deposit nanowires onto a surface. Methods are also provided to deposit nanowires using an ink-jet printer or an aperture to align nanowires. Additional aspects of the invention provide methods for preventing gate shorts in nanowire based transistors. Additional methods for harvesting and integrating nanowires are provided.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to nanowires, and more particularly, to nanowire harvesting and reducing or removing contamination in nanowires.
2. Background of the Invention
Nanomaterials, and in particular, nanowires have the potential to facilitate a whole new generation of electronic devices. For example, In certain cases, uses of nanomaterials have been proposed that exploit the unique and interesting properties of these materials more as a bulk material than as individual elements requiring individual assembly. For example, Duan et al., Nature 425:274-278 (September 2003), describes a nanowire based transistor for use in large area electronic substrates, such as, displays, antennas, and the like that employ a bulk processed, oriented semiconductor nanowire film or layer in place of a rigid semiconductor wafer. The result is an electronic substrate that performs on par with a single crystal wafer substrate that can be manufactured using conventional and less expensive processes than those used to manufacture poorer performing amorphous semiconductors, which is also more amenable to varied architectures, such as, flexible and/or shaped materials.
In another example, bulk processed nanocrystals have been described for use as a flexible and efficient active layer for photoelectric devices. In particular, the ability to provide a quantum confined semiconductor crystal in a hole conducting matrix (to provide a type-II bandgap offset), allows the production of a photoactive layer that can be exploited either as a photovoltaic device or photoelectric detector. When disposed in an active composite, these nanomaterials are simply processed using standard film coating processes. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,878,871, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
In accordance with these uses of nanowires and other nanomaterials, the new process requirement is the ability to provide a film of nanowires that are substantially oriented along a given axis. The technology for such orientation has already been described in detail in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,962,823, 7,051,945, and 7,067,328, and International Publication No. WO 03/085701, which all are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
A major impediment to the emergence of this new generation of electronic devices based on nanostructures is the ability to effectively grow nanowires and other nanostructures that have consistent characteristics and that are free of catalysts and contaminants. Current approaches to harvest and integrate nanowires do not facilitate mass production, do not yield consistent nanowire performance characteristics and can be improved to generate better device performance based on nanowires. For example, nanowires grown using a vapor-liquid-solid process are often subject to contamination from the initiation catalyst that may be left behind within and/or at the tip of a nanowire. Such catalysts often have adverse effects on the conductive and other properties of the nanowires. In addition, nanowires may also contain various contaminants or growths near the initiation point of the nanowire, which can also have deleterious effects on nanowire performance.
What are needed are systems and methods for nanowire harvesting and integration that facilitate mass production, yield consistent nanowire performance characteristics and generate improved device performance.

Systems and methods for harvesting and reducing contamination in nanowires


An object of the present invention is to provide an aluminum alloy foil for an electrode current collector, the foil having a high strength after the drying step while keeping a high electrical conductivity. Disclosed is a method for manufacturing an aluminum alloy foil for electrode current collector, including: maintaining an aluminum alloy ingot comprising 0.1 to 0.5% of Fe, 0.01 to 0.3% of Si, 0.01 to 0.2% of Cu, 0.01% or less of Mn, with the rest being Al and unavoidable impurities, at 550 to 620° C. for 1 to 20 hours, and subjecting the resulting ingot under a hot rolling with a starting temperature of 500° C. or higher and an end-point temperature of 255 to 300° C.

Lithium-ion secondary batteries with high energy densities have been used as power sources for portable electronics such as a mobile phone and a notebook computer.
An electrode member of a lithium-ion secondary battery includes a positive electrode plate, a separator, and a negative electrode plate. Regarding a positive electrode material, an aluminum alloy foil has been used as a support, having excellent electrical conductivity and less heat generation without affecting electrical efficiency of a secondary battery. An active material having a lithium-containing metal oxide such as LiCoO2 as a chief component is applied on a surface of the aluminum alloy foil. Its production process includes: applying an active material with a thickness of about 100 μm on both sides of an aluminum alloy foil with a thickness of about 20 μm; and drying the active material to remove a solvent therefrom. Further, in order to increase the density of the active material, compression forming is performed with a pressing machine (hereinafter, this step of compression forming performed with a pressing machine is referred to as press working). The positive electrode plate as so manufactured, a separator, and a negative electrode plate are stacked, and then the resulting stack is wound. After a shaping process is performed so as to encase the stack, it is encased.
An aluminum alloy foil used for a positive electrode material of a lithium-ion secondary battery has several problems that cuts occur during application of an active material and that ruptures occur at a bending portion during winding. Thus, a higher strength is required. At a drying step after the application of the active material (hereinafter referred to as "drying step"), heat treatment is carried out at about 100 to 180° C. Accordingly, a lower strength after the drying step is likely to generate middle waviness during press working. This induces wrinkles during winding, which reduces adhesion between the active material and the aluminum alloy foil. Besides, a rupture is likely to occur during a slitting process. When the adhesion between the active material and a surface of the aluminum alloy foil decreases, their detachment is facilitated during repeated operation of discharge and charge. Unfortunately, this causes its battery capacity to decrease.
Recently, a high electrical conductivity has also been required for an aluminum alloy foil used for a positive electrode material of a lithium-ion secondary battery. What is meant by the electrical conductivity refers to physical property indicating how easily electricity is conducted in a substance. The higher the electrical conductivity is, the more easily the electricity is conducted. Lithium-ion secondary batteries used for automobiles and/or electric tools necessitate a higher output characteristic than lithium-ion secondary batteries used for consumer-use mobile phones and/or notebook computers. When a large current flows, a lower electrical conductivity causes internal resistance of a battery to increase. Consequently, this reduces its output voltage.
3003 Alloy is generally used as the aluminum alloy foil for lithium ion secondary batteries having high strength. 3003 Alloy is characterized by its high strength due to the addition of elements such as Si, Fe, Mn, Cu and the like. In particular, since Mn forms solid solution and precipitates finely, decrease in strength during heat treatment is small. However, since Mn solid solution decreases conductivity, the conductivity of 3003 alloy is extremely low when compared with the conductivity of an aluminum alloy having aluminum purity of 99% or higher. In conclusion, 3003 alloy has difficulty in satisfying both of the high strength and the high conductivity that are required in the aluminum alloy foil for lithium ion secondary batteries.
Patent Literature 1 discloses an aluminum alloy foil for battery current collector having a tensile strength of 98 MPa or higher. Patent Literature 2 discloses an aluminum alloy foil for an electrode current collector of lithium ion secondary batteries having a tensile strength of 200 MPa or higher. However, Patent Literature 1 and Patent Literature 2 both do not mention of the conductivity.
Patent Literature 3 discloses a method for preventing plastic deformation and for preventing the detachment of the active material during the press working, by enhancing the strength of the aluminum alloy foil. However, the aluminum alloy foil disclosed is an alloy added with Mn, Cu, Mg as the main element, and thus cannot satisfy the required high electrical conductivity.
Patent Literature 4 discloses an aluminum alloy sheet, the solid solution content of Fe being less than 50 ppm, the thickness of the sheet being 0.1 to 2 mm, and the tensile strength being 145 to 200 MPa. However, the thickness of the sheet being such prohibits the application as an electrode current collector. Further, since the solid solution content of Fe is low, the strength of the alloy extremely decreases when heat treatment at 120 to 160° C. is performed for 15 minutes to 24 hours.

Aluminum alloy foil for electrode collectors and production method therefor


A method and system for increasing data rate in a mobile terminal using spatial multiplexing for digital video broadcasting for handhelds (DVB-H) communication are provided. A reconfigurable orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) chip may be utilized in a mobile terminal to process received spatially multiplexed signals. The mobile terminal may be utilized in a spatially multiplexed multiple-input-multiple-output (SM-MIMO) wireless system. The spatially multiplexed signals may be quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) modulated and may utilize OFDM subcarries. A processor may be utilized to configure the OFDM chip to process signals such as IEEE 802.11 and 802.16, and DVB. The OFDM chip may generate channel weights to be applied to the spatially multiplexed signals received in multiple receive antennas. The weighted signals may be combined to generate multiple RF received signals from which channel estimates may be generated. Subsequent channel weights may be dynamically generated from generated channel estimates.

Broadcasting and telecommunications have historically occupied separate fields. In the past, broadcasting was largely an "over-the-air" medium while wired media carried telecommunications. That distinction may no longer apply as both broadcasting and telecommunications may be delivered over either wired or wireless media. Present development may adapt broadcasting to mobility services. One limitation has been that broadcasting may often require high bit rate data transmission at rates higher than could be supported by existing mobile communications networks. However, with emerging developments in wireless communications technology, even this obstacle may be overcome.
Terrestrial television and radio broadcast networks have made use of high power transmitters covering broad service areas, which enable one-way distribution of content to user equipment such as televisions and radios. By contrast, wireless telecommunications networks have made use of low power transmitters, which have covered relatively small areas known as "cells". Unlike broadcast networks, wireless networks may be adapted to provide two-way interactive services between users of user equipment such as telephones and computer equipment.
The introduction of cellular communications systems in the late 1970's and early 1980's represented a significant advance in mobile communications. The networks of this period may be commonly known as first generation, or "1G" systems. These systems were based upon analog, circuit-switching technology, the most prominent of these systems may have been the advanced mobile phone system (AMPS). Second generation, or "2G" systems ushered improvements in performance over 1G systems and introduced digital technology to mobile communications. Exemplary 2G systems include the global system for mobile communications (GSM), digital AMPS (D-AMPS), and code division multiple access (CDMA). Many of these systems have been designed according to the paradigm of the traditional telephony architecture, often focused on circuit-switched services, voice traffic, and supported data transfer rates up to 14.4 kbits/s. Higher data rates were achieved through the deployment of "2.5G" networks, many of which were adapted to existing 2G network infrastructures. The 2.5G networks began the introduction of packet-switching technology in wireless networks. However, it is the evolution of third generation, or "3G" technology that may introduce fully packet-switched networks, which support high-speed data communications.
The general packet radio service (GPRS), which is an example of a 2.5G network service oriented for data communications, comprises enhancements to GSM that required additional hardware and software elements in existing GSM network infrastructures. Another 2.5G network, enhanced data rates for GSM evolution (EDGE), also comprises enhancements to GSM, and like GPRS, EDGE may allocate up to 8 time slots in a TDMA frame for packet-switched, or packet mode, transfers. The universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) is an adaptation of a 3G system, which is designed to offer integrated voice, multimedia, and Internet access services to portable user equipment. The UMTS adapts wideband CDMA (W-CDMA) to support data transfer rates, which may be as high as 2 Mbits/s. A related 3G technology, high speed downlink packet access (HSDPA), is an Internet protocol (IP) based service oriented for data communications, which adapts W-CDMA to support data transfer rates of the order of 10 Mbits/s. The multiple broadcast/multicast service (MBMS) is an IP datacast service, which may be deployed in EDGE and UMTS networks.
Standards for digital television terrestrial broadcasting (DTTB) have evolved around the world with different systems being adopted in different regions. The three leading DTTB systems are, the advanced standards technical committee (ATSC) system, the digital video broadcast terrestrial (DVB-T) system, and the integrated service digital broadcasting terrestrial (ISDB-T) system. The ATSC system has largely been adopted in North America, South America, Taiwan, and South Korea. This system adapts trellis coding and 8-level vestigial sideband (8-VSB) modulation. The DVB-T system has largely been adopted in Europe, the Middle East, Australia, as well as parts of Africa and parts of Asia. The DVB-T system adapts coded orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (COFDM). The OFDM spread spectrum technique may be utilized to distribute information over many carriers that are spaced apart at specified frequencies. The OFDM technique may also be referred to as multi-carrier or discrete multi-tone modulation. The spacing between carriers may prevent the demodulators in a radio receiver from seeing frequencies other than their corresponding frequency. This technique may result in spectral efficiency and lower multi-path distortion, for example.
The ISDB-T system has been adopted in Japan and adapts bandwidth segmented transmission orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (BST-OFDM). The various DTTB systems may differ in important aspects; some systems employ a 6 MHz channel separation, while others may employ 7 MHz or 8 MHz channel separations. Planning for the allocation of frequency spectrum may also vary among countries with some countries integrating frequency allocation for DTTB services into the existing allocation plan for legacy analog broadcasting systems. In such instances, broadcast towers for DTTB may be co-located with broadcast towers for analog broadcasting services with both services being allocated similar geographic broadcast coverage areas. In other countries, frequency allocation planning may involve the deployment of single frequency networks (SFNs), in which a plurality of towers, possibly with overlapping geographic broadcast coverage areas (also known as "gap fillers"), may simultaneously broadcast identical digital signals. SFNs may provide very efficient use of broadcast spectrum as a single frequency may be used to broadcast over a large coverage area in contrast to some of the conventional systems, which may be used for analog broadcasting, in which gap fillers transmit at different frequencies to avoid interference.
While 3G systems are evolving to provide integrated voice, multimedia, and data services to mobile user equipment, there may be compelling reasons for adapting DTTB systems for this purpose. One of the more notable reasons may be the high data rates that may be supported in DTTB systems. For example, DVB-T may support data rates of 15 Mbits/s in an 8 MHz channel in a wide area SFN. There are also significant challenges in deploying broadcast services to mobile user equipment. Many handheld portable devices, for example, may require that services consume minimum power to extend battery life to a level, which may be acceptable to users. Another consideration is the Doppler effect in moving user equipment, which may cause inter-symbol interference in received signals. Among the three major DTTB systems, ISDB-T was originally designed to support broadcast services to mobile user equipment. While DVB-T may not have been originally designed to support mobility broadcast services, a number of adaptations have been made to provide support for mobile broadcast capability. The adaptation of DVB-T to mobile broadcasting is commonly known as DVB handheld (DVB-H).
To meet requirements for mobile broadcasting the DVB-H specification may support time slicing to reduce power consumption at the user equipment, addition of a 4K mode to enable network operators to make tradeoffs between the advantages of the 2K mode and those of the 8K mode, and an additional level of forward error correction on multi-protocol encapsulated data - forward error correction (MPE-FEC) to make DVB-H transmissions more robust to the challenges presented by mobile reception of signals and to potential limitations in antenna designs for handheld user equipment. DVB-H may also use the DVB-T modulation schemes, like QPSK and 16-quadrature amplitude modulation (16-QAM), which may be more resilient to transmission errors. MPEG audio and video services may be more resilient to error than data, thus additional forward error correction may not be required to meet DTTB service objectives. In some instances, the DVB-T 2K mode may not be able to accommodate the high Doppler effects that may occur in large scale SFNs. Using 16-QAM modulation in DVT-T may achieve high data rates of 9.95 Mbps, for example, when B=8 MHz, R=½, and GI=¼. However, the use of higher order modulation to achieve increased data rates may result in higher system sensitivity to fading and/or Doppler effects, which in turn, may require higher transmission power.
Overall system improvements for cellular and DVB-based technologies may also be achieved by using multiple transmit and/or receive antennas. These multi-antenna configurations, also known as smart antenna techniques, may be utilized to reduce the negative effects of multipath and/or signal interference may have on signal reception. It is anticipated that smart antenna techniques may be increasingly utilized both in connection with the deployment of base station infrastructure and mobile subscriber units in cellular systems to address the increasing capacity demands being placed on those systems. However, the widespread deployment of multi-antenna systems in wireless communications, particularly in wireless handset devices, has been somewhat limited by the increased cost that results from increased size, complexity, and power consumption, particularly in mobile terminals. The necessity of providing a separate RF chain for each transmit and receive antenna is a direct factor in the increased cost of multi-antenna systems. In certain existing single-antenna mobile terminals, the single required RF chain may account for over 30% of the receiver's total cost. It is therefore apparent that as the number of transmit and receive antennas increases, the system complexity, power consumption, and overall cost may increase.
Further limitations and disadvantages of conventional and traditional approaches will become apparent to one of skill in the art, through comparison of such systems with some aspects of the present invention as set forth in the remainder of the present application with reference to the drawings.

Method and system for increasing data rate in a mobile terminal using spatial multiplexing for DVB-H communication


An electrical connector assembly adapted to mate with a device. The connector assembly includes a housing with a primary latch assembly that engages the device, and a connection position assurance (CPA) component that is telescopically engageable over an outer surface of the housing. The connection position assurance component includes a secondary latch assembly that engages the primary latch assembly. The primary latch assembly includes a latching portion that may be actuated by a lever, and the secondary latch assembly prevents the lever from actuating the latching portion when the electrical connector assembly is mounted to the device.

A wide variety of electrical connectors exist for various applications. These electrical connectors may include what is known as a connection position assurance (CPA) component. The CPA component ensures that the connector assembly is fully mated with an electrical device. The CPA component, however, is generally located on a single side of the connector housing. When the CPA component is located on a single side of the connector housing, and the connector assembly is to be connected with a device in a hard to reach space, it may be difficult to engage the CPA component. For example, if the devices is disposed in a tightly confined space between various additional components, it may be difficult to reach the CPA component to engage it. Furthermore, if the device is oriented in a way such that the CPA component of the connector assembly is on the side of the connector housing that is disposed away from the installer, the installer may have to orient himself in a manner that enables him to engage the CPA component. Each of these situations results in difficulty in installing the connector assembly, and increased installation time.

Connector position assurance arrangement


Provided is an electronic apparatus having the waterproof structure. The electronic apparatus includes: a housing; a transparent panel which has an image display area; and a plurality of strip-shaped waterproof spacers fixed adherently between the housing and the transparent panel, and fixed adherently to an outer periphery of the image display area at the transparent panel side. A clearance between the waterproof spacers adjacent to each other is filled with a filler. In the electronic apparatus, a hole is formed in the housing such that the hole overlaps with the clearance and a portion of the waterproof spacer, and the hole is filled with the filler.

1. Field of the Invention
This disclosure relates to an electronic apparatus having the waterproof structure.
2. Description of the Related Art
Recently, an electronic apparatus having a waterproof function such as a television receiver set for a kitchen or a television receiver set for a bathroom has been sold in the market for being used in facilities which use water such as a bathroom or a kitchen. A waterproof function may be acquired such that electronic parts and an image display part of an electronic apparatus are housed in a waterproof housing in order to prevent the intrusion of water into the inside of the electronic apparatus. For example, Unexamined Japanese Patent Publication No. 2004-208046 discloses the constitution where an adhesive agent is used for fixing an outer frame and a transparent plate for completely sealing a bathroom television receiver set.

Panasonic Intellectual Property Management Co., Ltd.


A frame device for supporting objects such as batteries during seismic stress, comprising a pair of end frame members mounted in upstanding spaced apart relation by a plurality of vertically spaced elongated channel support members secured at opposite terminal ends to the vertical columns of the end frame members, shelves for supporting batteries spanning the channel support members and defining a plurality of compartments for the batteries, each end frame member being formed of a single sheet material shaped to define vertical columns and a web extending between the end columns, a pair of anchors, elements for securing the end frames to the anchors, and elements defining a plurality of openings in the web of each end frame generally aligned with the compartments formed by the shelves to provide horizontal ventilation of batteries mounted in the compartments.

There is a need, particularly in the telecommunications industries, for a back up power source to maintain operations when the primary power source shuts down. These systems generally comprises a plurality of valve regulated lead acid batteries (VRLA) generally of a two volt size which are typically connected in series in various numbers, for example 24, to provide or define a 18 volt system. These batteries are typically constructed of polypropylene jars which is a relatively soft material similar to milk jugs and a cover mounting the leads connected to the jar by a seam. These jars generally require an exterior shell for protection as well as pressure control. It has been found that without compression, these batteries tend to bulge thereby diminishing capacity.
In accordance with a known prior art system, the batteries are stored or placed in multi-cavity modules or trays which are stacked, one on top of the other and secured to one another to provide an array of assembled trays and batteries totaling the requisite number for a given system such as 24 batteries for a 48 volt system.
An important criteria for systems of this type is that the support structures function to support the heavy loads and be reliable particularly in times of crises. These prior systems have certain disadvantages and draw backs. For example, batteries are installed in the modules at the battery plant or factory. Typically, a three battery module may weigh about 800 lbs. These trays are therefore rather bulky and difficult to handle at the installation site. Further, the module pockets, in some instances, are oversized relative to the battery and require the use of shims to snugly position the batteries in the module pockets. The batteries are typically placed in the modules before the final charge creating pressure between the battery and the module. Accordingly, when the batteries swell, if there is need for the installer to remove the batteries, the batteries are usually gripped by the posts which can cause battery damage. Further, it has been found that the interconnected modules are not always as stable as they should be and do not satisfy the criteria for supporting heavy loads in time of seismic crises.
Summarizing the disadvantages of the presently known systems, it has been that cell damage results by overstressing the post seals when installers handle the batteries by the posts, especially during extraction of cell and lifting thereof.
Other adverse affects of extraction of cells from the modules or trays include exposure of the jars to the ambient environment and potential puncture. Further, extraction can result in jar to cover seam damage during reinsertion of the cell into the modular trays. Further, in some instances, the jars are shimmed in the trays to maintain pressure. These shims are inserted prior to jar bulging and once the jar bulges, it is difficult to extract the cell from the trays and even more difficult to reinsert them. Often the shim is not reused resulting in lose of pressure and thus diminishing capacity.


A common rail supplementary atomizer of this invention, when used on a piston internal combustion engine, equipped with a common rail fuel injection system, improves slurry atomization, following injection, by expansion of gases, previously dissolved in the water phase of the slurry. This gas expansion separates the several fuel particles in each slurry droplet formed first during fuel injection. The thusly separated fuel particles subsequently burn more rapidly and completely, due to this fuel particle separation improving air access to the fuel. Apparatus is described for dissolving atomizing gas into the water phase of the slurry, in a contactor chamber at a pressure greater than the pressure prevailing in the engine cylinder volume, at the time of slurry injection.

The use of high viscosity low cost fuels, such as residual petroleum fuels, in internal combustion engines is presently limited to very large bore, slow speed, marine diesel engines. In these large bore engines, the high fuel injection pressures, needed for adequate atomization of residual petroleum fuels, can be utilized without excessive fuel penetration and cylinder wall impact, since the large cylinder diameter provides an adequately long fuel spray penetration path. But in medium speed, medium bore, diesel engines, and particularly in high speed, small bore, diesel engines, these high viscosity residual petroleum fuels are poorly burned. Either poor atomization results, at injection pressures low enough to avoid fuel impact on the cylinder wall, or fuel impact on the cylinder wall occurs, at the high injection pressures needed for adequate atomization of these high viscosity fuels.
Preatomizing the fuel, outside of the engine cylinder volume, and suspending the very small fuel particles in a continuous water phase, to create a fuel-in-water slurry offers a potential method for utilizing high viscosity residual petroleum fuels, in both medium bore, medium speed, diesel engines, and small bore, high speed, diesel engines, which are widely used in our transportation systems. Example methods and apparatus for preparing residual fuel in water slurries suitable for use with the apparatus of this invention are described in the following references:                (1) U.S. Pat. No. 6,444,000, 2002, Firey        (2) U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/881,860, 23 Jan. 2007, Firey, as listed in the Cross References to Related Applications.Use of such preatomized, fuel in water slurries would appear to relieve the engine fuel injection system of the obligation to carry out the full extent of atomization needed for rapid and complete fuel burning, and hence the lower fuel injection pressures, with the reduced penetration, needed in small or medium bore engines can be used, and yet adequate atomization, with rapid and complete fuel combustion, will result.
Engine experiments, with preatomized coal particle in water slurry fuels, in medium speed, medium bore, railroad diesel engines, revealed a potential limitation in the combustion benefits to be obtained by use of increasingly smaller fuel particle size, in fuel in water slurry fuels. As fuel particle size was reduced, the effective viscosity of the slurry increased, and larger slurry droplet size resulted when the slurry was injected into the engine cylinder volume. Thus a greater number and weight of fuel particles resided within each injected slurry droplet, as fuel particle size was reduced.
Indications are that within each slurry droplet, the several separate small fuel particles tended to reagglomerate into one, or a few, larger fuel particles, when the water phase evaporated prior to ignition and combustion. The result was that, the benefits sought by preatomizing the fuel into smaller particles, were not realized, and best engine results were obtained at intermediate fuel particle size.
The capability of operating a major portion of our transportation system on low cost residual petroleum fuels, instead of the present high cost distillate petroleum fuels, would be a substantial benefit. Diesel engine operators would realize a reduced fuel cost. The national effort toward energy independence would be promoted, since the stationary energy applications, currently using residual fuels, could more readily and economically shift to coal use than is possible for the critical transportation sector.
None of the schematic apparatus drawings are to scale.

Common rail supplementary atomizer for piston engines


An optical recording medium has a user data area and a lead-out area each having grooves and lands formed thereon. Wobbles are formed on at least one lateral surface of the grooves of the user data area and the lead-out area, and configured such that wobble characteristics are made different between the user data area and the lead-out area. Different types of the wobbles are formed on the grooves of either the user data area or the lead-out area, thereby preventing an optical pickup that performs recording/reproducing, from deviating from the user data area. Also, in a multi-layer optical recording medium, a whole area of a recording layer is configured to have the same condition, thereby preventing deterioration in reproducing and/or recording due to a difference in light power transmittance of another recording layer.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an optical recording medium, and more particularly, to an optical recording medium having wobbles formed on at least one lateral surface of grooves of a user data area and grooves of a lead-out area, and configured such that wobble characteristics between the user data area and the lead-out area are different from each other.
2. Description of the Related Art
In general, optical recording media are widely employed as information recording media for an optical pickup device recording/reproducing information on/from the optical recording media. The optical recording media are classified into read-only-memory (ROM) compact discs (CDs) and digital versatile discs (DVDs) according to information recording capacity. Further, a DVD disc which information is written on, erased, and read from, can be sub-divided into a digital versatile disc-random access memory (DVD-RAM) disc and a digital versatile disc-rewritable (DVD-RW) disc.
In a DVD-RAM or DVD-RW disc shown in FIG. 1, there is a lead-in area 10 in which read only data, such as a disc size, the number of track layers on a readable plane, or illegal copy preventing information, is recorded, a user data area 20 in which user data can be repeatedly read and/or written, and a lead-out area 30 in which other disc-related information is recorded.
As indicated by a portion "C" of FIG. 1, there are grooves 23 and lands 25 alternatively formed in the user data area 20 so as for the optical pickup device to perform recording and/or reproducing information marks 27 along a predetermined track. In FIG. 1, reference numeral 40 denotes a reproduction beam. From enlarged portions A and B of the lead-in area 10 and the lead-out area 30, it is confirmed that physical pits 15, which are the read only data, are formed thereon. Here, the lead-out area 30 is used for performing various functions. For example, the lead-out area 30 guards an optical pickup not to deviate from the user data area 20 while the optical pickup performs a recording/reproducing process.
In particular, as shown in FIG. 2, in a dual-layer optical recording medium having a first recording layer L0 and a second recording layer L1 of opposite track paths, the lead-out area 30 allows the optical pickup device to keep performing tracking during interlayer-jumping from an outermost circumference of the first recording layer L0 to another outermost circumference of the second recording layer L1 without deviating from the track paths. The opposite track paths are sequentially addressed from an inner circumference of the first recording layer L0 to an outer circumference thereof, and then from an outer circumference of the second recording layer L1 to an inner circumference thereof.
In a dual-layer optical recording medium, such as a ROM disc, an area serving as the lead-out area 30 varies according to a reproduction method of the second recording layer L1. In the dual-layer ROM disc having the opposite track paths, a middle area is separately provided at each of the outer circumferences of the first and second recording layers L0 and L1. However, in a case of a rewritable optical recording medium, both pits and grooves can be used. Therefore, in a case of dual layer rewritable optical recording media, a recording power is affected by a physical geometry of the first recording layer L0 during recording data. In other words, when recording is performed on the second recording layer L1, a recording light beam passes through the first recording layer L0, resulting in a difference in transmittance between pit portions and groove portions.
Light power was measured for an optical recording medium at a mirror area, a pit area, a groove area and a groove area with marks to simulate the light power depending on a difference in the transmittance according to various conditions of the first recording layer L0, as shown in FIGS. 3A through 3D. Here, the number of tracks trapped by a laser beam transmitted through a lens was taken into consideration.
Tables 1 and 2 list input parameters and items for experimentation. In Table 1, Rc represents reflectivity of a crystallized portion of a recording layer and Ra represents the reflectivity of an amorphous portion of the recording layer.
TABLE 1ParameterConditionWavelength (nm)400Numerical Aperture (NA)0.65/0.85Minimum mark length (μm)0.275/0.194ModulationEFM+ (Eight-to-FourteenModulation-plus)Track pitch (TP) (μm)0.30, 0.34, 0.38Reflectivity (%)Rc = 25, Ra = 5
TABLE 2ItemFactorExampleDual recordingStructure of first recordingMirror, pits, grooves,layerlayergrooves with marks.High NANumber of tracks trapped by85 for 0.65 of NAlaser beam160 for 0.85 of NAIncident angle of beam40.5° for 0.65 of NA58.2° for 0.85 of NA
FIG. 4 is a graph showing measurement results of the light power depending on the transmittance for the cases shown in FIGS. 3A, 3B, 3C and 3D. With reference to FIG. 4, according to a simulation result, a decrease in the light power is smallest in the mirror portion (graph line with solid squares), and the light power gradually decreases more in the order of a pit portion (graph line with solid diamonds), a groove portion (graph line with solid triangles) and a groove mark portion (graph line with solid circles). Therefore, as shown in FIG. 4, in the case of a dual layer disc, the transmittance varies according to the physical geometry of the first recording layer L0 while a rewritable optical recording medium can further affect the recording power during recording data. Accordingly, it is necessary to unify the physical geometry of the recording layer and to newly define the lead-out area or the middle area on such an optical recording medium.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.


A method of constructing a behavior model (32) of an airplane engine, in particular in order to track the operation of the engine, the method comprising a training step (12) of training at least one statistical regression function on the basis of a generic database (14) containing data from a plurality of airplane engines in order to establish a generic behavior model (10) of the airplane engines, and an additional step of resetting the generic behavior model from data in a database (24) specific to the above-mentioned airplane engine, in order to establish a behavior model (32) that takes account of features specific to that engine.

The present invention relates to a method of constructing a behavior model of an airplane engine, in particular in order to track the operation of the engine.
For example in the context of tracking the starting sequences of an airplane engine, it is necessary to eliminate the influence context (such as temperature, pressure, speed, etc.) from the indicators of degradation (e.g. such as the duration of starting). In order to do this, an estimate is constructed of the value of the indicator in the non-degraded state, as a function of the context. This estimate is then subtracted from the measured value of the indicator. The result that is obtained is representative of the state of degradation of the system under study.
With a sound engine, the estimate of the indicator is constructed by means of a behavior model. This model is itself obtained by statistical regression of a reference database representative of the sound state of the engine. The size of this database has a strong influence on the quality of the training of the regression function. The larger the database and the greater the number of different contexts that it contains, the wider the range over which the trained function is valid.
In the prior art, the regression function is trained either from a generic database containing data about a fleet comprising a plurality of engines, or else from a specific database containing only data that is specific to the engine under study.
Nevertheless, both of those methods present drawbacks.
When a generic behavior model is constructed from a database concerning a plurality of engines, the model does not take account of differences between engines, such as manufacturing disparities. The model is therefore relatively inaccurate, giving rise to regression of poor performance. Nevertheless, the advantage of that model is that its large training database makes it robust when faced with contexts that are rare, and it therefore provides a range of validity that is broad.
When a specific behavior model is constructed from a database specific to one engine, the model does not benefit from data about other engines, and it is therefore constructed on a database that is not so rich and that covers fewer possible situations. It is therefore not very robust when faced with contexts that are rare, which leads to a narrower range of validity. Furthermore, the database specific to each engine is limited by the duration over which the engine has been tracked.

Method of constructing a behavior model of an airplane engine


The efficiency of a photovoltaic cell is enhanced by light trapping using Mie-scattering nanostructures. In one embodiment, an array of nanocylinders is formed on the front surface of a silicon film to enhance forward scattering into the film, and an array of nanocylinders is formed on the back surface to enhance backscattering so that more light is absorbed within the silicon film. In an alternate embodiment, a mirror layer is formed on the back surface of the silicon film to reflect light within the film back toward the front-surface nanocylinder array.

The relative inefficiency of photovoltaic cells has been one significant factor limiting the range of applications for which photovoltaic cells are a commercially viable source of alternative energy. One cause of inefficiency is reflection, across the pertinent part of the solar spectrum, from the front surface of the semiconductor film that contains the photovoltaic junction region. Monocrystalline silicon, for example, generally exhibits a reflectivity above 30% for quasi-normal incidence.
Several approaches have been tried for reducing the surface reflectivity of silicon films. One approach involves surface modification through reactive-ion etching, leading to a product referred as "black silicon", having a reflectivity that for quasi-normal incidence is reduced to values near 5%. Another approach is to overcoat the silicon surface with interference-type layers of dielectrics such as silicon nitride. The resulting antireflection coatings are effective for selected wavelengths.
Recently, P. Spinelli et al., "Broadband omnidirectional antireflection coating based on subwavelength surface Mie resonators," Nature Communications 3, Article No. 692 (Feb. 21, 2012), hereinafter "Spinelli et al.", reported a new type of antireflection coating using Mie resonators. A Mie resonance in the electromagnetic scattering cross section of a particle (Mie scattering theory is typically applied to spherical and cylindrical particles) is a value indicative of particularly strong or particularly weak scattering at a wavelength comparable to the geometrical size of the scattering particle.
Spinelli et al. found computationally and experimentally that a two-dimensional lattice of silicon nanocylinders of sub-wavelength dimensions fabricated on a silicon surface would exhibit Mie resonances strongly coupled to the underlying silicon substrate. Forward scattering from the nanocylinders, acting as Mie resonators, strongly suppressed reflection from the silicon surface. Pronounced line broadening was attributed to the electromagnetic coupling to the substrate, which provided a dissipative channel for radiation confined within the nanocylinders. Because of the line-broadening effect, the antireflective effect was observed to extend across a wide spectral range.
Another study of the electromagnetic scattering properties of silicon nanocylinders, useful in the present context, is reported in I. Staude et al., "Tailoring Directional Scattering through Magnetic and Electric Resonances in Subwavelength Silicon Nanodisks," ACS Nano 7 (9), (published online Aug. 16, 2013), 7824-7832 (hereinafter, "Staude et al.").
The entirety of Spinelli et al. and the entirety of Staude et al. are hereby incorporated herein by reference.
Although the anti-reflective approaches described above are useful for improving the efficiency of photovoltaic cells, there remains a need for new approaches that can drive up the efficiencies still further.

Photovoltaic cell with light trapping for enhanced efficiency


Transitioning between display applications, including: retrieving a device identifier when a first device is selected using a first display application running on a second device; enabling the first display application to launch a second display application using the device identifier of the first device, launching the second display application customized to automatically select the first device, wherein the automatic selection of the first device using the device identifier allows to bypass a device selection process. Keywords include seamless transition and direct device selection.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to seamless transition between a plurality of display applications, and more specifically, to seamless transition using direct device selection.
2. Background
Media content can be browsed, searched, and selected using Internet Protocol television (IPTV) which uses the architecture and networking methods of the Internet Protocol Suite over a packet-switched network infrastructure. The selected media content can be viewed on a display of a first device such as the IPTV using a second device to control the functions of the IPTV. Then, the media content can continue to be browsed and searched using the second device without interrupting the content that is being viewed on the display of the IPTV.

Seamless transition between display applications using direct device selection

Sony Network Entertainment Internation LLC


A microscope system (10, 10′, 10″, 10′″) includes a laser (18) or light emitting diode (18′″) that generates source light having a non-uniform spatial distribution. An optical system includes an objective (40) defining a field of view, and an optical train (22, 22′, 22″, 22′″) configured to convert the source light into an enlarged-diameter collimated light, to spatially homogenize the enlarged-diameter collimated light, and to couple the homogenized enlarged-diameter collimated light into the objective to provide substantially uniform static illumination of the field of view. A camera system (56) is statically optically coupled by the objective with at least most of the field of view.

The following relates to the imaging arts. It is described with particular reference to example embodiments that relate to imaging of rare cells, such as epithelial cells, in the buffy coat of a centrifuged blood sample. However, the following relates more generally to illumination systems for generating a substantially uniform static illumination across a large field of view and to microscopes employing same.
In the technique of quantitative buffy coat analysis, a whole blood sample is drawn and processed using anti-coagulant additives, centrifuging, and so forth to separate the blood into components including a buffy coat component comprised principally of white blood cells. Rare cells of interest which are present in the buffy coat, such as certain epithelial cells associated with certain cancers, are tagged using a suitable fluorescent dye, and fluorescence microscopic imaging is then used to count the fluorescent dye-tagged cells of interest. Quantitative buffy coat analysis is a promising non-invasive technique for screening for certain cancers, for monitoring cancer treatment, and so forth.
The concentration of fluorescent dye-tagged rare cells in the buffy coat is low. Optical scanning fluorescence microscopy enables assessment of a large area of buffy coat sample by scanning a field of view of a microscope relative to the buffy coat sample. Scanning can be achieved by moving the microscope relative to the buffy coat sample, by moving the buffy coat sample relative to the microscope, or by some combination thereof. A large field of view illuminated with high intensity uniform light is advantageous for rapidly and accurately assaying the fluorescent dye-tagged rare cells in the buffy coat sample. The illumination may also advantageously employ monochromatic or narrow-bandwidth light so as to facilitate spectral differentiation between rare cell fluorescence and scattered illumination.
However, providing illumination at high intensity that is uniform over a large field of view is difficult.
In the case of white light sources, filtering is typically required to provide monochromatic or at least spectrally restricted illumination. Spectral filtering blocks a large portion of the optical output that lies outside the selected spectral range. Thus, illuminating with a white light source is optically inefficient. High intensity incandescent white light sources such as Xenon lamps also produce substantial heat, which can adversely affect the quantitative buffy coat analysis.
A laser light source is more optically efficient at producing spectrally narrow light. For example, an argon laser outputs high intensity narrow spectral lines at 488 nm and 514 nm, and weaker lines at other wavelengths. These wavelengths are suitable for exciting luminescence in certain tagging dyes that luminesce at about 550 nm.
However, lasers typically output a tightly collimated beam having a highly non-uniform Gaussian intensity profile or distribution across a narrow beam cross-sectional area. Moreover, the laser beam is coherent and typically exhibits a speckle pattern due to interference amongst the wave fronts. The speckle pattern can have spatial frequencies that overlap the typical size of rare cells. The speckle pattern can also shift or change as the field of view is scanned. These aspects of laser light substantially complicate determination of whether a detected luminous feature is a fluorescent dye-tagged rare cell, or an illumination artifact.
Spatial uniformity can be improved using a beam homogenizer. One type of beam homogenizer operates by providing an inverse Gaussian absorption profile that substantially cancels the Gaussian beam distribution. Another type of beam homogenizer employs two or more lenses (or a compound lens) to refract the Gaussian beam in a way that redistributes the light into a flattened spatial profile. Using a beam homogenizer in microscopic fluorescence imaging is problematic, however, because focusing of the homogenized beam by the microscope objective can introduce additional beam non-uniformities. Moreover, beam homogenizers generally do not substantially reduce speckle non-uniformities.
In another approach, known as confocal microscopy, the laser beam is rapidly rastered or scanned across the field of view. The field of view is sampled rather than imaged as a whole. In this dynamic approach, the portion of the sample illuminated at any given instant in time is much smaller than the field of view. By rapidly rastering the focused laser beam over the field of view, an image can be constructed from the acquired sample points. A uniform illumination is, in effect, dynamically simulated through rapid sampling of the field of view.
Confocal microscopy is an established technique. However, the beam rastering adds substantial complexity and cost to the microscope system. Confocal microscopy can also be highly sensitive to small defects in a lenses or other optical component. Thus, very high quality optics should be employed, which again increases system cost.


A method and apparatus for call setup signaling in a VoIP network is disclosed. An application server receives call information from a network node, which causes the application server to be inserted in the call setup signaling path. The application server provides any special feature processing necessary for call setup. Upon the application server determining that it is no longer required in the signaling path for call setup, the application server removes itself from the call setup signaling path. The application server may remove itself from the signaling path prior to completion of call setup, thereby freeing up network resources and reducing post dial delay. In various embodiments, the application server removes itself from the call setup signaling path by transmitting information utilizing particular protocol messages.

The conventional Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) is a circuit switched network in which calls are assigned dedicated circuits during the duration of the call. Such networks are well known in the art, and service providers have developed various services which may be provided to subscribers via such a conventional circuit switched network.
Recently, data packet networks, such as local area networks (LAN) and wide area networks (WAN) have become more prevalent. These data packet networks operate in accordance with the internet protocol (IP) and such networks are referred to as IP networks. The popularity of IP networks has created an interest in providing voice and related services over IP networks.
Conventional PSTN voice services dedicate a circuit connection between a calling and called party, and as such, that connection is guaranteed a certain level of performance because it is not shared with any other network users. IP networks, on the other hand, are shared networks in which the network resources are shared between users. The notion of a connection in a data packet network is very different from the notion of a connection in a circuit network. In a circuit network, the connection is a dedicated circuit which is used only by the calling and called parties. As such, it is easy to guarantee a certain level of service via the circuit network. The problem with such a network is that of efficiency. That is, the dedication of a circuit between all calling and called parties may be inefficient because such dedicated circuits provide more bandwidth than is necessary. In a data network, the connection between two parties is not dedicated, and traffic between the parties is transmitted via the data packet network along with the data packets of other users. There is no dedicated path between the parties, and data packets may be transmitted between the parties via different paths, depending upon network traffic.
In the PSTN, call setup is controlled by a signaling network in accordance with the well known Signaling System No. 7 (SS7). An SS7 network exists within the PSTN network and controls call setup by conveying labeled messages via signaling channels which are separate from the voice channels. The details of an SS7 network is well known and the details will not be described in further detail herein.
Signaling in a voice over IP (VoIP) network is accomplished by sending messages utilizing the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) which will be described in further detail below. In contrast to the SS7 network utilized in the conventional PSTN network, SIP messages in a VoIP network are not transmitted via a dedicated signaling network, but are transmitted like any other data packets.
One of the goals of a voice network is to minimize post dial delay (PDD) which is the time required to connect the call after the user finishes dialing the called number. One of the factors that determines the PDD is the extent of signaling required to set up the call. Thus, a reduction in the required signaling will decrease the PDD and therefore increase customer satisfaction. Another goal of a voice network is to decrease the load on the various network elements. Once again, a reduction in the required signaling also reduces the load on the network signaling elements.
Therefore, what is needed is a method and apparatus for reducing the required signaling in a VoIP network.


A high-voltage circuit-breaker has an interrupting chamber comprising a gas-tight cylindrical casing filled with a gas having good insulative properties such as sulfur hexafluoride. The casing contains a fixed permanent contact, a fixed arc contact and a mobile assembly comprising permanent contacts and arc contacts and associated with a gas blast assembly. The chamber also contains a carbon-based resistor having a resistance of approximately 500 ohms connected in parallel with the circuit-breaker contacts when the arc contacts are opened by an auxiliary switch. This resistor is connected in series with an arrangement of varistors, the resulting combination being disposed inside the casing and connected in series with the auxiliary switch. Opening of the auxiliary switch is effected by opening of the circuit-breaker. The volume of the resistor is greater than that of the arrangement of varistors by a factor of at least five.

1. Field of the invention
The invention concerns a high-voltage circuit-breaker with an interrupting chamber comprising a gas-tight casing filled with a gas having good insulative properties such as sulfur hexafluoride and containing a fixed permanent contact, a fixed arc contact and a mobile assembly comprising permanent contacts and arc contacts, the chamber further comprising a shunt resistor connected by an auxiliary switch when the arc contacts are opened.
2. Description of the prior art
In single-interrupter type very high voltage circuit-breakers the conditions for interrupting line fault currents are very severe.
It is known to insert a breaking resistor R to improve line fault current interrupting. The presence of a resistor whose resistance value is approximately equal to the line impedance Z strongly reduces the rate of increase of the transient voltage and the amplitude of the first peak of oscillation of the line voltage. The reduction coefficient is equal to R/(R+Z) and Z=450 ohms for an overhead line. These interrupting resistors cannot be kept live for long because they absorb a large amount of energy. It is therefore necessary to associate with them a switch which must have a high rupture capacity to interrupt the residual current, especially under phase opposition conditions.
For currents exceeding several hundred amperes a gas-blast type switch is required, the relaxation time the time for which the current is regarded as negligible, being less than 1 ampere, for example is very short. This leads to the installation of complex pressurized gas auxiliary switches.
It is also known to use series varistors inserted during the interrupting operation.
A capacitor in parallel with these varistors improves the interruption of high line fault currents. For capacitors having a capacitance exceeding 5,000 pF this arrangement, although effective, is costly. The capacitor must be rated to withstand the phase opposition voltage for approximately one period of the voltage. Although this time is short, the capacitor is large. An arrangement of this kind is described in French patent application Fr 91 04173.
French patent application Fr 91 04173 describes very simple auxiliary switches requiring no gas blast for varistor-assisted interruption.
The present invention makes it possible to interrupt high resistive currents with auxiliary switches of this kind with no insulative gas blast.


A miniature motorized cutter is provided to remove an occlusion or thrombus in the vein or artery of a patient. The miniature motorized cutter has a cutting device operated by a piezoelectric motor. The piezoelectric motor is wirelessly powered by electrical induction from outside of the body. The miniature motorized cutter has a positional orienting structure that has two poles of opposite charges. A strong magnet outside of the body can be used to orient the cutter by applying attractive and repulsive forces to the two poles of the positional orienting structure.

Arterial obstructions, such as arterial plaque or deep vein thrombus, can cause life-threatening consequences. Atherosclerosis is a disease in which plaque along artery walls. Arterial plaque includes fat, cholesterol, calcium, and other substances found in the blood. Plaque can be soft and fluffy but over time it can harden. It can also narrow or completely occlude an artery, limiting or terminating blood flow and possibly killing tissue. Atherosclerosis can cause fatigue, lethargy and shortness of breath. Eventually it can lead to heart attack, stroke, and death. In past decades, atherosclerosis was believed to be cause by fat in the diet and high cholesterol levels. A re-evaluation of that assumptions underlying that belief and more recent research indicate the cause may be linked to inflammation, low HDL cholesterol levels, and high levels of glycated or oxidized LDL cholesterol.
A common treatment for a constricted artery due to a buildup of arterial plaque is an angioplasty followed by insertion of a stent in the artery in an effort to hold it open. In more extreme cases, open hearts surgery is performed to re-route blood flow around the constructed artery through arterial grafts.
A thrombus can form anywhere in the body, although many form in the legs of pregnant or obese patients, persons who are inactive for an extended period of time, airline passengers, and others. A thrombus is rarely treated by surgery due to the inherent dangers of the procedure, but when it is, traditional surgery to physically remove the thrombosis can be utilized. In addition, there has been work in the area of laser and radio frequency ablation of clots. Chemical treatment of clots is available as well.
Each of the prior techniques and structures used to treat occlusions of veins and arteries has disadvantages, and another treatment option is needed.


A multipoint multichannel connection device for line-connecting communication terminals at multiple points and a central unit through an integrated services digital network which has a function of communicating the number of a source communications terminal as source number information includes a source number information identifying section incorporated in a central unit, which identifies source number information from the integrated services digital network unit process arriving channels for which source number information is recognized as being identical, as arriving channels from the same communications terminal. As a result, the central unit identifies arriving channels from a plurality of communications terminals individually and then processes them without communicating source number information with the communications terminals.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a technique for identifying and processing arriving channels from multiple points individually in an integrated services digital network.
2. Description of the Related Art
With the recent spread of integrated services digital networks (ISDNs), center services, such as multipoint television conferencing, multipoint voice graphic conferencing, and the like, are being implemented.
In order to implement these various services, the communications capacity is required to be several times the capacity of the basic channel (B channel) of the current integrated services digital networks. For these services, therefore, a plurality of basic channels on a line are used simultaneously.
When the connection is set up between communications terminals that provide various services and a multipoint central unit, the central unit is required to identify arriving channels from a plurality of points individually in an efficient manner for subsequent processing.
As a first prior art to implement such a function, there is a technique in which, when each terminal makes a request for connection to the central unit, it informs the central unit of its terminal number using the B channel after the connection has been established by the central unit.
With this prior art, however, actual communications commence after each communications terminal (terminal number) has been identified using control communications data on the B channel. The problem with the first prior art is therefore that it takes long time to the commencement of communications. In addition, each terminal is required to have a function of sending its own terminal number as control communications data over the B channel and the central unit is also required to have a function of receiving and identifying control communications data on each B channel. This makes the system configuration complex.
As a second prior art, a central unit is provided with lines, the number of which corresponds to the maximum number of communications terminals. Each terminal is allocated an individual line number and makes transmissions using the line allocated to it. The central unit recognizes a plurality of arriving channels originating on each line as incoming channels from the communications terminal corresponding to that line.
The problem with the second prior art is that the central unit has to be provided with lines, the number of which corresponds to the maximum number of communications terminals.

Multipoint/multichannel connection device in integrated services digital network


The present disclosure relates to an automatic transmission control unit for construction machinery and a control method therefor, and when a load pressure detecting unit detecting a load pressure of hydraulic pressure supplied from a main hydraulic pump to an actuator, such as a cylinder and a hydraulic motor, is in an abnormal state, the automatic transmission control unit receives an electronic control pressure signal having little concerns of a breakdown or a malfunction, and automatically changes a travel speed of construction machinery based on the received electronic control pressure signal.

In general, construction machinery including an excavator is capable of travelling and rotating, and performing work, such as excavation, by using a front working device, such as a boom, an arm, and a bucket, while travelling and rotating, or being in a stop state.
The construction machinery is capable of travelling in three modes including a low speed mode, a high speed mode, and an automatic transmission mode, and when the construction machinery travels in the automatic transmission mode, a speed is automatically changed to a low speed or a high speed according to loads applied to the front working device.
For the automatic transmission travel mode, the construction machinery detects hydraulic pressure applied from a main hydraulic pump to an actuator, such as a cylinder and a hydraulic motor, through a pressure sensor, and changes a travel speed into a low speed or a high speed according to the detected pressure.
That is, the construction machinery measures a size of loads based on the hydraulic pressure detected by the pressure sensor, and when the size of the loads is large, the construction machinery travels at a low speed, and when the size of the loads is small, the construction machinery travels at a high speed.
However, the aforementioned construction machinery in the related art determines a size of loads while relaying on only the pressure sensor during the automatic transmission travel. Accordingly, when the pressure sensor has a breakdown, the construction machinery cannot use the function even though the automatic transmission travel mode is selected, and when the pressure sensor has a malfunction, a safety accident may be incurred due to incorrect automatic travelling.
The discussion above is merely provided for general background information and is not intended to be used as an aid in determining the scope of the claimed subject matter.

Automatic transmission control unit for construction equipment and control method therefor


A solid state imaging device includes a semiconductor layer, and a light shielding portion. The semiconductor layer has multiple photoelectric conversion elements. The light shielding portion is provided in the semiconductor layer, and has a light shielding member whose interface with the semiconductor layer is covered by an insulating film. The light shielding portion includes a light shielding region and an element isolation region. The light shielding region is provided in the semiconductor layer on the side close to the light receiving surface of the photoelectric conversion element for shielding light incident on the photoelectric conversion element from a specific direction. The element isolation region is formed to project in the depth direction of the semiconductor layer from the light shielding region toward a portion between the multiple photoelectric conversion elements in order to electrically and optically isolate the multiple photoelectric conversion elements from one another.

Conventionally, an electronic device such as a digital camera or a mobile terminal with camera includes a camera module having a solid state imaging device. The solid state imaging device has multiple photoelectric conversion elements arranged two-dimensionally corresponding to each pixel of a captured image.
Each of the photoelectric conversion elements is provided on a semiconductor layer. It photoelectrically converts light, which is incident through an insulating layer, a color filter, and a microlens stacked on the side of the semiconductor layer where light enters, into charges in an amount according to the amount of the received light, and stores the charges as signal charges indicating brightness of each pixel. A light shielding portion for shielding light incident from a specific direction on each photoelectric conversion element is provided in the insulating layer formed between the photoelectric conversion element and the color filter.
For example, the photoelectric conversion element for detecting a phase difference formed for detecting a focus of an imaging optical system has a light shielding portion provided on its light receiving surface for covering a part of the light receiving surface in order to pupil-divide the incident light. A light shielding portion that shields light incident from the color filter corresponding to the adjacent photoelectric conversion element is provided between the photoelectric conversion elements used for the image capture, viewed from the side where light enters.
In the solid state imaging device described above, the incident light might irregularly reflect on the side face of the light shielding portion to deteriorate light-receiving sensitivity. If the light shielding portion is made thin, the irregular reflection can be reduced. However, a part of a fine pattern on the light shielding portion might be lost due to electric or mechanical stress. On the other hand, when the light shielding portion is made thick, flatness is difficult to secure, so that an air bubble called a void is generated in the insulating layer during a step of burying the light shielding portion with the insulating layer. Such void causes deterioration in the light-receiving sensitivity.


A display substrate includes a base substrate, a switching element, a protecting layer, an organic layer, a first pixel electrode and a second pixel electrode. The switching element is on the base substrate, and includes a gate electrode, a source electrode and a drain electrode. The protecting layer is on the switching element, and includes a first hole exposing the drain electrode. The organic layer is on the protecting layer, and includes a second hole which exposes a side surface of the protecting layer which defines the first hole and exposes a top surface of the protecting layer which is adjacent to the side surface of the protecting layer. The first pixel electrode is on the organic layer. The second pixel electrode overlaps the first pixel electrode, and is electrically connected to the drain electrode via the first and second holes.

1. Field of the Invention
Exemplary embodiments of the invention relate to a display substrate and a method of manufacturing the display substrate. More particularly, exemplary embodiments of the invention relate to a display substrate including an organic layer and a method of manufacturing the display substrate.
2. Description of the Related Art
Generally, a display device includes a first display substrate, a second display substrate opposite to the first display substrate, and a liquid crystal layer disposed between the first display substrate and the second display substrate.
The first display substrate includes a gate line, a data line, a switching element connected to the gate line and the data line, a gate insulating layer disposed on a gate electrode of the switching element, a protecting layer disposed on source and drain electrodes of the switching element and partially exposing the drain electrode, and a pixel electrode electrically connected to the switching element.
The pixel electrode is formed over the gate line or the data line. The pixel electrode may overlap with the gate line or the data line, or be spaced apart from the gate line or the data line. Thus, the parasitic capacitance between the pixel electrode and the gate line or the data line may be generated.
The first display substrate may further an organic layer increasing a distance between the pixel electrode and the gate line or the data line, so that the parasitic capacitance between the pixel electrode and the gate line or the data line may be reduced.
In this case, when the organic layer, and the protecting layer under the organic layer are patterned to form a contact hole, an under-cut may be generated. Thus, the pixel electrode formed along the contact hole may be disconnected, so that the reliability of the display device may be reduced.
However, when the organic layer is subject to an ashing process to remove the under-cut, a processing time may increase, and a surface of the organic layer may be rough. Thus, the pixel electrode formed on the organic layer may be disconnected, so that the display device may generate persistence of vision.
In addition, when the first display substrate further include the organic layer, a number of masks increases, so that the manufacturing cost of the display device may increase.

Display substrate including organic layer and method of manufacturing the same