The present invention is one that, even while cooling exhaust gas without dilution, makes it possible to accurately measure particle concentration, and provided with: a particle concentration measurement device; a sampling cooling pipe that cools the exhaust gas collected from an exhaust gas transfer pipe to a measurable temperature of the particle concentration measurement device without dilution, and introduces the cooled exhaust gas into the particle concentration measurement device; a temperature sensor that detects temperature of the exhaust gas flowing into an exhaust gas inlet; and a calculation device that, from the detected temperature by the temperature sensor and the temperature of the exhaust gas introduced into the particle concentration measurement device, corrects measured particle concentration by the particle concentration measurement device in real time to calculate the particle concentration of the exhaust gas flowing through the exhaust gas transfer pipe.

As a system that measures particle concentration in exhaust gas emitted from a diesel engine, for example, as disclosed in JPA 2008-164419, there is a system that introduces exhaust gas into a particle counting device such as a CPC to count the number of particles.
Meanwhile, the exhaust gas is emitted in a high temperature state (e.g., 500° C.), and therefore in order to measure particle concentration in the exhaust gas, temperature of the exhaust gas should be reduced to a measurable temperature of the particle counting device. For this purpose, a possible method is that, by circulating the exhaust gas in the high temperature state in a pipe, the exhaust gas is cooled by thermal conduction of the pipe. However, this method has a problem that particles in the exhaust gas are attached to an inner wall of the pipe by thermal phoresis and the like, and consequently the number of particles in the exhaust gas introduced into the particle counting device is reduced to give rise to a measurement error.
For this reason, the conventional particle measurement system is, on an upstream side of the particle counting device, provided with a diluting device that dilutes sampled exhaust gas with low temperature diluting air (see FIG. 4 of JPA 2008-164419). On the basis of this, the particle measurement system is configured to reduce temperature of the exhaust gas to the measurable temperature of the particle counting device while preventing the particles from being attached to the inner wall of the pipe by the thermal phoresis and the like.
However, in the case where the particle measurement system is configured to be provided with the diluting device, the diluting device, peripheral devices (mass flow controller, pressure sensor, on/off valve, and the like), and pipes are required to cause problems that the system is increased in size, complexity, and cost. Also, by making the diluting device intervene, control of a diluting ratio, or the like, becomes a new error factor. Further, the system is increased in complexity, and therefore maintenance work on the system is also complicated.

Exhaust gas analysis system and exhaust gas analysis program


The invention emanates from a hand-held grinder, in particular an orbital grinder, with at least one handle (10) in or on a housing part (19) and with a drive unit (12) to drive a grinding disc (14) in or on a disc-shaped tool carrier (13) in a housing (11), wherein the grinding disc (14) is on a grinding disc plane (16) and the direction of force (17) is perpendicular to the plane (16) of the grinding disc. The invention proposes that the handle (10) is connected to the housing (11) through at least one vibration decoupling element (18, 71). The invention also relates to a vibration decoupling device of a hand-held grinder.

Hand-guided electric sanders, such as orbital sanders, eccentric sanders, delta sanders and the like, have a tool holder that moves for instance in a circular path in a single plane. In the operation of such hand-guided power sanders, because of the oscillation of the working unit, unpleasant vibration arises, especially in the region of the handle. Such vibration leads to user fatigue sooner and to a lessening of the holding forces. Particularly in long-term operation, a user can be exposed to an increased risk to health. To attain good vibration damping at adequate guiding rigidity, various vibration isolation systems are known in the prior art. Typically, the eccentrically moved mass of the tool holder is brought statically and/or dynamically to a low total imbalance by means of at least one compensatory weight, so as to reduce vibration especially at the handles.
It is furthermore known to increase a mass of the overall product in order to keep the perceptible vibration as slight as possible. A disadvantage here, however, is that working with the hand sander, especially on a wall or overhead, is more difficult because of the great weight.

Manual power sander, and vibration isolation device of a manual power sander


A method of transmitting medical imaging data files over high latency low bandwidth networks by using an incremental RSYNC protocol over an encrypted connection.

The advent of digital imaging for the purpose of medical diagnosis has resulted in a variety of scanning systems and image formats. The comparative ease of manipulating these digital images is obviated by problems arising from incompatible software among the various manufacturers of the imaging scanners.
In response to the increase in digital imaging technology, the American College of Radiology (ACR) and the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) developed the Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) standard. The standard seeks to make uniform the transferring of medical images and information between viewing and scanning sources. The goal of DICOM is to allow users of imaging hardware from different manufacturers to share information.
Despite the creation of the DICOM standard manufacturers have developed proprietary software, and image formats, which complicate the transmission and viewing of digital images that are created on one machine but need to be viewed on another. Modern machines contain a Picture Archiving and Communications System (PACS) which is responsible for the storage and downloading of digital images. Data sent from an incompatible machine which is not in a recognizable format by the receiving machine is not downloaded. The incompatibility is created, not when the image is scanned, but when the information is converted from the scanning source's hard drive by the manufacturer's propriety software.
As a result, Doctors are often unable to view digital images captured by scanning technicians. If the technician reduces the image to a tangible picture the Doctor cannot manipulate the image to zoom in, rotate, or change the contrast of the still image. Furthermore, the process of reducing the images to tangible form is costly in both time and materials.

Method for the integration of medical imaging data and content for wireless transmission and remote viewing


A method of making chlorofluorohydrocarbons including, contacting, a fluorinated hydrocarbon reagent in the vapor phase, with hydrogen chloride (HCl). The reaction is conducted in the presence of an effective amount of a catalyst, at an elevated temperature sufficient to effect hydrochlorination to form a reaction mixture including a chlorofluorohydrocarbon.

Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), such as HFC-134a and HFC-245fa, have recently been used as replacements for chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), which can potentially damage the earth's ozone layer. Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) have been employed as effective refrigerants, fire extinguishants, heat transfer media, propellants, foaming agents, blowing agents, gaseous dielectrics, sterilant carriers, polymerization media, particulate removal fluids, carrier fluids, buffing abrasive agents, displacement drying agents and power cycle working fluids. HFCs do not contribute to the destruction of stratospheric ozone, but, are of concern due to their contribution to the "greenhouse effect", i.e., they contribute to global warming. As a result of their contribution to global warming, the HFCs have come under scrutiny, and their widespread use has been restricted. Thus, there is a need for compositions that do not contribute to the destruction of stratospheric ozone and also have low global warming potentials (GWPs).
WO 2011/162341 A1 describes a gas phase process which produces HCFO-1224yd as an intermediate in a gas phase process for the production of HCFO-1234yf. The process employs hydrogen gas (H2) for the hydrogenation of HCFO-1214ya in the presence of a catalyst.
WO 2017/110851 A1 describes a liquid phase process for the production of HCFO-1224yd. The process employs a basic solution, such as KOH, for the dehydrochlorination of HCFC-234bb to form 1224yd in the presence of a catalyst. The starting material, 234bb, was made by chlorination of 1234yf, which is an expensive material. The process generates large aqueous waste. The 1224yd product made from this process contains 5.5%-6.4% 1224yd(E) isomer. The 1224yd(Z) isomer is the desired product for many applications. The 1224yd(E) produced in the process needs additional processing to isomerize to the desired 1224yd(Z) isomer. The process may create significant waste that requires disposal incurring significant cost. The contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
The disclosure of the previously identified WO publications is hereby incorporated by reference.
What is therefore needed is a highly selective process for the production of 1224yd(Z) that is less expensive and creates less waste.

Compositions and processes for producing chlorofluoroalkenes


A submersible light has an elongated tubular inner housing extending along an axis, an LED strip carrying a plurality of light-emitting diodes fitted into and extending axially inside the inner housing, and an elongated tubular outer housing longer than the inner housing and into which the tubular inner housing fits coaxially leaving end spaces in the outer housing at axially opposite outer ends of the inner and outer housings. Respective bodies of cured potting compound sealing the end spaces at the outer ends of the inner housing.

A submersible light, for example for a swimming pool, is generally known in the prior art. They are frequently designed so that light bodies are integrated into an underwater recess in a wall, the recess being covered by a transparent cover that ensures waterproofing. Such structures are elaborate and prone to faults with regard to their sealing.
In the prior art LED strips have generally become established for lighting objects, in particular since they can be easily fitted into relatively long grooves. Such LED strips also exist in a splashproof design in which the strip-shaped circuit board and the LEDs mounted thereon are covered on at least one end by a potting compound. On the other hand, such strips are not suitable for use under water. LED strips that are embedded in a fundamentally watertight potting compound on all sides are not suitable for permanent use under water, in particular in chlorinated water, since the chlorine in the water can diffuse into the potting compound, can damage it and can eliminate its waterproofing capacity.


A method for the production of carbon encapsulated nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes and other closed carbon structures, including contacting a catalyst of a transition metal, or a compound or alloy thereof, with a gas mixture containing carbon monoxide, and an amount of available molecular hydrogen which is insufficient to cause formation of graphite plane edges through capping, at a temperature in the range from 300-1000.degree. C., to provide closed carbon structures, which are useful in the preparation of thermal composites, reinforcement composites and magnetic particle recording media.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method for the production of carbon coated nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes by catalytic disproportionation of carbon monoxide and the nanoparticles and highly oriented carbon nanotubes produced from the method.
2. Discussion of the Background
Catalyzed deposition of carbon from the gas phase results in a number of different morphologies. The form in which carbon deposits can be of considerable practical importance (Rodriguez, J. Mater. Res. 8, 3233 (1993)).
Carbon deposition can foul reactors or deactivate catalysts. On the other hand, materials with special properties such as high surface area, conductivity, or high strength or modulus can be produced under appropriate conditions. The factors controlling the form of carbon deposited are not well understood at a basic level.
Carbon filaments are formed when a crystallite is broken away from the bulk catalyst metal, depositing a "tail" of graphitic carbon behind it (Baker et al., In Chemistry and Physics of Carbon (Edited by P. L. Walker and P. A. Thrower) Vol. 14, pg. 83-165, Marcel Dekker, New York (1978), Alstrup, J. Catal. 109, 241 (1988), and Yang et al., J. Catal. 115, 52 (1989)). Filaments are illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2. Catalyst particle shape and graphite orientation in the filament can vary considerably (Tracz, et al., Applied Catalysis 66, 133 (1990)). The feature common to all such filaments is that carbon cones or frustra are "stacked". The graphite basal planes are not parallel to the axis of the filament, so there must be exposed carbon lattice edges at the outer circumference of each carbon layer in a filament. These represent a large number of potentially unsatisfied valences which are believed to be capped by hydrogen atoms.
A less common carbon deposit consists of multi-layer "shells" encapsulating catalyst particles. This closed form of carbon is illustrated in FIG. 3. Shells were originally found at higher reaction temperatures, as shown by Audier and co-workers (Audier et al., Carbon 19, 99 (1981)). In their work, a transition from filament to shell carbon occurred above 500.degree. C. when 0.2% H.sub.2 was present in the CO (Guinot et al., Carbon 19, 95 (1981)). Note that Audier and Guinot imply they are working in a hydrogen free system.
Jose-Yacaman et al (Jose-Yacaman et al., Appl. Phys. Latt. 62, 657 (1993)) describe the formation of nanotube-like filaments from benzene at a relatively high temperature, where the inherent chemical nature of benzene and its decomposition products controls the hydrogen activity, or availability, keeping it at a fixed and relatively low level. Thus their shells and nanotubes have a certain reasonably low number of hydrogen capped plane edges per unit carbon deposited. While this number is low, it is, however, not zero, and cannot be varied substantially as it is controlled by an inherent property of the starting material, benzene.
The control of available hydrogen has not been understood by researchers in this field as a critical parameter in the production of closed carbon structures. As an example, Tenant, U.S. Pat. No. 5,165,909, discloses the supposed production of nanotubes. However, a close examination of the conditions used by Tenant indicates that the structures being produced are actually filaments. In fact, Tenant indicates that a wide range of process parameters can be used to prepare `nanotubes`, even though it is apparent that the products produced by Tenant are not nanotubes as conventionally understood and that the patent makes indiscriminate use of the terms "filament", "fibril", and "tube".
In investigations with no hydrogen present in the reaction gas, shells and other non-filamentary carbons were formed at lower temperatures (Nolan et al., Carbon 32, 479 (1994)). In addition, as noted above, descriptions of shells and tubes formed by the high temperature catalytic decomposition of benzene appear in the literature. (Jose-Yacaman et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 62, 657 (1993)). However, from the micrographs presented, it is apparent that these `tubes` are poorly formed intermediates between tubes and filaments, and would understandably be so due to the presence of hydrogen available from the benzene precursor at some level which cannot be reduced. The mechanism of catalytic shell carbon growth has not been elucidated. However, it is noted that Jablonski et al (Jablonski et al., Carbon 30(1), 87 (1992)) have shown that previous reports of structures prepared in the total absence of hydrogen, were in actuality formed in a reaction gas having 0.2% or more of hydrogen as an impurity, as reported by the previous workers themselves. In fact, they indicate that the reaction of 2 mol of CO to give C+CO.sub.2 has a rate of essentially zero in the absence of hydrogen.
A novel form of carbon, depicted in FIG. 4, appears as long hollow tubes, with an outer diameter commonly about 15 nm. These carbon structures are distinguished from filaments by the direction of the graphite basal planes: parallel to the axis of the tube. With hemispherical caps at their ends, these are closed forms of carbon and could be considered "higher fullerenes." In recent literature by fullerene researchers (Pang et al., J Phys. Chem. 97, 6941 (1993), Seraphin et al., Carbon 31, 685 (1993), and Ebbesen et al., Nature 367, 519 (1994)) similar but smaller (thinner) carbon formations are observed, and are often referred to as nanotubes. Nanotubes are normally produced by arc-discharge evaporation techniques designed for fullerene production (Iijima, Nature 354, 56 (1991)), but have also been produced catalytically from benzene (Jose-Yacaman et al.) or CO (Nolan et al., In Engineering, Construction, and Operations in Space IV (Edited by R. G. Galloway and S. Lokaj) Vol. 2, pg. 1199, American Society of Civil Engineers, New York (1994)). Nanotubes have the distinction of being the most resistant of the known forms of carbon to oxidation, while filaments, with their open plane edges, are far less resistant to oxidation. (Pang et al). The arc-discharge technique has been used to produce not only nanotubes, but also shells and nanoencapsulates.
A variety of conditions can affect the carbon deposit's morphology. Reaction temperature is known to be an important factor (Audier et al). Catalyst particle size and shape (Tracz et al) and the chemical nature of the catalyst (e.g. alloy) (Kim et al., J. Catal. 134, 253 (1992)) also play a role. The overall chemical reaction that the carbon containing gas mixture undergoes to produce solid carbon does not generally determine morphology. For instance: both CO disproportionation with hydrogen present and steam reforming of butane (Tracz et al) can produce similar appearing filamentous deposits. The carbon activity in the gas phase determines whether a carbide can form from a particular catalyst metal. Carbide formation in the catalyst metal is believed to have an influence on fragmentation and the creation of filaments (de Bokx et al., J Catal 96, 454 (1985)). Duration of reaction is also important, as one form of carbon can be produced at first, with another form appearing after longer reaction times (Jablonski et al). Many other effects, such as metal-support interactions (Baker et al., Carbon 21(5), 463 (1983)), can also affect carbon deposit morphology.
Unfortunately, up until now there has been no definitive method for obtaining nanotubes under controlled conditions which allow for the formation of uniform nanotubes of highly oriented graphite structure.

Method for producing encapsulated nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes using catalytic disproportionation of carbon monoxide and the nanoencapsulates and nanotubes formed thereby

Arizona Board of Regents on behalf of the University of Arizona


The problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a microscope that prevents a dew condensation on an objective lens and allows obtaining a good microscopic image, and a method of preventing a dew condensation on an objective lens.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a microscope employed for a cell incubator and a method of preventing dew condensation on an objective lens of such microscope.
2. Description of the Related Art
In a field of biology and the like, observations of behaviors of living cells of animals and plants, which are kept alive under an appropriate condition, are generally carried out for a functional analysis of a living organism.
A cell incubator is employed to keep the living cell alive under a constant environmental condition for the observation of behavior of the living cell.
One conventional technique for observing a cultured cell which can be kept alive in the cell incubator with a microscope is disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2004-141143, entitled "Incubator for Observation with Microscope," in which the cell incubator is placed on a stage of an inverted microscope for observation.
According to this technique, a cell culture space in which the cell in the incubator is placed is controlled as to maintain a constant condition, i.e., constant temperature, humidity, and CO2 concentration, for example, respectively at 37° C., 100%, and 5%. The cell is kept alive under such constant environmental condition inside the incubator and a time course thereof or the like is observed with the microscope.
Here, the space inside the incubator is not completely thermally insulated from outside air. For example, an objective lens is placed so that a lens barrel thereof is disposed at a side of outside air of the incubator, whereas a top lens is disposed in the vicinity of the cell inside the incubator.
If an objective lens with a short working distance (WD) is employed, a distance between a cover glass to which the cell is pasted and a surface of the top lens of the objective lens is approximately 0.1 to 0.2 millimeter (mm). When a general dry objective lens is employed, air is filled between the cover glass and the surface of the top lens. Hence, a certain effect of thermal insulation can be expected to be exerted. However, when an immersion objective lens is employed, water or oil is filled between the cover glass and the top lens, whereby the effect of thermal insulation is significantly degraded. More specifically, since the objective lens is exposed to the outside air merely via water or oil filled in a small space of approximately 0.1 to 0.2 mm, and the cover glass to which the cell is pasted is disposed relative to the objective lens, the cell is deprived of the heat by the objective lens via oil or water. Hence, especially when the temperature of the outside air is low, it is difficult to maintain the temperature of the cell at 37° C.
A technique to solve the above described problem is to add a heater for the objective lens, which is disclosed, for example, in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2002-250869, entitled "Lens Heater and Heating Apparatus with Lens Heater for Microscopic Observation," in which the objective lens is warmed up by heat emitted from a nichrome wire, and in Japanese Utility Model Application Laid-Open No. H7-36118, entitled "Microscope," in which the immersion objective lens is warmed up to a predetermined temperature through a distribution of water of a predetermined temperature. Here, the cell is maintained at a predetermined temperature (37° C., for example), through the control of the heater which serves to warm up the cell culture space in the incubator, as well as the control of an objective lens heater which serves to warm up the objective lens.
The techniques as disclosed in the above cited documents have various problems.
Firstly, though the cell culture space of the incubator is maintained in an environment in the temperature of 37° C. and at 100% humidity, the temperature of the objective lens is approximately 20° C., i.e., room temperature. Hence, when the objective lens as such is brought closer to the cell for focusing, the temperature of the objective lens suddenly increases and is exposed to a highly humid environment. Due to the differential temperature here, dew is condensed on the surface of the top lens of the objective lens to cause mist. When the objective lens employed in the microscope has a high numerical aperture (NA), even a tiny amount of mist causes degradation of microscopic image, hampering a satisfactory observation. In addition, when the objective lens with a high NA and a short WD is employed in the inverted microscope, sometimes a hole is provided on a bottom surface of the incubator, since the incubator needs to be moved together with the cell on the stage to change a portion to be observed. With the structure as described above, however, the objective lens is subjected to an air in high temperature and high humidity leaked out from the cell culture space, and the top lens is easily misted. Further, since WD is short, the top lens is brought even closer to the highly humid cell, which is another reason for misting over of the top lens.
According to the techniques as disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2002-250869 and Japanese Utility Model Application Laid-Open No. H7-36118, the dew condensation on the top lens is prevented through heating of the objective lens 1. In the apparatuses disclosed in Japanese Patent Application. Laid-Open No. 2002-250869, and Japanese Utility Model Laid-Open No. H7-36118, the temperature of the objective lens is controlled through heating so that the temperature of the cell is always maintained at 37° C. Though the temperature of the top lens of the objective lens is controlled to be close to 37° C., it may become lower than 37° C., for example, approximately 36.9° C. or lower, depending on the temperature inside the cell culture space of the incubator, the temperature outside, or the like. For example, the gas temperature of the cell culture space, the temperature of the cell, the temperature of the top lens of the objective lens, and the outside temperature may become stable, respectively, at 38° C., 37° C., 36° C., and 35° C.
Under such condition, since the humidity inside the cell culture space is 100%, when the temperature of the top lens is lower than the gas temperature inside the cell culture space even by 0.1° C., dew is sometimes condensed on an outer surface of the top lens, whereby the microscopic image taken by the objective lens is significantly degraded.
In general, in the objective lens, the top lens is fixed to a metal middle frame of the objective lens barrel via bonding or caulking, for example. Hence, when the top lens is exposed to the cell culture space with 100% humidity, water vapor inside the cell culture space may permeate through the bonded portion, or leaks out from a tiny gap of approximately a few μm in the caulked portion, whereby the leaked out water vapor is gradually accumulated inside the objective lens. When the internal temperature of the objective lens is substantially equal to the gas temperature of the cell culture space and approximately 37° C., inside of the objective lens gradually becomes 100% in humidity. If the temperature variation inside the objective lens is such that the temperature of some portion or location thereof is slightly lower than 37° C., dew condensation occurs at such portion. When dew is condensed on any of the lenses in the objective lens, the microscopic image is degraded similarly as described above hampering a satisfactory observation.
Further, the incubator is provided with a lid or a cover having a similar function to allow the observer to take out a case in which the cell is placed from the cell culture space, exchange, or supply a new case with a cell. When the lid or the door is opened/closed, the outside air of a low temperature may invade into the cell culture space. Then, the air touches the top lens of the objective lens to suddenly cool the objective lens, causing dew condensation from the water vapor accumulated inside the objective lens. Then, similarly as described above, the microscopic image is degraded and a satisfactory observation becomes unachievable.

Microscope and method of preventing dew condensation on objective lens

Abstract: A microscope includes an objective lens having a heater 22 in a cell incubator 3 having a high humidity space. The high humidity space is maintained at 90% to 100% of relative humidity and controlled to be at a predetermined gas temperature. A cultured cell 12 in the cell incubator 3 is observed via the objective lens 1, and the heater 22 is controlled to make the temperature of the objective lens 1 higher than the gas temperature of the high humidity space.


An air bag door structure is integrally backed with a door reinforcement member in the rear of an air bag door opening portion of an instrument panel. A hinge side break portion of is provided at the door rotation axis side of the instrument panel, and a hinge side mount portion for mounting an air bag container is formed at a hinge portion of the door reinforcement member. An instrument panel mount portion for mounting the air bag container is integrally formed along the outside of an opening side break portion of the instrument panel. Accordingly, stress forces created by the deployment of the air bag are concentrated at the break portions.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an air bag door structure in an instrument panel of a car and particularly relates to an air bag door structure integrally backed with a door reinforcement member in the rear side of an air bag door opening portion of an instrument panel.
2. Description of the Related Art
As shown in FIGS. 17 and 18, an air bag device provided in the front passenger side of a car is designed so that a folded air bag A contained together with an air bag actuating member (inflator) I in an air bag container C is stored in the inside of an instrument panel 150 in front of the front passenger's seat. The upper portion of the air bag container C is formed as an opening portion O for expanding the air bag A into the car room. A mount portion 154 to the instrument panel 150 is provided in the outer circumference of the opening portion O.
The air bag container C is fixed to the rear surface of the instrument panel 150 through the mount portion 154. The opening portion O is covered by an air bag door portion D formed integrally with the instrument panel 150.
A break portion 151 made from fragile portions such as V-grooves, slits, or the like, is formed in the instrument panel 150 so as to be substantially U-shaped or square-shaped so that the air bag door portion D of the instrument panel 150 is defined by this break portion. The air bag door portion D is integrally backed with a door reinforcement member 153 such as an aluminum plate, an iron plate, or the like, having a hinge portion 152 in the rear side of the air bag door portion D partitioned by the break portion 151.
In the air bag device configured as described above, the inflator I is operated so that the air bag A expands instantaneously when the car is subjected to large impact. As a result, the air bag door portion D is forced open from the inside, so that the break portion 151 is cleaved. As a result, the air bag door portion D is opened through the hinge portion 152. The air bag A is expanded into the car room through the opening portion O.
In this structure, the air bag door portion D is formed integrally with the instrument panel 150. Accordingly, there arises an advantage in that the external appearance is cleaner compared with an air bag door portion molded and mounted separately.
However, when, for example, the break portion 151 is substantially U-shaped as shown in FIGS. 19 and 20, transmission between traverse (left and right) cleavage 151a and longitudinal (front and rear) cleavage 151b is not smooth because of corner portions 155, or the like, of the break portion 151 at the time of cleavage. As a result, the cleavage gnaws into the instrument panel in the directions E1 and E2 so that the expansion of the air bag door portion D is resisted by the gnawed portions F1 and F2.
Particularly, since the area around the hinge portion side of the air bag door portion D is reinforced by the door reinforcement member 153 and the instrument panel in the outer circumference of the break portion 151 in the door opening portion side is not reinforced, the cleavage occurs more easily in portions other than the break portion 151.
Furthermore, as shown in FIG. 21, the air bag door portion D is backed with the door reinforcement member 153, but it is generally the case that the reinforcement member 153 is integrally fixed to the rear of the instrument panel 150 by providing bosses 156 in the rear of the air bag door portion D of the instrument panel 150 and by thermally caulking the bosses 156 through the reinforcement member 153. Therefore, it is preferable that the bosses 156 and the break portion 151 are provided so as to be as far from each other as possible to prevent the fragile break portion 151 from being affected by heat. As a result, however, the break portion 151 is pulled by the bosses 156 when the air bag door portion D is opened. Thus, there is a risk that bending G as shown in FIG. 22 may occur in the air bag door portion and that the air bag door portion may be cleaved in portions other than the break portion 151 as represented by the reference character H in FIG. 23.

Air bag door structure of instrument panel


The surrounding vehicle display system comprises an object detection device detecting an object in surroundings of a vehicle, an electronic control unit, and a display device. The electronic control unit is configured to generate an object mark based on an output of the object detection device and identify the object mark. The display device displays the surrounding vehicle as a vehicle icon when the object mark is identified as a surrounding vehicle by the electronic control unit. The electronic control unit is configured to determine a position of the vehicle icon with respect to the vehicle on the display device and offset a center position of the vehicle icon from a center position of the object mark identified as the surrounding vehicle based on a predetermined size of the vehicle icon.

In the past, in order to impart information on the surroundings to a driver of a vehicle, it has been known to display the surrounding vehicles etc., detected by an object detection device mounted in the vehicle on a display device inside the vehicle. Regarding this, in PTL 1, it is described to display the surrounding vehicles as vehicle icons when recognizing the surrounding vehicles as obstacles in adjoining lanes.


A new canola protein isolate is provided along with a new canola protein. The new canola protein isolate is obtained from the supernatant from the production of a canola protein micellar mass and contains a predominance of 2S protein, The canola protein isolate derived from PMM contains a predominance of a 7S protein. Compositions of the canola protein isolate are provided.

Canola protein isolates can be formed from canola oil seed meal. In copending U.S. Patent Applications Nos. 60/288,415 filed May 4, 2001, 60/326,987 filed Oct. 5, 2001, 60/331,066 filed Nov. 7, 2001, 60/333,494 filed Nov. 26, 2001, 60/374,801 filed Apr. 24, 2002 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/137,391 filed May 3, 2002 all assigned to the assignee hereof and the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference, there is described a method of making canola protein isolates from canola oil seed meal, such isolates having at least 100 wt % protein content (N×6.25). The procedure involves a multiple step process comprising extracting canola oil seed meal using a salt solution, separating the resulting aqueous protein solution from residual oil seed meal, increasing the protein concentration of the aqueous solution to at least about 200 g/L while maintaining the ionic strength substantially constant by using a selective membrane technique, diluting the resulting concentrated protein solution into chilled water to cause the formation of protein micelles, settling the protein micelles to form an amorphous, sticky, gelatinous gluten-like protein micellar mass (PMM), and recovering the protein micellar mass from supernatant having a protein content of at least about 100 wt % as determined by Kjeldahl nitrogen (N)×6.25. As used herein, protein content is determined on a dry weight basis. The recovered PMM may be dried.
In one embodiment of the process described above and as specifically described in Applications Nos. 60/326,987, 60/331,066, 60/333,494, 60/374,801 and application Ser. No. 10/137,391, the supernatant from the PMM settling step is processed to recover a protein isolate comprising dried protein from the wet PMM and supernatant. This procedure may be effected by initially concentrating the supernatant using ultrafiltration membranes, mixing the concentrated supernatant with the wet PMM and drying the mixture. The resulting canola protein isolate has a high purity of at least about 90 wt % of protein (N×6.25), preferably at least about 100 wt % protein (N×6.25).
In another embodiment of the process described above and as specifically described in Applications Nos. 60/333,494, 60/374,801 and application Ser. No. 10/137,391, the supernatant from the PMM settling step is processed to recover a protein from the supernatant. This procedure may be effected by initially concentrating the supernatant using ultrafiltration membranes and drying the concentrate. The resulting canola protein isolate has a high purity of at least about 90 wt % protein (N×6.25), preferably at least about 100 wt % protein (N×6.25).
The procedures described in the aforementioned US Patent Applications are essentially batch procedures. In copending U.S. Patent Applications Nos. 60/331,646 filed Nov. 20, 2001, 60/383,809 filed May 30, 2002 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/298,678 filed Nov. 19, 2002, assigned to the assignee hereof and the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference, there is described a continuous process for making canola protein isolates. In accordance therewith, canola oil seed meal is continuously mixed with a salt solution, the mixture is conveyed through a pipe while extracting protein from the canola oil seed meal to form an aqueous protein solution, the aqueous protein solution is continuously separated from residual canola oil seed meal, the aqueous protein solution is continuously conveyed through a selective membrane operation to increase the protein content of the aqueous protein solution to at least about 200 g/L while maintaining the ionic strength substantially constant, the resulting concentrated protein solution is continuously mixed with chilled water to cause the formation of protein micelles, and the protein micelles are continuously permitted to settle while the supernatant is continuously overflowed until the desired amount of PMM has accumulated in the settling vessel. The PMM is removed from the settling vessel and may be dried. The PMM has a protein content of at least about 90 wt % as determined by Kjeldahl nitrogen (N)×6.25, preferably at least about 100 wt % (N×6.25).
As described in the aforementioned U.S. Patent Applications Nos. 60/326,987, 60/331,066, 60/333,494, 60/333,494, 60/374,801 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/137,391, the overflowed supernatant may be processed to recover canola protein isolate therefrom.
Canola seed is known to contain about 10 to about 30 wt % proteins and several different protein components have been identified. These proteins are distinguished by different sedimentation coefficients (S). These known and identified proteins include a 12S globulin, known as cruciferin, and a 2S storage protein, known as napin.
Canola is also known as rapeseed or oil seed rape.


An electric power steering apparatus comprises an input shaft transmitting a rotation from a steering wheel and an output shaft rotatably connected to the input shaft through a torsion bar relative to the input shaft. A drive motor is coaxially arranged relative to both of the input shaft and the output shaft. A reduction mechanism coaxially provided in a housing relative to the input and output shaft transmits a rotation of the drive motor to the output shaft so as to reduce the rotation of the drive motor at a constant reduction rate. A torque sensor detects a torque added to the torsion bar as a relative rotational displacement between the input shaft and the output shaft. The drive motor is rotationally controlled in accordance with the detected torque by the torque sensor.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an electric power steering apparatus for assisting a steering operation.
2. Description of the Related Art
In an electric power steering apparatus in which an assist force corresponding to a detected torque is obtained by an electric motor, it is disclosed that the electric motor is coaxially arranged between an input shaft and an output shaft, in Japanese Utility Model Publication (KOUKAI) No. 56-4973.
3. Problems to be Solved by the Invention
In the electric power steering apparatus described above, there are arranged a torque sensor detecting a torque corresponding to a relative rotational angle difference between the input and output shafts, the electric motor and a reduction mechanism, sequently in line in an axial direction of the shaft. However, since it is required to make shaft lengths of the input and output shafts long, such an apparatus has a drawback to be jumboized as a whole. Further, the torque sensor is arranged so as to be projected outwardly of the apparatus, so that water, dust and the like tend to stick to the torque sensor, whereby there is a problem to be affected in a torque detection accuracy.


Methods and systems for context-based navigation through a plurality of applications on an electronic device are provided. The method includes generating and displaying an interactive user interface (a first interactive user interface) indicating a connection between a first application on the electronic device and at least one additional application on the electronic device. The first application and the at least one additional application, identified from the plurality of applications installed on the electronic device, are related to each other based on a topic selected from at least one topic identified in the first application. The topic may be identified based on content of the first application. Further, the method comprises allowing a user to launch the at least one additional application from the first interactive user interface.

Advent of small portable electronic devices with high computing capabilities has led to the development of specialized applications and services for the electronic devices. Seamless availability of high performance network connectivity, location determination, cameras, and general computing power of such electronic devices can provide timely and useful information to a user, assisting the user with a myriad of functions and tasks. Although an abundance of choices are available to the user for applications that may provide information on topics of interest, the user needs to individually launch and navigate each application to collect relevant information related to the topic of interest.
According to the related art, a running application installed on an electronic device may suggest relevant web links to a topic of interest to the user. The user may then open the web link and browse for information related to the topic. Applications installed on the electronic device itself may have information relevant to the topic of interest. However, to retrieve information from these applications, the user has to launch each application independently and individually the same. The user has to manually identify which of the applications is able to provide at least some information on the topic of interest. Further, the user has to search through the identified applications to extract the desired information having specific context he/she is interested in. For example, when a user browsing on the internet learns about the launch of a mobile phone, the user needs to open an e-shopping application to find the price and see offers for the mobile phone. To chat with his/her friends about the launch of the mobile phone, the user needs to independently open a chat application before proceeding with the chat. Further, if he/she desires to see reviews or what's trending on social networks for the mobile phone, the user has to launch a social network app and search for the desired topic(s). As the number of launchable applications relevant to the topic of interest increases, the user experience may degrade.
Therefore, a need exists for methods and systems for providing context-based navigation of a plurality of applications installed on an electronic device.
The above information is presented as background information only to assist with an understanding of the present disclosure. No determination has been made, and no assertion is made, as to whether any of the above might be applicable as prior art with regard to the present disclosure.


A multiple frequency ping transmitter which can be carried by a pig which is used in an underwater pipeline. The ping transmitter produces a ping chord which includes a plurality of different tone frequencies which are simultaneously transmitted in the ping chord. Procedures are also provided wherein the multiple frequency ping transmitter is used in a system and method for located a pig which is stuck in the underwater pipeline or for determining the relative velocity of a moving pig.

Oil and gas pipelines require routine maintenance. A substantial part of this maintenance involves the deployment of pipeline "pigs"—typically bullet-shaped foam or flexible urethane devices—that pass through the pipeline while pressing against the pipeline wall. The pigs can remove both solid and liquid buildup from the pipeline to increase the flow and the efficiency of the pipeline, and to help in controlling and monitoring corrosion.
However, a continuing need exists for faster, more accurate, and more cost effective devices and systems for locating and tracking pigs used in pipelines. While traveling through a pipeline, a pig will sometimes become stuck. The consequences of a pipeline pig becoming stuck in a pipeline due to, for example, a dent in the pipeline, an out-of-round shape of a segment of the pipeline, a partially closed in-line valve, or other reasons can be difficult and costly to address.
There are a variety of prior art methods used for tracking pigs within pipelines. One method involves attaching an electromagnetic transmitter to the pig and then using an electromagnetic receiver on the outside of the pipeline to detect the electromagnetic signal and locate the pig. Another approach has involved attaching an acoustic pinger to the pig and then using an acoustic receiver on the outside of the pipeline to detect and locate the source of the acoustic signal.
Acoustic pipeline pig tracking is used in offshore, subsea, and other underwater pipelines. This is because the relatively low frequency and low energy signals generated by an acoustic pinger do not propagate well within a gaseous media. Because of this limitation, acoustic pig tracking systems require that the pipeline be located within a liquid medium (e.g., sea or lake water) and typically further require that the pipeline also be filling with a liquid medium (e.g., crude oil, refined liquid hydrocarbon products, etc.).
While acoustic pig tracking systems are only useful for underwater tracking, they have distinct advantages for use in such applications. Foremost among these advantages is range. While electromagnetic tracking systems typically have a range of only a few tens of meters, acoustic pig tracking systems can detect the presence of an underwater pipeline pig from several kilometers away. This advantage would be significant if it could be utilized to reduce or eliminate the need to deploy divers or remote operated vehicles (ROVs) to monitor the progress and location of the pig.
Heretofore, the acoustic pig tracking transmitters carried by underwater pipeline pigs have transmitted a ping signal which has consisted of only a single frequency tone. This tone varies by manufacturer and pinger but is typically in the range of from 8 kHz to 40 kHz. An acoustic receiver is used shipside to listen for this single tone and to downshift the signal into the range of human hearing. This type of acoustic pinger can be likened to ringing a bell wherein the single ping tone is emitted repeatedly.
One significant shortcoming of the prior art single tone transmitter and system is that the signal can be severely degraded, distorted, or even lost entirely due to multipathing. Multipathing is produced by the tone being reflected in the underwater environment by (a) the sea bottom, (b) the water surface, (c) thermoclines, and (d) other underwater surfaces presented, for example, by natural topographic formations, work vessels, oil platforms, etc. In addition, noise from the environment and from work vessels and ROVs can overlap with and obscure or cancel out the frequency of interest without warning.
The multipathing behavior of a single tone underwater signal emitted from a prior art transmitter 2 installed in a pipeline pig 4 is illustrated in FIG. 1. The pig 4 is located within a liquid pipeline 6. The acoustic pinger 2 within the pipeline 6 transmits acoustic energy into the surrounding water. Some portion of the acoustic energy is reflected by thermoclines 8 and 10 in the water. Additionally, subsea structures 12 and 14 reflect the signal as well.
Each of these reflections splits the acoustic energy and ultimately delays the arrival of some portion of the energy at the receiver (i.e., a hydrophone) 16 carried by the surface vessel 18. Moreover, as the energy arrives from the multipath sources, its phasing has an additive and subtractive effect on the total amount of acoustic energy received by the hydrophone.
Consequently, due to the effect of multipathing, it is possible to be quite near the acoustic source 2 and yet not receive a reliable signal, or to detect a signal which seems to "come and go". This significantly reduces the trustworthiness and reliability of the system. Also, another deficiency of the single tone systems is that very little information may conveyed by the single frequency, and the reliability of the information received is no better than the reliability of the single tone by which it is carried.
Therefore, a need exists for an improved acoustic transmitter and system for locating and tracking pipeline pigs used in underwater pipelines. The improved acoustic transmitter and system will preferably (a) significantly reduce or eliminate the effects of multipathing, (b) provide highly accurate and rapid location and tracking of pigs in underwater pipelines, (c) significantly reduce or eliminate the need to use divers and/or remote operated vehicles (ROVs) for pig locating and tracking operations, and (d) provide the ability to transmit significantly more information regarding the status or condition of the pig and the pipeline. In addition, the improved acoustic transmitter and system will preferably also be capable of (1) determining the relative speed of a moving pipeline pig, (2) accurately determining the estimated point location of the pipeline pig rather than simply determining that the pipeline pig and transmitter are within a sphere of detection, and (3) continuously tracking a moving pig from a moving surface vessel, without the need for divers and ROVs.

Acoustic transmitter and method for underwater pipeline inspection gauges


A projection lens system that is used to transfer a pattern from a reticle onto a wafer, incorporates a projection optical system that is capable of maintaining the same, or increased performance, as the current projection lens systems, and that achieves excellent aberration correction, has a numerical aperture of at least 0.6, an exposure field area of at least 18.7.times.18.7 mm or at least 26.45 mm diameter at the wafer plane, and has a total lens thickness to length ratio less than 0.64 and uses 5 or less aspherical lens surfaces.

In semiconductor device manufacturing, projection optical systems are used to transfer integrated circuit (IC) patterns such as large scale integrated (LSI) circuit patterns from a reticle, also known as a mask, onto a wafer or semiconductor substrate upon which the semiconductor device is to be formed. Because of the difference in the relative sizes of the reticle and the resulting semiconductor device, also known as a die or a semiconductor chip, the projection optical system must be a reduction projection optical system.
Modern integrated circuits are becoming more integrated; that is, more and more functions are being integrated into circuits that are to be included in a single die. At the same time, however, there is a major effort not to allow the die to grow in size in order to maintain or improve the performance and speed of the semiconductor device being manufactured. In order to maintain the same or reduced die size, the reduction projection optical system must have a wider exposure area and a higher resolution.
The drive toward higher density circuitry in microelectronic devices has increased interest in a variety of high resolution lithographic techniques that produce finer resolution patterns at high production rates. The resolution of a lithographic lens system is a function of the exposure wavelength and the numerical aperture of the projection lens system. The resolution or minimum resolvable feature size is directly proportional to wavelength and inversely proportional to the numerical aperture, as follows (a lower value for resolution indicates better resolution):
resolution=k.lambda./NA, PA1 0.50<T.sub.G5 /L.sub.G5 <0.85, PA1 0.5<T.sub.G1-G5 /L.sub.G1-G5 <0.64, and PA1 0.50<T.sub.G1-G5 /L<0.70,
where k is a proportionality constant, .lambda. is the exposure wavelength and NA is the numerical aperture. One method to achieve better resolution of the optical system is to illuminate the reticle with shorter wavelength illumination and/or to use a projection lens system with a higher numerical aperture. In principle, the shorter the wavelength and/or the higher the numerical aperture of the projection lens system, the better the resolution. In the search for shorter wavelength illumination sources, there have been identified several excimer lasers that can be used as illumination sources for semiconductor photolithography, including the KrF excimer laser with a wavelength of 248 nanometers and the ArF excimer laser with a wavelength of 193 nanometers. These excimer lasers replace the traditional illumination sources that have been used for semiconductor manufacturing such as the deuterium lamp or the xenon-mercury arc lamp. The xenon-mercury arc lamp supplies the g-line that has a wavelength of 436 nanometers and the I-line that has a wavelength of 365 nanometers. These two ultraviolet lines have been the mainstay illumination used in semiconductor wafer manufacturing.
One of the advantages of using an excimer laser as an illumination source is that the excimer laser can produce an average power of several watts at a number of wavelengths. The high brightness of the excimer laser light source can either be used to obtain extremely fast exposures or a significantly smaller numerical aperture can be used in the projection lens system and still obtain reasonable exposure times. A smaller numerical aperture results in a larger depth of field that increases quadratically with the inverse of the numerical aperture. One advantage of a larger depth of field permits larger tolerances in wafer distortion and focus that leads to better lithographic patterns.
The excimer gas selected for use in the excimer laser may include only one gas, in which case the output is at the wavelength that is characteristic of the single excimer gas. The choice of which excimer gas to use depends on several factors, such as the characteristics of the photoresist being used in the semiconductor manufacturing process. For example, the KrF excimer gas produces an illumination output at 248 nanometers that is suitable for exposing photoresists such as a novolak resin sensitized with a diazo ketone.
Because an excimer laser has sufficient power at a single wavelength, another major advantage associated with using an excimer laser is that the aberration correction is simplified because the optics can be designed for a single wavelength. Because a single wavelength is used in a particular lens system means, for example, that chromatic aberration problems would be minimized.
As the integrated circuits (ICs) have become more sophisticated, the projection optical systems utilized to transfer the circuit patterns onto the semiconductor wafers or other receptive substrates (e.g. glass plates, etc.) have been required to achieve higher and higher performance levels. These higher performance levels include achieving higher resolution and the maintenance of high levels of aberration correction or the achieving of higher levels of aberration correction at large exposure field areas.
In order to obtain these higher performance levels in the deep ultra violet region of the spectrum, the projection optical lens systems have become very costly since increasing the numerical aperture and exposure field leads to larger diameter lenses and to an increase in volume of the materials required to produce or manufacture the lens elements of the projection lens systems. The high cost of the prior art projection lens systems with typical numerical apertures of 0.5-0.54 is partially attributed to the numerous lens elements and lens sizes necessary to achieve the required diffraction limited performance levels. The high cost has resulted from the fact that the lens elements are made of very expensive materials. In order to project light efficiently in the deep ultra violet region of the electromagnetic spectrum, it has been necessary to use expensive materials such as quartz for the lens elements.
One of the major problems with utilizing the shorter wavelengths provided by the excimer laser illumination is the limited availability of suitable optical materials that can be used in the wavelength range of the excimer laser illumination. The principal reason the conventional optical materials are unsuitable is that the transmission factor of most of the conventional optical materials is too limited to be used at these short wavelengths. Currently, ultraviolet grade fused silica (SiO.sub.2), generally referred to as quartz, and ultraviolet grade fluorite (CaF.sub.2) with extremely high homogeneity in refractive index are among the few optical materials that are considered feasible for use in short wavelength systems.
Accordingly, there is a need for projection lens systems that use fewer lens elements, small lens diameters and compact or short reticle-to-wafer conjugate distances and that are capable of maintaining or increasing the required high level of performance.

Projection lens systems for excimer laser exposure lithography


A memory system with a flexible serial interface and a memory accessing method thereof are provided. The memory system includes at least one of memories and a memory controller. The memory controller flexibly sets up serial link connection with each of the memories through serial ports regardless of a physical location and an order of the serial ports. The memory controller also transmits and receives memory data in a serial mode through the serial link connection.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a memory system and a memory accessing method thereof, and more particularly, to a memory system with a flexible serial interface and a memory accessing method thereof.
2. Description of the Related Art
Generally, a synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM), a rambus DRAM (RDRAM), a static RAM (SRAM) and a fast cycle RAM (FCRAM) are widely used a memory system. Most of them have a bus type parallel interface and uses an independent clock signal. A memory controller creates and outputs an address signal and a control signal to read and write data from/to the memory in response to a memory access instruction from a central processing unit (CPU). Also, the memory controller reads data from the memory through a data line and transfers the read data to the CPU or writes data from the CPU to the memory. As a semiconductor technology has been highly developed, the integrity has abruptly increased. Therefore, a CPU and a memory controller were often manufactured as a single chip.
A high performance CPU requires a broad bandwidth memory bus and a large memory space for storing great quantity of data. However, a conventional parallel memory interface requires a number of memory pins to dispose at the memory controller in order to accommodate large quantity of memory. Also, the conventional parallel memory interface must create data, address and control signals to be synchronized with a high clock in order to satisfy the broad bandwidth memory interface. In order to stably access a memory in high-clocking, the number of memories connected to a bus must be reduced, while minimizing the signal interference and the influence of reflection which are generated at a bus type memory interface.
In order to embody the memory interface on a print circuit board (PCB), there were many limitations existed in arranging related elements and related signal wiring, the number of layers increases, and an expensive and high-quality substrate is required. Also, methods for confronting malfunctioning of a memory bus are limited. For example, if more than two data buses are malfunctioned, it cannot be recovered.
Due to such a reason, there is a demand for an enhanced memory accessing method that can support a high performance CPU, be connected to a large capacity of memory in high speed, reduce a cost of designing a print circuit board, minimize an error, and have a confronting capability against malfunctioning of a memory interface.

Memory with flexible serial interfaces and method for accessing memory thereof

Electronics & Telecommunications Research Institute


A resin ring 51 is press-fitted into a grove portion formed in an inner periphery surface of an interlocking ring 4. The resin ring 51 is made of a hard resin such as Teflon. The resin ring 51 as a low frictional lubricative member is interposed between the interlock ring 4 and an outer periphery ring 3. In addition, a cavity 6 as a closed space is formed between a stamper 1b as a molding surface of a fixed side mirror 1 and a mirror side molding surface 2b of a moving side mirror 2. While the moving side mirror 2 is being press-contracted to the fixed side mirror 1, when a resin material is filled into the cavity 6, the outer periphery ring 3 is slidably held in a groove of the moving side mirror 2 with predetermined clearances. In the interlock ring 4, a plurality of openings 4a which relieve gas produced by the disc resin material filled into the cavity 6 are formed.

For computer's storing units and so forth, disc shaped record mediums such as reproduction-only optical discs, magneto-optical discs, and phase-change type optical discs (hereinafter, these record mediums are referred to as optical discs) to and from which information signals are written and read using light have been becoming common. A conventional optical disc is composed of a disc substrate made of resin. For example, a compact disc is composed of a disc substrate having a thickness of 1.2 mm and on which signals were recorded as a pattern of concave and convex portions (pits). A DVD is composed of two disc substrates having a thickness of 0.6 mm which are adhered to one another.
A disc substrate is produced by injection-molding a heated and molten resin material. For example, a pellet-shaped resin material is sufficiently dried by a drying unit. After moisture of the resin material is sufficiently removed, it is placed in an injection molding unit. Thereafter, the resin material is supplied to a cylinder of the injection molding unit. The resin material is heated and molten by the cylinder. The heated and molten resin material is injected into a closed space formed in a disc substrate molding portion (hereinafter, the closed space is referred to as a cavity). In the cavity, a stamper is disposed. By solidifying the resin material, a concave and convex pattern of the stamper is transferred to the resin material. As a result, a disc substrate is produced.
A molding die for a disc substrate is composed of a fixed side mirror which molds one main surface of a substrate, a moving side mirror which molds the other main surface of the substrate, and an outer periphery ring which molds an outer periphery portion of the substrate. FIG. 1 is a sectional view showing a conventional die. The die is composed of a fixed side die member 101 and a moving side die member 104.
The fixed side die member 101 is disposed in an injection molding unit main body (not shown) in such a manner that the fixed side die member 101 is fixed thereto. A sprue bush 102 which has a path for a molten resin material is fitted into the fixed side die member 101. In the sprue bush 102, a resin injection opening 102a is formed. The resin injection opening 102a is positioned at the center of a molding cavity 103. The resin injection opening 102a injects a molten synthesized resin material such as polycarbonate resin supplied from the injection unit side into the cavity 103.
The moving side die member 104 is disposed in such a manner that it can moved to and from the fixed side die member 101 (in the left and right directions in FIG. 1). On the moving side die member 104, a molding surface 104b of a moving side mirror 104d is disposed in opposition to a stamper 101b which forms a molding surface of a fixed side mirror 101d. A center punch which punches a center opening into the molded substrate and protruding members 106a and 106b which are positioned on an outer periphery side and an inner periphery side of the center punch 105 and remove the molded substrate from the cavity 103 are disposed in the moving side die member 104.
An outer periphery ring 107 is formed in a ring shape. The outer periphery ring 107 is slidably disposed in a groove formed by an interlock ring 108 on an outer periphery side of the moving side mirror 104d. When the fixed side die member 101 is contacted with the moving side die member 104, the cavity 103 is formed between the stamper 101b, which is the molding surface of the fixed side mirror 101d, the molding surface 104b of the moving side mirror 104d, and the outer periphery ring 107. Portions 101c, 102b, 104c, and 105a are temperature adjusting circuits formed in the fixed side mirror 101d, the sprue bush 102, the moving side mirror 104d, and the center punch 105, respectively. In the interlock ring 108, a plurality of gas relief openings 109 which relieve gas produced by the resin material filled in the cavity 103 are formed.
When a disc substrate is produced by such a die using the injection molding method, since small gaps are formed in engagement portions 110a and 110b of the outer periphery surface of the moving side mirror 104d and the inner periphery surface of the outer periphery ring 107 (hereinafter the gaps are referred to as clearances), an outer periphery portion of the produced disc substrate is burred in a direction perpendicular to the substrate. In the case of a DVD, the burring prevents two disc substrates from being adhered. In addition, when a label is printed on a disc, the printing block may be caught by the burring. Although the engagement portions 110a and 110b represent the same ring-shaped engagement portion, for an easy explanation, they have been designated by different reference numerals.
As with the example shown in FIG. 1, when the outer periphery ring 107 is structured as a sliding ring, in order to suppress the outer periphery of the disc substrate from being burred, it is necessary to decrease the clearance formed between the inner periphery surface of the outer periphery ring 107 and the outer periphery surface of the moving side mirror 104d. However, when the clearance is small, there is a possibility of which the outer periphery ring 107 cannot be smoothly slid. Thus, even if the clearance cannot be completely removed, it is necessary to suppress the outer periphery portion of the disc substrate from being burred as much as possible.
In order to suppress the outer periphery portion of the disc substrate from being burred, it is necessary to cause the sizes of the clearances of the ring-shaped engagement portions represented by the engagement portions 110a and 110b to become equal. In an example shown in FIG. 2, the size of a clearance of an engagement portion 110a is different from the size of a clearance of an engagement portion 110b. Thus, the sizes of the clearances are not equal. In this case, the larger clearance the engagement portion has, the more burred the outer periphery portion of the disc substrate is. Consequently, the forgoing problems become more remarkable.
In order to suppress the outer periphery portion of the disc substrate from being burred, a precise sliding structure may be accomplished by a bearing or the like interposed between an outer periphery ring 107 and a moving side mirror 104d so as to cause the sizes of the clearances to become equal on the entire periphery of the outer periphery ring 107.
However, when a bearing is disposed on the clearance side of the outer periphery ring, an operating trouble may take place in the bearing in such a manner that gas produced by resin filled in the cavity is solidified and adhered to a metal portion of the bearing and thereby the bearing does not operate. When the operating trouble takes place in the bearing, the dead weight of the moving side cast member causes engagement clearances to deviate. As a result, since the outer periphery of the outer periphery ring and the inner periphery of the interlock ring get worn, the maintenance period cannot be prolonged as an inconvenient problem. In order to prevent a solidified substance of gas from being adhered to the bearing, a structure in which the bearing is disposed outside the outer periphery ring may be considered. In this case, however, the bearing tends to be collapsed by the pressure of the injected resin material. In other words, the structure in which the bearing is interposed does not provide a preferable solution for suppressing the outer periphery portion of the disc substrate from being burred.
Therefore, an object of the present invention is to provide a molding die for a disc substrate which allows the clearances of the engagement portions formed by the outer periphery ring and the moving side mirror to be equal and the outer periphery portion of the disc substrate to be suppressed from being burred.


Methods and systems for magnetostatic modeling of a magnetic object is disclosed. A varying surface charge density is established at a surface of a magnetic object modeled by a magnetostatic model. Thereafter, a varying magnetic charge is generally distributed throughout a volume of the magnetic object to thereby accurately and efficiently model the magnetic object across a wide range of magnetic curves utilizing the magnetostatic model. The magnetic curves can be configured to generally comprise at least one non-linear magnetic curve and/or least one linear magnetic curve. Such magnetic curves may also comprise at least one magnetic curve in a magnetized direction and/or non-magnetized direction. Such magnetic curves are generally referred to as “BH curves”.

The energy present in a magnetostatic structure has been used in a wide range of applications, including magnetic sensors utilized in a variety of technical and commercial applications, including in particular, automotive applications. The generation of a voltage in a conductor by the changing of a magnetostatic structure or the movement of a magnetostatic structure relative to the conductor is a well-known concept. The aforementioned conductors commonly use a permanent magnet made of electrically conducting metal.
In the development of magnetic sensors, it is often necessary to create various types of magnetic sensor data processing algorithms and systems capable of localizing, quantifying, and classifying such objects based on their magnetostatic fields. In general, a magnetostatic field may be generated by any combination of three physical phenomena: permanent or remanent magnetization, magnetostatic induction, and electromagnetic induction. The first phenomena can occur in objects that contain metals of the ferromagnetic group, which includes iron, nickel, cobalt, and their alloys. These may be permanently magnetized either through manufacture or use. Second, fields external to the object may induce a secondary field in ferromagnetic structures and also paramagnetic structures if the mass and shape sufficiently enhance the susceptibility. Third, the object may comprise a large direct current loop that induces its own magnetic field.
Many of the current magnetostatic modeling methods applicable to magnetic sensor development rely upon boundary element modeling software. Such software generally utilizes both direct and indirect boundary element methods as well as finite element methods to accurately model magnetic properties of various structures/solids and their interaction with surrounding components. The boundary element method has become an important technique in the computational solution of a number of physical problems. In common with the better-known finite element method and finite difference method, the boundary element method is essentially a mathematical and algorithmic technique that can be utilized to solve partial differential equations. Boundary element techniques generally have earned the important distinction that only the boundary of the domain of interest requires discretisation. For example, if the domain is either the interior or exterior to a sphere, then the resulting diagram will depict a typical mesh, and only the surface is generally divided into elements. Thus, the computational advantages of the boundary element technique over other methods can be considerable, particularly in magnetic modeling applications.
One particular modeling software and its associated algorithms and software modules that have been utilized by the present inventor at Honeywell is referred to collectively as "Narfmm". Such magnet models generally have always assumed a relative permeability (i.e., μ in units of Gauss/Oersted) equal to one. This assumption results in magnet models with "magnetic charge" residing only on the surface of the magnet. This is a good approximation for magnet materials such as sintered SmCo and NdFeB that have μ between 1 and 1.1. For magnet materials, however, with a greater μ, such as NdFeB powder in plastic with μ equal to 1.3, assuming μ equal to one, large errors typically can result. Also for nonlinear BH curve materials, such as AlNiCo, magnetostatic models such as Narfmm models can result in a substantial error. For ferrous objects, magnetostatic models such as Narfmm generally assume infinite permeability, which forces the "magnetic charge" to reside only on the surface of the ferrous object. If this is not a good assumption, software models such as Narfmm models have been inadequate.
Based on the foregoing, the present inventor has concluded that a more accurate model for magnets and ferrous objects should have a varying surface charge density at the magnetic object surface and also a varying magnetic charge distributed throughout the volume of the magnetic object. The present invention thus improves modeling accuracy by describing a method for modeling magnets and ferrous objects, which have any defined BH curve within modeling methods, such as, for example, the Narfmm software, thereby eliminating prior art limitations.

Magnetostatic modeling methods and systems for use with boundary element modeling


Methods for improving the light trapping characteristics of crystalline silicon solar cells are provided. In one embodiment, the backside surface of a crystalline silicon solar cell substrate is textured with a pulsed laser beam. The textured backside surface of the crystalline silicon solar cell substrate is then annealed to remove damage from the laser texturization process.

Often industrial solar cell, for example silicon solar cells, process flows include front surface texturization to reduce optical reflection loss in crystalline silicon solar cells. The front surface, or in other words cell surface facing solar radiation or sunnyside or frontside, is textured to reduce optical reflection losses and to increase the overall absorption of solar radiation. For example, the front surface texturization process may consist of etching the silicon surface in either an alkaline bath containing KOH or NaOH (for monocrystalline silicon cells) or in an acidic bath containing HF and HNO3 (for multi-crystalline silicon cells). The chemical etching of the silicon wafer in the alkaline bath is orientation dependent so that the slowest etching planes (111) are exposed. The etching results in the formation a randomized surface texture of square base pyramids with random micron-scale sizes and orientation that cause the reflected rays to strike the adjacent tilted random pyramid silicon surface thereby increasing light absorption. The sun rays incident on the inclined surfaces of these pyramids are reflected at an angle that increases the probability of their hitting the adjacent surface thereby increasing their absorption in the silicon bulk (and reducing the optical reflection losses of the solar cell). Combined with the use of an anti-reflection coating, such as a thin silicon nitride layer, this may be a very effective method to reduce the optical reflection losses of solar radiation in the solar cell.
However, this wet etching texturization process has a number of disadvantages. First, the amount of silicon material removed using wet alkaline chemistry texturing may be on the order of 5 to 10 microns. For thin film crystalline silicon solar cells where the starting silicon substrate thickness may be in the range of a few microns to 10's of microns, this amount of silicon loss during texturing is clearly excessive and undesirable. Additionally, while this method may be suitable in some instances for monocrystalline silicon solar cells, it has limitations when applied to multicrystalline wafers where the surface orientation of different grains is different.
Further, this type of silicon surface texturing increases surface area with numerous sharp pyramid tips, and may also increase the surface recombination velocity (i.e., the front surface recombination velocity FSRV) of minority carriers and reduce the cell open-circuit voltage. This process may not suitable for the back surface of either a front contact front junction (FCFJ) solar cell or a back contact back junction (BCBJ) solar cell. For front contact front junction solar cell (FCFJ), blanket aluminum is often deposited on the back side (usually as a screen-printed aluminum paste) and annealed or fired to form the aluminum back surface field (BSF) during which the surface texture is destroyed. High efficiency front contact front junction (FCFJ) solar cells have structures where a passivating dielectric film is first deposited on the back side and the blanket film of aluminum makes contact to silicon through contact holes made in the dielectric. Such holes may be formed using pulsed laser ablation. Alternatively, the process of forming localized contacts on the solar cell backside may be performed using a Laser-Fired Contact (LFC) process using a pulsed nanosecond laser tool. The ablation of the dielectric (or formation of LFC contacts) is severely and detrimentally impacted by the presence of the texture. For back contact, back junction (BCBJ) solar cells, the processes that are used to form the structure on the back side are unfavorably affected by the presence of texture on the silicon surface. For these reasons, back surface of high efficiency cells are typically flat (i.e., the back surface of silicon is usually not textured) and the structure consists of a passivating layer of an oxide (or nitride) on this flat surface followed by forming base openings (front contact cells) or both emitter and base openings (back contact, back junction cells) followed by the deposition of a metal film, typically aluminum, that covers the backside surface (the BSF for front contact cells or a large amount of metal surface area for BCBJ cells). Optimization of the oxide (or nitride) film thickness and the reflectivity of the metal film may yield high reflection of sun rays from the back surface. However, this reflection is mostly or completely specular and the sun rays reflected vertically back up from the flat 'mirror' have a high chance of escaping the silicon film without absorption. A specular rear mirror reflection does not maximize the mean travel path length of infrared photons, thus the—quantum efficiency for these photons is not improved significantly.

Systems and methods for enhanced light trapping in solar cells


This disclosure describes techniques of loading batch commands into a graphics processing unit (GPU). As described herein, a GPU driver for the GPU identifies one or more graphics processing objects to be used by the GPU in order to render a batch of graphics primitives. The GPU driver may insert indexes associated with the identified graphics processing objects into a batch command. The GPU driver may then issue the batch command to the GPU. The GPU may use the indexes in the batch command to retrieve the graphics processing objects from memory. After retrieving the graphics processing objects from memory, the GPU may use the graphics processing objects to render the batch of graphics primitives.

A graphics processing unit (GPU) is a specialized electronic device that is specifically designed to perform operations related to graphics processing. GPUs are often built with a highly parallel structure that provides more efficient processing than typical, general purpose central processing units (CPUs) for a range of complex graphics-related algorithms. For example, the complex algorithms may correspond to representations of three-dimensional computer graphics. A GPU may implement a number of so-called "primitive" graphics operations, such as forming points, lines, and triangles, to create complex, three-dimensional images on a display more quickly than drawing the images directly to the display with a CPU.

Indexes of graphics processing objects in graphics processing unit commands


A light-emitting diode (“LED”) package is disclosed. The LED package includes a substrate, a pad frame, an LED chip and a housing. The pad frame includes a conductive lead divided by insulation materials on the substrate. The LED chip is mounted on the conductive lead. The housing surrounds the LED chip and the conductive lead, and has opening recess exposing the LED chip and a part of the conductive lead. The conductive lead includes a protrusion extended in both directions substantially perpendicular to a longitudinal direction of the housing.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a light-emitting diode ("LED") package. More particularly, the present invention relates to an LED improving heat dissipation.
2. Description of the Related Art
A light-emitting diode ("LED") is a kind of a semiconductor device converting electrical energy into optical energy, and is composed of semiconductor compounds emitting light having a specific wavelength according to an energy band gap. Recently, applications of the LED are varied, and the uses of the LED are increased. The LED is provided as a package according to the objects and the required shape. An LED package protect an LED chip, which emits light when a power is supplied to the LED chip, from external condition such as dust, moisture, electrical and mechanical loads. Signal input/output terminals of the LED package are formed by using a lead frame, a printed circuit board ("PCB"), etc, and the LED package is molded by using an encapsulant. Thus, the LED package optimizes electrical performance of the LED chip.
In general, the LED package is manufactured by mounting an LED chip on a substrate or a lead frame and electrically connecting a device of the chip and an electrode pad. However, a package molding member is formed to surround the lead frame completely, and the heat of the LED chip is not dissipated well when the LED chip is manufactured to have a lot of heat dissipation for high performance and efficiency. When the heat of the LED chip is not dissipated enough, the life cycle of the LED chip is remarkably reduced.


An on-screen display (OSD) device includes a memory, a processing unit, a buffer, a buffer controller, a decompression engine and an OSD video processing engine. The memory stores an OSD data to be played or processed. The processing unit reads the OSD data from the memory and produces a compressed OSD image data and OSD information. The buffer temporarily stores the compressed OSD image data for display. The decompression engine decompresses the compressed OSD image data temporarily stored in the buffer into an OSD image data and stores the OSD image data in the buffer. The OSD video processing engine receives the OSD information outputted from the processing unit through the buffer controller and produces an OSD image display data.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to the technical field of on-screen displays (OSDs) and, more particularly, to an on-screen display device with compressed data and the display method thereof.
2. Description of Related Art
Televisions have become a popular household appliance for every family, and have developed with the advance electronic technologies to thus provide enhanced image qualities and more program channels. In addition, an on-screen display (OSD) device is applied to a TV screen in order to show certain specific fonts or graphics carrying with messages on the screen to a viewer. When the viewer operates the TV to change the channel, volume, quality, or the like, current states are accordingly displayed on the TV screen and shown to the viewer. Therefore, the OSD device has become an important message generator implemented in a human-machine interface.
A typical OSD configuration can be divided into bitmap base and font base. A bitmap-based OSD device can provide a user interface with more graphic images, which requires a larger memory capacity. A font-based OSD device provides a convenient software development and requires a smaller memory capacity, but it can only provide simple OSD frames.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a typical bitmap-based OSD device. As shown in FIG. 1, the ROM 110 stores the OSD data to be displayed. The processor 120 processes and combines the OSD data to be displayed into a bitmap data, and stores the bitmap data in the buffer 140 through the buffer controller. The processor 120 also processes the display information for the bitmap data. The OSD display engine 150 performs a color plate correspondence to the bitmap data stored in the buffer 140 in accordance with the display information, and accordingly produces an OSD image display data. The mixer 160 mixes the OSD image display data and a video image for displaying on a display.
When a 512×200 bitmap image containing 16 colors is displayed, the ROM 110 requires a memory capacity of 50 Kbytes ((512×200 pixels×4 bits/pixel)/8 bits) to store the bitmap image. For the users, the quality of current TV operating interfaces is desired higher and higher, so that the bitmap-based OSD device requires a larger external memory for storing the increasingly complex OSD images, which increases the cost.
To overcome this problem, the U.S. Pat. No. 5,969,770 granted to Horton entitled "Animated on-screen display provisions for an MPEG video signal processing system" uses an MPEG approach to compress an animated OSD image stream and store the compressed image stream in the ROM. When the compressed image stream is to be displayed, a multiplexer sends the compressed image stream to an MPEG decoder in a predetermined period for decompression and output through a video channel. Such a way can save the memory space but cannot apply to a TV or a display without the MPEG decompressor.

On-screen display device with compressed data and display method thereof


An eye protective device having a frame member and a shield member attached to the frame member, the shield member having end portions which have tapered configurations. A pliant foam plastic member has a groove therein, the end portions of the groove having undercut tapered configurations which generally correspond to the tapered configurations of the end portions of the shield member. The tapered end portions of the groove engage the tapered end portions of the shield member so that the foam plastic member is held in place snugly against a wearer's face just above the eyes of the wearer during use so as to prevent perspiration or other debris from falling into the wearer's eyes.

Protective eyeglasses or goggles normally protect the eyes from matter which may directly strike the lenses and frames thereof, but often do not provide adequate protection from perspiration or other debris which may drip or fall into the eyes from a wearer's forehead, for example. Where such glasses may have some kind of protective element for that purpose, such element is usually permanently formed as a part of the overall frame structure or is affixed to the glass frames by an adhesive or other mechanical fastening device. When the protective element becomes worn or too soiled, it cannot be readily removed and often the glasses are simply discarded.
It is desirable to provide a pair of protective eyeglasses or goggles which can provide the latter protective function in a manner such that the protective mechanism therefor can be readily positioned on the glass frame structure and then readily removed when it becomes soiled or worn so that it can be easily and quickly replaced and the glasses themselves need not be discarded.