Embodiments herein provide a magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) formed between metal layers of a semiconductor device. Specifically, provided is an approach for forming the semiconductor device using only one or two masks, the approach comprising: forming a first metal layer in a dielectric layer of the semiconductor device, forming a bottom electrode layer over the first metal layer, forming a MTJ over the bottom electrode layer, forming a top electrode layer over the MTJ, patterning the top electrode layer and the MTJ with a first mask, and forming a second metal layer over the top electrode layer. Optionally, the bottom electrode layer may be patterned using a second mask. Furthermore, in another embodiment, an insulator layer (e.g., manganese) is formed atop the dielectric layer, wherein a top surface of the first metal layer remains exposed following formation of the insulator layer such that the bottom electrode layer contacts the top surface of the first metal layer. By forming the MTJ between the metal layers using only one or two masks, the overall number of processing steps is reduced.

1. Technical Field
This invention relates generally to the field of semiconductor magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) formation, and more particularly, to forming a MTJ between metal layers of a semiconductor device with a reduced number of processing steps.
2. Related Art
Unlike conventional random access memory (RAM) chip technologies, in magnetic RAM (MRAM), data is not stored as electric charge, but is instead stored by magnetic polarization of a storage element, i.e., a magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ). The elements are formed from two ferromagnetic plates, each of which can hold a magnetic field, separated by a thin insulating layer. One of the two plates is a permanent magnet set to a particular polarity; the magnetization polarity of the other "writable" plate will change to match that of a sufficiently strong external field. A memory device is built from a grid of such cells.
Reading is accomplished by measuring the electrical resistance of the cell. A particular cell is conventionally selected by powering an associated transistor, which switches current from a supply line through the cell to ground. Due to the tunneling magnetoresistance effect, the electrical resistance of the cell changes due to the orientation of the fields in the two plates. By measuring the resulting current, the resistance inside any particular cell can be determined, and from this, the polarity of the writable plate. Conventionally, two plates having the same polarity is considered a state "0", whereas if the two plates are of opposite polarity, the resistance will be higher and is considered a state "1".
One significant determinant of a memory system's cost is the density of the components. Smaller components, and fewer components per cell, mean that more cells may be packed onto a single chip, which in turn means more chips can be produced at once from a single silicon wafer and fabricated at lower cost and improved yield.
In addition, the manufacturing process flow affects cost, with more mask processes contributing to increased overall manufacturing costs. When fabrication of conventional MRAM requires a number of mask processes dedicated solely to the fabrication of the MTJ structure, costs are further increased.

Magnetic tunnel junction between metal layers of a semiconductor device


The present invention provides methods and methods for curing a leakage in a pipeline, the method including at least one gel pig and at least one sealant composition; wherein the at least one gel pig and the at least one sealant composition form a pig train, adapted to move along the pipeline to a region of the leakage and to seal the leakage.

Many liquids are transported via subterranean/underwater pipelines. When a leakage crack or hole forms in the pipeline, the liquid leaks therefrom. Often, it takes a long time to detect a leakage and yet longer to locate the leakage site. Oil, gas and water transportation are thus subject to tremendous losses due to pipeline leakage.
There is thus a need to maintain and seal subterranean/underwater pipelines quickly in situ.
Several patent publications in the field include U.S. Pat. No. 3,523,826A which relates to a process for cleaning a piping system which is characterized by circulating in, and through said system a thixotropic emulsion having a hi.-h volume ratio of internal phase to external phase, the emulsion having an emulsifying agent, an emulsifiable oil and a non-oil, the emulsion being an oil-in-non-oil or a non-oil-in-oil emulsion, the internal phase of said emulsion being present in said emulsion in an amount of at least 80% by volume of the emulsion, said emulsion having the characteristics of a solid when at rest and the characteristics of a liquid when a force is exerted on it, said emulsion tending to be non-adhesive, said emulsion having a critical shear point sufficient to permit pumping at high rates, and said emulsion having an apparent rest viscosity greater than about 1000 cps.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,216,026 describes a method for removing fluid and/or particulate debris from a pipeline, a Bingham plastic fluid plug is passed through a pipeline and the fluid and/or debris are collected by the plug. The plug is pushed through the pipeline with a scraper which in turn may be pushed by liquid or gas pressure. Where the fluid to be removed is water, the Bingham plastic fluid plug employed preferably is a composition of water and a xanthan gum, and the gum may be cross-linked with a multivalent metal. Where the fluid to be removed is a hydrocarbon, the Bingham plastic fluid plug employed preferably is a composition of a mineral oil and an organo-modified smectite, and may also include a particulate filler such as powdered coal.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,252,465A describes a gel plug, which is employed during construction of an offshore pipeline to separate a gas-filled portion of the pipeline from a water-flooded portion, and to facilitate control and movement of the gas/gel plug/water interface as desired to assist in construction operations.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,254,559A relates to an interior surface of a pipeline being dried by sequentially passing through the pipeline (a) an aqueous cross-linked gelled pig, (b) a fluid mobility buffer comprising a non-cross-linked gelled ankanol of from one to three carbon atoms, (c) a desiccating amount of a liquid alkanol from one to three carbon atoms. For example, a pipeline was dried by sequentially passing through it (a) a borate cross-linked hydroxypropyl guar gum pig, (b) a fluid mobility buffer comprising methanol thickened with hydroxypropyl cellulose, and (c) methanol.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,379,722 discloses a gel plug of mineral oil, organo-modified smectite, and a particulate filler such as powdered coal, or a gel plug of mineral oil and organo-modified smectite is employed during construction of an off-shore pipeline to separate a gas-filled portion of the pipeline from a water-flooded portion, and to facilitate control and movement of a gas/gel plug/water interface as desired to assist in construction operations.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,416,703 describes a method to remove particulate debris from a pipeline, a plug train including at least one gel plug having debris entraining characteristics and at least one pseudoplastic plug is passed through a pipeline and the debris is collected by the gel plug. The gel plug is pushed through the pipeline with a scraper which in turn may be pushed by liquid or gas pressure.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,321,968A discloses gelled compositions comprising carboxymethylhydroxyethyl cellulose in aqueous brine solutions, which are gelled by the addition of an alkaline earth metal hydroxide such as calcium hydroxide. The gelled compositions have utility as water diversion agents, pusher fluids, fracturing fluids, drilling muds, work-over fluids, and completion fluids.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,346,339A provides a method of cleaning a pipeline using a gel pig of a graft copolymer of a hydroxyalkyl cellulose prepared by a redox reaction with vinyl phosphonic acid. The gel pig is formed by hydrating the graft copolymer in an aqueous liquid. The gel pig is crosslinked by the addition of a Lewis base or Bronsted-Lowry base, to the gel in an amount sufficient to initiate crosslinking of the graft copolymer. Contaminants entrained in the crosslinked gel pig during the cleaning process may be separated by the addition of a pH reducing agent to the pig whereby the viscosity of the gel is caused to decrease. The gel may be used for further cleaning after contaminant separation by addition of an additional quantity of the Lewis base or Bronsted-Lowry base.
US2003109385A provides a process for treating a hydrocarbon-bearing formation having at least one hydrocarbon bearing zone and at least one water bearing zone wherein the ratio of the permeability of the hydrocarbon bearing zone(s) to the permeability of the water bearing zone(s) is in the range of from 1:20 to 3:1 comprising: a) sequentially injecting into the formation: (i) an aqueous polymer solution comprising 0.01 to 0.5 weight percent of a water-soluble polymer having from 0.01 to 7.5 mole percent of crosslinkable carboxylate and/or phosphonate groups and a molecular weight in the range of 250,000 to 12,000,000; and (ii) an aqueous solution of a crosslinking agent; and b) back-producing the aqueous polymer solution over the crosslinking agent so that the polymer crosslinks within the formation to form a gel which is collapsible to allow hydrocarbon flow.
US2008277112A discloses a method for treating a portion of a subterranean formation or a propellant pack is provided. In general, the method comprises the steps of: (A) forming or providing a treatment fluid comprising: (i) water; (ii) a chelating agent capable of forming a heterocyclic ring that contains a metal ion attached to at least two nonmetal ions; and (iii) a viscosity-increasing agent; and (B) introducing the treatment fluid into the wellbore under sufficient pressure to force the treatment fluid into the matrix of the formation or the propellant pack.
WO2008081441 describes a method of repairing leakage in pipelines comprising the steps of forming a first and second openings in the pipeline upstream and downstream, respectively, of the leakage location, inserting through the first opening a first body, filling the space arrear of the first body (C1) with a first viscous sealing material (M1), inserting through the first opening a second body (C2) arrear of the first viscous sealing material (M1) compressing the first sealing material by applying a pressure against the first and the second bodies (C1, C2) in opposite directions, causing the first and second bodies (C1, C2) and the compressed first sealing material (M1) to move in unison in the direction of the second opening, and retrieving the first and second bodies (C1, C2). Preferably, the method is performed using three bodies (C1, C2, C3) and two sealing materials (M1, M2).
However, there are still many types of pipeline leakages, which cannot be cured using the aforementioned prior art materials and methods. There thus remains an urgent need to develop systems and methods for curing pipeline leakages.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Method for sealing pipelines using a gel pig


The present invention provides a stick cosmetic which is not oily when it is applied to skin and is not softened at high temperatures and which is adhered to the skin with a powdery and smooth feeling when it is applied to the skin while having a sufficiently large flexural strength and is suitable for eyebrows and eyeliner having a sufficiently good color tone. That is, the present invention relates to a stick cosmetic which has a porosity of 5 to 45% and in which the pores are impregnated with silicone oil, oil & fat or wax, comprising 1 to 10 weight % of at least one clay selected from the group consisting of bentonite, smectite, montmorillonite, bederite, nontronite, hectorite, and saponite, an inorganic extender pigment, and an inorganic color pigment as essential components, wherein the above inorganic fine particles leaving no carbides in sintering at 300.degree. to 1000.degree. C. are kneaded with water; the kneaded composition is molded; this molded composition is dried and then subjected to heat treatment at 300.degree. to 1000.degree. C., and a production method of the same.

(1) Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to solid stick cosmetics such as eyebrow and eyeliner, which are powdery (easy to become powdery) and which are excellent in usability and have a sufficiently good color tone, and a production process for the same.
(2) Description of Prior Art
Conventional solid stick cosmetics are obtained by kneading a colorant and a filler with waxes such as oil & fat, wax, fatty acid, and hydrocarbon as a binder and molding the mixture to a stick. Since they are oily when they are applied to skin, and the waxes are softened in a place of high temperatures, not only physical odd is felt upon the application thereof to skin, but also it is difficult to maintain the shape of the stick cosmetics. Further, since the stick cosmetics are very liable to be broken in using them if the amounts of waxes are increased in order to obtain a sufficiently large breaking strength, it results hardening the stick cosmetics and causing them to lack in adhesion to skin and smoothness.
Thus, since the solid stick cosmetics using waxes for a binder have oiliness peculiar to the waxes, a powdery (a dry and smooth feeling like powder) use feeling can not be obtained, and it has been difficult to satisfy a sufficiently large breaking strength and a good application feeling to skin at the same time.
Accordingly, stick cosmetics which are intended to obtain a powdery use feeling without using waxes are investigated. Proposed are those using water soluble adhesive pastes such as CMC (carboxymethyl cellulose) for a binder (Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. Sho 59-44305) and those using gypsum for a binder (Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. Sho 59-93014).
However, since the binders are extremely hardened in the stick cosmetics using these binders, an application feeling to skin is very stiff. Further, applying these binders to thin articles such as eyebrow and eyeliner makes them very breakable, and increasing the amount of the binder in order to obtain a sufficiently large breaking strength makes it impossible at all to apply them to skin.
That is, it is difficult, for stick cosmetics in which water soluble adhesive pastes such as CMC or gypsum are substituted for waxes as a binder in order to obtain a powdery use feeling, to satisfy a sufficiently large breaking strength and a good application feeling at the same time. Further, stick cosmetics which satisfy a sufficiently large breaking strength and a good application feeling at the same time without using waxes are investigated as well, and proposed are those in which clay is used for a binder and the clay is sintered (Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. Sho 61-176513) and those in which a pore-forming material is used to prepare a more porous sintered substance (Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. Sho 61-197507). The invention disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. Sho 61-176513 provides the stick cosmetics in which an inorganic pigment dispersed in a powder form is incorporated into a sintered substance of clay having a porous skeleton formed by providing sintering treatment. According to the descriptions of the above publication, the term "porous" means "the larger the porosity is, the better the touch and applicability in use tend to become, and the smaller and more minute the porosity is, the more the strength tend to increase". In the end, disclosed by the above publication is a sintered substance having a porosity of a level of 50 to 90%.
That is, while a sintered substance of clay provides a sufficiently large breaking strength, it is hard and therefore difficult to be applied to skin. However, turning it to a porous sintered substance provides a stick cosmetic which satisfy a sufficiently large breaking strength and a good application feeling at the same time.
The invention disclosed in the claims of Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. Sho 61-176513 described above can not provide a desired color tone and quality the stick cosmetics have to provide.
The control of a porosity is indispensable in order to satisfy a good application feeling and a sufficiently large breaking strength at the same time, but it is very difficult to obtain a sintered substance having such a preferred porosity of a level of 50 to 90% as described in the above publication only by changing temperatures in sintering treatment and a use proportion of clay and a powdered pigment as described in the above publication. In order to obtain the porosity falling in such the range, needed are means by which an excipient and a molding aid of various resins added for molding are removed by burning them in an oxidation atmosphere in sintering treatment, or pores are formed by removing them by depolymerization in an inert atmosphere, as described in the examples of the above publication, or means by which pores are intentionally formed by using the pore-forming agent disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. Sho 61-197507.
However, in the method for removing various resins added for molding by burning them in an oxidation atmosphere in sintering treatment, colored pigments are oxidized as well in the sintering treatment, and therefore when colored pigments which are susceptible to oxidation, such as black pigments including black iron oxide, carbon black and titan black are used, they are discolored or faded. Accordingly, a desired color tone can not be developed.
In the method for removing various resins by depolymerization in an inert atmosphere, the resins are practically turned into carbides and remains in stick cosmetics. Accordingly, it is very difficult to remove them completely. As a result thereof, the stick cosmetics become blackish, and therefore a desired color tone can not be developed. Further, even when resins which leave relatively less carbides, such as polymethyl methacrylate are used, the carbides remain, though only slightly, in the stick cosmetics, and a method for burning the resins in an oxidation atmosphere has to be resulting employed in order to remove them completely. Furthermore, these carbides not only prevent a desired color tone from being developed but also form variant primary substances as well. Further, in depolymerizing polymethyl methacrylate, the resulting monomers have a high toxicity, which causes a serious problem on the safety of cosmetics.
In a method in which pores are formed by using a pore-forming agent and removing it by chemical treatment after sintering treatment as disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. Sho 61-197507, there is no concern about remaining carbides as described above. However, it is very difficult to remove the pore-forming agent from stick cosmetics by the chemical treatment. As a matter of fact, when removing the pore-forming agent by such the method, a method in which the pore-forming agent is eluted from stick cosmetics by chemicals is used. Accordingly, the forms of the stick cosmetics are broken, and it is almost impossible to remove completely the pore-forming agent while maintaining the forms thereof.
Since the pore-forming agent results in remaining in the stick cosmetics as an impurity, not only sufficient pores are not formed but also a problem on quality is presented in terms of safety as cosmetics.
The methods described in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. Sho 52-97399, Japanese Patent Publication No. Sho 53-13491 and Japanese Patent Publication No. Sho 57-50741 are proposed as a method for obtaining the sintered substance of an inorganic pigment having a sufficiently good color tone. However, all of these methods apply to pigments or fine particles and do not apply to stick cosmetics. In other words, while fine particles used for cosmetics having a sufficiently good color tone can be obtained when these methods are used, it is impossible to mold fine particles to sticks and maintain the form thereof, and therefore solid stick cosmetics can not be obtained at all.
The method described in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. Sho 61-225107 is proposed as a method for obtaining solid stick cosmetics having various color tones.
However, this method causes a color change by heat treatment, and therefore when two or more kinds of colorants are contained at the same time, the respective colorants cause independently characteristic color changes, for example, if a brown color is intended to develop with black iron oxide and red iron oxide, the heat treatment discolors independently black iron oxide and red iron oxide, and the desired brown color can not be developed. In short, the method in which colors are changed by heat treatment limits the resulting color tones and makes it very difficult to obtain various color tones necessary for stick cosmetics.

Stick cosmetics and production process for the same


Disclosed herein are methods for providing a load/reset sequence for a visual display system (100) having a phased reset spatial light modulator (SLM) (14). The SLM (14) has pixels (21) that are addressable with data by means of loads (ld) and resets (r), where the data is formatted in bit-planes (0-14)and each bit-plane is loaded as one or more segments (S0-S5) in a predetermined sequence during a frame-time. In one embodiment, the method comprises storing a display order of the segments (S0-S5) and determining whether resetting any of the segments (S0-S5) conflicts with the resetting of another of the segments (S0-S5), thereby identifying a conflicting segment. The method further includes skewing the display time of the conflicting segment to avoid the reset conflict, and identifying in the sequence a segment before and a segment after the conflicting segment each affected by the skewing of the conflicting segment, where the segments before and after the conflicting segment are each of respective bit-planes comprising multiple segments in the sequence. In this embodiment, the method further comprises counter-skewing the display times of segments respectively corresponding to the segments before and after the conflicting segment. Then, the method includes setting start times for each load (ld) and reset (r) of each of the segments (S0-S5).

Video display systems based on spatial light modulators (SLMs) are increasingly being used as an alternative to display systems using cathode ray tubes (CRTs). SLM systems provide high-resolution displays without the bulk and power consumption of CRT systems. As used for image display applications, SLMs include arrays of micro-mirrors that reflect light to an image plane. These micro-mirrors are often referred to as picture elements or "pixels", as distinguished from the pixels of an image. This use of terminology is typically clear from context, so long as it is understood that more than one pixel of the SLM array may be used to generate a pixel of the displayed image.
Digital micro-mirror devices (DMDs) are a type of SLM, and may be used for either direct-view or projection display applications. A DMD has an array of hundreds or even thousands of micro-mechanical pixels, each having a tiny mirror that is individually addressable by an electronic signal. Depending on the state of its addressing signal, each pixel tilts so that it either does or does not reflect light to the image plane.
Generally, projecting an image from an array of pixels is accomplished by loading memory cells connected to the pixels. Once each memory cell is loaded, the corresponding pixels are reset so that each one tilts in accordance with the ON or OFF state of the data in the memory cell. For example, to produce a bright spot in the projected image, the state of the pixel may be ON, such that the light from that pixel is directed out of the SLM and into a projection lens. Conversely, to produce a dark spot in the projected image, the state of the pixel may be OFF, such that the light is directed away from the projection lens.
To achieve intermediate levels of illumination, between white (ON) and black (OFF), pulse-width modulation (PWM) techniques may be employed. The basic PWM scheme involves first determining the rate at which images are to be presented to the viewer. This establishes a frame rate and a corresponding frame-time or frame period. For example, in many modern television systems images are transmitted at 60 frames per second (i.e., 60 Hz), and each frame lasts for approximately 16.67 milliseconds. Then, the intensity resolution for each pixel is established. In a simple example, and assuming n bits of resolution, the frame-time is divided into 2n-1 equal time slices. For a 16.67 millisecond frame period and n-bit intensity values, the time slice is 16.67/(2n-1) milliseconds.
Having established these times, for each frame of the desired image pixel intensities are quantized, such that black is 0 time slices, which is the intensity level represented by the least significant bit (LSB). The LSB is the least amount of illumination intensity from the DMD and is 1 time slice, while maximum brightness, e.g., the most significant bit (MSB), is 2n-1 time slices. Each pixel's quantified intensity determines its on-time during a frame period. Thus, during a frame period, each pixel with a quantized value of more than 0 is ON for the number of time slices that correspond to its intensity. The viewer's eye integrates the pixel brightness so that the image appears as if it were generated with analog levels of light.
For generating color images with SLMs, one approach is to use three DMDs, one for each primary color of red, green, and blue (RGB). The light from corresponding pixels of each DMD is converged so that the viewer perceives the desired color. Another approach is to use a single DMD and a color wheel having sections of primary colors. Data for different colors is sequenced and synchronized to the color wheel so that the eye integrates sequential images into a continuous color image. Another approach uses two DMDs, with one switching between two colors and the other displaying a third color. Of course, other approaches are also being employed.
For addressing SLMs, PWM calls for the data to be formatted into "bit-planes," each bit-plane corresponding to bit-weights of intensity values. Thus, if each pixel's intensity is represented by an n-bit value, each frame of data has n bit-planes. Each bit-plane has a 0 or 1 value for each display element. In the simple PWM example described above, during a frame period, each bit-plane is separately loaded and the pixels are addressed according to their associated bit-plane values. For example, the bit-plane representing the LSBs of each pixel is displayed for 1 time slice, whereas the bit-plane representing the MSBs is displayed for 2n/2 time slices. Because a time slice is only 16.67/(2n-1) milliseconds, the SLM must be capable of loading the LSB bit-plane (which is the shortest bit-plane) within that time. The time for loading the LSB bit-plane is the "peak data rate." In conventional systems, when the LSB is less than the load-time of the DMD, then that bit cannot be used and image quality and efficiency suffers.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,278,652, entitled "DMD Architecture and Timing for Use in a Pulse-Width Modulated Display System," which is commonly assigned with the present disclosure and incorporated hereby by reference, describes PWM for addressing a DMD in a DMD-based display system. It is directed to "global reset" methods, where bit-plane data is loaded during the preceding display time of another bit-plane. To begin the display time, the pixels of the entire array are reset simultaneously. Another method of SLM addressing is "divided" or "phased" reset addressing. With this approach, the pixels are divided into groups, but each pixel has its own memory cell. After the memory cells of one group are loaded with their data from a bit-plane, memory cells of a next group are loaded with their data. This continues until all groups have been loaded with data for the same bit-plane. Such "phased" loading is followed by a "phased reset" so that all groups consecutively begin their display of the bit-plane. Such a method is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,201,521, entitled "Divided Reset for Addressing Spatial Light Modulator", which is commonly assigned with the present disclosure and incorporated hereby by reference in its entirety.
Unfortunately, when phased reset techniques are employed to operate the pixels in distinct groups, "reset conflicts" will typically occur. A reset conflict occurs when reset signals in any two or more groups of pixels overlap in time. Specifically, each reset command for a block requires a predetermined amount of time to complete before another block may be reset. As such, several techniques are available to overcome or avoid these conflicts, and should be employed when possible to help ensure the display system operates at peak efficiency. However, even when employing available conflict resolution techniques, not all potential conflicts may be prevented, depending on the bit-plane values and arrangement of bit segments in each bit sequence. Moreover, when short bit segments are present in the sequence, the likelihood that the resets for the shorter segments will cause a conflict increases since shorter bit segments require resetting sooner, and thus more often, than longer bit segments. As a result, such conventional resolution techniques may be even more ineffective when short bit segments are employed.

Generalized reset conflict resolution of load/reset sequences for spatial light modulators


In a connector which is loaded to the end of a cable including an internal conductor and an external conductor arranged radially outside of the internal conductor via an insulation layer therebetween. The internal conductor covering part has a covering piece capable of being bent inside. The covering piece is formed between an electric connection part of the external conductor terminal and the external conductor crimping part. A covering insulation member is formed by an electric insulator. The covering insulation member covers an inner side surface of the internal conductor covering part. The covering piece of the internal conductor covering part and the covering insulation member are integrally bending inside. The covering piece of the internal conductor covering part and the covering insulation member have a shape to cover the internal conductor covering part from outside.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to technology of a connector connected to the end of a co-axial cable and a shield cable.
2. Description of the Related Art
Of conventional cables, there are some cables which are equipped with both an internal conductor and an external conductor, for example, a co-axial cable and a shield cable. Connectors to be connected to the end of such cable are those equipped with an internal conductor terminal and an external conductor terminal connected respectively to the end of the internal conductor and that of the external conductor and in which a terminal insulation member comprising an electric insulator lies between the electric connection parts of these terminals.
One example is shown in FIG. 9.
An illustrated cable 10 is provided with an internal conductor 12 and, for example, a braided external conductor 16, in which an insulation layer 14 lies between both conductors 12 and 16 and an exterior of the external conductor 16 is covered with a sheath 18.
On the other hand, a connector connected to the cable 10 is provided with an internal conductor terminal 100, external conductor terminal 110 and terminal insulation member 120.
The internal conductor terminal 100 is provided with an electric connection part 102 fitted into an opposing internal conductor terminal and an internal conductor barrel 104 crimped to the end in such a manner that embraces the end of the internal conductor 12. The external conductor terminal 110 is provided with an electric connection part 112 fitted into an opposing external conductor terminal, an external conductor barrel 114 crimped to the end in such a manner that embraces the end of the external conductor 16 and an insulation barrel 116 crimped to the end in such a manner that embraces the end of the sheath 18. The terminal insulation member 120 is a cylindrical form lying between the electric connection part 102 of the internal conductor terminal 100 and the electric connection part 112 of the external conductor terminal 110, and the internal conductor barrel 104 is provided immediately therebehind.
Incidentally, the thus structured connector is necessary to match the impedance of the connector to that of the cable 10 as much as possible, particularly in sending high-frequency wave electric signals, and insufficiency of such matching will cause a great reflection of the signals and result in disadvantage of a significant decrease in transmission efficiency of the signals. In this instance, an part where electric connection parts 102 and 112 of the connector are overlapped is relatively large in the sectional area, and a terminal insulation member 120 higher in dielectric constant than air lies between the electric connection parts 102 and 112, thereby making it easy to reduce the impedance accordingly and match the impedance with that of the cable 10. In contrast, a part where the internal conductor barrel 104 is crimped to the internal conductor 12 immediately therebehind (hereinafter referred to as "internal conductor crimping part") is small in the sectional part and the internal conductor barrel 104 is in a condition which is opened outside and surrounded with air, thereby keeping the impedance high and making it difficult to match the impedance with that of the cable 10. Therefore, it is a serious problem in adjusting the impedance at the internal conductor crimping part.
As a means to solve such a problem, JP-A-2001-185302 shown below has disclosed a method in which while an internal conductor crimping part is inserted into a heat-shrinkable tube having an electrically conductive layer inside, the tube is subjected to heat shrinkage and the electrically conductive layer of the tube is closely attached to the internal conductor crimping part, by which the internal conductor crimping part is covered with the tube.

Connector, cable with the same, and producing method of the cable


Method for the elimination in a receiver of an incident signal resulting from multipaths, characterized in that an array of 2n auxiliary sensors (2, 3, Ca to Cf), with n≧3, is constructed around an antenna main sensor (1), these auxiliary sensors all being equidistant from the main sensor and regularly spaced apart, and, by successively taking the pairs of auxiliary sensors symmetric with respect to the main sensor to determine the direction of arrival of the signal resulting from the multipaths, the weighted combination of the signals arising from the n sensors is performed, the direction of the transmitter being known (ejφi).

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method for the elimination, in a receiver, of incident beams resulting from multipaths, and to a device for implementing this method.
2. Description of the Related Art
Systems which nowadays make it possible to strengthen resistance to multipaths in radionavigation receivers are most of the time based on the use of more or less particular correlators (narrow correlator, double delta correlator, etc.), making it possible to ignore multipaths delayed by a greater or lesser distance, always less than twice the chip length of the pseudorandom code used T, that is to say the period of the clock signals of the codes of the radionavigation signals (for example, for signals of the "Global Positioning System", GPS type, 1 chip=1 μs in C/A code, i.e. ˜300 m, or 100 ns in P code, i.e. ˜30 m). Nevertheless, for multipaths with small delays relative to the chip length, these correlators turn out to be inefficient.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,175,327 discloses a method for the elimination of interference in receivers of GPS radionavigation signals. This method uses a power inversion technique that calls upon an array of n antennas whose signals are individually weighted by inversion of a cross-correlation matrix and use of a canonical constraint not representing a particular reception direction, but a criterion of "minimization of the power received taking account of all the directions in space". This known method for eliminating interference is applicable only to signals whose power referred to each sensor is greater than the level of power due to thermal noise. Furthermore, this processing is carried out without prior knowledge of the direction of arrival of the signal that one wishes to eliminate. It is therefore impossible with this known method alone to determine the direction of arrival of one or more signals due to multipaths, or to eliminate them: their power level referred to the input of the receiver is in fact lower than the power level of the main signal (direct path), the power level of which is itself smaller than that of the thermal noise generated in the spectral processing band (passband at the input of the receiver).
An object of the present invention is a method making it possible to eliminate on reception a signal due to multipaths and coming from a direction other than that of the transmitter, whatever its delay with respect to the signal coming directly from the transmitter.

Method for the elimination in a receiver of incident beams resulting from multipaths, and device for implementation


A trophy comprises a riser including a mounting surface on which a lid rests, and spaced apart slots formed in the mounting surface. Resilient locking fingers are molded onto the lid. Each finger has, at its free end, an undercut portion and a sloped surface adjacent the undercut portion. The sloped surface of the finger to engages one of the slots in the mounting surface as the finger enters the slot to urge the locking finger away from the slot edge. The undercut portion engages an inner surface of the riser mounting surface when the locking finger is fully inserted into the slot.

The present invention relates to trophy constructions and, more particularly to a trophy construction in which the riser and the lid are molded separately and can be easily secured together.
Inexpensive trophies are conventionally made of extruded and die cast plastic parts. For example, a trophy may comprise a riser or stem secured to a lid or cap adapted to support an elongated decorative extrusion. A similar lid may be secured to the upper surface of the extrusion, and a figurine such as a golfer or other emblem representative of a particular sport, mounted on the upper lid. The trophy construction may be secured to a marble or wooden base by means of a threaded through-rod extending through the entire assembly.
Typically, the riser, lid and figurine are made of vacuum metalized plastic, usually of a gold or silver appearance. The decorative extrusion is also plated attractively to enhance the appearance of the trophy.
In order to give the appearance of quality, fairly complex shapes must be die cast to form a riser and lid(s). For various reasons it is desirable to form the riser and lids separately. For one reason, this gives a dealer or retailer the ability to combine different risers and lids to create different trophies. Secondly, it reduces the cost of the die casting operation which would otherwise require complex dies to form a combined riser and lid.


Method of producing electrical units consisting of chips with contact elements, wherein the contact elements are suited for the direct connection with contact terminals of external electric components in an electrically conductive manner, wherein the connection of the contact elements with the chips is effected before the individual chips are removed from the grouping predefined by the wafer and consisting of rows and columns, and the contact elements are made of a metallized plastic foil or metallic foil to be applied onto the chips.

Contactless chip cards increasingly replace chip cards provided with contacts. The reason therefor is particularly due to the fact that contactless chip cards allow an easier handling, have a more robust construction and are, thus, less susceptible to failure, and they offer a number of interesting new possibilities as far as their use is concerned, as they do not have to be inserted into a reading device.
It is generally known that contactless chip cards comprise a loop conductor or antenna provided in the chip card, by means of which the chip likewise provided in the chip card can communicate with the world outside. For this purpose, the loop conductor has to be connected during the production of the contactless chip card with the contacts of the chip or, respectively, the corresponding module. For achieving this electrical connection between the loop conductor and the chip, a plurality of methods have already been proposed, whereby particularly the following methods were successful.
FIG. 10 illustrates the principle as to how, according to the prior art, an electrical connection between a chip module 1 and a loop conductor 4 is typically produced.
A chip module 1, in the interior of which a non-illustrated chip is provided, comprises externally accessible contacts 2 which are connected with the actual contacts of the chip, for example, by means of a soldering, gluing or wire bonding process. Reference number 3 designates contact terminals producing, by means of an electrical conductor 5, an electrical connection to the loop conductor 4 disposed on a chip card body 6. In order to eventually obtain a contact between the loop conductor 4 and the chip, the contacts 2 have to be connected with the contact terminals 3 in an electrically conductive fashion. For this purpose, module 1 is placed onto the contact terminals 3 by means of a tool, namely with the side provided with the contacts.
Another possibility resides in placing the chip 15 as such, i.e. not in the form of a module, but "naked", onto the contact terminals 3, which is illustrated in FIG. 10a. By using this modification, the chip 15 has to be placed onto the contact terminals 3 with its "active side", i.e. the side bearing the bond pads 13. For this purpose, the chip must be "flipped", which requires the gripping of the chip 15 from the wafer or carrier substrate twice.
FIG. 11 illustrates another possibility, namely as to how, according to the prior art, an electrical connection between a chip 15 and a loop conductor 4 can be produced by means of a wire bonding process.
In order to achieve, in this case, a contact between the loop conductor 4 and the chip 15, the chip is applied onto the chip card body 6, and the bond pads 13 are connected with the contact terminals 3 by means of wire bonds in an electrically conductive fashion. It can be seen that, in accordance with this solution, the chip 15 no longer has to be flipped. However, the wire joints 34 produced by the wire bonding require a larger overall construction height of the chip card and, moreover, have to be protected by a solid protection layer.
Another type of contact is known from German patent DE 196 09 636 C1. According to the solution described therein, a chip module is brought into a recess of the chip card body such that the contacts provided on the surface of the module have even ends with path conductors on the body surface, so that a contact between the loop conductor and the contacts of the module can be achieved. A drawback in this embodiment resides in that the depth of the recess must be dimensioned with extreme exactness to as to allow the plane ending of both contacts.

Method for production of contactless chip cards and for production of electrical units comprising chips with contact elements


A method of executing a transaction task within a transaction processing system includes, responsive to an event, the steps of identifying a workflow associated with the event. A transaction task, that at least partially executes the workflow, is distributed to an available thread within a pool threads operating within a multiprocessor system, that may be a Symmetrical Multiprocessor (SMP) system.

Historically, transaction processing systems, such as for example Automatic Call Distributors (ACDs), have employed multiple processors and multiple operating systems for managing various tasks, including call routing, within such transaction processing systems. For example, in an exemplary ACD, a single processor and a single operating system may be dedicated to servicing non-critical tasks, such as historical and real-time reporting, database administration and system maintenance tasks. A further single processor and a single operating system within the ACD may then be dedicated to servicing real-time, critical tasks, such as ring no answer timing and other central office signaling tasks. Accordingly, the different operating systems may be utilized for servicing the respective non-critical tasks and the real-time, critical tasks. For example, the reporting, administration and maintenance tasks may be performed by a multipurpose operating system such as Unix. On the other hand, the real-time, critical tasks may be performed by a real-time operating system such as the VxWorks operating system developed by Wind River Systems, Inc. of Alameda, Calif., the PSOS operating system or the Lynx operating system. By restricting the execution of tasks to a particular processor and a particular operating system, a transaction processing system may be unable to respond to peak performance demands in certain situations.

Methods and apparatus for executing a transaction task within a transaction processing system employing symmetric multiprocessors


In a brake member having a brake lining bonded to a brake shoe, the brake shoe has a chemical conversion coating provided on the surface thereof and a ceramics coating layer provided on the chemical conversion coating which has been formed by dipping in a ceramics precursor solution. The brake lining is bonded to the ceramics coating layer by heating under pressure. A method for bonding a brake lining and a brake shoe is provided with a step of degreasing, cleaning and acid-washing the surface of a brake shoe and then forming a chemical conversion coating thereon, a step of dipping the brake shoe having a chemical conversion coating formed thereon in a ceramics precursor solution to effect ceramics coating and a step of bonding a dried brake lining to the brake shoe under heating and pressure.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method of bonding a metallic base member and a lining and a brake member obtained by the method. In the method, since an organic solvent is not used in a bonding process, it is prevented from production and volatilization of organic gas, and thereby it is provided an environmentally friendly method and a stabilized bonding quality. More particularly, the present invention relates to a method for bonding a metallic base member and a lining which causes no environmental pollution due to organic solvent and can produce a metallic base member and a lining having the same or higher rustproofness than that obtained by chemical conversion in combination with primer treatment and a stabilized adhesivity and a brake member obtained by the method.
2. Related Art
In the related art method for bonding a metallic base member and a lining, the metallic base member is subjected to surface treatment involving degreasing and rust removal at a cleaning step, an acid washing step and chemical conversion step, and coating at a chemical conversion step, and then to primer treatment for formation of thin resin film. In this manner, the metallic base member can be entirely enhanced in its rustproofness and adhesivity to the lining.
However, the primer treatment involves a dipping of the metallic base member in a solution having a resin dissolved in an organic solvent. As such an organic solvent, there is used a solvent having a high volatility such as MEK (methyl ethyl ketone), methanol and toluene. Further, these organic solvents can evaporate much from the processing tank.
Moreover, the metallic base member is usually suspended from a dedicated hanger during the treatment. When the metallic base member is subjected to the primer treatment, the primer is attached to the hanger as well as the metallic base member. Therefore, the hanger is always or regularly washed with an organic solvent so as to remove the primer from the hanger. A large amount of a volatile solvent is also used at this step.
As the regulation on VOC (volatile organic compound) becomes severer, the use of such an organic solvent at a surface treatment step of the metallic base member will be a great problem.


Methods are provided for manufacturing a shell assembly for an electrical connector. First and second shells of a shell assembly may be formed from metal sheets via a stamping process. The stamping process may produce a number of first shells attached to a section of metal sheet remaining after the stamping process—a guide rail—with the front end opening of the first shell being oriented at 90 degrees relative to the guide rail. A second shell may be formed and severed from a metal sheet as a result of the stamping process. One end of the first shells may be exposed after the stamping process such that the second shells may be assembled over the exposed end of the first shells to form a shell assembly. Additional operations can be performed on the shell assembly.

The present invention relates generally to systems and methods for manufacturing an electrical connector, such as USB electrical connectors.
Many electronic devices mate with electrical connectors that receive and provide power and data, e.g., USB electrical connectors. These electrical connectors are often cable assemblies that are designed to mate with corresponding receptacle connectors on an electronic device. A cable assembly may include a plug connector that plugs into the receptacle connector of an electronic device, thereby forming one or more conductive paths for signals and power.
The plug connector of a USB connector often includes a shell that surrounds and provides mechanical support and/or electrical insulation for contacts, the shell having a housing assembled over a portion thereof. These housings may be on the end of a cable. A progressive stamping operation is often used to form shells for USB plug connectors from a sheet of metal. Typically, the shell is formed such that the direction of shell's opening is parallel to the length of the metal sheet and the direction in which the metal sheet is fed through the progressive stamping process. At the conclusion of the stamping process, the shell may be removed from the metal sheet and manually assembled with the other cable assembly components.
Within the electronic device market, there is an increasing demand for smaller devices and smaller corresponding accessories, e.g., USB cable assemblies. This demand for smaller electronic components is often coupled with a high-volume production requirement. To decrease the size of USB cable assemblies, the shell, among other components, may need to be reduced in size through a process that is suitable for high-volume production.
Many manufacturing systems and methods face challenges in producing reduced profile or slim USB connector shells while satisfying high-volume production requirements. Accordingly, it is desirable to provide systems and methods for the high-volume manufacture of a slim profile USB connector shell.

Method of manufacturing a shell assembly for an electrical connector


A cleaning method for realizing uniform ashing of residues at a high efficiency by uniformly injecting neutral active species directly toward the surfaces of vulcanization residues left on a vulcanization mold is described. The method includes setting a ring-shaped cavity in face-to-face reaction with the inner surfaces of a ring-shaped vulcanization mold in a vacuum treating vessel, transmitting a microwave in the cavity, and emitting the microwave via a number of coupling slots formed in the outer side of the cavity toward the inner surfaces of the vulcanization mold whereupon a reaction gas is injected in the space of the treating vessel between the inner surfaces of the vulcanization mold and the cavity, so that a plasma including a major proportion of neutral active species generated from the reaction gas and the emitted microwave, and the elastomer residue is ashed by means of at least one gas selected from the plasma gas and a neutral active species-containing gas. A microwave generator useful for the method is also described.

The present invention relates to a method for cleaning a vulcanization mold to conveniently remove elastomer residues inevitably formed on inner molding surfaces of a mold (surfaces including mating mold surfaces for a split type mold) and in recessed portions or holes of the mold when the mold is repeatedly used for vulcanization molding of rubber articles such as rubber tires and vibration-proof rubbers. More plastic elastomer articles; and more particularly this invention relates to a method for cleaning a vulcanization mold which is able to stably, uniformly treat the residue without involving any inconvenient degradation or damage of the vulcanization mold and without being affected by formation of a non-uniform zone or region of a plasma distribution. The invention also relates specifically as to a microwave plasma generator which is particularly adapted for cleaning a vulcanization mold and with which the vulcanization residue can be beneficially removed.
As described in detail in Japanese Patent Laid-open No. Hei 6-285868, assigned to the same assignee, in order to satisfy required performance of elastomer articles, particularly, rubber tire articles (hereinafter, referred to simply as tire or tires), and vibration-proof rubber articles, it is necessary that natural rubber, synthetic rubbers or blends thereof be formulated, aside from a sulfur crosslinking agent and a carbon black reinforcing material, with vulcanization accelerators and various types of chemicals for keeping durability.
For vulcanization molding of the thus formulated, unvulcanized rubber composition, chemical reactions including a crosslinking reaction are generally caused at a high temperature close to 200.degree. C. In this condition, the rubber composition not only becomes more fluid, but also is partly gasified. Eventually, it is inevitable that the rubber composition and chemical reaction products fixedly deposit as a residue, although small in amount, not only on the molding surfaces of the mold, but also in very narrow spaces of the mating mold surfaces and in holes such as so-called vent holes whenever the vulcanization molding is carried out. The repetition of a great number of the vulcanization molding cycles permits the residue to be deposited in a thickness which is not negligible. This has been, more or less, experienced in the vulcanization molding of other types of elastomers as well as rubber compositions.
The thick vulcanized residue strongly attached to and deposited on the vulcanization mold impedes the appearance of tires, adversely influences the quality of the tire as a whole. Accordingly, it is necessary that a vulcanization mold after having been subjected to a predetermined number of vulcanization molding cycles is cleaned until it looks like a fresh one. The cleaning has been predominantly performed according to a shot blast method wherein granules such as plastic beads or glass beads are blown against the mold by means of a high pressure gas or according to a liquid cleaning method wherein the mold is immersed in solutions of acids, alkalis or amines. In order to overcome the disadvantages of these cleaning methods, the present applicant has proposed in the above-mentioned Japanese Patent Laid-open No. Hei 6-285868 a vulcanization mold cleaning method using a plasma, with which remarkable results have been obtained.
However, when the results are checked in more detail, it has been found that there is some room for improvement with respect to the following points.
The first point resides in that a multitude of projections such as ribs and sipes (fine elongated pieces) are formed on mold-forming faces of a vulcanization mold to be cleaned in order to form thick grooves, fine grooves and slits in a tread portion which are usually essential to ensure the required characteristics of tires other than specific types of tires. A plasma is interrupted with these projections, so that it is liable to impede uniform ashing of the vulcanized residue over an entire region to be cleaned.
The present applicant has proposed apparatus and method of the uniform ashing of residues in Japanese Patent Laid-open Nos. Hei 8-207056, 8-216164 and 8-244041: one of electrodes to which high frequency electric power is applied is arranged in the form of a cylinder or is arranged as having a multitude of fins on the periphery thereof; and a plasma is caused by discharge between the one electrode and the inner surface of a vulcanization mold serving as the other electrode.
The following points are disadvantageous ones caused by positioning the vulcanization mold within a discharge zone. More particularly, the second point resides in that a non-uniform discharge region is often formed, with the tendency that a uniform ashing treatment is apt to be impeded.
The third point is that a phenomenon sometimes takes place wherein the temperature of the vulcanization mold reaches, for example, 200.degree. C. owing to the non-uniform discharge. This impedes the accuracy of the mold, bringing about the degradation and damage of the mold.
The fourth point has the relation with the third point and resides in the difficult temperature control of the vulcanization mold.
The fifth point resides in that surfaces other than those to be cleaned are exposed to the discharge zone or region, so that the thus exposed surface may be degraded or damaged.
In order to overcome the problems involved in the first to fifth points, we have proposed in Japanese Patent Laid-open No. Hei 8-300366, a method for ashing an elastomer residue wherein a plasma generating furnace capable of supplying neutral active species (radicals), and a microwave generator for converting a reaction gas passed into the furnace to a gas containing neutral active species by means of a microwave discharge plasma are provided in a vacuum treating vessel. The neutral active species generated in the plasma generating furnace are introduced via a pipe into the treating vessel. The thus introduced neutral gas species are uniformly injected toward all faces of a residue on or in a vulcanization mold, thereby ashing the elastomer residue by means of the thus injected neutral active species-containing gas.
The cleaning of the vulcanization mold by the above method shows a remarkable effect on the solution of the problems. Through the cleaning operations of the above method, a further problem to solve has been found. More particularly, the above method is disadvantageous in that a gas which contains a great amount of the neutral active species generated in the plasma generating furnace is fed via a pipe to the treating vessel, during which part of the neutral active species is deactivated, resulting in the lowering of an ashing efficiency.


The present invention provides a fluid dispensing apparatus and a method of manufacturing a fluid dispensing apparatus.

Fluid dispensing apparatuses, such as faucets and soap dispensers, are well known. Such fluid dispensing apparatuses are used in residential and commercial applications, such as in kitchens, bathrooms, and various other locations.
Fluid dispensing apparatuses are manufactured using many different techniques. One of these techniques is casting. The manufacture of fluid dispensing apparatuses using casting poses many difficulties.

Fluid dispensing apparatus and method of manufacture


A method for manufacturing an integrated circuit structure is disclosed. The method includes providing a layer of porous silicon, and epitaxially growing a high resistivity layer on the layer of porous silicon. Devices are then formed on the high resistivity layer to produce the integrated circuit structure. The integrated circuit structure is attached to a silica substrate, such that the silica substrate is coupled to the devices. Further, surface contacts are provided on the structure. The layer of porous silicon is then removed.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an integrated circuit, and more particularly, to formation of such a circuit on a low loss substrate.
2. Prior Art
Semiconductor devices in the form of integrated circuits are important in telecommunications systems involving a broad spectrum of different circuits. These circuits may have high frequency capabilities. High frequency telecommunications circuits typically involve the use of inductors to either tune a circuit to a particular desired frequency, to perform critical circuit functions such as maintaining a critical current flow, or to filter and eliminate undesired electrical noise from desired signals. Since the use of discrete inductors that are separate from the integrated circuit may give rise to implementation problems, the high frequency circuit design has been moving in the direction of integrating as many of these needed inductors as possible into the semiconductor device itself.
The quality factor (Q) of an inductive circuit is a figure of merit that relates the energy stored to the energy dissipated or lost. High Q inductor circuits (a Q of 10 or greater) conserve sufficient energy to allow an appropriate inductive response. Alternately, low Q inductor circuits (a Q of 3 or less) lose a sufficient portion of the energy applied causing them to perform poorly as inductive elements.
An example of a typical integrated circuit, used in many current communications microchips, has a highly conductive substrate and a moderately resistive epitaxial (EPI) layer grown on the substrate. However, this design may not be conducive for supporting a high Q inductor. An integrated inductor formed over the EPI layer may induce eddy currents into the highly conductive substrate thereby incurring a large energy loss. To be energy efficient and therefore low loss, the integrated inductor would have to be formed over a highly resistive substrate.
The present invention, in one aspect, describes a method for manufacturing an integrated circuit structure. The method includes providing a layer of porous silicon, and epitaxially growing a high resistivity layer on the layer of porous silicon. Devices are then formed on the high resistivity layer to produce the integrated circuit structure. The integrated circuit structure is attached to a silica substrate, such that the silica substrate is coupled to the devices. Further, surface contacts are provided on the structure. The layer of porous silicon is then removed.
In another aspect, the present invention describes an integrated structure. The structure includes a layer of porous silicon, a high resistivity layer, a plurality of circuit devices, a silica substrate, and surface contacts. The high resistivity layer is epitaxially grown on the layer of porous silicon. The plurality of circuit devices is formed on the high resistivity layer to produce the integrated circuit structure. The silica substrate is attached to the integrated circuit structure, such that the silica substrate is coupled to the circuit devices. Surface contacts provide connections to the circuit devices.

Method of forming an integrated circuit on a low loss substrate


In some embodiments, an apparatus includes conductors, and a transmitter including transmitter test circuitry to embed test properties in test pattern signals, and transmit the test pattern signals to the conductors. In some embodiments, an apparatus includes conductors to carry test pattern signals with embedded test properties, and receiver test circuitry to receive the test pattern signals and extract the test properties and determine whether the extracted test properties match expected test properties. Other embodiments are described and claimed.

The price of commercial integrated circuits (ICs) (chips) is continuously under pressure but the cost of some testing may tend to persist if not increase. Test cost of HSIO may be even higher compared to conventional digital counter circuits because it may be more difficult to make an HSIO test work and may require additional specialized high-end automated test equipment (ATE). It is desirable to develop HSIO test circuits and processes that may speed up production test development and that may provide flexible test interface to accommodate a wide range of test applications. Such test circuits and processes may reduce overall costs and increase the value of products.
BISTs in HSIO commonly use a pseudo-random binary sequence (PRBS) generator in a transmitter circuit (TX) and a receiver circuit (RX). An example of a conventional PRBS BIST is shown in FIG. 1, in which capital letters Di denote an 8-bit data test vector and capital letters Ei denote a 10-bit codeword generated in a transmitter 12 (TX). The corresponding action of a receiver 14 (RX) is denoted using lower case letters di and ei. The stream of 8-bit data and of 10-bit codeword is enclosed in arrow brackets (> . . . >) indicating the beginning and end of test patterns. A PRBS generator 18 provides the sequence > . . . D3 D2 D1> which is encoded by encoder 22 to create the encoded sequence > . . . E3 E2 E1> to which control character(s) K0 (which may be a large number of control characters) is added to make a test pattern > . . . E3 E2 E1 K0>. The control character is used by the receiver to identify the beginning of an encoded test pattern. The encoded test pattern is serialized by serializer 24 and provided through channel 28 to deserializer 32 of RX 14. Deserializer 32 provides a received encoded test pattern > . . . e3 e2 e1 k0> to decoder 38 which provides the decoded received sequence > . . . d3 d2 d1>. The control character K0 may be removed before or after the test pattern is provided to decoder 38. A PRBS generator 44 in RX 14 generates the same sequence > . . . D3 D2 D1> as in TX 12 which is compared in block 48 with the decoded received sequence > . . . d3 d2 d1>. If the two sequences are identical, then there is not an error, if they are different, then there is an error.
The symbols Di and di are 8-bit values and the symbols Ei and ei are corresponding 10-bit encoded values. Symbols K0, and k0 are also 10-bit values, but are not necessarily encoded from 8 bit values. Examples of 8 to 10 bit encoding techniques include the well known 8b10b coding and transition minimized differential signaling (TMDS). An overview of TMDS is provided in chapter 3 of the Digital Visual Interface (DVI) revision 1.0 standard dated Apr. 2, 1999, available from the Digital Display Working Group at www.ddwg.org. DVI and High-Definition Multimedia Interface ("HDMI") are each a TMDS-based signaling protocol.
Because the same transmitted test patterns should be received at RX under an error free environment, HSIO test often involves two identical PRBS 18 and 44 that are synchronized via a special control character(s), say K0, in the beginning of test pattern. The TX PRBS generates test patterns to transmit and the RX BIST generates an expected output to compare. The TX PRBS may generate the K0 and prefix it to the stream of codeword to be transmitted. When the designated control character (K0) is detected, the RX PRBS starts comparing expected test patterns with the received to identify failures. Test patterns in the PRBS are generated based on linear feedback shift registers (LFSR) 52. The behavior of LFSR 52 may be characterized by its characteristic polynomial. An example of LFSR 52 and its characteristic polynomial is shown in FIG. 2. The symbol ⊕ denotes an exclusive-OR (XOR) gate and the symbol D denotes a D-type flip flop, although other gates other than XOR gates may be used and flip flops other than D-type flip-flops may be used. The LFSR may generate a fixed sequence of test patterns. Its sequence is determined by the initial state called a seed.
The embedding fixed polynomial in RX PRBS may complicate the test for both internal and external customers. Some customers may want to use their own LFSR or ATE that may be equipped with the different polynomials. Their test applications may also require diversified test patterns from a number of different LFSR polynomials or shuffled version of existing LFSR generated test patterns.
The conventional PRBS often lacks online testing features. Online and off-line testing refers to tests runs during normal functional mode and test mode, respectively. Online testing capability may offer to measure channel quality with respect to bit-error-rate (BER) in real system applications. The PRBS is usually employed in an off-line test environment. It runs during test mode only and is usually disabled during a normal functional (normal operating) mode.


A hybrid powertrain has a transmission including a motor and a sensor for sensing rotation of the transmission output member. Motor speed signals are available from the motor controller. Speed signals representative of output speed are calculated from both the speed sensor and the motor speed in conjunction with known speed relationships between the motor and the output. A variety of in-range and dropped signal diagnostics is performed for the sensors and are used in the development of a set of software switches for selecting which of the speed sources is used as the output speed.

Various hybrid powertrain architectures are known for managing the input and output torques of various prime-movers in hybrid vehicles, most commonly internal combustion engines and electric machines. Series hybrid architectures are generally characterized by an internal combustion engine driving an electric generator which in turn provides electrical power to an electric drivetrain and to a battery pack. The internal combustion engine in a series hybrid is not directly mechanically coupled to the drivetrain. The electric generator may also operate in a motoring mode to provide a starting function to the internal combustion engine, and the electric drivetrain may recapture vehicle braking energy by also operating in a generator mode to recharge the battery pack. Parallel hybrid architectures are generally characterized by an internal combustion engine and an electric motor which both have a direct mechanical coupling to the drivetrain. The drivetrain conventionally includes a shifting transmission to provide the necessary gear ratios for wide range operation.
Electrically variable transmissions (EVT) are known which provide for continuously variable speed ratios by combining features from both series and parallel hybrid powertrain architectures. EVTs are operable with a direct mechanical path between an internal combustion engine and a final drive unit thus enabling high transmission efficiency and application of lower cost and less massive motor hardware. EVTs are also operable with engine operation mechanically independent from the final drive or in various mechanical/electrical split contributions thereby enabling high-torque continuously variable speed ratios, electrically dominated launches, regenerative braking, engine off idling, and multi-mode operation.
As with any vehicular transmission, it is desirable in a hybrid transmission to measure rotational speed of the output shaft or a member that is ratiometrically synchronized therewith in its rotation in order to determine vehicle speed and provide needed information regarding the transmission operation for use in its control. Various technologies are known for providing such speed information including variable reluctance (VR) sensors, magneto resistive (MR) sensors, and hall effect (HE) sensors. In all such sensors a target wheel comprising alternating regions of high and low permeability (e.g. toothed wheel) rotates in proximity to a sensing element to generate a pulse train in accordance with the target wheel rotation. For strict speed sensing where position is not a desired metric to be measured, the target wheel is generally uniform in the distribution of the high and low permeability regions. Other distribution patterns are generally reserved for encoded applications which can discern position or angular rotational information therefrom.
With respect to a transmission output, and perhaps other transmission members, accurate speed detection is desired and, while angular position is not, direction of rotation is a desired metric for measurement. As such, it is common practice to employ a pair of such sensors separated by a predetermined electrical angle which allows for determining the speed and direction of rotation—the speed being essentially a frequency based signal and the direction being a relative event based signal.
Full range speed sensing may be critical in certain applications such as output speed sensing in a transmission. With respect to hybrid transmissions, this is true since accurate speed control—itself a critical factor in hybrid transmission operation—requires precise measurements down to and through zero vehicle speed. In this regard, MR and HE sensors are truly zero-velocity sensors since the output signal amplitude is substantially consistent and detectible regardless of the target wheel speed whereas (VR) sensors have an output whose amplitude decreases with decreasing speed and eventually is undetectable at lower speeds. Additionally, HE and MR sensors are generally well adapted to diagnosis through direct measurement means without interfering with the speed measurements whereas VR sensors do not lend themselves as readily to easy monitoring and automated fault detection. However, HE sensors generally rely upon an actively magnetic target wheel and are not commonly employed in automotive speed sensing applications. MR sensors generally require some controlled current or voltage source and are sensitive to temperature and air gap fluctuations. VR sensors generally do not suffer from the same shortcomings of HE and MR sensors. Additionally, VR sensors are generally more robust in an automotive environment of vibration and high temperatures.

Hybrid transmission member speed determination, sensor diagnostics and fault recovery


A measuring system including a sensor positioned to a belt to measure an oscillation or vibration of the belt based at least in part on a trigger threshold. Also, the measuring system may include a diagnostic tool coupled the sensor to receive a plurality of measurements of the oscillation or vibration of the belt, wherein the diagnostic tool may determine a tension of the belt based at least in part on an average of the plurality of measurements of the oscillation or vibration of the belt.

A belt is a loop of flexible material used to mechanically link two or more rotating shafts. Belts may be used as a source of motion to efficiently transmit power, or to track relative movement. As popularity of the belts increase, more and more equipment are using the belt to provide efficient power transmission. Efficient power transmission may be accomplished by tracking the motion of individual belts of the equipment. If a belt is too loose, the belt can slip resulting in inefficient power transmission. If a belt is too tight, the bearings and pulleys on which the belts turn can burn out or the belt can tear. Thus, a system to track the belt tension is necessary in order to ensure proper operation of the belt.
Oftentimes, the belt tension may be measured by measuring the vibration frequency of the belt. The belt tension and the vibration frequency may have a correlation whereas the belt tension increases the vibration frequency also increases. Conventional stand-alone belt tension tools may be used to measure the belt tension using various methods. However, conventional stand-alone belt tension tools may be expensive and hard to use. Also, the conventional stand-alone belt tension tools may be an additional tool that adds clutter to a small working area of a user. Thus, a system that tracks the belt tension having other functions is necessary to reduce cost and clutter for a user.
Accordingly, it is desirable to provide a method and system that accurately measures the belt tension, especially for belts that are located at hard to reach places. Also, it is desirable to provide a method and system that incorporates multi-functionalities of various tools into a single system in order to reduce costs and clutter of a user.

Method and system for measuring belt tension


A process of molding thermoplastic preforms into bottles and similar containers wherein pressurized liquids, such as water, are used in the stretching and shaping process instead of pneumatic gases, such as heated air. The result is greater control over the crystallization of the thermoplastic material and economies of scale. Addition of peroxides, or similar materials are used for sterilization can be added to the liquid thereby conditioning the container for immediate filling with sterile product and eliminating the need for an additional sterilization step following completion of the molding step. As an added step, dry, sterile air can be used to vent and dry the container just prior to introduction of product. Also use of liquid, rather than heated air, provides a washing or cleansing of actealdehydes or ethanol, which may be present in the extruded preform, from the finished container.

Plastic forming of hollow bodies has heretofore encompassed a wide variety of processes and techniques including but not limited to blow molding, stretch-blow molding, thermoforming and the like. For example, hollow bodies having threaded necks are produced from injection-molded preforms which are heated and then expanded by high pressure air through a process called blow molding. At times the preform is allowed to cool down prior to arrival at the blow molding station from the injection molding station and then it must be thermally conditioned within a relatively narrow tolerance to a temperature that is suitable for a subsequent stretching process. In order to obtain uniform and good orientation, the temperature variation across the wall of the body should be within 10 degrees Celsius and not much above 10 degrees Celsius from the glass transition temperature of the plastic to be stretch-blown during the forming process. The closer the temperature is to the glass transition temperature, the more orientation is obtained. However, much higher pressure is required to stretch and blow the container at the lower temperature; therefor, a compromise has to be made. The oriented hollow bodies thus obtained exhibit a mechanical strength which is markedly improved to the point that the bodies can generally be used for packaging carbonated beverages under pressure. The air pressure used in this known process for stretch-blow molding can exceed 1,000 pounds per square inch (psi) if a particular bottom design is required for such containers. Other features, such as molded-in impressions, horizontal rings to resist buckling of the container, and vertical lines to improve stackability all require even higher air pressure during the forming process.
Heat-setting of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles, or other shapes of containers, by stretch-blowing the preforms in a high temperature mold is presently used to crystallize the PET. This process is complicated and requires long cycle times. The container is first heated and then cooled by the mold. Therefore, the larger the change in temperature, in order to speed the crystallization, the more energy is consumed during the process, and compromises must be made between the energy use and the speed of the process.
Also, it is known in the prior art that the containers, such as plastic bottles used for beverages, and containers for food products and the like for human or animal consumption, need to be sterilized to avoid contamination of the food, beverages and the like. Heretofore, this sterilization process required an additional process step following completion of the container forming and following the step of exhausting the pressurized air used during the blow molding process.
Another shortcoming of the prior art is that during the extrusion of the plastic material and the shaping of the preform, formation of actealdehydes, or ethanol, occurs. These products are toxic in nature and can remain in the container body following the use of pressurized air during the blow molding process.

Biaxially oriented hollow thermoplastic bodies and improved method for sterilization


A buried contact is formed in a substrate implantation of phosphorous or arsenic through a window cut into the insulating silicon oxide layer and a superimposed thin silicon layer. The photoresist used to etch the window is cut back a limited amount prior to implantation. The peripheral margin of the buried contact implanted through the exposed part of the thin layer of silicon lowers the threshold voltage of any parasitic MOS device which may be created between the buried contact and the remote N+source or drain structure.

Buried contacts are used in the fabrication of integrated circuits in order to establish current pathways through the underlying substrate rather than on the top surface of the circuit. Buried contacts ensure electrical isolation from other parts of the circuit, and leave the top surface free for use in establishing other connections and outside contacts giving access to the circuit.
For instance, in the fabrication of Static Random Access Memories (SRAMs), a buried contact is used to link the gate of one transistor to the drain of another in a paired transistor memory cell, as explained in U.S. Pat. No. 5,064,776 Roberts.
In the fabrication of Dynamic Random Access Memories (DRAMs), a buried contact is used between a storage capacitor and the source or drain of its controlling transistor.
Integrated circuit designers are forever trying to improve the conductive quality of buried contacts under the constraint of ever-increasing circuit complexity and demand for miniaturization.
A buried contact must retain a low resistive path, minimal current leakage to other parts of the circuit, and reduce the volume.
Buried contacts are typically created by diffusion or implantation of ions in the upper region of the circuit substrate through an opening in an insulating silicon oxide layer laid over the upper surface of the substrate.
The diffusion or implantation of the buried contact must extend beyond the periphery of the window open near or under a gate or storage capacitor structure in order to reach the source or drain region to which the gate or capacitor must be connected. Insufficient diffusion or implantation leaving too large a spacing between the edge of the buried contact and the outer edge of the polysilicon defining the source or drain may result in the creation of a parasitic MOS device having a relatively high threshold voltage (Vt) between the buried contact and the remote source or drain location. This parasitic MOS device may increase the buried contact resistance and degrade the circuit performance. The diffusion of the buried contact into the substrate is usually controlled by the size of the window, the type and duration of the diffusion or implantation process, and the judicious selection of doping elements.
Various techniques based on successive diffusion or punch-through implantations which have been used in the past require multiple masking steps which increase the fabrication complexity, processing time and cost.

Self-aligned low resistance buried contact process


Some embodiments of the invention implement point-to-point memory channels that virtually eliminate the need for mandatory synchronization cycles for a derived clocking architecture by tracking the number of data transitions on inbound and outbound data lanes to make sure the minimum number of transitions occur. Other embodiments of the invention perform data inversions to increase the likelihood of meeting the minimum data transition density. Still other embodiments are described in the claims.

1. Technical Field of the Invention
This disclosure relates generally to memory systems, components, and methods and more particularly to a method and apparatus for maintaining data density for a derived clocking technology in a fully buffered DIMM (FBD) memory channel.
2. Description of the Related Art
FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a conventional memory channel 100 that exhibits a "stub bus" topology. The memory channel includes a host 110 and four DIMMs 120, 130, 140, 150. Each of the DIMMs 120, 130, 140, 150 is connected to the memory bus 115 to exchange data with the host 110. Each of the DIMMs 120, 130, 140, 150 adds a short electrical stub to the memory bus 115. For approximately the past 15 years, memory subsystems have relied on this type of stub bus topology.
Simulations have shown that for applications of 2 to 4 DIMMs per memory channel, the stub bus technology reaches a maximum bandwidth of 533-667 MT/s (mega-transactions/second), or 4.2-5.3 GB/s (gigabytes/second) for an eight byte wide DIMM. Achieving the next significant level, 800 megatransfers/second (MT/s) and beyond, will be difficult if not impossible with the stub bus topology.
Embodiments of the invention address these and other disadvantages of the conventional art.

Method and apparatus for maintaining data density for derived clocking


An apparatus is provided for the measurement of the velocity of blood flowing within a blood vessel of an eye wherein the apparatus includes a light source for producing a source beam of light and an optical element for applying the source beam of light to the blood vessel to permit the blood flowing within the blood vessel to scatter a portion of the source beam of light and produce bidirectional scattered beams. A detector system for detecting the bidirectional scattered beams provides signals representative of the scattered beams. The light source and the detector system are disposed in a confocal relationship. An output representative of the velocity of the blood flow velocity is produced in accordance with the signals. The light source and the detector system include respective pinholes wherein the respective pinholes are disposed in the confocal relationship. The blood vessel is conjugate with the respective pinholes of the light source and the detector system. The angle between the bidirectional scattered beams is determined and a measurement of blood flow velocity is determined according to the angle.

1) Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a method and an apparatus for determining the velocity of particles moving through a tube and, in particular, to a method and an apparatus for determining the velocity of blood flowing in a vessel of the eye.
2) Prior Art
As was pointed out in U.S. Pat. No. 4,142,796, issued Mar. 6, 1979, to Charles E. Riva, and elsewhere, the ability to measure the velocity of blood flowing in a single blood vessel or in a capillary bed is very useful for medical purposes. Impairment of the blood flow in the tissues of the ocular fundus, or the retina of the eye, is associated with a large number of diseases that can lead to grave visual disorders.
The feasibility of using laser Doppler velocimetry to measure blood flow in individual retinal vessels was demonstrated in 1972 by Riva et al. (C. E. Riva, B. Ross and G. B. Benedek, Investigative Ophthalmology, Vol. 11, pps. 936 et seq., November 1972). Riva et al. measured the Doppler-shift frequency spectrum of laser light scattered from red blood cells flowing in a retinal artery of an anesthetized rabbit. The maximum Doppler frequency shift f.sub.max arising from the light scattered by the red blood cells flowing at the maximum velocity V.sub.max was estimated from the spectrum of the scattered light. V.sub.max was calculated from f.sub.max and from estimates of the intraocular scattering geometry using the general relation: ##EQU1## where .lambda. is the wavelength in vacuo of the incident laser light, n is the refractive index of the flowing medium, .theta..sub.i is the intraocular angle between the incident beam and the blood flow direction, and .theta..sub.s is the intraocular angle between the collected scattered light beams and the blood flow direction. It was assumed that the incident laser beam was perpendicular to the blood flow direction.
It has also been shown (G. T. Feke and C. E. Riva, J. Opt. Soc. Am. Vol. 68, pps. 526 et seq., 1978) that f.sub.max can be determined from Doppler-shift frequency spectra obtained from human retinal vessels using short measurement times. Furthermore, it has been shown that V.sub.max can be determined by a procedure involving the collecting of light scattered by red blood cells in two distinct directions, separated by a known angle (C. E. Riva, G. T. Feke, B. Eberli and V. Bernary, Applied Optics, Volume 18, pps. 2301 et seq., Jul. 1, 1979). It has been determined that analysis of the collected light yields an absolute measurement of V.sub.max that is independent of the exact orientation of the incident and scattered light beams with respect to the blood flow direction.
In U.S. Pat. No. 4,402,601, issued on Sep. 6, 1983, to Charles E. Riva, bidirectional LDV was performed using an apparatus, the basic component of which was a standard retinal camera. The need for a contact lens was eliminated, and the laser beam was delivered to the eye through the fundus illumination optical system of the camera. The device taught by Riva in U.S. Pat. No. 4,402,601 greatly simplified the technique of retinal blood flow measurement.
In the device taught by Riva, bidirectional laser Doppler velocimetry was used to permit absolute measurements of the velocity of red blood cells flowing through retinal vessels. In this technique the Doppler-shift frequency spectra of laser light scattered from the red blood cells were recorded for two directions of the scattered light, while the direction of the incident beam remained constant. The Doppler-shift frequency spectra, when obtained in short measurement times, exhibited large fluctuations in spectral power up to a cutoff at a frequency f.sub.max that arose from light scattered by red blood cells flowing at the maximum velocity V.sub.max at the center of the blood vessel. V.sub.max was obtained from the Doppler-shift frequency spectra using the relation: ##EQU2## wherein .lambda. was the wavelength of the incident laser beam used to perform the measurement, .DELTA.f=f.sub.2 max -f.sub.1 max was the difference between the cutoff frequencies obtained from Doppler-shift frequency spectra recorded in two directions, K and K.sub.2, n was the index of refraction of the flowing medium, a was the angle between vectors K.sub.1 and K.sub.2 and .beta. was the angle between the vector V.sub.max and its projection on the plane defined by the vectors K.sub.1 and K.sub.2.
The first absolute measurements of V.sub.max were obtained by Riva using a standard slitlamp microscope in conjunction with a low-vacuum corneal contact lens. The use of a contact lens considerably simplified the determination of the scattering geometry because the lens eliminated the corneal refraction of the Doppler shifted light. Several problems arose, however, when the technique was applied to human subjects: (a) there was a risk of corneal abrasion and infect (b) there was poor motion stabilization of the target retina because the fellow (non-target) eye was used for target fixation; (c) changes in intraocular pressure caused by application of the contact lens could affect retinal blood flow; and (d) the slitlamp instrument did not allow Doppler-shift frequency spectra to be simultaneously recorded for two directions of the scattered light or the determination of V.sub.max in vertical vessels.
While the method taught by Riva provided reliable velocity measurements, it suffered from inherent drawbacks with regard to alignment and depth resolution. Regarding alignment in the Riva method, the procedure for measuring blood velocity in a vessel consisted of focusing a laser beam on the vessel. Two beams of the light scattered by the moving particles were optically selected and focused in a plane by a lens. The two scattered light beams were collected by two optical fibers which transferred them to two photodetectors. The input apertures of the optical fibers transmitting the scattered light to the photo-detectors were moved to the two focused beams using x-y microdrives. This procedure was time consuming, particularly when the incident beam was moved to a number of different vessels, as was the case when several retinal or conjunctival vessels were measured.
The depth resolution of these measurements was determined by the optics of the eye and the optical systems used to illuminate the vessel and to detect the scattered light. In a fundus camera arrangement, for example, the resolution was insufficient to separate light scattered by the different layers of the fundus so that measurements from retinal vessels could be affected by light scattered from red blood cells moving in the choriocapillaries. This was the case, in particular, when the velocity of the moving red blood cells was measured in small retinal blood vessels.
Therefore, an object of the optical system of the present invention is to overcome the inherent drawbacks with regard to alignment and depth resolution, as well as other drawbacks in the prior art, by providing a method and apparatus for self-alignment when measuring the velocity of moving particles such as red blood cells in individual blood vessels combining the principles of confocal imaging and bidirectional laser velocimetry and incorporating the apparatus into a device that allows viewing of the blood vessel and the surrounding media.
More particularly, it is an object of the optical system of the present invention to measure the velocity of moving particles such as red blood cells in individual blood vessels of a vascular bed such as the conjunctiva and the iris in the anterior part of the eye or in the retina in the fundus of the eye.
Another object of the optical system of the present invention is to provide an instrument that is more compact and easier to use than prior art velocimetry instruments.
Another object of the optical system of the present invention is to provide better spatial definition than the spatial definition available in prior art velocimetry instruments.
Another object of the optical system of the present invention is to provide an instrument having substantially common path propagation of the illumination beam and the scattered detector beams.
Another object of the optical system of the present invention is to provide adaptability to existing ophthalmic instruments such as fundus cameras, slitlamps and laser scanning ophthalmoscopes with minimal modification of the existing instruments.
Briefly the present invention is a method and apparatus for measuring the speed of particles moving in the same direction, such as red blood cells moving in individual blood vessels, combining the principles of confocal imaging and bidirectional laser Doppler velocimetry. In the method of the invention the moving particles are illuminated by a laser beam and the light scattered by the moving particles is detected along two directions by two photodetectors. The optical systems for illuminating the moving particles and for detecting the scattered light are arranged in a confocal mode. The scattered light contains components corresponding to Doppler-shifted light from the moving particles and components corresponding to the unshifted light corresponding to the light scattered by nonmoving structures (reference beam). The shifted and unshifted components are caused to interfere at the surface of each photodetector. Electric signals from the photodetectors thus contain a spectrum corresponding to the optical spectrum of the scattered light shifted down to lower frequencies by an amount equal to the frequency of the incident laser light. The electrical signals are filtered, amplified and digitized. A computer algorithm removes the noise component from the digitized signals to determine the noise free spectrum. The maximum frequency shift, corresponding to the maximum velocity of the particles (centerline velocity), is then determined from the noise free spectrum. In the bidirectional mode, the signals from the two detectors are analyzed to obtain two maximum frequency shifts. From the two maximum frequency shifts, the frequency of the incident laser beam, the angle between both scattered beams, and the maximum velocity of the moving particles are obtained.

Confocal bidirectional laser doppler velocimetry