The present invention provides a central processing unit-containing large-scale integration (hereinafter, referred to as a “CPU-containing LSI”) in which software stored in an external memory is incorporated partially into a random access memory (hereinafter, referred to as “RAM”) and thereby the capacity of the RAM to be used can be held down, and an optical disk device including the same. In the CPU-containing LSI, the RAM includes a software storage region where software read in from the external memory on a module-by-module basis is stored, and an entry table in which entries are stored, with the entries each containing at least information as to a location and a size of a module stored in the software storage region. The CPU refers to the entry table to decide the location where a module to be read in from the external memory to the software storage region is to be stored, according to an incorporation-location search program.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to a central processing unit-containing large-scale integration (hereinafter, referred to as a "CPU-containing LSI") that reads in software from an external memory to operate, and an optical disk device with such a CPU-containing LSI.
2. Related Background Art
Conventionally, in a CPU-containing LSI, software is read in from an external memory to a memory such as a RAM contained in the LSI and then is executed in a CPU. FIG. 30 shows the configuration of a conventional optical disk device, which is described below. In FIG. 30, numeral 3000 denotes the conventional optical disk device. Numeral 3001 denotes a conventional LSI. Numeral 3002 denotes a CPU that controls the LSI 3001. Numeral 3003 denotes a random access memory (hereinafter, referred to as "RAM") that stores software and can be accessed from the outside, with the software being composed of an instruction sequence that is independent of CPU. Numeral 3004 denotes a read-only memory (hereinafter, referred to as "ROM") that stores an interpreter execution program (3006) for interpreting the software to execute it. Numeral 3010 denotes a communications unit that is used for communications between the LSI 3001 and external units. Numeral 3005 denotes a system control microcomputer for controlling the whole optical disk device 3000. Numeral 3007 denotes an external memory in which software to be stored in the RAM 3003, a program to be executed by the system control microcomputer 3005, etc. have been stored. Numeral 3014 denotes an optical disk.
Furthermore, numeral 3011 indicates an optical disk control unit that is controlled by commands from the LSI 3001 and decides, for instance, the laser power at which recording and reproduction is to be carried out with respect to the optical disk 3014, the rotational speed of the optical disk 3014, and the position of the head. Numeral 3012 denotes a recording/reproducing head that is controlled by the optical disk control unit 3011 and reads signals reproduced from the optical disk 3014 and the laser output. Numeral 3013 denotes a motor that is used for rotating the optical disk 3014 and is controlled by the optical disk control unit 3011. Furthermore, numeral 3006 denotes an interpreter execution program for making the CPU 3002 to execute an interpretation, while numeral 3008 indicates a software storage region.
The CPU 3002 and both the RAM 3003 and the ROM 3004 as well as the external memory 3007 and the system control microcomputer 3005 are connected to each other through a bus, respectively. The system control microcomputer 3005 can access the CPU 3002 and the RAM 3003 through the communications unit 3010. Furthermore, the CPU 3002 also can access the optical disk control unit 3011 through the communications unit 3010.
The operation of the conventional LSI is described below with reference to FIG. 30. First, the system control microcomputer 3005 stores, in the software storage region 3008 of the RAM 3003, software that has been stored in the external memory 3007 and controls the optical disk device. The address from which this storage is started is the initial address of the software storage region 3008. When the system control microcomputer 3005 issues an interpreter execution command to the CPU 3002 through the communications unit 3010, the CPU 3002 executes the interpreter execution program 3006 stored in the ROM 3004. The CPU 3002 interprets the software stored in the software storage region 3008 to execute it. The CPU 3002 controls the optical disk by setting register parameters, issuing commands, and obtaining status with respect to the optical disk control unit 3011 through the communications unit 3010.
The optical disk device described above makes it possible to replace the optical-disk control command with another one or to change parameters of the control command by replacing software stored in the software storage region 3008 with another one. Consequently, the optical disk device described above allows software to be developed on a user-by-user basis without restraint. Furthermore, software for controlling the optical disk device can be developed even after the program stored in the ROM 3004 and the program incorporated into the optical disk control unit 3011 are fixed through prestoring of software in the external memory.
In the conventional optical disk device, however, software stored in the external memory 3007 cannot partially be incorporated into the RAM 3003. Consequently, it is not possible to incorporate software to be executed in the device into the RAM 3003 at the times when the software is required to be executed. Accordingly, all software that has been stored in the external memory 3007 and controls the optical disk has to be incorporated into the RAM 3003. On the other hand, the size of software has increased due to the increase in control items and type of the optical disk to be controlled by the optical disk device. Practically, from the viewpoint of the competition in LSI cost, the capacity of the RAM 3003 is limited. As a result, there were cases where the capacity of software exceeded the software storage capacity of the RAM 3003 and thereby the optical disk device 3000 stopped operating. This resulted in the placement of a limitation that the capacity of software must not exceed the software storage capacity of the RAM 3003 in developing software.

CPU-containing LSI, and optical disk device and LSI device with the same


This invention relates to a simple and reliable screening method for determining an individual's susceptibility to breast, ovarian, colon or prostrate cancer. This invention also relates to a test kit for use in conjunction with this method. The inventive method targets a specific alteration of the BRCA protein and identifies a non-invasive source of normal cells that express this protein.

BRCA-1 and BRCA-2 gene mutations have been identified as being responsible for about 90% of all early-onset hereditary breast and ovarian cancers.
BRCA-1 and BRCA-2 gene mutations have also been associated with an increased risk of, or susceptibility to, colon or prostate cancer.
The full sequence of the BRCA-1 and BRCA-2 genes were discovered and/or published in October 1994 and December 1995, respectively. The availability of these sequences and the deduced amino acid sequences has allowed the generation of representative peptide sequences. These peptide sequences have been used as immunogens to raise antibodies capable of detecting specific regions of the BRCA-1 and BRCA-2 proteins.
Approximately 88% of BRCA-1 mutations have been reported to result in the production of a foreshortened protein, from which the terminal end sequences (i.e., carboxy-terminus (C-terminus)) of the BRCA-1 protein are missing. (See Donna Shattuck-Eidens et al., A Collaborative Survey of 80 Mutations . . . , J. Am. Med. Ass'n, Vol. 273 No. 7, Feb. 15, 1995, at 535-541). Data documenting the extent of BRCA-2 mutations, which also result in protein truncation, is available. (See Simon A. Gayther et al., Variation of risks of breast and Ovarian Cancer . . . , BRCA-2 gene, Nature Genetics, Vol. 15, 1997, January 1997, at 103-105). BRCA-1 mutations, however, are reported to have taken the form of single base alterations, single base deletions or multiple base deletions that result in frame shifts that end with downstream stop codons, producing truncation of the BRCA-1 protein consequent to the presence of a gene mutation. As is well known to those skilled in the art, a normal individual carries two unmutated alleles of the BRCA-1 protein while a susceptible individual inherits a normal allele from one parent and a mutated allele from the other parent. These normal and heterozygous allele pairs are carried in every nucleated cell within the body. In tumor tissue, the normal allele has frequently become altered, leaving the susceptible individual with no normal gene copies to produce normal, full-length BRCA-1 protein. In view of the above, it has been hypothesized by the present inventors that the normal nucleated cells of an affected individual will express one normal copy of the BRCA-1 protein and one truncated copy, whereas their tumor cells are likely to possess two altered copies of the protein.
Antibodies capable of detecting the amino-terminus (N-terminus) of the BRCA-1 protein and antibodies capable of detecting the C-terminus of the BRCA-1 protein are known. These antibodies have been used to localize BRCA-1 protein to particular regions of normal cells and tumor cells (see Ralph Scully el al., Location of BRCA-1 in Human Breast Cells and Ovarian Cells, SCIENCE, Vol. 272, Apr. 5, 1996, at 123-124) and, more recently, have been used to monitor expression and localization of protein expressed from transfected constructs containing selected regions of the BRCA-1 protein (see Cindy A. Wilson et al., Differential Subcellular Localization Expression and Biological Toxicity . . . , ONCOGENE, Vol. 14, January 1997, at 1-16).
Antibodies capable of detecting the N-terminus and C-terminus regions of the BRCA-2 protein are also available.
Based upon some of the above-referenced discoveries, Myriad Genetics, Inc. of Salt Lake City, Utah, developed a comprehensive BRCA-1 and BRCA-2 DNA sequence analysis which is marketed under the trade designation BRACAnalysis.TM. comprehensive BRCA-1 and BRCA-2 sequence analysis for susceptibility to breast and ovarian cancer. This genetic analysis reportedly identifies genetic mutations in the entire protein-coding sequences and additional adjacent areas in both the BRCA-1 and BRCA-2 genes. The cost or fee for this genetic analysis is reportedly $2,400.
Due to the complex and comprehensive nature of this DNA-based genetic analysis and the resulting higher cost, it is primarily intended for individuals who are at high risk of hereditary breast or ovarian cancer and those with a diagnosis of breast (especially premenopausal) or ovarian cancer.
Accordingly, there is a need for the development of a less complex and therefore lower cost method for determining cancer susceptibility.
It is therefore the object of the present invention to develop a general screening method for determining susceptibility to breast and ovarian cancer and to other cancers associated with such susceptibility.
It is a more particular object to develop an antibody-based method to detect reduction or loss of the C-terminus regions of BRCA-1 or BRCA-2 protein, which is indicative of a gene mutation.
It is another object of the present invention to develop a test kit for use in conjunction with the developed method.

Method for determining the presence of mutated BRCA protein


A display apparatus and a method for controlling the same are provided. The method for controlling a display apparatus includes sensing a first touch input on a display screen; determining a first pattern based on the sensed first touch input; determining a second pattern based on a second touch input if the second touch input is sensed in a predetermined threshold time after the first pattern is determined; performing a zoom in or a zoom out of content that is displayed on the display screen based on the first and second patterns; and displaying the content that is zoomed in or zoomed out according to the performing.

1. Field
Exemplary embodiments relate to a display apparatus and a method for controlling the same, and more particularly to a display apparatus and a method for controlling the same, which can zoom in and zoom out of content.
2. Description of the Related Art
In order to enlarge or reduce content that is displayed on a touch screen of a display device, a user may put two fingers on the touch screen on which the content is displayed and enlarge or reduce the corresponding content using the two fingers.
However, in such a method for enlarging or reducing content, a user is required to touch the touch screen with two fingers. Thus, the method can be implemented only on a touch screen with multi-touch detection capability, but cannot be performed on a touch screen without multi-touch detection capability.
In addition, the method described above causes hand marks, such as fingerprints, to remain on the touch screen, and foreign substances to stick to the touch screen since the user must put his/her fingers directly on the touch screen. Due to this, the touch sensing function of the touch screen for sensing the user's touch may deteriorate.
Further, in the case of controlling the touch screen using a touch pen, various functions of the display device can be controlled through the touch pen, but controlling the enlargement and reduction of the content through the touch pen is not possible using the above described method.

Display apparatus and method for controlling the same


In one embodiment, a method includes storing, in a data store, a physical network model of a network environment, the network environment comprising one or more central controllers and one or more access points each operative to associate with a central controller, the physical network model comprising one or more region objects, each region object corresponding to a physical region of the network environment, each region object further including one or more radio frequency (RF) coverage maps, each RF coverage map defining a location of one or more access points and RF properties of a physical space; receiving a first mapping definition between a location server and a one or more region objects of the physical network model; receiving a second mapping definition between the location server and one or more central controllers; transmitting the one or more region objects in the first mapping definition to the location server; and configuring the location server and the one or more central controllers in the second mapping definition to interoperate.

Market adoption of wireless LAN (WLAN) technology has exploded, as users from a wide range of backgrounds and vertical industries have brought this technology into their homes, offices, and increasingly into the public air space. This inflection point has highlighted not only the limitations of earlier-generation systems, but also the changing role that WLAN technology now plays in people's work and lifestyles across the globe. Indeed, WLANs are rapidly changing from convenience networks to business-critical networks. Increasingly users are depending on WLANs to improve the timeliness and productivity of their communications and applications, and in doing so, require greater visibility, security, management, and performance from their network. Enterprises are increasingly deploying location servers to track and provide the location of wired and wireless clients, for such purposes as e911, RF firewalls systems, and the like. Deployment of location services in a network across a large enterprise or across multiple sites in a distributed and managed fashion presents certain challenges, especially as an enterprise grows a network, deployment of location services may become a management problem.

Management of distributed location servers


Provided is a method for fabricating a Schottky barrier tunnel transistor (SBTT) that can fundamentally prevent the generation of a gate leakage current caused by damage of spacers formed on both sidewalls of a gate electrode. The method for fabricating a Schottky barrier tunnel transistor, which includes: a) forming a silicon pattern and a sacrificial pattern on a buried oxide layer supported by a support substrate; b) forming a source/drain region on the buried oxide layer exposed on both sides of the silicon pattern, the source/drain region being formed of a metal layer and being in contact with both sidewalls of the silicon pattern; c) removing the sacrificial pattern to expose the top surface of the silicon pattern; and d) forming a gate insulating layer and a gate electrode on the exposed silicon pattern.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a semiconductor fabrication technology; and, more particularly, to a method for fabricating a Schottky barrier tunnel transistor (SBTT) using a Schottky barrier between a metal and a semiconductor.
2. Description of Related Art
The recent advance of semiconductor fabrication technologies makes it possible to fabricate semiconductor devices having a short channel of 50 nm or less. However, as the size of the devices becomes smaller, new phenomenon occurs which deteriorates operation characteristics of the devices. Specifically, a transistor having a channel length of 100 nm or less must be carefully controlled because a leakage current caused by a short channel effect significantly increases.
To solve this problem, studies have been conducted on SBTT devices in which a source region and a drain region are formed of metal or silicide.
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a conventional SBTT.
Referring to FIG. 1, the conventional SBTT includes a support substrate 10, a buried oxide layer (BOX) 11 formed on the support substrate 10, a source/drain region 12 formed within a silicon layer on the buried oxide layer 11, a gate insulating layer 13 formed on a channel region 16 of the silicon layer, a gate electrode 14 formed on the gate insulating layer 13, and spacers 15 formed on both sidewalls of the gate electrode 14.
The conventional SBTT has a vertical structure in which the gate insulating layer 13 and the gate electrode 14 are sequentially stacked on the silicon layer. This vertical structure is similar to a typical metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) structure. However, unlike the MOSFET, the source/drain region 12 is formed by a sputtering process, not an ion implantation process. More specifically, after a metal layer is deposited by a sputtering process, a thermal treatment is performed to react the metal layer with silicon, thereby forming a metal silicide layer. At this point, a metal silicide layer 17 is also formed on the gate electrode 14.
However, since the gate electrode is first formed and the source/drain region is then formed by the silicide process using a rare earth metal having a very strong reactivity, the spacers on both sidewalls of the gate electrode are damaged during the silicide process. Further, a leakage current may be generated from the damaged region.

Method for fabricating Schottky barrier tunnel transistor

Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute


A method for enhancing the reliability of a simplified multicasting forwarding protocol in a wireless network is provided. The method comprises establishing a list of multi-point relaying (MPR) nodes for each of a plurality of nodes. The list of MPR nodes includes neighbor nodes that cover each of the plurality of nodes within two hops. A first set of nodes is identified that is not already in the list of MPR nodes. In a first approach, the first set of nodes includes nodes that are the only neighbor node to a node in the list of MPR nodes. In a second alternative approach, the first set of nodes includes nodes that are sequentially previous to a node in the list of MPR nodes. Once the first set of nodes is identified, the first set of nodes is added to the list of MPR nodes. If the first approach is used, the method further comprises identifying a second set of nodes that is not already in the list of MPR nodes. The second set of nodes comprises nodes that have the largest number of neighboring MPR nodes. The second set of nodes is then added to the list of MPR nodes.

In any convoy of utility vehicles or other applications wherein a group of vehicles are in close proximity, intra-convoy voice communications and the ability to efficiently transfer data among the vehicles are imperative for safe and efficient operations. This is especially true during operation of convoys of military utility vehicles. One method of real-time, direct voice intra-convoy communications is via individual communication devices, such as walkie-talkies, used within the convoy. Other more advanced concepts may incorporate satellite communications from one or more vehicles within the convoy. Such satellite communications can be hampered by the number of satellite-equipped vehicles, and usually is restricted to satellite text message systems. Furthermore, since the signal must be bounced off a satellite orbiting the earth, there is an inherent delay in the text message communications. This time delay could prove critical to safe convoy operations.
One of the factors that inhibit communication systems in convoys is the lack of a fixed infrastructure of nodes and antennas in the areas where convoys operate. Attempts have been made to overcome this problem by establishing communication via mobile ad-hoc networks (MANET). A MANET includes a number of geographically-distributed, potentially mobile nodes sharing one or more common radio channels. MANETs differ from other networks (e.g. Internet, wireless LAN), because a MANET lacks a fixed infrastructure. Instead of having centralized routers/servers and local access points, the network consists of only nodes and each node behaves as a router and forwards packets through the network. A MANET can be created and adjusted on the fly as the nodes enter and exit the network. MANETs are more difficult to administer than a fixed infrastructure network, but there are many situations in which a fixed infrastructure network is impractical or unavailable, for example, after a natural disaster.
MANETs pose many challenges to current designers. Due to the lack of a central controller and processor, all functions must be distributed amongst the nodes. As a result, all nodes are essentially the same in their construction. Additionally, in a wireless setting the distance between two nodes may be greater than the radio transmission range of the nodes. This forces information to be hopped through other nodes to get to the destination node. As the network grows in size, routing the information through the nodes becomes more complex. As a result, much effort has been put into the design of routing protocols. The routing protocol for a network can greatly affect the speed and quality of a MANETs service. Routing protocols must adapt to the frequent changes in the network, and often must do so with information that is not current with network activities. Further, gathering new information about the network puts a strain on network resources and may not update frequently enough to be effective.
One of the greatest difficulties confronting ad hoc wireless networks is route recovery after a route breakage occurs. Often breakages are the result of two nodes on a route losing communication with each other. Loss of communication can result from one of the nodes leaving the network, or when the distance between nodes becomes longer than the transmission range of the nodes. Physical barriers, interference, and other natural phenomena can also interrupt the communication path. Two opposing protocol designs have been developed to improve route recovery, one proactive and one reactive.
The proactive protocols require each node to maintain a current routing table with routes to every other node in the network regardless of whether any data transmission will occur with the other nodes. Proactive routing protocols have a short latency for discovery of a route, because a source node already has the route to a destination node in its routing table. Maintaining a current routing table, however, causes proactive protocols to use a considerable amount of network resources. Nodes are continually sending packets around the network as they verify routes to ensure their routing tables are up to date. Exemplary proactive protocols are Open Storage Path First (OSPF), Optimal Link State Routing (OLSR), and Topology Broadcast based on Reverse-Path Forwarding (TBRPF).
Reactive protocols require a node to maintain information only on current or recently used routes in which the node itself is involved. Under these protocols, a source node initiates route discovery only when the source node needs to send packets to a destination that is not on a current route the source node is using. Thus, network resources are not unnecessarily tied up discovering routes that may never be used. The route discovery process, however, will incur a large latency during startup of the route because a new route must be discovered before data can be sent. Reactive protocols generally show better bandwidth efficiency than proactive routing if there are a small number of source-destination pairs. Exemplary reactive protocols are Ad hoc On-demand Multi-path Distance Vector (AOMDV) and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR).

Method for enhancement of multicasting forwarding protocol in a wireless network


One method of operating a fuel cell system including splitting a cathode exhaust from one or more fuel cell stacks in the system into a majority cathode exhaust stream comprising more than 50% of the cathode exhaust and a first cathode exhaust bypass stream, providing the majority cathode exhaust stream to an inlet of an anode tail gas oxidizer (ATO) containing a catalyst and providing the first cathode bypass stream downstream of the catalyst such that it bypasses the catalyst. Another method includes providing an air inlet stream to the SOFC system via a main air inlet, providing the air inlet stream from the main air inlet to a cathode recuperator, and providing a cooling medium to a heat exchanger to cool the cathode recuperator.

Fuel cells, such as solid oxide fuel cells, are electrochemical devices which can convert energy stored in fuels to electrical energy with high efficiencies. High temperature fuel cells include solid oxide and molten carbonate fuel cells. These fuel cells may operate using hydrogen and/or hydrocarbon fuels. There are classes of fuel cells, such as the solid oxide regenerative fuel cells, that also allow reversed operation, such that oxidized fuel can be reduced back to unoxidized fuel using electrical energy as an input.
FIGS. 1-9 illustrate a prior art fuel cell system described in U.S. Published Application 2010/0009221 published on Jan. 14, 2010 (filed as Ser. No. 12/458,171 and incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Specifically, with reference to FIGS. 1, 2A, 2B and 3A, an integrated fuel cell unit 10 is shown in form of an integrated solid oxide fuel cell ("SOFC")/fuel processor 10 having a generally cylindrical construction. The unit 10 includes an annular array 12 of eight (8) fuel cell stacks 14 surrounding a central axis 16, with each of the fuel cell stacks 14 having a stacking direction extended parallel to the central axis 16, with each of the stacks having a face 17 that faces radially outward and a face 18 that faces radially inward. As best seen in FIG. 3A the fuel cell stacks 14 are spaced angularly from each other and arranged to form a ring-shaped structure about the axis 16. Because there are eight of the fuel cell stacks 14, the annular array 12 could also be characterized as forming an octagon-shaped structure about the axis 16. While eight of the fuel cell stacks 14 have been shown, it should be understood that the invention contemplates an annular array 12 that may include more than or less than eight fuel cell stacks.
With reference to FIG. 1, the unit 10 further includes an annular cathode recuperator 20 located radially outboard from the array 12 of fuel stacks 14, an annular anode recuperator 22 located radially inboard from the annular array 12, a reformer 24 also located radially inboard of the annular array 12, and an annular anode exhaust cooler/cathode preheater 26, all integrated within a single housing structure 28. The housing structure 28 includes an anode feed port 30, an anode exhaust port 32, a cathode feed port 34, a cathode exhaust port 36, and an anode combustion gas inlet port 37. An anode exhaust combustor (typically in the form an anode tail gas oxidizer (ATO) combustor), shown schematically at 38, is a component separate from the integrated unit 10 and receives an anode exhaust flow 39 from the port 32 to produce an anode combustion gas flow 40 that is delivered to the anode combustion gas inlet 37. During startup, the combustor 38 also receives a fuel flow (typically natural gas), shown schematically by arrow 41. Additionally, some of the anode exhaust flow may be recycled to the anode feed port 30, as shown by arrows 42. In this regard, a suitable valve 43 may be provided to selectively control the routing of the anode exhaust flow to either the combustor 38 or the anode feed port 30. Furthermore, although not shown, a blower may be required in order to provide adequate pressurization of the recycled anode exhaust flow 42. While FIGS. 1, 2A and 2B are section views, it will be seen in the later figures that the components and features of the integrated unit 10 are symmetrical about the axis 16, with the exception of the ports 34, 36 and 37.
With reference to FIG. 1 and FIG. 2A, the cathode flows will be explained in greater detail. As seen in FIG. 1, a cathode feed (typically air), shown schematically by arrows 44, enters the unit 10 via the port 34 and passes through an annular passage 46 before entering a radial passage 48. It should be noted that as used herein, the term "radial passage" is intended to refer to a passage wherein a flow is directed either radially inward or radially outward in a generally symmetric 360 degree pattern. The cathode feed 44 flows radially outward through the passage 48 to an annular passage 50 that surrounds the array 12 and passes through the cathode recuperator 20. The cathode feed 44 flows downward through the annular passage 50 and then flows radially inward to an annular feed manifold volume 52 that surrounds the annular array 12 to distribute the cathode feed 44 into each of the fuel cell stacks 14 where the cathode feed provides oxygen ions for the reaction in the fuel cell stacks 14 and exits the fuel cell stacks 14 as a cathode exhaust 56. The cathode exhaust 56 then flows across the reformer 24 into an annular exhaust manifold area 58 where it mixes with the combustion gas flow 40 which is directed into the manifold 58 via an annular passage 60. In this regard, it should be noted that the combustion gas flow 40 helps to make up for the loss of mass in the cathode exhaust flow 56 resulting from the transport of oxygen in the fuel cell stacks 14. This additional mass flow provided by the combustion gas flow 40 helps in minimizing the size of the cathode recuperator 20. The combined combustion gas flow 40 and cathode exhaust 56, shown schematically by arrows 62, exits the manifold 58 via a central opening 64 to a radial passage 66. The combined exhaust 62 flows radially outward through the passage 66 to an annular exhaust flow passage 68 that passes through the cathode recuperator 20 in heat exchange relation with the passage 50 to transfer heat from the combined exhaust 62 to the cathode feed 44. The combined exhaust 62 flows upward through the annular passage 68 to a radial passage 70 which directs the combined exhaust 62 radially inward to a final annular passage 72 before exiting the unit 10 via the exhaust port 36.
With reference to FIG. 1 and FIG. 2B, an anode feed, shown schematically by arrows 80, enters the unit 10 via the anode feed inlet port 30 preferably in the form of a mixture of recycled anode exhaust 42 and methane. The anode feed 80 is directed to an annular passage 82 that passes through the anode recuperator 22. The anode feed 80 then flows to a radial flow passage 84 where anode feed 80 flows radially outward to an annular manifold or plenum 86 that directs the anode feed into the reformer 24. After being reformed in the reformer 24, the anode feed 80 exits the bottom of reformer 24 as a reformate and is directed into an integrated pressure plate/anode feed manifold 90. The feed manifold 90 directs the anode feed 80 to a plurality of stack feed ports 92, with one of the ports 92 being associated with each of the fuel cell stacks 14. Each of the ports 92 directs the anode feed 80 into a corresponding anode feed/return assembly 94 that directs the anode feed 82 into the corresponding fuel cell stack 14 and collects an anode exhaust, shown schematically by arrows 96, from the corresponding stack 14 after the anode feed reacts in the stack 14. Each of the anode feed/return assemblies 94 directs the anode exhaust 96 back into a corresponding one of a plurality of stack ports 98 in the pressure plate/manifold 90 (again, one port 98 for each of the fuel cell stacks 14). The manifold 90 directs the anode exhaust 96 radially inward to eight anode exhaust ports 100 (again, one for each stack 14) that are formed in the pressure plate/manifold 90. The anode exhaust 96 flows through the ports 100 into a plurality of corresponding anode exhaust tubes 102 which direct the anode exhaust 96 to a radial anode exhaust flow passage 104. The anode exhaust 96 flows radially inward through the passage 104 to an annular flow passage 106 that passes downward through the anode recuperator 22 in heat exchange relation with the flow passage 82. The anode exhaust 96 is then directed from the annular passage 106 upward into a tubular passage 108 by a baffle/cover 110 which is preferably dome-shaped. The anode exhaust 96 flows upwards through the passage 108 before being directed into another annular passage 112 by a baffle/cover 114, which again is preferably dome-shaped. The annular passage 112 passes through the anode cooler 26 in heat exchange relation with the annular cathode feed passage 46. After transferring heat to the cathode feed 44, the anode exhaust 96 exits the annular passage 112 and is directed by a baffle 116, which is preferably cone-shaped, into the anode exhaust port 32.
With reference to FIGS. 3A, 3B, the reformer 24 is provided in the form of an annular array 280 of eight tube sets 282, with each tube set 282 corresponding to one of the fuel cell stacks 14 and including a row of flattened tubes 284. In this regard, it should be noted that the number of tubes 284 in the tube sets 282 will be highly dependent upon the particular parameters of each application and can vary from unit 10 to unit 10 depending upon those particular parameters.
FIG. 3C is intended as a generic figure to illustrate certain construction details common to the cathode recuperator 20, the anode recuperator 22, and the anode cooler 26. The construction of each of these three heat exchangers basically consists of three concentric cylindrical walls A,B,C that define two separate flow passages D and E, with corrugated or serpentine fin structures G and H provided in the flow passages D and E, respectively, to provide surface area augmentation of the respective flow passages. Because the heat transfer occurs through the cylindrical wall B, it is preferred that the fins G and H be bonded to the wall B in order to provide good thermal conductivity, such as by brazing. On the other hand, for purposes of assembly and/or allowing differential thermal expansion, it is preferred that the fins G and H not be bonded to the cylindrical walls A and C. For each of the heat exchangers 20, 22 and 26, it should be understood that the longitudinal length and the specific geometry of the fins G and H in each of the flow paths D and E can be adjusted as required for each particular application in order to achieve the desired output temperatures and allowable pressure drops from the heat exchangers.
Turning now to FIG. 4A-D, the anode cooler 26 includes a corrugated or serpentine fin structure 300 to provide surface area augmentation for the anode exhaust 96 in the passage 112, a corrugated or serpentine fin structure 302 that provides surface area augmentation for the cathode feed flow 44 in the passage 46, and a cylindrical wall or tube 304 to which the fins 300 and 302 are bonded, preferably by brazing, and which serves to separate the flow passage 46 from the flow passage 112. As best seen in FIG. 4B, a cylindrical flow baffle 306 is provided on the interior side of the corrugated fin 300 and includes the dome-shaped baffle 114 on its end in order to define the inner part of flow passage 112. A donut-shaped flow baffle 308 is also provided to direct the cathode feed 44 radially outward after it exists the flow passage 46. The cone-shaped baffle 116 together with the port 32 are attached to the top of the tube 304, and include a bolt flange 310 that is structurally fixed, by a suitable bonding method such as brazing or welding, to the port 32, which also includes a bellows 311 to allow for thermal expansion between the housing 28 and the components connected through the flange 310. As seen in FIG. 4C, the above-described components can be assembled as yet another subassembly that is bonded together, such as by brazing.
In reference to FIGS. 1 and 4D, it can be seen that the anode recuperator 22 includes a corrugated or serpentine fin structure 312 in the annular flow passage 82 for surface area augmentation for anode feed 80. As best seen in FIG. 1, the anode recuperator 22 further includes another corrugated or serpentine fin structure 314 in the annular flow passage 106 for surface augmentation of the anode exhaust 96.
As best seen in FIG. 4D, corrugated fins 312 and 314 are preferably bonded to a cylindrical wall of tube 316 that serves to separate the flow passages 82 and 106 from each other, with the dome-shaped baffle 110 being connected to the bottom end of the wall 316. Another cylindrical wall or tube 320 is provided radially inboard from the corrugated fin 314 (not shown in FIG. 4D, but in a location equivalent to fin 300 in cylinder 304 as seen in FIG. 4B) to define the inner side of the annular passage 106, as best seen in FIG. 4D. As seen in FIG. 2A, an insulation sleeve 322 is provided within the cylindrical wall 320 and a cylindrical exhaust tube 324 is provided within the insulation sleeve 322 to define the passage 108 for the anode exhaust 96. Preferably, the exhaust tube 324 is joined to a conical-shaped flange 328 provided at a lower end of the cylindrical wall 320. With reference to FIG. 4D, another cylindrical wall or tube 330 surrounds the corrugated fin 312 to define the radial outer limit of the flow passage 82 and is connected to the inlet port 30 by a conical-shaped baffle 332. A manifold disk 334 is provided at the upper end of the wall 316 and includes a central opening 336 for receiving the cylindrical wall 320, and eight anode exhaust tube receiving holes 338 for sealingly receiving the ends of the anode exhaust tubes 102, with the plate 308 serving to close the upper extent of the manifold plate 334 in the assembled state.
With reference to FIGS. 2B and 4E, a heat shield assembly 350 is shown and includes an inner cylindrical shell 352 (shown in FIG. 2B), an outer cylindrical shell 354, an insulation sleeve 356 (shown in FIG. 2B) positioned between the inner and outer shells 352 and 354, and a disk-shaped cover 358 closing an open end of the outer shell 350. The cover 358 includes eight electrode clearance openings 360 for through passage of the electrode sleeves 211. As seen in FIG. 4E, the heat shield assembly 350 is assembled over an insulation disk 361 the outer perimeter of the assembled array 12 of fuel cells 14 and defines the outer extent of the cathode feed manifold 52. The heat shield 350 serves to retain the heat associated with the components that it surrounds. FIG. 5 shows the heat shield assembly 350 mounted over the stacks 14.
With reference to FIG. 1 and FIG. 6, the cathode recuperator 20 includes a corrugated or serpentine fin structure 362 to provide surface enhancement in the annular flow passage 68 for the combined exhaust 62, a corrugated or serpentine fin structure 364 to provide surface enhancement in the annular flow passage 50 for the cathode feed 44, and a cylindrical tube or wall 366 that separates the flow passages 50 and 68 and to which the fins 362 and 364 are bonded. A disk-shaped cover plate 368 is provided to close the upper opening of the cylindrical wall 366 and includes a central opening 370, and a plurality of electrode clearance openings 372 for the passage of the electrode sleeve 211 therethrough. A cylindrical tube or sleeve 376 is attached to the cover 368 to act as an outer sleeve for the anode cooler 26, and an upper annular bolt flange 378 is attached to the top of the sleeve 376. A lower ring-shaped bolt flange 380 and an insulation sleeve 382 are fitted to the exterior of the sleeve 376, and a cylindrical wall or shield 384 surrounds the insulation sleeve 382 and defines an inner wall for the passage 72, as best seen in FIGS. 1 and 6.
With reference to FIG. 7, the components of FIG. 6 are then assembled over the components shown in FIG. 5 with the flange 378 being bolted to the flange 310.
With reference to FIG. 4A, the outer housing 28 is assembled over the remainder of the unit 10 and bolted thereto at flange 380 and a flange 400 of the housing 28, and at flange 402 of the assembly 237 and a flange 404 of the housing 28, preferably with a suitable gasket between the flange connections to seal the connections.
FIG. 9 is a schematic representation of the previously described integrated unit 10 showing the various flows through the integrated unit 10 in relation to each of the major components of the integrated unit 10. FIG. 9 also shows an optional air cooled anode condenser 460 that is preferably used to cool the anode exhaust flow 39 and condense water therefrom prior to the flow 39 entering the combustor 38. If desired, the condenser may be omitted. FIG. 9 also shows a blower 462 for providing an air flow to the combustor 38, a blower 464 for providing the cathode feed 44, and a blower 466 for pressurizing the anode recycle flow 42. If desired, in an alternate embodiment of the unit 10 shown in FIG. 9 also differs from the previously described embodiment shown in FIG. 1 in that an optional steam generator (water/combined exhaust heat exchanger) 440 is added in order to utilize waste heat from the combined exhaust 62 to produce steam during startup. In this regard, a water flow 442 is provided to a water inlet port 444 of the heat exchanger 440, and a steam outlet port directs a steam flow 448 to be mixed with the anode feed 80 for delivery to the anode feed inlet port 30.

SOFC with cathode exhaust partial bypass of the ATO and additional air cooling of a hotbox


An inline edge-sealing apparatus and method for sealing the kerf surfaces of cut cellular PVC board includes a rotary saw with either a tandem sealing disc or with an integral elevated sealing surface that is dimensioned to provide precise interference with kerf surfaces for friction and heat to melt and seal the surfaces in an aesthetically desirable manner. A kerf splitter, such as a kerf splitting pin, rod or riving knife, may be provided following a saw blade with integral kerf-engaging surface to avoid disruption of the sealed surface when cut boards exit the saw blade teeth.

The cellular polyvinyl chloride (PVC) trim board market has evolved to have "sealed edges" to replace cut surfaces of the board in order to have a nice, homogeneous surface texture on all four surfaces on the trim board. Many manufacturers use a secondary process for the sealing process. For example, some equipment manufacturers have offered and sold in line sealing equipment that uses razor knives strategically located along the length of the extruded sheet to create a sealed edge. Such equipment does not reliably produce a commercially desirable sealed edge.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,055,515 to Bishop ("Bishop '515"), incorporated herein by reference, discloses a saw blade with tiers of kerf engaging elements that engage the kerf of advancing material cut by the saw blade. Each tier of engaging elements provides a different action such as shaving, sanding, scraping or burnishing the kerf of the material in a single pass to provide kerf surfaces ranging from coarse sanding to smooth burnishing.
Bishop '515 does not disclose how to apply a saw blade with kerf engaging elements to cut and seal cellular PVC. Specifically, Bishop does not appreciate or address (i) providing optimal interference between a blade kerf engaging element and a cut PVC surface to result in commercially desirable sealed surfaces and/or (ii) the problems of a kerf-engaging saw blade disrupting or erasing a burnished smooth surface of the kerf of a PVC board when a saw blade with integral sealing surface is utilized.


A sheet supplying unit that supplies sheets includes a sheet accommodation tray that accommodates the sheets in a stacked state, the sheets including a first sheet which is an uppermost sheet in the stack of the sheets and a second sheet which is immediately below the first sheet; a pick-up roller that conveys the sheets in a sheet conveying direction; a detection sensor that detects passage of the sheets and is disposed downstream of the pick-up roller in the sheet conveying direction; and a control unit that controls operations of the pick-up roller in accordance with outputs from the detection sensor. The control unit includes a driving section that drives the pick-up roller to start conveying the second sheet when the detection sensor detects a trailing edge of the first sheet, if the second sheet is to be fed; a suspending section that temporarily stops driving the pick-up roller for a time period α-β when the detection sensor detects a leading edge of the second sheet, α being a predetermined time period, and β being a time period from a timing when the detection sensor detects the trailing edge of the first sheet to a timing when the detection sensor detects the leading edge of the second sheet; and a resuming section that resumes driving the pick-up roller to convey the second sheet after suspending for the time period α-β.

In a conventional image forming device which performs printing or processing operations on sheets, such sheets are accommodated in a sheet accommodation tray in a stacked state and are picked up one sheet at a time when supplied. One of conventional sheet supplying units includes a pivotally movable arm portion and a pick-up roller provided at a free end of the arm portion. The pick-up roller contacts sheets stacked in a sheet accommodation tray and picks up each sheet while rotating. In this sheet supplying unit, when the sheets within the sheet accommodation tray become fewer, the pick-up roller is configured to pivotally move downward to pick up each sheet.
However, in this sheet supplying unit, heights of uppermost sheets in the sheet accommodation tray change depending on how many sheets are left therein. Therefore, a time period until when a leading edge of each sheet reaches a prescribed position in a sheet conveying path from when each sheet is picked up also varies in accordance with amounts of sheets left in the sheet accommodation tray. That is, conveyance distance is practically longer when fewer sheets are left, thus requiring longer time. Note that, the prescribed position in the sheet conveying path is assumed to be such a position that a detection sensor for detecting passage of sheets is provided. When a plurality of sheets is sequentially conveyed, since a predetermined time interval is necessary to be interposed between two consecutive sheets, the sheet supplying unit is required to start feeding subsequent sheet when the detection sensor detects a trailing edge of a precedent sheet. Therefore, when a trailing edge of a sheet is detected to have passed, a prescribed period of stand-by time has been conventionally established before a new sheet is supplied.
Since the conveyance distance up to the detection sensor varies according to amounts of sheets in the sheet accommodation tray, time intervals between each sheet inevitably change when a plurality of sheets needs to be supplied consecutively. Thus, how many sheets are supplied in a certain time period consequently varies. As a result, sheet feeding capability cannot be fully utilized in such a conventional sheet supplying unit.
Another type of conventional sheet supplying units has proposed a movable pressure plate provided on a bottom surface of a sheet accommodation tray. The pressure plate is configured to be movable in a vertical direction so that sheets stacked in the sheet accommodation tray are urged upward and a pick-up roller can therefore pick up an uppermost sheet at a constant position.
This sheet supplying unit appears to obviate the drawbacks described earlier. However, the sheets below an uppermost sheet tend to be slightly displaced when the pick-up roller picks up the uppermost sheet Hence, positions of uppermost sheets thus slightly vary time to time within the sheet accommodation tray. As a consequence, considering such positional variations of sheets, a longer time interval is necessary to be set in order to secure a predetermined time interval between consecutively supplied sheets at the time of sheet supply.

Sheet supplying unit and image forming device


A pneumatic tire including a closed sipe 5 formed in a tread surface 1 that includes a small hole 2 extending along a tire radial direction and a plurality of cuts 4 extending in a radiation direction from the small hole 2 and that terminating in a land portion 3. A diameter of an inscribed circle of the small hole 2 is greater than a thickness of the cuts 4. The cuts 4 are provided with a twist in a depth direction centered on the small hole 2, and a twist angle θ from a top surface to a bottom surface of the land portion 3 is not less than 10° and less than 135°.

Sipes are commonly provided in a tread surface in order to enhance water absorption in order to enhance traveling performance on wet road surfaces and icy and snowy road surfaces. However, if an excessive number of sipes are disposed in the tread surface, the tread rigidity will decline, leading to steering stability and braking ability being negatively affected. Therefore, conventionally, various technologies have been proposed regarding the form and arrangement of the sipe (e.g. see Japanese Unexamined Patent Application No. H9-263111A and Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2006-27306A).
Of these, Japanese Unexamined Patent Application No. H9-263111A describes enhancing steering stability on ice while preventing damage such as the sipes cracking or chunks being taken out of the tire by disposing two or more sipes in a block face that extend in mutually differing directions so as to cross. Additionally, Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2006-27306A describes enhancing riding comfort while ensuring steering stability and wet braking performance by providing a sipe with a shape having a twist around a twisting axis that extends in a tire radial direction.
However, in the case of Japanese Unexamined Patent Application No. H9-263111A, while the water absorption of the tread surface is enhanced to a certain degree, there is a limitation in that it becomes difficult to maintain steering stability if further enhancements of the water absorption are attempted. Additionally, in the case of Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2006-27306A, due to the twist angle being set to a size reaching 135° and greater, there are problems such as releasability from a mold after the tire is vulcanization molded being negatively affected and the tread surface becoming easily damageable.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.


A low-power digital frequency synthesizer combining direct digital frequency synthesis techniques with serrodyne frequency translation principles to produce a wideband frequency response with high spectral purity. A conventional direct digital synthesizer is used to generate a high-resolution analog carrier signal from a low-speed digital clock signal. The carrier signal is phase modulated by a low-resolution signal generated from a high-speed digital clock signal. The modularity signal is a higher frequency signal than the carrier signal. The phase modulation is accomplished by exact decoded attenuators. The spectral purity of the resulting high-resolution output signal is unobtainable by conventional direct digital synthesizers, while providing significant power savings.

Digital frequency synthesizers are replacing oscillators in a number of important applications such as frequency generating subsystems, test equipment and communication systems. In particular, many communication systems use complex modulation schemes which are often more easily implemented using digital frequency synthesis.
Battery-powered communication systems using spread spectrum technology are one category of applications that benefit from digital frequency synthesis. This category includes cellular telephone systems and ground terminal communication systems. Such applications may use frequency hopping techniques to spread a signal over the channel bandwidth. These applications will benefit from a low-power, wideband frequency synthesizer with high spectral purity. Current technology has failed to achieve those goals.
One existing device is the direct digital synthesizer (DDS). Conventionally, a high-resolution DDS generates wideband analog signals using a high-speed digital clock. For example, frequency responses up to 400 MHz have been demonstrated using a 1 GHz clock. However, due to phase truncation effects, amplitude quantization effects, and digital-to-analog converter (DAC) nonlinearities and glitches, a large number of high level spurious signals are present in the output frequency band. These spurious signals increase with the clock frequency.
In addition to spectral purity problems, conventional DDSs suffer from hardware constraints. Because of the high clock frequencies, conventional high-speed DDSs are fabricated in Gallium Arsenide (GaAs). Furthermore, the conventional DDS dissipates higher power when driven at high clock frequencies.
Serrodyne modulators have been used to modulate high frequency analog signals by lower frequency digital signals. For example, this technique is used to generate frequency chirps for radar systems. The resulting frequency translation is relatively narrow band, typically less than one octave. In addition, the resulting signal has mediocre near carrier, spurious performance, typically -15 to -30 dBc. The use of analog devices to generate the phase shifts further limits performance.


A PLL function may be implemented as a dual-loop structure having a first PLL circuit which generates an intermediate signal from the reference signal, and a second PLL circuit which generates an output signal from the intermediate signal. The intermediate signal frequency is preferably chosen at a value in which potential interference signals do not have much energy. The first loop preferably has low bandwidth to provide good input jitter attenuation, while second loop preferably has higher bandwidth to reduce phase noise of the output signal. The circuit preferably provides for a choice of several different intermediate frequencies to allow use where different intermediate frequencies may exist in each system. Moreover, in a system having two such dual-loop PLL circuits, each can be configured with a different intermediate frequency, so that interference from one to the other is reduced.

The present invention relates to phase-locked loop systems, and particularly those incorporating more than one phase-locked loop circuit.
Phase locked loop (PLL) circuits are well-known in the art. Initially they were very expensive to implement, and found use in only the most technically-demanding and/or cost-insensitive applications. However, as the cost of integrated circuit technology has decreased over the years, and as the performance capability of such integrated circuit technology has increased, PLLs are currently extremely inexpensive to implement and are found in wide use in many applications.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a traditional phase locked loop circuit 100 configured to generate an output signal having a frequency which is a multiple M/N of an input signal frequency. The PLL circuit 100 includes a phase detector 101, a loop filter 102, and a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) 104. An input signal is conveyed on node 112 to a first divider 105, which generates a divided-down signal on its output node 109. The output of the VCO 104 is conveyed on node 106 to a second divider 103 which generates a divided-down signal on its output node 107. The phase detector 101 receives both the signal derived from the input, conveyed on node 109, and the signal derived from the VCO, conveyed on node 107, and generates on its output node 108 an error signal typically representing the phase difference between the two input signals. The output 108 of the phase detector 101 is provided to the loop filter 102, and the output 110 of the loop filter 102 is provided as a control voltage to the VCO 104. As is well known, other PLL components or different PLL components may be utilized in the phase locked loop circuit 100. For example, a phase/frequency detector may be utilized instead of a phase detector. Various loop filter configurations and VCO configurations may also be employed, as well as other types of controlled oscillators, such as current-controlled oscillators. Other variations are well known in the art.
Such a PLL may be susceptible to interference from external signals. While many kinds of circuits are also susceptible to outside interference, PLLs may be particularly sensitive because of their frequent use as a generator circuit for reference signals, such as clock signals in a digital system, and the unusually stringent stability requirements such use may impose. In FIG. 2, the VCO 104 of the PLL circuit 100 is shown again. An interference source 120 generates a signal on node 122 having a frequency f0+Δf which can couple (124) into the VCO 104 whose operating frequency is f0. Such coupling may be manifested as electromagnetic coupling, as power supply noise coupling from one circuit to the other, or as other forms of coupling. Such interference may be manifested as a clock jitter or clock phase noise on the VCO output node 106 which can degrade overall system performance.
Such PLL circuits used to generate a stable clock signal (e.g., a clock multiplying unit (CMU), a clock/data recovery circuit, etc.) may be designed to have a very low bandwidth in an attempt to provide a very stable clock output signal which provides high attenuation of any jitter of the input reference signal. But a PLL having a low bandwidth is more susceptible to interference than one having a higher bandwidth.
In many applications, the need to compromise the loop bandwidth may dictate a PLL whose jitter attenuation is less than desired and whose susceptibility to interference noise is greater than desired. Consequently, additional improvements are needed.

Configurable circuit structure having reduced susceptibility to interference when using at least two such circuits to perform like functions


A semiconductor device capable of inhibiting a threshold voltage from increase also when employing a gate electrode consisting of a metal is provided. This semiconductor device comprises a pair of source/drain regions lifted up in an elevated structure, a gate insulator film, formed on a channel region, consisting of a high dielectric constant insulator film having a dielectric constant larger than 3.9 and a gate electrode including a first metal layer coming into contact with the gate insulator film and having a work function controlled to have a Fermi level around the energy level of a band gap end of silicon constituting the source/drain regions.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a semiconductor device, and more particularly, it relates to a semiconductor device including a MOS field-effect transistor.
2. Description of the Background Art
In a MOS field-effect transistor formed on the surface of a silicon substrate, the interval between source/drain regions is generally reduced following refinement of the device, to easily result in punch through. In order to suppress such punch through, the impurity concentration of a channel region must be increased. When the impurity concentration of the channel region is increased, however, not only the probability of Coulomb scattering resulting from impurities is increased but also the thickness of an inversion layer is more reduced, and hence electrons flowing through the channel region are easily influenced by interfacial scattering on the interface between a gate insulator film and the silicon substrate.
More specifically, electrons are easily jammed to the gate insulator film due to a gate electric field when the thickness of the inversion layer is more reduced, to inconveniently resulting in reduction of electron mobility. A MOS field-effect transistor having an SOI (silicon on insulator) structure is expected as an exemplary countermeasure against such inconvenience. In the MOS field-effect transistor having an SOI structure, the thickness of a silicon layer formed with a channel region is so reduced as to suppress punch through, whereby the impurity concentration of the channel region can be reduced. Thus, the silicon layer can be easily controlled with a gate electric field. Therefore, the gate electric field can be so reduced as to reduce the probability of jamming electrons to a gate insulator film on the interface between the gate insulator film and the silicon layer. Thus, influence by interfacial scattering as well as Coulomb scattering resulting from impurities can be so reduced that electron mobility can be increased in the MOS field-effect transistor having an SOI structure.
In relation to the SOI structure, source/drain regions lifted up in an elevated structure are generally proposed in order to reduce the resistance of the source/drain regions. Such an elevated structure for source/drain regions is disclosed in "Transistor Elements for 30 nm Physical Gate Length and Beyond", Intel Technology Journal, Vol. 06, May 16, 2002, ISSN1535766X, pp. 42–54, for example. According to the structure disclosed in this literature, portions of source/drain regions of a silicon layer serving as an active layer in an SOI structure are lifted up so that the thickness of the source/drain regions of the silicon layer is larger than that of a channel region. Thus, the thickness of the source/drain regions can be increased while reducing that of the channel region, whereby the resistance of the source/drain regions can be reduced while improving electron mobility. According to the structure disclosed in the aforementioned literature, further, a gate electrode consisting of a polysilicon film is formed on the channel region through a gate insulator film consisting of a high dielectric constant insulator film.
In a MOS field-effect transistor of the SOI structure including the source/drain regions elevated in the elevated structure disclosed in the aforementioned literature, however, the gate electrode formed by the polysilicon film is inconveniently depleted in the vicinity of the gate insulator film. When the polysilicon film is depleted in the vicinity of the gate insulator film, the effective thickness of the gate insulator film is increased to disadvantageously deteriorate the device performance.
The gate electrode consisting of the polysilicon film may conceivably be replaced with a gate electrode consisting of a metal. When such a gate electrode (metal gate) consisting of a metal is employed, no metal is depleted in the vicinity of the gate insulator film and hence the effective thickness of the gate insulator film is not increased.
When the gate electrode is made of a metal, however, the Fermi level of the metal is pinned on the interface between the metal gate electrode and the gate insulator film, disadvantageously leading to difficulty in controlling a threshold voltage with a low voltage.

Semiconductor device including field-effect transistor

National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology


A clip-type carrier especially suited for carrying beverage cans. The carrier is comprised of a panel having slots in a folded, wedge-shaped inner support section and in outer support sections for receiving the can chimes. The inner support sections include finger holes covered by tabs connected by transverse fold lines. Curved transverse fold lines extend toward the central portion of the panel from the ends of the first transverse fold lines to form support segments for receiving and withstanding lifting stresses. A reinforcing strip overlies the inner support section of the panel and includes finger holes which are aligned with the finger holes in the support sections.

Carriers that grip the upper portions of articles to enable the articles to be lifted and carried are known, particularly in connection with the packaging of beverage cans. Paperboard carriers that have been developed for this purpose have been of two basic designs. In one design a panel is provided with apertures corresponding to the tops of the cans, with foldably connected tabs surrounding the apertures. The top portions of the cans extend through the apertures and the edges of the tabs engage the underside of the can chimes to support the cans. This produces an inherently weak carrier due to the fact that much of the panel is removed in forming the apertures. In addition, there is very little surface area capable of receiving printing or other graphics, and the provision of a handle for lifting the carrier further complicates the design and makes the carrier more expensive. In the second basic design, arcuate slots are provided in a bottom panel for receiving opposite portions of the can chimes, with the adjacent bottom panel edges resulting from the slot formation engaging the underside of the can chime portions. This is typically employed in packages comprised of two adjacent rows of cans, so that the elongated area of the bottom panel between the interior slots folds into a wedge-shaped reinforcing rib extending between the sloped upper portions of the cans. Short side panels connect the bottom panel to top panel flaps, which are glued to the bottom panel, and aligned finger openings in the top panel and in the reinforcing wedge enable the package to be lifted and carried. Although such a carrier provides substantially unbroken areas in the top panel for receiving printed indicia, it falls short of providing the desired level of strength and is too expensive to produce.
It would be desirable to provide a carrier which retains the benefits of known paperboard clip-type carriers, but in addition provides increased strength and economy of manufacture,


A slip roller conveyor utilizes slip rollers constructed of an interior sleeve formed of a relatively lower friction material combined with an exterior sleeve formed of a relatively more durable material that has relatively greater resistance to damage or wear, e.g., as may be caused by barrels or other abrasive objects to be conveyed.

Barrel production in a cooperage includes numerous steps, stations, and machinery to produce a wooden barrel, as well as various material handling steps and machinery to convey barrels and barrel components. In many instances, individual conveyor systems are required to convey barrels between individual stations, and the conveyor systems are required to frequently start and stop to enable barrels to be appropriately staged for subsequent operations, or to incorporate multiple zones that can be driven independently from one another to coordinate the movement of barrels between stations. The use of multiple conveyor systems and/or zones, however, can be expensive and complex to implement. Moreover, such conveyor systems generally must utilize metal rollers or other heavy duty components due to the abrasiveness, sharp edges, protrusions, etc. of barrels and/or barrel components conveyed on the rollers.
Accumulation conveyor systems, on the other hand, often simplify material handling in other applications as such conveyor systems provide an ability to run continuously while accumulating or holding back multiple conveyed objects until needed by a downstream process. One type of accumulation conveyor system utilizes slip rollers, whereby sleeves of a relatively low friction material such as a thermoplastic polymer (e.g., polyethylene, polystyrene, polyamide, etc.) are installed upon conventional chain or belt-driven rollers that run continuously. In the absence of an obstruction, the weight of a conveyed object supported by the slip roller will generate sufficient friction between the polymer sleeves and the driven rollers to also drive the polymer sleeves and propel the object(s) along the conveyor. However, upon encountering an obstructing force such as an obstruction or barrier introduced into the path of the conveyed object, the obstructing force will be sufficient to halt the progress of the conveyed object such that the polymer sleeves slip on the driven rollers and the conveyed object remains in place on the conveyor. In some instances, the obstruction may be an "escapement", such that where one or more objects are accumulated the "escapement" obstruction will allow only one object to be released at a time.
While slip rollers have been found to be useful in many situations, the thermoplastic polymers utilized in such designs are generally unsuitable for use in conveying barrels and barrel components, as these thermoplastic polymer materials are generally unable to tolerate the abrasiveness, sharp edges, protrusions, etc. of barrels and barrel components. As such, a need exists in the art for an accumulation conveyor system capable of efficiently and economically conveying barrels and other abrasive objects.


To provide a diffractive optical element having a high light utilization efficiency, whereby light spots having a predetermined pattern can be stably formed, a projection device and a measuring device.

A device to measure a position, a shape, etc. of an object to be measured, by applying predetermined light to an object to be measured and detecting light scattered by the object to be measured, is available (for example, Patent Document 1). In such a measuring device, a diffractive optical element may be used to apply light having a specific pattern to an object to be measured. Further, a diffractive diffusion optical element may be used in applications to enhance uniformity of light applied to an object to be projected (for example, Patent Document 2).
A diffractive optical element to form predetermined light spots such as a specific light pattern on a predetermined projection plane or a light pattern to realize uniform irradiation, is designed based on Fourier transformation of phase distribution of outgoing light. Such a diffractive optical element, for example, has a two-dimensional convexo-concave pattern in planar view. Phase distribution is obtained by means of iterative Fourier transformation or the like to appropriately arrange base units having a predetermined convexo-concave pattern to obtain such a diffractive optical element.
For example, a diffractive optical element produced by convexo-concave processing a surface of a substrate is known. In the case of such a convexo-concave structure, light can be diffracted with the desired path difference by utilizing a relatively large difference in the refractive index between air (refractive index=1) to be a material with which the concave portion is filled and a material of the convex portion, whereby the height of the convex portion can be designed to be relatively small. The height of the convex portion may be considered as the depth of the concave portion.
On the other hand, the structure had a disadvantage such that light spots having a predetermined pattern cannot be stably formed due to attachment of stain, water droplets, deposits, etc., since the convexo-concave surface is exposed to outer air. That is, the convexo-concave shape of the exposed convexo-concave surface is changed due to attached substances, and the diffraction efficiency is thereby changed.
As another example of the diffractive optical element, a diffractive optical element having a structure such that a concave portion (specifically, the concave portion and the top surface of a convex portion) is filled with a refractive index material which is different from a material for the convex portion and is not air. In the above structure, the change of the diffraction efficiency due to attached substances can be suppressed, since the convexo-concave surface is not exposed. For example, in Patent Document 3, a diffractive optical element using another transparent material having a different refractive index to fill a convexo-concave pattern which forms two-dimensional light spots, is shown.

Diffractive optical element, projection device and measuring device

Abstract: The diffractive optical element of the present invention comprises a transparent substrate, a convexo-concave portion formed so as to be in contact with one surface of the transparent substrate and a filling portion with which concave portions of the convexo-concave portions are filled and which covers top surfaces of convex portions of the convexo-concave portion for planarizing the convexo-concave portion, wherein the convexo-concave portion has at least two stages on the surface of the transparent substrate; the top surfaces of the respective stages are parallel to one another; among the transparent substrate, the convexo-concave portion and the filling portion, the refractive indexes of at least the convexo-concave portion and the filling portion are different with respect to the incident light which enters from the normal direction of the surface of the transparent substrate; and the refractive indexes of the transparent substrate, the convexo-concave portion and the filling portion with respect to incident light are at most 2.2.


A device is configured for communications over an IP network. The device comprises a user interface, a memory interface for accessing information media files stored in a memory in the device or associated with the device, and a media file streamer. The device is configured to receive an instruction from the IP network during establishment of a call, during a call, or at termination of a call, the instruction identifying one or more of the media files. The device is configured to access the identified media file from the memory via the memory interface and to stream the identified media file to convey the information in the media file via the user interface.

IP-based telecommunications enable multimedia communications (e.g. voice, video, etc.) over IP networks. For example, the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) is the technology defined by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) to provide IP Multimedia services over (mobile) communication networks. The IMS is described further below in relation to FIG. 1, which illustrates schematically how the IMS fits into the mobile network architecture in the case of a General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) access network.
A problem arises when information media (e.g. voice/audio or video) such as an announcement needs to be played to either the calling or the called party, especially when one party or both parties are connected to a visited IP network rather than to the home IP network (e.g. is located in a foreign country). In such cases the media is typically routed from a server or other entity in the subscriber's home network where the media is stored to the terminal of the served subscriber (calling or called party). This may involve routing the media over a large distance. A particular example of this problem is described below for the case of Voice over LTE (VoLTE) communications, but the problem and solutions described are not limited to such communications.
The 3GPP has also developed the System Architecture Evolution (SAE) as the evolved core network architecture, and Long Term Evolution (LTE) wireless mobile telecommunications standard as the evolved mobile radio access network. The SAE architecture is entirely IP-based, with separation of control plane and user plane. The main component of the SAE architecture is the Enhanced Packet Core (EPC). The EPC serves as the equivalent of a GPRS network. The LTE standard only supports packet switching (PS), whereas in many legacy networks voice (and other media) calls are circuit switched (CS). The adoption of LTE means that carriers have to re-engineer their voice call network, and the preferred approach is to use VoLTE (Voice over LTE), which is based on the IMS.
In IP networks in general, and particularly in the context of VoLTE, great effort is taken to optimize the media stream (user plane) for person-to-person communications. Specifically, when a voice or video call is established between a calling party that is roaming in one country to a called party in another country, the user plane (as well as the control plane) is carried directly from the country in which the calling party currently resides to the destination country, where the called party is a subscriber. The user plane and control plane traverse the IMS interconnect network (IPX).
When an announcement (or other media) needs to be played to either the calling or the called party, the media is typically routed from a Media Resource Function (MRF) in the home IMS network towards the terminal of the served subscriber (calling or called party). In the context of the present discussion an MRF encompasses both a Media Resource Function Controller (MRFC) and a Media Resource Function Processor (MRFP). There are several ways that MRFs may be deployed, such as:
1) deploying geographically distributed MRFs—for example one IMS operator may deploy an MRF in each region, e.g. Europe, North America, Asia etc.—thereby limiting the average distance between the served subscriber and the MRF.
2) deploying shared MRFs—for example, one IMS operator may allow other operators to store media files in its MRF, and the other IMS operators may then connect their served subscribers to the shared MRF.
One disadvantage of the first method is that the IMS operator has to invest in, administer and maintain a potentially large number of MRFs spread around the globe. Furthermore, even though the average distance between served user and MRF will be reduced, the resulting effective distance may still be too large to justify the playing of announcements to roaming subscribers. Moreover, the availability of a 'local MRF' may differ depending on the country where the served subscriber is currently roaming. As a result, the Multi Media Telephony (MMTel) service logic that controls the communication session has to adapt its logic processing depending on the country where the subscriber is currently residing.
A disadvantage of the second method is that administrative agreements have to be made between the respective IMS operators. Also, the availability of shared MRF media files may differ from country to country. This has the effect that the MMTel service logic has to adapt its logic processing for each country. In addition, the service for the subscriber will differ for each country.
Document EP2408164 describes a system, method and service server that can exert unified media control over various kinds of media playing services and is able to play different media resources.
Document US 2006/0291638 discloses a ringback/ringtone synchronisation system for utilizing ringtones as replacement ringback announcements.


In an information processing apparatus, transfer scan line addresses are monitored within a graphic microprocessor partial update routine to continuously transfer image information of addresses of the same scan line when a two-line simultaneous drive waveform is used to increase a frame frequency. The information processing system includes an image information memory for storing received image information a first control for controlling driving of a display memory, and a second control for controlling the image information memory so that storage of the image information in the image information memory and transfer of the image information stored in the memory to a drive control circuit are synchronized with each other.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an information processing system and apparatus and, more particularly, to an image information processing system and apparatus suitable for a display device using a ferro-electric liquid crystal.
2. Related Background Art
A typical conventional computer terminal display device is a refresh scan type CRT. A vector scan type CRT having a partial memory function is often used for a CAD large, high-precision display. In a vector scan type CRT, once information is displayed on its screen, the screen is not updated until the screen content is erased. Therefore, the vector scan type CRT is not suitable as a real-time man-machine interface display device for performing a cursor shift display, a shift display of an icon such as a mouse as a display of information from a pointing device, an edit display (e.g., insertion, deletion, shift, and copy) of characters and sentences. On the other hand, the refresh scan type CRT requires a refresh cycle of 60 Hz or more as a frame frequency in order to prevent flickering. In order to improve icon readability and a shift display (mouse or cursor) of intrascreen information, a non-interlaced scan scheme is employed((a television receiver has a field frequency of 60 Hz or a frame frequency of 30 Hz in order to achieve a dynamic image display and simplify a drive control system). For this reason, when a display resolution is increased, the display device becomes large in size. In addition, a high power is required, and a drive controller becomes bulky, resulting in high cost.
In recent years, a flat display panel has been introduced to cope with inconvenience of a large, high-power CRT.
Several existing drive schemes are available for the flat display panels. For example, a time-divisional drive system (STN) for a twisted nematic liquid crystal, a monochromatic display system (NTN) as its modification, or a plasma display system employs the same image data transfer scheme as the CRT. In addition, a screen update scheme also employs a non-interlaced scan scheme having a frame frequency of 60 Hz or more. Therefore, the total number of scan lines constituting one frame ranges from 400 to 480, which cannot exceed 1,000 due to the following reason. Since such a display panel does not have a memory function due to the principle of driving, it requires a refresh cycle having a frame frequency of 60 Hz or more to prevent flickering. One horizontal scan interval becomes as short as 10 to 50 .mu.sec or less. As a result, a high contrast level cannot be obtained.
A ferro-electric liquid crystal display device has a larger screen than that of the above display devices and can perform high-precision display. However, in order to cope with the man-machine interface display device at a low frame frequency, a partial update scan scheme (i.e., only scan lines within an update area are scanned) is required. The partial update scan scheme is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,655,561 to Kanbe et al.
The partial update scan scheme is particularly suitable for the ferro-electric liquid crystal display device to perform a shift display of a mouse or cursor and a scroll display of a multi window. However, partial update scan of different areas cannot be simultaneously performed. When partial update scan is performed by designating a partial update scan start address and its end address, the shift display of a mouse or cursor cannot be performed during scrolling of the multi-window. A window scroll display and a point device display are considered as examples, and their display movements are assumed. Even if the point device is moved after the scroll partial update scan is started on the display panel, update scan of the pointing device cannot be started until the end of scan of the final scan line address of the window. For this reason, the pointing device is discontinuously moved in accordance with the size of the window (i.e., the number of partial update scan lines), resulting in an unnatural shift display.

Information processing system and apparatus


A technique deallocates memory in a multicasting environment, such as within a network device. The technique involves tracking the slowest member of a plurality of multicast members designated to receive an input packet or flow and, other than a deallocation request presented by the slowest member, blocking all deallocation requests from being allowed.

1. Field of the Invention
Generally, the present invention relates to the telecommunications and digital networking. More specifically, the present invention relates to the deallocation of memory in a multicasting network environment.
2. Description of the Related Art
In the realm of digital networking and telecommunications, data is often assembled and then transmitted and received in discrete units known as packets. Packets originating from the same source device, connection or application and terminating at the same destination devices, connections or applications can be grouped together in a "flow." Thus, a flow comprises one or more packets. Though the term "packets" is used in this discussion to define a flow, "packets" may also refer to other discrete data units, such as frames and the like. Network devices (e.g. switches, routers, etc.) that intercept and forward such flows are often configured with a plurality of ingress ports (i.e., ports into which "input" flows are received at the device) and a plurality of egress ports (i.e., ports from which "output" flows or packets are sent or routed away from the device). In this regard, and for purposes of discussion, ports may be physical, logical or a combination of physical and logical. When an input flow is received by a network device at an ingress port, it could be destined for output over one or more egress ports. An input flow destined for output over only one egress port is referred to as unicast (or a unicast flow), while an input flow with some integer number, n, of egress port destinations is referred to as multicast (or a multicast flow). In this way, a unicast flow can simply be considered as a multicast flow with n=1 destination egress ports.
The typical and most straightforward way of achieving multicasting is to request, and have resent, the multicast flow from the original source (i.e., the original source sends the input flow to the ingress ports of the network device) as many times as needed for subsequent transmission to each designated egress port. For numerous reasons apparent to those skilled in the art, however, such a straightforward multicasting mechanism is time-inefficient and consumes excessive amounts of network bandwidth.
FIG. 1 illustrates a more common approach to achieve multicasting for an input flow by performing data replication at the multicast point. As shown in FIG. 1, the packets of the input flow 110 are written to a memory device 100 such as a RAM (Random Access Memory). The memory device 100 captures the packets of the input flow 110 and stores them until all egress ports for which that flow is designated have read each packet. In the example shown, the input flow 110 is destined for four multicast "members" (i.e., those egress ports for which the flow is designated and destined) A, B, C and D. There may be more total egress ports within a network device than multicast members for a given input flow. The stored packet 110 is then read out from the memory device 100 as needed to fulfill the multicast requirement, which in this example is four times. This approach, called "replication," prevents the input packet or flow from having to be retransmitted from its original source multiple times, thereby improving efficiency.
However, since memory device 100 has a limited storage capacity, the memory device can become full of packets and unable to accept any more packet traffic. Also, after a packet of the multicast flow has been transmitted to all of its multicast destinations, it is no longer needed. For these reasons, a memory deallocation procedure is often applied to the memory device using a memory controller or other similar mechanism. In this way, the memory device can be freed from data that is no longer needed. The deallocation procedure must be able to recognize when the multicast input packet has been passed to all of its members.
Traditional deallocation procedures use a counter that first initializes to the number of designated multicast recipients (e.g., some or all of the egress ports on the network device) and then decrements each time the memory is accessed by a multicast member. However, such a deallocation technique does not perform well when the number of multicast input flows is very large (e.g., into the thousands or more), since a counter must be set and maintained for each input packet. Further, the counters and counter manipulation are typically handled outside of the input flow memory device itself, for example, in a memory controller or other external device. Thus, the memory controller adds excessive delay to the entire memory reading egress process.
Often, during the traditional deallocation procedure, each multicast member must signal to the counter (i.e., the memory controller) that it has finished reading the last packet of the input flow from the memory device. Thus, not only must the counter be accessible by every multicast member, it must be updatable by each member. Since a given packet of an input flow can only be read by one member at a time, this counter access/update creates one or more extra wait states that negatively affect multicasting performance. This means that the counter is locked by each multicast recipient and cannot be updated by subsequent recipients until that preceding recipient has finished. This problem is exacerbated where the multicast consists of a very large number of packets in the input flow. Further, it is possible that each of the multicast members may read out the flow at different rates of speed. Further still, where multicast members do not update in a synchronous fashion at even speeds, the counter can yield invalid results.
Thus, it would be advantageous to have a memory deallocation technique that overcomes these and other limitations and is scalable for very large numbers of flows existing within a single network device.

Technique for deallocation of memory in a multicasting environment


The invention falls within the sector of processes and plants for the processing of food products, in particular fruit. The process envisages enzymatic inactivation of puree by means of heating in a recirculation circuit kept full of puree. The plant comprises a pump which introduces the puree emerging at room temperature from a strainer into the recirculation circuit through a device for mixing the puree. No intermediate storage tanks or heat exposure tanks are provided.

The present invention concerns a process and a plant for enzymatic inactivation relating to the extraction of puree from food products. The term puree means the pulp of the product in a substantially creamy condition, and then not into pieces, obtained through a strainer which remove the waste matter from the product.
At present, in order to extract puree from food products, generally the product is cold-crushed and then heated with the aim of achieving enzymatic inactivation of the crushed matter which then passes into a strainer or refiner for separating the puree from the waste matter (skins, seeds, stalks, etc.).
When, owing to the particular chemical composition of the processed fruit, there are no significant phenomena involving oxidation, change in colour or separation of liquid parts from solid parts, or when the puree itself is intended for uses where the consistency, colour and separation of solid from liquid are of no importance, in such cases it is possible to perform cold extraction (at room temperature) without any particular precautions during the ensuing heating stage.
In the case, however, of the cold extraction of puree from apples or similar products (such as pears, apricots and peaches, for example) or from products where the loss of consistency, oxidation and separation of solid parts from liquid parts are undesirable phenomena which are to be avoided at all costs, it is necessary to perform enzymatic inactivation immediately in order to avoid such phenomena produced by the pectolytic enzymes.
Cold extraction of the puree ensures optimum quality of the product obtained, and the plant which performs the enzymatic inactivation heat-treatment after extraction must reduce to a minimum the harmful effects (browning, change in taste, etc.) of the high-temperature exposure period on the fresh puree.
At present the plants used for enzymatic inactivation of crushed fruit (and not puree) are also used for the enzymatic inactivation of the cold-extracted puree, but said plants are not suitable for avoiding the abovementioned harmful effects since they are expressly designed so as to ensure long heat: exposure of the product within the plant so that the heat is able to reach the centre of the crushed parts.
In particular said heating is performed by means of a screw with direct steam injection, or with a rotating coil, or by means of a plant of the "pipe-in-pipe" type (in which the product to be heated passes inside one pipe and the heating fluid passes inside the other one, with considerable slowness of the heating process), or else with recirculation of the product within pipe bundles involving the use of a rest tank for heat exposure, in accordance with the configurations schematically illustrated in FIG. 1, which also shows a pipe connecting pipe bundle G and tank F and another pipe on which there are located the inlet and the outlet for the product, a circulation pump H and the instruments necessary for monitoring the process.
With said tank, which is kept at atmospheric pressure or under a slight vacuum to promote evaporation of a small part of liquid present in the crushed fruit, it is possible to obtain enzymatic inactivation and high yields during the following puree extraction stage.
The product enters the recirculation plant (in which there is a pipe bundle where heating takes place) and is mixed by a centrifugal pump, the mechanical action of which, however, may cause an undesirable reduction in the consistency of the puree.
It also necessary to have an extraction pump in order to transfer the heated puree to the next stage.
From IT 1165757 a process and a plant are known for an enzymatic deactivation of chopped product in which the chopped product is introduced into a pressurized and heated (up to over than 100.degree. C.) recirculation circuit.
The drawback is the high temperature and the exposure of the product to high temperatures in the pressurized tank.
In addition to the drawback of the long periods of heat exposure of the product, a further drawback is due to the fact that the traditional plants have stations which are separate and often distant from one another for performing extraction of the puree and carrying out enzymatic inactivation.
Moreover, in traditional plants, after the strainer there is arranged a puree storage tank for supplying a pump which transfers the puree to the plant. This provides the production line with the necessary flexibility since the puree extraction stage and enzymatic inactivation stage are rendered independent to a certain extent by the presence of the tank with the functions of a storage lung. This storage inside the tank is, however, extremely damaging since the puree is at room temperature, the enzymes are active and there is the risk of rapid degradation of the product with gradual oxidation (due to the air which is incorporated during extraction), change in colour and loss of consistency. Moreover, in order to limit these phenomena, use must be made of a significant quantity of inert gas with obvious additional costs, or anti-oxidizing solutions which are also costly and are not liked by the manufacturers of high-quality puree without chemical additives, which is typically used for baby food.

Process for enzymatic inactivation subsequent to the extraction of puree from food products