A first and second guide block pieces retain a plurality of electronic components in an electronic component retention space formed and fixed on a shuttle plate by using a position determination hole formed in advance in accordance with a distance between a pair of opposing corners of a bottom surface of an electronic component, and by emitting light ranging from one end portion to the other end portion of the shuttle plate along an upper surface of a plurality of electronic components interposed and retained between the electronic component interposing-and-retaining portions along longitudinal directions of the first and second guide block pieces, an optical sensor detects that the emitted light is blocked by an irregularly inclined electronic component.

Generally, the performance of newly manufactured electronic components such as IC devices is tested before the components are shipped. For example, the electrical characteristics of the components are measured. To do this, an IC handler takes out IC devices to be tested in series from an accumulation position of the manufactured IC devices and sends a plurality of IC devices of each lot to a measuring unit. This IC handler includes an apparatus for conveying IC devices.
A conventional apparatus for conveying IC devices includes a shuttle table. At the time of conveyance, in order to precisely convey an IC device or a plurality of IC devices placed on the shuttle table to a measuring position within a measuring unit, each IC device must be accurately retained at the predetermined position on the shuttle table. For this purpose, a device for retaining IC devices is used.
For example, a recessed pocket formed to match the outer shape of an IC device, or a recessed pocket formed to match the outer shape of a guide component holding an IC device is formed on the surface of the shuttle table. As a conventional device for retaining IC devices, an IC device retaining tool which is inserted into the recessed pocket so as to be fixed and comprising an IC device receiving portion is used.
The outer shape of each IC device to be tested is a rectangular parallelepiped. The rectangular parallelepiped has a top surface, a bottom surface and side surfaces, and each surface has a quadrilateral shape such as a square or a rectangle. However, there are a wide variety of types for IC devices. The length, width and thickness of a rectangular parallelepiped vary depending on the lot of the IC device. Therefore, a conventional shuttle table needs to be structured as follows. A recessed pocket having dimensions which can receive an IC device retaining tool comprising a reception portion formed to match the dimensions of the outer shape including the thickness of the IC device to be tested has to be individually formed. Further, a plurality of IC device retaining tools having different dimensions must be prepared in advance as a so-called change kit for each IC device. However, costs for preparing change kits are very high. In addition, it is very troublesome to exchange change kits in accordance with the types of the IC devices.
Conventional techniques have led to the development of an IC device conveying apparatus configured to interpose and fix an IC device or a plurality of IC devices between a pair of slide guide plates configured to independently move away from and toward each other on a conveyance shuttle, instead of preparing a plurality of change kits in advance for each IC device having a different outer shape dimension. (For example, refer to patent literature 1.)
Patent Literature 1: Japanese Patent No. 5021780
The IC device conveying apparatus described in patent literature 1 is configured to interpose and fix an IC device or a plurality of IC devices between the pair of slide guide plates explained above. Therefore, if a tightening screw of the slide guide plates becomes loose because of shaking during conveyance, the slide guide plates may be moved, and the IC device may be moved or deviate from a fixed position. Thus, a problem may be caused in conveyance. Moreover, when an IC device or a plurality of IC devices are interposed and fixed between the above pair of slide guide plates, the IC device is sometimes fixed at an angle relative to the surface of a shuttle plate between a pair of slide guide plates. In this case, the inclined IC device is conveyed to the next measuring unit, and the IC device may be set at an angle in the measuring unit. In this case, it is easily presumed that a normal measurement result cannot be obtained.
In the method of preparing a plurality of change kits in advance for each IC device having a different outer shape dimension as a conventional IC device conveying apparatus, costs for preparing a variety of change kits are very high, and it is very troublesome to exchange change kits. In the method of interposing and fixing an IC device between a pair of slide guide plates, if the IC device is fixed at an angle relative to the surface of a shuttle plate and is set at an angle in the next measuring unit, a normal measurement result may not be obtained. This problem occurs with the other electronic components as well as IC devices.
In order to solve the above problem, an embodiment of the present invention provides an electronic component conveying apparatus configured to be commonly used for electronic components such as IC devices having different outer shape dimensions without using change kits and ensure retention in a normal posture on a shuttle plate. Thus, the apparatus is configured to easily and accurately convey electronic components to the next unit including a measuring unit and always obtain an accurate measurement result at low cost.
An embodiment of the present invention provides an electronic component conveying apparatus, comprising:
a conveyance plate which conveys a plurality of electronic components having a rectangular bottom surface and a rectangular parallelepiped shape, the plurality of electronic components being placed on the conveyance plate;
a plurality of electronic component interposing-and-retaining units which have an inner shape corresponding to two side surfaces interposing one opposing corner of a pair of opposing corners of the bottom surface of each of the plurality of electronic components placed on the conveyance plate, and are fixed on the conveyance plate; and
a lattice plate which comprises a plurality of lattices having an inner dimension larger than a bottom surface dimension of the plurality of electronic components, has a shape in which, when the lattice plate is placed on the conveyance plate, two side surfaces interposing one opposing corner of a pair of opposing corners of each of the lattices are positioned in proximity so as to be away from an outer side surface of the electronic component interposing-and-retaining units fixed on the conveyance plate by a predetermined gap or distance and two side surfaces interposing the other opposing corner of the lattice correspond to two side surfaces interposing the other opposing corner of the electronic component, and is fixed on the conveyance plate, wherein
a plurality of flexible electronic component retention spaces are formed in accordance with an outer shape dimension of an electronic component to be conveyed between the electronic component interposing-and-retaining units fixed on the conveyance plate in proximity to the two side surfaces interposing one opposing corner of the lattice of the lattice plate and the two side surfaces interposing the other opposing corner of the lattice.
Further, the embodiment of the electronic component conveying apparatus uses, when a plurality of electronic components are retained in the electronic component retention spaces, a gap or distance adjustment jig forming the predetermined gap between each of the electronic components and each of the electronic component interposing-and-retaining units.
Another embodiment of the present invention provides an electronic component conveying apparatus, comprising:
a shuttle plate which has a plurality of position determination holes and is configured to convey a plurality of electronic components having a rectangular bottom surface and a rectangular parallelepiped shape, the plurality of electronic components being placed on a surface of the shuttle plate;
at least a first guide block which is fixed on the shuttle plate by a position determination bolt screwed at a predetermined position of the plurality of position determination holes, wherein a first plurality of electronic component interposing-and-retaining portions having a shape corresponding to two side surfaces interposing one opposing corner of a pair of opposing corners of a bottom surface of the electronic components are formed along a longitudinal direction of the first guide block;
at least a second guide block which is fixed on the shuttle plate by another position determination bolt screwed at another predetermined position of the plurality of position determination holes, facing the first guide block, wherein a second plurality of electronic component interposing-and-retaining portions having a shape corresponding to two side surfaces interposing the other opposing corner of the pair of opposing corners of the bottom surface of the electronic components are formed along a longitudinal direction of the second guide block;
a transmission type of optical sensor provided on the shuttle plate, the optical sensor including a light emission unit which emits light having an optical axis ranging from one end portion to the other end portion of the shuttle plate along an upper surface of a plurality of electronic components interposed and retained between the first and second electronic component interposing-and-retaining portions along the longitudinal directions of the first and second guide blocks, and further including an optical sensor which detects the light at the other end portion of the shuttle plate;
a sensor slit plate which sets the emitted light so as to pass through a position kept away by a predetermined distance from an upper surface of each of the plurality of electronic components interposed and retained between the first and second electronic component interposing-and-retaining portions in accordance with a thickness of the electronic components between the end portions of the shuttle plate; and
a height position adjustment device which adjusts a height position of an upper end of the sensor slit plate, wherein
the first and second guide blocks retain a plurality of electronic components in an electronic component retention space formed and fixed on the shuttle plate fixed at a position determination hole determined in advance in accordance with a distance between the pair of opposing corners of the bottom surface of an electronic component to be conveyed.
According to the embodiments, it is possible to provide an electronic component conveying apparatus which can retain an electronic component such as an IC device regardless of the outer shape dimension of the electronic component without changing a retention component such as a change kit, reduce the handling cost for manufacturing and shipping the electronic component, and easily and accurately convey the electronic component to the next processing unit such as electric characteristics measuring unit.

Electronic component conveying apparatus


Primer sets for amplifying target regions containing sites to be detected in the UGT1A1 gene by a gene amplification method are provided, wherein the primer sets can amplify the regions specifically Three pairs of primer sets are used including forward primers consisting of the base sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 4 or 81, 21, and 42 as well as reverse primers consisting of the base sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 13 or 91, 29 and 48, respectively. The use of these primer sets makes it possible to amplify three target regions including parts where three types of polymorphisms (UGT1A1*6, UGT1A1*27, and UGT1A1*28) of the UGT1A1 gene are generated, respectively, in the same reaction solution at the same time.

UDP-Glucuronosyl Transferase (UGT) is an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of adding glucuronic acid to, for example, a drug, a foreign substance, or an endogenous substance such as bilirubin, steroid hormone, or bile acid. It is known as a drug-metabolizing enzyme. A plurality of isozymes that are classified into the UGT1 family and the UGT2 family have been reported as the UGT. Genetic polymorphisms exist in a gene (UGT1A1 gene) that codes UGT1A1 belonging to the UGT1 family among those isozymes. Generally, they are said to be involved in the incidence of side effects of irinotecan hydrochloride, an anticancer agent. Specifically, it has been reported that when a patient has a UGT1A1 gene polymorphism, the function of detoxifying irinotecan hydrolysate (SN-38) having high antitumor activity by using the UGT is deteriorated, which causes serious side effects such as a decrease in the number of white blood cells and diarrhea. Known examples of typical genetic polymorphisms involved in such side effects include UGT1A1*28, a polymorphism in a promoter region, as well as UGT1A1*6 and UGT1A1*27, polymorphisms in exon 1. Particularly, it has been reported that in addition to UGT1A1*28, the most important polymorphism, Asians including Japanese also have at least one of polymorphisms, UGT1A1*6 and UGT1A1*27, in combination therewith and thereby stronger side effects tend to be manifested. Furthermore, since UGT1A1 is involved in bilirubin conjugation formed through glucuronic acid in vivo, the polymorphisms thereof also cause constitutional jaundice such as Gilbert syndrome. Accordingly, the examination of a plurality of polymorphisms with respect to the UGT1A1 gene is very important to predict the degree and the onset of side effect to be caused by an anticancer agent.
On the other hand, the detection of a point mutation, a so-called single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), is employed widely as a method of analyzing, at the gene level, for example, the causes of all types of diseases and the individual differences in disease liability (susceptibility to diseases) and in drug action. Examples of the common methods of detecting a point mutation include: (1) a direct sequencing method in which the region corresponding to a sequence to be detected in a target DNA of a sample is amplified by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and all the gene sequences are analyzed, (2) a RFLP analysis in which the region corresponding to a sequence to be detected in a target DNA of a sample is amplified by PCR, the amplification product thus obtained is cut with a restriction enzyme whose cleaving action differs depending on the presence or absence of the target mutation in the sequence to be detected and is then electrophoresed, and thereby typing is performed, and (3) the ASP-PCR method in which PCR is performed using a primer with a target mutation located at the 3′-end region and the mutation is judged depending on the presence or absence of amplification.
However, since these methods require, for example, purification of DNA extracted from a sample, electrophoresis, and a treatment with a restriction enzyme, they take time and cost. Furthermore, after PCR is performed, it is necessary to open the reaction container once. Accordingly, there is a possibility that the amplification product may contaminate the next reaction system and thereby the analysis accuracy may be deteriorated. Moreover, since it is difficult to automate, a large amount of samples cannot be analyzed. Further, the aforementioned ASP-PCR method (3) is less specific, which also is a problem.
Because of these problems, recently, a method of analyzing the melting temperature (Tm) of double-stranded nucleic acid formed of a probe and target nucleic acid is used as a method of detecting a point mutation. Since such a method is performed through, for example, Tm analysis or analysis of the melting curve of the double strand, it is referred to as melting curve analysis. This method is described below. That is, first, a probe complementary to a sequence to be detected containing a target point mutation is used to form a hybrid (double-stranded DNA) between the aforementioned probe and a target single-stranded DNA contained in a detection sample. Subsequently, this hybridization product is heat-treated, and dissociation (melting) of the hybrid accompanying the temperature rise is detected by a change in a signal such as absorbance. The Tm value then is determined based on the result of the detection and the presence or absence of any point mutation is judged accordingly. The higher the homology of the hybridization product, the higher the Tm value, and the lower the homology, the lower the Tm value. Therefore the Tm value (reference value for assessment) is determined beforehand with respect to the hybridization product between the sequence to be detected containing a point mutation and a probe complementary thereto, and then the Tm value (measured value) of the hybridization product between the target single-stranded DNA contained in the detection sample and the aforementioned probe is measured. When the measured value is comparable to the reference value, it is considered as matching, that is, it can be judged that a point mutation is present in the target DNA. On the other hand, when the measured value is lower than the reference value, it is considered as mismatching, that is, it can be judged that no point mutation is present in the target DNA. Furthermore, according to this method, it also is possible to automate gene analysis.
However, such a detection method using Tm analysis also has a problem in that a region including a site to be detected must be able to be amplified specifically and efficiently in PCR. Particularly, many isozymes are present in UGT and the sequences for coding them also are very similar to one another. Accordingly, there is a possibility that genes coding isozymes other than UGT1A1 also are amplified in PCR. Furthermore, when other isozyme-coding genes also have been amplified as described above, it may cause a decrease in the reliability of the analysis result in the analysis of a particular polymorphism (UGT1A1*28, UGT1A1*6, or UGT1A1*27) of the UGT1A1 gene (Nonpatent Document 1). Moreover, as described above, since the analysis of one sample is accompanied by a considerable amount of time and energy, it is not practical to analyze a large amount of samples, which also is a problem.    [Nonpatent Document 1] PMID: 11156391 Cancer Res. 2000 Dec. 15; 60(24): 6921-6.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Probes for detection of UGT1A1 gene, reagent containing the same, and the uses thereof


For hand-operated garden shears, in particular tree-pruning shears, with a ratchet mechanism, a ratchet lever may be disposed between a hand lever and a scissor lever and the ratchet lever may engage in different latching positions according to the ratchet mechanism. A rotatable abutment surface may be provided on the hand lever and a mating bearing surface on the lever extension, or vice versa, which, at the end of an initial closing operation with the ratchet lever in a first ratchet position, may allow a continuation of the cutting operation as a direct cut without further use of the ratchet mechanism.

The invention relates to hand-operated shears with a ratchet mechanism.
Shears with ratchet mechanisms have the advantage that higher resistance forces of the material to be cut can be overcome with moderate hand force of the user than with shears with the same hand lever length without a ratchet mechanism. A design is especially customary in which in a first articulation a second hand lever and in a second articulation a second shears lever are connected to a first pivot lever that contains a first shears shaft and a first hand lever. The second shears lever contains a second shears cheek and a lever extension. The lever extension is connected via a ratchet lever to the second hand lever, whereby a first end of the ratchet lever is supported in a third articulation and the second end of the ratchet lever is supported on a ratchet structure with several ratchet steps. In a first ratchet position, in which the ratchet lever engages after the maximal opening position of the hand levers during the closing of the hand levers, the shears cheeks (e.g. blades) cannot be completely closed. The hand levers must be opened a little bit wider again after reaching the end position of a first closing operation of the hand levers, whereby the ratchet lever jumps under spring action to one of the next ratchet steps, in which in the end position of the hand lever closing operation a more extensive or complete closing of the shears cheeks is possible. Shears with such a ratchet mechanism are known, e.g. from DE 298 16 971 U1.
The multiple closing operations of the hand levers with partial opening to be carried out in between them are also necessary if the resistance of the material to be cut could also be overcome in a single closing operation of the hand levers, in the following as a direct cut, by the hand force that can be applied by the user on the hand levers. In such a case the multi-step cutting operation via the ratchet mechanism is unnecessarily expensive.
The GARDENA Comfort Ratchet Shears Smart Cut has a pivotable support lever on the second handgrip, with which support lever the end of the lever extension of the second shears lever, which end faces away from the second shears axis, can be supported against the second hand lever in a ratchet mechanism of the described type without the ratchet lever with the ratchet structure becoming effective in a force-transferring manner so that a direct cut can be carried out with an expenditure of force as in traditional garden shears. For stronger material to be cut the ratchet mechanism can be engaged by pivoting the support lever away and a cut can be made in several motions.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,470,575 B2 suggests, in order to avoid the multiple actuation of ratchet shears, the construction of a control cam on the lever extension facing the second hand lever, which cam is guided on two rollers arranged on the second hand lever during the closing operation carried out as a direct cut. However, this is only an attempt to optimize the expenditure of force via the course of a cutting operation during a direct cut. One according to the same principle but with a roller on the lever extension and with a control cam on the second hand lever is described in the MD 3065 F1. A distinct reduction of the required force by a multiple closing operation of a ratchet mechanism with a greater accumulative hand lever travel is not possible with these shears with control cam.


A rod-shaped light transmission body that has a plurality of prisms and converts light incident from a light source to linear light through the prisms to output the linear light, the prisms including a first prism having a function of totally reflecting the incident light to output the light from the rod-shaped light transmission body, and second and third prisms that are positioned on both sides of the first prism, each of the second and the third prisms having a function of transmitting and deflecting the incident light.

1) Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a liquid crystal display device using an illuminating device constituted of a rod-shaped light transmission body and a planer light transmission body, and in particular to a rod-shaped light transmission body having a plurality of prisms.
2) Description of the Related Art
Recently, a liquid crystal display element and a liquid crystal display device used in an information terminal are required to provide high display quality such as colorization, high luminance, or high resolution. Since the liquid crystal display element is thin and light, it is widely used as a display unit for a portable type information terminal.
FIG. 11 is a sectional view showing a conventional transmission type liquid crystal panel. As shown in FIG. 11, the transmission type liquid crystal panel has a polarizer 214 interposed between a glass base plate 210 and a glass base plate 212. A bus line or the like is formed on the glass base plate 212. Liquid crystal 220 is sealed between the glass base plate 212 and a glass base plate 218. Further, a color filter 224 is interposed between the glass base plate 218 and a glass base plate 222. A polarizer 228 is interposed between the glass base plate 222 and a glass base plate 226.
In the transmission type liquid crystal panel, the color filter and the liquid crystal are sandwiched between the polarizers, and in a reflection type liquid crystal panel, the polarizer 214 is replaced by a reflecting plate such as a mirror. In each of the liquid crystal panels, when linearly polarized light passes through the liquid crystal, a phase thereof is modulated due to characteristics of the liquid crystal, and the modulated light passes through the color filter to pass through the polarizer or be reflected by the polarizer, thereby performing white and back display. Character information or image information is constituted by arranging a plurality of while and black dots. On the other hand, since the liquid crystal itself is a light receiving element that does not emit light, it is difficult to view the information in the liquid crystal alone.
In order to solve the problem, an illuminating device as illuminating means is arranged on a back face of the transmission type liquid crystal panel or on a front face of the reflection type liquid crystal panel. Since the reflection type liquid crystal panel is illuminated by solar light or room light, an illuminating device is not required under such a condition. When the reflection type liquid crystal panel is not placed in an illuminating environment, an illuminating device like the transmission type liquid crystal panel is required. The illuminating device includes a point light source, a rod-shaped light transmission plate, and a planer light transmission body. Therefore, light emitted from such a point light source such as a LED is converted to a line light source by the rod-shaped light transmission plate, light from the line light source is incident on the planer light transmission plate, and the incident light illuminates a whole surface of the liquid crystal panel.
Patent Literature 1 (Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. H7-325208) discloses a technique of a liquid crystal display device provided with a prism sheet having at least two apex angle portions, slants of respective prism portions thereof being formed curvilinearly, apex angles being formed by the curved portions, and angles of the apex angle portions being different from one another.
Patent Literature 2 (Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. H10-214035) discloses a technique of a back light device having a prism sheet including a plurality of triangular prisms with different apex angles, at least one of the apex angles being in a range of 80° to 100°, and a liquid crystal display device using the back light device.
Patent Literature 3 (Japanese Patent Application National Publication (Laid-Open) No. 2003-511735) discloses a technique of forming an optical film provided with a polarizing prism array formed on an input face thereof which is useful for reducing or avoiding ripples (non-uniformity of luminance).
Patent Literature 4 (Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2003-77326) discloses a technique of an illuminating device that is provided with a light source that emits light, and a linear light transmission body that reflects light introduced from the light source by a plurality of light reflecting portions formed on an opposed side thereof from the light source and linearly outputs the light from a side thereof opposed to the opposed side for obtaining even light intensity, where faces of the light reflecting portions are respectively inclined at such angles that light is converged in the eyes of a viewer.
In view of the above problems, it is an object of the present invention to provide a rod-shaped light transmission body that has a simple constitution and is realized with a low cost, an illuminating device that provides sufficient brightness using the rod-shaped light transmission body, and a liquid crystal display device using the illuminating device.

Rod-shaped light transmission body, illuminating device, and liquid crystal display device


A security system (150) in a network includes a softswitch (440) and a detection unit (420). The detection unit (420) detects activity directed to the softswitch (440) and records the detected activity. In another implementation, a method for configuring a security device (150) for use in a network includes installing a detection unit (420) to monitor and record traffic directed to the security device (150), installing a deceptive operating system (430), installing a softswitch (440), and configuring the deceptive operating system (430) and softswitch (440) to mirror settings used in an active softswitch (140) in the network.

Network attacks represent a major threat to the continuous operation of network devices. In a typical Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack, for example, traffic emanates from a wide range of compromised systems, and packets from these systems are directed at one or more target hosts, e.g., web servers, in an attempt to overload the target hosts. When a DDoS attack occurs across an Internet Service Provider's (ISP's) network, the transmission network may become so congested that the ISP can no longer provide adequate service. Examples of DDoS attacks include Tribe Flood Network 2000 (TFN2K) and WinTrinoo.
TFN2K is a Synchronized (SYN) flood from multiple hosts to a single server on a network that prevents a Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) server from servicing other users. An attacking device sends a counterfeit source address to the server so that a final acknowledgment to the server's SYNchronize-ACKnowledge (SYN-ACK) response in the handshaking sequence is not sent. As a result, the server continues to execute the handshaking sequence until the server either overloads or crashes.
Other successful attacks can occur because, but not limited to, buffer overflow, operating system or application misconfiguration, software error, weak authentication, or a combination of these vulnerabilities.
To date, major work on detecting network attacks has focused on signature based intrusion detection systems (IDS) mechanisms designed to recognize traffic based on simple rules. This strategy is ineffective in the global Internet environment.
Another approach to combating network attacks involves the use of honeypots. Honeypots are deception hosts that are typically deployed in a network with standard production-like operating and network configurations. If an intruder compromises or attacks the honeypot, the intruder's actions are recorded. A security administrator can use this recorded information to determine ways in which the basic system can be compromised. Conventional honeypots are generally associated with less complex systems, such as host devices. As network devices become more complex, it is desirable to use honeypots for improving security of these devices. One such complex device is a softswitch that routes calls between packet networks and the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN).
Therefore, there exists a need for systems and methods that improve the security of softswitches.


Method of detecting a plurality of symbols (dk(i)) transmitted by or for a plurality K of users, each symbol belonging to a modulation constellation and being the subject of a spectral spreading before being modulated on a plurality L of carriers, the method comprising a step of demodulation (420) and a step of spectral despreading (430) of the received signal (r(i)) in order to supply a vector (y2(i), {tilde over (y)}2(i)) characteristic of the signal, and a step (450) of searching, within an array of points (Λ2,Ω2) generated by the symbols of the modulation constellations, for at least the closest neighbour of the vector.

1. Field of Use
The present invention concerns a multiuser detection method and device. More particularly, the present invention concerns a maximum likelihood multiuser detection method and device for an MC-CDMA (Multi-Carrier Code Division Multiple Access) telecommunication system.
2. Discussion of the Background
Multicarrier Code Division Multiple Access (MC-CDMA) combines OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex) modulation and the CDMA multiple access technique. This multiple access technique was proposed for the first time by N. Yee et al. in an article entitle "Multicarrier CDMA in indoor wireless radio arrays" which appeared in Proceedings of PIMRC '93, Vol. 1, pages 109–113, 1993. The developments of this technique were reviewed by S. Hara et al. in the article entitled "Overview of multicarrier CDMA" published in IEEE Communication Magazine, pages 126–133, Dec. 1997.
Unlike the DS-CDMA (Direct Sequence Code Division Multiple Access) method in which the signal of each user is multiplied in the time domain in order to spread its frequency spectrum, the signature here multiplies the signal in the frequency domain, each element of this signature multiplying the signal of a different sub-carrier.
More precisely, FIG. 1 depicts the structure of an MC-CDMA transmitter for a given user k. Let dk(i) be the ith symbol to be transmitted from the user k, where dk(i) belongs to the modulation alphabet. The symbol dk(i) is first of all multiplied at 110 by a spread sequence or signature of the user, denoted ck(t), consisting of Nc "chips", each "chip" being of duration Tc, the total duration of the spread sequence corresponding to a symbol period T. The results of the multiplication of the symbol dk(i) by the different "chips" are converted by the serial to parallel converter 120 into a block of L symbols, where L is in general a multiple of Nc. It will be considered, for reasons of simplification of presentation, that L=Nc. The block of L symbols is then subject to an inverse FFT in the module 130 in order to be transmitted to the parallel to serial converter 140. In order to prevent inter-symbol interference, a guard time, with a length greater than the duration of the pulse response of the transmission channel, is added to the MC-CDMA symbol. This guard time is obtained by the addition (not shown) of a suffix chosen so as to be identical to the start of the said symbol. The symbol thus obtained is amplified at 150 before being transmitted over the channel of the user. It can therefore be seen that the MC-CDMA method can be analysed as a spread in the spectral domain (before IFFT) followed by an OFDM modulation.
In practice, the user k transmits his data in the form of frames of N symbols, each symbol dk(i) being spread by a real signature ck(t) with a duration equal to the symbol period T, such that ck(t)=0 if t∉[0,T]. The signal modulated at time t=i.T+n.Tc can then be written, if the guard times between the MC-CDMA symbols are omitted:
                                          S            k                                          (            t            )                          =                              ∑                          i              =              0                                      N              -              1                                                                                ∑                              n                =                0                                            L                -                1                                                                                a                k                            ·                                                d                  k                                                                  (                  i                  )                                            ·                                                c                  k                                                                  (                                      n                    ·                                          T                      c                                                        )                                            ·                              exp                                                  (                                                            j                      ·                      2                                                            π                                                                                n                      /                                              N                        c                                                                              )                                                                                (        1        )            where ak is the amplitude of the signal transmitted by the user k.If the case is now taken of a base station transmitting symbols to K users, the resulting modulated signal can be expressed simply as:
                              S                                (            t            )                          =                              ∑                          k              =              1                        K                                                        ∑                              i                =                0                                            N                -                1                                                                                ∑                                  n                  =                  0                                                                      N                    i                                    -                  1                                                                                a                  k                                ·                                                      d                    k                                                                          (                    i                    )                                                  ·                                  c                  kn                                ·                                  exp                                                        (                                                                  j                        ·                        2                                                                  π                                                                                n                        /                                                  N                          c                                                                                )                                                                                (        2        )            where ckn=ck(n.Tc) has been noted.
An MC-CDMA receiver for a given user k has been illustrated schematically in FIG. 2.
The demodulated received signal is sampled at the "chip" frequency and the samples belonging to the guard time are eliminated (elimination not shown). The signal obtained can be written:
                              R                                (            t            )                          =                                            ∑                              k                =                1                            K                                                                  ∑                                  i                  =                  0                                                  N                  -                  1                                                                                ∑                                      n                    =                    0                                                        L                    -                    1                                                                                a                    k                                    ·                                                            d                      k                                                                                (                      i                      )                                                        ·                                      c                    kn                                    ·                                                            h                      kn                                                                                (                      i                      )                                                        ·                                      exp                                                              (                                                                        j                          ·                          2                                                                        π                                                                                n                          /                                                      N                            c                                                                                )                                                                                +                      η                                      (              t              )                                                          (        3        )            where hkn(i) represents the response of the channel of the user k at the frequency of the sub-carrier n of the MC-CDMA symbol transmitted at time i.T and η(t) is the noise received.
The samples thus obtained are put in parallel by a serial to parallel converter 210 before undergoing an FFT in the module 220. The samples in the frequency domain, output from 220, are equalised and despread by the signature of the user k. To do this, the samples of the frequency domain are multiplied by the coefficients qkn(i).c*kn in the multipliers 23000, . . . , 230Nc−1 and then added at 240 in order to supply an output symbol {circumflex over (d)}k(i).
Different possibilities of equalisation have been envisaged in the state of the art, including notably the MRC (Maximium Ratio Combining) combination defined by the user of the coefficients qkn(i)=h*kn(i) or .* is the conjugation operation.
The receiver illustrated in FIG. 2 makes it possible to decode only the data of a single user k. However, it is often advantageous to decode data transmitted for all of the K users, in order to estimate and eliminate the interference between the different transmission channels. The techniques of multiuser detection and conjoint detection have also been envisaged for the MC-CDMA method. For example, the article by S. Kaiser et al. entitled "Multi-carrier CDMA with iterative decoding and soft-interference cancellation" published in GLOBECOM '97 at pages 6–10, 1997, proposes a method of conjoint detection with parallel elimination of the interference (PIC standing for Parallel Interference Cancellation). However, this detection technique does not necessarily provide the optimum solution in terms of maximum likelihood. In addition, the direct application of a maximum likelihood detection technique to a multiuser context would result in prohibitive complexity.


A mixed-gas intake device of an engine comprises an air intake duct. A side wall of the air intake duct is provided with an exhaust inlet. The mixed-gas intake device is characterized in that the same also comprises blades disposed in the air intake duct and a flow control device used for adjusting the distance between two adjacent blades. The blades are arranged at an exhaust inlet end. The multiple blades are arranged in a ring. An exhaust intake space is formed between the side wall of the air intake duct and the blades. The mixed-gas intake device uses the flow control device to adjust the distance between two adjacent blades, so as to adjust the amount of input exhaust, thereby eliminating the need to install a dedicated valve. The multiple blades are arranged in a ring, such that exhaust is evenly mixed with air after entering the air intake duct, thereby eliminating the need to install a dedicated mixer, and effectively reducing the overall volume of the mixed-gas intake device. Further disclosed is an engine comprising the mixed-gas intake device.

In recent years, destruction of the global ecological environment and greenhouse effect caused by automobile exhaust pollution and CO2 emission become increasingly serious. A car with low exhaust pollution and low fuel consumption can mitigate global warming and the destruction of ecological balance caused by the global greenhouse effect. In order to reduce environmental pollution, with EGR (Exhaust Gas Recirculation) technology, exhaust gas discharged by the engine is reintroduced into a gas intake pipe and is mixed with fresh gas, and then the mixed gas flows into a combustion chamber for combustion. In this way, NOx emission of the engine can be effectively reduced.
In order to utilize the exhaust gas, a gas inlet of a conventional engine is provided with a hybrid gas intake device. Specifically, a conventional hybrid gas intake device includes a gas intake pipe and an exhaust gas intake pipe connected to a side wall of the gas intake pipe. The exhaust gas intake pipe is provided with an EGR valve that is a butterfly valve or a poppet valve. That is, the EGR valve that is the butterfly valve or the poppet valve is mounted independently in an EGR loop, to control an EGR flow. The gas intake pipe is provided with a mixer for mixing air and the exhaust gas.
However, the exhaust gas intake pipe is required to be provided with a valve body to control intake flow of the exhaust gas, and is also required to be provided with a mixer to mix the air and the exhaust gas, which results in a large overall volume of the hybrid gas intake device.
Therefore, how to reduce the overall volume of the hybrid gas intake device is a technical problem desired to be solved by those skilled in the art.

Engine and mixed-gas intake device thereof


An aircraft comprising a Channel Wing having blown channel circulation control wings (CCW) for various functions. The blown channel CCW includes a channel that has a rounded or near-round trailing edge. The channel further has a trailing-edge slot that is adjacent to the rounded trailing edge of the channel. The trailing-edge slot has an inlet connected to a source of pressurized air and is capable of tangentially discharging pressurized air over the rounded trailing edge. The aircraft further has a propeller that is located in the channel and ahead of the rounded trailing edge of the channel. The propeller provides a propeller thrust exhaust stream across the channel wing to propel the aircraft through the air and to provide high lift. The pressurized air being discharged over the rounded trailing edge provides a high lift that is obtained independent of an aircraft angle of attack, thus preventing the asymmetry, separated flow, and stall experienced by the CC wing at the high angle of attack it required for high lift generation. The aircraft can further include blown outboard circulation control wings (CCW) that are synergistically connected to the blown channel CCWs. The blown outboard CCWs provide additional high lift, control thrust/drag interchange, and can provide all three aerodynamic moments when differential blowing is applied front-to-rear or left-to-right. Both the blown channel CCW and the outboard CCW also have leading-edge blowing slots to prevent flow separation or to provide aerodynamic moments for control.

The ability to achieve Super-Short Takeoff and Landing (Super STOL) or Vertical/Short Takeoff and Landing (VSTOL) capability with fixed-wing aircraft has long been an attractive goal in the aerospace community. There are numerous benefits associated with very-short to zero-field-length operations of non-rotary-wing aircraft such as the development of a simple/reliable/effective personal and business-sized Super-STOL or VSTOL aircraft operating from remote or small sites as well as increasingly dense urban environments, or a military transport operating from small sites.
A Channel Wing (ChW) powered-lift aircraft provides some characteristics of Super STOL or VSTOL. Through use of the propeller slipstream, the Channel Wing developed by Willard Custer was able to achieve significant lift coefficient and efficient downward thrust deflection without varying the high-lift configuration geometry. The ChW aircraft places the propeller at the very trailing edge of the 180-degree arc circular channel in the wing. This location of the propeller and the propeller's inflow field increase the velocity over the channel's upper surface and augment the circulation and lift there in much the same manner as a moveable mechanical flap. Lift is also augmented by the deflected thrust slipstream behind the channel. However, the thrust deflection on this ChW aircraft itself was very limited until the channel was tilted to very high angle of attack, and this severely limited a pilot's visibility. This also caused severe flow separations and asymmetries, and flight control became very difficult if at all possible at these conditions.
The Ch W aircraft has a number of drawbacks associated with low-speed handling, cruise drag, stability & control, high-incidence operation, and one-engine-out scenarios, including, but not limited to:                higher drag from the channel surface area,        asymmetric thrust yields asymmetric moments and instability,        channel leading-edge and trailing-edge separation occurring at high angle of attack,        poor low-speed control from conventional aerodynamic surfaces operating at low dynamic pressures,        nose-down pitch from aft propeller loading on the wing,        non-uniform flow around the propeller at high angle of attack,        poor lift/drag ratio in cruise and climbing flight,        high-angle-of-attack operation could cause poor visibility and control, and        one-engine-out control problems.
Another way to achieve Super STOL or VSTOL is to implement an outboard Circulation Control Wing/Upper Surface Blowing (CCW/USB) system that has high jet-induced thrust deflection. Typically, this CCW/USB system includes an engine and exhaust nozzle over the wing which squashes a circular jet thrust into a flattened exhaust stream. The CCW/USB system further includes a flat wing that has a trailing-edge slot and a rounded trailing edge. The trailing-edge slot is placed adjacent and along the rounded trailing edge. The trailing-edge slot discharges pressurized air over the rounded trailing edge. The pressurized air that is discharged over the rounded trailing edge remains attached to the rounded trailing edge by balancing reduced static pressure with centrifugal force of a curving jet. The pressurized air produces negative pressure (suction) along the rounded trailing edge. When the flattened thrust stream passes over the upper surface of the rounded trailing edge, it is entrained into the pressurized air and is deflected, which provides a thrust deflection (and even a thrust reversal) and the associated high lift.
A related concept employing the Circulation Control Wing (CCW) alone was also developed earlier than the CCW/USB system. This CCW is typically a flat wing that employs a slot blowing tangentially over a rounded or near-round trailing edge similar to the CCW/USB system, but without the engine and exhaust nozzle located on the wing's upper surface. This CCW alone uses jet turning to entrain the wing's flow field and augment its circulation lift. It also can employ a leading-edge slot blowing to keep the wing leading edge flow field from separating and also to control the airfoil/wing pitching moment.
From the above, it can be appreciated that it would be desirable to have an improved Channel Wing aircraft that eliminates many of the asymmetry, aircraft control, efficiency (lift/drag ratio), and flow separation problems which were found to be inherent in the original Channel Wing configuration, particularly taking advantage of the Circulation Control (CC) Wing and CCW/USB system technology. Also, a means to control all the aerodynamic moments for this aircraft operating at very low flight speeds is quite desirable.

Channel-wing system for thrust deflection and force/moment generation


A method, system, and program storage device for establishing security and authorization policies for users accessing a software application, wherein the method comprises generating at least one application object group from an application object description document comprising an XML format run on a data processor; creating an authorization policy for each application object; sending a selected application object group to an access controller; and establishing access control parameters at a time of deployment of the software application for users attempting to access the selected application object group based on the authorization policy. The method further comprises specifying environmental variables for the authorization policy; changing the authorization policy by modifying a declarative specification of the environmental variables and modifying constraints defined on attributes of an application object; implementing varied classes of authorization policies using a same authorization policy classifier; and specifying the application object group using grouping parameters.

1. Field of the Invention
The embodiments of the invention generally relate to software application development, and more particularly to Java®-based security and authorization software application development systems and methods.
2. Description of the Related Art
Security and authorization play very important roles in the development, deployment, and functioning of software systems. Java®, available from Sun Microsystems, Inc., Santa Clara, Calif., USA, is the most popular platform for component-based software and systems. Moreover, Java® security plays a key role in e-commerce enterprise systems. Security features are typically built into an application in an ad-hoc manner or integrated with an enterprise J2EE® (Java® 2 Platform Enterprise Edition), available from Sun Microsystems, Inc., Santa Clara, Calif., USA, application using container managed authentication and authorization. There are several reasons for such a situation. First, security must be handled by nearly all of the components of the application; however its integration in the software development is not centralized. Second, there is a lack of a standard easy-to-use process for developing granular security. In J2EE® systems, containers provide method-level security and role-based access control which may not be sufficient for many situations. Overall, the low-level of security development makes security implementation rigid and tightly coupled with the application.
Java® Authentication and Authorization Service (JAAS) is a Java® package that enables services to authenticate and enforce access controls on users. In other words, JAAS is a set of Java® Application Program Interfaces (APIs) that can be used for two purposes: (1) for authentication of users, to reliably and securely determine who is currently executing Java® code, regardless of whether the code is running as an application, an applet, a bean, or a servlet; and (2) for authorization of users to determine if the authenticated user is allowed to access the resource (which can be the Java® code or some object/entity accessed by the Java® code), regardless of whether the code is running as an application, an applet, a bean, or a servlet. Typically, JAAS authentication is performed in a pluggable fashion. This permits Java® applications to remain independent from the underlying authentication technologies. Moreover, new or updated technologies can be plugged in without requiring modifications to the application itself.
Java® uses three types of defense mechanisms: byte-code verifier, class loader, and security manager. In Java® Version 1.0, applets operate in a "sandbox," which restricts the applet's ability to either affect the machine they are executed on or to obtain any sensitive information from it. As such, nothing much can be accessed locally. In later versions of Java®, applets are allowed to escape the sandbox if the machine running it allows it to do so based on signing information. To support flexible, fine gained access control, Java® version 1.2 provides for policy based security architecture. The policy is defined by a set of permissions for code in various locations and by various signers. Permission allows access to certain actions on a certain resource. Usually, resource names and their associated actions are enumerated in a policy file. FIG. 1 illustrates a typical policy file in Java®.
In Java® version 2, two functions, earlier provided by the SecurityManager, namely establishment of security policy and enforcement of security policy, are separated. The java.security.Policy abstract class is used for establishing the security policy and the AccessController is used as the security enforcer. For backward compatibility, the SecurityManager class still exists but it refers to the AccessController for its decisions. In java.policy, permissions are associated with the code-source. As such, it does not have user or role based permissions. FIG. 2 illustrates a typical code for protecting a Java® method using AccessController. The example illustrated in FIG. 2 shows how a resource is protected by calling the AccessController before accessing the resource. The AccessController checks the requested permission with the application's current authorization policy. If any permission defined in the policy file implies the requested permission, the method "checkpermission" command simply returns; otherwise an AccessControlException is initiated.
As mentioned above, JAAS is a set of APIs that enable services to authenticate and enforce access controls upon users. JAAS reliably and securely determines who is currently executing the Java® code and whether it is allowed to do so. Moreover, JAAS implements a Java® technology version of the standard Pluggable Authentication Module (PAM) framework. This permits Java® applications to remain independent from the underlying authentication mechanism.
JAAS includes two primary components: authentication and authorization. JAAS adds subject based policies to the Java® version 2 security model. Permission is granted not only based on the CodeSource but also based on the user executing the code. For this the user is first authenticated. JAAS distribution contains various LoginModules implementations to retrieve the user id and password from the user. The LoginContext uses a login configuration file to determine which LoginModule to use for authentication. The Subject class is used to encapsulate the credentials of the authenticated user. A subject can have multiple identities called principals. In the JAAS policy file each grant statement is associated with a principal. For each principal associated with the subject, the AccessController obtains permissions from the PolicyFile and checks whether any permission implies the requested permission. Otherwise, the AccessController initiates an AccessControlException. FIG. 3 illustrates the typical policy for principal based authorization in JAAS.
In J2EE® architecture, a container serves as an authorization boundary between the components it hosts and their callers. The container establishes the identity of the user of the calling code. Access to the called component, an EJB (Enterprise JavaBeans™, available from Sun Microsystems, Inc., Santa Clara, Calif., USA), or a web component, is determined by comparing the caller's security attributes with those required to access the called component. In declarative authorization, a deployer establishes the container-enforced access control rules for a J2EE® application. The deployer maps an application permission model, typically supplied by the application assembler, to mechanisms specific to the runtime environment. The deployment descriptor defines security roles and their associated access rights for various components. The deployer assigns security roles to specific callers to establish the access rights of users in the runtime environment. For example, a deployer can map a security role to a list of principal identities in the operational environment. Then, callers, authenticated with one of these identities, are assigned the privilege represented by the role. A J2EE® container makes access control decisions before the dispatching method calls to a component. Thus, declarative access control can be assigned with the method's granularity.
The J2EE® container does not factor in the logic or state of the component in these access decisions. To do that, programmatic authorization is required to be performed by the code developer. A component can use two methods to perform fine-grained access control: EJBContext.isCallerInRole (for EJB components) and HttpServletRequest.isUserInRole (for web components). A component uses these methods to determine whether a caller has been granted a privilege selected by the component based on the parameters of the call, the internal state of the component, or other factors such has runtime parameters. However, there is a trade-off between the declarative and programmatic authorization. The declarative authorization is an external access control policy configured by the deployer whereas the programmatic authorization is through an internal policy embedded in the application by the component developer. The internal policy is more fine-grained whereas the external policy is more flexible. Moreover, the external policy is transparent whereas the internal policy is buried in the application. For example, to provide the authorization policy, "Employees can only access their own salary information," programmatic authorization is required, which cannot be changed in the future, if required.
Moreover, JAAS is built on top of the pre-existing security model of Java®, which is CodeSource based and the plaintext format policy file implementation. JAAS implements authorization based on the class accessed by a certain component. However, this may not be sufficient for an enterprise application, whereby one may wish to use the custom security repositories, like LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol) with JAAS. Further, in business-to-business electronic commerce a pricing contract may have different access control policies than another contract. The specification for a self-service auction application might have the requirement that "any registered user can create an auction but only the user who created the auction is allowed to modify it." Thus, many Java® applications are required to extend JAAS to satisfy its authorization requirements. Because of pluggable features of JAAS, one can write his/her own implementation of various authentication and authorization sub-modules to change the default behavior of JAAS. For the authorization requirements illustrated in the above examples, one may need to change the default implementations of one or more of the following:                java.security.Permission: The AccessController.checkPermission (Permission perm) is called to determine whether the caller has the authority to perform the action on the called CodeSource. The permission object perm represents the required access to a resource. The permission object can specify things such as name of the permission (which may indicate the resource on which access is required), action for which the resource is accessed, etc. The permission class implements an implied method to be called by the AccessController to determine whether a granted permission implies the requested permission. For implementing class instance level authorization, one needs to have a new implementation of permissions having an object instance as one of its field. That object can be used in the implied method to decide authorizations.        java.security.PermissionCollection: This abstract class is used for representing a collection of permission objects. This class can be implemented to have a desired manner of storing the granted permissions and comparing them with the requested permission to determine if any of the granted permissions implies a requested permission.        java.security.Policy: This is an abstract class for storing security policies in a Java® application environment. The AccessController contacts the policy implementation to obtain the permissions for an authenticated subject on a CodeSource. The policy object consults its policy specification and returns an appropriate PermissionCollection object enumerating the permissions that are allowed. By default, sun.security.provider.PolicyFile implementation is used for policy implementation. By having different implementation one can change the way policies are written (for example, LDAP or software applications) or additional parameters on which the authorization depends.        javax.security.auth.spi.LoginModule: The LoginModule describes the interface implemented by the authentication provider. It retrieves the username and password(s) from the callbacks, which, by default, performs some user interaction. The LoginModule can be extended to delegate the authentication to some external adaptor.        java.security.Principal: The Principal interface represents the abstract notion to be used to represent an entity such as an individual, an organization, a group, or a login id. Group, KerberosPrincipal, etc. are well known implementations of Principal. By extending the Principal one can add custom properties to be used for authorization.
However, one of the limitations of JAAS is that it does not support class instance level authorization; i.e., the authorization in JAAS is performed on the basis of the class name and not on the basis of a specific instance of the class. For example, the specification for a web-based, self-service auction application may have the following requirement: "Any registered (authenticated) user can create an auction but only the user who created the auction may modify it." This means that any user can execute the code written to create an auction class instance, but only the user who owns that instance may execute code designed to modify it. Usually, the user who created the auction instance will be the owner. What this implies is that people of the same role might have different access rights based on their attributes or the actions that they have performed in the past. Unfortunately, this type of authorization cannot be supported using JAAS.
JAAS authorization extends the existing Java® security architecture that uses a security policy to specify what access rights are granted to the executing code. This security architecture, as provided in the Java® version 2 platform, is code-centric. That is, the permissions are granted based on code characteristics; i.e., where the code is coming from and whether it is digitally signed and if so, by whom. With the integration of JAAS into the Java® 2 SDK (Software Development Kit), the java.security.Policy API handles principal-based queries, and the default policy implementation supports principal-based grant entries. Thus, access control can now be based on which code is running, as well as who is running the code.
JAAS does provide a mechanism to support instance level JAAS. This is accomplished by extending some of the classes that are used by JAAS. However, the main drawback of this approach is that it is not extensible and it requires the creation of a new authorization class and a significant amount of rework if different kinds of authorizations in different domains are to be provided. Another option for supporting instance level authorization is to use a custom authorization code which is coded as part of the application. Generally, this is the most widely used method to support the authorization technique and the major drawback of this is that it is not based on standards making it more difficult to apply in different applications. Furthermore, since the code is part of the application, it is difficult to maintain and because it is non-generic it generally cannot be reused in different domains.
Therefore, due to the drawbacks and limitations of the conventional approaches, there remains a need for a more universally applicable JAAS-based authorization solution, which can be applied to different domains without requiring any new code. Writing new code for a new authorization requirement makes it difficult to change authorization settings at deployment time. Thus, what is needed is the flexibility of a declarative authorization with the high granularity of programmatic authorization.

Generic declarative authorization scheme for Java

International Business Machines Corporation


An exemplary optoelectronic transceiver 100 incorporating features of the present invention is shown in FIGS. 2 and 3. The transceiver 100 contains a receiver circuit, a transmitter circuit, a power supply voltage 19 and ground connections 20. The receiver circuit of the transceiver includes a Receiver Optical Subassembly (ROSA) 102, which may contain a mechanical fiber receptacle as well as a photodiode and pre-amplifier (preamp) circuit. The ROSA 102 is in turn connected to a post-amplifier (postamp) integrated circuit 106, the function of which is to generate a fixed output swing digital signal which is connected to outside circuitry via the RX+ and RX− pins 17. The postamp circuit 106 also often provides a digital output signal known as Signal Detect or Loss of Signal indicating the presence or absence of suitably strong optical input. The postamp circuit 106 does not necessarily have to be used to generate the Signal Detect or Loss of signal. In alternative embodiments, the postamp circuit 106 could be replaced with a CDR (“Clock Data Recovery”) or a demux chip, which embodiments are not shown.

1. The Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to the field of optoelectronic devices. More particularly, the invention relates to systems and methods for controlling operating requirements of an optoelectronic device at various operating temperatures.
2. Related Technology
FIG. 1 shows a schematic representation of the essential features of a typical conventional fiber optic transceiver. The main circuit 1 contains at a minimum transmit and receive circuit paths and power 19 and ground connections 20. The receiver circuit typically consists of a Receiver Optical Subassembly (ROSA) 2 which contains a mechanical fiber receptacle and coupling optics as well as a photodiode and pre-amplifier (preamp) circuit. The ROSA is in turn connected to a post-amplifier (postamp) integrated circuit 4, the function of which is to generate a fixed output swing digital signal which is connected to outside circuitry via the RX+ and RX− pins 17. The postamp circuit 4 also often provides a digital output signal known as Signal Detect or Loss of Signal indicating the presence or absence of suitably strong optical input. The Signal Detect output is provided at output pin 18.
The transmit circuit will typically consist of a Transmitter Optical Subassembly (TOSA) 3 and a laser driver integrated circuit 5. The TOSA contains a mechanical fiber receptacle and coupling optics as well as a laser diode or LED. The laser driver circuit 5 will typically provide AC drive and DC bias current to the laser. The signal inputs for the AC driver are obtained from the TX+ and TX− pins 12. The laser driver circuitry typically will require individual factory setup of certain parameters such as the bias current (or output power) level and AC modulation drive to the laser. Typically this is accomplished by adjusting variable resistors or placing factory selected resistors 7, 9 (i.e., having factory selected resistance values). Additionally, temperature compensation of the bias current and modulation is often required. This function can be integrated in the laser driver integrated circuit or accomplished through the use of external temperature sensitive elements such as thermistors 6, 8.
In addition to the most basic functions described above, some optoelectronic device platform standards involve additional functionality. Examples of this are the TX disable 13 and TX fault 14 pins described in the Gigabit Interface Converter (GBIC) standard. In the GBIC standard (SFF-8053), the TX disable pin 13 allows the transmitter to be shut off by the host device, while the TX fault pin 14 is an indicator to the host device of some fault condition existing in the laser or associated laser driver circuit.
In addition, the GBIC standard includes a series of timing diagrams describing how these controls function and interact with each other to implement reset operations and other actions. Most of this functionality is aimed at preventing non-eyesafe emission levels when a fault condition exists in the laser circuit. These functions may be integrated into the laser driver circuit 5 itself or in an optional additional integrated circuit 11.
Finally, the GBIC standard for a Module Definition "4" GBIC also requires the EEPROM 10 to store standardized ID information that can be read out via a serial interface (defined as using the serial interface of the ATMEL AT24CO1A family of EEPROM products) consisting of a clock 15 and data line 16.
As an alternative to mechanical fiber receptacles, some conventional optoelectronic devices use fiber optic pigtails which are unconnectorized fibers.
Similar principles apply to fiber optic transmitters or receivers.
In order to maximize the performance and product life of an optoelectronic device, it is advantageous to configure the operating parameters of the optoelectronic device so as to perform temperature compensation and minimize jitter over a range of temperatures at a desired "extinction ratio" and optical power level.
One conventional approach uses a fixed set of temperature compensation parameters for all optoelectronic devices whose components and configurations are otherwise identical. Under high-volume manufacturing conditions, however, this approach is not desirable because the performance and behavior of the components comprising an optoelectronic device vary from component to component. Therefore, the use of universal temperature compensation parameters has different temperature and jitter compensation effects on different modules within a class of similarly configured optoelectronic devices, thereby not achieving the desired efficiency for individual optoelectronic devices.
Another approach uses a temperature controller to maintain a steady operating temperature for the optoelectronic device. This approach, however, is generally not feasible for pluggable optoelectronic devices because temperature controllers are typically too big to fit within such devices. For example, the dimensions for a pluggable optoelectronic device specified by GBIC standards are 1.2″×0.47″×2.6″, and the dimensions for an optoelectronic device specified by SFP (Small Form Factor Pluggable) standards are 0.53″×0.37″×2.24″. As pluggable optoelectronic devices become more and more compact, the use of a temperature controller in these devices is becoming less and less feasible. In addition, temperature controllers can be very expensive, thus increasing or rendering infeasible the cost of manufacturing the optoelectronic device.
Accordingly, what is needed is a control circuit for an optoelectronic device, and method to configure the circuit for each individual device so as to minimize jitter and improve the temperature performance for each individual optoelectronic device.

Temperature and jitter compensation controller circuit and method for fiber optics device


A method for preventing Ethernet from being attacked is provided. The method comprises the steps as follows: after detecting a new connection between a port and a terminal device and receiving a data packet from the terminal device, an Ethernet communication device establishing and storing a fixed map between the port and a hardware address of the terminal device, then forwarding the data packet according to the fixed map; after detecting a disconnection between the port and the terminal device, the Ethernet communication device deleting the fixed map.

At present, destruction of network virus becomes more and more diversified and many new destructive methods appear. Attack to network reliability is one kind of these new destructive methods. The purpose of this kind of attack is not to steal information, but to attack network devices targeting on security vulnerabilities in networks and destroy normal network communication. Consequently, network paralysis will be caused and more losses will be brought to users. The attack to Ethernet is a familiar mode of this kind of attack.
In conventional networks, Ethernet is mostly used in an inner network which is considered to be very safe. Therefore, network security precaution tactics are set only at the exits of the inner network, but not within it. At the same time, because of different users existing in the inner network, it is impossible for a network management department to monitor and control the network usage of each user within the inner network. Thus, with continuous development of new destructive methods caused by computer virus and increase in application of middle and low end network products which are easy to be attacked, attacks to Ethernet become easier and easier. In addition, with the rise of broadband and popularization of new-style services, Ethernet is applied in outer networks relative to the network management department more frequently, for example a broadband cell that is accessed by means of an Ethernet. In such a case, Ethernet is easier to be attacked.
For users that communicate with others through Ethernet, once Ethernet is attacked and network paralysis occurs, there will be massive losses which are in direct proportion to the paralysis time even if no valuable data is lost; for companies which operate business based on Ethernet, such loss is more serious than losing data.
In Ethernet, the address of a host is identified by a Media Access Control (MAC) address. When data is transmitted, a destination MAC address and a source MAC address need to be carried in a data packet. Ethernet communication device, such as switch, determines a forwarding port for the data packet by the MAC address information. At present, forwarding data packets in switch is based on MAC address learning mechanism. As shown in FIG. 1, taking the MAC address of PC 1 as MAC 1, and the MAC address of PC 2 as MAC 2, when receiving a data packet transmitted by PC 1, the switch records the MAC address information carried in the data packet and the information of the port which receives the data packet, namely, it establishes a map between MAC 1 and Port 1. Similarly, a map between MAC 2 and Port 2 is established. In this way, the switch can establish a map between the MAC address information of each host and its associated port information, and store this map in a MAC table. As shown in FIG. 1, there are two entries in the MAC table in which MAC 1 associates with Port 1 and MAC 2 associates with Port 2. When receiving a data packet needed to be transmitted to PC 1, the switch firstly searches the corresponding Port 1 in the MAC table according to the MAC address MAC 1 of PC 1, then transmits the data packet to PC 1 via Port 1.
There is no authentication mechanism in the above-mentioned MAC address learning process, so some malicious users may attack a single user in Ethernet or whole Ethernet. This kind of attack may be implemented through MAC address cheating or MAC address bombing.
FIG. 2 schematically illustrates an attack process through MAC address cheating. As shown in FIG. 2, if the user of PC 2 is a malicious user and plans to attack PC 1, he may transmit a data packet carried with MAC 1 in source MAC address field from PC 2. Then, the switch will implement a learning process to establish a map between MAC 1 and Port 2. That is, after this learning process, the map between MAC 1 and Port 1 in the switch's MAC table will transfer to the map between MAC 1 and Port 2 Therefore, all the data packets to be sent to PC 1 will be transmitted to Port 2 and then to PC 2, resulting in PC 1 failing to receive the data packets normally. If the malicious user adopts the same method to attack multiple hosts and even all hosts in Ethernet, the whole Ethernet will be close to paralysis.
Besides the above-mentioned MAC address cheating, malicious users can attack Ethernet through MAC address bombing. For example, malicious users can continually send data packets with varying source MAC addresses from PC 2, e.g., the MAC address in the first data packet is MAC 1, the MAC address in the second data packet becomes MAC 3 and the MAC address in the third data packet is changed to MAC 8. Thus the switch needs to update the MAC table after receiving each data packet with different source address, and the MAC table of the switch will be in an unstable state. If the source MAC address carried in these data packets is the true address of a network device in Ethernet, this network device cannot communicate normally. This method is usually used by viruses to implement MAC bombing to whole Ethernet through the hosts which are infected by viruses, thereby destroying normal operations of the whole Ethernet.
To avoid above attacks to Ethernet, it is popular for a switch to bind host MAC address with a switch port, that is, if establishing a fixed map between a port and a MAC address, the switch no longer needs to learn any dynamic MAC address. Thus the map between the MAC addresses and the ports will not be changed for receiving a new data packet, and the MAC table becomes a fixed mapping table. In this way, attacks such as MAC address cheating or MAC address bombing will be avoided effectively.
However, this kind of binding relationship needs to be configured in a switch by a network administrator according to the fixed network connection, and once the configuration is accomplished, the network will be in a fixed mode. A new computer or other legal Ethernet devices can not communicate when they are connected to the network, a computer with a changed Ethernet Network Interface Card (NIC) can not communicate because of different MAC addresses, and a computer moved from one place to another can not communicate because of the change of connection port.

Method for preventing Ethernet from being attacked


The invention relates to an apparatus for depositing thin film coatings on a substrate. The deposition apparatus is designed to keep gaseous reactant materials to be deposited apart from one another in the deposition apparatus, by one or more separation devices and/or methods, but nevertheless, to allow the chemical reactants to mix and react at or near the substrate surface, rapidly enough to create a uniform film at commercially viable deposition rates.

The invention relates to an apparatus for efficiently depositing thin film coatings on a substrate. More specifically, the invention relates to an apparatus which permits the deposition of certain thin films at commercially viable deposition rates and having desired properties, which heretofore have not been possible with conventional deposition apparatus.
Two categories of thin films have been known for some years. They are distinguishable in many ways, but for purposes of this application, the primary areas of distinction are (1) the method of deposition, i.e. on-line versus offline and (2) the types of films generally produced by such methods, respectively, hard coat (or pyrolytic) versus soft-coat.
On-line coatings are preferably produced by deposition of one or more thin film layers on, for example, a glass substrate during the glass manufacturing process, typically a continuous float glass manufacturing process. As a consequence of the characteristics of the float glass manufacturing process the thin film deposition process must take place at relatively high temperatures, with very short chemical reaction times, but at high deposition rates, in order to be commercially viable.
In a successful on-line coating operation, the thin films produced are relatively mechanically and chemically durable compared to most soft-coat films.
Off-line film deposition, typically, involves one of several known types of sputter coating processes, in which glass panels are placed in one or more coating chambers where the glass panel is exposed to an atmosphere created by the physical or chemical reaction of a "target" material so that it is deposited on a surface of the glass panel. As the sputtering process is not controlled by the speed of the glass manufacturing process, it may be possible to deposit more complex film stacks by sputtering processes, which film stacks may, in some instances have properties superior to those of pyrolytic thin films, but such sputtered films are also likely to be significantly more expensive to produce.
Apparatus for on-line coating are known in the patent literature, for example:
U.S. Pat. No. 4,446,815 describes a nozzle having three converging tuyeres which project the reagents in the gaseous phase onto a substrate. Deflector members are adapted to channel the gases between themselves and the substrate, extending on either side of the nozzle. The surface of a first deflector member extends in the opposite direction to the direction of movement of the substrate with respect to the nozzle, is parallel to the substrate, and forms an acute angle with the extended external wall of the third tuyere, so as to be transversely offset in the direction of substrate movement with respect to the axial median plane of the first tuyere. By contrast, the surface of the second deflector member forms a blunt edge with the corresponding longitudinal wall of the second tuyere. The opening of the nozzle between the edges of the first and second deflector members is therefore effectively bent, and the gases emerging therefrom are regularly deflected in the direction of movement of the substrate.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,834,020 describes a conveyorized atmospheric chemical vapor deposition apparatus having a heated muffle furnace and a conveyor belt for conveying objects to be coated through the furnace. At least one chemical vapor deposition zone is provided in the muffle furnace. An injector assembly is also provided for uniformly injecting first and second reactant gases in the deposition zone across the width of the conveyor belt and against the surfaces of the objects to be coated. The gases exit from slots connected to distribution plenums. Polished cooled surfaces are used on the injector assembly for the purpose of minimizing deposition of chemicals thereon.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,041,150 describes a process for coating a moving ribbon of hot glass by chemical vapor deposition by establishing a first flow of a first reactant gas along the hot glass surface substantially parallel to the direction of movement of the glass, and establishing a second flow of a second reactant gas as a turbulent flow at an angle to the glass surface, thus introducing said second flow into said first flow at said angle, while avoiding upstream flow of the second reactant gas in the first flow, and directing the combined first and second gas flows along the surface of the hot glass as a turbulent flow.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,122,391 describes an atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition system for doping indium oxide films with both tin and fluorine said to produce dual electron donors in a non-batch process. The deposition system has a conveyor belt and drive system for continuous processing through one or more reaction chambers separated by nitrogen purge curtains. A substrate passing through the system enters a muffle furnace heated by several heaters and the reaction chambers are supplied by a source chemical delivery system comprising an oxidizer source, a fluorine chemical source, a nitrogen source, rotometers for the above sources, a mass flow controller, a tin chemical bubbler, heated lines, an indium chemical bubbler, a pair of water baths with heaters, and associated valving.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,136,975 describes an injector of a type said to be used in atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition equipment. The injector includes a number of plates with a number of linear hole arrays. The plates are layered in order to produce a number of what are called cascaded hole arrays. The layered plates together are said to define a hole matrix. A chute is positioned beneath the hole matrix. On both sides of the chute is a cooling plate. The chute includes a passage and the regions between the cooling plates and the chute form ducts. The top of the hole matrix receives a number of gaseous chemicals and discretely conveys them to the top of the individual cascade hole arrays. The gaseous chemicals are then forced through the cascaded hole arrays which induces the gases to flow in an increasingly uniform manner. The gaseous chemicals are then individually fed to the passage and ducts which convey them to a region above the surface where the chemicals are exposed to one another, react and form a layer on a substrate surface.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,704,982 describes a nozzle for distributing at least one current of precursor gases onto a surface of a moving glass substrate by pyrolysis/decomposition reaction, includes a nozzle body, a principal gas feed system for feeding at least one current of precursor gases into the nozzle of the body, and an auxiliary gas feed system independent of the principal gas feed system, for feeding at least one of the precursor gases to the nozzle body in the proximity of the principal gas of the nozzle body for locally modifying the chemical composition of the principal gas. The auxiliary gas flow into the nozzle body is controlled at a flow rate which is variable in time.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,022,414 describes a single body injector for delivering gases to a surface. The injector is comprised of an elongated member with end surfaces and at least one gas delivery surface extending along the length of the member and which includes a number of elongated passages formed therein. Also formed within the member are a number of thin distribution channels which extend between the elongated passages and the gas delivery surface. Gases are conveyed to the elongated passages, through the distribution channels to the gas delivery surface where they are directed to a desired region where they mix, react and form a thin film on the substrate positioned beneath the injector. The gas delivery surface is comprised of rounded side regions and a center recessed region of the gas delivery surface.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,206,973 describes a chemical vapor deposition system including a heated muffle, a chamber having an injector assembly for introducing vaporized chemical reactants, and a belt for moving the substrate through the muffle and chamber. The belt has an oxidation-resistant coating to reduce formation of deposits thereon, particularly deposits of chromium oxides.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,521,048 describes a chemical vapor deposition apparatus comprising a deposition chamber and a main chamber. The deposition chamber comprises at least one single injector and one or more exhaust channels. The main chamber supports the deposition chamber and includes at least one gas inlet to inject at least one gas into the main chamber. The gases are removed through the exhaust channels, thereby creating an inwardly flowing purge which acts to isolate the deposition chamber. At least one so-called semi-seal is formed between the deposition chamber and the substrate so as to confine the reactive chemicals within each deposition region.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,890,386 describes an injector and exhaust assembly for delivering gas to a substrate comprising at least two injectors positioned adjacent each other and spaced apart to form at least one exhaust channel therebetween, and a mounting plate for securing the at least two injectors, wherein each of the at least two injectors are individually mounted to or removed from the mounting plate, the mounting plate being provided with at least one exhaust slot in fluid communication with the at least one exhaust channel. An exhaust assembly is coupled to the mounting plate to remove exhaust gases from the injectors.

Apparatus for depositing thin film coatings and method of deposition utilizing such apparatus


A sheath assembly for an endoscope includes an elongate tubular body and a plug. The endoscope has a handle portion and a scope portion extending therefrom to a tip. The body includes first (40) and second (42) wall sections and extends along a longitudinal axis between first and second distal openings located at distal and proximal ends thereof, respectively. The first wall section (40) extends radially about the longitudinal axis to define a scope lumen (44). The scope portion is receivable in the scope lumen with the distal and proximal ends. The second wall section (42) extends radially about a portion of the first wall section (40) and longitudinally between second distal and proximal end openings. The first and second wall sections define an integral suction lumen (50) in fluid communication with a first source of negative pressure. The plug is mated with the distal end opening and includes a lens surface through which energy is transmissible.

Endoscopes are routinely used in medical procedures to allow internal visualization. Many of these endoscopes have an integral suction lumen, which may be used, among other things, to aspirate bodily fluids and/or foreign bodies. It is normal clinical practice to clean and sterilize these generally very expensive scopes between patients. The cleaning process is costly due to degradation of the scope during cleaning and the requirement for additional scopes to ensure availability while others are being reprocessed.
The use of a disposable sheath to protect the scope from contamination during use is well known. However, placing this sheath over the scope disables the ability of the user to utilize the scope's integral suction lumen. It is possible to design the sheath so that it incorporates one or more additional lumens through which suction can be drawn. There is currently at least one disposable sheath product on the market that provides such alternate suction capability. It is desirable that a sheath-specific suction lumen (or lumens) afford a cross-sectional area as large as possible (e.g., at least as large as the one integral to the scope). If multiple suction lumens are provided, it is also desirable that the cross-sectional area of any one of these be reasonably large so as to minimize the potential for occlusion.
Many endoscopes incorporate an articulating distal section that is controlled proximally by the user. It is important that a sheath does not appreciably impair the ability of the scope during articulation. Examples of endoscopes and endoscope sheaths are described in PCT Publication No. WO 2010/111461, U.S. Pat. No. 7,056,284, and U.S. Pat. No. 7,120,354, the entireties of which are hereby incorporated by reference.