A method and device to analyze the security of a mobile terminal having application and baseband processors are described. Various information may be acquired by baseband and application monitor applications running on the mobile device including, for example, information about transmission channels, protocol transmissions, and/or data transmission volumes. Information about power consumption may also be acquired. The monitor applications may also measure response times to service requests as well as monitor various aspects of running applications including status, time/duration, inputs or outputs, and/or inputs from a user via a User-Interface. Information may also be acquired about the configuration of the audio path to determine which component or application is using the microphone.

Modern mobile devices (typically, mobile phones and tablet computers with cellular network connectivity) consist of at least two separate processors: The so called application CPU (Central Processing Unit), which runs the operating system, user interface and applications, and the so-called baseband CPU that runs all the necessary software to interface with the mobile network (e.g. GSM Global System for Mobile Communications, 3G, CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access), CDMA2000, UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System, or LTE (Long Term Evolution).
A mobile application processor is a system on a chip designed to support applications running in a mobile operating system environment. The system on a chip can be physically independent from the baseband CPU as separate chip or can be implemented physically integrated into one chip together with the baseband CPU.
A mobile application processor provides a self-contained operating environment that delivers all system capabilities needed to support a device's applications, including memory management, graphics processing, and multimedia decoding.
Mobile application processors may be independent from other specialized processors in the same mobile device, such as a phone's baseband (wireless communications) processor.
Some vendors manufacture their own mobile application processors. Other vendors purchase their mobile application processors, using them as original equipment manufacturer (OEM) components. For example, the Qualcomm Snapdragon mobile application processor is contained in many smart phones that use Snapdragon to run the Android operating system and Android applications. In this way, every phone manufacturer need not develop its own mobile application processor (although they can); this approach reduces bill-of-materials cost and makes it possible to develop low-cost "smart" consumer electronics.
A wide variety of mobile devices contain mobile application processors, including feature phones, smartphones, tablets, eReaders, netbooks, automotive navigation devices, and gaming consoles.
A baseband processor (also known as baseband radio processor, BP, or BBP) is a device (a chip or part of a chip) in a network interface that manages all the radio functions (all functions that require an antenna). This may or may not include WiFi and/or Bluetooth. It typically uses its own RAM and firmware. This RAM can also be shared with the application processor.
The reasons for separating the baseband processor from the application CPU (known as the AP or Application Processor) are:                1. radio performance: radio control functions (signal modulation, encoding, radio frequency shifting, etc.) are highly timing dependant, and require a realtime OS.        2. legal: some authorities (e.g. the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC)) require that the entire software stack running on a device which communicates with the cellular network must be certified. Separating the BP into a different component allows reusing them without having to certify the full AP.        3. radio reliability: Separating the BP into a different component ensures proper radio operation while allowing application and OS changes.
Baseband processors typically run a RTOS written in firmware: e.g. Nucleus RTOS (iPhone 3G/3GS/iPad), ENEA's OSE, VRTX, ThreadX (iPhone 4).
Significant baseband manufacturers include MediaTek, Broadcom, Icera, Intel Mobile Communications—former infineon wireless division, Qualcomm, ST-Ericsson.
The BP and the AP can communicate and exchange information. One possibility is to use shared memory, which is controlled by a memory controller or a memory management unit. In this context the terms memory controller and memory management are used to identify the same unit which has the functionality of a memory controller, of a memory management unit, or of both. The memory controller controls regions of the memory for the AP and the BP and in some areas concurrent access is possible by both the AP and the BP. Also a bus system is possible over which the AP and the BP exchange information. Also private memory sections with private memory controllers and a mutual memory controller for a shared area are possible solutions. There is also a certain exchange of commandos between BP and AP, for example to initiate a call from an application running on the AP, or to start an application when a call is detected by the BP. The memory controller is a digital circuit which manages the flow of data going to and from the main memory. It can be a separate chip or integrated into another chip, such as on the die of a microprocessor. This is also called a Memory Chip Controller (MCC). Memory controllers contain the logic necessary to read and write to RAM or DRAM, and to "refresh" the DRAM by sending current through the entire device. Without constant refreshes, DRAM will lose the data written to it as the capacitors leak their charge within a fraction of a second.
Reading and writing to DRAM is performed by selecting the row and column data addresses of the DRAM as the inputs to the multiplexer circuit, where the demultiplexer on the DRAM uses the converted inputs to select the correct memory location and return the data, which is then passed back through a multiplexer to consolidate the data in order to reduce the required bus width for the operation. Also the memory controller might be necessary to control the concurrent access to the RAM by different component of the device and the CPUs of the device.
While the security situation for software running on the application CPU largely follows the methods and procedures developed for desktop computers (e.g. running anti-virus software, firewalls, restrict code execution to signed applications, etc.), the security of the baseband processor has been mostly ignored so far. This is despite of the fact that the baseband CPU is a complex hardware component in an exposed position: The baseband CPU is connected on one side to the mobile network(s) and on the other side to the application CPU. All data transmissions, phone calls, SMS messages, etc. from and to the mobile networks as requested by software running on the application CPU pass through the baseband CPU.
With increasing availability of private GSM and 3G base stations, a so far largely neglected class of attacks against the security and integrity of a mobile device becomes feasible and, consequently, more widespread. This class of attacks is characterized by forcing or "seducing" the victim's mobile device to camp on a base station that is under the control of the attacker. The attacker then uses manipulated transmissions to trigger security vulnerabilities on the victim's mobile device (e.g. buffer overruns, memory corruption, stack overflows etc.) and cause the victim's mobile device to behave in ways favorable to the attacker. The attacker can for example cause the victim's mobile device to accept incoming calls without ringing or any user interaction (thus allowing the attacker to eavesdrop onto conversations held in the vicinity of the victim's phone), or let malicious software run on the baseband CPU to cause unintended behavior like monitoring of ongoing communications or exfiltration of critical data.
The security quality of the software running on today's baseband CPUs is on average rather low, as large parts of the necessary protocol stacks haven been written back in the 1990s, before secure programming guidelines were known or observed. Fixing or patching baseband software for security reasons is very seldom done by the device manufacturers. There is a multitude of reasons for this problem: The baseband chipsets are developed and manufactured by a very small group of specialized companies which typically supply both the chips and the software/firmware running on them. The baseband software is usually customized to the needs of the specific phone either by the baseband processor's manufacturer, the phone's manufacturer, or both. These relationships, interdependencies, and the question of code ownership are often complicated. The result is a situation where baseband firmware is typically only updated when there are problems with battery lifetime or data throughput. Building new baseband firmware is a process that might also involve the need to obtain new regulatory approvals from bodies like the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), which is a costly and time-consuming, such that the process may not be completed during the market life cycle of the mobile device in question.
The resulting situation is detrimental to the security and protection of the mobile device's user against the types of over-the-air-attack described above. Even when new attacks are published and become widespread, the standard simple defense strategy of applying a software update may not be available. The invention disclosed herein therefore describes the missing piece in the security armor: means and methods to mitigate and prevent these types of attacks.

Mobile device and method to monitor a baseband processor in relation to the actions on an applicaton processor

GSMK Gesellschaft für sichere Mobile Kommunikation mbH


An orifice plate for an ink jet print-head for ejecting drops of an ink, wherein the orifice plate includes an outer surface, which has a wettability with the ink, and at least one orifice arranged in the outer surface, said orifice being configured for ejecting ink drops, each orifice having an edge, the edge defining a transition boundary between the orifice and the outer surface, wherein the wettability of the outer surface is poor near the edge of the at least one orifice and the wettability increases with increasing distance from the edge of the orifice, the increasing wettability with the increasing distance from the edge of the orifice providing a driving force for moving residual ink drops away from the edge towards a wettable region, thereby reducing the risk of disturbing the trajectories of subsequent ejected ink drops.

The present invention relates to an orifice plate for an ink jet print-head for ejecting drops of an ink, the orifice plate comprising an outer surface which has a wettability with the ink, and at least one orifice arranged in the outer surface, the orifice being configured for ejecting ink drops, each orifice having an edge, the edge defining a transition boundary between the orifice and the outer surface, the wettability of the outer surface being poor near the edge of the at least one orifice. The present invention also relates to a method for manufacturing such an orifice plate.
An orifice plate of this kind is known from U.S. Pat. No. 5,434,606. According to U.S. Pat. No. 5,434,606 an orifice plate comprises an outer surface and at least one orifice comprising an edge, wherein a portion of the outer surface near the edge is non-wetting. Thus accumulation of residual ink drops near the edge of the at least one orifice is prevented, which residual ink drops may otherwise disturb the trajectories of subsequent ink droplets, leading to a deterioration in the print quality. Residual ink drops which are larger than the width of the non-wetting region may experience a driving force to move towards regions of the outer surface that are wettable with the ink and will automatically flow away from the edges of the orifices towards those regions. However, residual ink drops which are smaller than the width of the non-wetting region will bead on the non-wetting portion of the outer surface and stay there.
The orifice plate disclosed in the cited reference has the disadvantage that a small residual drop (smaller than the width of the non-wetting region) that has landed near an edge of an orifice, may disturb the trajectories of multiple subsequent ejected ink drops.

Orifice plate for an ink-jet print-head and a method for manufacturing the orifice plate


The invention provides a high density package substrate and a method for fabricating the same. A double-sided copper clad laminate containing an upper copper foil and a lower copper foil is provided. A bottom pad is disposed on the lower copper foil, aligned to a predetermined position of a through hole. The through hole is formed by laser drilling through the upper copper foil and the substrate, but not through the bottom pad. A seed layer is formed conformally lining the through hole, and a metal layer is formed on the seed layer by plating to form a plated through hole (PTH).

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a high density package substrate and method for fabricating the same, and in particular relates to a method for forming a high density package substrate by laser drilling.
2. Description of the Related Art
Along with technological development, electrical devices are becoming lighter, thinner, shorter and smaller. As such, printed circuit boards in electrical devices are also being required to become lighter, thinner, shorter and smaller. Thus, high density interconnection (HDI) technology, allowing for high density interconnection, fine spacers and miniaturization, is being used in printed circuit boards to provide increased functions in a limited space and further decrease fabrication process costs. For HDI technology, via-on-pad, with a plated through hole formed on a pad, is utilized. Additionally, because a conventional mechanical drill destroys copper foils of a double-sided copper clad laminate, laser drills are used to more accurately control the location and size of holes for the via-on-pad.
There are three main methods for forming the plated through hole of the double-sided copper clad laminate. The first method is a full-subtractive process, the second method is a semi-subtractive process and the third method is a modified semi-additive process.
The thickness of the double-sided copper clad laminate copper foil used in the full-subtractive process is generally about 12 μm (or 18 μm). When the through hole is formed by laser drilling, the thickness of the lower copper foil is at least larger than 12 μm, so that a punch through problem caused by a laser drill is prevented. However, on the other hand, the thick copper foil increases etching time. Therefore, increasing etching time worsens an undercut phenomenon of the printed circuit board and negatively affects the forming of fine lines.
The thickness of the double-sided copper clad laminate copper foil used in the semi-subtractive process and the modified semi-additive process is generally only about 4 μm. The advantage of both processes is that the thinner copper foil improves the undercut phenomenon of the printed circuit board and improves forming of fine lines. However, the ultra-thin copper foil causes other problems, such as complicating the laser drilling process, increasing costs and increased probability of punch through.
Accordingly, there is a need to develop a process, which not only prevents the punch through caused by laser drilling, but also allows the double-sided copper clad laminate to have fine line capability.

High density package substrate and method for fabricating the same


A storage control device includes a memory configured to store a program; and a processor configured to execute a process based on the program. The process includes: writing additional data into an area reserved for allocation in a disk, detecting a volume of the data and the additional data written into the disk as a used amount of the disk, calculating an amount of increase or decrease in a current used amount of the disk with respect to the used amount of the disk previously detected, calculating a changed volume on the basis of a ratio between the amount of increase or decrease in the used amount of the disk and a volume of the area reserved for allocation, and allocating the area reserved for allocation to the disk so that the area reserved for allocation corresponding to the calculated changed volume is continued in the disk.

A technique called a thick provisioning method has been known where an entire volume a user has requested so as to store data is allocated to a physical storage including a physical disk space of a finite volume, from the beginning. In the thick provisioning method, since the entire requested volume is allocated independently of a volume to be actually used, the physical storage may not be effectively used.
On the other hand, a technique called a thin provisioning method has been known where, instead of an entire volume a user has requested being allocated from the beginning, a volume to be actually used for storing data is allocated. In the thin provisioning method, a physical disk space included in a storage is divided in units of small areas each of which is called a block (for example, 512 KB), and an available area is arbitrarily allocated with respect to each one block, as desired. In other words, the allocated volume is gradually scaled in a unit of one block in response to the data amount of data to be actually stored. For example, when a virtual disk of 100 GB is created, an area of the number of blocks corresponding to a volume in which the data is actually stored is allocated without an area of 100 GB being physically allocated at the same time as the creation.
Incidentally, in the thin provisioning method, while it may be possible to effectively use a physical storage, areas allocated to individual users are dispersed on the physical disk space. Therefore, in some cases, I/O performance is deteriorated compared with a technique of the thick provisioning method.
Therefore, a technique has been known where a fixed number of blocks are reserved in a physical disk space at the time of the creation of a virtual disk. In this technique, when a virtual disk is created in a physical storage having a physical disk space of a finite volume, a fixed number of blocks are reserved.
In addition, a technique has been known where when the thin provisioning method is applied, an improvement in performance is achieved in a case in which different I/O patterns exist with respect to one logical disk. In this technique, data is written into a storage in which a virtual logical disk is constructed, with a data area being reserved in response to a write request. At this time, in response to an I/O pattern of data of a sequential I/O or a random I/O, a policy assigned to one logical disk is changed, and a fixed block is allocated. Furthermore, a technique has been known where when a file in a filing system managing a program and data is created, the physical continuity of physical blocks configuring the file is secured. In this technique, when a physical block may be successively extended immediately after an area reserved first at the creation of the file, a spare block is expanded.
As techniques of the related art, Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 2010-282608, Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 2010-086420, and Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 2-077949 have been known.
The volume of data to be stored in a storage changes from moment to moment. Accordingly, it is insufficient that, with respect to a physical disk space, an area (block) to be allocated on the physical disk space is considered with fixed timing, for example, only at the time of the creation of a virtual disk or at the time of the creation of a file. In addition, to allocate a fixed area to the physical disk space is insufficient for dealing with the volume of data to be stored in the storage, which changes from moment to moment.

Storage control device, storage control method, and recording medium


A semiconductor memory having a page mode includes a first circuit for reading out page data from a memory cell array, in accordance with cell address signals A3-A19, and a second circuit for latching, at the beginning of a page mode cycle, page data to be read out in the cycle, sequentially outputting the latched data in page address signals A0-A2, and inputting to the first circuit an address from which to read out page data to be output in a following page mode cycle. By provision of the first and second circuits, the period of time from a change in address to output of read-out data can be shortened considerably, permitting high-speed reading in the page mode.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a semiconductor memory device having a page mode, and more particularly, to a method for reading data in the page mode.
2. Description of the Related Art
When a conventional semiconductor device is operating in a page mode, a cell address is designated, and data are read out in parallel from a cell of a memory cell array which corresponds to the address designated, and are supplied to a plurality of sense amplifiers. By changing the page address, data can be read out sequentially from the sense amplifiers and supplied in sequence to an output terminal via an output buffer.
FIG. 1 is a chart showing the timing of a reading operation of a conventional mask ROM (Read Only Memory) in an 8-bit page mode. Of address signals A0-A19 shown in FIG. 1, signals A0-A2 are used as page address signals, and signals A3-A19 are used as cell address signals indicating address A of a memory cell storing the eight data to be read out from the memory cell array. Upon input of the address signals A0-A19, the eight data are read out in parallel from the cell, and are supplied to the sense amplifiers. One of the eight data read out is designated by the page address signals A0-A2, and is supplied to the output terminal via the output buffer. By changing the page address (A0-A2), the remaining seven data are sequentially selected and supplied to the output terminal via the output buffer. In the case where new eight data are read out from a cell of address B, the content of the address signals A0-A19 is changed, as a result of which the eight data are read out in parallel from the cell of address B and are supplied to the sense amplifiers. One of the eight data is designated by the page address signals A0-A2, and is output to the output terminal via the output buffer. By changing the page address (A0-A2), the remaining seven data are sequentially selected and supplied to the output terminal via the output buffer.
In the case of a data reading method such as that described above, output data Dout is in an unspecified state during the period of time (marked XXXX in FIG. 1) from a change in the cell address (A3-A19) to a change in the page address (A0-A2). In short, reading of data is not performed during this period, preventing high-speed reading in the page mode.
In the page mode of a conventional semiconductor device, as explained above, reading of data is not performed during the period of time from a change in the cell address to output of read-out data, preventing high-speed reading from being attained.


The present invention provides a pillow having a front surface and an opposed rear surface and a chamber formed within the pillow. An audio recording and emitting device is positioned within the chamber for recording and emitting at least one audio message and includes a power source, a speaker coupled to the power source, a microphone coupled to the power source, and a controller coupled to the power source, the speaker and the microphone for at least one of recording and emitting the at least one audio message. A pocket is positioned adjacent an exterior surface of the pillow for receiving at least one of a picture and a document. The pocket has each of an open edge and one of a translucent and a transparent front surface.

Quite often a child is separated from one or both parents or from other loved ones for an extended period of time. Whether it is due to occupational, vacation, war, adoption and the like conditions, the child is longing to hear parent's voice and to see parent's face particularly during a bedtime routine. As is generally well known, the child and, particularly a small child, is comforted and soothed by the parent's reading or singing and is able to fall asleep quicker and easier.
Yet, generally available daytime communication channels between the child and the parent either by way of the telephone by way of internet are not practical for many reasons when the child is trying to fall asleep.
Furthermore, it has been found that the child desires to keep a picture of the parent(s) or other loved one(s) in close proximity at all times.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,713,741 issued to DeMars discloses a pillow capable of emitting a signal upon the pressure applied by the user's head. A receiver located in a close proximity but remotely from the pillow receives the emitted signal and activates a remotely positioned sound playback device which reproduces a recorded sound. However, this prior art requires the user to transport the receiver and the sound playback device when the user moves to a different environment and is unpractical for use by children and, particularly small children.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,236,621 issued to Schettino teaches a pillow alarm device which includes a pillow having a chamber formed on the front surface thereof and which is provided with a cover flap. The chamber contains an alarm and a sound recording and playback device which is accessible by opening the cover flap. The user is capable of recording a message which is to be played after the alarm has been activated. However, the presence of the flap on the front surface of the pillow is not desirable for use with small children as they may be able to open it and access the sound recording and playback device positioned within the chamber.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,357,642 issued to Clute discloses an infant support pillow with a vibration inducer such as an audio emitter structured to for emitting a generated sound preferably similar to those sounds experienced by the infant when in the womb and thereby promoting sleep. The audio emitter is positioned within an interior chamber which is formed within the pillow and is accessible through a slit formed in the side wall of the pillow. While the interior chamber is hidden from direct view of the child and is therefore advantageous for use with small children, Clute is moot about capabilities to record an audio message.
Furthermore, the available prior art pillows do not allow the child to keep a picture of the parent(s) or other loved one(s) in close proximity to the child.
Therefore, there is a need for an improved pillow having an audio recording and emitting device disposed therein and a pocket for securely receiving a picture.


A characteristic of a driving transistor which drives a diode is made to differ in terms of current driving capability from that of a switching transistor. The current driving capability of the driving transistor is made lower than that of the switching transistor.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a display apparatus and it particularly relates to the display apparatus which includes field-effect type transistors therein.
2. Description of the Related Art
Recently organic electro luminescent (EL) display apparatus employing organic light emitting diodes (hereinafter referred to as OLED) as luminous elements are attracting much attention as display apparatus to replace CRTs and LCDs. For example, display apparatus including field-effect transistors, such as thin film transistors (hereinafter simply referred to as TFT), as elements for driving OLEDs is a subject of intensive research and development activities. In active-matrix type organic EL display apparatus, each pixel is provided with a switching TFT which stores luminance data and thereby enables light emission even at times when luminance data are not written.
With such organic EL display apparatus, a drive margin of luminance data to be supplied to the gate electrode of an OLED driving TFT changes with the current driving capability of each driving TFT as will be described later.
On the other hand, in recent years, the apparatus incorporating semiconductor devices have been growing smaller and lighter, thus requiring the TFTs mounted thereon to be smaller. Moreover, it is expected that the power consumption of such transistors be reduced by the use of smaller TFTs.

Display apparatus in which characteristics of a plurality of transistors are made to differ from one another


The invention relates to a power-over-fiber (PoF) system, comprising: an optical source configured to generate an optical signal, wherein the optical signal comprises an intensity modulation; an optical fiber configured to receive the optical signal from the optical source and to guide the optical signal; an optical sink, which is configured to receive the optical signal from the optical fiber and to convert the optical signal into an electrical signal; a detection unit, which is configured to detect at least one characteristic of the electrical signal, wherein the characteristic is at least partially caused by the intensity modulation of the optical signal; and a control unit, which is configured to control the optical source based on the detected characteristic.

A Power-over-fiber (PoF) system uses optical power transmitted in an optic fiber cable as an energy source. Such a systems allows remotely powering a device, while electrically isolating the device from a power supply. For instance, a PoF system can be used to power components of a measurement device, which are electrically isolated from the rest of the device to avoid electrical interferences or disturbances.
Generally, a PoF system relies on a conversion of the optical power into electrical power via a conversion element of the system. The electrical power can then be supplied to the powered device. However, over time, the electrical output power of the system can be reduced, e.g. due to a deterioration of the conversion element over time or due to temperature effects, so that at some point not enough energy is supplied to the device.
The document US 2019/0019912 A1 discloses a power-over-fiber safety system, comprising a high-flux electromagnetic energy transmitter and a fiber-based conduit optically coupling the energy transmitter to an electromagnetic energy receiver arranged to convert received light into electricity. The system further comprises a light-detecting sensor, which receives at least some light from the receiver via a further fiber-based conduit, wherein an output of the light from the transmitter is controlled based on a control signal from the sensor. However, this sensor does not provide any information about the output power of the electromagnetic energy receiver. Instead, it only monitors if light arrives at the receiver.
The document GB 2 177 869 A discloses a power transmission equipment, which allows to energize a load, such as a measuring and/or controlling device in an industrial control system, at a remote location by power transmitted from a light source. Thereby, the amount of power transmitted to suit the requirements of the load can be adjusting by changing a modulation of the light power. However, this equipment cannot detect a deterioration of the light conversion to electrical energy.
If not enough electrical energy is supplied by such a PoF system, the operation of the device powered by the PoF system may be interrupted or disturbed. To prevent such a failure of the device, it can be equipped with an additional energy storage, e.g. a battery, which steps in if the PoF system does not supply enough energy. However, this leads to additional costs and complexity.
Thus, it is an objective to provide an improved PoF system, an improved method for operating a PoF system, and an improved measurement device comprising a PoF system, which avoid the above-mentioned disadvantages.

Power-over-fiber system and method for operating a power-over-fiber system


A method of processing a message to determine a tag value from the message and from a key according to a message authentication code. The method including the steps of selecting one of a plurality of symbols, the plurality of symbols forming a codeword encoding a data item derived from the message, the codeword encoding the data item according to an error correcting code, wherein said key determines which one of said plurality of symbols is selected; and determining the tag value to be the selected symbol.

Data integrity and authenticity may be fundamental expectations in any secure data communications system, and they comprise an assurance that information has not been modified by someone who is not authorized to do so. In wireless communications scenarios there is a particularly high risk of an adversary intercepting and possibly modifying the communicated data and, thus, a particular need for integrity protection and authentication.
Data integrity may be provided by a Message Authentication Code (MAC). MACs are used for the integrity protection of data communications payload, since they provide a computationally efficient way of protecting even large amounts of data.
MACs are based on a symmetric shared secret between the sender and the receiver. The secret value is called the key. The secret key is one input variable to the MAC calculation and the message to be protected is another input. The MAC calculation results in an integrity check value which is referred to as a tag value. Only somebody who possesses the correct secret key is able to calculate the tag value for any given message. In conventional automatic integrity protection scenarios, the calculated tag value is appended to the message before transmitting the message and the tag value over the communications channel to the recipient. Upon receiving a message protected by a MAC, the receiver calculates a corresponding tag value on the basis of the received data and the shared secret key. If the calculated tag value is equal to the received tag value, the message is accepted as authentic. Examples of known MACs include the so-called Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication (HMAC) algorithm which is based on cryptographic one-way hash functions such as the secure hash algorithm SHA-1 and the message-digest algorithm MD5.
In manual authentication schemes the calculated tag value is not necessarily appended to the transmitted message. In such a scheme, the tag value may be calculated by the device sending the message and by the device receiving the message. Subsequently, a user compares the calculated tag values or manually transfers a calculated tag value from one device to the other for comparison by that device. Similarly, in some applications, a MAC may be used to perform an integrity check of a data item which was generated by two different devices separately. Hence, in this scenario the data item is not transmitted from a sender to a receiver and, thus, the tag value need not be appended to the data before transmission.
The article "Enhancements to Bluetooth baseband security" by C. Gehrmann and K. Nyberg, Proceedings of Nordsec 2001, Copenhagen, November 2001, describes an example of such a manual authentication scheme of a Diffie-Hellman shared secret that was previously generated by two devices without ever communicating the shared secret via a communications link. The method is based on the assumption that, if a man-in-the-middle is present in the Diffie-Hellman key exchange, the established Diffie-Hellman keys will be different in the legitimate devices. According to this method the generated shared secret is authenticated by manually exchanging a secret key, calculating a tag value of a message authentication code from the generated shared secret and the secret key, and by manually comparing the generated tag values.
In such scenarios involving a user interaction it is desirable to keep the length of the tag value short, in order to make a comparison or a transfer of the tag value by a user feasible, i.e. in order to reduce the time necessary for such a manual comparison and to reduce the risk of errors.
G. Kabatianskii, B. Smeets and T Johansson, "On the cardinality of systematic A-codes via error correcting codes", IEEE Transaction on Information theory, vol. IT-42, pp. 566-578, 1996, describe the relation between message authentication codes and error correcting codes and disclose a MAC construction based on an error correcting code where the code is partitioned into equivalence classes such that all codewords that differ by a constant are replaced by a singular codeword, thereby generating a new code, the so-called factor code. The tag value is then calculated from a symbol of that factor code on the basis of two keys.


A hermetic compressor is provided that may include a fluid guide disposed in an inner space of an intermediate chamber, so as to guide oil, discharged from a first compression chamber of a first compression device into the inner space of the intermediate chamber, to a second compression chamber of a second compression device without remaining in the inner space of the intermediate chamber, whereby noise generated due to an excessive amount of oil remaining in the inner space of the intermediate chamber may be reduced, and simultaneously a shortage of oil in the second compression device may be prevented.

1. Field
A hermetic compressor is disclosed herein.
2. Background
In general, a hermetic compressor may include, within an inner space thereof, a motor that generates a driving force, and a compression device that compresses a refrigerant by receiving the driving force from the motor. Hermetic compressors may be classified as a single-stage hermetic compressor or a multi-stage hermetic compressor according to a number of cylinders. The single-stage hermetic compressor includes one suction pipe coupled to one cylinder, whereas the multi-stage hermetic compressor includes a plurality of suction pipes coupled to a plurality of cylinders, respectively.
The multi-stage hermetic compressor may be divided into a 1-suction and 2-discharge type and a 1-suction and 1-discharge type according to a method of compressing a refrigerant. The 1-suction and 2-discharge type (or 2-suction and 2-discharge type) is a compressor having a plurality of cylinders connected to one suction pipe in a diverging manner or connected to a plurality of suction pipes, respectively, such that each of the plurality of cylinders compresses a refrigerant and discharges the compressed refrigerant into an inner space of a hermetic casing. On the other hand, the 1-suction and 1-discharge type is a compressor having a first cylinder of a plurality of cylinders connected to a primary suction channel, and a second cylinder connected to a discharge side of the first cylinder through a secondary suction channel, such that a refrigerant is compressed by two stages to be discharged from the second cylinder into an inner space of a hermetic casing. The 1-suction and 1-discharge type may be referred to as a two-stage compression type hermetic compressor.
FIG. 1 is a longitudinal sectional view of a two-stage compression type hermetic compressor according to the related art. As illustrated in FIG. 1, in the related art two-stage compression type hermetic compressor 1, a first compression chamber S1 of a first cylinder 2 and a second compression chamber S2 of a second cylinder 3 may be independently installed in a hermetic casing 10. An inlet of the first cylinder 2 may be connected to a suction pipe 4, and an outlet of the second cylinder 3 may communicate with the hermetic casing 10.
An intermediate chamber 5, which has a predetermined inner space S3 to temporarily receive a first-stage compressed refrigerant, may be formed below the first cylinder 2. The intermediate chamber 5 may be connected to the second compression chamber S2 of the second cylinder 3 through a secondary suction channel 6, which may serve as an inner communication path.
Unexplained reference numeral 7 denotes a drive motor, and 8 denotes an accumulator in FIG. 1.
With such a configuration of a two-stage compression type hermetic compressor according to the related art, a refrigerant sucked into the first cylinder 2 through the suction pipe 4 may be first-stage compressed in the first compression chamber S1 to be discharged into the intermediate chamber 5. The first-stage compressed refrigerant may then be introduced into the second compression chamber S2 of the second cylinder 3 through the secondary suction channel 6, and then two-stage or second-stage compressed in the second compression chamber S2 of the second cylinder 3. The two-stage compressed refrigerant may be discharged into the inner space of the hermetic casing 10. This series of processes may be repetitively executed.
A first pressure reduction may be caused while or when the refrigerant is sucked into the first compression chamber S1 of the first cylinder 2, and a second pressure reduction may be caused while or when the refrigerant is discharged from the first compression chamber S1 of the first cylinder 2 into the intermediate chamber 5 to be introduced into the second compression chamber S2 of the second cylinder 3 through the secondary suction channel 6. In the related art, to reduce pressure and pressure pulsation, the inner space S3 of the intermediate chamber 5 is formed as large as possible and a cross section of the secondary suction channel 6 is also large.
However, when the reduction of the pressure and the pressure pulsation is derived by increasing a volume of the intermediate chamber 5 and the cross section of the secondary suction channel 6, as shown in the related art two-stage compression type hermetic compressor, as illustrated in FIG. 2, an oil accumulation in the inner space S3 of the intermediate chamber 5 is caused due to an inlet of the secondary suction channel 6 being formed at an upper end of the intermediate chamber 5. This may cause the inner space S3 of the intermediate chamber 4 to become narrower, which may aggravate or reduce the second pressure reduction. Also, the second cylinder 3 may suffer from a frictional loss due to a relative shortage of oil.

Hermatic compressor having a fluid guide disposed in an intermediate chamber


An apparatus for fabricating arched wooden structures such as headers for window and door jambs, said apparatus comprising a mandrel table having a planar bed from which a plurality of rigid arms upwardly extend. Each of the arms is movable on the bed so that the arms can be positioned to define and form in conjunction with each other an arcuate shaped mandrel about which wooden planks are to be bent into arched structures. A clamp secures a long work piece at its center to the mandrel intermediate the ends of the mandrel and a flexible steel band is wrapped tightly and progressively about the mandrel on either side of the clamp to bend each end section of the work piece about and conform it to the shape of the mandrel.

Windows and doorways with arcuate or arched headers have long been popular architectural additions to homes and commercial buildings. Such windows and doorways typically include a wooden jamb that has spaced vertical side members joined at their top ends by a curved or arched wooden header. Although the vertical members of such jambs are easily fabricated, reliable economic methods of fabricating high quality arched wooden headers have long evaded woodworking craftsmen.
One traditional method of crafting arched headers has been to join a series of mitered wooden blocks at their ends to form the general shape of the arch. The curve is then cut with a band-saw from the joined blocks to form the arched header, which can then be machined if desired and secured to the upper ends of vertical door jamb members. Clearly, headers fabricated manually in this way exhibit a number of problems and shortcomings. The butt joints between the joined wooden blocks, for example, tend to separate over time due to temperature and moisture induced expansion and contraction of adjacent blocks. Further, such headers usually are not suitable for staining because the skewed relative orientations of the wood grain in adjacent blocks is not considered visually attractive. Consequently, arched headers fabricated in this traditional way often are limited to use in door and window frames that are to be painted.
A less manual method of fabricating arched headers has been to stack a plurality of thin wooden planks with adhesive applied between the planks to form a laminated board. The board is then placed atop a convex form and the ends of the board are forced down toward the ends of the form to bend the board around the form and thus produce a laminated arcuate wooden header. While this method indeed represents an improvement over manual fabrication techniques, it nevertheless exhibits certain inherent drawbacks. For example, bending the laminated board into an arcuate form with pressure applied downwardly on each end results in having upward pressure applied to the center portion of the board and little or no pressure applied intermediate the center portion and the ends of the board. As a result, the individual planks of the laminated board are prone to crack and are subject to a significant amount of surface friction and sliding motion between layers that interferes with proper compression of the lamina. In addition, the relatively thick adhesive tends to become trapped between individual lamina in excessive amounts due to surface imperfections in the lamina, ripples formed in the lamina during bending, and uneven application of pressure. As a result, the quality of products produced by this method is at best unpredictable and sometimes even unacceptable.
Another known method of forming arcuate wooden structures is a mass production operation in which hydraulic presses are used to form arches from laminated boards. In this method, an arcuate ram is forced with hydraulic pressure into a corresponding concave form with the laminated board being trapped and compressed between the ram and the form. While this method usually is capable of producing large quantities of headers, it is inherently unsuitable for custom work since the shape of the form and ram is unchangeable. In addition, this mass production method necessitates the use of exceedingly thin highly flexible lamina, which detracts from the appearance of the final product and adds to the cost. Many of the problems of cracking and uneven glue flow that are inherent in other prior art methods also are present with the hydraulic press method.
An improvement over these prior art methods is embodied in the device disclosed in applicant's own U.S. Pat. No. 4,967,816 wherein a plurality of arms are slidably mounted on radially extended spokes. The arms can be positioned on the spokes to define an arcuate shaped mandrel whereupon a wooden board of laminated planks is progressively bent around and held against the mandrel from one of its ends to the other. Even though this device and method is a significant improvement over previous offerings, it nevertheless embodies certain problems and shortcomings inherent in its own design. For example, the arms that extend outwardly from the spokes to form the mandrel tend to flex or bend slightly inwardly as the board is bent around the mandrel so that the mandrel surface becomes slightly cone shaped. This can result in less than desirable glue joints on one side of the finished arched structure because of reduced pressure on the smaller side of the slightly cone shaped mandrel. Also, each of the arms in this device must be carefully adjusted to extend outwardly from its spoke at a precise right angle in order that the mandrel formed by the arms exhibit a smooth continuous curve. Also, while semi-circles and slightly elongated ellipses can be formed with the device of applicant's previous patent, the formation of highly elliptical arches or of unusual shapes such as cathedral arches have proven impractical or even impossible to produce because of the highly uneven and asymmetrical forces imparted to the arms and spokes of the device when attempting to form such shapes.
Thus it is clear that a continuing need exists for an apparatus and method of forming arcuate wooden structural members such as headers for door and window jambs that overcomes the disadvantages and shortcomings of the prior art, that is capable of forming highly elliptical or unusually shaped arches, and that can be operated reliably and economically to produce arched wooden structures of a quality superior to that of structures produced by prior art methods and devices. It is to the provision of such an apparatus and method that the present invention is primarily directed.

Method and apparatus for fabricating arcuate wooden structures


A fuse apparatus for controlling a built-in self stress unit includes a built-in self stress configured to repeatedly generate any stress test pattern in a test mode, and generate a one-cycle end signal when one cycle for the generated stress test pattern has ended, and a fuse configured to record an operation state of the built-in self stress according to the one-cycle end signal. A method for controlling a built-in self stress includes repeatedly generating any stress test mode, in a test mode counting the generated stress test pattern, and activating a cycle end signal when a counting value reaches a predetermined value, and recording an operation state of the built-in self stress in a fuse on the basis of the counted value.

The present invention relates to a fuse apparatus for controlling a built-in self stress, and more particularly, to a fuse apparatus and a control method thereof, which can control whether a built-in self stress (BISS) unit is normally operated in a semiconductor memory device.
Generally, a test for a semiconductor memory device (hereinafter, referred to as a memory) requires a large amount of test patterns and control/watch for all the input/output pins of a memory. Accordingly, in a case where a memory is built into the integrated circuit, a test pattern implemented in hardware is built into an integrated circuit together with the memory because of a routing issue, limitation for the number of package pins, the length of a test program, etc.
A screen test is performed for early elimination of memory errors. In the screen test, testing the operation of a memory by applying high temperature/high pressure is called a stress built-in self test (BIST).
The BIST applies suitable voltages to a memory according to test modes, and thereafter measures patterns for the program state and erase state of the memory. Moreover, passing and failing in a corresponding test mode is determined by comparing patterns required in the program state and erase state of the memory with measurement patterns for a programmed state and an erased state according to the test modes.
To perform the BIST, external test equipment should provide various patterns of a test mode to the BIST. In this case, the built-in self stress is used as an apparatus for generating a stress test pattern for the test of a memory, and is built into a single chip together with a memory device.
In a case where a memory is tested by the BIST, a stress test pattern generated in the built-in self stress is used, and thus it is necessary to output and monitor whether the stress test pattern is normally generated in the built-in self stress.
However, when it is impossible to use an external output due to the environment in which equipment is provided, a user cannot check whether the operation of the built-in self stress is in a normal state.

Fuse apparatus for controlling built-in self stress and control method thereof


Methods of cleaning waxy, oily and/or greasy soils, including lipsticks and lip gloss, are disclosed. Methods of removing lipstick and lip gloss stains in laundry applications are disclosed through application of alkaline cleaning compositions comprising branched polyamines.

Various fabric substrates, textiles and laundry are often soiled from lip cosmetic soils that rub off a person's lips and onto the textiles and laundry. The lip cosmetic soil is typically very difficult to remove because of the waxy, oily and/or greasy consistency. Recently, lip cosmetic soils have become even more difficult to remove as a result of advances in the lip cosmetic industry such as new "long-wearing" lipsticks. In the past, such fabric substrates have been run through various pretreatment and/or washing processes depending on the particular method used in an effort to remove such difficult stains. Pretreatments or soaking have been employed to remove lip cosmetic soils or at last loosen the soils prior to a conventional laundry wash cycle. Often these pretreatments require submerging the substrate into a cleaning composition to sufficiently contact the soil. Additional processes include, for example, rewashing the substrate, manually scrubbing the substrate, and/or adding additional time to the laundry wash cycle to remove such soils. There remains a need for improved soil removal for lip cosmetics.
Accordingly, it is an objective to develop improved solid and/or liquid cleaning compositions for the effectively removal of waxy, oily and/or greasy soils, including lip cosmetic soils.
A further object is to provide improved laundry wash cycle performance for removing such lip cosmetic soils.
A further object is to provide cleaning compositions that do not require the use of a pretreatment step to soak the lip cosmetic soils on the fabric substrates.
A further object is to provide efficient methods of using such cleaning compositions.
Other objects, advantages and features of the present invention will become apparent from the following specification taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Compositions and methods of removing lipstick using branched polyamines


Running over components such as an electrical wire when displacing a work table is inhibited. An assembly work conveyor device includes a plurality of work tables and a displacement support mechanism that includes a displacement driver causing the work tables to displace along an oval displacement path. The plurality of work tables are displaced along the oval displacement path in a state supported in a cantilevered manner by the displacement support mechanism and in a posture projecting toward an outer periphery of the oval displacement path.

Conventionally, a technology disclosed in Patent Literature 1 is given as this kind of wire harness assembly conveyor device.
In Patent Literature 1, casters are attached to four corners of a lower portion of a dolly supporting a drawing board, the casters enabling the dolly to displace over a floor surface. Further, the dolly is circulatingly driven by a chain along an annular path having an oval shape.

Cantilevered assembly work conveyor device


The invention relates to a process for decolorizing a composition comprising a betaine comprising the steps of                (a) providing a solution of the composition in an organic solvent,        (b) contacting the solution with a decolorant, wherein the decolorant is a polar solid decolorant.

Betaines are neutral chemical compounds with a positively charged cationic functional group, usually a quaternary ammonium or phosphonium group, and a negatively charged functional group, usually as a carboxylate group. A betaine is thus a zwitterion. Historically, the term "betaine" referred only to the specific compound N,N,N-trimethylglycine.
Many betaines are vitamins, pharmaceuticals or precursors thereof. They are used as food additives, diet components or pharmaceuticals. An important betaine is carnitine (vitamin Bt; 3-hydroxy-4-(trimethylammonio)butanoate). Carnitine is a quaternary ammonium compound biosynthesized from the amino acids lysine and methionine. Carnitine exists in two stereoisomers. The biologically active form is L-carnitine (levocarnitine, LC), whilst its enantiomer, D-carnitine, is biologically inactive. L-carnitine is an endogenous compound, which plays a key metabolic role, transporting long chain fatty acids into the mitochondria for energetic oxidation. Supplementation with acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC) has been shown to increase overall regional cerebral metabolism in rodents. Carnitine and its esters also have non-metabolic roles in brain function as neuroprotectants, antioxidants and modulators of neurotransmission.
Betaines, such as carnitine, are usually produced by organic synthesis at an industrial scale. Typically, solutions of betaines in solvents, for example in aqueous solution or in ethanol, are obtained. The solutions and solid products are subjected to purification steps for obtaining the betaine at high purity, thereby removing salts, solvent, residual starting products, side products and the like. Common purification steps comprise crystallization, recrystallization, washing of crystallized products, distillation, filtration and salt removal by ion exchange chromatography. As a result, highly concentrated betaines are obtained in solid form.
Typically, solid betaines, such as carnitine, are colorless and solutions thereof are likewise colorless and transparent. However, when such betaines are produced by organic synthesis, and even when purified thereafter, often colorized products are obtained. For example, carnitine produced by organic synthesis usually has a brown or yellow coloration. The reason for the coloration is not precisely known.
Methods in the art for producing carnitine usually comprise a decoloration step, wherein a solution comprising the carnitine product is contacted with activated carbon. Activated carbon (active carbon, activated charcoal, activated coal) is a non-polar adsorbent capable of binding large amounts of non-polar substances due to its high internal surface. After sufficient incubation time, a colorless solution is obtained, whilst compounds causing the coloration are absorbed by the carbon. Betaines are not bound to the activated carbon and thus decolorized. For example, the problem of colorized carnitine products and decoloration with activated carbon are disclosed in WO2007/003425 A2 (page 2, lines 14 to 22), US 2009/0325246 (section [0100]) or EP 2 360 141 A1 (section [0039]).
In the state of the art, ion exchange chromatography is applied for desalting aqueous solutions of compositions comprising L-carnitine and converting L-carnitine salts into the inner salt. CN101337902 A discloses a method for purifying L-carnitine from aqueous solutions, in which pre-desalting steps are carried out with electroosmosis and an anion exchange material, where after a decoloring treatment is carried out with activated carbon.
CN101875616 discloses another method for producing L-carnitine, wherein a desalting step is carried out with an ion exchange material.
Decolorization of betaine solutions with activated carbon has certain drawbacks. At first, activated carbon is relatively costly, especially when used in a large-scale industrial process. Columns, which are packed with activated carbon, cannot be recycled efficiently. The efficiency of decoloration is not always sufficient and relatively large amounts of activated carbon are required for quantitative decoloration. Trace amounts of carbon may remain in the product and may interfere with subsequent reactions or uses, for example when subsequent reactions are carried out with sensitive catalysts.
Moreover, decolorization with activated carbon, although efficient in aqueous solutions, is not efficient in some organic solvents, such as ethanol. However, synthesis of betaines in ethanol is an important industrial process. Thus there is a need for efficient decoloring of betaines directly in such solutions in organic solvents.
WO96/15274 relates to methods for decolorizing aqueous solutions in the sugar industry, which comprise high amounts of sugars and may comprise additional N,N,N-trimethylammonioacetat ("betaine"). The inventors suggest decoloration of the sugar solutions with polyaluminum chlorides.
DE 1 136 711 relates to methods for extracting N,N,N-trimethylammonioacetat ("betaine") from natural products, such as sugar rich juices and molasses. The process is carried out with aqueous sugar-rich solutions and requires several consecutive ion exchange treatment steps with cation and anion exchange resins.
DE 196 34 640 A1 relates to methods for desalting aqueous solutions comprising precursors for the production of L-carnitine. The method comprises at least electrodialysis and cation exchange chromatography. The method does not relate to decoloration of the solutions. Further, it is relatively complicated and requires long treatment times of about 8 to 12 days.
It would be desirable to provide a process for decoloring betaines and betaine solutions, especially carnitine and carnitine solutions, which overcome the above mentioned problems. Specifically, it would be desirable to provide a process which does not require a decoloration treatment with activated carbon, and which is also efficient in organic solvents.

Methods for decolorizing compositions comprising betaines

Abstract: The invention also relates to uses of ion exchange materials and decolorized solutions and compositions obtainable by the inventive process.


The invention relates to a device for simultaneously conveying and regulating the temperature of shaped parts, comprising a conveying device, which is suited for advancing objects, and at least one blower by means of which the objects can be subjected to the action of an air flow while being advanced. The conveying device is characterized in that it is formed by a closed channel whose clearance height approximately corresponds to the height of an individual shaped part, whose clearance width at least along a portion of its length is greater by a multiple than the width of an individual shaped part, in whose base plate a multitude of air inlet openings are arranged with a blowing direction oriented in the longitudinal direction of the channel and diagonal to the surface, and in whose cover plate, which is situated opposite the base plate, a multitude of air inlet openings are placed. The air flow produced by the blower can be introduced into the channel via the air inlet openings.

The invention concerns an apparatus for simultaneously conveying and regulating the temperature of shaped parts according to the preamble to claim 1. Such apparatuses, which shall hereinafter be called temperature-regulating conveyors, are known and are particularly used to remove by conveying plastic shaped parts directly after production thereof in a press-stamping machine and simultaneously rapidly cool them down to a temperature at which their shape is stable. One example of a plastic shaped part in which this is required is a screw cap for a drinks bottle. Such caps, which may for example consist of polypropylene or polyethylene, are produced in great numbers by injection moulding and are then removed from the mould in the machine at a temperature of approximately 100° C., whereby their form is not yet stable. In order to be able to take them directly to further processing after their production, they must be cooled as quickly as possible down to the specified processing temperature. The throughput of the cooling apparatus must be thereby adapted to the high production rate of today's injection-moulding machines, which produce about 1200 caps per minute.
Prior-art temperature-regulating conveyors typically consist of a conveyor belt and of fans located thereabove that blow temperature-regulated air onto the conveyor belt. However, in order to achieve a high throughput with such an arrangement, a great length and/or width of conveying line and therefore a correspondingly great size of temperature-regulating conveyor is required.
A conventional apparatus for the conveying and simultaneous cooling of substrates for data-carrying discs such as CDs, DVDs or the like is known from DE 199 07 210 A1, wherein the substrates rest on carriers during conveying, which carriers slide on an air cushion. Conveying occurs by means of the air cushion along an open channel with a U-shaped section, in the base plate of which a plurality of diagonal air inlet openings are provided for the production of an air cushion with a horizontal stream component. In order to guide part of the cooling air flow onto the substrates, each of the carriers has a vertical and several substantially horizontal holes, which together form a distribution system, through which air in the carrier can flow out, first centrally upwards and then laterally via the substrate. This apparatus is specially designed for the requirements of DC and DVD production and is relatively expensive because of the carriers with an internal air-distribution system that are required.
U.S. Pat No. 4,418,482 discloses an apparatus for simultaneous conveying and cooling of plastic bottles after ejection from a injection-moulding machine. The bottles lie with their necks on two rollers that are parallel to one another and rotate in opposite directions to one another along a fissure between these rollers. The main part of each bottle protrudes thereby into a hollow space underneath this fissure, wherein an air stream is blown for cooling. The manner of operation of this apparatus is based on the shape of the plastic bottles and is suitable only for objects of such or of a similar shape.
DE 25 09 469 B2 relates to a pneumatic conveying system for conveying pieces of matter, whereby the conveying line is constituted by a vertically extending channel that is closed on all sides. An upwardly directed air stream is created in the channel by blowing in air via diagonal openings on one side of the channel, the open cross-section of which channel corresponding approximately to the cross-section of the conveyed matter, the conveyed matter in the channel being moved upwards by the dynamic pressure of the air stream. The apparatus serves exclusively for the conveying of the conveyed matter. Its temperature is of no interest.
Lastly, JP 2000 280 265 A shows a cooling apparatus for objects made of plastic, wherein containers circulate in a chamber that is cooled by an air stream. The objects are continuously placed in the containers as they arrive and after one cycle in the chamber they are taken out of the containers again.

Device for simultaneously conveying and regulating the temperature of shaped parts

Sacmi Cooperativa Meccanici Imola S.C.A.R.L.


A device for limiting current with variable coil impedance includes a choke coil and a cooling device. An additional coil is made of a high-temperature superconducting material and is disposed in the choke coil such that the current is limited by the device without using an iron core.

Current limiters find widespread use in energy technology and in electric power production. In energy technology in general and in high-voltage technology in particular, the most well-known current limiters are those that function using choke coils according to the principle of the shielded iron core or of the direct current pre-magnetized iron core. A drawback of current limiters that make use of iron cores is that they are characterized by a high volume and great weight, as well as by the relatively high impedance of the electric system during operation at nominal value.
Current limiters referred to as Is limiters are also known. The advantage of these Is limiters is that the impedance during normal operation is negligible low, but can be abruptly increased in case of a fault. This can be achieved by employing detonating caps. A drawback of this system, however, is that the use of detonating caps calls for a maintenance procedure every time they are triggered, and that it can only be scaled to a limited extent for applications in high-voltage technology.
Another approach is the use of superconducting materials. German specification DE 60 2004 012035 describes, for example, a superconducting current limiter with a magnetic field-assisted quench. In case of a fault, the current flowing through the superconductor gives rise to a critical current and the superconductor switches over to the normal-conductive state. According to the current limiter disclosed in German specification DE 60 2004 012035, each superconductor element is connected in parallel to a coil.
Another known principle is that of the so-called resistive superconducting current limiters whose non-linear current-voltage line limits the current in case of a short circuit. A drawback of the two latter principles is that the power has to be supplied by means of suitable means between a room-temperature environment and a low-temperature environment. This causes high thermal losses.

Device for limiting current having variable coil impedance


An assembly for monitoring an environment includes a RFID tag and at least one sensor assembly. The sensor assembly is configured to sense information regarding the environment around the assembly and convert a sensed event into power to at least partially power operation of the RFID tag.

When a breach or other detrimental change occurs, the detrimental change may need to be corrected immediately. In many cases, correction is required because further damage may arise if the detrimental change is not rectified.
As a simple example, if an automobile drives over a nail, one of the automobile's tires may become punctured. If the tire is not repaired or replaced, the driver may experience problems in steering and/or braking. In addition, if the automobile is driven at normal speeds, the wheel may become damaged. Determining that there is a problem with the tire may not be difficult for an experienced driver because the experienced driver may notice a problem based on a change in the feel of the automobile. The driver may also determine that the tire is damaged through a visual inspection. In other instances, the driver may be notified of the damage by other people who have seen the damage. Another example may include either instant damage or developing damage to a flying craft.
It is not always possible, however, to detect or visually inspect an environment in which damage has occurred. For example, the environment may be in a remote location that is not easily visualized, such as, in the skin of a flying craft or space vehicle. In this example, the occupants of the vehicle may be unaware of the damage because they would likely be unable to detect or visually inspect the damage.
It would therefore be desirable to detect changes in various environments that are not easily detected or seen.

Monitoring an environment using a RFID assembly

Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.


An articulated athletic goal can be raised to a high position and/or a low position relative to the game position, for safety and security. The crossbar and uprights are supported on the end of a boom pivoted on a vertical column and powered by a hydraulic actuator, which may be operated remotely. Through either a parallel linkage or a separate hydraulic actuator, the uprights are held in a substantially vertical orientation throughout the pivoting motion. In a preferred embodiment, the boom is mounted on a single pivot and articulation enables the boom to be oriented substantially vertically downward. The boom is provided with a second, smaller, actuator, for releasing the crossbar/upright assembly when it is near the field, completely separating the crossbar/upright assembly from the boom. The sacrificial crossbar/upright assembly may then be removed by spectators without the dangerous and destructive mob action previously associated with after-game celebrations. A replacement crossbar/upright assembly is easily attached and readied for the next use.

Rabid and out-of-control spectators and/or students at many football and other sporting events have frequently surged onto the field to destroy or topple the goal posts, presenting serious threats to human life, physical injuries, damage to and destruction of property, theft, and great expense in repairing and replacing the goal posts. Many presently existing goal posts are not easily removed or damaged, but some spectators have proven determined and innovative in carrying out their objective of destruction, sometimes bringing ropes, ladders and other equipment to aid in their endeavors.
A football goal is essentially a horizontal pipe or rod important only for extra points and field goals, not necessary for a touchdown. The horizontal rod or crosspiece must, by rule, be in a certain location and has flanking uprights so the officials can readily see whether a kick passes over it. But the support for the structure can be dangerous to the players as it normally is located near the action of the game.
There is a need for a goal and/or goal post that can safely manipulate the crosspiece to avoid damage by spectators and others, as well as to avoid injury to persons present when a mob is intent on damaging the goal. There is a need also for a goal that can be easily moved from the field for storage, as in the case of a multi-use stadium. And, there is a need for a goal structure that reduces the possibility of players colliding with it and sustaining injuries.

Articulated football goal including sacrificial crossbar


A dielectric layer over a substrate is covered with a gate conductor mask and an organic polymer lining layer formed on the device narrows the mask opening to create a gate conductor molding trench by MERIE etching through the opening and dielectric down to the substrate. Then a gate oxide layer is formed. A conformal floating gate conductor is deposited over the device and down into the trench, narrowing the trench. A thin interelectrode dielectric layer covers the floating gate and further narrows the trench. A control gate layer covers the device and fills the trench. The floating gate, the interelectrode dielectric, and the control gate conductor are planarized down to the dielectric, which is stripped away. Then self-aligned source/drain regions are formed in the substrate. Semiconductor memory gate conductor stacks have increased surface area for improving the coupling ratio.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to MOSFET memory devices and more particularly to floating gate FET memory devices and manufacturing processes therefor.
2. Description of Related Art
U.S. Pat. No. 5,556,799 of Hong for a "Process for Fabricating A Flash EEPROM" shows a method for fabricating a flash EEPROM having a plurality of "U" shaped floating gates over which a control gate/word line structure spans a number of floating gates. Hong teaches that as flash EEPROM devices are made with finer resolutions, floating gate surface areas shrink. This decreases the capacitance of the effective capacitor between the floating gate layer and the control gate layer. The unwanted decrease in effective capacitance results in a reduction in the coupling ratio, which is a parameter that describes the coupling to the floating gate of the voltage present at the control gate of the device. The poor coupling of voltage to a floating gate limits the programming and accessing speed of the flash EEPROM device. Bit lines and drain regions are formed before the gate conductors are formed and so the devices provided do not have source/drain regions self-aligned with the gate conductors.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,496,753 of Sakurai et al. for "Method of Fabricating a Semiconductor Nonvolatile Storage Device" shows a method of forming an EEPROM memory device having a MONOS memory structure in which the gate is formed before the source/drain implants.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,459,091 of Hwang for "Method for Fabricating a Non-Volatile Memory Device" shows a method of forming an EEPROM memory device that has an "L" shape in which an "L" shaped gate conductor stack comprising a control gate and a floating gate is formed by etching away a vertical sidewall formed on the edge of a sacrificial CVD oxide film.

Non-volatile memory device with high gate coupling ratio and manufacturing process therefor

Vanguard International Semiconductor Corporation


A polysulfone has sulfone units that are separated by alkylene units in a polymer chain or a copolymer chain where the alkylene units have at least four carbons between sulfone units. The alkylene units can include an ethenylene unit separated from the sulfone units by at least one methylene units. The polysulfones can be crosslinked for enhanced thermal stability. Membranes can be formed from the polysulfones.

Polysulfone is a term that has become synonymous with aryl sulfones. Commercial polysulfones are known for their excellent chemical and thermal stability. Polysulfones possess a superior service temperature range (150-200° C.) and good mechanical properties. Polysulfones often are used when polycarbonates and other engineering plastics cannot withstand conditions required. Sulfone functionalities add a polar feature to polymers and, unlike polyesters, polysulfones are resistant to acid and base hydrolysis. These features allow these thermoplastic polysulfone materials to find many high-end applications in the aerospace, medical, and automotive industries, and for consumer goods and machine parts.
Random aliphatic polysulfones are not as prevalent as their amorphous, rigid-rod, aromatic counterparts. Aliphatic sulfone copolymers are typically produced through free-radical polymerization of SO2 and olefins, and these resulting polymers are stable to temperatures of around 200-225° C. However, these polymers have limited use due to their cost of production and because of undesirable structural defects, such as uncontrollable branching incurred during free-radical polymerization.
Faye et al., J. Polym. Chem. 2014, 5, (7), 2548-60, used acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) polymerization to study the crystalline nature of aromatic etherethersulfone copolymers. ADMET polymerization has been carried out in the presence of oxidized sulfur functionalities, sulfonate esters, sulfonic acids, sodium salts, and sulfites or their sulfur containing precursors. ADMET polymerization yields precise structures, which often permit more viable materials. Polymers synthesized via ADMET exhibit better crystalline and thermal properties. Sulfone-ADMET compatibility could, therefore, allow production of linear, aliphatic polysulfones. To this end a precisely formed aliphatic polysulfone is desired.

Aliphatic polysulfones with improved mechanical integrity

University of Florida Research Foundation, Incorporated


A substituted benzene derivative is prepared in a process, which includes reacting a furan derivative of formula (I):

In recent times a tendency has grown to obtain a variety of chemicals from renewable resources. In this context there has been a tendency to create chemicals from biomass carbohydrates, such as cellulose, starch, hemicellulose, sugars and the like. Under dehydration conditions these carbohydrates can be converted into a number of interesting chemicals, including levulinic acid, furfural, hydroxymethyl furfural and derivatives thereof. It would be of interest to use these chemicals for the production of value-added chemical compounds. Examples of such value added chemical compounds include phthalic acid, terephthalic acid, isophthalic acid, trimellitic acid, hemimellitic acid, pyromellitic acid and other benzene derivatives that contain two or more carboxylic moiety substituents.
The Diels-Alder reaction with furan derivatives is known. The Diels-Alder reaction of furan and ethylene to the desired product 3,6-epoxycyclohexene (7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene) has been described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,405,267. In an example 3,6-epoxycyclohexene was isolated (see formula A).

In GB 1402705 it is reported that the 3,6-epoxycyclohexene under the conditions of its formation reacts further as an olefin in the subsequent Diels-Alder reaction with furan, resulting again in an olefin (see formula B below; n=1), which can further react with furan to form a polyaddition compound with n=2-50:

Furan was reported not to give self-addition if ethylene is not present.
In US 2010/0127220 a process for the preparation of pentacenes has been described, which process includes a process step wherein (i) dimethyl furan is reacted with maleic anhydride via a Diels-Alder reaction to yield a bicyclic ether. The bicyclic ether is subsequently dehydrated (ii) under aromatization conditions, thereby forming 4,7-dimethyl-isobenzofuran-1,3-dione (see process scheme C).

Although these processes include a Diels-Alder reaction with a furan derivative, the eventual product is not a benzene derivatives comprising carboxylic acid substituents.
Terephthalic acid is produced in a process according to U.S. Pat. No. 7,385,081. In this process 2,5-furan dicarboxylic acid is subjected to a Diels-Alder reaction with ethylene to yield a bicyclic ether, which subsequently is converted under aromatization conditions to terephthalic acid. The yields, however, are extremely low.
In WO 2010/151346 a catalytic process for the conversion of 2,5-dimethylfuran to p-xylene is described, wherein 2,5-dimethylfuran is reacted with ethylene under cycloaddition reaction conditions to produce p-xylene. The 2,5-dimethylfuran has been obtained from the conversion of glucose or fructose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, followed by the hydrogenation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-dimethyl furan. This process has the drawback that hydrogenation of the hydroxymethyl and carbonyl functions of 5-hydroxymethyl furfural is followed by oxidation, which is a waste of resources. Moreover, the oxidation of the methyl groups in 2,5-dimethyl furan is relatively difficult.

Process for the preparation of a benzene derivative

Abstract: wherein R is an alkyl group,with an olefin of formula (II):R1—CH═CH—R2  (II)        wherein R1 and R2 are the same or different and independently are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —CN, —CHO and —COOR3, wherein R3 is selected from hydrogen or an alkyl group, or R1 and R2 together form a —C(O)—O—(O)C— group, with the proviso that R1 and R2 are not both hydrogen,to produce a bicyclic ether; and dehydrating the bicyclic ether to obtain a benzene derivative.The benzene derivative thus obtained can suitably be converted to a benzene carboxylic acid compound by oxidation.


2-Amino-pyrimidininone derivatives possessing serotonin-antagonistic and anti-histaminic properties. Compositions containing these compounds as the active ingredient. Method of treating subjects suffering from diseases and/or disorders associated with the release of neurotransmitters, in particular, a method of treating subjects suffering form sleep disorders with 2-aminopyrimidinone derivatives substituted with a 4-bis(aryl)methylene-1-piperidinyl group; and a method of treating subjects suffering from psychotic diseases and/or disorders with 2-aminopyrimidinone derivatives substituted with a 4-arylcarbonyl-1-piperidinyl, 4-benzazolyl-1-piperidinyl, 4-benzazolyl-1-piperazinyl or 4-indolyl-1-piperidinyl, 4-benzo[b]furanyl-1-piperidinyl or 4-benzo[b]thienyl-1-piperidinyl group.

In U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,452,799; 4,524,206 and 4,590,196 there are described a number of 3-piperazinyl-1,2-benzisoxazoles and -1,2-benzisothiazoles having psychotropic, tranquilizing and analgesic properties. In EP-A-0,196,132, published Oct. 1, 1986 and J. Med. Chem. 1985, 28, 761-769, there are described 3-piperidinyl-1,2-benzisoxazoles and -1,2-benzisothiazoles as antipsychotics and in EP-A-0,135,781, published Apr. 3, 1985, there are disclosed a number of 3-piperidinyl-indazole derivatives having antipsychotic and analgesic properties. Other structurally related piperidinyl derivatives are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,335,127 and 4,485,107.
The present compounds differ therefrom by the fact that they are invariably substituted with a 2-aminopyrimidininone containing moiety and that a number of them show antihistaminic activity.


Enclosure 1 constructed of panels 20 which can be joined by tongue and groove or press fit spline 46 and groove 26 technique. Acoustic shielding is achieved by properly selected materials of construction, e.g. syntactic, cellular composites.. The doorway 10 of the enclosure is closed by a door 210 penetrated only by a guide 175. The latch mechanism 170 and 340 seals the door against the door jamb 185 by means of cam rollers 316 which engage indentations 189 (which may have specialized cam surfaces or inclined surfaces) along the door frame. The latch mechanism can be actuated from either side of the door by mechanical means engaging the guide.

Sound proof or acoustically insulated rooms are used for a variety of purposes, such as privacy of conversations; gathering data on noise sources; or scientific testing. Such rooms or enclosures are found in manufacturing, research and development facilities. For purposes of this description, the abbreviation AE will mean an acoustic enclosure, i.e. an enclosure the interior of which is isolated from acoustic noise but not necessarily other types of interference.
Some enclosures known in the art are constructed of panels joined together by various means. It is desirable to connect adjacent panels and assemble the AE with a minimum amount of hardware, acoustic insulating material, and penetrations of the material (for example by screws or bolts), yet connections should be made in a way which provides a rigid structure. Time and labor for setting up an AE is often expensive because of a large number of complicated parts, structural members and panels, and required assembly sequence.
An example of a known AE is the room described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,794,206 which discloses a room fabricated from panels which have a continuous metallic sheathing filled with acoustic insulating material, such as fiberglass. The panels are fastened together by H-shaped joiners inserted between panels. Bolts and channels on opposite sides of the H-shaped members are used to seal the enclosure. Another example is disclosed in European Patent Publication No. 664659 entitled Perforated Acoustical Attenuators which teaches a porous material comprised of sintered or bonded particles.


The present invention is generally directed to integrated optical add/drop multiplexer devices in which light of a specific wavelength (or specific wavelengths) can be added to or dropped from a main fiber optic line. An actuation mechanism (e.g., heat) is used to tune and/or trim the devices. Some proposed architectures provide for tuning of the adding and dropping of channels in a hitless manner, a manner that is non-disruptive to other wavelength channels.

The invention relates to the field of optical components.
One method of increasing the transportable bandwidth in optical communications networks is a technique known as wavelength division multiplexing (WDM). WDM is a technology that combines two or more wavelengths of light for transmission along a single optical waveguide. Each wavelength represents a channel that can carry a bit stream, i.e. content. Wavelength and channel are used herein interchangeably. Transporting two or more wavelengths on a waveguide effectively increases the aggregate bandwidth of the waveguide. For example, if 40 wavelengths, each capable of 10 Gb/s are used on a single fiber, the aggregate bandwidth of the fiber becomes 400 Gb/s.
A similar manner of increasing transportable bandwidth has been termed dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM). DWDM generally involves combining a larger number of wavelengths onto a fiber than WDM. While DWDM deals with more difficult issues associated with multiplexing a larger number of wavelengths on a fiber, such as cross-talk and non-linear effects, WDM and DWDM are typically used interchangeably.
A number of optical components are used in WDM networks, such as optical multiplexers (MUX), optical demultiplexers (DEMUX), optical add/drop multiplexers (OADM), wavelength selective switches (WSS) and optical cross connects (OXC). A MUX takes different channels from different waveguides and combines them as a WDM signal into one waveguide. A DEMUX divides a WDM signal received from a waveguide into its different channels and couples each channel into a different waveguide. An OADM selectively removes a subset of the total channels from a WDM signal and selectively adds in the same subset of the total channels with different content. A WSS selectively switches the contents of a subset of the total channels between WDM signals, i.e. amongst L WDM signals that have N channels, the contents of any M of the N channels are selectively switched. An OXC performs the same function as a WSS, except that all N channels are switchable, i.e. amongst L WDM signals that have N channels, the contents of the N channels can be selectively switched.
When one of these optical components can be tuned to operate on different channels by software control, or otherwise, it is generally referred to as being dynamic. If a dynamic optical component can be tuned from operating on a source channel (e.g., channel A) to operating on a destination channel (e.g., channel C) without dropping, switching or otherwise removing intermediate channels (e.g., channel B) from the WDM signal, the component is generally referred to as being hitless. Further, if the bit-error-rate (BER) of intermediate channels is not significantly affected during tuning, then the optical component is generally referred to as being errorless. Lastly, if the optical component contains trimmable elements that allow the component to be fine-tuned for optimal operation, then it is generally referred to as being trimmable.

Hitless errorless trimmable dynamic optical add/drop multiplexer devices


Provided are: a core-corona polymer particle excellent in emulsion stability and feeling of use, and a raw material for a cosmetic and an oil-in-water emulsion cosmetic comprising the particle. Certain embodiments of the present invention provides a core-corona polymer particle obtained by radical-polymerizing a polyethylene oxide macromonomer represented by formula (1) and one or two or more of hydrophobic monomers represented by formulas (2) and (3) under conditions (A) to (D).

For stably dispersing a liquid in another liquid, emulsion cosmetics in the conventional sense require adding a surface-active substance (emulsifier). The emulsifier has an amphiphilic molecular structure and is constituted by polar (hydrophilic) and nonpolar (hydrophobic) moieties.
In emulsion cosmetics for use in cosmetic products, etc., aqueous components and oil components are stably mixed by the emulsifying effect of an added surfactant. Oil-in-water cosmetics are reportedly excellent in feeling of use that confers watery texture because dispersed microdroplets of the oil phase are surrounded by emulsifier shells and the external phase is a continuous water phase. Also, water-in-oil emulsion cosmetics have good spreadability upon application and an excellent water-resistant effect of a makeup film after application because microdroplets of the water phase are dispersed in a continuous oil phase.
Meanwhile, as an increasing number of consumers have placed more emphasis on safety in recent years, some hypersensitive users have a growing demand for oil-in-water emulsion cosmetics or water-in-oil emulsion cosmetics free from even a surfactant that might give irritancy to the skin on rare occasions or containing the surfactant at a content without giving such irritation.
Surfactants have the property of forming a high-order associate with poor feeling of use in association with the elevation of a relative concentration with respect to water or an oil. Therefore, emulsion cosmetics using a surfactant as an emulsifier may impair refreshing feeling and cause stickiness or sliminess due to the elevation of the surfactant concentration of a makeup film in association with solvent volatilization upon application.
A Pickering emulsion method which involves adsorbing a powder onto the interface between an oil phase and a water phase for emulsification is known as a method for producing an oil-in-water emulsion cosmetic without the use of a surfactant. However, an inorganic powder such as a metal oxide or a mineral (e.g., silica) is generally used as the powder for use in the method. However, these powders need to be blended in a large amount due to their weak emulsifying ability. Therefore, the resulting cosmetics disadvantageously offer powderiness or squeaky feeling. Furthermore, oil droplets emulsified with an inorganic powder disadvantageously have low stability because these oil droplets are vulnerable to impact and are easily unified by stirring or shaking (Patent Literature 1).
It is also known that a core-corona microgel (which corresponds to the core-corona polymer particle according to the present invention) obtained by radical-polymerizing a specific polyethylene oxide macromonomer, a specific acrylate derivative monomer, and a specific cross-linkable monomer under specific conditions is very highly swellable in an organic solvent and can be stably emulsified in various types of oils. It has further been reported that an oil-in-water emulsion cosmetic having excellent emulsion stability, less sticky feeling, and less powderiness or squeaky feeling is obtained by using the microgel as an emulsifier. However, a low cross-linking density of the core moiety causes the core structure to collapse upon swelling, whereas too high a cross-linking density causes microgel particles to aggregate. In both the cases, unfortunately, the microgel no longer functions as an emulsifier (Patent Literature 2).
Under these circumstances, there is a demand for the development of a raw material for a cosmetic, comprising a core-corona microparticle excellent in emulsion stability with emulsifying power not influenced by a cross-linking level, and an oil-in-water emulsion cosmetic emulsified with the raw material for a cosmetic.

Raw material for cosmetic and oil-in-water emulsion cosmetic comprising core-corona polymer particle


Disclosed herein is a stent which includes stent ring structures made up of at least one wire and at least one tubular connector through which a portion of the wire is disposed. The tubular connector includes a side wall with an aperture formed therethrough. A portion of the wire extends therethrough and acts as a barb. A method of making such a stent is also disclosed.

The present application generally relates to medical devices. More particularly, the present application relates to a stents and methods of making stents in which a barb may be provided on an end of a wire making up a strut of said stent.
A standard practice in aortic stent grafting is to incorporate barbed stents to prevent migration of the device into the aneurysm sac. Applications of these barbed stents include the suprarenal stents of bifurcated abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) grafts, the top stents of fenestrated grafts, and proximal and distal components of thoracic stent grafts, among others.
Barbed stents can be manufactured by soldering barbs to wire stents, by laser cutting into a cannula-cut stent, or by attaching the barb mechanically (such as by crimping or by winding) to the strut or to apices of the strut. In addition, cannula cut barbed stents or other barb attachment methods can be comparably harder to manufacture, or can be more expensive, or can contribute to an increase in the thickness of the strut.
It has been a challenge to develop a barbed stent that is less expensive and simple to manufacture, having superior barb-joining methods, and doing so without significantly increasing the diameter of the strut.


A micro electromechanical actuator has movable flaps formed on a base plate. The flaps are detached from the base plate on the ends and along one side, with the opposite side being partially attached to the base plate by flexures. The flaps can be moved upward, rotating or twisting along the axis of the flexure so that a one side contacts a movable element first, followed by the opposite side. As a result, the movable element is moved laterally with respect to the flaps. Movement of the flaps can be by application of a voltage to the flaps, followed by removal of the voltage to return the flaps to their original position. The cycle can continue to move the movable element the desired amount.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to actuators, and in particular micro electro mechanical (MEM) actuators.
2. Related Art
There is a recent surge of interest in camera systems for cell phone and other portable devices. This market has pushed the limits of standard optical systems in providing high quality zoom lens systems in a small package and at low cost. Current state-of-the art zoom lens systems use plastic and other low cost components to assemble moving lens assemblies. The motion of these lenses is typically driven using small electric motors. These systems have a lot of components and require complicated assembly to put together.
There is a need for an integrated actuated stage, where the actuator, the springs, and the guides are all integrated together. Further, there is a need to achieve the integration during wafer-level processing. This type of actuator also has many other applications.