The present disclosure is directed to a fibrous core comprising a fluted layer; and a liner disposed on the fluted layer. The fluted layer and the liner are helically wound defining a longitudinal core axis.

Helically wound cores are widely used for a variety of purposes. Cores can be intended for use by consumers and/or manufacturers. The products supported by the cores can include tape, yarn, paper, and other similar products. More specifically, such products supported by the cores can include sanitary tissues products, such as bath tissue and paper towels.
A helically wound core is formed by winding a material, such as paper stock, onto a cylindrical mandrel at a given wind angle, the material being wound such that each winding at least partially overlaps the previous winding and is adhered to itself at the seam or overlap to create a cylindrical core. Such cores are commonly used for rolled products where the rolled products are wound about the cores. The cores can provide stability to the rolled products during winding, shipping, dispensing, and storage of the rolled products. Typical paper cores can be made from pulp fiber and/or recycled pulp fiber.
In many applications, certain strength properties of cores for rolled products are important, especially depending on the type of product to be wound about the cores. Sufficiently high side-to-side, or radial, strength, for example, is important to ensure the cores can resist collapse when under side-to-side pressure during handling and shipping. Collapsed or partially collapsed cores cause the core to be misshaped during use, which negatively impacts consumer dispensing from a roll holder. Likewise, sufficiently high axial strength is important to provide crush-resistance of rolled products stacked vertically during storage and shipping. The core provides structural support and stability allowing for rolled products to be stacked on shipping pallets, for example, without collapse or distortion of the rolled product.
For paper cores radial strength and/or axial strength can be impacted by dimensional variations, such as core diameter and core wall thickness, or by material selection and processing. In general, core strength can be increased by increasing wall thickness (i.e., by increasing the paper basis weight or by adding layers) and/or employing stronger plies (i.e., increasing strength through adding more fibers) for the layer or layers of the wound core. In regard to the latter, paper or paperboard is available in a wide variety of grades. In general, paper or paperboard strength can be improved by mechanical refining of paper pulp or paperboard pulp. Thus, a well-beaten pulp generally produces a stronger grade of paper or paperboard compared to a lightly beaten pulp. In addition, paper or paperboard strength can be improved by compressing (i.e., densifying) the paper or paperboard during manufacturing. Further, paper or paperboard strength is influenced by fiber type and quality. Generally, stronger paper or paperboard sheets have a higher density than lower strength paper or paperboard sheets. Stated differently, the above treatments generally result in an increase in paper or paperboard density along with an increase in paper or paperboard strength. These higher density, higher strength paper or paperboards are also more costly because of the additional fiber or material costs or processing costs.
In general, a core for a rolled product should have certain minimum strength properties to be able to maintain integrity and dimensions during manufacture and use. At the same time, the core manufacturer desires to minimize the cost of producing the cores by using fewer fibers, less materials, and/or less fiber processing.
Furthermore, manufacturers desire that consumers of rolled sheet products be able to identify their brand or logo for better brand awareness. Better brand awareness can result in higher levels of re-purchase of product.
Accordingly, there is a continuing unmet need for cores for rolled products that have reduced cost while maintaining sufficient strength properties.
Additionally, there is a continuing unmet need for cores for rolled products that can be optimized for cost and strength while being manufactured on existing roll-forming equipment.
Further, there is an unmet need for low cost, relatively high strength cores which can deliver other manufacturing or consumer benefits.
Further still, there is a continuing unmet need to provide consumer awareness of product branding before and after use.
Still further, there is a continuing unmet need for cores for rolled products that can exhibit branding or other indicia helpful for consumer awareness of brand identification.


An electronic device includes a camera module, a display, and a processor. The processor is configured to display a preview image including one or more objects using the camera module, to display a first user interface corresponding to the one or more objects or a second user interface, in the display, to receive an input to select the first user interface or the second user interface, to obtain a first image in a first scheme using the camera module if the first user interface is selected, to obtain a second image using the camera module in a second scheme different from the first scheme if the second user interface is selected, and to provide information associated with the one or more objects using the first image and/or the second image, which is obtained based at least on the input.

A service recognizing an object in an image obtained in real time by using a camera of a mobile phone has been provided with the development of a technology recognizing an object in an image.
For example, an application that recognizes a QR code may recognize a QR code in a preview image and may provide a user with information defined in the QR code. For another example, an application that searches for a wine label may recognize the wine label of a wine bottle in a preview image and may provide the user with information about the wine.
This conventional technology may recognize only a preset type of an object.
Since a conventional technology recognizes only a preset type of an object, it is difficult to recognize various types of objects in one image. In addition, when obtaining an image for the purpose of providing information of the recognized object even though recognizing various types of objects in one image, the conventional technology may obtain the image in the same scheme.

Device for providing information related to object in image


A magnetic recording medium having excellent electromagnetic characteristics in the medium and high frequency regions has a magnetic layer formed on a non-magnetic support or a non-magnetic under layer, said magnetic layer comprising a magnetic metal powder containing iron (Fe) as a main component, 18 to 40% by weight of Co based on iron, Al and Y or a rare earth element, and having a specific surface area (x) by the BET method not exceeding 60 m.sup.2 /g, in which said magnetic metal powder has a saturation magnetization (.sigma.s) (y) and a specific surface area (x) by the BET method within the range bounded by the following four equations: EQU y=0.05x.sup.2 -6x+330 (1) EQU y=0.05x.sup.2 -6x+310 (2) EQU y=x+126 (3) EQU y=x+104 (4)

With the recent diffusion of large-capacity recording devices, a desired objective has been to increase that the density of magnetic recording. To meet this demand, magnetic metal powders high in coercive force and saturation magnetization have been mainly used.
Further, the recent rapid spread of digital recording media requires further increases in density and improvements in characteristics of the magnetic metal powders, and magnetic recording media complying with these demands have been proposed.
For example, Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication No. 8-102037 discloses "a magnetic recording medium comprising a support and a plurality of layers formed thereon, said layers containing a non-magnetic layer and a magnetic layer, wherein a ferromagnetic powder (A) contained in the magnetic layer contains 2 to 20 parts by weight of Al, 10 to 60 parts by weight of Co and 1 to 16 parts by weight of at least one rare earth element selected from the group consisting of Sm, Y, Pr, Nd and La, based on 100 parts by weight of Fe; the saturation magnetization (.sigma.s) thereof is 130 to 170 emu/g; when the average length of the major axis of the ferromagnetic powder (A) is taken as La (nm), the axis ratio thereof as Xa, the average length of the major axis of the ferromagnetic powder (B) as Lb (nm), and the axis ratio thereof as Xb, 30.ltoreq.La.ltoreq.110, 3.ltoreq.Xa.ltoreq.8, La.ltoreq.Lb, 80.ltoreq.Lb.ltoreq.280 and 5.ltoreq.Xb.ltoreq.12; and the average surface roughness (Ra) of the uppermost magnetic layer is 0.0005 to 0.006 .mu.m". Japanese Patent Examined Publication No. 1-18961 and Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication No. 60-36603 disclose "a magnetic metal powder having a major axis diameter of 0.05 to 0.2 .mu.m and an axis ratio of 4 to 8, wherein the specific surface area measured by allowing N.sub.2 gas to be adsorbed by the BET method is 30 to 55 m.sup.2 /g, and the coercive force Hc is 1300 Oe or more and the saturation magnetization is 120 emu/g or more, for the magnetic characteristics thereof".
In the above-mentioned prior-art magnetic recording medium described in Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication No. 8-102037, the magnetic metal powder has the following composition:
Co: 1 to 60% by weight PA1 Rare earth element: 1 to 16% by weight PA1 .sigma.s: 130 to 170 emu/g PA1 Length of major axis: 0.03 to 0.11 .mu.m
The C/N in the high frequency region is improved by increasing Co. However, an Fe/Co alloy theoretically gives the maximum magnetic energy at 70/30, so that 40% or more of Co is not necessary if Co is homogeneously alloyed with Fe. However, in a magnetic metal powder generally produced, the distribution of Co is non-uniform. Accordingly, 40% or more of Co may be sometimes required for improvements in characteristics, which causes a partial excess of Co in some portions. As a result, the addition of 40% or more of Co is liable to make the characteristics of the magnetic metal powder non-uniform or unstable, resulting in failure to industrially obtain a medium with excellent characteristics.
The magnetic metal powder used herein has a specific surface area by the BET method (hereinafter also briefly referred to as a BET value) as large as 60 m.sup.2 /g and non-uniform as described above, resulting in considerable deterioration of dispersibility. The coated surface is therefore degraded, and the characteristics as a tape are not improved in many cases.
In a magnetic recording medium described in Japanese Patent Examined Publication No. 1-18961, the magnetic metal powder having high magnetic energy is produced by decreasing pores and homogenizing net Fe by specifying the form of spindle-shaped goethite. Because of decreased pores, the BET value is lowered, and the dispersibility is improved, thereby causing little trouble in the production of the medium.
However, the magnetic metal powder in which only the Fe element is used has a limitation on magnetic energy, and is inferior to a magnetic metal powder to which Co is added (Co-addition type magnetic metal powder) in its medium characteristics.
In almost all of the Co-addition type magnetic metal powders, including the magnetic recording medium described in Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication No. 8-102037, spindle-shaped goethite is used as a raw material. The measure for the magnetic recording medium described in Japanese Patent Examined Publication No. 1-18961 does not lead to improvements in the characteristics of the Co-addition type magnetic metal powders, particularly an increase in magnetic energy and a decrease in BET value.


The throttling sensitivity of a demand flow cryostat may be controlled and stabilized by selectively exposing refrigerant to the surface of a sensor which actuates a refrigerant throttle valve. The sensor is formed of a plastic material such as high density polyethylene which has a high coefficient of thermal contraction.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention is generally concerned with a variable flow cryostat and is particularly concerned with a cryostat having a plastic sensor which maintains a stable refrigerant flow rate over a wide range of operating conditions and which may be selectively exposed to fluid refrigerant for controlling the throttling sensitivity of the cryostat.
1. Description of Prior Developments
Cryostats have been frequently used to maintain a particular cold operating temperature within an enclosure such as a dewar flask by controlling the release of a refrigerant into the enclosure. A demand flow cryostat, which varies the release of fluid refrigerant based on the heat load and operating temperature in the enclosure, typically includes a refrigerant supply connection in the form of an inlet tube, a heat exchanger such as a finned coiled tube, and a temperature-controlled variable flow nozzle or orifice.
The refrigerant is usually supplied to the cryostat as a high pressure gas at the local ambient temperature. Initially, the cryostat itself is also typically at the same local ambient temperature. The high pressure refrigerant gas flows through the inlet tube to the cryostat and then through the inside of the heat exchanger tube.
The heat exchanger tube generally has an external extended surface, such as fins, to carry the heat radially away from the inside surface of the tube. The high pressure gas then exits through the orifice of the variable flow nozzle and flows into a lower pressure area contained by the dewar. The lower pressure generally coincides with the local ambient pressure.
The pressure drop in the gas flowing through the orifice occurs supersonically and isenthalpically so that the gas experiences a temperature reduction relative to its pressure reduction and in accordance with the well known Joule-Thomson principle. The lower pressure and now lower temperature gas, which is contained by the dewar, is forced to flow over the external extended surface on the heat exchanger. This colder exhaust gas flow is counter to the direction of the warmer incoming gas flow so that heat is exchanged.
The warmer higher pressure incoming gas is cooled while the colder lower pressure exhaust gas is warmed. The exhaust gas flows toward the warm end exit of the heat exchanger and into the local ambient region. Eventually, as flow continues at an appropriate rate, the high pressure gas that exits through the orifice is pre-cooled enough during its flow through the heat exchanger to form vapor and liquid at the lower pressure.
This process continues during the cooldown period until an equilibrium is established. The heat from the cryostat, sensor assembly, and dewar must be removed before equilibrium or steady-state operation is achieved. Throttling occurs usually prior to such equilibrium.
The cold low pressure liquid refrigerant that is created during expansion through the orifice is contained by the dewar at the cold end of the cryostat. The cold, turbulent, low pressure liquid absorbs heat depending on the heat source and load. This causes the liquid to boil, vaporize and then convert into gas again as it continues to absorb heat while flowing along the heat exchanger toward the warm end exit. This process continues until the supply of high pressure gas is shut off at the inlet to the cryostat.
When inserted into a dewar flask, and operating on the Joule-Thomson principle to provide refrigeration, the demand flow cryostat throttles the flow of refrigerant through the variable flow nozzle. This throttling will occur during or after the cooldown of the cryostat and dewar flask in order to reduce the rate of refrigerant consumption. After the cooldown, the flow of refrigerant is regulated to maintain a stable cold operating temperature in the dewar flask. The throttling rate and flow regulation are generally dependent upon changes in various parameters which govern the action of the temperature-controlled variable flow nozzle.
The fluid refrigerant, typically a pressurized gas or liquid, may include a single component or multiple components. In any case, the cryostat will provide a unique cold temperature at its nominal operating condition and it will have a unique heat exchanger temperature gradient along its length from the warmer ambient temperature end to the colder refrigerated end. The colder end of the cryostat is that end through which the refrigerant issues from the variable flow nozzle.
The heat exchanger temperature gradient is the temperature profile which is established lengthwise and widthwise along the heat exchanger during and after cooldown. The temperature gradient is primarily a function of the refrigerant being used, its supply ambient temperature and pressure, the flow rate, and the heat load applied to the cryostat from the dewar. The temperature at a given position in the heat exchanger is established by its operating with influence from such variables.
Various refrigerant throttling mechanisms of the type adaptable for use with cryostats include bi-metallic mechanisms, gas-charged bellows mechanisms, and bi-material mechanisms. Such devices are, for example, disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,320,755, 3,728,868, and 4,152,903. These throttle mechanisms are typically adjusted to respond in correlation with the temperature of the refrigerant at the cold end of the cryostat or with the heat exchanger temperature gradient which results from the refrigeration process during or after cooldown. These throttle mechanisms can also be adjusted to provide a desired flow rate after cooldown.
The heat that is transferred from the throttle mechanism to the colder refrigerant and heat exchanger causes the throttle mechanism to either expand or contract. This temperature-induced throttle movement is employed to operate a valve or nozzle to reduce or throttle the flow of refrigerant as the temperature surrounding the throttle mechanism approaches a desired operating temperature. After achieving the desired operating temperature, the same temperature sensitive movement is employed to regulate the flow of refrigerant in order to stabilize the operating temperature under conditions of varying refrigerant supply pressure and temperature.
A problem associated with conventional throttle mechanisms is their high sensitivity to temperature gradients. Their tendency is to throttle differently with different refrigerants having different cold end temperatures or causing different heat exchanger temperature gradients. This high sensitivity makes the throttling or regulation of refrigerant flow difficult to control.
Depending on the type of throttle mechanism, its adjusted and set parameters, and the cryostat's operating condition, the refrigerant flow may be unpredictably throttled. That is, throttling may occur either prematurely or incompletely when a refrigerant, having either a warmer or colder cold end temperature or heat exchanger temperature gradient compared to another refrigerant, is supplied to the cryostat. This can lead to unpredictable or undesirable cooldown or post-cooldown operation.
Accordingly, a need exists for a mechanism to control the throttle sensitivity of a temperature-controlled variable flow nozzle of a demand flow cryostat so that the cryostat may be operated reliably with different refrigerants or with different heat exchanger temperature gradients over a wide range of operating conditions.
A further need exists for a method of controlling the thermal resistance and the heat transfer between the throttle mechanism and the refrigerant.
Still another need exists for a cryostat which may be designed with a compact profile for use in applications where space is limited and/or weight is to be minimized.
Yet another need exists for a cryostat which may provide selective or variable access to a throttle mechanism by the cryostat refrigerant.


A transparent electromagnetic interference shield includes a first transparent substrate and an electromagnetic interference shielding layer. The electromagnetic interference shielding layer includes a transparent conductive polymer film which is formed on the first transparent substrate, and a plurality of metallic warp and weft lines which are laid on the transparent conductive polymer film. The warp lines and the weft lines cross one another.

Conventional electromagnetic interference shields are usually used in electronic devices to prevent electromagnetic waves of the electronic devices from leakage or to shield external electromagnetic waves from interfering the operation of the electronic devices.
A conventional electromagnetic interference shield usually includes an electromagnetic interference shielding layer of a metallic material. However, the metallic material is opaque, so that the conventional electromagnetic interference shield is not suitable for being used as a front plate or screen in a device, such as a display which requires the front plate to have high transparency.

Transparent electromagnetic interference shield


A workpiece conveying apparatus for conveying a workpiece disposed in a through hole in a conveying table allows the workpiece to be reliably dismounted from the through hole using compressed gas, suppresses the workpiece from unintentionally jumping out because of residual pressure of the compressed air, and increases the conveying efficiency. In an electronic-component conveying apparatus, a conveying table is arranged to face a conveying surface of a conveying stage, with an electronic component disposed in a through hole in the conveying table. When the conveying table is rotated, the electronic component is conveyed. The conveying surface has an exhaust hole at a position where the electronic component is to be dismounted. The total area of the opening of the exhaust hole in the conveying table is larger than the area of the surface of the electronic component facing the conveying surface of the conveying stage.

1. Technical Field
The present disclosure relates to a workpiece conveying apparatus for conveying multiple workpieces such as chip electronic components. More specifically, the present disclosure relates to a workpiece conveying apparatus and an electronic-component conveying apparatus of the type that conveys workpieces by moving a conveying table, which has through holes serving as container portions for containing workpieces, over a conveying stage.
2. Background Art
Conventionally, in manufacturing chip electronic components, after chip electronic components are fabricated and inspected for their properties, selection of non-defective components and defective components according to their properties is performed. The chip electronic components are also classified into a plurality of groups according to their properties. To automate these operations and increase productivity, various manufacturing apparatuses have been proposed.
For example, Patent Document 1, which will be specified below, discloses an exemplary electronic-component conveying apparatus of this type. In the electronic-component conveying apparatus, a disk-shaped conveying table is arranged such that it contacts a conveying surface of a table base to convey electronic components. The disk-shaped conveying table is connected to a rotary drive source and is capable of rotation about the central axis thereof. The conveying table has a plurality of through holes along the circumference thereof, each of which can contain one of the electronic components successively supplied from a hopper. The hopper supplies electronic components into these through holes. The electronic components are conveyed in the circumferential direction of the conveying table by the conveying table sliding and rotating on the conveying surface of the table base.
In this apparatus, while the electronic components are conveyed in the circumferential direction of the conveying table, the properties of the electronic components are measured. Then, the electronic components having gone through the property measurement are dismounted from the through holes by any suitable means for dismounting the electronic components, which are then subjected to selection of non-defective components and defective components according to the result of the measurement, or classification according to the properties.
The conveying surface has vacuum recesses communicating with the through holes and connected to a vacuum suction source or the like, which serves to maintain positions of the electronic components during the conveyance.
FIG. 10 shows a known structure that is used to dismount the electronic components having gone through the property measurement. That is, as shown in FIG. 10, in an electronic-component conveying apparatus 101, the conveying table 102 has through holes 102a. Each through hole 102a contains an electronic component 104. One surface 102b of the conveying table 102 contacts a conveying surface 103a of a table base 103.
The table base 103 has exhaust holes 103b, which open in the conveying surface 103a at positions where the electronic components 104 are to be dismounted. The exhaust holes 103b extend from the conveying surface 103a to a surface 103c opposite the conveying surface 103a and are connected to a compressed-air supplying hose 105. The compressed-air supplying hose 105 is connected to a compressed-air supplying source, such as a compressor or a cylinder.
When the conveying table 102 is rotated and the electronic components 104 after the measurement are brought to the electronic-component dismounting position, the exhaust holes 103b, which have a smaller diameter than the opening of the through holes 102a, face a part of the through holes 102a. Then, compressed air is jetted through the exhaust holes 103b. The pressure of the compressed air causes the electronic components 104 to move to the outside of the through holes 102a, whereby the electronic components 104 are dismounted.
This method allows the electronic components 104 to be dismounted without receiving mechanical impact, and thus, the electronic components 104 are negligibly damaged.    Patent Document 1: Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2004-226101
As described above, the conveying table 102 slides and moves on the conveying surface 103a of the table base 103 independently of the table base 103. Therefore, after the electronic components 104 are dismounted by compressed air, the conveying table 102 is further rotated. As a result, the exhaust holes 103b are closed by the one surface 102b of the conveying table 102 again.
In this case, there will be no problems if the compressed air is completely discharged into the through hole 102a to cause the electronic components 104 to be dismounted, and the exhaust holes 103b are then closed by the one surface 102b of the conveying table 102 after supply of compressed air is stopped.
However, with an increased conveying speed, the openings of the exhaust holes 103b are sometimes closed by the conveying table 102 while compressed air remains in the exhaust holes 103b. In such cases, compressed air remains in the exhaust holes 103b and generates residual pressure.
Thus, when the conveying table 102 is further rotated and subsequent through holes containing electronic components not to be dismounted at the electronic-component dismounting position are brought to positions above the exhaust holes 103b, the electronic components not to be dismounted are sometimes dismounted because of the residual pressure. Thus, in the conventional electronic-component conveying apparatus, the conveying table 102 is not rotated or moved immediately after the electronic components 104 are dismounted, and the conveying table 102 needs to wait for a predetermined time so that the air is completely discharged. That is, a waiting time to release residual pressure is required, which prevents the electronic-component conveying apparatus from operating at a high speed.
In particular, as the size of the electronic components becomes small, the size of the exhaust holes 103b also needs to be small. If the size of the exhaust holes 103b is small, the amount of air jetted therethrough becomes insufficient. Therefore, the length of the waiting time to remove residual pressure needs to be further increased. There is a problem in that, however, even if the length of the waiting time is increased, residual pressure cannot be sufficiently released.

Workpiece transfer apparatus and electronic component transfer apparatus


This invention relates to a method for culturing a virus including the steps of (A) providing cells from a cell line susceptible to infection by the virus and a specimen; (B) treating the cells with a compound of formula RC(O)Q, wherein Q is R, OR, OX or X, each R is independently hydrogen or a hydrocarbyl group containing 1 to about 10 carbon atoms and wherein X is hydrogen or a cation; (C) inoculating the treated cells with the specimen; and (D) incubating the inoculated cells to allow viral growth to proceed.

Viruses and other microorganisms which infect humans, as well as other organisms, are numerous. Many of these viruses are associated with assorted clinical manifestations. Early detection of the viral etiological agents causing the clinical manifestation is desirable for effective treatment and management of the infected organism.
Tissue culture techniques using various cell lines are the most widely used means of assaying viruses. Numerous cell lines have been developed for culturing viruses. However, relatively few are useful because of the tendency of many cell lines to be unstable, to develop undesirable characteristics, or to be insensitive for viral growth. Accordingly, a more sensitive cell line for isolation and detection of viruses is a constant goal of diagnostic virologists.
Ideal cells for culturing viruses are cells which are sensitive for a variety of viral pathogens. However, such cell cultures have yet to be developed. Thus, several different cell cultures are required to diagnose various virus types. Such cell cultures are either primary cells or cell strains or lines arising from primary cells. Primary cells are started from cells taken directly from the tissue or organs of an organism. Primary cells are considered to be primary cells until subcultured for the first time wherein they are regarded as cell lines. Primary cells are expended by use so that a continuous supply of primary cells from new tissue from living donors is needed. This may require sacrifice of the donor. Furthermore, each new batch of primary cells poses a risk of endogenous viral, bacterial or fungal contamination.
Use of cell lines may minimize these problems. Cell lines arise from the first subculturing of primary cells. Such cell lines may be finite, i.e., are able to be subcultured only a limited number of times before senescence, or continuous, i.e., are able to be subcultured an infinite number of times. Such continuous cell lines are referred to as "established" cell lines when it is demonstrated the cell line may be subcultured indefinitely in vitro.
Recently, an improved shell vial technique has been developed for the detection of viruses from clinical specimens. This method may be combined with blind immunohistochemistry staining of the inoculated culture with viral specific antibody to identify the virus. This technique is commonly used in diagnostic virology laboratories. However, the method relies on the susceptibility of the cell line, used for virus culture, to viral infection. Low susceptibility of the cell line to viral infection results in poor diagnostic sensitivity.
Another recent advancement, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, has been used to detect slow growing viruses, viruses which cannot be grown in cell culture, or viruses which are difficult to recover in cell culture from a specific specimen site. An example is herpes simplex virus from cerebrospinal fluid specimens. However, this technique detects viral nucleic acid and not infectious virus. When it is possible, the detection of infectious virus is often preferred because it correlates more with clinical manifestation. Accordingly, PCR detection. of viral nucleic acid may only be indicative of the presence of remnants of a past infection or the presence of a latent infection.
The effect of butyrate on mammalian cells has been discussed. Prasad, K. N. et al, (1976) "Effect of Sodium Butyrate on Mammalian Cells in Culture: a Review, " In Vitro 12, 125-132. The effect of sodium butyrate on various specific cell-virus interactions has also been examined. For instance between: (1) Epstein-Barr Virus/human lymphoblastold cells, Luka, Janos et al, (1979) "Induction of the Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Cycle in Latently Infected Cells by n-Butyrate, " Virology, 94, 228-231; (2) herpes simplex virus/neuroblastoma cells, Ash, Ronald J., (1986) "Butyrate Induced Reversal of Herpes Simplex Virus Restriction In Neuroblastoma Cells," Virology, 155, 584-592; (3) human endothelial cells/cytomegalovirus, Radsak, K., et al, (1989) "Induction by Sodium Butyrate of Cytomegalovirus Replication in Human Endothelial Cells," Arch. Viroloqy, 107, 151-158; and (4) human epithelial cells/cytomegalovirus, Tanaka, J. et al, (1991) "Sodium Butyrate-Inducible Replication of Human cytomegalovirus in a Human Epithelial Cell Line," Virology, 185, 271-280.
International patent publication WO 89/06686 discloses use of butyric acid and salts thereof to enhance the efficiency of specific protein production by cultured eukaryotic cells.

Methods of culturing and assaying a virus in a specimen