An actuator having an efficient energy accumulation with a plurality of progressively varying diameter compression spring, pre-compressed with ends connected through a telescopic arrangement. A construction having a raised boundary and a recession provided on a piston side and an actuator cover to retain the springs. The efficient energy accumulation system requires less accommodating volume and is “buckle” free.

Actuators are used to remotely operate the valves for controlling the flow of fluids.
Several designs of the actuators are known which convert reciprocating linear motion into bi-directional rotation; GB 2225079A being one such patent. In such design, linear motion in one direction is caused by injecting pressurized fluid (generally air) which acts on pistons, held at that location by mechanical energy accumulators, like compression springs. While pistons move, they also compress the springs, thereby accumulating energy in them. As the pressure is released, the pistons are made to move back consequent to springs releasing the accumulated energy.
The energy accumulators are generally tough springs needing several kg of force to compress and assemble them in the actuator.
There is need to change the operating torque of the actuator so as to synchronize it with the air pressure available, torque of the valve and the type of the valve. The seals and gear arrangement inside the actuator need regular maintenance; and therefore, energy accumulators need to be removed at regular intervals and re-assembled, thereby needing skill and fixtures to assemble, which is time consuming and resulting in increased downtime.
In another prior art, disclosed in WO2010/063514 A1, instead of one or more concentric big compression springs, several small compression springs are used, axially parallel to one another to solve the problem of variable torque needed as discussed above. However, this arrangement is not efficient since the ratio of "length to diameter" of the parallel springs is more than the limit, above which spring is not able to maintain its axis straight under energy accumulated i.e. compressed condition. Due to such "buckling", the coils of spring entangle and disentangle during operation, producing noise and adversely effecting the response time of actuators.
Our invention solves both these problems.

Actuator with efficient energy accumulation


An operating method is disclosed for the selective detection of a target gas in a gas mixture to be measured by a field effect transistor with a gas-sensitive layer disposed on a carrier substrate, wherein the gas mixture to be measured is prepared by an electrochemical element such that the measured gas mixture includes minimal amounts of interfering gases that interfere with the measurement of the target gas, and/or at least one target gas is activated such that it is detected by the gas-sensitive layer.

Typically, a field effect transistor ("FET") gas sensor measures a change in a work function between a gas-sensitive material and a reference material. FIG. 6 is a schematic illustration of such a FET gas sensor 10. A gateless transistor 12 is capacitively coupled, through an air gap 14, to a gas-sensitive layer 16. The air gap 14 is configured as a gas inlet a few micrometers (μm) wide. The gas-sensitive layer 16 is adapted such that its surface potential changes upon contact with a gas within the air gap 14, and thus controls the transistor 12. The working temperatures of such a sensor are between ambient temperature and 150° C.
FIG. 7 is a diagrammatic illustration of a typical suspended gate FET ("SGFET") gas sensor. One example of such a SGFET gas sensor is disclosed in German Patent No. DE 4239319 C2, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
FIG. 8 is a diagrammatic illustration of a typical CCFET gas sensor 17. One example of such a CCFET gas sensor is disclosed in German Patent No. DE 4333875 C2, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Referring again to FIG. 8, an air gap 18 and a gas-sensitive layer 20 are separated from a readout FET structure 22. The readout FET 22, which includes a source contact 24 and a drain contact 26, is controlled by an uncontacted gate 28. The uncontacted gate 98 and a gas-sensitive electrode 10 form a capacitor system.
Disadvantageously, the aforesaid gas sensors frequently measure reactions from interfering gases (i.e., non-target gases) within the air gap. "Undesired" signals from the interfering gases may be superimposed on a "desired" signal from a reaction of a target gas. As a result, this superposition may distort measurements of the target gas. In addition, these interfering gases may decrease the signal level of the target gas.
To increase accuracy of these FET gas sensors, several methods and systems have been developed to reduce the effects of interfering gases. For example, improvements may include (1) optimizing sensitive materials, (2) compensating for the interfering gases using a reference sensor, and (3) using a filter to suppress effects of the interfering gases.
First, sensitive materials in a FET gas sensor may be optimized. This may be accomplished by optimizing gas-sensitive materials and reference materials located on the transistor of the sensor to selectively reduce the influence of interfering gases.
Second, interfering gases may be compensated for by using a reference sensor. For example, a second sensor (i.e., a reference coating) sensitive to a known interfering gas may be used to compensate for the influential effects of the interfering gas on the measurement of the target gas. However, similar to the first sensor (i.e., the gas-sensitive material for the target gas), this second sensor may have a limited sensitivity. That is, the second sensor may also be affected by cross sensitivities. In addition, the second sensor may have a minimal effect where the level of the interfering signal exceeds the useful signal by a multiple.
Third, a filter may be used to suppress interference from interfering gases even where the interfering gases are permeable to a target gas. For example, an activated charcoal filter may remove an interfering gas. However, use of such a filter may prove problematic during long term operations. For example, the interfering gas may break through the filter when the limited capacity of the filter has been reached. In another example, where the sensor is operated at an elevated temperature, a catalytic filter may be used to transform an interfering gas, via a chemical reaction, into one or more non-interfering components (i.e., components that do not react with the gas-sensitive material to produce a signal). An example of a catalytic filter for decomposing alcohols is disclosed in German Patent No. DE 4310914, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Although these catalytic filters may not exhibit the aforesaid filter capacity problems, they typically require temperatures above 300° C. Therefore, sensors using catalytic filters may not include structural elements with silicon (Si) chips that typically have a maximum operating temperature of about approximately 150° C.


A processor that includes a digital throttle to monitor the activity of the execution pipeline and to change a frequency of a first or second PLL clock within a single clock cycle based on a power state.

1. Field
The present disclosure pertains to the field of power management. More particularly, the present disclosure pertains to a new method, system and apparatus for efficiently switching between multiple power states for an integrated device.
2. Description of Related Art
Power management schemes allow for reducing power consumption for various types of and systems and integrated devices, such as, servers, laptops, processors and desktops. Typically, software methods are employed for systems and integrated devices to support multiple power states for optimizing performance based at least in part on the Central Processing Unit (CPU) activity.
However, the present software methods for supporting multiple power states have a significant time penalty (overhead) for switching between the power states. For example, the time penalty may approach several million-clock cycles. Furthermore, the present sample rates of the processor are limited due to the overhead associated with the software methods. Typically, the sample rate is 10 ms. Furthermore, there is only limited information on the processor's state that is available, such as, whether the processor is idle or active.

Method, system, and apparatus for an efficient power dissipation


The present invention relates to a process for treating gases to reduce emissions of oxides of nitrogen. This process is of the type in which a catalytic composition is used which comprises a catalytic phase on a support and is characterized in that the support is based on silica and titanium oxide in an atomic proportion Ti/Ti+Si of between 0.1 and 15%. The process of the invention applies more particularly to the treatment of the exhaust gases from diesel engines or from lean burn engines.

The present invention relates to a process for treating gases to reduce emissions of oxides of nitrogen using a catalytic composition having a support based on silica and titanium oxide.
It is known that reducing emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) from the exhaust gases of car engines is carried out in particular using three-way catalysts which make stoichiometric use of the reductive gases present in the mixture. Any excess of oxygen is manifested in a drastic deterioration in the performance of the catalyst.
However, certain engines, such as diesel engines or lean-burn petrol engines (i.e. engines operating with a lean mixture) are economic on fuel but emit exhaust gases which permanently include a large excess of oxygenxe2x80x94at least 5%, for example. A standard three-way catalyst therefore has no effect on the NOx emissions of these engines. Nevertheless, limiting NOx emissions has become imperative owing to the more vigorous automotive post-combustion standards which now extend to this type of engine.
There is therefore a real need for an effective catalyst to reduce the NOx emissions for this type of engine and, more generally, for the treatment of gases containing NOx. In addition, the aim is to obtain catalysts which are active at moderate temperature.
With this aim in mind, the process of the invention for treating gases to reduce the emissions of oxides of nitrogen is of the type which uses a catalytic composition comprising a catalytic phase on a support, and is characterized in that the support is based on silica and titanium oxide in an atomic proportion Ti/Ti+Si of between 0.1 and 15%.
Other characteristics, details and advantages of the invention will appear more completely on reading the following description as will various specific but non-limitative examples which are intended to illustrate it.
The principal characteristic of the catalytic composition used in the process of the invention is the support of this composition. This support is based on silica and titanium oxide in the specific proportion given above. In accordance with one embodiment this proportion can be between 1 and 10%.
It is advantageous to use supports which have a higher specific surface area and are thermally stable. It is therefore possible with advantage to use supports having a specific surface area of at least 350 m2/g and more particularly of at least 600 m2/g after calcination at 750xc2x0 C. for 6 hours. By specific surface area here is meant the BET specific surface area determined by nitrogen adsorption in accordance with the standard ASTM D 3663-78 based on the method of Brunauer-Emmett-Teller described in the Journal of the American Chemical Society, 60 (1938) 309.
Supports with these surface values are generally of the mesoporous type; in other words, they have the characteristic of having a significant pore volume contributed by mesopores (pores of between 2 and 10 nm in diameter).
The support based on silica and titanium oxide can be prepared by any process capable of giving a support of sufficient specific surface area.
Mention may thus be made more particularly of a process of micellar texturing using, as silica source, organic compounds of silicium, especially alkyl silicates such as tetraethyl orthosilicate and making this silica source react with a titanium compound or source, in the presence of a surfactant. These organic compounds of silicium are generally employed in the form of solutions in alcohols, especially aliphatic alcohols. As titanium compound, organic titanium compound can be used such as alkyl or alkoxy titanates which are generally employed in the form of alcoholic solutions like the silicium compound. Concerning the surfactant, those of the type with active cation such as amides and quaternary ammonium salts may be employed more particularly. The reaction can be carried out by mixing the organic silicium compound and the titanium compound and by heating. The surfactant is subsequently added to the mixture thus heated. The precipitate obtained is separated from the reaction medium. This precipitate is subsequently calcined, generally in air, to give the support, which can subsequently be shaped. Calcination can be carried out in two stages. In the first stage calcination is carried out at a temperature sufficient to remove the surfactant. This temperature may be approximately 650xc2x0 C. In the second stage, calcination is carried out at a temperature at least equal to that at which the catalyst will be used. This temperature may be approximately 750xc2x0 C.
The support can be present in various shapes, such as pellets, beads, cylinders or honeycombs of variable dimensions.
By way of additives, the support may comprise one or more rare earth metal oxides. By rare earth metals are meant the elements of the group consisting of yttrium and the elements from the Periodic Table whose atomic number is from 57 to 71. As a rare earth metal more particular mention may be made of lanthanum. The additive content, expressed in atomic % of additive/Ti+Si+additive, can be not more than 20%, especially not more than 10%.
The catalytic composition of the invention may additionally comprise a catalytic phase. This phase can be based on at least one metal chosen from the elements of groups IIIA to IIB of the Periodic Table.
More particularly, the catalytic phase is based on at least one metal chosen from the metals of group VIII of the Periodic Table.
The Periodic Table of the Elements to which reference is made is that published in the supplement to the Bulletin de la Socixc3xa9txc3xa9 Chimique de France No. 1 (January 1966).
By way of examples of metals which can be used in the catalytic phase mention may be made of platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium and iridium. Mention may also be made of iron, copper and chromium and of vanadium, niobium, tantalum, molybdenum and tungsten.
The metal content of the catalytic phase and the metal content, especially the platinum content, of the composition can vary within wide proportions. This proportion, expressed as weight of metal relative to weight of support, is commonly between 500 and 40,000 ppm, preferably between 2500 and 20,000 ppm and especially between 5000 and 15,000 ppm.
The catalytic phase can be deposited on the support, preferably the calcined support, by any known technique.
It is therefore possible to use the impregnation technique, by soaking the support in a solution or a sol of the element or elements which makes up or make up the catalytic phase and then removing the excess solution or sol by draining or by passage in a rotary evaporator.
In the particular case of a catalytic phase based on platinum and in accordance with one variant of the invention, the platinum is provided in the form of a sol. The platinum sol will preferably be chosen so that it has a colloidal size of between 2 nm and 10 nm and more particularly between 3 nm and 8 nm. The colloidal size is determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
According to one particular variant, impregnation is carried out xe2x80x9cdryxe2x80x9d; in other words, the total volume of solution or sol used is approximately equal to the total pore volume developed by the support to be impregnated. As far as the determination of this pore volume is concerned, it can be carried out by the known method of mercury porosimetry or else by measuring the quantity of water absorbed by a sample.
Following impregnation, the support is dried if appropriate and then calcined. Drying is usually carried out in air at a temperature which may vary between 80 and 300xc2x0 C. and is preferably chosen between 100 and 150xc2x0 C. Drying is continued until a constant weight is obtained. In general, the duration of drying is between 1 and 24 hours. Calcination of the support with the deposited active or catalytic phase is generally carried out at a temperature of not more than 750xc2x0 C. and, more particularly, not more than 550xc2x0 C. in the case where platinum is used in the catalytic phase. The duration of calcination can vary within wide limits and is, for example, between 1 and 24 hours, preferably between 2 and 10 hours. Calcination is generally carried out in air, although a calcination performed, for example, under inert gas is not of course excluded.
It is also possible to carry out calcination in a water/nitrogen mixture (10% by volume of water in nitrogen, for example). In this case, calcination is carried out at a temperature of not more than 850xc2x0 C. and, preferably, of approximately 750xc2x0 C. This treatment allows the composition to be activated, and is particularly advantageous in the case of a composition whose catalytic phase comprises platinum.
In the particular case of a composition whose catalytic phase is based on platinum provided by a sol, with a mesoporous support and with the specific surface area values given above, the size of the particles of platinum in the composition following calcination is substantially identical to the abovementioned colloidal size.
The catalytic phase can also be deposited by atomization. In this case, the supportxe2x80x94in the form, for example, of a suspensionxe2x80x94is introduced into a solution or a sol of the element or elements which makes up or make up the catalytic phase and the resulting mixture is dried by atomization (spray-drying). It is possible to operate with a gas outlet temperature of between 100 and 150xc2x0 C. Subsequently, calcination is carried out under the conditions described above.
The compositions as described above are employed for the treatment of gases which may comprise oxides of nitrogen in combination, if appropriate, with oxides of carbon and/or hydrocarbons, with a view to reducing, in particular, the emissions of oxides of nitrogen.
Gases suitable for being treated by the present invention are, for example, those obtained from gas turbines, from boilers of thermal power stations or else from internal-combustion engines. In the latter case, these engines can in particular be diesel engines or lean burn engines.
The invention also applies to the treatment of gases which have a high content of oxygen and which include oxides of nitrogen, with a view to reducing the emissions of these oxides. By gases having a high content of oxygen are meant gases having an excess of oxygen relative to the amount required for stoichiometric combustion of the fuels and, more precisely, gases permanently having an excess of oxygen relative to the stoichiometric value xcex=1. The value xcex is correlated with the air/fuel ratio in a manner known per se especially in the field of internal-combustion engines. In other words, the invention applies to the treatment of gases from systems of the type described in the preceding paragraph which function permanently under conditions such that xcex is always strictly greater than 1. In the case of gases having a high content of oxygen the invention thus applies firstly to the treatment of gases from lean burn engines, which have an oxygen content (expressed by volume) of generally between 2.5 and 5% and, secondly, to the treatment of gases which have an even higher content of oxygen, for example gases from diesel-type engines, in other words of at least 5% or more than 5%, more particularly at least 10%, this content being able to be, for example, between 5 and 20%.
The gases may include hydrocarbons and, if so, one of the reactions it is sought to catalyse is the reaction HC (hydrocarbons)+NOx.
The hydrocarbons which can be used as a reducing agent for removing the NOx are, in particular, the gases or liquids from the classes of saturated carbons, ethylenic carbons, acetylenic carbons, aromatic carbons and hydrocarbons from petroleum cuts, such as, for example, methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane, hexane, ethylene, propylene, acetylene, butadiene, benzene, toluene, xylene, kerosene and gas-oil.
The gases may also include as reducing agent organic compounds containing oxygen. These compounds can be, in particular, alcohols, for example saturated alcohols, such as methanol, ethanol or propanol; ethers, such as methyl ether or ethyl ether; and esters, such as methyl acetate, and ketones.
The invention also applies to the treatment of gases containing neither hydrocarbons nor organic compounds as reducing agent.
The invention also relates to a catalytic system for the treatment of gases with a view to reducing emissions of oxides of nitrogen, which gases may be of the type mentioned previously. This system is characterized in that it comprises a catalytic composition as described above.
In this system, the catalytic composition can be in various forms, such as pellets, beads, cylinders or honeycombs of variable dimensions.
The compositions can also be used in catalytic systems comprising a coating (wash coat) incorporating these compositions, the coating being disposed on a substrate of the metal monolith type, for example, or on a ceramic substrate.
The systems are installed in a known manner in the exhaust pipes of vehicles in the case of their application to the treatment of exhaust gases.
The invention also relates, finally, to the process for producing the abovementioned catalytic systems, employing a catalytic composition of the type described above.
Examples will now be given.

Method for treating gases to reduce nitrogen oxide emissions


The present invention relates to a method, a device, and a kit for detecting a cancer, predicting a cancer risk, determining a cancer stage, determining a cancer prognosis, and/or evaluating the effectiveness of a treatment in a subject by measuring a urinary metabolite in the subject, and a method for testing a cancer.

Due to the medical costs in Japan exceeding 40 trillion yen and further acceleration of the declining birthrate and aging population, a shortage of social security costs in future has become a big social problem. For example, the costs for cancer disease in Japan amount to about 10 trillion yen when including direct and indirect costs (surveyed by Department of Public Health Policy, National Institute of Public Health). In order to largely reduce the costs for cancer disease, only the enhancement of the accuracy of diagnostic techniques based on the current consultation in hospitals does not suffice, and a stage, at which a social system associated with the diagnosis or treatment of a cancer itself should be largely changed by correction of medical disparities among populated areas and underpopulated areas by consultation through mail, a drastic reduction in disease costs by early detection of breast cancer or the like, the expansion of large-scale screening test for all cancer types or each cancer type, development of a test kit, or the like, has been reached.
For this purpose, AminoIndex Technology in which a cancer risk is determined by measuring an amino acid level in blood has been developed (PTL 1), and a study of a method for diagnosing a cancer using microRNA in blood has been performed mainly in National Cancer Center (PTL 2). However, these are tests using blood, and therefore, the situation is still the same that it is necessary to collect blood in hospitals.
On the other hand, Kyushu University has reported a cancer test using the olfaction system of C. elegans, which has attracted great attention due to its simplicity (PTL 3). However, unlike the conventional in vitro diagnostic methods, the test uses "live C. elegans", and therefore, it is necessary to introduce a new method for a large-scale test, quality control, and automatic analysis. In addition, in order that the above examination is approved as a diagnostic method in the future, it is also very important to elucidate the cancer detection mechanism in C. elegans.

Method for disease diagnosis based on metabolite in urine


A trim assembly suitable for attachment to a door has an interior portion, wherein the interior portion includes at least one retaining mechanism, integrally formed thereon, and wherein the at least one retaining mechanism extends from the trim panel, and a seal having first and second sides, wherein the first side of the seal is adapted to bond to the door frame, and wherein the second side of the seal is capable of being removably retained by the interior portion of the trim panel by the at least one retaining mechanism.

It is known in the art to insert or attach sealing material between the interior of sheet metal that comprises a door frame of a vehicle and a trim panel connected thereto, such as, for example weather stripping, sound absorbing material and the like. Such material is typically designed to preliminarily attach to the trim panel using clip fasteners or other separate removable structures. Thus, the conventional design of attaching a door trim panel to a door frame may require additional fasteners that are an additional cost and require additional labor to assemble, and may also act as a nuisance when servicing the trim panel. In addition, such separate fasteners sometimes fall off into the bottom of the door and create an audible rattle within the passenger compartment. As such, a need exists for a method and apparatus to intermediately transfer sealing material from the trim panel to the door or sheet metal to which it affixes.

Trim assembly and method of manufacturing same


A semiconductor device comprises: a memory cell region having a first transistor and a peripheral circuit region having a second transistor. The first transistor has a first source electrode and a first drain electrode, a first buried gate insulating film which is formed along an inner wall of a trench and whose relative dielectric constant is higher than a relative dielectric constant of silicon oxide, and a buried gate electrode. The second transistor has a second source electrode and a second drain electrode, a first on-substrate gate insulating film whose relative dielectric constant is higher than a relative dielectric constant of silicon oxide, and an on-substrate gate electrode. A first Hf content percentage, which is a content percentage of hafnium in the first buried gate insulating film, is different from a second Hf content percentage, which is a content percentage of hafnium in the first on-substrate gate insulating film.

It is necessary to suppress a gate leak current, and to decrease EOT (Equivalent Oxide Thickness) to develop a technological advance and microfabrication in transistors of semiconductor devices such as DRAM. Therefore, the semiconductor devices using high-dielectric constant materials (High-k materials) as a gate insulating film are developed (for example, refer to JP Patent Kokai Publication No. JP-P2011-14689A (Patent Literature 1) which corresponds to US2012/080756A1 and JP Patent Kokai Publication No. JP-P2011-49282A (Patent Literature 2)).
A semiconductor device which is described in Patent Literature 1 is provided with a high dielectric gate insulating film which is formed on a substrate and a metal gate electrode which is formed on the high dielectric gate insulating film, and a halogen segregates on a metal gate electrode side at an interface between the high dielectric gate insulating film and the metal gate electrode.
In a semiconductor device which is described in Patent Literature 2, a gate structure having a high dielectric constant film and a metal gate electrode is formed on a semiconductor substrate in a MONOS memory forming area and a MISFET area.


An input device includes a substrate having a first main surface and a second main surface located opposite to the first main surface; a protective member having an opposed surface opposite to the first main surface; a bonding member configured to bond the first main surface and the opposed surface to each other; a first coloring member disposed between the first main surface and the opposed surface, the first coloring member being in contact with the bonding member; and a second coloring member disposed on the second main surface and having a color different from a color of the first coloring member.

Recently, input devices having a display pattern disposed in an outer area located outside an input area for the purpose of improvement in design of the input devices have been known (for example, see Patent Literature 1). Such an input device includes a substrate and a protective member bonded to the substrate with a bonding member interposed therebetween. The input device includes coloring members for plural colors covered with the bonding member between the substrate and the protective member, whereby a display pattern is formed in the outer area.

Input device and a display device including the input device


Described embodiments provide a method, computer program product, and computer system for generating, by a computing device, a data file including at least one property from a first cascading style sheet (CSS) file, the at least one property defining a scripting language object. A scripting language file may be generated, the scripting language file may include a scripting language variable for the scripting language object. A second CSS file may be generated by replacing the at least one property from the data file with the scripting language variable of the scripting language file. An element of a webpage referenced by the scripting language object may be rendered based upon, at least in part, the scripting language variable of the second CSS file.

Generally, the value of Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) properties are usually static, which may be defined in CSS files. Typically, if a user wants to change a specific element style, a new style is added for that element to override the previous styles, or alternatively, the reference of that element may be obtained and the specific style may be set with the desired specific value. Each of these methods generally require Document Object Model (DOM) as the communication bridge.

System and method for using a scripting language to dynamically style a cascading style sheet


A laminate, comprising a substrate and at least two controlled droplet-formed layers further comprising an array of discrete placed material volumes having a thickness extent, each material volume having a selected magnitude and a selected position relative to adjacent material volumes, said array being formed by deposition of droplets of selected volume at selected locations with respect to one another.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to formation of coatings, films and laminates. More specifically the invention relates to formation of layers of materials using controlled droplet formation and deposition techniques.
2. Description of Related Art
In the manufacture of coatings, films, and laminates it is often desirable to precisely control the physical characteristics and properties of individual layers of material laid down on a substrate. For example in the manufacture of pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA) laminate constructions such as labels and tapes, control of physical characteristics such as the thickness, surface morphology and deformation with application of stresses, as well as material characteristics such as chemical composition, crosslinking of polymeric chains, the percent of solids in emulsions and solvents in solution, for example is desirable. This is true for an adhesive layer of such a construction, wherein properties such as tack, peel, stability, and resistance to solvents, for example, are desired to be controlled. It is also true for a release layer in such a construction, wherein properties such as release of the adhesive when used with a given PSA and underlying carrier, chemical and physical interaction with adjacent carrier and PSA layers, for example, are desired to be controlled. Also other layers of the laminate construction such as a facestock which influence overall laminate properties such its stiffness and whether the construction is self-supporting, whether the facestock can be printed, for example, are carefully designed and controlled in a PSA laminate construction product, and greater control over their properties is desirable.
In tape products and adhesive coated films dispensed from rolls, control of the properties of individual component layers is also highly desirable. Particularly since the final PSA product must be designed so as to incorporate an adhesive layer on one side that may be very aggressive, and on the opposite face incorporate a release surface, and the functionality of the two must be carefully balanced so that a desired peel force is achieved, control of the properties of these layers is critical to the functionality of the construction.
However, the need for precise control of the properties of constituent materials, individual layers, and overall performance is not limited to the forgoing examples involving PSA laminates. Many other applications, for example fabrication of electrical components having a layered construction, self-supporting polymeric resin films which can be built up in layers, layered coatings applied directly to products for protective purposes are some of many examples that can be cited.
Furthermore, many properties of layered constructions bear directly on the cost of the product including the layered construction. This is particularly true in labels and tapes and films where volume is high, for example. It would be very desirable to optimize one or more layers of a laminate so as to achieve the desired result with a minimum material requirement.

Controlled droplet formed layered structures


A safety device for a motor vehicle which has a door frame and a door contained within the door frame. The safety device includes: a gas generator; a sensor for sensing at least one of a side impact and a roll-over for activating the gas generator; and an inflatable element connected to the gas generator for being inflated with gas from the gas generator upon activation of the gas generator. The inflatable element can thus assume a non-inflated mode and an inflated mode and can further be positioned adjacent the door in an inflated-mode thereof The inflatable element is further made of fabric and includes: a first fabric layer defining a front part thereof, a second fabric layer defining a back part thereof, selected parts of the first fabric layer and second fabric layer being interconnected for defining one of linear and point shaped links where the first fabric layer and the second fabric layer are directly secured together. The inflatable element thus incorporates a plurality of substantially parallel elongated cells defined between the links, the cells being configured such that, upon inflation of the inflatable element with the gas from the gas generator, a lower edge portion of the inflatable element is tensioned. The inflatable element further includes an upper edge portion which is configured to be secured to the door frame all along a non-linear part of the door frame.

THIS INVENTION relates to a safety device, and more particularly relates to a safety device in a motor vehicle such as a motor car.
When a motor vehicle is involved in an accident there is a risk that the driver and passengers within the vehicle will be injured. It has been proposed to provide vehicles with safety devices to reduce the risk of such injury.
Certain safety devices are intended to provide protection in the case of a side impact. U.S. Pat. No. 5,322,322 discloses such a device. An inflatable tube is initially stored in a recess in the door frame above the door of the vehicle, and the ends of the tube are pivotally anchored to fixed points on the door frame. A sensor is provided to sense when an accident occurs, and to initiate inflation of the tube. As the tube inflates its length decreases, and it then extends linearly between the two fixed points on the door frame. The inflated tube provides some protection for the head of a person sitting in the vehicle However, the tube is inflated to a substantial pressure, and thus the head of a person in the vehicle may tend to bounce off the tube. The tube may not cover the whole of the area of the window, and may not even cover the whole of the upper part of the window. There is thus a risk that the head of the person in the vehicle may move past the tube and pass through the window opening. If a car is rolling over this is very undesirable.
This invention seeks to provide an improved safety device.
According to this invention there is provided a safety device in a motor vehicle, the device comprising a gas generator, incorporating or associated with a sensor adapted to sense a side impact or a roll-over and to activate the gas generator, and an inflatable element connected to the gas generator to be inflated by gas from the gas generator, the inflatable element being made of fabric comprising a first layer to define the front part of the inflatable element, and a second layer to define the back part of the inflatable element, selected parts of the first layer and the second layer being interconnected to define points or lines where the front part and back part of the inflatable element are secured together, the inflatable element incorporating a plurality of substantially parallel elongate cells, the inflatable element having an edge portion secured to part of the door frame of the vehicle, which is non-linear, the inflatable element, when inflated, being positioned adjacent the door contained within the door frame.
The inflatable element, when inflated, is thus located between the head of a person sitting in the vehicle and an adjacent door. Usually such a door is provided with a window and so the inflated element provides protection from breaking glass from the window, and also prevents the head of the person in the vehicle from striking the window, or from being thrown out through the window, as can happen, particularly with roll-over accidents.
Preferably the safety device is usually initially stored in a recess provided in the doorframe.
Preferably the inflatable element is made of interwoven fabric layers, the selected parts of the first layer and the second layer being interwoven. Preferably there is internal venting between the cells as this may reduce undesirable bounce that might occur if the cells were discrete and not vented to each other.
The cells may be immediately adjacent each other or may be spaced apart. At least some of the cells may be of conical form when inflated.
The inflatable element may be formed of a fabric with parts of the fabric being interwoven to form the cell or cells. The fabric may have a single layer weight of less than 300 g/sq m, such as a weight of 175 g/sq m.
Preferably when the inflatable element is inflated the pressure of gas is approximately 3 bar. Preferably the inflatable element, when inflated, extends past the B-post of the vehicle, to provide protection for the head of the driver. If the head of the driver should impact with the B-post in an accident the consequences could be fatal.
In one embodiment the inflatable element incorporates a strap to connect part of the inflatable element to the door frame. The strap is tight, that is, tensioned to a significant extent, when the inflatable element is inflated.
Separate means may be provided to apply tension to part of the inflatable element when it is inflated, such as a piston and cylinder, adapted to be moved by gas from a gas generator when the inflatable element is inflated, to apply tension to one edge of the inflatable element, to hold the inflated element in a desired position.
In one embodiment the inflatable element is provided with means adapted to move from an initial position to a further position on inflation of the inflatable element, an arrangement being provided to retain the means in the further position. Thus, a slider may be provided adapted to slide along a ratchet, and to be retained by the ratchet when it has moved to a further position.

Side impact roll over inflatable head protector


A molding system for use in the replacement of articles, such as doors and windows. More specifically, the molding system is for use in the replacement of windows and door in stucco buildings. A method is disclosed for installing the molding which includes making a uniformed cut about the periphery of the article being replaced, removing the outermost surface of the supporting structure defined between the uniformed cut and the periphery of the article being replaced, replacing the existing article with a replacement article, and installing the molding system around the perimeter of the replacement article. The molding system comprises a first member which is fastenable about the periphery of an article and which includes a tab that is engagable with a second member. The second member has a first return engagable with the tab of the first member and a second return engagable with a groove around the perimeter of the replacement article. The second member bridges across and conceals the joint between the article and the supporting structure associated therewith. Alternatively, the molding is precut and integral with the replacement article.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a molding system for replacement of doors and windows and, more specifically, to a molding system for use in installing replacement doors and windows in stucco structures.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Typically, conventional methods for replacing windows and doors in stucco structures first encompasses the removal of the stucco surface about the perimeter of the windows and door being replaced. In my recently issued patent, U.S. Pat. No. 5,210,987 issued May 18, 1993, a method was disclosed for limiting the quantity of stucco being removed about the perimeter of the windows and doors being replaced. Further, a casing was introduced which would conceal the area from which the stucco was removed and virtually eliminate patching and repair altogether.
Window and door casings are well known in the prior art. In fact, U.S. Pat. No. 1,048,988, issued Dec. 31, 1912 to Robert D. Mayo, Sr., discloses a sheet metal casing for doors, windows and the like. The casing is vertically and horizontally adjustable within an opening in the wall. The casing includes an inner casing, an outer casing, and a stop. The outer casing is slidably engagable with the inner casing.
A door trim is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 1,150,790, issued Aug. 17, 1915 to Charles J. Swanson. The door trim is of a sheet metal material and a means for attaching the same to the jambs and lintel about the opening of a door is included. Holding clips are fastened about the opening and the trim is sprung into place upon the clips.
A frame construction for building openings is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 1,929,634, issued Oct. 10, 1933 to Charles P. Gifford who teaches of a trim including an inwardly extending flange which seats against the blocking of the window and is secured to this blocking by a wood facing and a suitable attaching means. Once the window is set, plastering is done and the trim is embedded in the plaster.
Another casing is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 2,562,105, issued Jul. 24, 1951 to Wilbur L. Lang. Lang shows a door casing made from extruded plastics and other materials. The casing includes inner and outer elongated corrugated members each having two integral longitudinal sections disposed at right angles to each other. One of the two longitudinal sections is tapered for insertion between the plaster and the stud. Inner and outer casing members are joined together by an integral stop.
A trim used in buildings, such as door and window casings and, more particularly, a metal trim for doors and windows is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 2,582,765, issued Jan. 15, 1952 to Lewis J. Brew. The trim includes reinforcing members engagable with two side pieces and a door stop for adjoining the two side pieces.
A system and method of shielding the periphery of a framework of a building opening adjacent a building surface is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,018,325, issued May 28, 1991 to Oliver Geen et al. The system consists of a first elongated member associated with the article occupying the opening and a second elongated member associated with the building surface. Each elongated member has an elongated channel. An angular facia member communicates with both the first and second elongated members. The angular facia member is slidably insertable into each of the channels.
Swedish Patent No. 180,024 issued May 3, 1962 to M. R. Jonsson discloses a device for concealing a joint between a wall and a frame. The device is comprised of a sheet having a U-shaped cross-section. One branch of the U-shaped member passes into a groove in the frame and includes a hook which is bent in a direction toward the frame to frictionally engage with the frame. The other branch of the U-shaped member, under resilience, braces against the wall.
None of the above patents, taken either singly or in combination, is seen to describe the instant invention as claimed.

Molding system for replacement doors and windows


A maximum power point tracking method, applied to a tracking device, employs a DC/DC converter connecting with a solar cell array, and including a controller actuating the DC/DC converter to perform an active resistance characteristic; a maximum power point tracking circuit adjusting the active resistance of the DC/DC converter; monitoring a change of an output power of the solar cell array in determining a direction for adjusting the active resistance of the DC/DC converter; and the maximum power point tracking circuit repeatedly adjusting the active resistance of the DC/DC converter. If the change of the output power of the solar cell array is positive, the active resistance of the DC/DC converter is adjusted in the same direction; but, conversely, if the change of the output power of the solar cell array is negative, the active resistance of the DC/DC converter is adjusted in an opposite direction.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a maximum power point tracking method and a maximum power point tracking device for a solar power system. Particularly, the present invention relates to the maximum power point tracking method actuating a DC/DC converter to perform an active resistance characteristic so as to supply power to a DC/AC inverter or a DC load. More particularly, the present invention relates to the maximum power point tracking method that adjusts the DC/DC converter for changing its active resistance, and monitors a change of output power of a solar cell array.
2. Description of the Related Art
In solar power applications, a most significant subject focused today is associated with a technology of maximum power point tracking in addition to other major technologies which have been developed. Presently, a most common technology for maximum power point tracking is a perturbation and observation method. A conventional perturbation and observation method for maximum power point tracking, described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,327,071, controls a DC/DC converter for tracking a maximum power point of a solar cell array. In maximum power point tracking operation, an output voltage of the solar cell array is initially varied. Secondly, an output power of the solar cell array is subsequently detected. Each new value of the detected output power compares with a previous value in determining a perturbation direction of the output voltage of the solar cell array. In this circumstance, the output voltage of the solar cell array is continuously varied in detecting the maximum power point. Once detected a position of the maximum power point, the output voltage of the solar cell array is continuously varied around this position of the maximum power point for repeatedly re-determining it.
Another conventional perturbation and observation method for maximum power point tracking, described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,932,994, also controls a DC/DC converter so as to further control output voltage of a solar cell array for tracking a maximum power point. In maximum power point tracking operation, a duty cycle of a power switch in the DC/DC converter is initially varied. An output voltage and an output current of the solar cell array are detected to calculate an output power thereof. Each new value of the calculated output power compares with a previous value in determining a direction of fluctuation of the duty cycle of the power switch. In this circumstance, the duty cycle of the power switch is continuously varied in detecting the maximum power point. Once detected a position of the maximum power point, the duty cycle of the power switch is continuously varied around this position of the maximum power point for repeatedly re-determining it.
As has been explained above, these conventional perturbation and observation methods require at least two signals of detected voltages or currents in detecting the maximum power point. However, there exist some problems with practicing these perturbation methods applied to detect the maximum power point. For example, the circuits of maximum power point tracking devices for use in practicing such perturbation and observation methods result in complication of structures, and increase the manufacturing costs. Hence, there is a need for improving these perturbation and observation methods and the maximum power point tracking devices applied thereto.
As is described in greater detail below, the present invention intends to provide a maximum power point tracking method and a maximum power point tracking device for a solar power system. A DC/DC converter connecting with a solar cell array is actuated to perform an active resistance characteristic for supplying power to a DC/AC inverter or a DC load. A maximum power point tracking circuit is further used to adjust the DC/DC converter for changing its active resistance, and to monitor a change of the solar cell array in output power. Accordingly, the maximum power point tracking method and the maximum power point tracking device are simplified, and manufacturing cost thereof is reduced.

Maxium power point tracking method and tracking device thereof for a solar power system


An LED package in which an LED chip a body has a cup part housing an LED chip. The cup part has a step formed in the outer circumference of the top thereof. A lens is mounted on the cup part, and has a flange extended downward from the outer circumference of the lens along the outside wall of the cup part to form a gap between the flange and the downward step of the cup part and to seal the gap from the outside. Resin material fills a space formed between the underside of the lens and the cup part and at least partially the gap formed between the step of the cup part and the lens flange. The resin material is prevented from leaking out of the LED package. The LED package of the invention prevents the creation of voids in the resin material surrounding the LED chip or the leakage of the resin material to the outside.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a light emitting diode package, more particularly, capable of preventing the creation of voids in resin material surrounding a light emitting diode chip or the leakage of resin material to the outside.
2. Description of the Related Art
Recently various approaches are under development to substitute various conventional light sources for illumination with a Light Emitting Diode (LED) thanks to its rapid improvement in efficiency and brightness. For the purpose of this, high brightness and power LEDs which overwhelm conventional diodes with size and input voltage are being developed and commercialized also.
One subject to be noticed is a packaging method for enabling an LED to stably operate in high brightness and power conditions. From this point of view, silicone-based resin material has been observed. The silicone-based resin material has excellent optical properties since it is resistive to yellowing, that is, change in quality induced by single wavelength light and has high refractivity. Unlike epoxy which is to be solidified, the silicone-based rein material still maintains a gel or elastomer state even after being cured, and thus can stably protect a diode against impact or vibration.
In application of silicone to an LED package, transparent silicone gel is injected with a dispenser into a space between a lens and a cup-shaped cavity of a package body where an LED chip and a lens are assembled in their order into the cup-shaped cavity of the package body.
However, the injection technique has a high probability that silicone may not completely fill up the cavity creating voids or bubbles. Further, bubbles also may be generated from gas residing between the chip and an underlying substrate or by the gravity. The voids or bubbles function as one of major factors which degrade optical properties of a final LED package.
In order to prevent the formation of voids or bubbles within a cavity, there was proposed an approach disclosed in Japanese Patent Publication No. 2003-124525 and U.S. patent application No. 2003/0067264 claiming the benefit of the former, entitled "Light-Emitting Diode and Method for Its Production."
FIG. 1A is a sectional view illustrating an LED diode disclosed in the above documents, and FIG. 1B is an exploded view of the LED diode shown in FIG. 1A.
Referring to FIGS. 1A and 1B, an LED 10 includes an LED chip 50, a base 30 housing the LED chip 50 and a lens member 20 mounted on the base 30. The base 30 has a cup part 31 with a concave structure, and the LED chip 50 is held and mounted inside the cup part 31. The base 30 is worked into a predetermined shape for example by grinding ceramic material or molding plastic.
Wires 41 and 42 are formed on the surface of the base 30. One ends of the wires 41 and 42 are extended into the cup part 31 to form chip-connecting parts 45 and 46 for electrical connection to the LED chip 50 within the cup part 31, respectively.
The lens member 20 mounted on the base 30 is made of transparent material, and has outer and inner convex parts 24 and 25.
The resin material or chip coating material 70 is filled inside the cup part 31. Resin material 70 has the effect of adhering and anchoring the lens member 20 and preventing the deterioration of light-emitting diode chip 50.
The surface of the resin material 70 is represented by the reference numeral 71 right after the resin material 70 is filled into the cup part 31. When the lens member 20 is mounted on the base 30, the surface of the resin material 70 is changed as represented by the reference numeral 72 in FIG. 1B to match the surface of the inner convex part 25 of the lens member 20. As a result, this eliminates any hollow space that may form into voids within the cup part 31 thereby to obtain excellent sealing properties.
Further, the inner convex part 25 of the lens member 20 may be provided with a pair of grooves (not shown) for introducing a portion of the resin material 70 extruded out by the lens member 20 by which fine sealing properties may be easily achieved.
However, the above-described LED 10 of the prior art has the following disadvantages. First, if the resin material 70 is filled by an excessively large quantity, the resin material 70 may leak along the grooves (not shown) out of the LED 10 to soil the exterior of the LED 10.
Second, since the lens member 20 when mounted on the body 30 is to be pressed downward at a desired pressure until the resin material 70 is sufficiently bonded to the lens member 20, this prior art structure needs additional pressing means.


Enhanced data buffer control in data systems is presented herein. In one example, a method includes establishing a pool of available memory pages tracked by memory pointers for use in a data structure, and processing requests for storing data to identify ones of the requests indicating data sizes that exceed a capacity of current pages included in the data structure. The method includes providing first pointers indicating start locations in the data structure to begin writing associated data, count information indicating quantities of the associated data able to be written in the current pages, and second pointers indicating at least one additional page in the data structure into which the associated data can be spanned from the current pages, where the at least one additional page is allocated from the pool of available memory pages in accordance with a fullness threshold for the data structure.

Computing systems, such as personal computers, portable computing platforms, gaming systems, and servers, can include graphics processors along with main/central processors. These graphics processors, sometimes referred to as graphics processing units (GPUs), can be integrated into the central processors or discretely provided on separate add-in cards, among other configurations. User applications, operating systems, video games, or other software elements can interface with GPUs using various application programming interfaces (APIs) that allow for standardized software/logical interfaces between the software elements and various GPU hardware elements.
Most GPUs can have specialized roles for rendering both two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) graphics data for display, such as graphics data from operating systems, productivity applications, entertainment media, scientific analysis, gaming software, or other graphics data sources. GPUs can also be employed in general purpose processing environments, such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, neural nets, statistical analysis, and cryptocurrency mining Within the GPUs, various internal stages can process graphics data into rendered images for display on a suitable display device. In many GPUs, these internal stages comprise a graphics pipeline that can take representations of scenes or user interfaces and render these into images for output to various display devices. Among these GPU stages are shader stages and other stages and functions that provide graphical details, surface texture mapping, colors, shadows, or other elements for portions of rendered images.
Overview
Enhanced data buffer control in data systems is presented herein. In one example, a method includes establishing a pool of available memory pages tracked by memory pointers for use in a data structure, and processing requests for storing data to identify ones of the requests indicating data sizes that exceed a capacity of current pages included in the data structure. The method includes providing first pointers indicating start locations in the data structure to begin writing associated data, count information indicating quantities of the associated data able to be written in the current pages, and second pointers indicating at least one additional page in the data structure into which the associated data can be spanned from the current pages, where the at least one additional page is allocated from the pool of available memory pages in accordance with a fullness threshold for the data structure.
This Overview is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the Detailed Description. It may be understood that this Overview is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used to limit the scope of the claimed subject matter.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.


A broadline seismic survey is carried out by positioning a plurality of areal arrays of seismic detectors along each of a plurality of broadline receiver lines along the surface of the earth. Array centers along an inline direction of each receiver line are staggered by one-half of an array interval from array centers along the inline direction of adjacent receiver lines. Each detector array on a given receiver line is elongated in a cross-line direction to such receiver line to effect an areal array coverage between broadline centers of the adjacent receiver lines being on opposite sides of the given receiver line. The seismic detectors in each array are connected in common to a recording means.

It has been for many years common practice in the art of geophysical exploration for oil, gas and other minerals to perform seismic exploration of the earth's subterranean structure. From knowledge of the shapes of various layers of differing types of rocks in the earth's crust, experienced geophysicists can deduce the possible presence of various valuable minerals such as oil and gas. Seismic techniques generally involve the generation of a source of acoustic energy such as a blast of dynamite, the dropping of a heavy weight on the earth's surface or imparting of a mechanical vibration to the earth, the so-called "Vibroseis" technique.
However generated, the acoustic energy travels downwardly through the earth and is reflected at the interfaces between differing layers of rock and returns upwardly to the earth's surface. The return of the waves of acoustic energy is detected by one or more geophones placed on the earth's surface. The time taken for the wave to travel downwardly, be reflected, and return upwardly, is measured and the time is proportional to the depth of the interface from which the wave was reflected between successive layers of rock beneath the earth's surface. Additional time measurements are then made with the source of acoustic energy and the detector spaced a distance from the first; comparison of the times taken by the first and second waves yields an indication of the change in the depth of the interface between the rock layers as the source and detectors move from one location to the next. If the outputs of the detectors are properly processed and are graphed in accordance with the relative positions of source and detector, a representation of a cross-section of the earth results, on which the interfaces between rock layers appear as deflections on the individual output lies, or "traces".
Much seismic exploration has been carried out so as to provide a record indicative of a cross-section of the earth taken along a line of exploration. That is, the exploration has been generally linear. See U.S. Pat. No. 3,240,286 to Musgrave. However, it has been increasingly desirable to provide a more detailed picture of the subsurface of the earth; hence three-dimensional techniques have more recently been developed. See for example U.S. Pat. No. 4,403,312 to Thomason. In the Thomason technique, a plurality of arrays of detectors broaden the lines of exploration to yield a three-dimensional picture of the subsurface data.

Method of broadline seismic data acquisition


The straightness and parallelism of a track surface on which rollers roll are measured within a range “L2” as a range for measuring the straightness and parallelism. The range “L2” is a range such that L2≧0.8×L when a roller length is “L”. When the dimension from the corner P of the flange on the inner diameter side to the starting point of the range “L2” is “L1”, the dimension “L1” is ranged such that 0.8 mm≦L1≦2 mm. In this range, the straightness of the track surface of the outer ring in the axial direction is not more than 0.008 mm and the parallelism thereof is not more than 0.015 mm.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a outer ring press fitted in a housing and having a track surface on its inner diameter surface, a drawn cup needle roller bearing, a drawn cup needle roller bearing structured body, a piston pin supporting structure of an engine, a crankshaft supporting structure of an engine, and a 2-cycle engine comprising the above outer ring.
2. Description of the Background Art
A 2-cycle engine having small capacity is used in a utility engine of a bush cutter and the like. A technique regarding the 2-cycle engine is disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 7-332371.
FIG. 14 is a longitudinal sectional view showing a 2-cycle engine in which roller bearings are used at the small end part and large end part of a connecting rod con-rod). Referring to FIG. 14, the 2-cycle engine comprises a crankshaft 83 outputting rotary motion, a piston 85 moving in a linear line back and forth, and a con-rod 84 connecting the crankshaft 83 to the piston 85 and converting the linear reciprocating motion to the rotary motion. The crankshaft 83 rotates around a rotation center shaft 90 and keeps a rotation balance with a balance weight 91.
The mixed gas of gasoline and lubricant oil is sent from an inlet 87 to a crank chamber 82 and then led to a combustion chamber 89 arranged at the upper part of a cylinder 81 according to the vertical motion of the piston 85. The exhaust gas is discharged from an exhaust hole 88.
The con-rod 84 comprises a large end part 93 at the lower part of a linear rod and a small end part 94 at the upper part thereof. The crankshaft 83 is rotatably supported at the large end part 93 of the con-rod 84 through a roller bearing 86 mounted in an inner diameter hole, and a piston pin 92 connecting the piston 85 to the con-rod 84 is rotatably supported by a roller bearing 86 mounted in an inner diameter hole.
As the roller bearings 86 mounted in the inner diameter holes provided at the small end part and the large end part of the con-rod 84 to support the piston pin 92 and the crankshaft 83, a drawn cup needle roller bearing that can receive high load in spite of its small projected area and highly rigid is used. Here, the drawn cup needle roller bearing comprises a outer ring formed of a steel plate processed by drawing, a plurality of rollers and a retainer. The retainer comprises pockets for holding the rollers and the interval of the rollers is retained by a column part positioned between the pockets.
Here, one manufacturing method of the retainer contained in the above drawn cup needle roller bearing will be briefly described hereinafter. First, a band steel that is the material of the retainer is punched out to form a pocket having a size in which the roller can be held. Then, it is pressed into a V-shaped form in section at a pressing step. Then, it is cut to the circumferential length of the retainer, and the cut band steel is bent into a cylindrical shape and the end faces of the bent band steel are connected by welding and the like. Then, it is heat treated, whereby the retainer is completed.
Here, when the band steel is pressed so that its sectional configuration becomes V shape, since its height in the diameter direction can be largely ensured, the following effect is provided. FIGS. 15A and 15B are sectional views showing the cut band steel in the diameter direction after the pressing process before and after it is bent into the cylindrical shape. Since the interval of column parts 106 on the side of an inner diameter surface 112 before a retainer 104 is bent into the cylindrical shape (FIG. 15A) becomes small after the retainer 104 is bent into the cylindrical shape (FIG. 15B), a roller 103 held in the pocket is prevented from falling off toward the side of the inner diameter surface 112. In this case, the roller 103 may be prevented from escaping toward the side of an outer diameter surface 111 by providing a roller escape preventing part at the column part 106 on the side of the outer diameter surface 111.
In addition, FIG. 16 is a view showing a state in which the retainer 104 retaining the roller 103 is incorporated in a outer ring 102 and a shaft 101. By performing the pressing process so that its sectional configuration becomes V shape, the roller 103 can be guided in the vicinity of a PCD (Pitch Circle Diameter) 105 in which the roller 103 can roll most stably when guided.
In addition, a retainer of a roller bearing having the same configuration as that of the retainer manufactured by the above steps is disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2005-98368.
A description will be made of a method for measuring the precision of the outer ring 102 contained in the above drawn cup needle roller bearing hereinafter. The outer ring 102 has a track surface on which the roller rolls, at its cylindrical inner diameter surface 119. Regarding the track surface of the outer ring 102, since it is necessary that the roller can roll stably, high dimensional precision is required.
When the precision of the track surface of the outer ring 102 in which the high dimensional precision is required is measured, a variation in thickness dimension in the circumferential direction, that is, a variation in thickness of the cylindrical part of the outer ring 102 has been measured. FIG. 17 is a view showing a state when the variation in thickness of the cylindrical part of the outer ring 102 is measured in this case. Referring to FIG. 17, the outer ring 102 has a track surface on which the roller rolls, on the side of the inner diameter surface 119 of its cylindrical part 116. Here, the variation in thickness of the cylindrical part 116 is measured such that while an outer diameter surface 118 is pressed with a reference member 117 at the position shown by an arrow X or Y in FIG. 17 and the corresponding inner diameter surface 119 is pressed with a gauge terminal, the outer ring 102 is rotated.
In addition, a drawn cup needle roller bearing comprising a outer ring having a track surface on its inner diameter surface, in which a thickness difference is provided at a cylindrical part is disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2002-235753.
According to the method of measuring the precision of the above outer ring contained in the drawn cup needle roller bearing, when the thickness of the cylindrical part is measured, the variation in thickness of the cylindrical part 116, that is, a difference in thickness in the circumferential direction is measured. However, this is not necessarily optimal as a precision parameter for evaluating whether the roller can roll stably. Especially, since the cylindrical part 116 of the outer ring 102 is relatively thin, and it could be deformed at a heat treatment and the like, it is necessary to measure the configuration after press fitted.
In this case, while the outer ring is press fitted in an inner diameter hole provided in a reference ring having a reference surface for parallelism and the like, the generatrix configuration of the inner diameter surface of the outer ring is measured and this is to be set to the precision parameter. However, when the generatrix configuration is set to the precision parameter as it is, since the generatrix configuration is measured including a part other than the surface on which the roller rolls, it cannot be correctly evaluated whether the roller can roll stably or not.
Meanwhile, among the above manufacturing steps of the retainer, at the pocket punching-out step, the blade of a punch is pressed against the material of the retainer along a pocket configuration to punch out the pocket. In this case, a sheared surface and a fractured surface are generated in the side wall surface of the pocket, that is, the side wall surface of the column part positioned between the pockets. The sheared surface is a smooth surface punched out with the edge of the blade of the punch and the like. Meanwhile, the fractured surface is a coarse surface fractured by the material pressed and punched out with the blade edge.
Here, when the pocket is punched out from the side that becomes the inner diameter surface when the retainer is bent into the cylindrical shape at the pocket punching-out step, the fractured surface is positioned in the side wall surface of the column part on the side of the outer diameter surface.
FIG. 18 is a sectional view showing the retainer 104 in the diameter direction in this case. FIG. 19 is a sectional view showing the retainer 104 in the axial direction in this case. In FIG. 19, the part shown by a dotted line designates the roller 103 retained in the pocket of the retainer 104, and a dashed line designates the PCD 105. Referring to FIGS. 18 and 19, when the pocket is punched out from the direction shown by an arrow Z in the drawing that becomes the inner diameter surface 112, a sheared surface 108 is positioned on the side of the inner diameter surface 112 of a side wall surface 110, and a fractured surface 109 is positioned on the side of the outer diameter surface 111 of the side wall surface 110. Here, since the retainer 104 is pressed into the V shape, when it retains the roller 103, the fractured surface 109 is positioned at the center part of the side wall surface 110 in the vicinity of the PCD 105 and the sheared surface 108 is positioned at the end of the side wall surface 110 in the vicinity of the PCD 105.
A configuration curve 114 of the side wall surface 110 at the PCD 105 in this case is shown in FIG. 20 together with an outline 113 of the roller 103. Referring to FIG. 20, in the side wall surface 110, the center part is the fractured surface 109 and the end is the sheared surface 108. In this case, the configuration line 114 is recessed at the center part with respect to the outline 113, so that the roller 103 is in contact with the sheared surface 108 at the end of the side wall surface 110 when guided.
However, since the end of the roller 103 is chamfered and the end of the side wall surface 110 does not follow the outline 113 of the roller 103, the roller cannot be appropriately in contact with it, so that the roller 103 cannot be guided stably.
In the drawn cup needle roller bearing comprising the above retainer and outer ring, the roller cannot roll stably. In addition, when the above drawn cup needle roller bearing is used in a piston pin supporting structure of an engine and the like, the roller is skewed and seizing could be generated.

Outer ring, drawn cup needle roller bearing, drawn cup needle roller bearing structured body, piston pin supporting structure of engine, crankshaft supporting structure of engine, and 2-cycle engine


An apparatus (10) helps to protect an occupant of a vehicle. The apparatus (10) includes an inflatable vehicle occupant protection device (14), an inflation fluid source (26), and a diffuser plate (200). The inflation fluid source (26) provides inflation fluid for inflating the inflatable vehicle occupant protection device (14). The diffuser plate (200) is disposed between the inflation fluid source (26) and the inflatable vehicle occupant protection device (14). The diffuser plate (200) includes a main body portion (210) and a plurality of raised portions (230). The raised portions (230) define slots (232) for allowing inflation fluid to flow from the inflation fluid source (26) to the inflatable vehicle occupant protection device (14).

An inflatable vehicle occupant protection device, such as an air bag, is deployed upon the occurrence of a vehicle collision. The air bag is part of a conventional vehicle occupant protection apparatus that includes a collision sensor and an inflator. The inflator includes a housing and an inflation fluid source in the housing. Upon sensing the occurrence of an event for which inflation of the air bag is desired, the inflator is actuated and emits inflation fluid under pressure in the inflator housing. The pressurized inflation fluid is directed out of the inflator housing and inflates the air bag into the vehicle occupant compartment to help protect the vehicle occupants.
Inflators can generate heat and particulates during deployment. Conventional methods of controlling these products include adding fabric to the air bag, coating the air bag fabric, providing filter screens, adding metal protection plates around the air bag, or a combination of these methods.


A magnetic device including a magnetic writer; and an overcoat positioned over at least the magnetic writer, the overcoat including oxides of yttrium, oxides of scandium, oxides of lanthanoids, oxides of actionoids, oxides of zinc, or combinations thereof.

The heat assisted magnetic recording (HAMR) process can involve an environment that can be extremely corrosive because of the high temperature (e.g., up to about 450° C.), high humidity, and oxidative environments. Because of the harsh environment and the desire to protect some of the more delicate structures, for example the near field transducer (NFT) and the write pole for example; there remains a need for different types of overcoats.


Internet content is coordinated with audio communications, such that two or more parties can view the same media content on the Internet while simultaneously communicating over a traditional telephony network or via voice over network. A user computer displays shared content that corresponds to a second computer's display, such that both parties view the same content on their browsers. Either of the parties is allowed to update the visual content of their browsers. Updates in the visual content are transmitted to the other parties so that all parties view the same, shared content. The shared content can include web pages, forms, applications, images, conferences, and files among other information.

The present invention relates generally to an apparatus and method for coordinating Internet communication between two users. More particularly, the invention relates to an apparatus and method for coordinating Internet multi-media communication such that the two users can view and modify a copy of the same multi-media content, where any modifications made by one user are subsequently viewed by a second user, as well as enhancing the communication by supplementing any visual communication with audio communication.
Businesses commonly service customers through call centers staffed with technical support personnel, sales support personnel, or service personnel (hereinafter collectively referred to as sales representative) that can answer the customer's questions. Typically, these centers use an automated call distributor ("ACD") system to handle incoming calls from the telephone network. Commercially available ACD systems provide call processing, voice processing, data processing and network capabilities for the call centers. The ACD system usually routes customer calls to a sales representative. The sales representative typically uses a headset and a user device connected to the ACD system to respond to the incoming calls. The ACD system can route the calls to queues, which can be customized to reflect how a business wants to prioritize and route incoming calls.
While the customer is on-hold, the ACD system also provides the customer with information. Typically, the ACD system will notify the customer that the customer's call is important, "please hold", suggest that the customer call back during non-peak hours, or inform the customer the time the customer can expect to be on-hold, for example. In such an implementation, the customer has to wait on the telephone while listening to the repeated messages of the ACD system. This can frustrate the customer. It also restricts the customer from performing many other tasks while the customer is waiting on the phone for the sales representative or technical specialist. In some implementations, the ACD systems pipe advertising to the customer while the customer is on-hold. The customer, however, may not be interested in the products or services that are being advertised, and may have further frustration from being subjected to the advertisements. Alternatively, the ACD system can provide the customer with melodies during the on-hold period. In this implementation, however, the customer is still restricted from doing other tasks and the business looses an opportunity to advertise.
Another way businesses communicate with customers is via Internet web pages. Businesses elicit questions from customers by advertising the business's products on Internet web pages. Such web pages allow the customer requesting that a sales representative of the business contact them. To request service, the customer inserts their name and e-mail address or phone number in a space provided on the web page and activates a call-me button. Thereafter, the sales representative is sent an e-mail containing the request for service, to which the sales representative responds. However, when the sales representative responds, either by phone or e-mail, the customer is most likely no longer viewing the business's web page, and thus the business's web page cannot contribute to the sales representative's pitch. Moreover, the response is not immediate, sometimes with log times measured in days, and during the interim the customer may buy another product.
An intermediate solution to answer a customer's questions regarding products is presented by allowing the customer to use or view a demonstration of the business's product while on the Internet. By way of example, if a customer wants to buy software, the customer may go to the business's web site and request a software demonstration. The web site downloads to the customer the software demonstration. If all the customer's questions are answered by viewing the demonstration, then the customer can then purchase the software. If the customer still has unanswered questions, however, the customer will again have to either place a telephone call or wait for a delayed e-mail or call response.
A further disadvantage of providing the customer a software demonstration downloaded from the Internet is the amount of time it takes a customer to go to each web site, ascertain the product the customer wants to view, and then wait while the appropriate plug-in or code, for example, is downloaded to the customer's computer. If the customer only needs to view a part of the demonstration, downloading the entire code to a customer unnecessarily uses resources of the customer. In addition, the time the customer waits for code to be downloaded is again wasted time, just as was waiting on the phone. One solution to this problem is taught in U.S. Pat. No. 5,572,643 to Judson which claims a method for displaying information on a graphic user interface when a customer is waiting for a link to download on the Internet. However, this is akin to the making the customer listen to unwanted advertisements on the phone and, thus, still has the previously described problems.
A further disadvantage of downloading a software demonstration is that whatever is downloaded is viewed by the customer alone without the assistance of the sales representative. The software demonstrations are not usually concurrent-use software applications that can be viewed simultaneously at remote locations. Thus, the software applications cannot be viewed by both the customer and the sales representative simultaneously. Further, if they were, this would require even longer download periods. In addition, such applications would require a large amount of the customer's resources to run and be difficult for the customer to manipulate.
Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to provide an apparatus to decrease the time between a customer's request for information over the Internet and a sales representative's response, such that the customer can still access the sales reptesentative's web site.
It is another object of this invention to provide the customer with relevant information while they are on hold, thus enhancing the usefulness of the time that the customers are on-hold waiting to speak to a sales representative. It is another object of this invention to allow businesses to advertise products that are of interests to customers while the customers are on hold.
It is a further object of this invention to decrease the time and resources used to download information, such that the customer only has to wait for what that individual customer requires.
It is still another object of this invention to allow customers to communicate with the sales representative regarding the application without requiring the customer to learn the specific software applications.
It is still another object of this invention to allow customers to collaborate with the sales representative without using the customers time and resources to have a complex concurrent-use program downloaded to the customer.
It is a further object of this invention to allow sales representatives to conduct business over multiple networks, such as the telephone network and the Internet.
These and other objects of the invention will be obvious and will appear hereinafter.

Method and apparatus for coordinating internet multi-media content with telephone and audio communications


The invention provides photoresist resin compositions and in particular, a photoresist resin compositions comprising a) an acrylate monomer having two urethane bonds, b) a crosslinkable urethane monomer having at least two ethylene double bonds, c) an alkali-soluble compound, d) a photopolymerization initiator and e) a solvent, and a photoresist dry film resists using the photoresist resins. The photoresist resin compositions and the photoresist dry film resists using the same in accordance with the invention have excellent adhesion to a substrate and sandblast resistance and at the same time, they have high sensitivity as well as high resolution, thereby enabling fine pattern formation on substrates.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to photoresist resin compositions and in particular, to photoresist resin compositions having excellent adhesion to substrates and sandblast resistance and at the same time, having high sensitivity as well as high resolution thereby enabling fine pattern formation on substrates and photoresist dry film resists using the photoresist resins.
2. Description of Related Art
For pattern formation, relief pattern is often used on the surface of substrates in manufacture of electronic devices such as plasma display panels (PDP) and circuit substrates. As one of such relief pattern formation, there is a sandblast etching method comprising by forming a photoresist resin membrane on the surface of a substrate, forming a pattern resist layer thereon by photolithography, and etching an exposed or non-mask area of the surface of the substrate by sandblast where abrasion particles are sprayed over surfaces.
Dry film resists are widely used as a basic material for formation of pattern in manufacture of electronic devices. Particularly, conversion of regions which were made from liquid resin composition in past into dry film resists has been actively attempted and recently, for pattern formation of PDP, film resists are being frequently used.
Usually, acrylates were used as a monomer for the dry film resists used in pattern formation of PDP, but due to their poor sandblast resistance, it was difficult to obtain fine pattern formation.
Also, dry film resists using urethane acrylate oligomers or monomers in excessive amount were suggested, but they have less sensitivity than the dry film resists using acrylates and also have unsatisfactory adhesion to substrates and resolution.


A bonded body is formed to configured to join a ceramic member formed of a Si-based ceramic and a copper member formed of copper or a copper alloy, in which, in a joint layer formed between the ceramic member and the copper member, a crystalline active metal compound layer formed of a compound including an active metal is formed on the ceramic member side.

Semiconductor devices such as LEDs or power modules have a structure in which a semiconductor element is joined on a circuit layer formed of a conductive material.
Power semiconductor elements for controlling large amounts of power used for controlling wind power generation, electric vehicles, hybrid vehicles, and the like generate large amounts of heat and therefore, insulating circuit substrates, which are, for example, provided with a ceramic substrate formed of Si3N4 (silicon nitride), or the like and a circuit layer formed to configured to join a metal plate with excellent conductivity to one surface of the ceramic substrate, are widely used in the related art as substrates on which the power semiconductor elements are mounted. As insulating circuit substrates, circuit substrates in which a metal plate is joined to the other surface of a ceramic substrate to form a metal layer are also provided.
For example, Patent Document 1 proposes a circuit substrate in which a circuit layer and a metal layer are formed to configured to join a copper sheet to one surface and the other surface of a ceramic substrate. In this circuit substrate, copper sheets are arranged on one surface and the other surface of a ceramic substrate with an Ag—Cu—Ti-based brazing material interposed therebetween, and the copper sheets are joined by performing a heat treatment (so-called active metal brazing method). In this active metal brazing method, since a brazing material containing Ti, which is an active metal, is used, the wettability between the molten brazing material and the ceramic substrate is improved, and the ceramic substrate and the copper sheet are joined well.
Here, in a case where the ceramic substrate and the copper sheet are joined by the active metal brazing method described in Patent Document 1, a TiN layer is formed at the joint interface between the ceramic substrate and the copper sheet. Since this TiN layer is hard and brittle, there is a concern that cracks may be generated in the ceramic substrate during loading of a thermal cycle.
Therefore, Patent Document 2 proposes a bonded body in which an active element oxide layer containing an active element and oxygen is formed at a joint interface between a copper member and a ceramic member, and the thickness of the active element oxide layer is in a range of 5 nm or more and 200 nm or less.
In the bonded body having this configuration, since the thickness of the active element oxide layer formed at the joint interface between the copper member and the ceramic member is 5 nm or more, the ceramic member and the copper member are securely joined and it is possible to ensure the brazing joining strength. On the other hand, since the thickness of the active element oxide layer is set to 200 nm or less, the thickness of the relatively hard and brittle active element oxide layer is small, and, for example, it is possible to suppress cracking from occurring in the ceramic member due to thermal stress during loading of a thermal cycle.

Bonded body and insulating circuit substrate


A system and method that prioritizes product lots for fabrication and dispatching to manufacturing equipment establishes priorities for dispatching product lots based on a criticality factor and establishes a priority for dispatching product lots to manufacturing equipment based on processing capability and the efficiency of manufacturing equipment. A computer integrated manufacturing system executes a program process that functions as a lot dispatcher and a priority factor calculator. The lot dispatcher is in communication with an order entry system to receive requests for fabrication and with a process information system to receive procedures defining which manufacturing equipment is required. A manufacturing information system provides the lot dispatcher with a criticality factor and a queue level for each piece of manufacturing equipment. Then the current group of pieces of manufacturing equipment is followed with a balanced loading.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to manufacturing systems. More particularly, this invention relates to computer integrated manufacturing systems that dynamically dispatches product lots for fabrication to subsequent equipment in a manufacturing line.
2. Description of Related Art
In competitive manufacturing environments such as fabrication of electronic integrated circuits on substrates, delivery to a committed schedule is one of the most important factors to the operation of the enterprise. However, the tool utilization and quality of the fabrication of the product are almost equally important. The balancing of the loading of equipment or tooling of the various stages of the manufacturing lines of the enterprise must be considered.
Often to accommodate a "hot lot" or a lot having a very high priority for fabrication, the necessary manufacturing equipment may be idled or have its scheduling minimized to allow acceptance of the "hot lot" upon arrival. In other instances, the operators may not have a complete understanding of the flow of the product through the manufacturing line and may cause certain equipment to lack product lots for processing or may cause other equipment to have a backlog or long queue of product waiting for the equipment. Supervisors generally observe multiple units or pieces of manufacturing equipment within the manufacturing line and are able to determine if there is no queue or a too long a queue for individual pieces of equipment. The supervisors then communicate changes in the priorities of the lots set for processing in an attempt to adjust the distribution of the queues of the manufacturing equipment.
The operators must then interpret the instructions of the supervisors to attempt to adjust the distribution of the product lots for processing. Often there is a misunderstanding or miscommunication between an operator and the supervisor or the operator makes a mistake in the operation of the equipment. The operator does not react quickly to the instruction or does not comprehend the instructions and the fabrication of the product is further delayed.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,564,113 (Barto, et al.), describes a Lot start agent that calculates virtual WIP time in a multi-product and multi-bottleneck manufacturing environment. A system and method are provided for calculating virtual WIP time ("VWIP"). The system and method provide for the calculation of one or more bottleneck VWIP values.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,470,227 (Rangachari, et al.), describes a method and the apparatus for automating a microelectric manufacturing process by configuring application objects that implement a domain knowledge for a piece of equipment and then implementing a workflow. The method is embodied in a computer program that is part of a computer system
U.S. Pat. No. 6,259,959 (Martin) describes a method for determining the performance components of a manufacturing line. A process for optimizing a manufacturing line including raw processing times of a plurality of work centers; summing the work center raw processing times, determining work center cycle times, dividing the work center cycle times by respective ones.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,128,588 (Chacon) describes an integrated wafer fab time standard (machine tact) database An integrated wafer fab production characterization and scheduling system incorporates a manufacturing execution system with a scheduling system based on simulation. The system provides a simulation tool integrated with the manufacturing execution system to evaluate proposed production control logic. Also included are: integration of preventive maintenance scheduling, Kanban based WIP control, an integrated time standard database, and real time lot move updates.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,826,238 (Chen, et al.) describes a method and system that operates a data processing system. This includes a data base computer system and a resource allocation computer for control of resource allocation. The method has several steps including: deriving data from the storage means and computing the targets for each of the stages; obtaining machine capacity data from the data storage means and employing the machine capacity data for allocating machine capacity proportionally and adjusting targets.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,768,133 (Chen, et al.) describes a WIP/move management tool for semiconductor manufacturing plant and method of operation thereof. This interactive data processing system and/or method is a management tool for a manufacturing plant including a shop floor control system. A server contains a data engine for extracting data, a load and transform data unit, and a database management storage unit. The database management storage unit supplies data to an interactive graphic user interface.

Dynamically adjusting the distribution for dispatching lot between current and downstream tool by using expertise weighting mechanism

Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company, Ltd.