Noise is reduced in a video system by applying motion compensated temporal filtering using previously generated motion vectors and adaptive spatial filtering at scene change frames. Various types of noise can be introduced into video prior to compression and transmission. Artifacts arise from recording and signal manipulation, terrestrial or orbital communications, or during decoding. Noise introduced prior to image compression interferes with performance and subsequently impairs system performance. While filtering generally reduces noise in a video image, it can also reduce edge definition leading to loss of focus. Filtering can also tax system throughput, since increased computational complexity often results from filtering schemes. Furthermore, the movement of objects within frames, as defined by groups of pixels, complicates the noise reduction process by adding additional complexity. In addition to improvements made to FIR spatial filtering, the present invention improves on previous filtering techniques by using Infinite Impulse Response (IR) temporal filtering to reduce noise while maintaining edge definition. It also uses motion vectors previously calculated as part of the first-pass image encoding or alternatively by transcoding to reduce computational complexity for P-frame and B-frame image preprocessing. Single stage P-frame temporal noise filtering and double stage B-frame temporal noise filtering are presented.

The present invention relates to an apparatus and method for reducing noise in a video system by applying motion compensated temporal filtering using previously generated motion vectors and adaptive spatial filtering at scene change frames.
Digital television offers viewers high quality video entertainment with features such as pay-per-view, electronic program guides, video-on-demand, weather and stock information, as well as Internet access. The video images, packaged in an information stream, are transmitted to the user via a broadband communication network over a satellite, cable, or terrestrial transmission medium. Due to bandwidth and power limitations, efficient transmission of film and video demands that compression and formatting techniques be extensively used. Protocols such as MPEG1 and MPEG2 maximize bandwidth utilization for film and video information transmission by adding a temporal component to a spatial compression algorithm.
Each individual image in a sequence of images on film or video is referred to as a frame. Each frame is made up of a large number of picture elements (pixels) that define the image. Within each frame, redundant pixels describe like parts of a scene, e.g. a blue sky. Various types of compression algorithms have been used to remove redundant spatial elements thereby decreasing the bandwidth requirements for image transmission. Sequences of frames on film or video often contain pixels that are very similar or identical as well. In order to maximize bandwidth utilization, compression and motion compensation protocols, such as MPEG, are typically used to minimize these redundant pixels between adjacent frames. Frames referenced by an encoder for the purpose of predicting motion of images within adjacent frames are called anchor frames. These anchor frames can be of type Intra-frame (I-frame) or Predicted-frame (P-frame). Groups of pixels (macroblocks) that are mapped without reference to other frames make up I-frames, while P-frames contain references to previously encoded frames within a sequence of frames. A third type of frame referred to as a Bi-directional (B-frame) contains macroblocks referred from previously encountered anchor frames and macroblocks from anchor frames that follow the frame being currently analyzed. Both B-frame and P-frame encoding reduce duplication of pixels by calculating motion vectors associated with macroblocks in a reference frame, resulting in reduced bandwidth requirements. The choice of encoding type for a particular frame is dependent upon the complexity of that image.
For images that pan, pixels that describe moving objects are largely the same, in that they are only spatially displaced. Instead of repeatedly specifying these pixels in consecutive frames, it is often advantageous to reference groups of them, i.e. macroblocks, in previous (or forthcoming) frames. A motion vector directs the video processor where to obtain the macroblock in a referenced frame. The use of motion vectors for this purpose is referred to as motion compensation. Motion compensation can also be exploited to help reduce the effect of noise in encoded video images.
Various types of noise can be introduced into video prior to compression and transmission. Artifacts from the imaging and recording equipment, from terrestrial or orbital transmission equipment, from communication channels, and from encoding and decoding equipment are well known. Noise introduced prior to image compression is problematic because it interferes with the performance of subsequent compression systems by monopolizing data bandwidth while decreasing video quality. Additionally, quantizing in the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) domain tends to magnify the effects of noise leading to increased signal degradation.
While filtering reduces noise in a video image, it can, consequently, reduce the resolution (e.g. sharpness) of the image, leading to imprecise edge transitions, thereby reducing apparent focus. An edge is defined as an abrupt change in pixel amplitude such as a color difference and/or luminance amplitude change between sets of pixels. These abrupt changes are typically oriented in a vertical or horizontal direction, such as an edge between a blue sky and a black building.
Accordingly, there is a need for an improved noise filtering system that would reduce many of the disadvantageous effects found with contemporary digital image filters. The present invention provides a solution for solving these problems while simultaneously providing enhanced throughput of film or video frame encoding.

Noise reduction pre-processor for digital video using previously generated motion vectors and adaptive spatial filtering


Disclosed herein is a method of repairing surface damage in an exterior surface of a hollow bladder, made of a cured elastomer. The method comprises placing first strips, made of an uncured elastomer, at least partially within the surface damage in the exterior surface of the hollow bladder in a side-by-side arrangement. The method also comprises sealing the surface damage, the first strips, and a portion of the exterior surface surrounding the surface damage in a vacuum bag. The method further comprises reducing pressure within the vacuum bag relative to outside the vacuum bag. The method additionally comprises while the pressure within the vacuum bag is reduced, heating the first strips from within the vacuum bag to cure the first strips.

Hollow bladders made of elastomeric material are used to help shape parts made of fiber-reinforced polymeric materials. For shaping large parts, such as stringers of an aircraft, hollow bladders must also be large. Often, the manufacturing of new hollow bladders is both time-consuming and expensive due to the complexity of the process and the type of elastomeric materials used.
Hollow bladders are susceptible to damage, which can have undesirable affects on the parts being shaped by the hollow bladders. Replacing damaged hollow bladders with new ones is both inefficient and costly. However, repairing damage to hollow bladders, without negatively affecting the integrity of the hollow bladders, can be difficult.


A removable oversized golf grip includes a first grip portion, a second grip portion, and a locking mechanism. The first grip portion has a first interior and a first exterior. The second grip portion has a second interior and a second exterior. The locking mechanism removably joins the first portion to the second portion around a golf grip. Wherein, the first interior and the second interior create a combined interior configured to securely fit around the golf grip, and the first exterior and the second exterior create a combined exterior configured as an oversized golf grip.

Technical Field of the Disclosure
The disclosure generally relates to grips for golf clubs, and namely to a removable oversized golf grip.
Description of the Related Art
The disclosure relates generally to a removable oversized golf grip, a method of using the same, and a method of manufacturing the same.
An oversized golf grip, like the Super Stroke Putter Grip available from SuperStroke USA of Wixom, Mich., was developed to help stabilize the putting stroke and reduce unwanted wrist action. Since its introduction to the market it has skyrocketed in popularity and is now ubiquitous in the golf community. However, the current oversized golf grips, like the Super Stroke Putter Grips, were developed exclusively for putters and the putting stroke.
Chipping and the chipping stroke is fundamentally the same as putting and the putting stroke. Many amateur golfers struggle with overactive hands that result in errant shots or flubs. As such, it is clear that an oversized golf grip for chipping is desired to help stabilize the chipping stroke similar to the oversized grips for putters.
However, unlike putting where the putter is used exclusively for putting, wedges and irons are not only used for chipping, but are also used for full swings or shots. Unlike the chipping and putting strokes, in full swings and shots, a standard golf grip is required to allow for proper setting and releasing of the golf club during the golf swing. As such, the instant disclosure recognizes the need/desire to have a removable oversized golf grip on short irons/wedges, like for temporary use just when chipping around the greens.
Therefore, it is readily apparent that there is a recognizable unmet need for a removable oversized golf grip that is quickly and easily installed and removed over an existing golf grip. The instant disclosure is designed to address at least some of the above mentioned problems by providing a removable oversized golf grip.


Exemplary embodiments relate to a novel anticancer composition including a compound represented by chemical formula 1 or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as an active ingredient:

Field
Exemplary embodiments relate to a novel use of a compound for preventing or treating cancer, and more specifically, to a pharmaceutical composition for preventing or treating cancer, including a compound represented by chemical formula 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as an active ingredient.
Discussion of the Background
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (ARS) plays an important role in binding a specific amino acid to a tRNA molecule, leading to protein synthesis. In higher animals, nine classes of ARSs bind with three classes of ARS-interacting multi functional proteins (AIMPs) to form multi-synthetases complexes (MSCs). AIMP2, which is a multifunctional protein that maintains the MSC structure and performs various functions in response to stress signals, leads to apoptosis under TGF-β, TNF-α, and DNA damage signals and acts as a tumor suppressor by maintaining p53 stability under DNA damage signals including UV and the like, and AIMP2-DX2, which is an exon 2-deleted splicing variant of AIMP2, competitively inhibits the binding of p53 and AIMP2 to inhibit the pro-apoptotic activity of AIMP2 (Choi J W, et al., PLOS GENETICS, 7(3):e1001351, 2011). The studies found that AIMP2-DX2 may cause cancer by inhibiting cancer inhibition of AIMP2, and AIMP2-DX2 mRNA exhibits a high expression level of 80% in tissues of lung cancer patients and AIMP2-DX2 is also expressed at 60% in lung cancer. In addition, the expression level of AIMP2-DX2 over AIMP2 showed a close correlation with the progress of lung cancer.
The AIMP2-DX2 protein is a variant of AIMP2 in which exon 2 is deleted from the AIMP2 protein sequence, and sequences of the AIMP2 protein (312aa version: AAC50391.1 or GI: 1215669; 320aa version: AAH13630.1, GI: 15489023, BC013630.1) are disclosed in the literatures (312aa version: Nicolaides, N. C., et. al., Genomics 29 (2), 329-334 (1995)/320aa version: Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26), 16899-16903 (2002)).
The term anticancer encompasses all cancer prevention and treatment effects. Cancer generally refers to the malignancy of cells that are not normally differentiated and have grown out of control since there is abnormality in the cycle stage of cells constituting human tissues. The kind of the cancer may include breast cancer, large intestine cancer, lung cancer, small cell lung cancer, gastric cancer, liver cancer, blood cancer, bone cancer, pancreatic cancer, skin cancer, head or neck cancer, cutaneous or intraocular melanoma, uterine cancer, ovarian cancer, rectal cancer, anal cancer, colon cancer, fallopian tube carcinoma, endometrial carcinoma, cervical cancer, vaginal cancer, vulvar carcinoma, Hodgkin's disease, esophageal cancer, small intestine cancer, endocrine cancer, thyroid cancer, parathyroid carcinoma, adrenal cancer, soft tissue sarcoma, uterine cancer, penis cancer, prostate cancer, chronic or acute leukemia, lymphocyte lymphoma, bladder cancer, kidney or ureter cancer, renal cell carcinoma, renal pelvic carcinoma, CNS tumor, primary CNS lymphoma, spinal cord tumor, brain stem glioma, pituitary adenoma, and the like.
A Korean patent (Korean Patent Publication No. 10-2006-0058014) describes an exon 2-deleted variant of AIMP2, named AIMP2DX2, which is specifically expressed in cancer tissues, and is used as a cancer diagnosis marker to diagnose cancer and inhibits AIMP2DX2 to treat or prevent cancer. In addition, there are a patent (Korean Patent Publication No. 10-2009-0048382) regarding a composition including an AIMP2-DX2 inhibitor as an active ingredient for preventing and treating inflammatory disease, a composition including an expression vector inhibiting AIMP2-DX2 expression for preventing and treating inflammatory disease, and a method for screening a drug for preventing or treating inflammatory disease to screen a material inhibiting AIMP2-DX2 expression; and a patent (Korean Patent Publication No. 2013-0016041) regarding an anticancer composition including, as an active ingredient, an aniline derivative effective in the cancer prevention and treatment.
The above information disclosed in this Background section is only for enhancement of understanding of the background of the inventive concept, and, therefore, it may contain information that does not form the prior art that is already known in this country to a person of ordinary skill in the art.

Pharmaceutical composition for preventing or treating cancer

Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center


An electronic device includes one or more sensors to determine when the device is in use (e.g., being held or worn by the user) and when the device is not in use (e.g., is in a pocket or purse). Examples of such sensors include a capacitive sensor, a thermal sensor, a light sensor, etc. The device can be placed in a mount that allows the device to be more easily worn by the user. The mount extends the capabilities of the sensors on the device so that the sensors on the device can sense information through (or notwithstanding) the mount. The mount also optionally changes the viewpoints of one or more of the sensors, such as by re-directing a sensor that points to the side of the device so that rather than sensing information at the side of the mount information at the bottom of the mount is sensed.

As technology has advanced, mobile electronic devices that are powered by batteries have become increasingly commonplace. While these mobile devices offer a variety of different benefits, they are not without their problems. One such problem is that the batteries have a limited lifetime, operating the mobile device for a limited amount of time before needing recharging or replacing. To assist in prolonging the battery life, some mobile devices can operate in multiple different power modes, such as a low power mode when performing some operations and a high power mode when performing other operations. Determining when the mobile device can be placed in a low power mode and when the mobile device can be placed in a high power mode can be challenging to determine, creating situations in which more power is expended by the mobile device than needed. This can result in shorter battery life for the mobile device, which can lead to user dissatisfaction and frustration with their mobile devices.

Extending electronic device sensors through device mounts


A device for absorbing axial and radial short-circuit forces in a cable-wound inductor. A fixing member includes an inner envelope surface that surrounds the cable winding of the inductor.

Using inductors in electric power systems for transmission of electrical energy is known. Electric power systems in this connection mean systems for voltages exceeding 1 kilo-volt and inductors mean stationary induction machines such as reactors and transformers.
When an inductor is short-circuited, the cable winding of the inductor is subjected to axial and radial short-circuit forces. The radial forces in the inductor act outwards and bring about tensile stresses on the cable that constitutes the winding in the inductor. The axial forces in the inductor act upwards/downwards and bring about shearing stresses on the cable. When the inductor is short-circuited, both these types of mechanical stresses may lead to the cable being damaged. To avoid this, it is desirable, in cable-wound induction machines such as reactors and transformers, to protect the cable winding, for example by clamping the winding or minimizing the short-circuit forces.
WO 98/34243 describes a cable-wound transformer/reactor, where the winding is provided with a number of axially extending spacers, which separate each cable turn in a radial direction in the winding, in order, inter alia, to create axial cylindrical cooling ducts. Further, the spacer according to the embodiment is adapted to axially clamp the winding together into a uniform winding subassembly.
However, WO 98/34243 is limited to primarily absorbing short-circuit forces acting in the axial direction since no prestress in the radial direction occurs.
WO 99/28923 describes a cable-wound transformer with one high-voltage winding and one low-voltage winding. Here the turns of the high-voltage winding alternate with the turns of the low-voltage winding, in order thus to minimize the short-circuit forces. However, for reactors with one winding only, this method is not applicable.


A line monitoring system for a station in a communication system in which communication with an asynchronous third-digital-stage signal is made through a communication network with which the main station and an interface device, on the sides of subscribers, are connected. Each interface device is provided with an abnormality detection device for detecting abnormality in the network and abnormality in the asynchronous third-digital-stage signal and an insertion device for inserting the output of the abnormality detection device into a special bit of the asynchronous third-digital-stage signal. On the other hand, the main station is provided with alarm receiving device performing frame synchronization of the asynchronous third-digital-stage signal output from the insertion device for deciding the state of the special bit. By virtue of the present line monitoring system monitoring an alarm for a station, when a fault occurs in the line on the side of subscriber or in the transmitted signal, the fault can be detected by the main station immediately.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a line monitoring system for a station in a communication system using an asynchronous third-digital-stage signal (digital master group signal).
2. Description of the Prior Art
With the progress of an information society, communication networks are playing the role of the nerve center of a wide variety of social and economical activities. Communication networks are lately operated over a wide bandwidth and great importance is placed especially on their reliability. These days, in the U.S.A., leased lines for wideband communications with digital hierarchy third stage signals (DS3 signals) are being increasingly provided to subscribers. In such networks, because they are operated over a wideband, it can be pointed out that maintenance and operation of them are not easy tasks.
In a wideband network, special importance is placed on the quality of the line and, hence, it is required that the station of the operating company providing the DS3 signal is capable of monitoring the condition of the quality of the lines on the sides of subscribers. In networks with DS3 signals, such systems as a data link system and a C bit parity system with synchronous DS3 signals, for example, are being proposed and implemented. By use of such systems, the station of the operating company is able to monitor the condition of the quality of the line on the subscriber side.
However, in the existing communications systems with asynchronous DS3 signals, it is the present situation that the side of the station informed of occurrence of a line fault only by a claim from the subscriber. Since the station of the operating company is unable to observe, from its side, the condition of the line quality on the subscriber side, there has been a problem that the station cannot immediately detect a line fault when it occurs.

Alarm system for station in a communications system using asynchronous third-digital-stage signal


The present disclosure is directed a thermoplastic energy absorbing headlamp mounting bracket comprising a frame having a proximal end and a distal end, and an energy absorbing member having a proximal end affixed to the proximal end of the frame, a distal end extending at least partially over the distal end of the frame, and an arcuate central portion extending between the distal end and the proximal end of the energy absorbing member. The proximal end of the energy absorbing member is configured to operably couple to a portion of the headlamp, and the frame is frictionally slidable in relation to the distal end of the energy absorbing member. Headlamps and vehicles comprising the energy absorbing headlamp mounting bracket are also disclosed.

The present disclosure relates generally to thermoplastic energy absorbing elements that can be used in a vehicle to reduce injuries and/or minimize damage to the vehicle.
Increased importance has been placed recently on methods for minimizing the amount of injury suffered by pedestrians in an accident as well as for mitigating vehicle damageability. Globally, different regulatory committees have been established to assess automotive, pedestrian, and occupant performance during impact. Depending on the overall performance, vehicles are assigned a cumulative safety rating. Each and every component of the vehicle needs to satisfy specific impact criteria in order to ensure a good overall rating for the vehicle. Therefore, the various governmental regulatory bodies, the automotive industry, as well as the original equipment manufacturers (OEM's) are all continually seeking economic solutions to improve the overall safety rating of vehicles.
Due to their location at the front and/or the corners of the vehicle, headlamps have an important function in the passive safety of vehicles, particularly with respect to pedestrians. The headlamps of the vehicle are one of the locations most contacted by a pedestrian in an impact between the pedestrian and the vehicle. Similarly, headlamps are primary locations damaged in an impact with another vehicle. Several designs have been proposed for minimizing pedestrian injury during an impact, and for simultaneously minimizing damage to the headlamps or headlights themselves. Some of these designs require significant structural modifications to the headlamp which also increase its volume (e.g. necessary packaging space), weight, and/or cost. Other designs require structural modification to the chassis surrounding the headlamp area.
Generally, headlamps are provided as a single assembly, comprising a lens, housing, a light source, a bezel, and a reflector. As a result, even under circumstances where very limited damage to any component of the headlamp assembly occurs, the entire assembly may have to be replaced with a new one. This results in a high replacement or maintenance cost. As a result, there is a need to design a headlamp incorporating energy absorption elements that will deform and absorb kinetic impact energy to both minimize pedestrian injury, and mitigate vehicle damageability, thereby ensuring good vehicle safety rating.
In addition, there is also a need to reduce replacement and maintenance costs, particularly costs associated with low impact energy incidents. A product and/or method that reduces or eliminates damage to a component of an impacted vehicle, and which thereby reduces the need to replace that component, are therefore desired.

Headlamp mounting bracket energy absorber


A method of forming a gate line and gate electrode and a method of manufacturing a TFT array substrate. The metal gate line and gate electrode can be formed by: providing a substrate, forming a photoresist layer on the substrate, a photoresist pattern being formed complementary with that of the gate line and gate electrode, forming a metal Cu thin film or a composite thin film comprising a metal Cu thin film on the substrate, and removing the photoresist pattern and the metal Cu thin film or composite thin film comprising the metal Cu thin film formed thereon from the substrate.

The present invention relates to a method of forming a gate line and gate electrode of a liquid crystal display (LCD), a method of forming a data line and source/drain electrodes of a LCD, and a method of manufacturing a TFT array substrate of an LCD.
Due to characteristics such as light weight, thinness, and low power consumption, an LCD is developing as a display of the next generation. Also, an LCD emits no radiation. Liquid crystal molecules with optical anisotropy are interposed between an array substrate and a color film substrate, and images are displayed with change of the refractive index upon application of electrical field. Due to superior display quality and high definition, an active matrix LCD is becoming widely used. A thin film transistor (TFT) as an active switch element is included in each pixel of the active matrix LCD, which utilizes one of the terminals for ON/OFF control and another terminal as a common electrode.
FIG. 1 is a top view showing a conventional array substrate. FIGS. 2a-2e are cross-sectional views taken along line A-A in FIG. 1, showing each stage in the process for fabricating the conventional array substrate.
The array substrate comprises a back-channel etch bottom-gate TFT, a pixel electrode 10, a gate line 1, and a data line 5. The TFT comprises a gate electrode 2, a gate insulating layer 4, a semiconductor active layer 3, a source electrode 6, and a drain electrode 7. The gate electrode 2 and the gate line 1 are connected directly, and the source electrode 6 and the data line 5 are connected directly. A gate line protrusion 11 of the gate line 1 overlaps with the pixel electrode 10, which is for example made of indium tin oxide (ITO), and forms a storage capacitor with the pixel electrode 10. A passivation layer 8 covers the surface of the array substrate, and the drain electrode 7 of the TFT is connected with the pixel electrode 10 through a via hole 9. A scanning signal provided through the gate line 1 to the gate electrode 2 turns on/off the TFT, and a data signal provided through the data line 5 to the source electrode 6 is transmitted via the channel of the TFT to the drain electrode 7 and the pixel electrode 10 connected therewith. The resistance of the gate line 1 affects the loss and delay of signal during signal transmission.
In the LCD described above, a higher reliability and a more competitive power can be obtained by forming electrodes with metal materials of low resistivity and high corrosion-resistance. Typically, metal Al or Al alloys are widely used as the materials for forming metal wires and electrodes in a LCD. However, as the liquid crystal TV sets are becoming popular, LCDs are becoming larger in size and the definition standard also is becoming higher, which require the timing for scanning signal shorter and signal transmission rate of metal wires increasingly faster. To meet these requirements, it is necessary to explore a new metal material with lower resistivity to replace Al and Al alloys to form wires and electrodes to transmit signal. Compared with aluminum (Al), metal copper (Cu) has lower resistivity and higher electro-migration resistance so as to be a suitable substitute metal material. The parameters of various metals are shown in Table I.
TABLE IResistivity(μΩ · cm)HeatMetalBulkThin FilmAdhesionResistanceAg1.586N/APoorPoorCu1.6782PoorGoodAu2.43PoorGoodAl2.65484GoodPoorMo5.210GoodGoodW5.6512GoodGoodCr12.925GoodGoodTi4250GoodGood
However, metal Cu has a weak adhesion to glass, has a high diffusivity in silicon and oxides thereof, and is prone to be naturally oxidized, which makes metal Cu unsuitable to be used for scanning wires in a single-layered metal thin film. In general, metal Cu is used along with a blocking layer formed by one or two layers of other metal films, with the blocking layer being interposed between the glass substrate and metal Cu as well as between metal Cu and a semiconductor thin film. The blocking layer can improve the adhesion of the Cu wire to glass, and can also prevent Cu from diffusing into the semiconductor thin film.
A TFT with metal Cu wires and electrodes can be applied to LCDs so as to improve aperture ratio and image quality of the LCDs. A LCD can be manufactured by a conventional five-mask (5 Mask) technology, as shown in FIGS. 2a-2e.
A metal Cu thin film is deposited on a glass substrate 100 as a gate metal layer, and a gate electrode 2 and a gate line 1 connected together are formed by a wet etching method with a gate mask. FIG. 2a shows a cross-sectional view of the gate electrode 2 through line A-A of FIG. 1. A gate insulating layer 4 and a semiconductor active layer 3 such as an amorphous silicon layer are deposited successively on the gate metal, and a semiconductor active layer 3 is formed into an island with an active layer mask, as shown in a cross-sectional view in FIG. 2b. A source/drain metal thin film is deposited, and a source electrode 6, a drain electrode 7 and a data line 5 are formed with a source/drain electrode mask, as shown in a cross-sectional view in FIG. 2c. A passivation film is deposited, and a passivation layer 8 and a via hole 9 in the passivation layer 8 are formed with a passivation layer mask, as shown in a cross-sectional view in FIG. 2d. A transparent conductive thin film is deposited, and a pixel electrode 10 is formed with a pixel electrode mask and connected with the drain electrode 7 through the via hole 9, as shown in a cross-sectional view in FIG. 2e.
TFTs and LCDs utilizing metal Cu electrodes and wires are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,686,661, 6,727,188, 6,780,784, 6,858,479, 6,861,368, 6,881,679, 6,961,101, and 7,052,993. In case that metal Cu is used for the gate line 1 and gate electrode 2, the data line 5, the source electrode 6, and the drain electrode 7, a gate line formed in a multilayered thin film containing Ti, Ta, Mg, Mo, Ag, In or Cr is generally utilized, and a blocking layer and a diffusion-preventing layer are provided above and below the metal Cu thin film, respectively. Since metal Cu is different from metal Al, it is necessary to develop suitable etching solutions and make the etching rates of the metal of the blocking layer and the metal of the diffusion-preventing layer to match that of metal Cu, so as to facilitate forming the pattern of the wires and electrodes of the TFT. Suitable etching solutions in various cases are shown in Table II.
TABLE IIGate Metal AlloyEtching Solution(s)Cu, Cu/Ti, Cu/TaCu(OOC)4, CuSO4, MxSO3/MxS2O3/MxS2O4Cu/Ti, or Cu/MoH2O2, CH3COOH, H2SO4/HNO3/HCl/H3PO4,KCl/NaCl/KHSO4Cu/Ti2KHSO5•KHSO4•K2SO4, HF, NH4F, KHF2,Na2SO3/K2SO3/(NH4)2SO3, (NH4)2SO3
As shown in Table II, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,727,188, 6,780,784, and 6,881,679 have disclosed some etching solutions for metal Cu and can obtain a stable etching rate. U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,686,661, 6,858,479, 6,861,368, 6,961,101, and 7,052,993 also form wires and electrodes of a metal Cu thin film with a blocking layer of other metals as well as wires and electrodes of Cu alloys. For example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,686,661 and 7,052,993 use a blocking layer of Mg, U.S. Pat. No. 6,858,479 forms wires with Ag/Cu thin film by plating, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,961,101 uses electrodes of Cu—In alloy. The above-mentioned patents proposed one or more materials for the metal blocking layer, or proposed one or more Cu alloys, which requires forming Cu wires and electrodes with different etching solutions. If the components for the blocking layer or the Cu alloy changes, it is necessary to develop a new etching solution, which results in increase of cost during development and manufacture. Furthermore, the fact that the manufacturers use different metals or alloys will also increase the cost of the etching solutions.

Manufacturing methods of metal wire, electrode and TFT array substrate

Beijing BOE Optoelectronics Technology Co., Ltd.


A system or method for automatic calculation of scene geometry may include receiving, by a processor, a video stream including a plurality of video frames. A video frame may be divided into blocks, and a vertical vanishing point of the video stream may be determined based on a dominant orientation of detected edges in the blocks. A horizon and scale of the video stream may be estimated based on optical flow of pixels between two consecutive video frames. A set of human heads may be detected in a video frame of the video stream based on the estimated horizon and scale of the video stream.

Human detection in video streams or feeds may require knowing or determining a scene or setting's geometry in order to estimate a human height (the height or a person depicted in a stream) at any place in a video frame or video image. For fixed/static video cameras, the scene geometry may be configured manually. For some video cameras, such as pan-tilt-zoom cameras (PTZ cameras) or cameras that move around a room, the scene geometry may be unknown when the cameras move to a new arbitrary location within a scene or if the cameras perform pan, tilt, or zoom operations. For these cameras, real-time or automatic human detection may be difficult. Providing manual calibration after every camera movement may be an unrealistic solution.
Some automatic calibration methods of surveillance cameras may not be useful for crowded scenes or settings with a higher number of people in the video images. The existing solutions may rely on a background model (background subtraction), which is irrelevant for crowded scenes, where the people in the video images may occlude each other, and the background subtraction can't isolate individual objects. In addition, there are humans' reflections and shadows in many scenes, such that human size cannot be extracted by that method.
Other solutions propose automatic calibration based on three orthogonal dominant directions—straight lines created by buildings, roads, floor tiles, or walls edges. These solutions may not solve the problem of crowded scenes because three orthogonal dominant directions may not always be visible, especially by zoomed PTZ and human height may be not calculated in pixels.

System and method for automatic calculation of scene geometry in crowded video scenes


The present invention relates to a wall mounting-type flexible display, which can be mounted on a wall, the display comprising: a display panel having a bending portion having a bent peripheral area; a support bar for supporting the display panel by being in contact with the bending portion; and a bracket coupled to the support bar and fixed to a wall surface, wherein the bending portion of the display panel comprises at least two curved surfaces having at least one inflection point, and the first and second curved surfaces, which are adjacent to each other about the inflection point, may have different curvatures. The first curved surface is directly adjacent to the end portion of the display panel, the second curved surface is adjacent to the first curved surface while being spaced from the end portion of the display panel, and the curvature of the first curved surface may be larger than the curvature of the second curved surface.

Generally, a flexible display is applied to a liquid crystal display, an organic electroluminescent (EL) device, or the like, to provide flexibility enabling folding and unfolding to the display through replacement of a glass substrate with a plastic substrate.
Such a flexible display is not only light and strong against impact, but is also flexible or bendable and, as such, may be manufactured to have various shapes.
Furthermore, such a flexible display may display image information not only in a flat state, but also in a bent state. As such, active research into flexible displays is being conducted.
However, since such a flexible display, which has flexibility to provide bendability, is very thin and light, there is a difficulty in stably installing the flexible display at a desired place.
In particular, if the installation place is a wall, damage to the flexible display may occur due to a complex installation process required when a wall-mounted bracket is used as in conventional cases.
Therefore, a wall-mounted flexible display capable of being stably and conveniently mounted to a wall while maintaining advantages thereof provided by virtue of flexibility to provide bendability needs to be developed.


The present invention provides a punch-sealing structure for a tablet press, the punch-sealing structure includes: a punch holder having a plurality of guide holes formed circumferentially with regular intervals; punches axially vertically moving through the guide holes of the punch holder; and sleeves magnetically coupled to the punch holder and sealing outer sides of the punches protruding from the guide holes of the punch holder.

In general, tablets that are used in the pharmaceutical production field are produced by compressing raw powder or granule mixtures under high pressure.
A rotary type tablet press of the related art, as shown in FIGS. 1a and 1b, includes: a main disc 10 coupled to a rotary shaft 5 that is rotated by a main motor 4 in a body 1 and having a plurality of tablet production holes 11 on the same circumferential line; a top punch holder 20 and a bottom punch holder 30 disposed over and under the main disc 10, respectively, to correspond to the tablet production holes 11; and top punches 21 and bottom punches 31 axially reciprocating through the guide holes in the top punch holder and the bottom punch holder.
The top punches 21 and the bottom punches 31 are axially moved toward each other by driving units 25 and 35 to produce tablets by compressing raw powder loaded in the tablet production holes 11 of the main disc 10 and then are axially moved away from each other so that the produced tablets are ejected.
Since the top punches 21 and the bottom punches 31 are axially moved in the guide holes 22 and 32 formed in the top punch holder 20 and the bottom punch holder 30, a lubricant is supplied between the guide holes 22 and 32 and the punches 21 and 31 for smooth movement of the punches.
However, the lubricant supplied in the guide holes 22 and 32 may contaminate the raw powder loaded in the tablet production holes 11 of the main disc 10 by flowing to the raw powder. Further, foreign substances may flow inside through the gaps between the guide holes 22 and 32 and the punches 21 and 31, and the foreign substances flowing in the gaps may contaminate the raw powder loaded in the tablet production holes 11 of the main disc.
In order to solve this problem, a tablet press has been proposed in Korean Patent No. 10-0796908. The table press, as shown in FIG. 2, includes a sealing production member that is a concertina-shaped sleeve and fitted on the cylindrical body of each of the punches 21 and 31. In the sealing production member 40, a ring-shaped sealing portion 41 is formed at a first end of the concertina-shaped sleeve to be snapped to a supporting member 25 protruding from the punch holder and a ring-shaped portion 42 is formed at a second end of the concertina-shaped sleeve to be fitted in a ring-shaped groove 21a formed at an end of the punch.
However, according to the tablet press, since the sleeve is fitted on the supporting member 25 protruding downward from the pinch holder, the support member is separately formed. Further, it is complicated to couple the sleeve to the projective supporting member 22, so it is not easy to replace and cleanse the sleeve.

Punch-sealing structure for tablet press and tablet press using the same


Systems and methods are provided that enable probabilistic application of data traffic scanning in an effort to catch malicious software or code being carried by the data traffic. The methodology and systems operate by monitoring data traffic in an data network via an interface with the data network, calculating a first conditional probability that content in first given data traffic being monitored is malicious, calculating a second conditional probability that content in second given data traffic being monitored is malicious, ranking the first and second conditional probabilities resulting in ranked conditional probabilities, and performing at least one of anti-virus (AV) or anti-malware (AM) scanning of the content of the first or second given data traffic depending on whose conditional probability is ranked higher in the ranked conditional probabilities.

Computer systems, networks and data centers are exposed to a constant and differing variety of attacks that expose vulnerabilities of such systems in order to compromise their security and/or operation. As an example, various forms of malicious software program attacks include viruses, worms, Trojan horses and the like that computer systems can obtain over a network such as the Internet. Quite often, users of such computer systems are not even aware that such malicious programs have been obtained within the computer system. Once resident within a given computer, a malicious program that executes might disrupt operation of that computer to a point of inoperability and/or might spread itself to other computers within a network or data center by exploiting vulnerabilities of the computer's operating system or resident application programs. Other malicious programs, such as "Spyware," might operate within a computer to secretly extract and transmit information within the computer to remote computer systems for various suspect purposes.
To combat the proliferation of malicious software program attacks, Anti-Malware (AM) and Anti-Virus (AV) scanners have been widely deployed in different security appliances and Intrusion Prevention Systems (IPSs) to detect known malicious software, and to thereafter block or filter such threats. Compared with, e.g., universal resource locator (URL) and reputation-based malware filtering, which rely broadly on the source of content by monitoring, e.g., an IP address or a domain name, AM/AV scanning may enjoy a lower false positive rate by employing, e.g., well-defined signatures on the actual content that is responsible for malicious behavior. On the other hand, AM/AV scanning can be expensive in terms of central processing unit (CPU) and memory usage which, in many instances, especially as electronic data network traffic grows at increasing rates, makes it impractical to apply AM/AV scanning to all of the content being carried by network traffic, or even destined for a single given computer within that network.


A valve holder assembly having a main valve holder and a detachable secondary valve holder for positioning a heart valve prosthesis.

1. Field of Application
This invention relates to devices and surgical procedures utilized for holding a stentless heart valve prosthesis during implantation.
2. Discussion of the Prior Art
Heart valve replacement is required when a patient's heart valve becomes diseased or damaged. Surgically-implanted hearted valve prostheses have extended the life expectancy of many patients who had defective natural valves. Such prostheses can be either mechanical or biological (mitral or aortic). The aortic prosthesis is implanted in the patient during a surgical procedure in which a segment of the aorta nearby the natural valve is slit open so that the malfunctioning valve can be removed and replaced with the prosthetic valve. The prosthetic valve must be held in place while the surgeon sutures or attaches the prosthetic heart valve to the annulus of the heart. Holding the implant in place while the surgeon places the sutures to attach it to the interior of the patient's aorta presents a difficult problem, due to the limited amount of space in the heart it is difficult to properly position and suturing the valve at the site of the annulus. To aid the surgeon during the implant procedure, it is known to use both disposable and non-disposable holders to position the valve during surgery. However, the known valve holders are large and cumbersome. These known valve holders are also unwieldy and obstruct the surgeon's view.
During this surgical procedure, the heart is typically stopped, and the patient put on heart/lung bypass. The longer a patient is required to rely on the artificial heart/lung bypass to maintain vital functions, the greater the stress on the patient. Thus there is a need to simplify the suturing of the heart valve prosthesis to the aorta in order to minimize both the length of surgery and the amount of time spent on heart/lung bypass.
Bioprosthesis from animal donors, such as those made of equine tissue, are flexible and are often supported by mechanical stents. A typical stented heart valve is disclosed in Duran, Reed Valve for Implantation into Mammalian Blood Vessels and Heart with Optional Temporary or Permanent Support, US 2005/0055079 A1. However, such stents occupy space within the aorta of the patients and may produce undesirable turbulence. Thus, there is a need to improve the suturing of a stentless heart valve prosthesis. Further, the positioning and alignment of the valve prosthesis to closely match that of the natural valve requires precision suturing.
The lack of a stent and easily pliable tissue material makes implantation of stentless valve difficult and time consuming. The stentless valves are very pliable and suturing and adequate positioning of the valve is very difficult. Several assistants are usually needed to holder the stentless valve in position with fingers, forceps or hemostats. This procedure is awkward for both the assistants and the surgeon performing the suturing. It is clearly advantageous to perform the valve surgery quickly as possible and to ensure symmetrical suturing and accurate placement of the prosthesis.


A recessed electrical box and bimetallic flange for attaching the box to a bulkhead plate comprising a flange having a first portion of metal compatible for welding to the box and a second portion of metal compatible for welding to the bulkhead plate wherein said first and second portions are metallurgically bonded together.

The invention relates to an exterior electrical box for use in particular on ships. A corrosion resistant bimetallic mounting flange and electrical box and the method of making the same by explosive bonding is disclosed.
In the topside environment of sea going vessels extreme seawater induced corrosion problems exist. Moreover, if the metals used for construction of ship parts are galvanically dissimilar and/or if there are crevices between metal components, the corrosion problems are aggravated.
Corrosion problems are especially recurrent in shipboard electrical boxes as where maintenance requirements necessitate that the box covers be periodically removed, creating crevice problems in and around the box covers. Most of the general corrosion problems on a ship and the crevice caused corrosion around electrical box covers can be eliminated through the use of corrosion resistant materials, such as brass or MONEL for the box and cover.
Brass and MONEL however are difficult to use as they present attachment problems. On ships the common bulkhead materials are aluminum and steel. Since neither brass nor MONEL can be welded effectively to either the aluminum or steel, the boxes must be bolted to the ship's structure. Dissimilar metal and crevice corrosion is then created at the junction between a box and the bulkhead to which it is attached.
In shipboard electrical systems, electrical components frequently require EMI/EMP protection, and shielding is required of the wires and the points where the wires enter the electrical boxes. All the electrical components, including the shielded layers, must be electrically bonded. Corrosion between components in shipboard structures can interfere with electrical continuity, making it necessary to protect the components of the electrical system from corrosion so that the shielding and bonding mechanisms are not subject to environmental damage. All of these concerns are diminished if the electrical box containing the electrical components is recessed into the bulkhead structure. But on shipboard, particularly in the topside environment, electrical boxes are typically surface mounted and exposed to the sea environment. They cannot be recessed into the bulkheads because of the lack of weldability between the brass or aluminum box and the steel bulkhead structure.
In addition to the corrosion problems which are inherent with such a system, winter topside icing exacerbates the dilemma of surface mounted electrical boxes when the boxes are knocked off the walls by de-icing procedures.
Metallurgical bonding techniques such as explosion bonding have been used in the past to alleviate the corrosion concerns of a shipboard environment. U.S. Pat. No. 4,934,952 discloses the use of explosion bonded dissimilar metallic components for use in a corrosive environment. The patent, in particular, is directed to a corrosion resistant bonding strap.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,137,937 discloses a general process for explosion bonding of dissimilar metals.
It is therefore the primary object of the present invention to provide an electrical box in which the cover and the cover mounting flange are similar, non-corrosive metals which will avoid corrosion in the gap between the cover and the flange.
A second object of this invention is to provide a bimetallic flange for the electrical box which will serve the first object and at the same time provide a second metal which is weldable to the structure to which the electrical box will be attached and which will present no gap or crevice between the two dissimilar metals which will foster galvanic corrosion.

Assembly for connecting an electrical box to a plate with a bimetallic flange


A method, system and inductive device for accurately determining inclination of a shaft arranged with a gear wheel including a plurality of gear teeth. The inductive measuring device includes a transmitter coil and at least two receiving coils arranged adjacent relative an axis of symmetry of the transmitter coil. Voltages in the receiving coils are measured, summed and integrated. A zero value for the integral is used to determine the position of the center line of the gear tooth. The invention may be used for diagnostic and/or control purposes of an internal combustion engine.

The demand for reduced fuel consumption, together with environmental demands concerning chemical composition of exhaust gases increase the requirement to monitor the operation of combustion engines in very close detail. Misfiring influences exhaust gas chemical composition, fuel consumption, and can also negatively influence the working life of a combustion engine. With the help of continuous measurement misfiring can be detected and action be taken to ensure proper functioning is regained
With the control of large combustion engines such as for example ships engines, there is a requirement for accurate measurement of the torque in an output shaft. A combination of such a measurement and a measurement of combustion conditions in the cylinders, makes it possible to monitor and control the engine to get higher speeds and lower fuel consumption. Because of the growing demands for reduced consumption of fuel and continually increasing environmental demands on the chemical composition of exhaust gases the requirement to monitor the operation of combustion engines has increased. Misfiring influences exhaust gas chemical composition and can also negatively influence the working life of a combustion engine. With the help of continuous measurement misfiring and other factors affecting engine performance can be detected and action be taken to ensure proper functioning is regained.
However measurement of output shaft torque has to be extremely accurate and quick. The torque must be measured with a repeatable accuracy of fractions of a degree and with a time precision in the area of micro seconds.
Torque measurement may be based on the torque moment in an output shaft. The degree of torque is shown by the twisting along the length of the shaft and depends on measuring the difference between the angular inclination at one end of the shaft compared to the other end.
A known method to measure the angular position a rotating shaft is to mount a angle sensor of a known type on one end of the shaft. Such a method may only be applied when there is a length of shaft available where angular measurement is desired, rather than a shaft that is built-in or enclosed an impractical to reach. Often an output shaft from a machine is long and twists along its length. If one then wishes to measure the position of the shaft at a certain point, the twist up to the end of the shaft may be so great that it introduces serious errors in the measurement if the position of the end is measured. Measurement at a motor end rather than at a drive end of, for example, a long transmission shaft is then to be preferred.
A known method to measure a rotating shaft, which is independent of shaft length, is to apply a regular and legible pattern to the shaft in the place where a measurement is desired. There can for example be regular black stripes on a white background which may be read with an optical technique. Such devices have shown themselves to function well in clean environments but have difficulties in dirtier surroundings. Furthermore, it has been difficult to attach such devices in a satisfactory way to large machines with powerful vibrations and great mechanical forces.
A gearwheel is often mounted in just a position where a measurement is desired. In those cases devices have come into use that have been based on inductive techniques which measure the position of a one or more gear teeth, and through that position, obtain the angular inclination of the shaft. Commonly a large change in magnetic field is detected, which happens when the gear tooth enters the area of the magnetic field, which is to say, that it is the flank of the gear tooth which is detected.
It has been difficult to achieve better than relatively low accuracy with these devices even though the desired accuracy required for regulation of the adjacent apparatus is high. Such devices have not come into as widespread use as has been desired. The low accuracy of these devices depends on that the signal they give is not only dependent on the position of the gear tooth, but also of the appearance of the gear tooth, the distance between gear tooth and measuring device and the magnetic characteristics of the gear tooth. All these parameters may vary from tooth to tooth and with time, depending on that the gear teeth are subjected to wear and deformation while at the same time the gear wheel is seldom perfectly circular.
The inductive devices that have come into use for measurement as described above are based on a sinusoidal variations of a magnetic field. Inductive measurement based on use of a measurement supply current that is suddenly cut off have been described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,059,902 and shown a measurement technique that is more robust and facilitates separation of different characteristics of an object being measured. A difficulty with this measurement device is to determine position of an object being measured when distance to or shape of the object is changed.
In U.S. Pat. No. 5,270,646 a way is shown of how coils may be arranged so that measurement of an edge of a sheet can be carried out. In the same way the edge position of a gear tooth could be measured but a problem with that device is that extensive mathematical calculations are demanded, which leads to a problem with time when used with a rapidly rotating gearwheel. Moreover the calculations demand fast computing capacity, which could make such a device unnecessarily costly in order to measure the position of a gear tooth.
In SE 95035838 a way is shown to arrange coils in order to measure the position of an object. In the case of measurement of gear tooth position with a coil above the gear tooth the device will measure distance to the object but not a position of the object.

Method and device for determining the angular inclination of a shaft in a rotating machine


A connection assembly for the cathode of an aluminum smelter pot (10) including at least one insert (30) received within a hole in the collector bar (16) of a collector bar/strap (16/15) connection for the cathode and in electrical contact with the collector bar (16) and in electrical contact with the strap (15) via tab (15a).

In a typical pot, around 40 steel bars are embedded in the carbon cathode and are used as current collector bars to carry current from the cell. These collector bars are then individually fastened by bolts to copper tabs fixed to flexible aluminium straps which are welded to the aluminium ring bus-bar system. Alternatively, an aluminium to steel transition joint is employed for the connection of the collector bar to the aluminium strap, this transition joint being welded on installation and cut at the time of pot removal.
For the bolted connections, contact pressure is critical to an acceptable joint.
A low resistance joint, typically 6 to 8 micro ohms, at these collector bar to strap connections (bar/strap connections) is very important to the efficiency of the process. High resistance joints limit the current able to be efficiently passed through the potline, cause higher than normal pot voltage and will cause unstable pot operation.
Collector bars are made from steel in order to withstand the high temperatures encountered during cell operation. Typically, the bar/strap connection effectively operates at a temperature of about 300.degree. C. Steel has relatively poor electrical properties and this makes it difficult to achieve a good connection between the collector bar and the strap.

Cathode connection for aluminium smelter pot and method


An axial compact direct drive for a storage disk comprises a stator, a rotor carrying a hub for receiving storage disks and a bearing arrangement. The bearing arrangement is disposed at a radially external edge of the hub to rotatably support the hub against axial and radial movement. The rotor is electrically driven at locations in the center of the stator or at locations surrounding the stator.

The application relates to a storage disk direct drive including a motor and a bearing arrangement for rotatably supporting a hub that carries storage disks. In arrangements of this kind, as a result of the extreme accuracy required as a result of the increasingly small size of the storage disks of 2.5 to 1.8 or even 1.3 inches in diameter (1 inch=25.4 mm), it is difficult to observe the extreme tolerances and to meet the specific quality requirements which must be achieved in these motors. These requirements or errors relate to non-repeatable run out or NRR. In addition, the influence of temperature deviations must be compensated for. Furthermore, a specific load-carrying capacity must be guaranteed for the bearing arrangement and certain resonance frequencies must be avoided.
Therefore, the object of the invention is to design a massproducible subminiature motor by means of which the abovementioned properties are additionally obtained.

Axially compact direct drive for storage disk hub


In a linear compressor driving apparatus, a position instructing portion (31) outputs a position instruction value Pref of a piston in accordance with an equation A*sin .omega.t. A position control portion (33) calculates a speed instruction value Vref by multiplying difference between position instruction value Pref and position present value Pnow by a constant Gv. A speed control portion (35) calculates a current instruction value Iref by multiplying a difference between speed instruction value Vref and speed present value Vnow by a constant Gi. A current control portion (37) controls a power source (3) so that current present value Inow becomes equal to the current instruction value Iref. Phase control portion (38) adjusts .omega. and Gi so as to eliminate phase difference between speed present value Vnow and current instruction value Iref. Since thrust of linear motor can be directly and appropriately controlled in accordance with the load condition, high efficiency is obtained.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a driving apparatus for a linear compressor. More specifically, it relates to an apparatus for driving a linear compressor in which a piston is reciprocally moved in a cylinder by a linear motor for generating compressed gas.
2. Description of the Background Art
Recently, a linear compressor as a mechanism for compressing expanded refrigerant gas in a cooling apparatus such as a refrigerator has been developed. In the linear compressor, a piston is driven by a linear motor and a resonance mechanical spring, and the gas is compressed.
In such a linear compressor, non-linear force (spring force of gas) is generated in a compression phase in association with suction, compression and discharge of gas, and the non-linear force varies because of load variation at the time of activation, for example.
However, in a conventional linear compressor, there is not at all means for controlling thrust of the linear motor, and a constant electric power is supplied to the linear motor regardless of the load variation. Therefore, ratio of an output energy with respect to an input energy (hereinafter referred to as efficiency) has been low. Though a method of controlling voltage to be applied to a coil of the linear motor in accordance with the load variation has been studied, it is not satisfactory.

Circuit arrangement for driving a reciprocating piston in a cylinder of a linear compressor for generating compressed gas with a linear motor


A para-oriented polyamide porous film comprising a fibril having a diameter of not more than 1.mu., with fibrils planarly arranged as a network or nonwoven fabric and laminated in a layer, the thermal linear expansion coefficient at 200.degree.-300.degree. C. within .+-.50.times.10.sup.-6 /.degree.C. and 30-95% vacant spaces. Also, a battery separator using the porous film. Also, a production process of: (a) forming a film-like material from a solution containing 1-10% of a para-oriented aromatic polyamide having an inherent viscosity of 1.0-2.8 dl/g and 1-10% of a chloride of an alkali metal or an alkali earth metal in a polar amide or polar urea solvent; (b) maintaining the film-like material at not less than 20.degree. C. and not more than -5.degree. C. to deposit the para-oriented aromatic polyamide; and (c) immersing the film-like material in an aqueous or alcoholic solution to elute the sovlent and chloride of the alkali metal or alkali earth metal, then drying to obtain the para-oriented aromatic polyamide porous film. The film has uniformity and fine vacant spaces, which cannot be accomplished by a nonwoven fabric. Characteristics of a para-aramid (e.g., high heat resistance, high rigidity, high strength, etc.) are used.

A process for producing a porous film of an aromatic polyamide (hereinafter referred to as an "aramid", sometimes) is described in Japanese Patent Kokoku Nos. 59-14494 and 59-36939. In the former, there is suggested a process comprising casting a solution prepared by dissolving an aramid in a solvent in the form of a film, and solidifying the film and removing the solvent from the solidifyed film to produce a porous film. In the process, it is explained that an uniform porous film having a pore diameter of several angstrom to 100 .mu.m can be produced because a polymer is not agglomerated and precipitated. In the latter, there is described a process of producing a porous film from a coacervation composition prepared by adding a poor solvent to an aramid solution. It is explained that an uniform porous film can be produced with causing no difference in porosity between the surface and interior of the film because the coacervation is composed of a liquid phase enriched with a colloid and a liquid phase which is lacking in the colloid.
In Japanese Patent Kokai (Laid-Open) No. 2-222430, there is described a microporous aramid film wherein micropores exist continuously on both sides of the film. It is explained that the film is superior to the above-described porous film in heat resistance and is superior in dimensional stability to humidity. In comparison with Japanese Patent Kokoku No. 59-36939, the process of the film is characterized by including a step of stretching a casted film in a longitudinal direction immediately after immersing it in water, i.e. step of stretching.
However, the porous film obtained by the process described in the above gazettes is a film in the form having penetrated pores, as is apparent from the description of Japanese Patent Kokai (Laid-Open) No. 2-222430, i.e. description that the aramid porous film has continuous micropores. Also, the porous film does not form a fibril in the form of a network or a nonwoven fabric in the present invention, as is apparent from the Comparative Examples described hereinafter.
It is explained in the above-described Japanese Patent Kokai Nos. 59-14494 and 59-36939 that the resultant porous film is useful for a battery separator. Furthermore, in Japanese Patent Kokai (Laid-Open) Nos. 53-58636 and 5-335005, there is a description about a battery separator of an aramid.
In Japanese Patent Kokai (Laid-Open) No. 53-58636, there is described that it becomes possible to reduce deterioration under high temperature, stabilize characteristics of a battery and prolong a lifetime by using a fabric or an nonwoven fabric of an aramid as a battery separator. In Japanese Patent Kokai (Laid-Open) No. 5-335005, there is described that a nonwoven fabric of an aramid fiber or a porous film, more specifically a NOMEX.RTM. paper (meta-aramid paper) manufactured by Du Pont Co. is used as a separator of a lithium secondary battery.
Under these circumstances, one objective of the present invention is to provide a para-aramid porous film having an uniformity and fine vacant spaces, which can not be accomplished by a nonwoven fabric, and a process for producing the same, by making use of characteristics of a para-aramid (e.g. high heat resistance, high rigidity, high strength, excellent solvent resistance, etc.). Another objective of the present invention is to provide a battery separator using the para-aramid porous film.

Para-oriented aromatic polyamide porous film


A cooling module includes a thermal conductive member. An endoergic chamber, a radiative chamber and a circulation pump chamber are defined along the thermal conductive member. The thermal conductive member contacts a heat generating object outside the endoergic chamber. The thermal energy is transferred to the coolant in the endoergic chamber. The coolant then flows into the radiative chamber. The thermal energy of the coolant is taken away in the radiative chamber. The thermal energy is radiated from the outer wall surface of the radiative chamber. This cooling cycle is repeated so that an efficient cooling operation can be realized in the cooling module. Arrangement of the endoergic, radiative and circulation pump chambers along the thermal conductive member leads to a minimized height of the cooling module.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a cooling module comprising an endoergic chamber designed to transfer thermal energy to a coolant, and a radiative chamber connected to the endoergic chamber so as to absorb the thermal energy from the coolant.
2. Description of the Prior Art
A cooling module often includes radiation fins. The cooling module of the type usually includes a thermal conductive plate contacting a heat generating object such as a large-scale integrated circuit (LSI) chip, as disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 8-32263. The radiation fins are fixed to the thermal conductive plate. The thermal energy of the LSI chip is transferred to the coolant through the thermal conductive plate. The coolant flows within the radiation fins. The thermal energy of the LSI chip is in this manner transferred to the radiation fins. The thermal energy of the coolant is then radiated into the air through the radiation fins.
The aforementioned publication discloses the radiation fins standing from the thermal conductive plate in the cooling device. Unless the radiation fins are formed sufficiently higher, a efficient radiation of heat cannot be achieved. A larger space is required above the LSI chip, for example. In addition, a flow passage of the coolant must be formed within the individual one of the radiation fins in the cooling module of the type. The production of the cooling module gets complicated. This leads to an increased production cost.


Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on computer storage media, for selecting native code instructions. One of the methods includes receiving an initial machine language instruction for execution by a processor in a first execution mode; determining that a portion of the initial machine language instruction, when executed by the processor in a second execution mode, satisfies one or more risk criteria; generating one or more alternative machine language instructions to replace the initial machine language instruction for execution by the processor in the first execution mode, wherein the one or more alternative machine language instructions, when executed by the processor in the second execution mode, mitigate the one or more risk criteria; and providing the one or more alternative machine language instructions.

This specification relates to executing native code modules.
A user of a computing device, e.g., a personal computer, a mobile phone, or a personal digital assistant, may install and execute an application downloaded from a web site or received from a friend as an email attachment. However, installing and executing such applications on a given computing device typically involves a level of trust that is granted on an all-or-nothing basis by the operating system of the computing device. Furthermore, bugs in the operating system may inadvertently allow applications to access resources As a result, some applications, e.g., native applications, may have full access to the operating system and/or resources of the computing device, while other applications, e.g., web applications, may have little to no direct access to the operating system and/or resources of the computing device.
Such coarse application of trust may negatively impact the execution of all applications on the computing device. For example, native applications may produce unwanted side effects by modifying files on the computing device and/or engaging in computation or communication outside of the tasks or features requested by the user. On the other hand, web applications may execute one to two orders of magnitude slower than native applications and may provide limited functionality to the user.


An optical communication device includes a transmitter having a transmitter port and a receiver having loopback and receiver ports. The transmitter transmits a first multiplexed signal in a first optical spectrum from the transmitter port. The receiver receives the first multiplexed signal in the loopback port and a second multiplexed signal in the receiver port. The second multiplexed signal is in a second optical spectrum different from the first optical spectrum. The receiver includes a demultiplexer in optical communication with the loopback port and the receiver port. The demultiplexer demultiplexes the first and second multiplexed signals received by the loopback and receiver ports.

Fiber optic communication allows transmission of information from a source to a destination using optical fibers, which are flexible, transparent fibers made of thin glass silica or plastic that transmits light throughout the length of the fiber between the source and the destination. Fiber optic communications allows for the transmission of data over longer distances and at higher bandwidth than other known forms of communications.
Optical networks generally use multiplexing to exploit the large bandwidth of optics. Multiplexing enables several virtual channels to be formed on a single fiber. Therefore, multiplexing several optic signals increases the connectivity of a network. There are two methods of multiplexing signals, time division multiplexing and wavelength division multiplexing. Time division multiplexing (TDM) multiplexes several signals by establishing different virtual channels using different time slots. Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) multiplexes the signals by having different virtual channels use different wavelengths.
Bi-directional passive optical network (PON) systems may use two different spectrums during optical communication. One spectrum is used for sending information and the other is used for receiving information, resulting in bi-directional communication through one fiber. Long haul and metro WDM systems generally use a pair of fibers for transmission in two directions, so there is no need to use two different bands and a simple loopback is possible. WDM systems may include a multiplexer and a demultiplexer. The multiplexer combines the signals at a transmission side, and the demultiplexer separates the signals at a receiver side. Some systems include a multiplexer that combines signals and separates the signals.
Optical loopback is difficult for a wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) optical communication system using two separate spectrums/bands for optical communication. Optical loopback is generally accomplished by looping back the transmit signal to the receive port using a fiber patch cord and/or an attenuator. For a WDM system having a transmit spectrum A different from a receive spectrum 1B, simply using a fiber patch cord and/or an attenuator to loopback an optical signal is generally not possible, since a receiving filter typically blocks all the transmit wavelengths. Instead, the WDM system typically converts the optical transmit signals to electrical signals and then converts the electrical signals back to optical signals having the correct receiving wavelengths. This solution, however, requires a large number of optical transceivers with different wavelengths. Alternatively, a WDM transceiver module with reversed wavelength assignment can be installed into the same system to perform a loopback test. That solution is relatively expensive as well and adds uncertainty from the test module themselves.

Optical loopback in a wavelength division multiplexing system


A bypass unit of a flowmeter sensor includes a chamber, inlet and outlet paths through which a fluid flows into and out of the chamber, an upstream bypass path through which a portion of the fluid is diverted from the chamber to a sensor tube, and a downstream bypass path through which the portion of the fluid is returned from the sensor tube to the chamber. A bypass member is arranged within the chamber and a space is defined between the peripheral wall of the housing and the bypass member. The bypass member includes inlet and outlet ports formed in coaxial relation to the inlet and outlet paths, respectively, and a plurality of radial ports. A substantially cylindrical partition is disposed between the peripheral wall of the housing and the bypass member to define a space between the peripheral wall of the housing and the partition and between the partition and the bypass member.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a bypass unit for use, for example, in a thermal mass flowmeter sensor.
2. Description of the Related Art
It is well known that laminar flow conditions need to be maintained to measure the flow of a fluid in a shunt or bypass path. Attempts have been made to mount a variety of units to develop laminar flow. One such unit is disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,522,058. The prior art unit comprises a tubular member, a solid core mounted coaxially within the tubular member, and a plurality of elongate straight wires extending between the tubular member and the core. The wires are likely to be bent when the core is press-fit into the tubular member. If this occurs, then pressure differentials between the inlet end and the outlet end of the unit are no longer proportional to the flow of a fluid resulting in measurement errors. Also, eddies are developed particularly when the wires are substantially bent. Consequently, the unit becomes impractical.
Eddies are hardly developed when a flow path, which is connected to the bypass path, is straight and long, or when a flow rate is low. A typical flow path is, however, curved immediately before it reaches a flowmeter. Such a curved flow path often causes measurement errors. To overcome this, a flow regulating filter in the form of a mesh is mounted to the inlet end of the bypass path. A problem with the use of the filter is that the inlet end of the bypass path is subject to substantial pressure loss.
The sensor has a limited resolution. Also, the sensor tube and the bypass path have limited flow rates. When a pressure differential .DELTA.P.sub.1 between the inlet and the outlet of the sensor tube and a flow rate Q.sub.1 of a fluid flowing through the sensor tube exceed a predetermined level, the former is no longer proportional to the latter resulting in measurement errors. Similarly, when a pressure differential .DELTA.P.sub.2 between the inlet and the outlet of the bypass path and a flow rate Q.sub.2 of a fluid both exceed a predetermined level, the former is no longer proportional to the latter resulting in measurement errors. Laminar flow can be developed when pressure differentials are proportional to the flow rate of a fluid. On the other hand, turbulence effects which cause measurement errors are created when a pressure differential is proportional to the square of the flow rate.
Generally, a laminar flow is defined as having a Reynolds number R.sub.D of less than 2320. Reynolds number R.sub. is represented as follows: EQU R.sub.D =(4Q.rho.)/(.pi.D.eta.) (1)
where Q is the volumetric flow rate of a fluid flowing through a tube, .rho. is the density of the fluid, .eta. is the viscosity of the fluid, and D is the diameter of the tube.
From equation (1), it is clear that an increase in the diameter D of the tube results in a corresponding increase in the volumetric flow rate Q of the fluid, provided that the Reynolds number R.sub.D remains constant. However, the sensor per se has a limited size, and the sensor tube and the bypass path also have limited diameters. A plurality of small diameter passages may be arranged in the bypass path in an attempt to substantially increase the diameter D of the tube. This requires a wide variety of elements to develop laminar flow so as to perform measurements over different flow ranges.
To solve the foregoing problems, attempts have been made to place a cylindrical core centrally within a bypass path as disclosed in Japanese laid-open utility model publication No. 59/72514. This arrangement eliminates the need for wires as used in U.S. Pat. No. 4,522,058 and develops no turbulence. A problem with this prior art arrangement is, however, that a fluid is supplied directly to the inlet end of a sensor tube upon introduction into the sensor tube. This causes the sensor tube to detect eddies and thus, generate undesirable noise. Another problem is that the prior art arrangement requires bypass paths of various sizes to perform measurements over increased flow ranges. In addition, the outer periphery of the core and the inner wall of the bypass path must finely be machined when the flow rate of a sensed fluid is less than 10 cc. This results in an increase in the manufacturing steps and costs.


There is disclosed a process for producing a polyacetal resin composition, which comprises mixing (A) a polyacetal resin, (B) a thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer and (B) a polyhydric alcohol having at least three hydroxyl groups in the molecule, in molten state with shear, at a temperature of 180.degree. to 250.degree. C. The polyacetal resin composition produced by the above process gives injection-molded shaped articles showing various well-balanced physical properties such as tensile strength and elongation at break at weld portions, and impact resistance.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a process for producing a novel polyacetal resin composition which is conveniently used as a material for such parts as clips, springs, gears, bearings, cams, levers and the like in electrical and electronical machines, office machines, automobiles, industrial machines, toys and/or sports goods, etc.
2. Prior Arts
Polyacetal has found wide usages as an engineering plastics excelling in mechanical properties, electrical properties and chemical properties such as chemical resistance. Its usages are limited, however, because of its inferior impact resistance compared to that of other engineering plastics. As a method to improve impact resistance, i.e., impact strength, of polyacetal, a means to blend a thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer with polyacetal has been proposed [cf. Japanese Patent Publications Nos. 24,583/1963 and 1,522/1964; U. K. Patent No. 1,017,244; Japanese KOKAI (Laid-Open) Patent Publications Nos. 145,243/1984 (corresponding to U.S. Pat. No. 4,978,725), 155,452/1984 (corresponding to European Patent No. 117,664), 155,453/1984 (corresponding to U.S. Pat. No. 4,804,716), 191,751/1984, 19,652/1986 (corresponding to U.S. Pat. No. 4,707,525), 56,553/1988 (corresponding to U.S. Pat. No. 4,780,498) and 280,758/88 (corresponding to European Patent No. 290,761)]. Some of those proposals have already been put to practice.
However, shaped articles formed by injection molding such compositions of polyacetal blended with thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers generally exhibit, while they do show improved impact resistance, reduced tensile strength and elongation at break at weld portions, providing one reason for easy breakage of the injection-molded articles by external forces. Hence improvements in that aspect are in demand as well as still greater improvement in impact resistance.
There are also other proposals for a method of polymerizing an isocyanate compound with long chain polyol in the presence of polyacetal [Japanese KOKAI (Laid-Open) Patent Nos. 182,328/1988 (corresponding to U.S. Pat. No. 4,946,906) and 196,649/1988 (corresponding to European Patent No. 277,630)]. Alloys of polyacetal and polyurethane elastomers proposed therein exhibit better impact strength compared to the compositions obtained by simply melt-mixing polyacetal and polyurethane elastomer.

Process for producing a polyacetal resin composition


An encryption processor, for storing encrypted data in a memory chip of a memory card, includes a FIFO memory for sequentially outputting m-bit data in response to a first signal, and an encryption key generator for generating m-bit encrypted keys (m being a positive integer) in response to a second signal and for sequentially outputting the keys in response to a third signal. A logic operator performs a logic operation on the data from the FIFO memory with the keys from the encryption key generator during a data write operation to sequentially encrypt the data. The logic operator performs a logic operation on the encrypted data received from a memory interface with the keys output from the encryption key generator during a data read operation in order to sequentially decode the encrypted data. The second signal is simultaneously generated with one of the write command or the read command.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a memory card, and more particularly, to an encryption processor of a memory card and a method of writing and reading data using the encryption processor.
2. Description of the Related Art
Memory cards are used in digital devices for writing and reading information. Examples of digital devices are digital cameras, personal digital assistants (PDAs), portable music players, mobile phones, personal computers, etc. A memory card typically includes two chips, such as a flash memory and a control chip. Flash memories, embedded for example in recent, conventional memory cards, have relatively high capacity storage capabilities.
A memory card typically stores data from a digital device in the flash memory unencrypted. However, a flash memory can be dumped by monitoring a bus between the control chip and the flash memory, and the data can be easily intercepted. Accordingly, a control chip may include an encryption processor to encrypt the data to be stored in the flash memory.
An encryption processor typically encrypts predetermined data first, and stores the encrypted data in a first-in-first-out (FIFO) memory in predetermined units. An error correcting code (ECC) value of the data stored in the FIFO memory is calculated and stored in the flash memory. Additionally, when decoding the encrypted data, a flash interface reads the encrypted data from the flash memory, and then stores the encrypted data in the FIFO memory. A central processing unit (CPU) reads the encrypted data from the FIFO memory and delivers the encrypted data to an internal memory, such as a random access memory (RAM), an electrically erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM) or NOR flash memory. At this point, the encryption processor decodes the encrypted data stored in the internal memory, so that the desired data can be obtained. However, the encryption processor typically takes a relatively long time when encrypting or decoding the data. Also, the CPU may become overloaded.

Encryption processor of memory card and method for writing and reading data using the same


An apparatus is disclosed for performing dynamic synchronization between data stored in a handheld computer and a host computer, each having a plurality of data sets including at least one common data set, each computer having a copy of the common data set. The handheld computer has a processor, a communication port, and a data synchronization engine. The data synchronization engine has a pseudo-cache and one or more tags connected to the pseudo cache. Data is synchronized whenever data is written to main memory and/or when the associated pseudo-cache tag is invalidated. By strict adherence to a set of protocols, data coherency is achieved because the system always knows who owns the data, who has a copy of the data, and who has modified the data. The data synchronization engine resolves any differences in the copies and allows the storage of identical copies of the common data set in the host computer and in the handheld computer.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to portable computing, and more specifically to the sharing of data between handheld computer systems and desktop and/or portable computer systems.
2. Description of the Related Art
The rapid acceptance of computer technology by corporations as well as consumers has led to the widespread use of computers. Further abetting this process is the continual reduction in size and cost of personal computers. Originally, personal computers were large items best suited for floor standing or desktop use. Eventually, they became smaller so that desktop use became the standard. Improvements in processor, memory and data storage capabilities have resulted in light weight, powerful mobile computers such as portables, luggables, laptops, notebooks, palm top and personal digital assistants. These computers can provide sufficient processing capability for audio visual applications, such as computer aided design, three dimensional animation, and multimedia presentation, even when used at remote locations.
As the use of personal computers increased, so did the desire to use computers remotely to support and increase the efficiency of mobile users. However, in most cases, notebook computers were effectively just small versions of full-function desktop computers and so were relatively expensive. Further, they were also relatively heavy and conspicuous to use. The unfavorable attributes of size, expense, and operating period limited the usefulness of notebook computers in certain applications, namely those that required on-the-spot data proessing with inconspicuous and transparent computing capability.
One variant of small factor notebook computers is referred to as notepad or touchpad computers. These computers were essentially notebook computers with the keyboard removed and a digitizer applied to the display so that a pen or other suitable pointing devices could be used as an input device. The use of a pen freed up one aspect of the computer size requirement, namely the requirement for keyboards of certain given dimensions. However, because the handwriting recognizers in these palmtop or handheld computers were not always 100% accurate, these pen-based notepad computers had to be geared to specific applications which utilized special hardware or operating programs such as inventory control and others where simple check-offs could be utilized or somewhat constrained input patterns could be entered. These limitations hampered the usage of the palmtops to only specific applications. Further, most of the original notepad units were based directly on a notebook computer form factor and as such came in sizes of approximately 81/2.times.11 inches and 1 inch thick, and weighed 5 to 6 pounds. Thus, these notepad units were quite heavy and inconvenient, in that they could not be carried for extended periods. Further, the performance of these portable devices was dramatically reduced to achieve the necessary minimum power consumption.
Recently, a new class of portable computers called palmtop or handheld units has emerged. Some of these units offer very limited functionality and are typically restricted to being personal organizers. These watered-down computers are not compatible with programs on larger desktop and notebook computers, but rely on proprietary operating systems and programs to ensure small memory footprint and quick response time, even on low-power microprocessors. These restrictions limited the usefulness of the personal organizers, as they operate stand alone and cannot readily share data with other computers. Additionally, some units were also developed which did offer common functionality with the desktop computers, but were generally keyboard based and the use of tiny keyboards made them relatively unusable to a large segment of the population. Exemplary palmtop or handheld devices with miniature keyboards include the HP-200LX, available from Hewlett-Packard Corporation. Furthermore, palmtop or handheld devices with pen interfaces have appeared. These devices include the Newton and the Pilot available from Apple Computer Corporation and U.S. Robotics Corporation, respectively. Further, palmtop computers with both a keyboard and a pen have also appeared, including the Zaurus ZR-5700/5800, available from Sharp Corporation.
To balance between the ease of reading and editing files on a desktop computer and the convenience of collecting information and operating the palmtop or handheld when the user travelled, the user typically purchased both the desktop computer and the palmtop computer. The two platforms were linked via one or more communication paths, including paths through a modem, a parallel port, a serial port, or a cradle assembly connected to the host computer. Further, various wireless communication techniques, such as radio or infrared communication may be used. In the event that a cradle was used, when the handheld computer was in the cradle and actively connected to the host computer, the handheld computer typically entered a mode to update data in the host computer and itself.
A major problem exists in the current methods of synchronizing data between the desktop computer and the palmtop or handheld computer. For instance, certain data such as calendar information, appointment information, and notes, among others, would generally be kept on a desktop computer which may be networked so that other workstations may remotely update the calendar information, appointment information, and notes. The same information was also kept on the palmtop or handheld computer for the user to review and update when mobile. However, if the user was traveling and information was entered on the desktop computer or on a remote station on a network server machine while the user was not at his or her office, or if the user entered information on the local version of the data in the palmtop or handheld computer, the information contained in the desktop computer and the palmtop or handheld computer would become non-coherent, leading to undesirable problems such as meeting conflicts and miscommunications.
The prior resolutions of the data synchronization problem were generally very time consuming and tedious and therefore reduced the effectiveness of the palmtop/desktop combination. One solution was to limit the accessibility of files such that only files physically residing with the user were the master. However, this solution dictated that no changes could be made to the other system without the danger of losing those changes. Thus, while the palmtop/desktop combination of computers existed, the use of the combination was not popular due to the requirement that the user had to manually synchronize the data on both platforms. Therefore, the problem of synchronization limited the potential of the palmtop or handheld computer market.
One problem encountered by the current generation of handheld devices and their add-on connectivity solutions is that the connectivity solutions rely on batch mode rather than real-time oriented approaches to data coherency. Because the desktop and the handheld device typically became disconnected and incommunicado when the user goes mobile, the data synchronization problem becomes intractable. During the mobile period, the creation, the deletion and the modification of data causes incoherency that often results in conflicts reconcilable only through manual intervention by the user. These conflicts would arise because the desktop and handheld device were unable to communicate changes in their data until they were reconnected using a serial, parallel or modem connection.
Because data coherency is a real time problem, a real time solution that avoids data conflicts by shortening the time between synchronization events is needed. Therefore, it is desirable to have a small handheld computer system capable of operating certain personal information type software, such as calendars, telephone directories and to do lists, as well as simplified versions of desktop application software, and sharing data with a desktop computer, with all the data utilized by all of the programs being dynamically synchronized to alleviate the data coherency problem.

Automatic data synchronization between a handheld and a host computer using pseudo cache including tags and logical data elements