A chemical composition comprises one or more urethane oligomers of at least two polymerized units selected from the group consisting of fluorine-containing urethane oligomers and long-chain hydrocarbon-containing urethane oligomers, wherein said oligomers comprise the reaction product of (a) one or more polyfunctional isocyanate compounds, (b) one or more polyols, (c) one or more monoalcohols selected from the group consisting of fluorocarbon monoalcohols, optionally substituted long-chain hydrocarbon monoalcohols, and mixtures thereof, (d) one or more silanes, and (e) one or more stabilizers comprising one or more reactive groups.

In the past, various fluorochemical compositions have been used to impart oil- and water-repellency and stain resistance to hard surfaces (for example, ceramics, concrete, stone, masonry, and wood). In particular, fluorine-containing urethanes have been found to be well suited for hard surface applications because they can impart long-term durability, uniform oil- and water-repellency, and stain resistance. The weatherability of fluorine-containing urethane coating compositions is a concern, however, particularly in outdoor hard surface applications. Sunlight induced photodegradation can shorten the performance lifetime of the compositions to, for example, only a few months.


A source volume is restored to the time of a selected incremental backup volume without writing over all of the data blocks in the source volume. If the source volume has valid data blocks and there are valid records of the changes to these valid data blocks and the valid records are consistent with the state of the source volume and indicate that certain valid data blocks did not change since the selected incremental backup, then the restoration does not write over the valid data blocks that did not change since the selected incremental backup. Otherwise, data blocks are recovered from the selected incremental backup and one or more backups prior to the selected incremental backup. For example, data blocks are recovered by scanning incremental backups in reverse chronological order to find the most recent version of the block in these backups.

In today's computing environments, it is often desirable to backup computer data by copying and archiving the data (e.g., creating a backup image) so that the data may be restored after a data loss event (e.g., hardware failure, etc.). There are at least two types of backup applications that are implemented in this regard. File-level backup applications copy data from a source location to a backup location on a file-by-file basis regardless of where the data of the file is physically stored. This means that the backup application attempts to build and replicate the original file by reading the logical file system present on the original location. The granularity of the resulting backup entities for file-level backups is therefore individual files. Block-level backup applications, on the other hand, bypass the file system and perform backups of entire volumes of data from the original location.
One advantage of bypassing the file system for a block-level backup that there is no penalty in performance in cases where the original location contains large numbers of files (such performance impacts may take place if file-level backup were to be used). As a result of bypassing the file system, the granularity of the resulting backup entity for block-level backups is therefore the entire volume's image (i.e., binary image). Another advantage of bypassing the file system is that for certain storage volumes, a file-level backup will not capture all of the data of interest on the storage volume. For example, file-level backup may not capture data from proprietary data structures that are not contained in files of a file system built and exposed on the storage volume. Such data structures are found, for example, in various Microsoft WINDOWS™ brand operating systems and Microsoft EXCHANGE™ brand e-mail systems.
A way of block-level backup is to make and archive a full backup of a source volume on a periodic basis, and to make and archive an incremental backup of the source volume on a more frequent basis. A differential backup is another name for an incremental backup. For example, a full backup is made on a weekly basis, at 2:00 a.m. on Sunday, and an incremental backup is otherwise made on a daily basis, at 2:00 a.m. on Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, and Saturday. Each incremental backup includes only the blocks of data that have changed in the source volume since the previous backup. Each incremental backup also identifies all of the changed blocks. The incremental backup includes a changed block map that identifies the changed blocks, and the changed block map is a block bitmap or an extent map. A block bitmap includes a bit for each block of the source volume, and a bit set to indicate that a corresponding block of data that has changed in the source volume since the previous backup. An extent map includes entries for extents of contiguous blocks of data that have changed in the source volume since the previous backup. For example, each extent entry includes an offset and length for a corresponding extent, and the extent entries are arranged in a list sorted by offset.
For recovery from certain data loss events, it is desired to restore a source volume to a prior state existing at the time of a selected one of a plurality of available incremental backups of the source volume. The selected incremental backup may or may not be the most recent incremental backup. A case is recovery from data corruption caused by installation of a malicious or defective computer program. For example, data corruption from a virus could be detected after a few incremental backups have been made since the installation of the virus, and in this case one would select the most recent incremental backup made before the installation of the virus.
A conventional way of restoring a source volume to the time of a selected incremental backup involves copying blocks to the source volume from the most recent full backup made before the time of the selected incremental backup, and then copying blocks to the source volume from any and all incremental backups that were made between the time of this full backup and the selected incremental backup, and then copying blocks to the source volume from the selected incremental backup. These backups are copied successively to the source volume in chronological order of the backups, beginning with a full restoration of the source volume with the full incremental backup, and ending with the copying of blocks from the selected incremental backup to the source volume.

Block-level incremental recovery of a storage volume


In an expansion sheet for a rotary electric machine that has a thermal expansion property and is to be arranged between a core and a coil conductor in a slot in the rotary electric machine, in which the coil conductor is housed in the slot formed in the core, the expansion sheet has a first surface and a second surface and includes: a first surface-side portion; and a second surface-side portion that is closer to the second surface than the first surface-side portion. An amount of volume increase, caused by heating, of the first surface-side portion is higher than an amount of volume increase, caused by the heating, of the second surface-side portion.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to an expansion sheet for a rotary electric machine, a stator for a rotary electric machine using an expansion sheet for a rotary electric machine, and a manufacturing method of a stator for a rotary electric machine.
2. Description of Related Art
A vehicle such as a hybrid vehicle or an electric vehicle is typically provided with a rotary electric machine capable of functioning as both a motor and a generator. The rotary electric machine typically includes a stator, and a rotor that rotates with respect to the stator, with a predetermined gap created therebetween. The stator includes a stator core, and a plurality of coil conductors that are wound around the stator core.
When the rotary electric machine functions as a motor, direct current (DC) power from a power supply such as a secondary battery or a fuel cell is stepped up to a desired voltage using a step-up converter as necessary, and converted to a polyphase alternating current (AC) power by an inverter. The resultant current then flows through the coil conductors that are wound around the stator, causing the rotor to rotate. On the other hand, when the rotary electric machine functions as a generator, rotation of the rotor causes current to flow through the coil conductors that are wound around the stator. The power obtained at this time is charged to the secondary battery or the like as regenerative power, or is supplied to electronic equipment such as auxiliary equipment, and consumed as driving power.
Slots are formed in the stator core of the stator for the rotary electric machine. The coil conductors are housed in these slots. At this time, an insulating layer for insulation needs to be formed between the inner peripheral surface of each slot and the corresponding coil conductor. One example of a method for providing this insulating layer in the slot is a method using an insulating sheet.
Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 59-117435 (JP 59-117435 A) relates to a high-voltage coil of a rotary electric machine, and describes housing, in a groove of an iron core, a coil conductor that is wound surrounded by a slot liner having a conductive foam layer on both sides of graphite paper.
Japanese Utility Model Application Publication No. 01-166780 (JP 01-166780 U) relates to a rotary electric machine for a compressor, and describes installing insulating paper having a trilaminar structure in which surface layers of different thicknesses are formed on both sides, such that the thin surface layer is on a coil side and the thick surface layer is on an iron core side.
Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 61-277347 (JP 61-277347 A) relates to motor insulating paper of a compressor, and describes slot insulating paper in which first insulating paper material that is extremely strong mechanically is laminated to second insulating paper material that is heat resistant.
Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2002-262500 (JP 2002-262500 A) describes a rotary electric machine in which a stator coil is supported by a bimetal in which a plurality of sheets of material having different coefficients of thermal expansion are laminated together.
Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2010-259316 (JP 2010-259316 A) relates to a stator for a rotary electric machine, and recites that, in an adhesive sheet that has a trilaminar structure formed by an adhesive layer that is laminated to each side of an insulating layer, and resin that forms the adhesive layer may have expandability.

Rotary electric motor stator with thermally expanding layered slot liner


The present invention is directed to novel chewing gums containing novel compositions comprising 3-1-menthoxypropane-1,2-diol codried with a food acceptable, water-soluble carrier.

Several known compounds have what can be characterized as a cooling activity, and are referred to in the art as cooling agents. Cooling agents are perceived as cold or cool when contacted with the human body and, in particular, with the mucous membranes of the mouth, nose and throat. An example of one such compound is 3-1-menthoxypropane-1,2-diol, which is the subject of U.S. Pat. No. 4,459,425.
The present invention is directed to novel compositions comprising 3-1-menthoxypropane-1,2-diol codried with a food acceptable, water-soluble carrier. These compositions can be used in chewing gum to improve the "cool" sensation perceived upon chewing the gum.

Chewing gum utilizing codried 3-1-menthoxypropane-1,2-diol


A semiconductor device is provided that includes one or more ceramic material layers and one or more low dielectric constant (low-K) epoxy layers on top to be electrically coupled to an integrated circuit device, such as a chip die. The resulting ceramic/organic hybrid substrate takes advantage of the thin low-cost, low-K epoxy layer, by routing the dense circuitry from the chip die to the ceramic material layer. In addition, the use of low-K epoxy layer may reduce the number of ceramic material layers required to about three layers, thus significantly reducing the cost of the substrate. Low-K epoxy material layer may be laminated onto the ceramic material layer to reduce throughput time and cost. The ceramic/organic hybrid substrate may also take advantage of the properties of ceramic materials, which have a much more rigid structure than organic materials and a low CTE (coefficient of thermal expansion) that works well with ultra low-K chip dies. The ceramic/organic hybrid substrate also may make possible the fabrication of a bottom cavity package for capacitors placement.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to semiconductor packaging and more particularly, to a method and apparatus for providing a high-performance, low-CTE (coefficient of thermal expansion), low-cost substrate, to interface with a low-K dielectric and integrated circuit without cracking.
2. Description of the Related Art
Semiconductor technology may be characterized as a quest to place more transistors on less space to achieve greater speed and performance. As integrated circuits and other semiconductor devices become faster, operating frequencies (i.e. clock speed in a microprocessor) also increase. At the same time, engineers and developers also strive to construct semiconductor devices that are more compact, therefore the distances between the conductive lines within the semiconductor device are being decreased accordingly.
The combination of higher operating frequencies and more compact circuitry results in an increased level of crosstalk, which is a disturbance caused by electromagnetic interference between the conductive lines. This interference may take the form of electromagnetic (inductive) or electrostatic (capacitive) coupling between the conductors. Crosstalk causes signal disruption in adjacent circuits and can cause the signals to be confused and cross over each other, all of which slows the operation of the semiconductor device. Therefore, it is extremely important to have dielectric layers that effectively insulate conductive lines against crosstalk.
In general, the amount of crosstalking between two conductive lines is proportional to the dielectric properties of the material insulating the lines. These properties may be measured to form a dielectric constant (K). The lower the dielectric constant, the better the insulator the material is. Integrated circuits conventionally include dielectric layers between conductive lines, typically comprised of silicon dioxide (SiO2), which has a dielectric constant of about 4.0.
As a consequence of the increasing line densities and operating frequencies in integrated circuits, SiO2 dielectric layers often do not have a low enough dielectric constant to provide adequate insulation. Therefore, in an effort to reduce crosstalk in integrated circuits, developers and engineers have attempted to develop insulating materials that have a much lower dielectric constant. A number of dielectric layers comprising organic materials, which are sometimes referred to as being "low-K" and "ultra low-K" dielectrics, have been developed. However, unlike conventional SiO2 dielectric layers, low-K and ultra low-K dielectric materials often pose difficult implementation problems due to weak mechanical strength and low CTE.
A chip package typically includes an IC (e.g., in a chip die) connected to a chip carrier substrate, which interfaces the die to a motherboard socket. The main problem with using ultra low-K insulation in a chip package is that ultra low-K materials are brittle and weak compared to conventional SiO2. Organic resin in the chip carrier (typically BT (bismaleimide-triazine), has a high coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of about 17 parts per million per degrees Celsius (PPM/° C.). A chip carrier with an ultra low-K dielectric typically has a CTE of only about 3 PPM/° C., there would be a significant CTE mismatch resulting from contact between an ultra low-K chip carrier substrate and a chip die.
The mismatch would apply a great deal of stress on the low-K dielectric layers of chip die. Since this material is extremely weak and brittle, there is a risk of dielectric cracking and delamination due to temperature cycling during fabrication processing and normal usage of the device. In contrast, when conventional SiO2 dielectric layers are used, the chip die is strong enough to prevent problems that might result from the CTE mismatch. The introduction of an ultra low-K dielectric material poses a significant challenge on packaging technology to reduce the additional stress.
One conventional solution to the CTE mismatch problem is to use a chip package where the chip carrier substrate comprises a ceramic instead of an organic material. A ceramic substrate typically has a CTE of only about 6 to about 7 PPM/° C., resulting in a much lower CTE mismatch. Due to the strength of the chip die and the low CTE mismatch, no cracking will result. Unfortunately, ceramic dielectric layers have a much higher K than organic dielectric layers and will not be an adequate insulator in future generations of chip carrier substrates. Another disadvantage of using ceramics is that the conductors are formed by screen printing instead of photolithography. Therefore, feature sizes will not be as small as in conventional photolithographic methods, limiting the ability of the technology to keep up with improvements in silicon processing.
In addition, ceramic substrates are expensive when compared to organic substrates. Because feature sizes are larger in ceramic substrates, about 12 to about 15 ceramic layers (approximately 2 millimeters thick) must be used to accommodate the large number of input/output lines from the chip die to the chip carrier substrate. Furthermore, such a structure requires accommodation for land-side capacitors.
There are ceramic/organic substrates available in the market today. These are typically very expensive modules that integrate conventional ceramic technology with multilayer polyimide dielectric coatings. The dielectric coatings are either screen coated or spun on making the process very expensive and time consuming. Some existing ceramic substrates include a cavity on the top side of the substrate to accommodate the chip.
In view of the foregoing, there is a need for a method and apparatus to provide a high performance/low cost substrate, which is able to interface with a chip die without cracking. There is also a need for a method and apparatus to more easily accommodate capacitors without interfering with either a socket or surface mount technology (SMT) package interface to a motherboard.


Disclosed are methods for modulating an immune response including a method for inhibiting the interaction between a B7 polypeptide and a PD-1 ligand, the method comprising contacting an immune cell bearing a PD-1 ligand, or an immune cell bearing a B7 polypeptide, with an agent that inhibits the interaction between the PD-1 ligand and the B7 polypeptide. Such agents may be an anti-PD-1 ligand antibody or a small molecule. Also disclosed is a method for modulating an immune response comprising contacting an immune cell bearing the PD-1 ligand, or an immune cell bearing the PD-1 polypeptide, with an agent that inhibits interactions between the PD-1 ligand and the PD-1 polypeptide, without inhibiting interactions between the PD-1 ligand and a B7 polypeptide, to thereby modulate an immune response. The agent may be an anti-PD-1 ligand antibody or a small molecule.

In order for T cells to respond to foreign proteins, two signals must be provided by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to resting T lymphocytes (Jenkins, M. and Schwartz, R. (1987) J. Exp. Med. 165:302-319; Mueller, D. L. et al. (1990) J. Immunol. 144:3701-3709). The first signal, which confers specificity to the immune response, is transduced via the T cell receptor (TCR) following recognition of foreign antigenic peptide presented in the context of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). The second signal, termed costimulation, induces T cells to proliferate and become functional (Lenschow et al. (1996) Annu. Rev. Immunol. 14:233). Costimulation is neither antigen-specific, nor MHC restricted and is thought to be provided by one or more distinct cell surface polypeptides expressed by APCs (Jenkins, M. K. et al. (1988) J. Immunol. 140:3324-3330; Linsley, P. S. et al. (1991) J. Exp. Med. 173:721-730; Gimmi, C. D., et al. 1991 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:6575-6579; Young, J. W. et al. (1992) J. Clin. Invest. 90:229-237; Koulova, L. et al. (1991) J. Exp. Med. 173:759-762; Reiser, H. et al. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:271-275; van-Seventer, G. A. et al. (1990) J. Immunol. 144:4579-4586; LaSalle, J. M. et al. (1991) J. Immunol. 147:774-80; Dustin, M. I. et al. (1989) J. Exp. Med. 169:503; Armitage, R. J. et al. (1992) Nature 357:80-82; Liu, Y. et al. (1992) J. Exp. Med. 175:437-445).
The CD80 (B7-1) and CD86 (B7-2) proteins, expressed on APCs, are critical costimulatory polypeptides (Freeman et al. (1991) J. Exp. Med. 174:625; Freeman et al. (1989) J. Immunol. 143:2714; Azuma et al. (1993) Nature 366:76; Freeman et al. (1993) Science 262:909). B7-2 appears to play a predominant role during primary immune responses, while B7-1, which is upregulated later in the course of an immune response, may be important in prolonging primary T cell responses or costimulating secondary T cell responses (Bluestone (1995) Immunity 2:555).
One receptor to which B7-1 and B7-2 bind, CD28, is constitutively expressed on resting T cells and increases in expression after activation. After signaling through the T cell receptor, ligation of CD28 and transduction of a costimulatory signal induces T cells to proliferate and secrete IL-2 (Linsley, P. S. et al. (1991) J. Exp. Med. 173:721-730; Gimmi, C. D. et al. (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:6575-6579; June, C. H. et al. (1990) Immunol. Today. 11:211-6; Harding, F. A. et al. (1992) Nature 356:607-609). A second receptor, termed CTLA4 (CD152) is homologous to CD28 but is not expressed on resting T cells and appears following T cell activation (Brunet, J. F. et al. (1987) Nature 328:267-270). CTLA4 appears to be critical in negative regulation of T cell responses (Waterhouse et al. (1995) Science 270:985). Blockade of CTLA4 has been found to remove inhibitory signals, while aggregation of CTLA4 has been found to provide inhibitory signals that downregulate T cell responses (Allison and Krummel (1995) Science 270:932). The B7 polypeptides have a higher affinity for CTLA4 than for CD28 (Linsley, P. S. et al. (1991) J. Exp. Med. 174:561-569) and B7-1 and B7-2 have been found to bind to distinct regions of the CTLA4 polypeptide and have different kinetics of binding to CTLA4 (Linsley et al. (1994) Immunity 1:793). A new polypeptide related to CD28 and CTLA4, ICOS, has been identified and seems to be important in IL-10 production (Hutloff et al. (1999) Nature 397:263; WO 98/38216), as has its ligand, which is a new B7 family member (Aicher A. et al. (2000) J. Immunol. 164:4689-96; Mages H. W. et al. (2000) Eur. J. Immunol. 30:1040-7; Brodie D. et al. (2000) Curr. Biol. 10:333-6; Ling V. et al. (2000) J. Immunol. 164:1653-7; Yoshinaga S. K. et al. (1999) Nature 402:827-32). If T cells are only stimulated through the T cell receptor, without receiving an additional costimulatory signal, they become nonresponsive, anergic, or die, resulting in downmodulation of the immune response.
The importance of the B7:CD28/CTLA4 costimulatory pathway has been demonstrated in vitro and in several in vivo model systems. Blockade of this costimulatory pathway results in the development of antigen specific tolerance in murine and human systems (Harding, F. A. et al. (1992) Nature 356:607-609; Lenschow, D. J. et al. (1992) Science 257:789-792; Turka, L. A. et al. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:11102-11105; Gimmi, C. D. et al. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:6586-6590; Boussiotis, V. et al. (1993) J. Exp. Med. 178:1753-1763). Conversely, expression of B7 by B7 negative murine tumor cells induces T-cell mediated specific immunity accompanied by tumor rejection and long lasting protection to tumor challenge (Chen, L. et al. (1992) Cell 71:1093-1102; Townsend, S. E. and Allison, J. P. (1993) Science 259:368-370; Baskar, S. et al. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 90:5687-5690.).
Inhibitory receptors that bind to costimulatory polypeptides have also been identified on immune cells. Activation of CTLA4, for example, transmits a negative signal to a T cell. Engagement of CTLA4 inhibits IL-2 production and can induce cell cycle arrest (Krummel and Allison (1996) J. Exp. Med. 183:2533). In addition, mice that lack CTLA4 develop lymphoproliferative disease (Tivol et al. (1995) Immunity 3:541; Waterhouse et al. (1995) Science 270:985). The blockade of CTLA4 with antibodies may remove an inhibitory signal, whereas aggregation of CTLA4 with antibody transmits an inhibitory signal. Therefore, depending upon the receptor to which a costimulatory polypeptide binds (i.e., a costimulatory receptor such as CD28 or an inhibitory receptor such as CTLA4), certain B7 polypeptides can promote T cell costimulation or inhibition.
PD-1 has been identified as a receptor which binds to PD-L1 and PD-L2. PD-1 is a member of the immunoglobulin gene superfamily. PD-1 (Ishida et al. (1992) EMBO J. 11:3887; Shinohara et al. (1994) Genomics 23:704; U.S. Pat. No. 5,698,520) has an extracellular region containing immunoglobulin superfamily domain, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular region including an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM). These features also define a larger family of polypeptides, called the immunoinhibitory receptors, which also includes gp49B, PIR-B, and the killer inhibitory receptors (KIRs) (Vivier and Daeron (1997) Immunol. Today 18:286). It is often assumed that the tyrosyl phosphorylated ITIM motif of these receptors interacts with SH2-domain containing phosphatases, which leads to inhibitory signals. A subset of these immunoinhibitory receptors bind to MHC polypeptides, for example the KIRs, and CTLA4 bind to B7-1 and B7-2. It has been proposed that there is a phylogenetic relationship between the MHC and B7 genes (Henry et al. (1999) Immunol. Today 20(6):285-8).
The nucleotide and amino acid sequence of PD-1 is published in Ishida et al. (1992) EMBO J. 11:3887; Shinohara et al. (1994) Genomics 23:704; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,698,520. PD-1 was previously identified using a subtraction cloning based approach to select for proteins involved in apoptotic cell death. PD-1 is identified herein as a member of the CD28/CTLA-4 family of polypeptides. Like CTLA4, PD-1 is rapidly induced on the surface of T-cells in response to anti-CD3 (Agata et al. (1996) Int. Immunol. 8:765). In contrast to CTLA4, however, PD-1 is also induced on the surface of B-cells (in response to anti-IgM). PD-1 is also expressed on a subset of thymocytes and myeloid cells (Agata et al. (1996) supra; Nishimura et al. (1996) Int. Immunol. 8:773).
Two types of human PD-1 ligand polypeptides have been identified. PD-1 ligand proteins comprise a signal sequence, and an IgV domain, an IgC domain, a transmembrane domain, and a short cytoplasmic tail. Both PD-L1 (See Freeman et al. (2000) J. Exp. Med. 192:1027 for sequence data) and PD-L2 (See Latchman et al. (2001) Nat. Immunol. 2:261 for sequence data) are members of the B7 family of polypeptides. Both PD-L1 and PD-L2 are expressed in placenta, spleen, lymph nodes, thymus, and heart. Only PD-L2 is expressed in pancreas, lung and liver while only PD-L1 is expressed in fetal liver. Both PD-1 ligands are upregulated on activated monocytes and dendritic cells.
The fact that PD-1 binds to PD-L1 and PD-L2 places PD-1 in a family of inhibitory receptors with CTLA4. While engagement of a costimulatory receptor results in a costimulatory signal in an immune cell, engagement of an inhibitory receptor, e.g., CTLA4 or PD-1 (for example by crosslinking or by aggregation), leads to the transmission of an inhibitory signal in an immune cell, resulting in downmodulation of immune cell responses and/or in immune cell energy. While transmission of an inhibitory signal leads to downmodulation in immune cell responses (and a resulting downmodulation in the overall immune response), the prevention of an inhibitory signal (e.g., by using a non-activating antibody against PD-1) in immune cells leads to upmodulation of immune cell responses (and a resulting upmodulation of an immune response).
The identification of additional agents useful in modulation of an immune response would be of tremendous benefit.

Agents that modulate the interaction of B7-1 polypeptide with PD-L1 and methods of use thereof


An intake port of a diesel engine comprises a straight part, a winding part and a cylindrical part. A connecting port connecting the winding part with the cylindrical part is formed at a height H from the roof of the combustion chamber. H=Rt.multidot..alpha..multidot.tan .theta., where Rt=radius of cylindrical part, .alpha.=angle subtended by the flowrate gravity center position and optimum inflow position of the connecting port at the center of the cylindrical part, .theta.=aspirated air descending angle in winding part. Due to this height setting, both swirl intensification and volume efficiency improvement are achieved.

In a direct injection diesel engine wherein fuel is directly injected into a cylinder, it is necessary to promote mixing of the injected fuel and aspirated air in order to enhance the combustibility of the fuel. To satisfy this need, a helical port may for example be used so that the aspirated air sets up a swirl inside the cylinder.
This helical port comprises a straight part, a cylindrical part which opens into a combustion chamber and a winding part bent into a spiral which connects the cylindrical part and straight part.
This helical port is disclosed for example in Tokkai Sho 59-12123 published by the Japanese Patent Office in 1984. According to this prior art, swirl is enhanced and volume efficiency improved by modifying the plan form of the winding part.
However, even when the plan form of the winding part was suitably set, the intensity of the swirl set up in the cylinder is different according to the height of the winding part and it was not necessarily possible to achieve the dual objectives of swirl enhancement and volume efficiency improvement.


A piezoelectric/electrostrictive material having a nonstoichiometric composition represented by a general formula (1):(1−x)(BiaNabTiO3+δ)−x(KcNbO3+ζ)  (1)                wherein 0.01≦x<0.08, a<0.5, 1.01≦(a/b)≦1.08, 0.92≦(a+b)/c<0.99, and 0.9≦c≦1.1, and ζ≠0 when δ=0 and δ≠0 when ζ=0.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a piezoelectric/electrostrictive material, a piezoelectric/electrostrictive body, and a piezoelectric/electrostrictive element.
2. Description of the Related Art
Hitherto, piezoelectric/electrostrictive elements have been known to control a small displacement on the order of submicrons. In particular, in addition to their excellent controllability at a small displacement, piezoelectric/electrostrictive film elements have excellent characteristics, such as a high electromechanical conversion efficiency, high-speed responsivity, high durability, and lower power consumption. The piezoelectric/electrostrictive film elements include a piezoelectric/electrostrictive portion composed of a piezoelectric/electrostrictive ceramic composition (piezoelectric/electrostrictive material) and electrodes alternately stacked on a ceramic substrate. The piezoelectric/electrostrictive elements have found use in a variety of applications, such as piezoelectric pressure sensors, probe drive mechanisms in scanning tunneling microscopes, rectilinear guide mechanisms in ultraprecision machining apparatuses, hydraulic servo valves, videocassette recorder heads, pixels in flat-panel image display apparatuses, and ink-jet printer heads.
The piezoelectric/electrostrictive ceramic composition of a piezoelectric/electrostrictive portion has also been studied. For example, Japanese Examined Patent Application Publications No. 44-17103 and No. 45-8145 disclose a piezoelectric/electrostrictive ceramic composition of a Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3—PbZrO3—PbTiO3 (PZT) three-component solid solution or a piezoelectric/electrostrictive ceramic composition in which part of Pb atoms in the PZT are substituted by Si or La. The piezoelectric/electrostrictive characteristics of a piezoelectric/electrostrictive element primarily depend on a piezoelectric/electrostrictive portion. Thus, a piezoelectric/electrostrictive element that includes a piezoelectric/electrostrictive portion having excellent piezoelectric/electrostrictive characteristics (for example, piezoelectric distortion constant) is desired.
In recent years, environmental impacts such as leaching of lead (Pb) caused by acid rain have been becoming an important issue. In consideration of the environmental impacts, Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publications Nos. 2001-261435, 2004-75449, 51-12700, and 11-171643, Japanese Patent No. 3830345, and Tadashi Takenaka et al., SILICATES INDUSTRIELS, 7-8, 136-142 (1993) describe lead-free piezoelectric/electrostrictive materials, such as a (Bi,Na)TiO3 piezoelectric/electrostrictive ceramic composition, which can provide a piezoelectric/electrostrictive body or a piezoelectric/electrostrictive element each having excellent piezoelectric/electrostrictive characteristics.
However, piezoelectric/electrostrictive bodies or piezoelectric/electrostrictive elements formed of the lead-free piezoelectric/electrostrictive ceramic compositions hardly achieve a larger displacement than piezoelectric/electrostrictive bodies formed of PZT compositions. Hence, the PZT compositions are presently superior to the lead-free compositions in piezoelectric/electrostrictive characteristics. Thus, there is a need to develop a lead-free piezoelectric/electrostrictive material that can provide a piezoelectric/electrostrictive body and a piezoelectric/electrostrictive element each having excellent piezoelectric/electrostrictive characteristics.

Piezoelectric/electrostrictive material, piezoelectric/electrostrictive body, and piezoelectric/electrostrictive element


The present invention provides a sensor system for sensing a parameter, comprising an optical source, coupler and signal processor system in combination with multiple structured fiber Bragg gratings. The optical source, coupler and signal processor system provide an optical source signal to the multiple structured fiber Bragg gratings. The optical source, coupler and signal processor system also responds to multiple structured fiber Bragg grating signals, for providing an optical source, coupler and signal processor system signal containing information about a sensed parameter. The multiple structured fiber Bragg gratings respond to the optical source signal, and further respond to the sensed parameter, for providing the multiple structured fiber Bragg grating signals containing information about a complex superposition of spectral responses or codes related to the sensed parameter. Each of the multiple structured fiber Bragg gratings includes a respective broadband spectral response or code related to the sensed parameter.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to a Bragg grating sensor system in which resonance characteristics of a grating reflector are tailored to provide each sensor element in a series of elements with a unique spectral identity, or signature. Unlike normal grating sensors, where the gratings need to be separated in wavelength, this feature allows several gratings to occupy the same wavelength space. The overlapping spectral features of each grating are detected via the use of a spectral, matched filter correlation technique.
2. Description of Related Art
FIG. 1 shows a sensor system that is known in the art and includes fiber Bragg grating based sensors that provide a wavelength encoded mode of operation. To multiplex several sensors along a fiber, each grating is typically assigned a certain wavelength range over which it is to operate. This method of wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) limits the number of sensors which can be multiplexed, particularly if the gratings are subjected to large strains or temperature changes which give rise to large wavelength shifts. For example, a fiber strain of about +/xe2x88x921% requires an operational range of greater than +/xe2x88x9210 nanometers at 1.3 micrometers. For a source of 40 nanometer bandwidth, only 2 sensors could be accommodated under the source profile with this strain monitoring range sequence. In effect, in FIG. 1 the basic mode of operation of a wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) system (prior art) uses narrow spectral responses from each grating to make the measurement and provide discrimination between sensors.
In using Bragg gratings as sensors, it is often advantageous to maximize the responsivity, or scale factor. For example, in the transduction of pressure to strain, the larger the pressure-to-strain conversion factor (within constraints set by possible breakage of the fiber), the lower the minimum detectable pressure change will be for a given wavelength resolution capability. Unfortunately, when multiplexing grating sensors, the limited wavelength range that can be assigned to each sensor limits the responsivity that can be used.
The present invention provides a new and unique sensor system for sensing a parameter, comprising an optical source, coupler and signal processor system in combination with multiple structured fiber Bragg gratings.
The optical source, coupler and signal processor system provides an optical source signal to the multiple structured fiber Bragg gratings. The optical source, coupler and signal processor system also responds to multiple structured fiber Bragg grating signals, for providing an optical source signal, and also for providing an optical source, coupler and signal processor system signal containing information about a sensed parameter.
The multiple structured fiber Bragg gratings respond to the optical source signal, and further respond to the sensed parameter, for providing the multiple structured fiber Bragg grating signals containing information about a complex superposition of spectral responses or codes related to the sensed parameter.
Each of the multiple structured fiber Bragg gratings has a different spacing of one or more spectral components that are used to discriminate between the multiple structured fiber Bragg gratings.
Each of the multiple structured fiber Bragg gratings includes a respective broadband spectral response or code related to the sensed parameter. For example, each of the multiple structured fiber Bragg gratings may have separate gratings with either a unique broadband, multi-component, spectral response or spectral code. Each of the multiple structured fiber Bragg gratings may have a respective noise code. The respective noise code may include either maximal sequence codes or Gold codes.
The optical source, coupler and signal processing system may include either a broadband source or a scanning laser, or a broadband source with a scanning filter.
The optical source, coupler and signal processing system may also include either a scanning filter or wavelength resolving instrument to detect a net spectral response from the multi-structured fiber Bragg grating combination, or a simple detector, depending on the source as described above.
In contrast to the prior grating based sensor system, in the present invention each grating in the arrangement has a broadband response, typically giving a multi-component response. This type of response can be produced by writing a grating through a suitable amplitude mask. This type of grating is characterized by a central peak and a series of xe2x80x9csidebandxe2x80x9d peaks. These sidebands result due to the amplitude superstructure modulation of the grating. The spacing between the grating spectral components depends on the period of the superstructure amplitude mask period. The grating produced has a nominal center wavelength, or centroid wavelength which shifts with grating temperature or strain as with a xe2x80x9cnormalxe2x80x9d narrowband grating.
In addition, the present invention also provides an approach to the multiplexing of gratings using a spectral coding approach which allows gratings to be used over the same wavelength range. The sensors are not wavelength division multiplexed (WDM), but spectral-code division multiplexed (SCDM).
The foregoing and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent in light of the following detailed description of exemplary embodiments thereof, as illustrated in the accompanying drawing.

Bragg grating sensor system with spectral response or code division multiplexing


In a method of forming a wiring layer, a connection hole is formed to penetrate an insulating film. A barrier metal film is formed at least on an inner wall of the connection hole and a peripheral portion to have surface roughness. Next, a film of the metal including aluminum is deposited on the barrier metal film to fill a portion of the connection hole. Then, while the metal including aluminum is flowed into the connection hole, the film of the metal including aluminum is further deposited to fill the remaining portion of the connection hole with the metal including aluminum. In order to have the surface roughness sufficient to prevent cohesion of particles of metal including aluminum, the barrier metal film may be formed as an immediately lower layer of the metal film at a temperature in a range of room temperature to 150.degree. C. or under a pressure in a range of 10 to 30 mTorr. Alternatively, when the barrier metal film is composed of two films, each of the two films may be formed at a temperature in a range of room temperature to 150.degree. C. As a result, the surface roughness of the barrier metal film is in a range of 10 to 50 nm. As a result, the connection hole can be filled with the metal including aluminum.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method of forming a wiring layer which is applied to the manufacture of the semiconductor device, and more particularly to a method of forming a wiring layer in which a contact hole or via-hole having a large aspect ratio is filled with metal including aluminum.
2. Description of Related Art
The width of a wiring layer becomes thin as a semiconductor circuit has been fabricated to achieve higher density integration. Also, the diameter of the opening of a contact hole or via-hole (to be generally referred to as "a connection hole", hereinafter) is made small. The connection hole is formed in an interlayer insulating film which is interposed between a silicon substrate and the wiring layer, or between an upper wiring layer and a lower wiring layer. As a result, the aspect ratio of the connection hole, i.e., a ratio of the depth of the connection hole to the opening diameter of the connection hole exceeds "1".
Generally, a sputtering method is used to form the wiring layer. However, the sputtering method cannot achieve step coverage sufficient to fill the connection hole which has the high aspect ratio as mentioned above. There is a problem in that a wiring layer is broken at a step. Therefore, as the method of filling the connection hole which has the high aspect ratio, a CVD-W method which has good step coverage is often used at present instead of the sputtering method. However, there is a problem in that this CVD-W method is high in cost and generates cohesion of particles in many positions, compared to the conventional sputtering method.
For this reason, various methods are proposed in which the sputtering method is used which has a good productivity and the step coverage is improved. In these methods, an aluminum (Al) sputtering reflow method is employed in which, after Al is sputtered at a low temperature in a range of the room temperature to about 150.degree. C., a wafer is heated to 450 to 500.degree. C. without breaking the vacuum state to fill the connection hole with the sputtered Al. Alternatively, a high temperature sputtering method is employed in which, after Al is sputtered at a low temperature 1/3 to 1/2 of a desired film thickness, Al is sputtered for the remaining film thickness while a wafer is heated to 400 to 450.degree. C., such that the connection hole is filled with the sputtered Al.
However, in these methods, the state of the connection hole is greatly dependent on the coverage of Al in the initial stage of the filling process. For example, as shown in FIG. 3, because the coverage of an Al film 2 in the initial stage is wrong when the aspect ratio of a contact hole 1 exceeds "1", there is a problem in that the Al film 2 is broken on the side wall portion of the contact hole 1 when the wafer is heated to high temperature. Also, a void 3 is formed in the contact hole 1, so that the contact hole which is not sufficiently filled with Al is formed.
There are proposed some methods in which the problem that the void is generated in the connection hole can be prevented and the connection hole having the aspect ratio exceeding "1" can be filled with Al.
The first of the these methods is a method of filling with Al alloy which is disclosed in Japanese Laid Open Patent Disclosure (JP-A-Heisei 6-275555). This method will be described with reference to FIGS. 1A to 1C.
First, as shown in FIG. 1A, after a connection hole 6 is formed in an insulating film 5, a titanium (to be referred to as "Ti" hereinafter) film 7 and a titanium nitride (to be referred to as "TiN" hereinafter) film 8 are deposited in the connection hole 6 as a laminate barrier metal film 9 which contains titanium system material. Next, as shown in FIG. 1B, a Ti film 10 is deposited on the laminate barrier metal film 9 by a collimate sputtering method. Subsequently, as shown in FIG. 1C, the connection hole 6 is filled with an Al film 11 in the same vacuum state without breaking the vacuum state using an Al reflow method or a high temperature sputtering method. In this method, wet property with Al is improved by using the TiN film 8 as a lower layer for the film 11 of Al system material. Thus, there is an effect that the cohesion of Al particles in high temperature processing is suppressed.
The second of the above methods is the method of forming a wiring layer which is disclosed in Japanese Laid Open Patent Disclosure (JP-A-Heisei 4-280425). This method will be described with reference to FIGS. 2A to 2D. First, as shown in FIG. 2A, after a connection hole 6 is formed in an insulating film 5 to extend a diffusion layer, a Ti film 13 is deposited in the connection hole 6 as the first layer barrier metal film. Next, as shown in FIG. 2B, a TiON film 14 is deposited on the Ti film 13 by a bias sputtering method as second layer barrier metal film. Alternatively, after the TiON film 14 is formed by a usual sputtering method, laser anneal is performed. The TiON film 14 formed on Ti crystal grains 15 in this way is composed of TiON crystal grains 16 each of which has a large crystal grain size and a flat surface, as shown in FIG. 2D. Subsequently, as shown in FIG. 2C, the upper portion of the connection hole 6 is filled with an Al film 17 using a high temperature sputtering method. This method has an effect that the TiON film 14 is formed as the barrier metal to have the flat surface, so that a wet property of the TiON film with the Al film is improved and the fluidity of Al is improved.
The third of the above methods is disclosed in Japanese Laid Open Patent Disclosure (JP-A-Heisei 5-29251). In this method, after a connection hole is formed, a TiW or TiN film is formed. When the connection hole is filled with Al at a high temperature, the filling is performed while the contact hole is vibrated with supersonic wave of 1 MHz under high pressure of about 10 Torr. The method has an effect that the fluidity of Al is improved by the high pressure and the supersonic wave.
However, in the above-mentioned conventional methods, there are some problems for the purpose that the connection hole having, especially, an aspect ratio exceeding "1" is stably filled.
In the first method, the process of forming the Ti film as a lower layer for the Al system material film and the process of filling the connection hole with Al must be performed in the same vacuum state without breaking the vacuum state. Therefore, the process of sputtering Ti must be added before the process of filling the connection hole with Al. For this reason, the number of wafers processed per a unit time in the sputtering step (the throughput) reduces. Further, because a Ti collimate sputtering method is used, there is a problem in that the productivity is decreased. In addition, the use of the collimate boards directs the generation of particles. Also, because alloy such as Al.sub.3 Ti is formed from Ti and Al system materials at a high temperature, there is a problem that the contact/via resistance and wiring resistance increase when this alloy exists in the manner of islands.
In the second method, in a case of the connection hole having the aspect ratio of 1 or below, because the Al film can have sufficient coverage on the side wall of the connection hole and the barrier metal is smooth, it is possible that Al flows to fill the connection hole. However, in a case of the connection hole having the aspect ratio of 1 or above, because the Al film has wrong coverage on the side wall of the connection hole and the surface of the barrier metal is smooth when the Al film is heated to a high temperature, Al particles cohere so that the Al film is broken on the step of the side wall portion. As a result, there is a problem in that Al can not flow into the connection hole such that voids are formed in the connection hole.
In the third method, because the high pressure and the supersonic wave are used for filling the connection hole with Al, there is a problem in that a special unit is required which is different from the conventional sputtering apparatus and the productivity is low.

Method of forming a void-free contact plug


Whether the image of a subject contains a redeye-image area is detected. If the image contains a redeye-image area, this area is corrected. In order that a user can ascertain that a redeye-corrected image area has been corrected, a frame is displayed around this corrected image area. The fact that the image area within the frame has undergone the redeye-image correction can be ascertained owing to display of the frame. The user can ascertain which area in the image of the subject has been subjected to redeye-image correction processing.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to an image correction apparatus and to a method of controlling the same.
2. Description of the Related Art
When a flash photo is taken of a subject using a camera, there are instances where the so-called "redeye" phenomenon occurs. Although there are occasions where redeye can be prevented as by preliminary flash, there are also occasions where redeye cannot be prevented.
For this reason, an example of the prior art proposes to determine whether the image of a subject obtained by flash photography contains an area that is a redeye image and to indicate the redeye-image area with an arrow mark if this area is contained in the image (see the specification of Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2000-305141).
However, as the user must apply a redeye-image correction command to the apparatus upon checking the area that is the redeye image, this approach is comparatively troublesome. It has been contemplated, therefore, to display the image of a subject that has already been corrected for a redeye image. However, there are occasions where the user cannot tell which area has been corrected. This is not limited to correction of a redeye image but also holds true with regard to other corrections as well.

Image correction apparatus correcting and displaying corrected area and method of controlling same


A method and device for recording multiple information volumes on a record carrier, usually called multi-session recording, has a mapping unit (31) for opening a session by recording intro data including a first buffer zone at the beginning of the start zone of the volume, and a session control block (SDCB) in a remaining blank area of the start zone after the buffer zone. The session control block includes volume data indicative of the status and the contents of the session. The session is closed by recording session control data indicating that the information volume is closed in the remaining blank area, and closure data after the last user information recorded in the data zone for constituting the end zone of the volume. Further, the device has a detecting unit (32) for retrieving the session control block from said start zone.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a device for recording information in at least one information volume in a track in a recordable area on a record carrier, the information volume comprising a start zone, a data zone and an end zone, and the device comprising recording means for recording marks representing the information, and control means for recording and retrieving the information volume.
The invention further relates to a method of recording information in at least one information volume in a track in a recordable area on a record carrier, the information volume comprising a start zone, a data zone and an end zone, and the method comprising recording marks representing the information and control data constituting the information volume.
The invention further relates to a record carrier having a track in a recordable area for recording at least one information volume, the information volume comprising a start zone, a data zone and an end zone, and the track comprising marks representing the information and control data constituting the information volume.
2. Description of the Related Art
A device and method for recording information signals on a record carrier is known from U.S. Pat. No. 5,341,356. The information is encoded in information blocks each comprising data words and error correction words for correcting errors within the information block. The device comprises recording means for recording marks representing the information blocks. The information of at least one information block is modulated with a modulated signal and recorded in the track at predefined locations indicated by preformed track position information. The device records the information formatted in successive volumes, also called sessions, in a multi-session layout. Each volume has a start zone, also called lead-in, a data zone, and an end zone, also called lead-out. The device has control means for recording and retrieving position data indicative of the position of the recorded information volumes. In particular, in the lead-out, a pointer is recorded for locating the start zone of the session. Further, the lead-in contains information about the position of the lead-out of that session, and, hence, of the start zone of the next session (if any). For locating a specific session, the device may locate the last recorded session by detecting the border of the unrecorded area and reading the last lead-out, and follow the chain of sessions to the start of the recorded area. Alternatively, the device may read the lead-in of the first session, and follow the chain of sessions by reading the lead-ins of the consecutive volumes. Further session information, e.g., about the status and contents of the sessions, may be stored in a separate area outside the user data zone. The time for accessing a specific session is determined by the amount of time required for jumping along said chain of sessions and retrieving the session information. In a write-once type of record carrier, like CD-R, the position data cannot be overwritten.

Device and method for recording information enabling reduced response time of a recording device


The techniques for authenticating executable code employs keys (609) to modify the code (611). In static watermarking, the code is watermarked by using the key to determine positions in the executable code that will specify digits of a watermark value (607). Instructions are inserted at those positions as required to express the value. The inserted instructions do not affect the outputs from the code when the code is executed. The watermarked code is authenticated by using the key (609) to read the value and determining whether it is the proper value for that code. In dynamic watermarking, the code is watermarked using the key (607) to modify the program to produce execution state for an execution of the code that has properties that are determined by the key. Authentication is done by executing the code and comparing (621) the execution state that would have been produced if the program had been watermarked with the key.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates generally to authentication of digital representations and more specifically to authentication of executable code and of executions of executable code.
2. Description of Related Art
Nowadays, the easiest way to work with pictures or sounds is often to make digital representations of them. Once the digital representation is made, anyone with a computer can copy the digital representation without degradation, can manipulate it, and can send it virtually instantaneously to anywhere in the world. The Internet, finally, has made it possible for anyone to distribute any digital representation from anywhere in the world
From the point of view of the owners of the digital representations, there is one problem with all of this: pirates, too, have computers, and they can use them to copy, manipulate, and distribute digital representations as easily as the legitimate owners and users can. If the owners of the original digital representations are to be properly compensated for making or publishing them, the digital representations must be protected from pirates. There are a number of different approaches that can be used:                the digital representation may be rendered unreadable except by its intended recipients; this is done with encryption techniques;        the digital representation may be marked to indicate its authenticity; this is done with digital signatures; the digital representation may contain information from which it may be determined whether it has been tampered with in transit; this information is termed a digest and the digital signature often includes a digest;        the digital representation may contain a watermark, an invisible indication of ownership which cannot be removed from the digital representation and may even be detected in an analog copy made from the digital representation; and        the above techniques can be employed in systems that not only protect the digital representations, but also meter their use and/or detect illegal use.
For an example of a system that uses encryption to protect digital representations, see U.S. Pat. No. 5,646,999, Saito, Data Copyright Management Method, issued Jul. 8, 1997; for a general discussion of digital watermarking, see Jian Zhao, "Look, It's Not There", in: BYTE Magazine, January, 1997. Detailed discussions of particular techniques for digital watermarking may be found in E. Koch and J. Zhao, "Towards Robust and Hidden Image Copyright Labeling", in: Proc. Of Image Processing, Jun. 20-22, 1995, and in U.S. Pat. No. 5,710,834, Rhoads, Method and Apparatus Responsive to a Code Signal Conveyed through a Graphic Image, issued Jan. 20, 1998. For an example of a commercial watermarking system that uses the digital watermarking techniques disclosed in the Rhoads patent, see Digimarc Watermarking Guide, Digimarc Corporation, 1997, available in March, 1998 at http://www.digimarc.com
FIG. 1 shows a prior-art system 101 which employs the above protection techniques. A number of digital representation clients 105, of which only one, digital representation client 105(j) is shown, are connected via a network 103 such as the Internet to a digital representation server 129 which receives digital representations from clients 105 and distributes them to clients 105.
Server 129 includes a data storage device 133 which contains copied digital representations 135 for distribution and a management data base 139. Server 129 further includes a program for managing the digital representations 135, a program for reading and writing watermarks 109, a program for authenticating a digital representation and confirming that a digital representation is authentic 111, and a program for encrypting and decrypting digital representations 113. Programs 109, 111, and 113 together make up security programs 107.
Client 105 has its own versions of security programs 107; it further has editor/viewer program 115 which lets the user of client 105 edit and/or view digital representations that it receives via network 103 or that are stored in storage device 117. Storage device 117 as shown contains an original digital representation 119 which was made by a user of client 105 and a copied digital representation 121 that was received from DR Server 129. Of course, the user may have made original representation 119 by modifying a copied digital representation Editor/viewer program 115, finally, permits the user to output digital representations to analog output devices 123. Included among these devices are a display 123, upon which an analog image 124 made from a digital representation may be displayed and a printer 127 upon which an analog image 126 made from the digital representation may be printed A loudspeaker may also be included in analog output devices 123. The output of the analog output device will be termed therein an analog form of the digital representation. For example, if the output device is a printer, the analog form is printed sheet 126; if it is a display device, it is display 124.
When client 105(j) wishes to receive a digital representation from server 129, it sends a message requesting the digital representation to server 129. The message includes at least an identification of the desired digital representation and an identification of the user Manager 131 responds to the request by locating the digital representation in CDRs 135, consulting management data base 139 to determine the conditions under which the digital representation may be distributed and the status of the user of client 105 as a customer. If the information in data base 139 indicates to manager 131 that the transaction should go forward, manager 131 sends client 105(j) a copy of the selected digital representation. In the course of sending the copy, manager 131 may use watermark reader/writer 109 to add a watermark to the distal representation, use authenticator/confirmer 111 to add authentication information, and encrypter/decrypter 113 to encrypt the digital representation in such a fashion that it can only be decrypted in DR client 105(j).
When client 105(j) receives the digital representation, it decrypts it using program 113, confirms that the digital representation is authentic using program 111, and editor/viewer 115 may use program 109 to display the watermark. The user of client 105(j) may save the encrypted or unencrypted digital representation in storage 117. The user of client 105(j) may finally employ editor/viewer 115 to decode the digital representation and output the results of the decoding to an analog output device 123. Analog output device 123 may be a display device 125, a printer 127, or in the case of digital representations of audio, a loudspeaker
It should be pointed out that when the digital representation is displayed or printed in analog form, the only remaining protection against copying is watermark 128, which cannot be perceived in the analog form by the human observer, but which can be detected by scanning the analog form and using a computer to find watermark 128. Watermark 128 thus provides a backup to encryption: if a digital representation is pirated, either because someone has broken the encryption, or more likely because someone with legitimate access to the digital representation has made illegitimate copies, the watermark at least makes it possible to determine the owner of the original digital representation and given that evidence, to pursue the pirate for copyright infringement and/or violation of a confidentiality agreement.
If the user of client 105(j) wishes to send an original digital representation 119 to DR server 129 for distribution, editor/viewer 115 will send digital representation 119 to server 129. In so doing, editor/viewer 115 may use security programs 107 to watermark the digital representation, authenticate it, and encrypt it so that it can be decrypted only by DR Server 129. Manager 131 in DR server 129 will, when it receives digital representation 119, use security programs 107 to decrypt digital representation 119, confirm its authenticity, enter information about it in management data base 139, and store it in storage 133.
In the case of the Digimarc system referred to above, manager 131 also includes a World Wide Web spider, that is, a program that systematically follows World Wide Web links such as HTTP and FTP links and fetches the material pointed to by the links.
Manager program 131 uses watermark reading/writing program 109 to read any watermark, and if the watermark is known to management database 139, manager program 131 takes whatever action may be required, for example, determining whether the site from which the digital representation was obtained has the right to have it, and if not, notifying the owner of the digital representation.
Authenticating Executable Code
As more and more of the devices attached to networks have become programmable, mobile code has become more and more important. Mobile code is code which is downloaded to a device attached to a network in the course of an interaction between a user of the device and the network (or another device attached to the network) and is then executed as part of the interaction. Mobile code is ubiquitous in the Internet. Many Web pages include mobile code written in the Java™ or ActiveX programming languages. When the Web page is received in a browser, the mobile code is executed by the computer upon which the browser is written. Mobile code is also used to implement features in devices such as cellular telephones. When a user does something with the cellular telephone which requires the feature, mobile code for the feature is downloaded to the cellular telephone and then used in the interactions that involve the feature.
While mobile code is useful, it can be dangerous both to the system that receives the code and to the system that provides the code for downloading. The danger to the receiving system is that the code is not what it appears to be: it may have been modified to include a virus or an Internet worm that can damage the receiving system or it may have been modified to return different or additional data or to return the data to a different location. The danger to the sending system is that the code that is being executed is not the code that was sent. When the sending system is legitimate, it does not want the receiving system to receive code that appears to come from the sending system but has been modified to include a virus or to otherwise change the code's behavior. When the sending system receives data from an execution of the mobile code on the receiving system, the sending system needs to be sure that the data is coming from an execution of the code that the sending system provided to the receiving system.
The dangers posed by mobile code can be reduced by authenticating the code. One way of doing this is authentication with a digest, as described above. There are two difficulties with this kind of authentication:                It only guarantees that the mobile code has not been modified in its trip through the network; it does not guarantee that the code was not modified prior to being sent.        It cannot guarantee that the receiving system is actually executing the code that it received from the sending system.
The kind of authentication needed for mobile code is that provided by watermarking: authentication based on information that is an integral part of the thing being authenticated. The difficulty with applying standard digital watermarking techniques to mobile code is that mobile code is executable code; that is, everything in it is functional. There is thus no "noise" to hide the watermark in and adding "noise" changes the behavior of the program.
Techniques have nevertheless been developed for using watermarks to authenticate executable code. These techniques have fallen into two broad classes: static watermarking and dynamic watermarking. In static watermarking, the watermark can be perceived from the text of the code; for example, IBM researchers used the order in which the code pushed and popped certain registers as a watermark, as disclosed in: Counsel for IBM Corporation. Software birthmarks. Talk to BCS Technology of Software Protection Special Interest Group. Microsoft researchers encoded a software serial number in the program's control flow graph, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,559,884, Robert Davidson and Nathan Myhrvold, Method and system for generating and auditing a signature for a computer program, September 1996. To authenticate a program using such static watermarks, the sender includes an encrypted representation of the correct value of the property being used to watermark the code and the receiver can decrypt the representation and compare it with the value of the property in the code as received.
In dynamic watermarking, the watermark can be perceived from properties of the execution of the code. Published PCT application WO 99/64973, Callberg, et al., Software watermarking techniques, priority date Jun. 10, 1998, describes program watermarking techniques that are based on the program's dynamic response to a given input string.
While these techniques do make it possible to authenticate executable code, they have significant limitations. In the case of the static watermarking techniques described above, the information used for the watermark is an integral part of the executable code, which means that all copies of the executable code will have the same watermark. Moreover, if the property being used as the basis of the watermark is known, a malicious sender need only modify other aspects of the executable code. As long as the property that is the basis of the watermark is untouched, the modified code will appear to the receiver to be authentic.
In the case of the dynamic watermarking, the dynamic response that provides the watermark is produced by adding additional code to the program being watermarked; Because the additional code is not necessary for the functioning of the program, it can be removed, and when it is removed, the watermark is gone.
It is an object of the inventions disclosed herein to overcome the foregoing problems of using watermarking to authenticate executable code in general and mobile code in particular.

Authenticating executable code and executions thereof


The present invention discloses a latch circuit used when latching an address signal or a control signal of a semiconductor memory device. In particular, the present invention discloses a clock sync latch circuit which is separately implemented to input two input signals having opposite polarities so that respective outputs corresponding to the two inputs can be outputted from each of the rising and falling edges of one clock signal. Therefore, though a skew occurs when a memory chip operates at high frequency, the number of collision between the data according to the clock signal can be prevented since it is synchronized by the same clock signal, thus preventing a malfunction of the memory chip. Also, it can obtain a large margin in the design area since only a single latch circuit can be employed.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a latch circuit used to latch address signals or control signals of a semiconductor memory device. In particular, the present invention relates to a clock sync latch circuit by which input signals opposite in polarity to each other are outputted from each of the rising and falling edges of one clock.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Below, a conventional latch circuit will be explained in detail with reference to the attached drawings.
FIG. 1 shows a conventional latch circuit, which includes a first differential amplify circuit section 10 to the gate of which a clock signal is applied; a second differential amplify circuit section 20 to the gate of which an inverted clock signal is applied; and a data select circuit section 30 for selecting any one output of the two outputs of the first and second differential amplify circuit sections 10 and 20 to output it.
In FIG. 1, the first differential amplify circuit section 10 consists of first and second P channel MOS transistors MP1 and MP2, which are connected with a cross couple structure between the power supply Vcc; a first node N1 and a second node N2; a first N channel MOS transistor MN1 to the gate of which is applied an input voltage Vin and connected between the first node N1 and a third node N3; a second N channel MOS transistor MN2 to the gate of which a reference voltage Vref is applied and connected between the second node N2 and the third node N3; and a third N channel MOS transistor MN3 to the gate of which a clock signal CLOCK is applied and connected between the third node N3 and the ground voltage Vss. The second differential amplify circuit section 20 is consisted of third and fourth P channel MOS transistors MP3 and MP4, which are connected with a cross couple structure between the power supply Vcc, a fourth node N4 and a fifth node N5; a fourth N channel MOS transistor MN4 to the gate of which the input voltage Vin is applied and connected between the fourth node N4 and a sixth node N6; a fifth N channel MOS transistor MN5 to the gate of which the reference voltage Vref is applied and connected between the fifth node N5 and the sixth node N6; and a sixth N channel MOS transistor MN6 to the gate of which an inverted clock signal /CLOCK is applied the wherein the clock signal CLOCK is inverted by an inverter I1 and connected between the sixth node N6 and the ground voltage Vss. Also, the data select circuit section 30 selects any one of the output N2 of the first differential amplify circuit section 10 or the output N5 of the second differential amplify circuit section 20 to output it.
The operation of the conventional latch circuit as constructed above is as follows.
When the clock signal CLOCK is HIGH, the second differential amplify circuit section 20 does not operate. Instead, only the first differential amplify circuit section 10 operates. If the input voltage Vin of the first differential amplify circuit section 10 is higher than the reference voltage Vref, the first, third N channel MOS transistors MN1, MN3 are turned-on and the voltage level of the first node N1 becomes LOW to turn on the second P channel MOS transistor MN2 having a cross couple structure. Therefore, the voltage level of the second node N2 becomes HIGH and inputted to the data select circuit section 30. However, if the input voltage Vin is lower than the reference voltage Vref, the voltage level of the second node N2 becomes LOW and inputted to the data select circuit section 30.
On the other hand, when the clock signal CLOCK is LOW, the first differential amplify circuit section 10 does not operate. Only the second differential amplify circuit section 20 operates. If the input voltage Vin of the second differential amplify circuit section 20 is higher than the reference voltage Vref, the fourth, sixth N channel MOS transistors MN4 and MN6 are turned-on and the voltage level of the fourth node N4 becomes LOW to turn on the fourth P channel MOS transistor MN4 having a cross couple structure. Therefore, the voltage level of the fifth node N5 becomes HIGH and inputted to the data select circuit section 30. However, if the input voltage Vin is lower than the reference voltage Vref, the voltage level of the fifth node N5 becomes LOW and inputted to the data select circuit section 30.
However, as described above, the conventional latch circuit needs two latch circuits which are synchronized by means of the two clock signal CLOCK, /CLOCK which have opposite polarities each other so that one input signal is inputted to output data from the rising and falling edges of the clock.
Moreover, when the circuit operates at high frequency, and a skew occurs between the clock signal CLOCK and the data, there exists a delay because the inverted clock signal /CLOCK of the clock signal is one passed through the inverter I1. At this time, if a skew occurs between the inverted clock signal /CLOCK of the clock signal and the data, there exists a problem in that the data outputted from the rising and falling edges of the clock collide each other, thereby causing a malfunction in the circuit.

Hyundai Electronics Industries Co., Ltd.


In the case of a spinning machine whose spinning stations spin slivers which are withdrawn from cans, it is provided that the cans during the withdrawal rotate about their axis so that the slivers are provided with a true twist during the withdrawal.

This invention relates to a process and apparatus for the spinning of slivers by means of a ring spinning machine which has a plurality of spinning stations. One sliver respectively which is taken out of a can is fed to the drafting units of the spinning stations.
In the case of fast-running high-production spinning machines, it is customary to feed the fiber material to be spun in the form of slivers deposited in cans. This applies to open-end rotor spinning machines, open-end friction spinning machines, wind-around spinning machines and air spinning machines. The feeding in cans is also known for ring spinning machines, whereby a preceding machine, specifically the flyer spinning frame, is to be saved.
It is an object of the invention to provide a process by which the spinning operation of the individual spinning stations is improved and the costs for manufacturing a yarn are reduced.
This object is achieved according to preferred embodiments of the invention in that the slivers have a size of approximately Nm 0.25 to approximately Nm 0.8 and are guided by means of sliver guiding devices on the path from above the cans to the drafting units which are constructed as three-cylinder drafting units.
By means of this process, the advantage is achieved that finer sliver can be fed to the individual spinning stations, in which case these finer slivers can also be fed along a relatively long length. The spinning of finer slivers has the advantage that finer yarns of a good quality can be spun at the individual spinning stations with lower technical and mechanical expenditures.
In the case of ring spinning machines, the feeding of fine slivers permits an elimination of the preceding flyer spinning frame; that is, the direct spinning of slivers produced on a drafting frame is possible by means of the ring spinning machine. Nevertheless, no complicated drafting units are required for the ring spinning machine. On the contrary, the conventional and proven three-cylinder drafting units will be sufficient.
Relatively old proposals are known by means of which it was attempted to feed a sliver, which comes directly from a drafting frame, in cans to the ring spinning machines so that the flyer spinning frame which customarily precedes ring spinning machines may be eliminated. In this case, it is known (German Patent Document DE-PS 817 572) to set up the cans in two rows in an elevated manner between the two machines sides which are equipped with the drafting units. Each of these cans must contain at least four drawing frame slivers. It is also known (German Patent Document DE-PS 882 068) to deposit the cans on carriages which are set up above or below the spinning machine on intermediate floors, a special platform or a trolley. On the basis of such suggestions, practical tests were carried out in the Fifties which failed, however. On the one hand, the sliver had to be guided along relatively long paths which caused unintentional and uncontrolled drafts in the slivers so that the produced yarns did not have a satisfactory quality. Furthermore, drafting units had to be created which permit a very high draft on the one hand, but, on the other hand, nevertheless have only a relatively low delivery speed. This had the result that the draw-in rollers of such drafting units run at very low rotational speeds, that is, at 2 min.sup.-1 (revolutions per minute) or less. Such rotational speeds can hardly be controlled in the case of drafting units for ring spinning machines which have a considerable length. The draw-in rollers therefore moved jerkily and, because of torsional effects, also at different speeds in the area of the machine end so that additional wrong drafts were caused. These tests were therefore given up in the case of ring spinning machines. Even today, a flyer spinning frame still precedes the ring spinning machine and produces roving bobbins, the roving of which is so fine that it can be processed by three-cylinder drafting units without any difficulty. In this case, it is known to provide the roving withdrawn from the roving bobbins with a false twist before it enters into the drafting units. In one case (European Patent Document EO-0 041 484 B1), the roving is guided over a stationary false-twisting element. In the case of another solution (European Patent Document EP-0 168 357 B1), a special construction of a drafting unit is provided which rotates about the yarn axis. In addition, a suggestion has become known (German Patent Document DE 29 34 830 A1) that, when the slivers produced on a drafting frame are deposited in cans, these slivers are provided with a protective twist by false twisting. However, this arrangement has not been accepted in practice because it was probably overlooked that the false twist opens up downstream of the twist generating devices so that in fact the sliver is not provided with any protective twist.
In the case of wind-around spinning machines, such as the Sussen-Parafil, or in the case of air spinning machines, such as the Sussen-Plyfil, it is known to provide slivers in cans. In these cases, the slivers have relatively coarse sizes so that they withstand the transport from the cans to the drafting unit without any wrong drafts. The drafting units must have a very high draft so that here also the expensive five-cylinder drafting units are provided. The functioning of these expensive drafting units is possible because the spinning in this case takes place at high delivery speeds so that the draw-in rollers rotate at sufficient rotational speeds. By using finer slivers, it becomes possible in the case of these machines to do without the expensive five-cylinder drafting units and to replace them by three-cylinder drafting units which have shown good results in the case of ring spinning machines and which, in addition, are easier to operate.
In a further development of the invention, it is provided that the slivers receive a twist of from 2 to 15 T/m (twists per meter). Since the draw-in speeds of the slivers, also in the case of fast-running spinning machines, such as open-end rotor spinning machines, seldom exceed 1 m/min, the cans must rotate only at relatively low rotational speeds so that they can be driven by simple drives and do not require any excessive technical expenditures and therefore do not cause any excessive costs. The introduced twists, in addition, must not maintain an exact value that remains constant and must also not be distributed absolutely uniformly since the twist is largely or completely opened up again by a drafting or separating of the fibers.
In a further development of the invention, devices for rotating the cans around their axes are provided in the case of spinning machines with several spinning stations for the spinning of yarns from slivers which are withdrawn from cans by devices which are part of the spinning stations. As a result, the slivers are provided with a true twist during the withdrawal so that fine slivers can be processed without the danger of wrong drafts and in this case can also be fed to the individual spinning stations along relatively long paths.
In a further development of the invention, it is provided that the devices for the rotating and the devices for the receiving of the cans, which can be set up in several rows extending in the longitudinal direction of the machine, are arranged above the pertaining spinning machine. This ensures that the space requirement is not increased in comparison to conventional machines with respect to the required area which is particularly significant in the case of ring spinning machines in which the individual spinning stations are arranged on both sides of the machine at a relatively narrow spacing.
In a further development of the invention, it is provided that the devices for the rotating of the cans are assigned to the bottoms of the cans. As a result, it is possible to simply deposit the cans on the devices for the rotating so that the feeding of full cans and the moving-away of empty cans presents no problems. In addition, such devices for the rotating, which are assigned to the bottoms of the cans, require no new can shapes.
In a further development of the invention, it is provided that the devices for the rotating of the cans are arranged in a line-up platform for the cans on which the cans can be deposited in at least two rows extending in the longitudinal direction of the machine. This line-up platform may, for example, in the case of open-end spinning machines, be arranged essentially in front of and under the spinning stations. In the case of one-sided machines, such as the Sussen-Parafil wind-around spinning machine or the Sussen-Plyfil air spinning machine, such a line-up platform may be arranged behind the spinning units, that is, on the side facing away from the operating side.
In the case of ring spinning machines or machines with a similarly narrow spindle gauge, it is expediently provided in another development of the invention that the line-up platform is constructed as an accessible platform. This platform will expediently exhibit a height which is sufficient for leaving an operating aisle for operators and for movable servicing apparatuses.
In a further development of the invention, it is provided that the devices for the rotating comprise rotatably disposed plates which are assigned to one can respectively and which are connected to a rotary drive.
In another embodiment of the invention, an endless driving element is provided as the device for the rotating which extends in parallel to the longitudinal direction of the machine and on which several cans are deposited which are arranged in a row. In this case, it is expedient for devices for fixing the cans in their position to be assigned to the cans. Such driving elements, which may be belts, bands or coated cords, can be implemented very easily.
In a further development of the invention, it is provided that a deflecting device for the slivers is arranged above the cans. This deflecting device provides that, in a known manner, the slivers are withdrawn from the cans essentially upwards. In addition, this deflecting device is also used as a twist stopping device so that the twist introduced by the rotating of the cans is introduced into the slivers in a defined area. In an expedient further development, it is provided that the deflecting device comprises a withdrawal roller pair with at least one drivable withdrawal roller.
In a further development of the invention, it is provided that sliver guiding devices follow the deflecting device which each lead to one spinning station. These sliver guiding devices provide that the slivers move on a defined path. In this case, it is advantageous for guiding tubes to be provided as the sliver guiding devices in a further development. The slivers can relatively easily be sucked or blown into these guiding tubes so that the initial application of the cans to the spinning stations can be carried out relatively easily.
Other objects, advantages and novel features of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of the invention when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

Process for withdrawing sliver from a can and guiding the sliver to a spinnning machine for spinning the slivers into yarn


Systems and methods for processing one or more hydrocarbons are provided. One or more hydrocarbons can be selectively separated to provide one or more heavy deasphalted oils. At least a portion of the heavy deasphalted oil can be thermally cracked to provide one or more lighter hydrocarbon products.

1. Field
The present embodiments generally relate to processes for upgrading hydrocarbons. More particularly, embodiments of the present invention relate to processes for upgrading hydrocarbons using a solvent de-asphalting unit, visbreaker and/or fluid catalytic cracker.
2. Description of the Related Art
Solvent de-asphalting ("SDA") processes have been used to treat heavy hydrocarbons using a solvent to generate asphaltic and de-asphalted oil ("DAO") products. The asphaltic and DAO products are typically further treated and/or processed into useful products.
Solvent deasphalting can be economically attractive when downstream treatment facilities such as hydrotreating, fluid catalytic cracking, or visbreaking are adequately sized to process the large volume of DAO generated. Since the DAO produced using a solvent deasphalting process typically contains a mixture of both high and low viscosity oils, additional processing, such as visbreaking, is necessary to reduce the viscosity of the DAO. Treating the entire volume of DAO produced can require a substantial investment in capital equipment and supporting infrastructure, often making the installation financially unattractive in remote locations.
A need exists for an improved process to efficiently upgrade de-asphalted oil by reducing the viscosity of the de-asphalted oil to provide pipeline quality, lower viscosity, synthetic, crude oil.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.


To provide a bi-aspherical type progressive-power lens which provides an excellent visual acuity correction for prescription values and a wide effective visual field with less distortion in wearing, by reducing a magnification difference of an image between a distance portion and a near portion of a lens, and a method of designing the same.

A progressive-power lens is widely used in general because of an advantage that in appearance it is hardly detected from others as a spectacle for the aged in spite of a spectacle lens for presbyopia, an advantage that it allows a wearer to clearly look continuously from a far distance to a near distance without discontinuity, and so on. However, due to the necessity of arrangement of a plurality of visual fields such as a field for looking far, a field for looking near, and a field for looking at a distance intermediate therebetween, without a boundary line existing within a limited lens area, each visual field is not always sufficiently wide. Moreover, it is widely known that it presents disadvantages specific to the progressive-power lens such that there is a region mainly in a side visual field which causes the wearer to feel distortion or sway of an image.
Various proposals have been made since long ago to improve the disadvantages specific to the progressive-power lens, and most of such conventional progressive-power lenses have a surface structure created by a combination of a "progressive surface" arranged on an object side surface and a "spherical surface" or an "astigmatism surface" arranged on an eyeball side surface. Conversely to those, Atoral Variplas as a progressive-power lens, which is characterized in that a "progressive action" is added to the eyeball side surface, is released in 1970 from Essel Optical Co. (now Essilor), France.
Besides, recently proposed prior arts include, for example, technologies described in Patent Document 1 and Patent Document 2 and so on, which are generally called rear surface progression (or concave surface progression). The surface structure in the rear surface progression proposed in the Patent Document 1 has a main purpose of improving distortion and sway of an image by allotting a portion or the whole of a necessary addition diopter from an object side surface to an eyeball side surface to reduce the magnification difference of an image between a distance portion and a near portion.
Specifically, in the Patent Document 1, the object side surface is made as a spherical surface or a rotationally symmetrical aspherical surface to completely offset the "progressive action," and a "progressive surface" providing a predetermined addition diopter is added (fused) to only the eyeball side surface. Besides, the Patent Document 2 proposes that the addition diopter on the "progressive surface" being the object side surface is made lower than a predetermined value and a "progressive surface" providing a deficiency in addition diopter is added (fused) to a "spherical surface" or "astigmatism surface" on the rear surface side.
Although having different purposes and reasons, other prior arts of the progressive-power lens having a structure of adding the "progressive action" to the eyeball side surface include, for example, Patent Document 3, Patent Document 4, Patent Document 5, Patent Document 6, and so on, and moreover, prior arts in which the "progressive action" is provided to both surfaces of a lens as in one described in the Patent Document 2 include, for example, Patent Document 7 and Patent Document 8. Commonly, in these prior arts, a combination of two surfaces of the object side and the eyeball side of a lens gives a necessary addition diopter.
[Patent Document 1] WO97/19382
[Patent Document 2] WO97/19383
[Patent Document 3] Japanese Patent Publication No. Sho 47-23943
[Patent Document 4] Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. Sho 57-10112
[Patent Document 5] Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. Hei 10-206805
[Patent Document 6] Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 2000-21846
[Patent Document 7] Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 2000-338452
[Patent Document 8] Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. Hei 6-118353

Bi-aspherical type progressive-power lens and method of designing the same

Abstract: A progressive action of a progressive-power lens is divided in the vertical direction and the horizontal direction of the lens and then an optimal sharing ratio between the front and rear two surfaces of the object side and the eyeball side is set in each direction to configure one bi-aspherical type progressive-power lens, a sharing ratio of a progressive action in the horizontal direction of a rear surface (eyeball side surface) is set higher so that an advantage of increasing the visual field in the horizontal direction can be obtained, a sharing ratio of a progressive action in the vertical direction of a front surface (object side surface) is set higher so that a disadvantage of increasing an eyeball turning angle between the distance and near portions in the vertical direction can be restrained, also a wide effective visual field with less distortion in wearing can be provided by reducing a magnification difference of an image between the distance portion and the near portion on the progressive-power lens, further making it possible to obtain a bi-aspherical type progressive-power lens capable of reducing a machining time and cost by making it possible to machine only the surface of an eyeball side as a bilaterally asymmetrical curved surface coping with a convergence action of an eye in near vision after receiving an order, by using “bilaterally symmetrical semi-finished product” as an object side surface of the progressive refractive power lens.