An electric hand drill system comprises a hand held electric drill containing a motor. A coupling ring with a radial slot is formed with an interior bearing surface positionable in contact with a recipient surface on the drill. A handle is in a cup-shaped configuration. A first disk is received upon the coupling ring and has indicia upon the exterior surface.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an electric hand drill system and more particularly pertains to insure the drilling of holes at proper angles.
2. Description of the Prior Art
The use of drills and levels of known designs and configurations is known in the prior art. More specifically, drills and levels of known designs and configurations previously devised and utilized for the purpose of properly drilled holes through known methods and apparatuses are known to consist basically of familiar, expected, and obvious structural configurations, notwithstanding the myriad of designs encompassed by the crowded prior art which has been developed for the fulfillment of countless objectives and requirements.
By way of example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,664,032 to Tompkins issued May 23, 1972 discloses a tool-level indicator structure. U.S. Pat. No. 3,864,839 to Wolf issued Feb. 11, 1975 discloses a directional guide for a power hand drill. U.S. Pat. No. 4,564,322 to Sapley issued Jan. 14, 1986 discloses to a drill scope comprising a calibrated protector. U.S. Pat. No. 4,154,001 to Sarafin discloses an electric hand drill aligning level. U.S. Pat. No. 4,785,544 to Heinsius issued Nov. 22, 1988 discloses a spirit level accessary for handle drill.
While these devices fulfill their respective, particular objectives and requirements, the aforementioned patents do not describe an electric hand drill system that allows for insuring the drilling of holes at proper angles.
In this respect, the electric hand drill system according to the present invention substantially departs from the conventional concepts and designs of the prior art, and in doing so provides an apparatus primarily developed for the purpose of insuring the drilling of holes at proper angles.
Therefore, it can be appreciated that there exists a continuing need for a new and improved electric hand drill system which can be used for insuring the drilling of holes at proper angles. In this regard, the present invention substantially fulfills this need.
In view of the foregoing disadvantages inherent in the known types of drills and levels of known designs and configurations now present in the prior art, the present invention provides an improved electric hand drill system. As such, the general purpose of the present invention, which will be described subsequently in greater detail, is to provide a new and improved electric hand drill system and method which has all the advantages of the prior art and none of the disadvantages.
To attain this, the present invention essentially comprises an electric hand drill system for insuring the drilling of holes at proper angles. The electric hand drill system comprises a hand held electric drill having a main body portion containing a motor. The motor has a downwardly extending handle and trigger and with a forwardly extending chuck for removably receiving a drill bit rotatable about a primary axis by the motor upon pressing the trigger. The main body portion also has a cylindrical recipient surface between the chuck and the main body portion with an axis coincident with the primary axis. The system also comprises a coupling ring in a generally cylindrical configuration. The ring further has a radial slot formed with an interior bearing surface positionable in contact with the recipient surface and formed with a bore there through and spanning the axial slot. The bore has a six-sided inner recess for receiving the head of a bolt and an outer recess with six equally spaced axial projections. The system also comprises a handle in a cup-shaped configuration. The handle has a six-sided interior bore for receiving a nut and an exterior generally cylindrical surface for being held by a user and a central hole with an axis coincident with the axis of the bore through the coupling ring. The system further includes a first disk. The first disk has a central bore coincident with the bore of the handle and the coupling ring with diametrically opposed pairs of fingers 58 selectively received upon the projections of the coupling ring and with indicia upon exterior surface to indicate the angular orientation of the first disk with respect to the handle and coupling ring and drill. Further included in the system is a second disk. The second disk has an central bore coincident with the bore of the attachment member and the first disk and handle and an exterior surface. Next provides is a spirit level on the second disk in a circular configuration with a hemispherical top and an air bubble therewith to indicate the angular orientation of the system during operation and use. Lastly the system includes a coupling assembly including a bolt extending through the bores of the attachment member and the first disk and the second disk and the handle. The bolt having a first end with a hexagonal head positioned in the inboard end of the coupling ring and a second end with male threads extending into the handle. The coupling assembly also including a hexagonal nut with internal threads received on the threads of the bolt and with an external hexagonal exterior surface received within the handle for tightening the handle and attachment member to the drill at the recipient surface and for insuring the angular orientation of the drill and a bit with respect to a wood piece to be drilled.
There has thus been outlined, rather broadly, the more important features of the invention in order that the detailed description thereof that follows may be better understood and in order that the present contribution to the art may be better appreciated. There are, of course, additional features of the invention that will be described hereinafter and which will form the subject matter of the claims attached.
In this respect, before explaining at least one embodiment of the invention in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details of construction and to the arrangements of the components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings. The invention is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced and carried out in various ways. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology employed herein are for the purpose of descriptions and should not be regarded as limiting.
As such, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the conception, upon which this disclosure is based, may readily be utilized as a basis for the designing of other structures, methods and systems for carrying out the several purposes of the present invention. It is important, therefore, that the claims be regarded as including such equivalent constructions insofar as they do not depart from the spirit and scope of the present invention.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a new and improved electric hand drill system which has all of the advantages of the prior art drills and levels of known designs and configurations and none of the disadvantages.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a new and improved electric hand drill system which may be easily and efficiently manufactured and marketed.
It is further object of the present invention to provide a new and improved electric hand drill system which is of durable and reliable constructions.
An even further object of the present invention is to provide a new and improved electric hand drill system which is susceptible of a low cost of manufacture with regard to both materials and labor, and which accordingly is then susceptible of low prices of sale to the consuming public, thereby making such electrical hand drill system economically available to the buying public.
Even still another object of the present invention is to provide an electric hand drill system for insuring the drilling of holes at proper angles.
Lastly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a new and improved electric hand drill system comprising a hand held electric drill containing a motor. The system also has a coupling ring with a radial slot formed with an interior bearing surface positionable in contact with a recipient surface on the drill. The system further has a handle in a cup-shaped configuration. Finally, the system has a first disk received upon the coupling ring and with indicia upon the exterior surface.
These together with other objects of the invention, along with the various features of novelty which characterize the invention, are pointed out with particularity in the claims annexed to and forming a part of this disclosure. For a better understanding of the invention, its operating advantages and the specific objects attained by its uses, reference should be had to the accompanying drawings and descriptive matter in which there is illustrated preferred embodiments of the invention.


A bearer path can be optimized following a mobile relay node (MRN) handover in order to directly re-route the bearer path from a user equipment (UE) core network to a target donor base station (DeNB). Bearer path optimization signaling includes a packet data network gateway (PGW) relocation information element (IE) indicating that a PGW of an MRN is being relocated from an initial DeNB to a target DeNB. The PGW relocation IE may be carried in a path switch request message. Bearer path optimization signaling also includes an non-access stratum (NAS) activate default enhanced packet switch (EPS) bearer context request/accept messages for activating the optimized bearer path. The NAS activate default EPS bearer request/accept messages may be communicated between the mobile relay node mobility management entity (MME) and the MRN via the target DeNB.

In next generation long term evolution (LTE) networks, mobile relay nodes (MRNs) will provide wireless coverage to users equipments (UEs) on public transportation vehicles, e.g., buses, trains, etc. Deployment of MRNs may allow for consolidated handovers of multiple UEs, as well as a lower incidence of dropped calls and reduced interference to surrounding mobile devices. Accordingly, techniques and mechanisms for integrating MRNs into communications protocols are desired.

System and method for mobile relay packet gateway relocation for path optimization


A system and method for detecting ground faults in an AC motor drive is disclosed. A fault detection and protection system for an AC motor drive includes current sensors to measure first and second phase output currents, a voltage sensor to measure a DC link voltage, and a desaturation control circuit to determine a voltage and associated current across PWM inverter switches for a third phase of the output. A controller compares the first and second phase currents, the measured DC link voltage, and the voltage across the PWM inverter switches on the third phase, to a plurality of thresholds. The controller detects a ground fault on one of the first, second, and third phases of the three phase output to the AC motor based on the comparisons of the first and the second phase currents, the DC link voltage, and the voltage across the switches to the thresholds.

The present invention relates generally to adjustable speed drives (ASDs) and, more particularly, to a system and method for detecting ground faults in an ASD and protecting the ASD from such ground faults upon detection thereof.
Adjustable speed drives (ASDs) are widely used in motor control field for energy efficiency improvement. Such ASDs are typically connected to a three-phase AC power supply, with the ASD including an AC/DC converter for converting three-phase AC power supplied from the three-phase AC power supply into DC power and also including a DC/AC converter for converting the DC power output from the AC/DC converter into three-phase AC power for supply to a motor.
In providing power to a motor via an ASD, it is necessary to be able to detect current faults that might occur and provide protection to the ASD when such faults are detected. A common cause of such current faults is motor winding insulation failures that occur during operation. Such winding insulation failures may cause a winding shorted to the motor grounded enclosure, resulting in a ground fault. When this happens, the shorted phase current on the ASD output phase will rise sharply and, if there is no fault detection and protection in place, the ASD equipment can be damaged. Thus, it can be seen that the detection of current faults and the implementation of a protection scheme for the ASD upon such fault detection, is an important consideration in motor drive applications.
A common solution for detecting current faults is to measure all three-phase currents on the motor side through the use of current sensors. To this end, over-current protection circuitry typically includes a means for monitoring all three-phase motor currents (i.e., three current sensors) and means for shutting off the inverter IGBTs (insulated gate bipolar trasistors) when a current irregularity is identified. When one of the line currents exceeds a predetermined threshold value, the circuitry recognizes the possibility of a short and shuts off the inverter to all three motor phases, effectively stopping the motor until the cause of the irregularity is identified. This solution is very effective in ground fault detection and protection; however, the costs of all three current sensors, as well as the supporting circuitry can be expensive.
As the detection of current faults via measuring all three-phase currents through the use of three current sensors can be expensive, current fault detection has also previously been achieved with the use of only two current sensors. In such systems, the remaining one of the three phase currents is obtained through calculation by assuming that the sum of the three phase currents is zero. Unfortunately, where only two line currents are measured and the third current is derived, the derived current may not reflect a fault to ground in the third line. This is because a connection to ground in the third line may not significantly affect the currents in the first and second lines. If a short occurs in a third line and is not detected because the third line current is derived via the first and second sensed currents, the over-current circuitry cannot operate properly to shut off current to the three phases and motor damage may occur.
It would therefore be desirable to provide a current sensing and protection apparatus and method wherein all currents in a three phase motor system can be derived using less than three current sensors and complete over-current protection can also be provided via the sensed currents and specific voltages, such as the DC link voltage and inverter IGBT saturation voltages.

System and method for ground fault detection and protection in adjustable speed drives


Disclosed are a capability for reporting Feature Group indicators (FGI) capability by the terminal and a method for configuring a measurement task for the terminal by the network side and a terminal, a network side device and a system thereof. Wherein, the method for reporting the FGI capability by the terminal comprises: when reporting the FGI capability of the terminal to the network side, for each Radio Access Technology (RAT), the terminal reporting whether the terminal supports Automatic Neighbor Relation (ANR) capability of the RAT or not. The method for configuring the measurement task for the terminal by the network side comprises: when obtaining the FGI capability of the terminal, the network side also obtaining whether the terminal supports the ANR capability of each RAT or not, and configuring a measurement task corresponding to the FGI capability for the terminal according to the FGI capability supported by the terminal.

The Interoperability Test (abbreviated as IOT) is the technical base on which the multiple manufacturers operation environment is formed. Only the interoperability test is completed, the interconnection and interworking of the wireless access networks and the core networks of different producers could be guaranteed, and the interconnection and interworking of every mobile phone and the wireless access system could be guaranteed. The same operator mostly selects the devices of 2-3 manufacturers to build its own network, to form the operation environment of the multiple manufacturer devices. Therefore, the interoperability test among different manufacturers seems extremely important. The main communication equipment companies in the world all participate in performing the interconnection test of the devices of different manufacturers, and the interoperability test has already been put in a very important strategic position.
In order to make it convenient for the manufacturer to carry on the IOT test of the wireless port, the terminal will report its own capability support situation related to the IOT test to the base station, and the base station can send the accurate configuration to the terminal according to the capability reported by the terminal, so that the IOT test can be proceeded normally.
The capability related to the IOT test, that is, the Feature Group indicators (abbreviated as FGI) capability, includes a measurement capability indication of a disparate-system, that is, a measurement and report about whether the terminal supports each Radio Access Technology (abbreviated as RAT) and a measurement event B2 (the signal quality of the neighbor cell is higher than the specified threshold, and the signal quality of the serving cell is lower than the specified threshold 2), and the disparate-system is a system adopting a different radio access technology; wherein, bit 22 represents the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN), and bit 23 represents the GSM/EDGE Radio Access Network (GERAN), bit 24 represents the 1xRTT (Radio Transmission Technology, that is, code division multiple access CDMA2000 first generation radio transmission technology), and bit 26 represents the code division multiple access CDMA2000 High Rate Packet Data (HRPD). In addition, there is another bit 15 representing whether the terminal supports the disparate-system measurement event B1 (the signal quality of the neighbor cell is higher than a specified threshold).
In the FGI capability, it also includes one capability indication bit 19 of the Automatic Neighbor Relation (ANR). Introducing the ANR is one of the important functions of the Long Term Evolution (LTE) system; for the measurement task of the ANR, the terminal needs to obtain the Cell Global Identifier (CGI) of the specified cell and reports to the network side, to ensure the service continuity of the mobile user and be convenient for the switchover of the User Equipment (UE); and the system acquires the neighbor relation among each cell, so as to perform the switchover decision if necessary, or control the measurement behavior of the UE if necessary.
At present, as shown in FIG. 1, the procedure of the capability related to the traditional IOT disparate-system measurement includes the following steps:
in S101, the UE and the network side establish the Radio Resource Control (RRC) connection.
In S102, the network side obtains the FGI capability supported by the terminal from the UE, and the terminal will report the situation of different radio access technologies (RAT) supported by itself to the network side.
In S103, the network side determines whether to configure the corresponding measurement task for the terminal according to the capability reported by the terminal.
In S104, the network side will send a measurement control message to the UE.
Wherein, the measurement control message includes a Measurement Identity (MID), a Measurement Object (MO), a Report Configuration (RC) and other relevant attributes of the measurement.
In S105, the UE executes the measurement according to the measurement object and the report configuration in the measurement control message, and generates the measurement report to report to the network side according to the measurement result.
Each measurement task includes the measurement identity, the measurement object attribute (such as, the carrier frequency (the center frequency point of the carrier, that is, the Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number (ARFCN)), the neighbor cell list, etc.), the report configuration attribute (such as, event trigger report or period report, wherein, the trigger event is defined by the trigger condition (A1, A2 . . . B1, B2), the threshold and the offset related to the trigger condition, etc., the Time To Trigger (TTT), the measurement objective). The measurements are divided into the intra-frequency measurement and the inter-frequency measurement according to different carrier frequencies to which the measurement objects belong; that is, if the carrier frequency of the measurement object is the same as the carrier frequency to which the serving cell belongs, then it is the intra-frequency measurement; if the carrier frequency of the measurement object is different from the carrier frequency to which the serving cell belongs, then it is the inter-frequency measurement; the disparate-system measurement refers to the measurement task of which the measurement object is not the E-UTRAN. The carrier frequency to which the serving cell belongs refers to the center frequency point at which the UE and the serving cell perform the communication.
In S106, whether to configure the corresponding measurement task for the terminal is determined according to the content of the measurement report and the terminal capability, this step is similar to S103, and the subsequent step S107˜S108 are similar to steps S104˜S05.
Which neighbor cells are existed around a certain cell is not only related to the distance from the cell, but also closely related to the wireless environment to which the cell belongs. Because the wireless environment is intricate, especially the urban environment that the skyscrapers are intensive, it is very difficult to precisely decide which neighbor cells should be configured for a certain cell in the initial stage of the network planning. There are also some situations, such as, a new cell is added in the system or the attribute of the cell is changed, while the neighbor relation of the cell is not updated in time; or the change of the environment, the omission of the network planning personnel, etc., which all will cause that the information of the neighbor cell will not be updated in time. In this way, it will cause the emergence of the situations such as, the UE is unable to hand over to other cell in time, and it causes that the load of the present cell is too high, the signal quality of the present cell is poor, and the interfere is serious, or the call drop of the user happens, etc. In order to solve the above-mentioned problem, the ANR is introduced to obtain (that is, obtain the Cell Global Identifier (CGI), which is one of the important functions of the LTE. The terminal needs to obtain the CGI of the specified cell and reports it to the network side. The measurement task corresponding to the ANR is a period measurement task of which the measurement objective is the reportCGI. Besides this, the period measurement further includes the reportStrongestCells (for the LTE and the GERAN, to report the cell of which the signal quality is the highest) and the reportStrongestCellsForSON (for the UTRAN and the CDMA, to report the cell of which the signal quality is the highest).
However, in the above-mentioned step S102, the content related to the ANR has the following problems:
1). The ANR function supporting a certain RAT is bound together with the measurement capability of supporting the corresponding RAT.
In the current terminal FGI capability reporting, the terminal will report whether to support the measurement capability of each RAT separately; and whether the terminal supports the measurement capability of each RAT is indicated by using the above-mentioned bit 22 (UTRAN), bit 23 (GERAN), bit 24 (1xRTT), and bit 26 (HRPD); correspondingly, the ANR function supporting a certain RAT is thus bound; taking the 1xRTT and the HRPD as examples, the situation of reporting the current terminal capability in the related art is shown in Table 1:
TABLE 1the measurement capability and the ANR function supportingeach RAT and reported by the terminalRATMeasurement capabilityBit 19ANR1xRTTBit 24 is 1, supported1SupportedHRPDBit 26 is 0, unsupportedUnsupported (bound withthe measurementcapability)1xRTTBit 24 is 1, supported1SupportedHRPDBit 26 is 1, supportedSupported (if it is wantedto be unsupported, then itcannot be indicated)
It can be seen that, when the terminal reports the FGI capability, the measurement capability and the ANR function supporting each RAT are bound together, for example, if the terminal does not support the RAT measurement capability of the HRPD, then the terminal does not support the ANR capability of the HRPD either. In the related art, if at least one of the above-mentioned RAT measurement capabilities is supported, then whether to support the ANR function (Bit 19) can be set as supported (1); after the network side receives the capability information reported by the terminal, it only knows that the terminal supports the ANR function, while it does not know the ANR function of which RAT is supported by the terminal, therefore, whether the terminal supports the ANR function of the RAT can only be judged according to the supporting situation of the measurement capability of each RAT, that is, the measurement capability and the ANR function of each RAT are bound together. However a lot of operators want to support the measurement of a certain RAT, that is, support the mobility of the RAT, but they do not want to support the ANR of the RAT, and the related art still cannot meet the above-mentioned requirement.
2). For the capability reporting of the measurement event B1 and B2 that the terminal supports a certain RAT, the similar problem exists; and the function of the measurement event B1 supporting a certain RAT is bound together with the function of the measurement event B2 supporting the RAT.
In the current terminal FGI capability reporting, the terminal will report whether to support the function of the measurement event B2 of each RAT separately; and whether the terminal supports the measurement event B2 of each RAT is indicated by using the above-mentioned bit 22 (UTRAN), bit 23 (GERAN), bit 24 (1xRTT), and bit 26 (HRPD); correspondingly, the function of the measurement event B1 supporting a certain RAT is thus bound; taking the 1xRTT and the HRPD as examples, the situation of reporting the current terminal capability in the related art is shown in Table 2:
TABLE 2the capability of the measurement event B2 and the measurementevent B1 supporting each RAT reported by the terminalSupportingSupportingcapability of thecapability of theRATmeasurement event B2Bit 15measurement event B1UTRANBit 22 is 1, supported1SupportedGERANBit 23 is 0, unsupportedUnsupported (bound withthe capability of themeasurement event)UTRANBit 22 is 1, supported1SupportedGERANBit 23 is 1, supportedSupported (if it is wantedto be unsupported, then itcannot be indicated)
It can be seen that, when the terminal reports the FGI capability, the measurement event B2 and the measurement event B1 supporting each RAT are bound together; for example, if the terminal does not support the capability of the measurement event B2 of the HRPD, then the terminal does not support the capability of the measurement event B1 of the HRPD either. In the related art, if at least one of the above-mentioned functions of the measurement event B2 supporting each RAT is supported, then whether to support the function of the measurement event B1 (Bit 15) can be set as supported (1); after the network side receives the capability message reported by the terminal, it only knows that the terminal supports the function of the measurement event B1, while it does not know the function the measurement event B1 of which RAT is supported by the terminal, therefore, whether the terminal supports the function of the measurement event B1 of the RAT can only be judged according to the situation of the function of the measurement event B2 supporting each RAT, that is, the function of the measurement event B2 of each RAT and the function of the measurement event B2 are bound together.
But a lot of operators want to support the measurement event B2 of a certain RAT, but they do not want to support the measurement event B1 of the RAT, of which the objective is to save a lot of entries of the IOT test, while not influence the mobility of the RAT, and the related art still cannot meet the above-mentioned requirement.

Method and system for reporting FGI capability by terminal and assigning measurement task by network side


A ball joint having a ball stud that has a joint ball fixed at one end; a housing that defines a longitudinal axis and has an interior area which receives the joint ball and a socket that is positioned between the housing and the joint ball. The housing has an open end that includes an opening through which the ball stud extends when the joint ball is received within the interior area of the housing. The open end of the housing is formed such that the opening has a diameter that is smaller than a diameter of the joint ball. A press-on ring engages with an outer surface of the housing at the open end so as to increase a pull-out performance of the ball joint.

Ball joints are known in the automobile industry for connecting different components to each other in such a manner that one component can rotate and pivot with respect to a second component. Conventional radial type ball joints are provided with a housing which can be integrally formed with or connected to one of the components while a ball stud is coupled to the other of the components. In producing or assembling the radial ball joint, a ball stud is inserted into an inlet side or end of a housing until a joint ball of the ball stud is received within a bearing socket which is accommodated within an interior of the housing. The bearing socket rotatably and tiltably accommodates the joint ball of the ball stud within the interior of the housing such that a stud of the ball stud projects through an outlet opening on the opposite side or end of the housing. The inlet side of the housing is closed with a cover. To secure the cover on the inlet side of the housing, a rim around the opening in the inlet side is rolled, pressed or bent over the perimeter of the cover. As a result of this the bearing socket is fixed within the housing. The bearing socket has a spherical surface which mates with the outer surface of the joint ball such that the joint ball is generally fixed in position within the housing. Adjacent the outlet opening, the interior surface of the housing is sloped radially toward the longitudinal axis such that the outlet opening is generally smaller than the size of the joint ball. Due to the cover fixed at the inlet side and the smaller size of the outlet opening the bearing shell is secured in position while the joint ball is likewise fixed in position by the by the bearing shell. In this arrangement the ball stud is able to rotate and pivot with respect to the housing.
Ball joint applications are known in which components of the ball joints are manufactured from materials having different properties or characteristics in an attempt to reduce the weight and/or costs associated with manufacturing a ball joint. Although ball joints manufactured from different materials may be beneficial in some aspects there are often times drawbacks associated with ball joint components made from different materials. For example, a ball joint component made from a material that is lightweight and/or more easily machined may be more likely to fail and/or wear at a faster rate than the same component made from a heavier and/or more durable material.

Press-on ring for improving pull-out performance in non-ferrous joint or connection applications


A process and apparatus for polishing an optical surface of an ophthalmic lens is provided. The process of the invention comprises the steps of roughing an optical surface of a polycarbonate lens substantially without coolant and passing a polishing wheel of the present invention over the surface of the lens with the use of coolant and then passing the polishing wheel over the surface of the lens substantially without coolant for at least one pass over the portion of the lens edge to be polished. A single abrasive wheel is used for machine polishing of the optical surface of the lens. The wheel is an impregnated wheel of from about 2 to about 60 micron diamond hardness abrasive particles in a concentration of from about 10 to about 200 concentration.

The present invention relates to a process and apparatus for edging and polishing of an ophthalmic lens and, more specifically, a process and apparatus for edging and polishing a surface of an ophthalmic lens comprising polycarbonate, CR 39 or glass, wherein the step of edging and polishing may be performed with a single machine and the step of polishing may be performed with a single polishing wheel.
In an alternate embodiment, a process for simplified shaping and polishing of an optical surface of a lens is provided.
In the lens grinding industry a great number of ophthalmic labs have sprung up with the advent of modern bevel edger machines. These machines are capable of taking a lens blank and grinding a final shape of a lens for fitting of the lens in a particular frame. Thus, a lens blank of the proper prescription is rough cut to the rough shape of the frame and thereafter a bevel edge is ground on the lens such that the lens will properly fit in the glasses frame. Such procedures are known in the art and explained in the owner's manual of AIT and WECO bevel edger machines which are incorporated herein by reference. A final step of polishing the bevel edge is also employed to provide a lens edge with a high luster finish.
Typically, the steps of rough-cutting the lens, bevel edging and polishing are performed with different machines as required for various lens materials, i.e., polycarbonate, CR 39 or glass. The step of finishing also utilizes different grinding wheels depending on the lens material. This typically requires the lens grinding labs either to have separate machines with various grinding wheels or to send out work which cannot be done on a single existing machine commonly found in ophthalmic labs of today. The requirement of different machines is in part due to lenses made of polycarbonate require special wheels for grinding and typically utilize no coolant; whereas CR 39 plastic lenses require different wheel coolant or a lubricant (generally water) when grinding. This is because of the thermoplastic nature of the polycarbonate, which will flare in its thickness at the grinding edge if coolant or a lubricant is utilized during removal of material. Polycarbonates are therefore usually dry ground and thereafter polished at their edges on a separate machine. A further problem of combining the polycarbonate and CR 39 edging and polishing process is that a finishing wheel that is fine enough to polish CR 39 is too fine to grind polycarbonate lenses. The hardness of polycarbonate materials is also problematic because it causes excessive wear of polishing wheels commonly used for polishing of other materials.
Typically, the finishing and polishing steps are accomplished via two separate abrasive wheels with the "roughing" of the lens accomplished via a separate machine or a separate abrasive wheel in the same machine. In recent years, the market for ophthalmic lenses has become increasingly interested in achieving a polish on the edge of the lens which is equal in finish to the optical surfaces of the lens. In the past, this was accomplished by time consuming polishing with hand tools or the like. While there are a few mechanical polishing systems, they typically do not provide hand polished results and are exclusively used for a single type of lens material.
Additionally, shaping and polishing of a lens is very time consuming particularly in the lens lapping phase of the invention. This process requires lapping with several different grades of abrasives to reach the final optical and polished surface.
Thus, there remains a need in the art to provide a system for providing an optical quality polish on all common lens blank materials including polycarbonate, CR 39 plastic and glass on a single machine and polishing all common types of lens blank materials with a single polishing wheel system.

Polishing of optical surface of an ophthalmic lens


A thermoplastic resin composition which comprises 100 parts by weight of a composition comprising 95-5% by weight of at least one polyolefin-resin (A) selected from homopolymers of ethylene or .alpha.-olefin or copolymers thereof and these homopolymers or copolymers modified with a polyfunctional compound (E) and/or an unsaturated monomer (L) and 5-95% by weight of at least one polyphenylene-ether-resin (B) selected from polyphenylene ether, modified polyphenylene ether with the above (E) and/or (L) and a composition comprising the polyphenylene or modified polyphenylene ether and an aromatic vinyl polymer resin (M) and 0.001-10 parts by weight of a dinitrodiamine (D) of the following formula (I). ##STR1## (wherein X represents a divalent chain aliphatic group, a cyclic aliphatic group or an aromatic group which may contain a halogen or an oxygen atom, R.sup.1 represents a hydrogen atom, a chain aliphatic group, a cyclic aliphatic group or an aromatic group and when both of X and R.sup.1 are chain aliphatic groups, the nitrogen atoms may further bond each other to form a ring through X and R.sup.1 ; R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 are independently a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group of 1-12 carbon atoms and R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 may bond to form a ring).

Since polyolefin is excellent in process-ability, toughness, water resistance, organic solvent resistance and chemical resistance and is low in specific gravity and inexpensive, it has been widely utilized as various molded articles, films and sheets for a long time.
However, polyolefin is generally not so high in heat resistance and stiffness and is required to be further improved in these properties for new uses.
On the other hand, polyphenylene ether has excellent heat resistance and stiffness, but has difficulties in processability and solvent resistance and thus is limited in scope of utilization thereof. In order to improve the processability and impact strength, blend with a styrene resin is utilized, but is inferior in solvent resistance and is limited in scope of use. For example, it is not suitable in the fields which require resistance to oily solvent such as gasolin containers.
Various blend composition have been proposed for utilizing merits of polyolefin and polyphenylene ether and supplementing their defects and there is a composition for improvement of processability and tensile strength (Japanese Patent Kokoku No. 42-7069), but this composition does not necessarily satisfy relatively high level of mechanical strength required in industrial fields. Furthermore, in order to improve compatibility of polyolefin and polyphenylene ether to increase mechanical strength, there were proposed compositions which contain a block copolymer of styrene and butadiene or hydrogenation product thereof (Japanese Patent Kokai Nos. 53-71158, 54-88950 and 59-100159) and compositions which additionally contain inorganic filler (Japanese Patent Kokai No. 58-103556). According to these proposals, processability and mechanical strength can be improved, but organic solvent resistance possessed by polyolefin is not sufficiently exhibited because addition amount of polyolefin is small or matrix (continuous phase) comprises polyphenylene ether or combination of polyphenylene ether with styrene resin. Furthermore, a composition which comprises polyphenylene ether to which is added polyolefin in a large amount of more than 20% by weight and is further added a diblock copolymer or radial teleblock copolymer comprising alkenyl aromatic compound having compatibilizing action and conjugated diene or hydrogenation product of these copolymers is disclosed in Japanese Patent Kokai Nos. 58-103557 and 60-76547. Moreover, there are disclosed a technique of grafting styrene compound on polyolefin and then adding thereto polyphenylene ether in Japanese Patent Kokoku No. 56-22544 and a technique of blending polyolefin copolymerized with glycidyl methacrylate or the like with polyphenylene ether in Japanese Patent Kokai Nos. 57-108153 and 58-225150. In addition, there are disclosed a technique of blending polyphenylene ether with both a polymer having glycidyl group and polyolefin having a group capable of reacting with glycidyl group in Japanese Patent Kokai No. 60-260449, a technique of blending polyphenylene ether with a modified copolymer obtained by polymerizing styrene compound with copolymer of glycidyl (meth)acrylate and olefin in Japanese Patent Kokai No. 61-47745, and a technique of blending modified polyphenylene ether and modified polyolefin with a binder having a specific structure in Japanese Patent Kokai No. 63-128056.
However, according to these conventional techniques, compatibility between polyphenylene ether and polyolefin is not necessarily satisfactory and as a result improvement of solvent resistance and mechanical strength is not sufficient and practically satisfactory materials have not yet been obtained.


For use with an antenna tower, the antenna tower providing a mount for an active antenna that is subject to misdirection when the antenna tower sways, a system for, and method of, dynamically counteracting sway in the antenna tower. The system includes: (1) a rotation detector that senses a rotation, relative to a fixed reference plane, of a portion of the antenna tower proximate the active antenna and develops a sway signal indicative thereof and (2) antenna beam steering logic, coupled to the rotation detector, that receives the sway signal and modifies a drive signal provided to elements of the active antenna to redirect a beam projecting therefrom, the drive signal thereby compensated for the rotation to counteract the sway in the antenna tower. The system may form a portion of a wireless communications station.

The use of wireless telecommunications has undergone substantial growth in recent years and is projected to continue expanding as service improves and new products and features are offered. To retain existing customers and entice others to adopt wireless telecommunications, however, services must be provided at a reasonable price. Therefore, the cost of providing wireless telecommunication services must be reduced.
Conventional wireless systems provide service to geographical areas divided into circular or hexagonal cells; the division of the service provides a reason why such systems are commonly referred to as "cellular" systems. The number and size of these cells are selected by the service provider such that geographical coverage is optimized, cost is reduced, and capacity within the service area is maximized. Each cell is equipped with transmitters, receivers and antennas located at a cell site that is typically located near the geographical center of the cell. Each cell site within a particular service area is connected to a central office that serves as a mobile switching center ("MSC") and which controls mobile operation within the cells. The MTSO routes calls to and from other mobile units and the public switched telephone network ("PSTN").
As a practical matter, cell boundaries are not precise. The conventional hexagonal cell shape was chosen because it provides a practical way of covering an area without the gaps and overlaps in coverage that would occur if circular cells were used. Although circular cells could be serviced by omni-directional antennas, directional antennas are often used to reduce the number of required cells by increasing the coverage range for each cell, or to increase traffic capacity by decreasing inter-cell interference. Thus, considerable planning is needed to define the coverage area of each individual cell while minimizing the need to realign cells in the future.
Present cellular systems typically use 120.degree. or 360.degree. antennas mounted on a tower at each cell site. Because these antennas cover a wide angle, their use may limit either cell coverage due to low gain or system capacity due to high levels of interference. Therefore, more cells must be used to adequately service a geographical area and/or traffic load.
To maximize the geographical area and/or reduce inter-cell interference for each cellular site, it is desirable to use high-gain, directional antennas. These antennas are capable of covering a much greater distance than the low-gain, omni-directional antennas currently used by cellular systems. Thus, only one cell site would be required to cover the same geographical area that requires several cell-sites using typical low-gain, omni-directional antennas.
High-gain, directional antennas include multiple elements that can be excited by a drive signal at different power levels or phase angles to tailor the shape or direction of the antenna beam. In order to use such antennas for cellular service, it is necessary to house the antennas in a single structure atop an antenna tower. The required structure, however, presents a high wind load. Typical antenna towers used for cellular antenna sites are not perfectly rigid and are susceptible to sway, or structural bending, due to the wind load. If the antenna tower sways, the portion of the antenna tower proximate the active antenna is effectively rotated about its nominal position and the antenna beam direction is shifted. The shift of the antenna beam direction is not a problem for low-gain, omnidirectional antennas because of the relatively broad, short-range beam that characterizes such antennas. However, for a high-gain, directional antenna (having a relatively narrow, long-range beam), the shift would result in an erratic coverage area.
One possible solution to the problem of using high-gain, directional antennas for wireless communications systems is to use a more rigid antenna tower that is resistant to wind loads. This solution may defeat a principle advantage of using high-gain, directional antennas (i.e., lower cost system). The use of high-gain, directional antennas requires less cell sites to cover a given geographical area than if low-gain, omnidirectional antennas are employed. The savings realized from fewer cell sites would be offset by the increased cost necessary to provide more stable antenna structures. Furthermore, more-stable antenna towers might be too large to be located in a desired location.
An alternative to using more stable antenna structures with high-gain, directional antennas is to use a mechanical gimbal system to maintain the proper angular position of the antenna platform mounting atop the structure. U.S. Pat. No. 4,596,989, entitled "Stabilized Antenna System having an Acceleration Displacement Mass, by Smith et al., issued on Jun. 24, 1986, discloses a stabilized platform for use in connection with a satellite antenna mounted to a ship. The system includes an acceleration displaceable mass, and may include in combination a gimbal mounting and one or more gyros. Although this system might be adaptable to cellular antenna structures, such a mechanical system is extremely complex and susceptible to failure. Furthermore, unlike a ship, cell sites are generally unattended and, if a failure does occur, service would be lost for an extended period. Moreover, the mechanical nature of the system requires routine maintenance.
A second possible solution to using a more stable antenna structure with high-gain, directional antennas is to somehow counteract the tendency of less stable structures to bend due to wind loads. U.S. Pat. No. 4,956,947, entitled "Live Tendon System Inhibiting Sway of High Rise Structures and Method, by Middleton, issued on Sep. 18, 1990, discloses a live tendon system for inhibiting sway of high-rise structures. The system employs sensing means to detect a deflection of the structure, and a controller that actuates tension adjusting members coupled to the structure's main support members in response to the deflection. As with the mechanical gimbal system disclosed by Smith et al., a live tendon system is predominantly a mechanical system requiring routine maintenance to avoid failure. Furthermore, both the systems of Smith et al. and Middleton would substantially increase the cost of each cell site thereby diminishing the principle advantage of using high-gain, directional antennas for cellular systems.
Therefore, what is needed in the art is way of counteracting antenna tower sway that takes advantage of the inherent ability of an active antenna to be redirected by means of its electrical drive signal.

System and method for dynamically counteracting sway in active antenna towers


A device may receive error data indicating that an error occurred, the error being associated with a data processing job scheduled to be performed by a data processing platform. The device may identify input data for the data processing job associated with the error and determine that the error is based on the data processing platform not receiving the input data. In addition, the device may determine a location of the input data and determine a measure of priority associated with the data processing job. Based on the location of the input data and the measure of priority, the device may perform an action to correct the error.

Data processing platforms are designed to make use of a pool of computing resources to collect and process data in a variety of ways. For example, a cloud computing platform is a type of data processing platform that may be used to process data in a variety of ways, including the performance of analytics, data sorting, data visualization, and/or the like.


A stepping exerciser includes a spindle rotatably supported on a base, a pair of foot pedals rotatably supported on the base and arranged to be moved up and down stepped upon by a user, a coupling device for coupling the foot pedals to the spindle, to drive and to rotate the spindle, a pair of handles rotatably supported on the base, and arranged to be rotated by the user, and a connecting device for connecting the handles to the spindle, to selectively drive and rotate the spindle. The spindle may thus be continuously driven by the foot pedals and the handles alternatively. One or more spring members or a wheel may apply a resistive force against the spindle.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a stepping exerciser, and more particularly to a stepping exerciser having a weight or flywheel rotatable or drivable by the stepping exerciser, to provide a resistive force against the stepping exerciser.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Typical stepping exercisers comprise a pair of foot supports or foot pedals pivotally or rotatably attached on a base, and movable up and down, for conducting up and down stepping exercises. Normally, the foot supports or foot pedals may be moved up and down only, and may not be moved laterally and outwardly relative to the users.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,518,470 to Piaget et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 6,595,899 to Liang disclose two further typical stepping exercisers each comprising a pair of foot supports or foot pedals pivotally or rotatably attached on a base, and movable laterally and outwardly relative to the base and the users, for conducting other types of exercises, such as mountain climbing exercises, snow skiing exercises, etc.
However, the foot supports or foot pedals of the typical stepping exercisers may not be used to rotate or to drive a weight or a flywheel. In addition, the typical stepping exercisers have no handles to be moved or operated by the users to train the upper muscle groups of the users.
The present invention has arisen to mitigate and/or obviate the afore-described disadvantages of the conventional stepping exercisers.

Stepping exerciser having actuatable handle


The present invention provides a 16×16-sliding window using vector register file with zero overhead for horizontal or vertical shifts to incorporate motion estimation into SIMD vector processor architecture. SIMD processor's vector load mechanism, vector register file with shifting of elements capability, and 16×16 parallel SAD calculation hardware and instruction are used. Vertical shifts of all sixteen-vector registers occur in a ripple-through fashion when the end vector register is loaded. The parallel SAD calculation hardware can calculate one 16-by-16-block match per clock cycle in a pipelined fashion. In addition, hardware for best-match SAD value comparisons and maintaining their pixel location reduces the software overhead. Block matching for less than 16 by 16 block areas is supported using a mask register to mask selected elements, thereby reducing search area to any block size less than 16 by 16.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates generally to the field of processor chips and specifically to the field of single-instruction multiple-data (SIMD) processors. More particularly, the present invention relates to motion estimation in a SIMD processing system.
2. Description of the Background Art
Motion estimation is a basic bandwidth compression method used in video-coding systems. Motion estimation is used by MPEG-1, MPEG-2, MPEG-4, H.261, H.263, and H.264 video compression standards. Block matching using Sum-of-Absolute-Differences (SAD) between a reference block of 16 by 16 luma pixels and a candidate block of 16 by 16 pixels is used, because it is easier to implement SAD instead of the Mean-Square-Error (MSE). SAD subtracts all corresponding pixel values, takes the absolute value of these differences and then sums up all the 256 values together. The lower the value the better the match is, and zero represents the best match. Motion estimation is done by testing different candidate positions to see which one best match the reference block.
Besides video encoding, other applications also use motion estimation including video stabilization in digital camcorders, stitching of multiple digital shots together, and Automatic Target Recognition (ATR) in military applications.
Block matching using SAD of 16 by 16 blocks is the task that requires by far the most processing requirement in video compression. Current systems use dedicated hardware blocks with different levels of parallelism to calculate SAD, because SAD processing requirement exceeds the fastest RISC or DSP processing power. For example, to calculate the SAD for a full search window of +/−32 window in both horizontal and vertical dimensions requires about 152 Billion operations for 30 frames per second at CCIR-601 resolution that have 1620 such reference block.
Therefore, most high-quality video encoding chips have dedicated hardware blocks that calculate a list of motion-vectors indicating best match values for each luma block in a video frame. Even in this case, smaller search areas and hierarchical search at lower resolution is sometimes used to lower processing requirements. For example, first every fourth pixel position is search for the best possible match. Then only the neighborhood of best match is search. This cuts down processing by a factor of 16.
The problem with such dedicated hardware blocks is that they lack the flexibility of a software solution, and also require large amounts of data to be "shipped" to dedicated motion-estimation hardware and the results to be read by a processor.
SIMD and VLIW processors that exist today also perform motion estimation, but based on reduced search areas based on certain assumptions. One such approach is calculating only the neighborhood of expected locations based on neighborhood blocks that are already processed. Such processor can calculate SAD values for 8, 16, or 32 pixels at each clock cycle. Also, the bookkeeping of X-Y locations and best-match values are performed as scalar operations, whereby further reducing the efficiency of software implementation. This is because during these scalar operations most of parallel hardware execution units stay idle.
Reduced search areas and imperfect search results do not cause incorrect results, but reduce video compression and thus the resultant video quality. New video coding techniques also require sub-pixel level block matching to as low as ⅛th pixel resolution. This further increases the complexity of both hardware and software solutions.

Method for programmable motion estimation in a SIMD processor


In one embodiment, a method for processing, at an enhanced Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) proxy (e-proxy), (1) a SIP INVITE message to a first user at an IPv4/IPv6 dual-stack (DS) host, connected to an IPv6 network, from a second user at an IPv4 host, connected to an IPv4 network. The e-proxy receives the SIP INVITE message from the IPv4 network. When the e-proxy determines that Dual Stack Transition Mechanism (DSTM) service is required, the e-proxy obtains a temporary IPv4 address for the DS host, finds a suitable tunnel end-point (TEP), and sends a corresponding, but modified, INVITE message to the DS host. The modified INVITE message body includes invocation of DSTM service, the temporary IPv4 address, the TEP's IPv6 address, and the IPv4 host's IPv4 address. The e-proxy sends a BIND message to the TEP to bind the DS host's IPv6 address to the temporary IPv4 address for proper tunneling.

1. Field of the Invention
The current invention relates to peer-to-peer communication between different types of Internet hosts, and, in particular, to peer-to-peer call signaling between different types of Internet hosts.
2. Description of the Related Art
The Internet is a network of networks that provides access to innumerable instances of many types of information. One segment of the Internet is the world-wide web (www or the Web), which is a collection of interlinked hypertext documents and services accessible via uniform resource locator (URL) addresses. The Web operates in a client-server mode, where a client retrieves information from a server. Another model for Internet communication is peer-to-peer (P2P) communication, where two computers communicate as peers with each other. Examples of P2P applications include file-sharing programs and Internet telephony applications such as voice-over-Internet protocol (VoIP) and multimedia conferencing applications.
SIP
In a typical peer-to-peer application, the logical connectivity between the two peers is dynamic in nature, where connections are set up when needed to establish a session and torn down when the session is finished. In the Internet environment, one widely accepted call-signaling protocol for logical connectivity between peer hosts is the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP), described in RFC 3261, titled "SIP: Session Initiation Protocol," incorporated herein by reference in its entirety (available online at http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3261.txt). SIP provides extensive capabilities as well as flexibility in call signaling.
FIG. 1 shows a sample data flow diagram for a basic call setup between SIP host 101 and SIP host 102. Message flow in FIG. 1 proceeds from top to bottom. Hosts 101 and 102 are each running User Agents (UAs). Host 101 hosts a first user, user1, of company A, identified by SIP universal resource identifier (SIP URI) sip:email@example.com, while host 102 hosts a second user, user2, of company B, identified by SIP URI sip:email@example.com. The "sip:" prefixes are used to identify the URIs as SIP URIs. The "sip:" prefix may be omitted in some circumstances, such as when the context clearly indicates that the URI is a SIP URI.
Host 101's UA initiates a call to host 102 by sending INVITE message 101a to host 102's UA. Host 102 might respond with one or more provisional response messages (also known as "1xx" messages) (not shown), which contain status information and indicate that request processing is in progress. If host 102 accepts the call request, then host 102 transmits OK message 102a (an OK messages is also known as a "200" message). Host 101 then responds with ACK (acknowledgment) message 101b, which completes the call set-up transaction. This establishes application-layer connectivity 101c between host 101 and host 102 allowing transmission of data in accordance with the parameters established between hosts 101 and 102 through the above-described exchange of messages.
The parameters of the application-layer connection are encoded in the previously described SIP messages. The parameters may be encoded in the format specified by the Session Description Protocol (SDP), described in RFC 2327 and incorporated herein by reference in its entirety (available online at http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2327.txt). Examples of encoded parameter information include the IP address and UDP (user datagram protocol) port number to be used by the application traffic, called bearer traffic. SIP messages can also include information in addition to that provided by standard SIP headers and SDP. When host 101 wishes to terminate the call, host 101 transmits BYE message 101d to host 102, which initiates session tear-down. Host 102 then responds with OK message 102b, and the session is terminated.
SIP is a flexible protocol which allows many extensions to accommodate different situations. For example, SIP body messages may be encoded in accordance with the Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension (MIME) standard. SIP message bodies may contain multiple sections, where, using a "handling" parameter, some sections may be defined as required and other sections may be defined as optional. If a SIP proxy receives a SIP message with an optional section that the SIP proxy does not understand, then the SIP proxy ignores that optional section and processes the SIP message as if it did not contain that optional section. However, if a SIP proxy receives a SIP message with a required section that the SIP proxy does not understand, then the SIP proxy should reject the message and respond with a suitable error code.
SIP Proxies
FIG. 2 shows an example of using SIP routing to set up a call in network 200, which comprises hosts 201 and 206. Hosts 201 and 206 (1) are in different locations, (2) are not directly connected, and (3) are separated by various intermediaries. The intermediaries include SIP proxy servers (proxies) 202, 203, 204, and 205. SIP proxies are logical entities whose functions include (1) forwarding SIP messages towards their proper destinations and (2) providing enhanced services to SIP calls when appropriate.
Host 201 hosts a first user whose SIP URI is sip:firstname.lastname@example.com and who is in the marketing department at location 1 of ABC company. The first user wants to establish a session with a second user whose SIP URI is sip:email@example.com, who is in the sales department at location 2, also of ABC company, and who is hosted by host 206. As part of the user login process, the user's host registers with a corresponding home SIP proxy, where the host sends a REGISTER message to the corresponding home SIP proxy, and the home SIP proxy indicates acceptance of the registration by replying with an OK message. Thus, (i) host 201 sends a REGISTER message to SIP proxy 202, whose SIP URI is marketing.location1.companyABC.com, (ii) SIP proxy 202 responds with an OK message to host 201, (iii) host 206 sends a REGISTER message to SIP proxy 205, whose SIP URI is sales.location2.companyABC.com, and (iv) SIP proxy 205 responds with an OK message to host 206. These REGISTER and OK messages are not shown in FIG. 2.
When the first user indicates a desire to call the second user, host 201 generates and sends INVITE message 201a, for the second user, to home SIP proxy 202 via IP network cloud 207. INVITE message 201a indicates that it is from firstname.lastname@example.com and intended for, i.e., addressed to, email@example.com. Based on the addressee, SIP proxy 202 determines that INVITE message 201a is for a recipient at another location, and sends corresponding INVITE message 202a via IP network cloud 208 to affiliated gateway SIP proxy 203, whose SIP URI is gateway.location1.companyABC.com. INVITE message 202a is substantially identical to INVITE message 201a, but is modified to indicate its passage via SIP proxy 202 using the "via" header section that is in INVITE messages for delineating their passage through a network.
Based on the addressee in INVITE message 202a, gateway SIP proxy 203 determines that INVITE message 202a is for a recipient at location 2, and sends corresponding INVITE message 203a via IP network cloud 209 to location 2 gateway SIP proxy 204, whose SIP URI is gateway.location2.companyABC.com. INVITE message 203a is substantially identical to INVITE message 202a, but is modified to indicate passage via SIP proxy 203. Based on the addressee in INVITE message 203a, location 2 gateway SIP proxy 204 determines that INVITE message 203a is for a recipient in the sales department at location 2, and sends corresponding INVITE message 204a via IP network cloud 210 to location 2 sales SIP proxy 205, whose SIP URI is sales.location2.companyABC.com. SIP proxy 205 is the home SIP proxy for the second user at host 206. INVITE message 204a is substantially identical to INVITE message 203a, but is modified to indicate passage via SIP proxy 204.
Based on the addressee in INVITE message 204a, SIP proxy 205 determines that INVITE message 204a is for a user at host 206, and sends corresponding INVITE message 205a via IP network cloud 211 to host 206, where the second user is registered. INVITE message 205a is substantially identical to INVITE message 204a, but is modified to indicate passage via SIP proxy 205. If the second user indicates acceptance of the invitation, then host 206 responds with OK message 206a addressed to the first user. Since INVITE message 205a listed the SIP proxies traversed to arrive at host 206, OK message 206a can specify, in a "via" header section, the reverse route as the path for OK message 206a.
As OK message 206a traverses the reverse route, traversed SIP proxies are removed from the "via" header section. OK message 206a goes first to SIP proxy 205 via IP network 211, next, it is forwarded as substantially identical OK message 205b to SIP proxy 204 via IP network 210. Then, the OK message is forwarded as substantially identical OK message 204b to SIP proxy 203 via IP network 209, then it is forwarded as substantially identical OK message 203b to SIP proxy 202 via IP network 208. Finally, the OK message is forwarded as substantially identical OK message 202b to host 201, where the first user is registered. Host 201 would then reply with an acknowledgement ACK message (not shown) which would follow the same SIP proxy route as the INVITE message and would complete the call set-up procedure.
It should be noted that IP network clouds 207, 208, 209, 210, and 211 can comprise zero or more network components such as hubs, switches, bridges, and routers. Furthermore, IP network clouds 207, 208, 209, 210, and 211 might share one or more network components among themselves and may all be interconnected. As noted, as SIP messages transit through proxies, each proxy can modify the SIP message. The SIP specification describes the extent of allowable modifications. To support some advanced features, a SIP proxy may modify SIP messages beyond the extent allowed in the specification. One example of such an advanced feature is back-to-back user agent (B2BUA) mode, where the SIP proxy acts as an endpoint of the incoming SIP call from the originator, and generates a new SIP call towards the destination. The SIP proxy then keeps track of both calls and coordinates them.
IPv6
Currently, the commonly used version of the Internet Protocol (IP) is IP version 4 (IPv4). In the early 1990s, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) estimated that the IPv4 address space was nearing exhaustion. Based on this, the IETF initiated work on the next generation of IP to solve this address-shortage problem. The result was IP version 6 (IPv6). IPv6 has a much larger address space than IPv4 because IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses as opposed to IPv4's 32-bit addresses. In addition to the larger address space, IPv6 has other enhanced features, such as a better-structured address space, better multicast support, better mobility support, neighbor discovery, support for authentication and payload encryption, and quality of service (QoS) support. IPv6 may be said to represent a different address family from IPv4.
During the development of IPv6, the IETF chartered a working group (WG) to investigate techniques to prolong the useful life of IPv4. A number of techniques were developed and are being used today, such as Classless Inter-domain Routing (CIDR), Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP), Allocation for private address (as described in RFC 1918), Network Address Translation (NAT), and various tunneling technologies such as Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) and Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE).
Although these techniques are in wide use today, there is consensus in the industry that IPv4 is near the end of its life cycle and that deployment of IPv6 will become common soon. Several reasons, outlined below, account for this. First, much of the existing IPv4 address space has been assigned to U.S.-based organizations. Meanwhile, other countries will be deploying more IP systems, and countries with large populations would likely install IPv6 systems. Second, while, in the early 1990s, IP hosts mostly comprised PCs and servers, today, many other devices, such as cell phones, automobiles, TV set-top boxes, and domestic appliances, are using IP for communication. This requires many more IP addresses. Third, the various IPv4 address-preservation techniques have shortcomings. For example, using NAT with many applications requires the use of an application-specific application layer gateway (ALG) in order to appropriately perform port address translations. The use of ALGs in NAT increases complexity and cost and degrades performance. Other techniques have similar limitations. Therefore, many organizations, service providers, and enterprises are investigating methods and systems for transitioning from IPv4 to IPv6.
IPv4 to IPv6 Transition
A sizeable network cannot transition from IPv4 to IPv6 in an instant. The transition process is likely to take months or even years as IPv4 systems are replaced with IPv6 systems. Therefore, the two versions will coexist for some time in a network. The IETF has developed a number of techniques to enable interoperability between IPv4 and IPv6 hosts to ease the transition. Each technique addresses a specific interoperability configuration. Examples of these techniques include 6over4 (described in RFC 3056), Intra-Site Automatic Tunnel Addressing Protocol (ISATAP; described in RFC 4214), Teredo (described in RFC 4380), and Dual Stack Transition Mechanism (DSTM). A network may use any number of these techniques during a transition from IPv4 to IPv6.
DSTM
DSTM (dual stack transition mechanism) is a protocol interworking mechanism and is described in (1) the IETF draft titled "Dual Stack IPv6 Dominant Transition Mechanism (DSTM)," by Jim Bound et al., October 2005, (available online at http://www.ipv6.rennes.enst-bretagne.fr/dstm/doc/draft-bound-dstm-exp-04.txt) and (2) the 2004 IEEE International Conference on Communications article titled "An IPv4-to-IPv6 dual stack transition mechanism supporting transparent connections between IPv6 hosts and IPv4 hosts in integrated IPv6/IPv4 network," by Eun-Young Park et al., June 2004 (available online from ieeexplore.ieee.org), both incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.
FIG. 3 shows sample hybrid network 300, which comprises IPv6 network 305 and IPv4 network 306. Network 300 uses DSTM to allow communication between DSTM-enabled host (or end-point) 301 and IPv4 host (or end-point) 302. DSTM host 301, which is capable of handling both IPv4 and IPv6 communication, is connected to IPv6 network 305 and has IPv6 address A. IPv4 host 302, which is capable of handling IPv4—but not IPv6—communication, is connected to IPv4 network 306 and has IPv4 address B. Network 300 further comprises (i) tunnel end-point (TEP) 303, which has IPv6 address C and connects IPv6 network 305 and IPv4 network 306, and (ii) DSTM address server 304, which is connected to IPv6 network 305.
DSTM host 301 can have a permanent IPv4 assigned to it in addition to IPv6 address A, but since that may be an inefficient use of the limited address space available with IPv4, DSTM host 301 instead uses a temporary IPv4 address obtained from DSTM address server 304 when necessary. If DSTM host 301 determines that it needs to send data packet payload 301b(ii) to IPv4 host 302, then DSTM host 301 sends IPv4 address request 301a to DSTM address server 304. DSTM address server 304 responds with IPv4 address assignment 304a which includes temporary IPv4 address D as well as IPv6 address C for corresponding TEP 303. Alternatively, DSTM host 301 may already possess address C for TEP module 303 prior to the receipt of address assignment 304a, which, therefore, need not include address C.
DSTM host 301 encapsulates payload 301b(ii) with IPv4 header 301b(iii) having source address D and destination address B. Payload 301b(ii) is further encapsulated with IPv6 header 301b(iv) having source address A and destination address C. Packet 301b(i), comprising payload 301b(ii) and headers 301b(iii) and 301b(iv), is then sent to TEP 303 as message 301b via IPv6 network 305. This essentially sets up an IPv4-over-IPv6 tunnel between DSTM host 301 and TEP 303. TEP 303 processes message 301b and, as a result, (1) updates its forwarding table to bind temporary IPv4 address D with IPv6 address A using automatic tunnel binding, (2) removes IPv6 packet header 301b(iv) from packet 301b(i) and (3) forwards corresponding packet 303a(i) to IPv4 host 302 as message 303a via IPv4 network 306. Packet 303a(i) comprises (1) payload 303a(ii), which is substantially identical to payload 301b(ii), and (2) IPv4 header 303a(iii), which is substantially identical to IPv4 header 301b(iii). Additional packets from DSTM host 301 to IPv4 host 302 will follow the same path and procedure.
Packets from IPv4 host 302 back to DSTM host 301 also go through TEP 303 and are processed in a mirrored way (not shown). A payload packet from IPv4 host 302 to DSTM host 301 is encapsulated with an IPv4 header having source address B and destination address D and is delivered to TEP 303 via IPv4 network 306. TEP 303 adds an IPv6 header having source address C and destination address A and delivers the packet to DSTM host 301 via IPv6 network 305. DSTM host 301 then extracts the payload from the received packet. If there is a prolonged period of inactivity between DSTM host 301 and IPv4 hosts connected to IPv4 network 306, such as IPv4 host 302, then TEP 303 purges the address binding of IPv6 address A and temporary IPv4 address D. An alternative to using automatic tunnel binding and tear-down at TEP 303 is having DSTM host 301 use a tunneling signaling protocol to explicitly establish and tear down an IPv4-over-IPv6 tunnel to TEP 303.
DSTM is still an IETF draft, has not yet reached RFC status, and is still subject to changes. DHCP is suggested as the protocol for address request and assignment messages. DSTM has several limitations, outlined below, some of which are particularly relevant for applications that use higher-layer call-signaling protocols such as SIP. The DSTM draft does not provide a mechanism for IPv4 host 302 to initiate communication with DSTM host 301. The steps of obtaining an IPv4 address and setting up the IPv4-over-IPv6 tunnel to TEP 303 adds significant call set-up delay, which may be unacceptable for some critical communication applications. Some applications require the use of a tunneling signaling protocol, rather than automatic tunnel binding, and use of the former adds delay.
Connection Initiation by IPv4 Host
Although, as noted above, the DSTM draft does not specify a procedure to allow an IPv4 host to initiate a connection with an DSTM host, some proposals have been made to address this situation. One proposal is illustrated in FIG. 4.
FIG. 4 shows sample hybrid network 400, comprising DSTM host 401, IPv4 host 402, TEP 403, DSTM address server 404, IPv6 network 405, and IPv4 network 406. These elements of FIG. 4 are similar to corresponding elements of FIG. 3 and are similarly numbered, but with a different prefix. FIG. 4 shows various messages that are also sequentially labeled as steps. DSTM host 401 hosts a first user whose URI is sip:firstname.lastname@example.com. Network 400 further comprises IPv4 domain name server (DNS) 407, DNS application-layer gateway (ALG) 408, and IPv6 DNS 409.
If IPv4 host 402 wants to send a data packet to the first user, then IPv4 host 402 first sends DNS query 402a (step 1) to IPv4 DNS 407 in order to get an IPv4 address for sip:firstname.lastname@example.com. IPv4 DNS 407 does not find sip:firstname.lastname@example.com in its database since that URI is associated with an IPv6 address, and so IPv4 DNS 407 forwards the DNS query as query 407a (step 2) to DNS ALG 408. DNS ALG 408, which is IPv6-capable and aware that query 407a came from an IPv4 DNS, sends corresponding DNS query 408a (step 3) to IPv6 DNS 409 requesting either an IPv4 or IPv6 address for the first user's URI. IPv6 DNS 409 gets the first user's IPv6 address and sends it in message 409a (step 4) to DNS ALG 408.
DNS ALG 408 determines that DSTM service is needed because query 407a was for an IPv4 address but response 409a contained an IPv6 address. DNS ALG 408 sends address request 408b (step 5) to DSTM address server 404 on behalf of the first user. DSTM server 404 then allocates one of the IPv4 addresses in its address pool to the first user and sends to DSTM host 401 address allocation message 404b (step 6), which contains the IPv4 address allocated and the IPv6 address of corresponding TEP 403. DSTM host 401 responds with acknowledgement 401c (step 7) to DSTM address server 404. DSTM address server 404 registers the allocated IPv4 address at IPv6 DNS 409 on behalf of the first user with registration message 404c (step 8).
DSTM address server 404 informs DNS ALG 408 of the allocated IPv4 address assigned to the first user with message 404d (step 9). DNS ALG 408 then responds to query 407a with message 408c (step 10), providing the allocated IPv4 address to IPv4 DNS 407, which in turn forwards corresponding message 407b (step 11) to IPv4 host 402. DSTM address server 404 instructs TEP 403 to bind the IPv6 address of the first user and the allocated IPv4 address of the first user using instruction message 404e (step 12). TEP 403 then responds to instruction message 404e with acknowledgment message 403b (step 13). IPv4 host 402 can then communicate with DSTM host 401 via TEP 403 in a manner similar to that described for hybrid network 300 of FIG. 3.
This procedure to allow IPv4 host 402 to initiate communication requires many steps and transactions which cause significant delay in the initial start up. In addition to this performance issue, the procedure has practical limitations. For example, when IPv4 DNS server 407 fails to locate the first user, it is supposed to immediately forward query 407a to DNS ALG 408. In practice, IPv4 DNS 407 comprises a hierarchy of servers. The servers in the hierarchy will try to exhaustively search for the first user's URI in the IPv4 space before forwarding the request to DNS ALG 408, which increases delay. Also, in practice, DNS ALG 408 will be one of several available DNS ALGs. Thus, either complex policy needs to be loaded to IPv4 DNS 407 so that appropriate DNS ALG 408 can be identified or exhaustive searching of the several available DNS ALGs may be required, increasing delay. Furthermore, the general need to locate appropriate servers and communicate among them increases delay.
The current DSTM mechanism of FIG. 3 is, therefore, essentially only suitable for applications that are based on the client-server model (e.g., web browsing) where some initial delay is acceptable. Furthermore, the current DSTM mechanism does not provide support for call setup invitation from an IPv4 host to a DSTM host, and the above-described proposal of FIG. 4 for such invitation is cumbersome. Additionally, neither the current DSTM mechanism nor the above-described proposal support host mobility.

Peer-to-peer communication between different types of internet hosts


An apparatus for azimuth measurements is provided. The apparatus comprises a housing and a plurality of gyro sensors aligned in the housing. Each of the plurality of gyro sensors has an input axis for angular velocity measurements. There is provided a drive unit for rotating each of the plurality of gyro sensors about a rotation axis. Each of the plurality of gyro sensors changes orientation of the input axis with the drive unit.

In recent wellbore drilling operations, the drilling is mostly performed in highly deviated and horizontal wellbores. To drill a wellbore as planned prior to drilling, it is important to monitor an inclination of the wellbore and continually determine the position and direction of the drilling tool during drilling. For this monitoring, azimuth with respect to drilling direction and then an axis of the drilling tool is one of important information during drilling. The azimuth can be measured by utilizing some sensors such as a gyro sensor installed in the drilling tool during drilling. In wireline logging operations, a logging tool is conveyed into a wellbore after the wellbore has been drilled. The gyro sensor is used to measure azimuth with respect to the direction of the logging tool.
To improve accuracy and efficiency of the azimuth measurements, a plurality of gyro sensors with each input axis orthogonal to each other may be used. In this combination of the gyro sensors, each gyro sensor is rotated about its rotation axis perpendicular to the input axis. The drive unit for rotating the gyro sensors is configured so as to rotate the gyro sensors stably while maintaining a predetermined angular relationship between the input axes of gyro sensors. In practical point of view, the gyro sensors and the drive unit are installed in relatively narrow space in the foregoing drilling tool and wireline logging tool. Therefore, there is a need for a compact apparatus for azimuth measurements using gyro sensors that can allow the gyro sensors to be stably rotated in cooperation with each other even if such gyro sensors are used, for example, in oilfield and any other harsh environment.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Apparatus for azimuth measurements using gyro sensors


A socket includes a plurality of coupling members that each include a first end portion and a second end portion, the coupling members being made of electrically conductive material, wherein a terminal of an electronic component and a terminal of a board are electrically coupled with the first end portion and the second end portion, respectively, so to electrically connect the terminal of the electronic component and the terminal of the board, a holding member that holds the plurality of coupling members in such a manner that the plurality of coupling members are not in contact with each other, the holding member being made form an electrical insulating material, and a sheet member that is in contact with the electronic component and the board in parts between the plurality of coupling members, the sheet member being made from a material which is electrical insulating and thermal diffusive.

In a structure in which an electronic component is mounted on a board, a structure in which a socket is interposed between the board and the electronic component is sometimes used.
For example, a structure is known in which contact pins electrically connected to an electronic component and contact pins not electrically connected to the electronic component pass through receiving holes formed in a heat spreader on a socket main body, and a new heat radiation pathway is thereby formed.
A related art is disclosed in Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 2008-111722.

Socket and electronic component mounting structure


In a gas turbine engine, a system for maintaining uniform circumferential spacing between adjacent segments of a compressor liner, the liner segments being retained within an outer casing by a flanged connection. The system includes a T-shaped pin retained within the flanged connection radially and circumferentially by engagement with a slot formed in the outer casing, and axially by engagement with a notch formed in the adjacent liner segment, such that the liner segment overlaps the positioning pin. In a preferred embodiment, each liner segment is notched and held in place by a pin which, in turn, is retained within a slot in the compressor casing.

The present invention generally relates to gas turbine engines, and more particularly, to the maintenance of compressor liner segment spacing.
A typical aircraft gas turbine engine includes a compressor for pressurizing air which subsequently is mixed with fuel and ignited in the combustor section with the resulting combustion gases powering the turbine. The compressor and turbine are surrounded by casings or liners through which air is either extracted or distributed.
In a typical compressor, an inner liner is concentric with a outer casing and mounts stator or variable vanes. The inner liner also surrounds the rotor blades of the compressor. The air generated by the compressor is at an extremely high temperature, therefore compressor liners are used to form an aerodynamic flowpath and to protect the casing structure from the flowpath environment.
The inner compressor liner is formed in segments around the circumference of the compressor. The liners are formed in two or more sections to eliminate large thermal stresses due to temperature differences between the casing and the liners. Because the liner is segmented, it allows recirculation leakage in between the segments which in turn reduces compressor performance. In order to reduce this leakage, spline seals are added between the liner segments.
Gap dimensions between the liner segments where the spline seals are located are determined by the thermal expansion of the liner segments. Because the gaps between the liner segments are required to be large to compensate for thermal close-down of the liner segments, keeping the spline seals engaged between the liner segments and functioning properly has become problematic.
In order to keep the liner segments in proper alignment, therefore maintaining the spline seals in between the liner segments, radial bolts have been previously used to fasten the liner segments to the outer casing. By fastening the liner segments to the outer casings, uniform spacing between the liners can be maintained. However, radial bolts require reinforcement on the outer casing and also on the liners to maintain structural integrity of the compressor. This additional reinforcement adds weight and complexity to the design, as well as making such liners more difficult to assemble and disassemble from the engine.
An alternate method of positioning liner segments is by forming a stop at the axial flange of each casing half in a circumferential groove in the casing which holds the liner segments. This method has also proven unsatisfactory in that forming a stop in the casing groove has required expensive machining operations, and also has proven to be inefficient.
Therefore, a need exists for an improved mechanism for maintaining uniform spacing between compressor liner segments that eliminates the aforementioned problems associated with radial bolts and casing stops. Further, there is a need for a segment liner spacing system in which the segments are relatively inexpensive to manufacture and easy to install.

Apparatus for positioning compressor liner segments


Method and apparatus for compensating for variations in the output signal of a color sensor due to varying temperature of the color sensor. The color sensor receives light and generates an output signal that is based on the received light. The temperature compensation mechanism measures the temperature of the color sensor and uses the measured temperature to selectively adjust the output signal of the color sensor to generate a compensated output signal that is not dependent on temperature of the color sensor.

Color sensors are widely used to detect color for various systems. A color sensor generates a voltage output that represents the received color light. The output of a color sensor is typically connected to an analog to digital converter of a micro-controller, for example, which is employed to generate data for the system. Color sensors are utilized for ink detection, medical/life science applications, such as blood tests, camera calibration, and back light control system.
Unfortunately, many of the components of the color sensor, such as the resistors, and operational amplifier, are dependent on temperature. Ideally, the output of the color sensor maintains the identical behavior at other temperatures (e.g., 75 degrees Celsius, 100 degrees Celsius, 125 degrees Celsius). Unfortunately, although the relationship between the output and the incident light remains linear, the entire plot is typically shift up. This shift is referred to as "drift." The drift can be partially attributable to leakage current that increases as temperature rises.
Drift is a major concern for designers of color sensors because one would prefer the behavior and operation of the color sensor to remain constant over the range of operating temperatures. As can be appreciated, unpredictable circuit behavior over temperature or a changing circuit behavior over temperature is not desirable.
FIG. 1 illustrates a prior art color sensor 2. The color sensor receives light 4 and generates a voltage output 6 that represents the amount of received light 4. FIG. 2 illustrates a first output versus light graph 6 for the color sensor at a first temperature and a second output versus light graph 8 for the color sensor at a second temperature of FIG. 1. By comparing the first graph 6 with the second graph 8, drift of the output versus light graph when the temperature increases from the first temperature to a second temperature is evident. It is noted that for the same amount of light received, the color sensor 2 when operating at the second temperature (e.g., 125 degrees Celsius) generates an output that is higher than the output generated by the color sensor 2 at the first temperature (e.g., 25 degrees Celsius). As noted previously, this behavior is not desirable.
Based on the foregoing, there remains a need for a temperature compensation method and apparatus for color sensors that addresses drift and that overcomes the disadvantages set forth previously.

Temperature compensation method and apparatus for color sensors

Avago Technologies ECBU IP (Singapore) Pte. Ltd.


A control system and method for determining optimal fluid injection pressure is based upon a model of a growing hydrofracture due to waterflood injection pressure. This model is used to develop a control system optimizing the injection pressure by using a prescribed injection goal coupled with the historical times, pressures, and volume of injected fluid at a single well. In this control method, the historical data is used to derive two major flow components: the transitional component, where cumulative injection volume is scaled as the square root of time, and a steady-state breakthrough component, which scales linearly with respect to time. These components provide diagnostic information and allow for the prevention of rapid fracture growth and associated massive water break through that is an important part of a successful waterflood, thereby extending the life of both injection and associated production wells in waterflood secondary oil recovery operations.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to secondary oil recovery by waterflooding. Particularly, the present invention relates to a method and/or a hardware implementation of a method for controlling well injection pressures for at least one well injector used for secondary oil recovery by waterflooding. The control method additionally detects and appropriately reacts to step-wise hydrofracture events.
2. Description of the Relevant Art
Waterflooding is a collection of operations in an oil field used to support reservoir pressure at extraction wells ("producers") and enhance oil recovery through a system of wells injecting water or other fluids ("injectors"). The waterflooding process uses fluid injection to transport residual oil remaining from initial primary oil production to appropriate producers for extraction. In this manner, wells that have finished primary production can continue to produce oil, thereby extending the economic life of a well field, and increasing the total recovered oil from the reservoir.
Waterflooding is by far the most important secondary oil recovery process. Proper management of waterfloods is essential for optimal recovery of oil and profitability of the waterflooding operation. Improper management of waterfloods can create permanent, irreparable damage to well fields that can trap oil so that subsequent waterflooding becomes futile. When excess injector pressure is used, the geological strata (or layer) containing the oil can be crushed (or hydrofractured). The growth of such hydrofractures can cause a direct conduit from an injector to a producer, whereby no further oil is produced, and water is simply pumped in the injector, conducted through the hydrofractured conduit, and recovered at the producer through a process known as "channeling." At this juncture, the injector is no longer useful in its function, and is now known as a failed, dead, or lost well.
Lost wells are undesirable for many reasons. There is lost time in drilling a new well, resulting in lost production time. There is additional cost for the drilling labor and materials. Finally, a portion of the reservoir is rendered unrecoverable using traditional economically viable recovery means.
In some well fields, wells are spaced as close as every 25 meters. When a significant fraction of these closely packed wells fail, the drilling resources available may be exceeded, in such case, a lost well is truly lost, because it may not be replaced due to failure of yet more other wells.
The method disclosed here provides important information regarding the maximum pressures that may be used on a given well to minimize growth of new hydrofractures. This information may be important for groundwater remediation to environmentally contaminated regions by operation in a predominantly steady state flow mode where little additional hydrofracturing will occur. Such additional hydrofracturing will be shown below to be a transient component of injector to producer flow and commensurate hydrofracture growth.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,152,226 discloses a system and process for secondary hydrocarbon recovery whereby a hydrocarbon reservoir undergoing secondary recovery is subject to a first and then at least a second gravity gradient survey in which a gravity gradiometer takes gradient measurements on the surface above the reservoir to define successive data sets. The differences between the first and subsequent gravity gradient survey yields information as to sub-surface density changes consequent to displacement of the hydrocarbon and the replacement thereof by the drive-out fluid including the position, morphology, and velocity of the interface between the hydrocarbon to be recovered and the drive-out fluid.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,826,656 discloses a method for recovering waterflood residual oil from a waterflooded oil-bearing subterranean formation penetrated from an earth surface by at least one well by injecting an oil miscible solvent into a waterflood residual oil-bearing lower portion of the oil-bearing subterranean formation through a well completed for injection of the oil miscible solvent into the lower portion of the oil-bearing formation; continuing the injection of the oil miscible solvent into the lower portion of the oil-bearing formation for a period of time equal to at least one week; recompleting the well for production of quantities of the oil miscible solvent and quantities of waterflood residual oil from an upper portion of the oil-bearing formation; and producing quantities of the oil miscible solvent and waterflood residual oil from the upper portion of the oil-bearing formation. The formation may have previously been both waterflooded and oil miscible solvent flooded. The solvent may be injected through a horizontal well and solvent and oil may be recovered through a plurality of wells completed to produce oil and solvent from the upper portion of the oil-bearing formation.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,711,373 discloses a method for recovering a hydrocarbon liquid from a subterranean formation after predetermining its residual oil saturation. Such a method would displace a hydrocarbon fluid in a subterranean formation using a substantially non-aqueous displacement fluid after a waterflood.

Waterflood control system for maximizing total oil recovery

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