An exhaust gas purification catalyst apparatus, which is superior in oxidation performance of, in particular, nitrogen monoxide, among hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and particulate components such as soot, included in exhaust gas from a lean burn engine, and combustion performance of light oil. The exhaust gas purification apparatus arranged with an oxidation catalyst (DOC) comprising a noble metal component for oxidizing carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, in particular, nitrogen monoxide among nitrogen oxides, and for combusting light oil, a catalyzed soot filter (CSF) including a noble metal component for collecting a particulate component such as soot and removing by combustion (oxidation). The oxidation catalyst (DOC) has a catalyst layer where platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd) and barium oxide (BaO) are supported on alumina (Al2O3) having a pore size of 12 to 120 nm, and ratio of platinum and palladium is 1:1 to 11:2 in weight equivalent.

In exhaust gas discharged from a lean burn engine such as a boiler, a gas turbine, a lean burn-type gasoline engine or a diesel engine, various harmful substances derived from fuel or combustion air are included. Such harmful substances include a hydrocarbon (HC), a soluble organic fraction (it may also be called SOF), soot, carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and the like, and regulations on discharge amount of these harmful components have been strengthening year by year. As a purification method of these harmful components, there has been practically used a method for purifying exhaust gas by making it contacted with a catalyst.
In such a lean burn engine, there has also been investigated on suppression of generation amount of harmful substances by controlling kinds, supply amount and supply timing of fuel, amount of air or the like. However, satisfactory purification of exhaust gas has not been attained by a conventional catalyst or a control method. In particular, in a lean burn engine, nitrogen oxides are easily discharged, in addition, regulation thereof has been strengthening more and more, however, by conventional NOx purification technology, in the case of a diesel engine mounted on an automobile, it is difficult to suppress discharge of the harmful substances by conventional NOx purification technology, because operation condition thereof is always changing.
Further, in recent year, regulation of discharge amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) has been strengthened, as the greenhouse effect gas. Because discharge amount of CO2 is proportional to fuel amount used in engine operation, it has been desired that, in a combustion engine, used amount of fuel is small and fuel efficiency is good. A diesel engine is a combustion engine having good fuel efficiency and small discharge amount of CO2, however, includes a large quantity of NOx in exhaust gas.
To suppress discharge of NOx from a diesel engine, it is considered to make air/fuel ratio small mechanically, and supply to an engine a large quantity of fuel, which is also a reducing agent, however, it incurs deterioration of fuel efficiency, and also increases discharge of CO2. In addition, such a combustion control cannot utilize advantage of a diesel engine, that is, good fuel efficiency.
As a method for purify NO in exhaust gas discharged from a lean burn engine such as a diesel engine, there has been known technology for denitration by reduction, where exhaust gas including NOx (NO and NO2) contacts with a selective reduction catalyst consists of titanium oxide, vanadium oxide, zeolite and the like as main components, under presence of ammonia (NH3) component arising by decomposition of urea, and it is referred to as a selective reduction method or a Selective Catalytic Reduction (hereafter it may be referred to as SCR) method.
In the SCR, where this NH3 component is used as a reducing agent, NOx is finally reduced to N2 mainly by the following reaction formulas (1) to (3):4NO+4NH3+O2→4N2+6H2O  (1)6NO2+8NH3→7N2+12H2O  (2)NO+NO2+2NH3→2N2+3 H2O  (3)
In practice, in NOx purification by the NH3 component, the reaction is promoted under atmosphere including NO and NO2 each nearly half as in the expression (3) (refer to NON PATENT LITERATURE 1). However, most of NOx components discharged from a lean burn engine is nitrogen monoxide (refer to PATENT LITERATURE 1), therefore, in order to purify NO2 efficiently, so as to increase concentration of the NO2 component in exhaust gas, there has been proposed an arrangement of an NO oxidation means at an exhaust gas passage (refer to PATENT LITERATURE 2). Specifically, platinum (Pt) having high oxidation capability of NO is used as an oxidation catalyst.
There has also been proposed a method for purifying harmful particulate components, NOx, in one catalyst system simultaneously, by utilizing such an NO oxidation means. One of them is the one for purifying NOx by arranging the oxidation catalyst in exhaust gas passage, arranging a filter at the latter part thereof, spraying the ammonia component at the latter part thereof, and using the selective reduction catalyst (SCR) arranged at the latter part thereof (refer to PATENT LITERATURE 3).
By such a catalyst arrangement, it is possible to perform a means for oxidizing NO in exhaust gas to NO2, by an oxidation catalyst, and removing by combustion of particulate components, and purifying by reduction of NOx, simultaneously, using a single catalyst system. And, it has been known that a platinum component is effective as this oxidation catalyst component of NO (refer to PATENT LITERATURE 4 and NON PATENT LITERATURE 2).
In this way, there have been proposed a purification of NOx and a purification means of the particulate components, however, any cases thereof is the one aiming at increasing purification efficiency of NOx in SCR, by increasing concentration of NO2 in exhaust gas, by arranging DOC in front of SCR.
In addition, purification technology of soot or SOF (they may hereafter be referred to collectively as a "particulate component" or PM: Particulate Matter) influences also on fuel efficiency enhancement of a diesel engine. As for the particulate component, there has practically been used a method for arranging a heat resistant filter (DPF: Diesel Particulate Filter) in exhaust gas passage, and filtering off the particulate component with this filter. The particulate component thus filtered off deposits on the filter, and continued deposition of the particulate component on the filter incurs decrease in output of an engine caused by pressure increase accompanied with clogging of the filter. Accordingly, there has been investigated regeneration of the filter by combustion removal of the particulate component deposited on the filter (PATENT LITERATURE 3, PATENT LITERATURE 4).
In the system of PATENT LITERATURE 3 and PATENT LITERATURE 4, by arranging DPF at the latter part of DOC, the particulate component deposited on the filter is removed by combustion utilizing NO2 in addition to oxygen. Utilization of NO2, because of enabling to initiate combustion of the particulate component from low temperature, not only promotes removal by combustion of the particulate component but also enables to lengthen interval to regeneration of the filter by suppression of increase in pressure drop. Among the filters for capturing and removing by combustion the particulate component in this way, DPF coated with a catalyst component is also referred to as CSF (Catalyzed Soot Filter).
In this way, in DOC, the noble metal component such as platinum (Pt) or palladium (Pd) is used aiming at removing by oxidation of HC or CO in exhaust gas, or in CSF, aiming at purifying by oxidation of soot or SOF in exhaust gas, respectively, however, DOC also has action of oxidation of NO in exhaust gas to NO2, as described above. Exhaust gas having increased amount of NO2 promotes reduction purification of NOx in SCR at the backward, and combustion of the particulate component at DPF or CSF.
In addition, increase in temperature of exhaust gas by utilization of HC in exhaust gas at DOC is effective to promote removal by combustion of the particulate component deposited onto DPF or CSF arranged at the backward of DOC. Therefore, in an exhaust gas purification system of a diesel engine, there may be the case where HC components are combusted (oxidized) by supplying the HC components to DOC. As a means for using the HC components to increase temperature of exhaust gas in this way, there is a method for supplying relatively more amount of fuel to an engine and generating unburned HC and supplying it to DOC; or a method for supplying fuel by spraying in the piping from an engine to DOC.
In this way, there have been proposed various methods of purification of NOx and a purification means of the particulate components, however, with strengthening of exhaust gas regulations in recent years, there has been tendency of not only increasing number of catalysts to be used in the exhaust gas purification system corresponding to exhaust gas from a lean burn engine, but also requiring to attain higher function of an individual catalyst. Therefore, there has been increasing tendency of amount of high price noble metals to be used in DOC or CSF.
Under such circumstances, there has been required a way to solve two conflicting problems for DOC or CDF containing a noble metal such as Pt or Pd, that is, enhancement of removing performance by oxidation of CO, HC, soot or the like, oxidation performance of NO, and combustibility of unburned fuel such as light oil, and simultaneously decreasing use amount of the noble metal.
Accordingly, the present inventor has proposed an exhaust gas purification method characterized by arranging an oxidation means, a spraying means of a urea aqueous solution and a specific selective reduction catalyst, in this order in a passage of an exhaust gas discharged from a diesel engine, including a platinum component or a palladium component, as a noble metal component, which is said oxidation means, and after increasing concentration of nitrogen dioxide with oxidation of hydrocarbon components, carbon monoxide, nitrogen monoxide, and nitrous oxide in exhaust gas, by an oxidation catalyst, where amount of this noble metal component is 0.1 to 3 g/L in metal equivalent, and amount of platinum in the noble metal component is 50 to 100% by weigh in metal equivalent, and then spray supplying the urea aqueous solution from the spraying means of the urea aqueous solution to the selective reduction catalyst, to decompose nitrogen oxides to nitrogen and water, with generated ammonia by contacting the SCR at 150 to 600° C. (refer to PATENT LITERATURE 5). By this method, it has become possible to purify NOx with using urea water, which is standardized and easily available, by a simple configuration without performing hydrolysis of urea outside the catalyst system.
However, this is not the one relating to improvement of the oxidation catalyst, and thus it cannot be said that use amount of the noble metal was decreased sufficiently.


The present invention relates to an anti-vibration arrangement (10) for a power sander (1) which comprises a housing (2), a motor (4) arranged in the housing (2), a rotary drive shaft (11), a first outer or ring-shaped pad surface (16) for attaching a first sanding paper (8) and a second inner or circular pad surface (22) for attaching a second sanding paper (9). The anti-vibration arrangement (10) serves to transfer energy from the motor (4) to the pads (16, 22) with out-of-phase motions to dynamically compensate for inertial and friction forces. For this purpose, twin cams (18a, 18b) are fixed on the rotary drive shaft (11). The cams (18a, 18b) rotate the central axes (15, 21) of the pads (16, 22) about the rotary drive shaft axis (12) with a phase differential of typically 180°. Vibration which would otherwise be transmitted to the rotary drive shaft (11) and from there to the operator of the machine (1) are drastically reduced irrespective of whether or not the operator increases the applied force (1) in order to increase the sanding depth or to speed up the sanding operation.

Orbital power tools such as sanders and polishers generally include a pad that is normally adapted to support an abrasive element such as sanding paper. The pad is coupled by a transmission means to a motor arranged in a housing. The transmission means can incorporate a cam rotationally driven by the rotary drive shaft. The cam is housed in a circular aperture that is positioned in the centre of the pad. The rotation of the cam drives every point of the pad in a circular orbit whose radius equals the eccentricity of the cam ie the distance between the rotary axis of the rotary drive shaft and the centre of the circular aperture which is substantially coincident with the centre of the pad. By allowing the pad to rotate around the centre of the circular orbit, it describes a combined rotary/orbital motion referred to as a "random orbit".
The orbital motion can be envisaged as a linear motion (or stroke) in which the pad mass is accelerated in a certain direction. The acceleration produces a reaction force directed in the opposite direction. This reaction force manifests itself as an unwanted vibration which is transmitted to the housing and ultimately to the operator's hand and arm. The amplitude of this unwanted vibration depends on the diameter of the orbit and on the ratio between the mass of the pad and the mass of the tool.
In order to keep vibrations beneath an acceptable level, conventional tools are designed in such a way that the working surface of the pad and the orbital diameter are relatively small. However, these limitations reduce the efficiency of the machine. In order to compensate for these limitations in efficiency, operators frequently apply a certain pressure or load to the tool in order to increase the friction on the work piece with the result that vibrations are amplified. In order to counteract the resulting increase in vibrations, the operator tends to grasp and apply the tool with even more force to the work piece. By doing this, the effective mass of the machine is increased and the vibrations are absorbed by the operator's hand and arm with often severe consequences for the operator's health. For example, even low usage operators may experience numbness and tingling in their fingers, hand and arm within a few minutes of operation and this may be lead to an unpleasant loss of feeling and control in the fingers that can last for hours after use has ceased. If use is prolonged for hours, a full recovery can take several days. The consequences for professional workers can be even more severe and long term may lead to retirement and high social costs. On the other hand, adopting strict guidelines relating to vibration threshold values would have a severe impact on productivity and costs.
Operators of power tools tend to apply a certain load to the tool so that the speed of the work is increased. The increase in the working efficiency that is achieved by the increased load is due exclusively to the increase in friction between the pad and the work piece. On the other hand, the increased load unbalances the tool and increases the unwanted vibrations. The diameter of the unwanted vibrations is subtracted from the orbital diameter of the pad. In practice, the effective working orbital diameter is the result of the theoretical orbit diameter less that of the unwanted vibrations.
An arrangement for overcoming the above-mentioned drawbacks adopts one or more counterbalances (eg eccentric masses or counterweights) that move in a direction opposite to that of the pad to counterbalance the vibrations. Examples of this kind of arrangement are illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 4,660,329, U.S. Pat. No. 4,729,194, U.S. Pat. No. 5,888,128, U.S. Pat. No. 6,244,943, US-A-6206771, U.S. 2001/0003087, DE-A-3922522, EP-A-303955, EP-A-0455618, WO-A-98/01733 and WO-A-02/068151. In general, this type of arrangement works satisfactorily when the pad is not touching the work piece but displays major limitations in normal use. As soon as the pad is placed on the work piece, the load effectively modifies the mass of the pad and the ratio between the mass of the pad and the mass of the counterbalance is altered. As a result, the counterbalance fails to eliminate the vibrations induced by the heightened effective mass of the pad. The higher the load, the greater the system imbalance and the higher the level of unwanted vibrations. With a load tending to infinity, the pad will be at a standstill and the tool will vibrate with an amplitude equal to the radius of the orbit of the pad.
Another arrangement for overcoming the above-mentioned drawbacks uses elastic materials as an interface between the tool and the operator's hands for dampening vibrations. The kinetic energy of the vibrations is converted into thermal energy. Examples of this type of arrangement are illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 4,905,772, U.S. Pat. No. 5,453,577, U.S. Pat. No. 5,347,764, U.S. 2001/0011856 A1, WO-A-03/049902. However, by interposing an elastic element between the housing and the operator's hand, the tool is free to vibrate with greater amplitude than if it was firmly held by the operator. In practice, the operator instinctively feels the decreased efficiency of the machine and tends to grasp it with increased force in an attempt to restore efficiency. By doing this, the effeciency of the elastic element is minimized so that vibrations are transmitted to the operator's hand and arm. Moreover, the increased muscular force reduces the human body's natural capability to dampen vibrations.


A method for configuring gain factors in a WCDMA telecommunication system is provided in which the gain factor for defining power required for normal reception of uplink data in an environment supporting an uplink service over an E-DCH can be configured using minimal signaling information. First gain factors for first TFs corresponding to a part of a TF set including a plurality of TFs available for an uplink service are received. One of the first TFs is determined as a reference TF for a second TF other than the first TFs in the TF set. Then, a second gain factor for the second TF is calculated using the first gain factor for the determined reference TF. The second gain factor is used for transmitting or receiving uplink data.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (hereinafter referred to as "WCDMA") telecommunication system. More particularly, the present invention relates to a method for configuring gain factors while reducing signaling overhead in an Enhanced Uplink Dedicated Channel (hereinafter referred to as "E-DCH" or "EUDCH") for an uplink service.
2. Description of the Related Art
A Universal Mobile Telecommunication Service (hereinafter referred to as "UMTS") system, which is a 3rd generation mobile telecommunication system based upon European mobile communication systems (i.e., Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) and General Packet Radio Services (GPRS)) and employing a WCDMA scheme, provides uniform services which enable cellular phone users or computer users to transmit packet-based text, digitized voice, video or multimedia data at a higher speed than 2 Mbps no matter where they are located.
The UMTS system uses an E-DCH in order to further improve performance of packet transmission in a reverse communication, that is, an uplink (UL) communication from a User Terminal or User equipment (hereinafter referred to as "UE") to a Node B. In order to provide more stable high-speed data transmission, the E-DCH supports various techniques such as Adaptive Modulation and Coding (hereinafter referred to as "AMC"), Hybrid Automatic Retransmission Request (hereinafter referred to as 'HARQ'), Node-B controlled scheduling, shorter Transmission Time Interval (hereinafter referred to as "TTI") length and so forth.
The AMC is a technique for improving resource use efficiency by determining a modulation scheme and a coding scheme for a data channel according to channel conditions between a Node B and a UE. A combination of the modulation scheme and the coding scheme is called: a Modulation and Coding Scheme (hereinafter referred to as "MCS"), and many MCS levels may be defined according to supportable modulation schemes and coding schemes. The AMC determines the MCS level according to channel conditions between a Node B and a UE, thereby improving the resource use efficiency.
The HARQ refers to a technique in which, when errors occur in an initially transmitted data packet, the packet is retransmitted in order to compensate for the erroneous packet. This HARQ may be classified into a Chase Combining (hereinafter referred to as "CC") technique and an Incremental Redundancy (hereinafter referred to as "IR") technique. In the CC technique, packets having the same format as that at initial transmission are retransmitted when errors occur. In the IR technique, packets having the different format than that at initial transmission are retransmitted when errors occur.
The Node B-controlled scheduling is a scheme in which a Node B determines whether to transmit uplink data on an upper limit value of possible data rates and transmits the determined information as scheduling allocation information to a UE when data is transmitted using an E-DCH. In turn, the UE determines a possible data rate of an uplink E-DCH with reference to the scheduling allocation information.
The shorter TTI length permits a TTI shorter than 10 ms corresponding to a minimum TTI of a typical Dedicated Channel (DCH), thereby reducing retransmission time and thus enabling high system throughput.
FIG. 1 is a view for explaining uplink packet transmission over an E-DCH in a typical radio telecommunication system. In the drawing, reference numeral "100" designates a base station supporting an E-DCH service, that is, a Node B, and reference numerals "101", "102", "103" and "104" designate UEs using the E-DCH service. As shown in FIG. 1, the UEs 101, 102, 103, 104 transmit data to the Node B 100 over E-DCHs 111, 112, 113, 114, respectively.
Using data buffer statuses, requested data rates or channel condition information of the UEs 101 to 104, the Node B 100 informs each UE 101 to 104 of whether or not E-DCH data transmission is possible for the corresponding UE or performs a scheduling operation for coordinating E-DCH data rates. The scheduling is performed in such a manner that lower data rates are assigned to UEs far away from the Node B 100 (for example, the UEs 103, 104) and higher data rates are assigned to UEs near to the Node B (for example, the UEs 101, 102), while a measured Noise Rise or Rise over Thermal (hereinafter referred to as "RoT") value of the Node B does not exceed a target value in order to enhance the overall system performance.
FIG. 2 is a message flowchart illustrating typical transmission/reception procedures over an E-DCH.
Referring to FIG. 2, in step 202, an E-DCH is set up between a Node B and a UE. This E-DCH setup is implemented through processes of transmitting/receiving messages over a dedicated transport channel. In step 204, the UE informs the Node B of scheduling information comprising transmission power information of the UE, which represents uplink channel conditions, information on transmission power margin which the UE can transmit, the amount of data, which are stacked up in a buffer of the UE and awaiting transmission, and so on.
In step 206, the Node B monitors scheduling information of a plurality of UEs including the above-mentioned UE in order to schedule data transmissions of the plurality of UEs. In step 208, using the scheduling information received from the UE, the Node B determines to grant packet transmission to the UE and transmits scheduling assignment information to the UE. The scheduling assignment information comprises a granted data rate and granted transmission timing.
In step 210, using the scheduling assignment information, the UE determines a Transport Format (hereinafter referred to as "TF") signifying a transmission rate and transmission power of the E-DCH. The UE transmits uplink packet data over the E-DCH according to the TF in step 214, and preferably simultaneously transmits the TF information to the Node B in step 212 Here, the TF information comprises a Transport Format resource Indicator (hereinafter referred to as "TFRI") representing information on resources necessary for receiving the E-DCH. In step 214, the UE also selects a MCS level in consideration of the data rate assigned by the Node B and channel conditions, and transmits the uplink packet data by using the MCS level.
In step 216, the Node B determines if errors occur in the TF information and the packet data. In step 218, the Node B transmits NACK (Negative Acknowledge) over an ACK/NACK channel when the determination proves both or either of the TF information and the packet data to be erroneous, or transmits ACK (Acknowledge) over the ACK/NACK channel when the determination proves both of the TF information and the packet data to have no errors. The packet data transmission is completed and the UE transmits new user data over the E-DCH when the Node B transmits the ACK, but the UE retransmits packet data having the same contents as those of the previously transmitted packet data over the E-DCH when the Node B transmits the NACK.
In the environment described above, the Node B improves the overall system performance by assigning lower data rates to UEs far away from the Node B that have worse channel conditions or are to be provided with a low priority data service, and assigning higher data rates to UEs near to the Node B that have better channel condition or are to be provided with a high priority data service.
TFs of an E-DCH, to which the Node B-controlled scheduling technique, the HARQ technique and the like are applied, are diversely configured according to service types and data rates. The respective TFs define the overall size of an E-DCH Transport Block (hereinafter referred to as "TB") by the size and number data blocks, and thus represent individual data rates different from each other. TF sets available for the E-DCH are configured such that they have various data rates in order to efficiently transmit a Protocol Data Unit (hereinafter referred to as "PDU") transferred from an upper layer with as little padding as possible. For example, the total number of TF sets for the E-DCH is about 128 to 256.
FIG. 3 illustrates an example of typical TF configuration. As shown in the drawing, TF Index (hereinafter referred to as "TFI") 0 to TFI 11 identifying TFs indicate TB size Ninfo in a range of 128 to 8192 bits, respectively.
In order to transmit a transport channel for the E-DCH, a Dedicated Physical Data Channel for E-DCH (hereinafter referred to as "E-DPDCH") has been introduced in a physical layer. Power required to stably transfer data over the E-DPDCH is determined by configuring a gain factor representing a power ratio of the E-DPDCH to a Dedicated Physical Control Channel (hereinafter referred to as "DPCCH"), which is used as a pilot channel.
The gain factor has different values from TF to TF because the amount of overall power requirement is different according to transmission rates. In other words, since data reception performance is determined by transmission bit energy, that is, Eb, packet transmission quality of the system is maintained only by keeping the transmission bit energy constant. In order to keep the transmission bit energy constant, the amount of overall power requirement differs from transmission rate to transmission rate.
Hereinafter, a description will be given of a method for configuring gain factors for an uplink Dedicated Physical Data Channel (hereinafter referred to as "DPDCH"), to which an uplink Dedicated Channel (hereinafter referred to as "DCH") is mapped, on a TF-by-TF basis.
A network represented by a Radio Network Controller (hereinafter referred to as "RNC") configures transmission power, which is necessary for each TF to maintain constant quality, by using gain factors. A gain factor configuration method is classified into a signaled gain factor scheme and a computed gain factor scheme. In the signaled gain factor scheme, the network informs a UE of TF-by-TF gain factors through upper layer signaling. In the computed gain factor scheme, the network informs a UE only of gain factors for a reference TF Combination (hereinafter referred to as "TFC") representing a combination of reference TFs and transport channels, and the UE personally calculates and determines gain factors for the other TFs based on the gain factors for the reference TFC.
The conventional computed gain factor scheme is expressed by the following Equation (1). As described below, a ratio of a gain factor for a specific TFC to a gain factor for a reference TFC is given as a ratio of a transmission rate for a desired TFC and a transmission rate for the reference TFC:
                              A          j                =                                                            β                                  d                  ,                  ref                                                            β                                  c                  ,                  ref                                                      ·                                                            L                  ref                                                  L                                                                                j                                                                                K                j                                            K                ref                                                                        (        1        )            where, Aj denotes a power ratio of a DPDCH to a DPCCH for a desired j-th TF. βd,ref and βc,ref denote a DPDCH gain factor and a DPCCH gain factor for a reference TF, respectively, Lref denotes the number of DPDCHs necessary for supporting a reference TFC, and Lj denotes the number of DPDCHs necessary for transmitting a desired j-th TFC. Kref and Kj denote transport channel data sizes for the reference TFC and the j-th TFC, respectively, which are obtained as follows:
                                          K            ref                    =                                    ∑              i                                                                  RM                i                            ·                              N                                  i                  ,                  ref                                                                                K            j                    =                                    ∑              i                                                                  RM                i                            ·                              N                                  i                  ,                  j                                                                                (        2        )
The transport channel data size is the sum of data bits of all transport channels mapped to a corresponding physical channel. The data bits of the respective transport channels are not multiplexed together, but pass through coding and rate matching according to weights of the respective transport channels and then are summated. A fraction of bits punched or repeated by the rate matching is determined by a rate matching attribute value RM disclosed through upper layer signaling. In Equation (2), RMi denotes a rate matching attribute value of an i-th transport channel, and Ni,ref and Ni,j denote data sizes after coding but before rate matching for the i-th transport channel. Therefore, Kref and Kj become transport channel data size multiplexed after rate matching in a case of using the corresponding TFC.
Since a plurality of transport channels are mapped to one DPDCH, and these transport channels have different coding rates and rate matching ratios, the gain factors are calculated using data sizes to which rate matching attribute values RM are applied as stated above.
Once a value of Aj representing the power ratio of the DPDCH to the DPDCCH is obtained in Equation (1), each gain factor can be derived from the value of Aj. That is, a gain factor for the j-th TFC is as follows:If Aj>1, then βd,j=1.0 and βc,j=1/Aj, If Aj<=1, then βc,j=1.0 and βd,j=1/Aj  (3)
Both of the conventional gain factor configuration schemes require Radio Resource Control (hereinafter referred to as "RRC") signaling between the UE and the RNC. In the signaled gain factor scheme, since all TFs needed TF by TF are provided to the UE, significant signaling resources are consumed. Also, in the computed gain factor, the RNC must notify the UE of gain factors for the reference TFCs and information on the relationships between the respective TFCs and the reference TFCs through RRC signaling. Accordingly, the computed gain factor scheme also consumes significant signaling resources.
FIG. 4 illustrates information elements (hereinafter referred to as "IE") of a signaling message for the conventional gain factor configuration. As shown in the drawing, IE "CHOICE Gain Factors" for gain factor choice comprises IE "Signaled Gain Factors" and IE "Computed Gain Factors". In order to perform signaling of gain factors for reference TFCs, the IE "Signaled Gain Factors" comprises FDD and TDD fields representing whether a choice mode is a Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) mode or a Time Division Duplex (TDD) mode. When the choice mode is the FDD, a DPDCCH gain factor βc, DPDCH gain factors βd for the respective reference TFCs, and reference TFC IDs for the respective TFCs are also included in the IE "Signaled Gain Factors". In addition, to apply the computed gain factor scheme to non-signaled TFCs, reference TFC IDs corresponding to the respective TFCs are included in the IE "Computed Gain Factors".
Accordingly, a need exists for a method for configuring gain factors in a WCDMA telecommunication system in which the gain factor for defining power required for normal reception of uplink data in an environment supporting an uplink service over an E-DCH can be configured using minimal signaling information.

Method for configuring gain factors for uplink service in radio telecommunication system


The electrical connector has a main housing and a turnable member turnably supported on the main housing. The turnable member is turned to move a second connector toward the main housing from an initial mating state of the main housing with the second connector so as to completely couple the main housing with the second connector. The connector has a resilient engagement arm extended from the turnable member, a stopper projection formed in the resilient engagement arm, a guide portion formed in the main housing, and an engagement recess formed in the main housing. The stopper projection abuts against the guide portion so that the resilient engagement arm is in a yielded condition at a half-way mating state of the main housing with the second connector, while the stopper projection locks with the engagement recess by resiliency of the engagement arm when the main housing has completely coupled with the second connector. The connector has a locking arm formed in the turnable member and having an operating portion. The locking arm has resiliency to be positioned so as to bring the engagement arm in a locked state where the engagement arm is in a released condition, while the locking arm is deflected by the operating portion so as to bring the engagement arm in an unlocked state where the engagement arm can be in the yielded condition.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an electrical connector such a waterproof one used for a motor vehicle, more particularly to a low coupling-force connector. The connector is reduced in size and cost with a sufficient reliability.
2. Related Art
A waterproof connector used for a motor vehicle generally requires a larger mating force than a non-waterproof one. Because, the waterproof connector must have a watertight structure with a packing made of rubber or the like. Recently, such connectors have a lot of terminals, which requires a further larger mating force. This disadvantageously causes incomplete mating of connecters, incorrect electrical connection, or insufficient watertightness.
To improve the situation, a pair of connectors called as a bayonet or spigot type are provided. The pair of connectors are provisionally engaged with each other, and then a turnable member provided on one of the connectors is turned to move the connectors toward each other for completion of the engagement. This requires a comparatively smaller engagement force since the connectors turns when mated in waterproof connectors having multi-terminals that otherwise would need a larger engagement force.
FIG. 9 shows a pair of male and female connectors 40, 41 disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. H-4-132178. The connectors 40, 41 accommodate terminals 42 or 43. The male connector 40 has a turnable locking hood 44 (turnable member) having an inner wall formed with a protrusion 45. The female connector 41 has an outer surface formed with a helical groove 46. The protrusion 45 enters an open end of the helical groove 46.
The locking hood 44 turns from an initial provisional engagement state of the connectors 40, 41, so that the protrusion 45 engages the helical groove 46 to provide a cam action to move the female connector 41 until the protrusion 45 reaches an end of the helical groove 46 to complete engagement of the connectors 40, 41 for electrical connection thereof.
The turning force of the locking hood 44 provides a larger mating force by the helical groove 46, advantageously enabling an easy mating operation of the connectors 40, 41.
In this case, an operator generally knows the engagement completion of the connectors by recognition of a change in turning torque of the turnable member. However, there is a possibility of incomplete engagement of the connectors, because the recognition of the engagement depends on feeling of the operator.
This is, the operator may possibly stop the turning of the turnable member before the projection reaches the end of the helical groove, causing incomplete engagement of the connectors not to keep waterproofness of the connectors against external water.
Furthermore, when the connectors are mounted in a motor vehicle, even after the complete engagement of the connectors, an external force or vibration may possibly cause loosening of the turning member to make the engagement incomplete, bringing about incorrect electrical connection or disengagement of the connectors.
To solve the problem, an electrical connector proposed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,980,293, as shown in FIG. 10, has a pair of male and female connectors 50. The male connector has a turnable member 51 that engages with the female connector. After initial provisional mating of the male and female connectors 50, the turnable member 51 turns to move the male connector to completely engage the connectors with each other for electrical connection thereof. Furthermore, an additional engagement recognition piece 52 is provided to confirm the complete engagement of the male and female connectors. When the turning of the turnable member 51 completely engages the male and female connectors with each other, a protrusion 54 defined in the engagement recognition piece 52 is locked in a concave 55 formed in the turnable member 51. Meanwhile, when the turning of the turnable member 51 incompletely engages the male and female connectors with each other, the protrusion 54 is not locked in the concave 55. Thus, an operator recognizes whether the connectors have engaged completely with each other by the engagement state of the protrusion 54 of the engagement recognition piece 52 with the concave 55 of the turnable member 51.
Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 2001-6814 proposes a pair of connectors that are pushed axially against each other when mated. The connectors have an engagement ring that is turned when the connectors are disengaged. Moreover, a locking mechanism is provided for the connectors.
As shown in FIG. 11, the connectors have a cylindrical plug 60, a counter plug 61, and a bayonet ring 62. The counter plug 61 has a housing 63 around which the bayonet ring 62 is turnably attached. The bayonet ring 62 locks the plug 60 to the counter plug 61. The plug 60 is pushed against the housing 63 of the counter plug 61 until a locking mechanism provided in the bayonet ring 62 locks to the housing 64 of the plug 60. The plug 60 has a strap 65 for locking the turning of the bayonet ring 62 at the complete engagement state of the connectors. When the connectors 60, 61 are disengaged from each other, the bayonet ring 62 is turned around the housing 63 of the counter plug 61 to release the locking.
However, these conventional arts require additional parts or operational works to confirm complete engagement of a pair of connectors, increasing a production cost and decreasing an operational efficiency thereof.


There is provided a planar structural body 1 comprising a fibrous carbon nanohorn aggregate 2 in which a plurality of single-walled carbon nanohorns are aggregated in a fibrous state, and particularly the planar structural body in which a globular carbon nanohorn aggregate 3 is mixed is used. The planar structural body comprising such a fibrous carbon nanohorn aggregate can be used for electrode materials for lithium ion batteries, fuel cells, capacitors, electrochemical actuators, air cells, solar cells, and the like, and can be used also for electromagnetic shields, thermoconductive sheets, heat-dissipating sheets, protecting sheets, filters and absorbing materials.

Carbon materials are conventionally utilized as conductive materials, catalyst carriers, adsorbents, separating agents, inks, toners and the like; in recent years, on emergence of nano-carbon materials of nano size, such as carbon nanotubes and carbon nanohorns, features as their structural bodies have been paid attention to, and their applications have been energetically studied as described in the following: Patent Literature 1 (carbon nanohorn), Patent Literature 2 (DDS), Patent Literature 3 (solid lubricant), Patent Literature 4 (occlusion of methane gas), Patent Literature 5 (adsorbent), Patent Literature 6 (methane-cracking catalyst), Patent Literature 7 (catalyst carrier) and Patent Literature 8 (conductive material).

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Planar structural body containing fibrous carbon nanohorn aggregate


The invention pertains to a biocompatible composition, suitable for use in soft or hard tissue augmentation, wherein the composition is an aqueous suspension containing a carrier fraction of ceramic particles of less than 15 μm and an augmentation fraction of ceramic particles of at least 20 μm. The ceramics typically include calcium phosphate. The composition is a may be used in soft tissue repair as well as hard bone replacement. It advantageously avoids the need for foreign body materials which are conventionally applied to stabilize augmentation suspensions.

Since long biocompatible materials have beers applied in augmenting soft tissue in the practice of plastic and reconstructive surgery. These biomaterials are commonly delivered to the tissue site where augmentation is desired by means of an injectable composition that comprises biomaterial and a biocompatible fluid, wherein the fluid acts as a lubricant to improve the delivery of the biomaterial suspension.
Since the mid-eighties polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) has been studied as a soft tissue augmentation device, replacing then popular collagen. The permanent character of PMMA and many other fillers such as silicones would make repetitious corrections unnecessary. However, it is discovered recently that the injection of PMMA microspheres causes all kinds of complications in time, to a large extent related to the non-biodegradable properties. Moreover, it is now believed that the permanent impact of filler materials in tissue is undesired, since the tissue itself is subject to ageing (see e.g. E. Haneke, "Skin rejuvenation without a scalpel I. Fillers", J Cosmetic Dermatology; 5; 15-167 (2005): K. De Boulle, "Management of complications after impantation of fillers", J Cosmetic Dermatology; 3:2-15 (2004).
WO-A-93/16657 teaches the use of injectable ceramic compositions comprising biocompatible ceramic materials such as calcium hydroxyapatite in a fluid carrier. These ceramics show excellent performance in repair and augmentation of soft and hard tissues. Further, hydroxyapatite has very low immunogenicity. The 50-250 μm sized ceramic particles are stabilized in a viscous or even gel-like organic polymer, such as polyethylene glycol, hyaluronic acid, poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate), or in a collagen hydrogel.
Of about the same time, WO-A-93/15721 discloses a matrix of smooth, rounded, substantially spherical, finely divided particles of calcium hydroxyapatite in a biocompatible, resorbable lubricious gel carrier comprising a polysaccharide. The particles are typically in the range of 35-150 μm to minimize the possibility of particle migration by phagocytosis and to facilitate injectability. The carrier serves to further improve the delivery of the augmentation material by injection to the tissue site where augmentation is desired, and is typically formed from water, about 25 wt % glycerin and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose. It enables the ceramic particles to remain in suspension without settling for an indefinite period of time until used, more specifically at least about 6 months. U.S. Pat. No. 4,803,075 suggests the use of further biocompatible fluid lubricants and/or viscosity modifiers, such as glycogen, maltose and the like.
However, the use of foreign body carrier materials renders these injectable hydroxyapatite compositions unattractive. In the art there is a continuous need to improve biocompatible implant materials tor soil and hard tissue repair and augmentation, wherein the use of foreign body materials is minimised or even avoided. The ideal soft tissue filler would be non-permanent biocompatible, have minimal side effects, not require allergy testing, be easy to use/inject, be painless to inject, and be cost-effective for both the physician and the patient.

Hydroxyapatite tissue filler and its preparation and use


The present invention relates to an insulation composition for a DC power cable and the DC power cable prepared using the same. Specifically, the present invention relates to an improved insulation composition for a DC power cable, which can prevent decrease of DC dielectric strength and decrease of impulse strength caused by accumulation of space charges, and the DC power cable prepared using the same.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an insulation composition for a DC power cable and the DC power cable prepared using the same. Specifically, the present invention relates to an improved insulation composition for a DC power cable, which can prevent decrease of DC dielectric strength and decrease of impulse strength caused by accumulation of space charges, and the DC power cable prepared using the same.
2. Background of the Related Art
A cross-sectional structure of a general power cable is as shown in FIGS. 1a and 1b. As shown in FIGS. 1a and 1b, the power cable may include a conductor 1 at the center, and an inner semi-conductive layer 2, an insulation layer 3, an outer semi-conductive layer 4, a sheath layer 5 and the like, which are formed around the conductor 1.
When a high DC voltage is applied to the power cable, electric charges are injected into the inner semi-conductive layer 2, the insulation layer 3 and the like from the conductor 1, and space charges are formed in the insulation layer 3 affected by injection of the electric charges. The space charges are accumulated in the insulation layer 3 in accordance with the time of using the cable, and when an impulse voltage is applied to the cable or polarity of the DC voltage applied to the cable is abruptly inverted, electric field strength around the conductor 1 is abruptly increased, and breakdown voltage of the power cable is lowered.
In order to solve the problem of DC dielectric strength and breakdown voltage of a cable, which are decreased due to the accumulation of space charges, a technique of adding an inorganic particle such as aluminum silicate, calcium silicate, calcium carbonate, magnesium oxide or the like to an insulation base resin configuring the insulation layer 3 is used in the prior art (see Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. (S)57-21805 and Japanese Patent Registration No. 2541034 and 3430875). However, it is general that 1 to 80 parts by weight of the inorganic particle are added to the insulation layer 3 with respect to 100 parts by weight of base insulation resin and act as an impurity, and even when only a small content of the inorganic particle is added, impulse strength, which is another important feature required in the power cable, is lowered.
Meanwhile, a technique of using carbon nano-particles as an inorganic particle for suppressing accumulation of space charges in the insulation layer is disclosed (See Korean Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 2011-0138958). However, since the carbon nano-particles have a low dispersibility with respect to a base resin such as polyethylene, polypropylene or the like of hydrophobicity and form aggregates in the base resin, they cannot efficiently reduce accumulation of the space charges and thus may lower the impulse strength.
As described above, since the impulse strength is lowered when inorganic particles are added to suppress accumulation of space charges, thickness of the insulation layer 3 of a DC power cable is determined by the impulse strength of the cable, rather than the breakdown voltage, and since the outer diameter of the cable is increased accordingly, it is problematic from the manufacturing and economical viewpoint.
Accordingly, required is an improved insulation material for a DC power cable, which can accomplish two features required in the DC power cable, i.e., suppressing decrease of DC dielectric strength and breakdown voltage of the cable caused by accumulation of space charges and suppressing decrease of impulse strength without increasing the outer diameter of the cable.

Insulation composition for DC power cable and DC power cable prepared by using the same


Provided is an elevator device, including: a cage; a car entrance frame including: entrance columns provided at a car entrance of the cage; and an entrance top plate provided on a top side of the car entrance; a car door configured to open and close the car entrance; a projector, which is provided to the car entrance frame so as to be capable of projecting information onto an image display surface provided at a landing when the car door is opened upon arrival of a car at the landing; and a control device configured to control respective operations of the car door and the projector. When the control device controls the car door to open, the control device controls the projector to project the information onto the image display surface.

Hitherto, there has been proposed an elevator device which provides operation information to a passenger who is in a car by allowing a projector provided at a certain location in the car, such as a car door, a wall, or a floor in the car, to project the operation information (for example, see Patent Literature 1 and Patent Literature 2).


The present invention is concerned with a superhydrophobic surface arrangement, an article having the same and a method of making same. The arrangement is configured for generating, upon contact by water droplets, pancaking bouncing and reducing liquid contact time. The arrangement has an array of posts residing on a surface and extending from the surface, said posts having an elongate configuration with a base portion at one end and an upper portion at an opposite end. By way of the configuration of the posts and the Weber number the surface arrangement in use pancake bouncing of liquid droplets and reduction of contact time of the liquid droplets are effected.

Engineering surfaces that promote rapid detachment of liquid drops are of importance to a wide range of applications including anti-icing, drop-wise condensation, and self-cleaning. The prior art has proposed superhydrophobic surface arrangements which may be able to allow some degree of drop detachment although they are not satisfactory. In the field of surface engineering, due to the numerous factors which could play into the surface there has been on-going challenges to provide specific surface arrangements which can yield a particular and effective liquid contact behavior.
The present invention seeks to provide a superhydrophobic surface arrangement with significantly improved drop detachment capability in that the particular surface arrangement can effect not pancake bouncing but also reduction of contact time, or at least to provide an alternative to the public.

Superhydrophobic surface arrangement, article compromising same and method of manufacture thereof


This invention relates to high performance tires designed for high vehicular speeds having thin treads with a maximum thickness of about three centimeters with a running surface which is comprised of a rubber composition which is highly loaded with a combination of reinforcing filler and rubber processing oil. The combination of reinforcing filler is comprised of conductive carbon black and optionally at least one of classical rubber reinforcing carbon black and precipitated silica and their mixtures. This high level of a combination of selective reinforcing filler together with rubber processing oil in the tread rubber is provided to promote a reduction in internal heat generation within the thin tread during high vehicular speeds, particularly for vehicles intended to be used as race cars. The carbon black reinforcement is provided as being comprised of a conductive carbon black, which may optionally be combined with a classical rubber reinforcing carbon black, and which may optionally be combined with an amorphous synthetic silica, namely a precipitated silica, to aid in providing a path for thermal conductivity through the thin, high reinforcing filler and rubber processing oil loaded tire tread to its running surface and thence to the ground in order to therefore promote a reduction in internal heat build up within the tread during high speed operation of the tire.

High performance tires having relatively thin treads designed for use at high vehicular speeds, such as for example race tires, typically have thin treads of rubber compositions which may contain high contents of a combination of reinforcing carbon black and rubber processing oil. The combination of a high loading of both carbon black and rubber processing oil in the tread rubber composition is provided in order to promote traction for the running surface of the tire tread for such tires intended for high speed operation.
However, the high loading of the combination of carbon black and processing oil in the tread rubber makes the thin tire tread more hysteretic with a greater propensity for internal heat generation, and resultant temperature increase of the tread rubber itself, at high vehicular speeds than a significantly lower loading of a combination of carbon black and rubber processing oil.
In particular, the heat buildup within the thin tread with the high loading of the combination of carbon black and rubber processing oil is more related to punishment of the thin tread against the road at high vehicular speeds than a heavy duty tire with a thick tread which is intended for heavy duty use under heavy vehicular loads pressing the thick tire tread onto the road surface at significantly slower vehicular speeds. Thus the problem of internal heat buildup for such high speed designed thin tire treads is of a different character than that of the indicated thick treaded heavy duty tires.
For this invention, the thin tire tread is of a rubber composition highly loaded with oil and a selected carbon black comprised of a conductive carbon black and optionally a classical rubber reinforcing carbon black and optionally containing a precipitated silica which is considered herein to promote high performance of the tire in a sense of traction of the tread running surface and to promote a heat conductive path from the tread to its running surface as the tire is being run under operating conditions, namely at a high vehicular speed.
In practice, the classical rubber reinforcing carbon black and/or precipitated silica reinforcing filler used in combination with a high content of rubber processing oil is provided to promote a higher hysteresis (e.g. lower rebound physical property) to promote traction for the thin rubber tread's running surface.
Historically, tires have been taught to be provided with various combinations of carbon blacks for various purposes. For example, see U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,798,405, 5,430,087, 5,780,537 and 6,053,226 and U.S. Patent Application No. 2005/0159535 A1.
In U.S. Patent Application No. 2005/0159535 A1, a heavy duty tire tread having a thick tread of at least 4 centimeters is provided with a combination of diverse carbon blacks to provide greater heat conductivity for the heavy duty tire tread and reduce its internal heat generation created under heavy loads for the tire. The tire tread of this invention differs significantly from such thick heavy duty tread in a sense that the thin tire tread of this invention designed to promote traction for the tread's running surface at high vehicular speeds and the significantly thicker tire tread of U.S. Patent Application No. 2005/0159535 A1 is designed to promote road hazard durability and resistance to tread wear for a tire intended to be run under slower speeds and carry significantly higher vehicular loads.
In the description of this invention, the terms "rubber" and "elastomer" where used, may be used interchangeably, unless otherwise prescribed. The terms "rubber composition", "compounded rubber" and "rubber compound", where used, may be used interchangeably to refer to "rubber which has been blended or mixed with various ingredients and materials" and such terms are well known to those having skill in the rubber mixing or rubber compounding art.
In the description of this invention, the DBP absorption values for carbon blacks is a dibutylphthalate value expressed in terms of cc/100 grams (or cm3/100 grams) according to ASTM D2414. The Nitrogen Surface Area (referred to herein as "NSA") value is expressed in terms of square meters per gram (m2/g) according to ASTM D3037.

Tire with rubber tread highly loaded with a combination of filler reinforcement and oil


A ship maneuvering device rotates a propeller at a lower rotational frequency than the rotational frequency of the minimum idling speed of an engine. A control device has a crawling speed navigation mode. A crawling speed navigation mode button that selects whether or not to execute the crawling speed navigation mode is connected to the control device. When the crawling speed navigation mode is selected, and the amount of operation of a joystick lever is at or beneath a baseline amount of operation Ms, the control device causes the rotational frequency N of the engine to be the rotational frequency Nlow of the minimum idling speed, and in accordance with the amount of operation of the joystick lever, varies the duty ratio D, which is the fraction of time T1 that a main clutch is engaged in a predetermined cycle T, within a range of no greater than 100%.

Conventionally, a ship is known having an engine, an outdrive device having a propeller rotated by power of the engine, and a clutch engaging and disengaging power transmission from the engine to the propeller (for example, see the Patent Literature 1). The ship described in the Patent Literature 1 is constructed so that the engine is rotated at a low idling rotation speed so as to rotate the propeller at a low speed, whereby sailing at a low speed (so-called troll sailing) is performed.
However, according to the art described in the Patent Literature 1, the troll sailing by slipping the clutch (so-called semi-clutch) cannot be performed. Namely, sailing with a sailing speed lower than the sailing speed at the low idling rotation speed of the engine cannot be performed, whereby the sailing speed may be too high so as to make the maneuvering of the ship difficult for some operators. For example, at the time of berthing and unberthing of the ship, the sailing speed may be too high so as to make the operation of the berthing and unberthing of the ship difficult for an unskilled operator unfamiliar to the maneuvering of the ship.


A semiconductor integrated optical device includes a waveguide mesa having a first multilayer including a first core layer, a second multilayer including a second core layer, and a butt joint interface between the first core layer and the second core layer; a support having first to third regions; and a buried semiconductor region provided on the support. The first multilayer has a first mesa width on the first region. The second multilayer has a second mesa width on the second region. On the third region, the second multilayer has a waveguide portion having a third mesa width smaller than the first and the second mesa widths. The second core layer has a waveguide core thickness on the second region. In the waveguide portion, the second core layer has a core portion having a thickness different from the waveguide core thickness at a position away from the butt-joint interface.

Non-Patent Document 1 discloses a ridge-type integrated optical device including a laser element and a modulation element.
Non-Patent Document 1: Takahiko Shindo, et. al. "High Modulated Output Power Over 9.0 dBm With 1570-nm Wavelength SOA Assisted Extended Reach EADFB Laser (AXEL)" IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS, VOL. 23, NO. 6, NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2017

Semiconductor integrated optical device, and method of fabricating semiconductor integrated optical device


Methods and systems for logging time are described. In one embodiment, the method is performed by a server computing device communicatively coupled to a mobile computing device and communicatively coupled to a workstation computing device executing computer-executable instructions for logging time and associated task descriptions. The server computing device includes a memory including at least one task indicator corresponding to at least one task description. The method includes receiving, by the server computing device, at a first time, a first task indicator from the mobile computing device. The method additionally includes comparing, by the server computing device, the first task indicator to the at least one task indicator in the memory of the server computing device and determining a first corresponding task description, and logging time by transmitting the first corresponding task description to the workstation computing device for logging.

The present disclosure relates generally to logging of time spent on tasks, and more particularly to logging of time spent on tasks with the use of a mobile computing device.
On a factory floor, and in other types of facilities, time spent on assembly, maintenance, or other tasks is typically logged by one or more workstation computing devices located in the facility. A significant amount of otherwise-productive time may be lost when a mechanic or worker travels from a location where a particular task is performed to one of the workstation computing devices, in order to enter a task description and the time spent on the task. In addition, time may be lost when the worker notifies an inspector or crane crew that the worker has completed a task. That is, the worker typically either travels to the workstation computing device to instruct the workstation computing device to send a notification to the inspector and/or crew, or contacts the inspector and/or crew directly.
Providing each worker with a personal digital assistant or smart phone may be prohibitively expensive. Use of such a personal digital assistant or smart phone may, however, enable each worker to perform the above procedures without needing to physically travel around the facility.

Methods and systems for logging time with a mobile computing device


An optical recording medium containing one or more compounds selected from imide compounds having a metallocene residue in a recording layer and an imide compound represented by a general formula (1):

As a recordable optical recording medium corresponding to the specifications of a compact disk (hereinafter simply referred to as a "CD"), a CD-R (CD-Recordable) has been widely spread. The storage capacity of the CD-R is about 680 MB. However, with a drastic increase of the information volume, demands for higher density and larger storage capacity in an information recording medium have been increased.
As a means for achieving higher density of a recording medium, it is considered to decrease a beam spot by using a shorter-wavelength laser in writing and reading and increasing a numerical aperture (N.A.) of an object lens. As the short-wavelength laser for use in an optical disk system, red laser beams of 500 to 700 nm, further 630 to 690 nm, more specifically, 680, 670, 660, 650, and 635 nm have been put to practical use. Thus, by virtue of techniques for reducing the wavelength of a semiconductor laser, increasing the numerical aperture of an object lens, and compressing data, an optical recording medium capable of recording a motion picture and large volumetric information has been successfully produced. Examples of optical recording media proposed up to the present include a magneto-optical recording medium, phase change recording medium, chalcogen oxide-based optical recording medium, and organic dye-based optical recording medium. Of them, the organic dye-based optical recording medium is considered preferential in view of low cost and easy processing. In consideration of these circumstances, the one developed as an optical recording medium capable of recording and regenerating a motion picture with the same quality level as that of TV and with a higher density than that of CD and as a recordable optical recording medium capable of regenerating by a commercially available DVD video player or a DVD-ROM player that have been widely used and capable of recording by a red semiconductor laser having an oscillation wavelength of 630 to 690 nm is a recordable digital versatile disc (hereinafter, simply referred to as a "DVD-R"). DVD-R is a write-once optical recording medium having a 3.9 or 4.7 GB storage capacity. In particular, only recently, a DVD-R medium having a single-side capacity of 4.7 GB has been brought into a market. Such a DVD-R medium also employs a stacked structure, which is formed of a recording layer containing a cyanine-based dye, azo-based dye, or the like, and a reflecting layer, is characterized by a disk structure formed by adhering two substrates of 0.6 mm thick. Regarding such an optical disk having satisfactory recording characteristics suitable for this capacity, development of a medium applicable to high-speed recording has been aggressively made at present.
Furthermore, it has been estimated that a further higher density recording will be desired in future and that the amount of data stored in a single disk will reach up to 15 to 30 GB. To attain such a recording density, a further shorter-wavelength laser will be inevitably used. Accordingly, as a recording dye suitable for an on-coming organic dye-based optical recording medium, it is desired to develop a dye having good recording characteristics within the wavelength range of 300 to 500 nm.
In the meantime, regarding a medium attaining high-density recording more excellent than DVD-R using an organic dye in a recording layer, Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 10-302310 discloses that a recording density having a storage capacity of 8 GB or more is attained by using a laser having an oscillation wavelength of 680 nm or less. This publication suggests that a large storage capacity of 8 GB or more should be attained by converging laser light of 680 nm or less through an object lens having a high numerical aperture of 0.7 or more via a light transmission layer of 10 to 177 μm thick.
On the other hand, only in recent years, as a blue laser having an oscillation wavelength of 390 to 430 nm, a laser of 410 nm using a GaN-based material and an SHG laser of 425 nm wavelength, which is obtained by combining a semiconductor laser and an optical wave guide element, have been developed (for example, January 26 Issue of Nikkei Electronics, No. 708, p. 117, 1998). Thus, development of blue semiconductor laser applicable dyes suitably used in such a laser is now proceeding.
Furthermore, Nichia Corporation started supply of a GaN-based semiconductor laser emitting bluish-violet light having an oscillation wavelength of 400 to 410 nm from the beginning of 1999. Since then, studies on a medium having a high-density storage capacity of 15 GB or more per side (hereinafter referred to as an "HD-DVD-R medium") and capable of recording a motion picture having the same image-quality level as that of a high definition television (HDTV) for about 2 hours have been started. Such an HD-DVD-R medium is capable of recording motion pictures for about 6 hours with the same image-quality level as those currently on air and therefore attracted attention also as a new recording medium in place of a home VTR. Already now, technical outline of a proposal for a medium using an inorganic recording film of a phase change system has been introduced in September 6 Issue of Nikkei Electronics, No. 751, p. 117 (1999).
The organic dye compounds for use in recording by a blue laser of 400 to 500 nm currently proposed include cyanine-based dye compounds described in Japanese Patent Laid-Open Nos. 4-74690, 6-40161, 2001-232945, 2001-246851, 2001-260536, and 2001-301333; porphyrin-based dye compounds described in Japanese Patent Laid-Open Nos. 7-304256, 7-304257, 8-127174, 11-334207, 2001-39032, 2001-80217, 2001-84594, 2001-138633, 2001-138634, 2001-143317, 2001-180117, 2001-181524, and 2001-287462; polyene-based dye compounds described in Japanese Patent Laid-Open Nos. 4-78576 and 4-89279; azo-based dye compounds described in Japanese Patent Laid-Open Nos. 11-334204,11-334205 and 2001-271001; dicyanovinylphenyl dye compounds described in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 11-304206; coumarin compounds described in Japanese Patent Laid-Open Nos. 2000-43423 and 2001-96918; pyrimidine compounds described in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2000-163799; naphthalocyanine compounds described in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2000-228028; five-membered hetero ring compounds described in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2000-335110; bis-azole compounds described in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2000-343824; amino pyridine compounds described in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2000-343825; bis-pyridinium compounds described in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2001-63211; oxonol compounds described in Japanese Patent Laid-Open Nos. 2001-71638 and 2001-328351; styryl compounds described in Japanese Patent Laid-Open Nos. 2001-71639 and 2002-2110; amino butadiene compounds described in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2001-146074; metal chelate compounds described in Japanese Patent Laid-Open Nos. 2001-158862, 2001-214084, and 2002-36727; quinone or quinodimethane compounds described in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2001-232944; hydrazone compounds described in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2001-234154; triazine compounds described in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2001-277720; carbostyryl compounds or naphthylidine compounds described in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2001-287466; condensed heterocyclic compounds described in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2001-301329; and stilbene compounds described in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2002-2117.
Further, the optical recording media are proposed including an optical recording medium described in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 11-53758, which is formed of two layers: one is a recording layer primarily containing a porphyrin-based dye or cyanine-based dye as an organic dye for forming the recording layer and the other is a metal reflecting layer primarily containing silver; an optical recording medium described in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 11-203729 which attains writing in 2 wavelength regions by devising the constitution of a medium, that is, using a medium having a blue laser responsive dye layer containing a cyanine-based dye responsible to a blue laser and a red laser responsive dye layer; an optical recording medium using an indigoid-based dye compound described in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 11-78239 which attaining writing in two wavelength regions by mixing two types of dyes, that is, a dye for a blue laser and a dye for a red laser; an optical recording medium using a cyanoethene-based dye described in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 11-105423; and an optical recording medium using a squarylium-based dye compound described in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 11-110815.
On the other hand, as examples for using an organic dye film for writing within the blue region of 400 to 500 nm, Japanese Patent Laid-Open Nos. 7-304256 and 7-304257 have suggested to mix a molecular compound coordinated to the central metal of a porphyrin-based compound and a polymer or a polymer having a molecular structure having a central metal coordinated as a side chain, thereby shifting the Soret zone of the porphyrin-based compound toward a long wavelength range so as to correspond to an Ar laser of 488 nm, and simultaneously to reduce manufacturing cost by achieving film formation by spin coating. Furthermore, Japanese Patent Laid-Open Nos. 4-78576 and 4-89279 disclose polyene-based color compounds, which are, however, poor in light stability according to the studies by the present inventors, and required some modifications, for example, blending of a quencher or the like, to put them to practical use.
As the recent circumstances, since the prospect of putting a bluish-violet semiconductor laser of 400 to 410 nm wavelength to practical use is given, development of a high-capacity recordable optical recording medium using the laser has been aggressively made and particularly development of dyes having excellent light stability and high-speed recording characteristics has been desired.
However, the optical recording media mentioned above are actually insufficient to be subjected to the laser light having a wavelength of 400 to 410 nm. More specifically, the media using the organic dyes mentioned above have a problem in that when recorded signal data is read out, the read-out of a signal is not satisfactory performed, since the ratio of carrier to noise (C/N) is not always proper. Therefore, development of an optical recording medium capable of overcoming this problem and writing and reading high-density data by a laser beam of 400 to 410 nm wavelength has been urgent need.
As a result of studies conducted by the present inventors on recording materials suitable for an optical recording medium, the following two findings were obtained.
(1) Since a large capacity optical recording medium uses a laser beam of 300 to 500 nm in writing and reading data, it is important to control the absorption coefficient, refractive index, and reflectivity of the recording medium in the vicinity of the laser wavelength.
(2) As mentioned above, although large-capacity optical recording media using the laser have been aggressively developed and particularly the development of a dye having excellent light stability and good high-speed recording characteristics has been desired, the dye compounds mentioned above have not yet satisfied recording characteristics as a recording material capable of reading and writing data with a laser beam of the wavelength range and thus still need to be improved at present. Furthermore, as a favorable characteristic of a dye for use in a medium manufactured by a coating method, such as spin coating, which is a simple method for forming a recording film, the high solubility of the dye to a coating solvent must be considered.
Also, in general, to increase the storage capacity, higher-density recording must be performed. To attain this, it is necessary to increase the numerical aperture of an object lens in order to converge an optical beam for use in recording and generate a shorter-wavelength laser by an optical system. However, when an optical beam is converged, the minimum beam diameter is determined by its diffraction-limit.
In the meantime, since writing is made when the intensity of beam exceeds a certain threshold, the record pit obtained is smaller than the beam spot converged, as shown in FIG. 1(a). The periphery of the record pit corresponds to the skirts of the intensity peak. Under the present circumstances where a further shorter wavelength laser is developed, a photochemical reaction in the recording layer is facilitated even in the periphery of the record pit. In particular, in the wavelength range of the aforementioned bluish-violet laser, a photochemical reaction of an organic compound is likely to occur, producing a problem: a pit edge is degraded during writing time, decreasing signal characteristics. To explain more specifically, recoding data which must be essentially written in response to a rectangular wave [indicated by a solid line in FIG. 1(b)], as shown in FIG. 1(b), results in a broader tailed wave form (indicated by a broken line in FIG. 1(b) due to the deterioration of the pit edge. Furthermore, when regeneration is performed by the same bluish-violet laser wavelength as in recording, a photo reaction is facilitated even by weak light irradiation such as regeneration light. As a result, deterioration proceeds every time regeneration is performed. Against such a problem, Japanese Patent Laid-Open Nos. 7-304256 and 7-304257 take measures by varying the wavelength of recording light from that of regeneration light, virtually, using a longer wavelength light as regeneration light than recording light. As a result, the requirement for high-density recording has not yet sufficiently satisfied up to present. Furthermore, using recording light and regeneration light different in wavelength means that a recording device and a regeneration device must be separately prepared or means that two optical systems and control systems must be provided in a single apparatus, with the result that such an optical recording medium is limited in use and entails enlargement of the apparatus, increase of cost, and losing general versatility. Furthermore, in a conventional optical recording medium such as CD-R, on/off of writing can be determined based on whether or not reaching thermal threshold on physical characteristics such as melting point, sublimation point, phase transition point or thermo-decomposition point of an organic dye film. However, such a contrast is made indistinctive by optical deterioration due to excitation of a bluish-violet laser. In particular, in a high-density recording system in which recording pits must be formed smaller than that of an optical beam, there is a possibility that the quality of a recording signal may significantly decrease.
Now, as a case where an organic dye film is used in recording in the visible light range of 400 to 700 nm, Published Japanese translations of PCT international publication No. 2002-501497 describes a writable and erasable optical recording medium using a perylene-based compound. Further, Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 10-6645 describes a laser beam of 620 to 690 nm wavelength used on a medium using a perylene compound analogue in the recording layer. However, it was found that these compounds are still insufficient with respect to light stability and signal characteristics when a bluish-violet laser of 400 to 410 nm wavelength is used for writing.
Also, as an optical recording medium using an organic dye, on which recording can be made by a laser of 400 to 500 nm wavelength, Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2000-113504 describes an optical recording medium using a naphthalene imide compound. However, it was found that the compound was still unsatisfactory in light stability and the recording medium thus required further improvement.

Imide compound and optical recording media made by using the same

Abstract: wherein a ring AR represents a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic ring residue or a residue formed by combining two or more aromatic ring residues via one or more linking groups; n represents the number of imide groups bonded to the ring AR; Am represents any one of substituents A1 to An bonded to a nitrogen atom of each imide group; and m represents an integer of from 1 to n, with the proviso that at least one substituent selected from the group consisting of A1 to An is one having at least one substituted or unsubstituted metallocene residue.


An embodiment of the invention provides a mechanism for controlling at least one ink transmission module, which controls a supply of ink using received control rotation. The mechanism includes an input, to receive control rotation. The mechanism also includes an output, to selectively transfer the control rotation to the ink transmission module. A control system is also provided to control the selective transfer of the output. The mechanism is moveable into a disengaged configuration by the control system, in which the output does not transfer rotation of the input to the ink transmission module, by a first predetermined sequence of rotations of the input, and into an engaged configuration, in which the output transfers rotation of the input to the ink transmission module, by a second predetermined sequence of rotations of the input.

Generally in inkjet printing, ink is supplied in four different colors in the "CMYK" scheme. These colors are cyan, magenta, yellow and black. Cyan, magenta and yellow are the subtractive primary colors, rather than the additive primary colors of red, green and blue. This means that colors must be subtracted in order to obtain white (the color of the paper), rather than adding colors to obtain white.
It is possible to create black from a combination of the three subtractive colors, by removing all red, blue and green. However, this results in high use of all three color inks, and so the fourth color, black, is added to print cartridges to reduce use of the other three colors.
In general, during home printing, the consumption of black ink is higher than the consumption of the other colors. Therefore, the black ink supply will generally run out first. Once one of the ink colors has run out, generally the black ink supply, the ink cartridge (containing all ink colors) must be replaced. This is because, once one supply is exhausted, air will be drawn from the empty reservoir into the printhead. The printhead can be damaged if too much air is drawn through it. Therefore, when the black ink supply is low, before the supply runs out completely and the cartridge has to be replaced, the printer will enter "limphome" mode. In this mode, the printer does combine the cyan, magenta and yellow colors to produce a black color. In this way, the black ink supply is conserved and the life of the cartridge is extended until one of the color ink reservoirs is empty. However, even in limphome mode, the black ink reservoir of the cartridge is still functioning, and so air may still travel into the printhead when the black ink level is low.

Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.


A lighting fixture for use in an environment which requires protection from EMI/RFI emissions. The fixture comprises a body forming a light-emitting opening, lighting components including at least one lamp in the body, a lens covering the opening, and a conductive grid across the opening, the grid being separate from the lens, electrically connected to the body, and positioned between the lighting components and the opening.

Many ceiling-mounted fluorescent luminaires used in locations such as hospital surgical suites or research laboratories require shielding to protect the location from electromagnetic interference and radio frequency interference (EMI/RFI). This is generally accomplished using a combination of metal housings and filters. When higher levels of protection are necessary, a metallic paint layer is silk-screened onto the smooth inside surface of the lens of the fixture.
The metallic paint layer is then electrically connected to the metal fixture housing of the light. The goal of using a metallic paint on the lens of a metallic lighting fixture is to encase all of the electrical components of the lighting fixture in a metallic enclosure, thereby preventing EMI and RFI from escaping into the environment outside of the fixture. Such an enclosure is known as a Faraday cage. Since the primary use of lighting fixtures is to provide light, light-emitting openings which allow light to pass are necessary, and something other than a solid metallic surface is required. A very thin layer of metallic paint has been used to create the conductive enclosure. The present invention utilizes a metallic grid to create a more effective Faraday cage and a more durable and robust fixture.
Electromagnetic waves do not penetrate very well through holes that are less than about a wavelength across. Therefore, it is possible to prevent the escape of the EMI/RFI radiation generated by the electrical components within a lighting fixture by ensuring that the openings (areas without a conducting surface) are sized less than some fraction of the shortest wavelength of being generated within the fixture—and the smaller the opening, the more effective it is at blocking the penetration.
The basic physical relationship is frequency f=c/λ, where frequency is in cycles per second, c=speed of light, and λ=wavelength, all in a consistent set of units. The speed of light c is approximately 3×1010 centimeters per second (cm/sec). Therefore, with a metallic grid which has openings on the order of one centimeter (cm) across, electromagnetic radiation having a frequency of 3×1010 cycles per second (300 GHz) will be blocked to some degree, and electromagnetic radiation at a fraction of this frequency will be more effectively blocked from penetrating a metallic grid.
The shielding effectiveness of a metallic grid also depends on the electrical properties of the metallic grid such as the conductivity of the grid material and the gauge of the grid elements. A grid made from heavier gauge material will be a better conductor than one made with thinner material and thus a more effective shield.
Various lighting fixtures have been developed to include an enclosure around the lamps to prevent electrical interference. Examples of such prior art fixtures are those disclosed in the following United States patents: U.S. Pat. No. 3,564,234 (Phlieger), U.S. Pat. No. 5,195,822 (Takahashi, et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 6,297,583 (Kolme, et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 6,153,982 (Reiners), U.S. Pat. No. 5,702,179 (Sidwell et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 5,882,108 (Frazier), and U.S. Pat. No. 5,902,035 (Mui).
Some lighting fixtures in the prior art having an EMI/RFI shield have a number of shortcomings. Lighting fixtures having an EMI/RFI shield that consists of a thin, silk-screened layer of conductive paint on the fixture lens lack the durability often required in various applications. The thin metallic layer is fragile and easily damaged, both during manufacturing as well as in service. The uniformity of layer thickness is also a problem, causing inconsistent resistance readings across the conductive layer, less effective shielding and uneven optical performance. Damage due to unwanted contact with the layer and inconsistent layer thickness during application result in diminished shielding performance and higher cost.
The use of electronic dimming ballasts in such lighting fixtures introduces a more severe shielding requirement because of the frequencies of the EMI/RFI which are produced by such ballasts. However, the use of dimming ballasts is desirable in many applications, particularly in hospital operating room environments. The shielding achievable with silk-screened conductive paint applied to the fixture lens is inadequate to deal with such severe shielding demands.
When using a lighting fixture in a medical setting, it is particularly important that the fixture be durable and able to be cleaned. Lighting fixtures with an EMI/RFI shield are routinely used in hospital surgical suites or research laboratories, and given the sterile atmosphere that accompanies these locations, the lighting fixtures are routinely sanitized. Therefore, it would be desirable to have a lighting fixture which is both robust and easy to clean. Such fixtures must be strong enough to withstand numerous and frequent cleanings and also must allow easy access for cleaning. Furthermore, in order to be easily cleaned, the outer surfaces of the fixtures should be configured to avoid the collection and trapping of dirt and permit the entire outer surface to be cleaned effectively. Thus, for these several reasons, it is desirable to eliminate the silk-screened shielding layer for lighting fixtures requiring EMI/RFI shielding.
In EMI/RFI shielded lighting fixtures, it is desirable that the components of the fixture, other than the shield across the light-emitting opening, also complete an effective Faraday cage in order to shield the environment from EMI/RFI radiation. In applications such as the medical applications mentioned above, the remaining parts of the fixture must withstand the same frequent cleanings and not impede effective cleaning of the fixture. Thus, it would be desirable that such a fixture have smooth sealed outer elements to ensure ease and effectiveness of cleaning and to ensure that the conductive elements which comprise the Faraday cage are adequately connected electrically for shielding effectiveness. It is also desirable that the light emitted through the lens be a large percentage of the light produced by the lamps in the lighting Fixture.
In summary, there are a number of problems and shortcomings in prior lighting fixtures with an EMI/RFI shield.

Lighting fixture with EMI/RFI electrically conductive shielding grid


A sensor platform is provided for interrogating a sample with an electromagnetic (EM) wave. The platform includes: a dielectric material having opposing first and second planar surfaces; a first array of loop elements embedded in the first planar surface of the dielectric material, wherein slots are formed between the loop elements in the first array of loop elements and configured to host a sample material therein; and a second array of loop elements embedded in the second planar surface of the dielectric material and formed symmetrically with respect to the first array of loop elements, wherein slots are also formed between the loop elements of the second array of loop elements. The loop elements in the first array and the second array are comprised of a conductive material.

Terahertz sensing has attracted numerous research activities in past decades. Due to the fact that many materials exhibit unique spectrum signatures in THz, different materials can be easily characterized in this band. Although a lot of research are focused on wideband sensing that are trying to capture fingerprint of different materials in THz, narrow band THz bio-sensing based on resonance has been pursued extensively as well since binding state of DNA can be identified through its refractive index change in THz. Traditionally, the change in DNA state from the single-stranded DNA to the double-stranded DNA molecules is investigated by tagging the target DNA with certain agents such as fluorescent ones. Although this method has widespread applications in DNA sensing, it has disadvantages such as the unwanted interference from the tagging agent and the extra preparatory steps. For biomolecule like DNA, its refractive index depends on its binding state to known probes. Therefore measurement of the change in refractive index enables the label-free direct detection and identification of genetic sequences. In M. Gagel, et al's "Integrated THz technology for label-free genetic diagnostics," Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 80, No. 1, pp 154-156, (2002) and P. Bolivar, et al's "Label-free THz sensing of genetic sequences: Towards THz biochips'," Philos. Tran. R. Soc. London Ser. A Math, Phys. Eng. Sci., Vol. 362, pp. 323-333 (2004), integrated on-chip microstrip line resonator is employed to sense refractive index change in DNA. A split ring resonator (SRR) on a paper substrate is demonstrated to have capability to distinguish glucose solutions with different concentrations.
Generally speaking, there are two important aspects in THz DNA resonance sensing. One is to increase sensitivity of the sensor. Various high Q resonators, such as asymmetric split ring resonators (ASRs), Ω-shaped resonator, are developed to achieve this. Another aspect is to reduce the amount of sample needed to characterize it. For example a near field source is employed in W. Withayachumnankul et al's "Sub-diffraction thin-film sensing with planar terahertz metamaterials", Optics Express, Vol. 20, No 9. 3, pp 3345-3352 (2012) to focus the energy onto a tiny spot beyond the diffraction limit, which consequently reduces the amount of sample needed.
In this disclosure, subwavelength scatterers are combined together to produce high order response that is useful to increase sensitivity of the DNA sensors. Three different sensing structures are proposed. Analysis is made based on their circuit models. Full-wave simulation results are also included to demonstrate performance of these sensors.
This section provides background information related to the present disclosure which is not necessarily prior art.

Metamaterial sensor platforms for terahertz DNA sensing

The Regents Of The University Of Michigan


A wind turbine system includes a kite positioned upstream to a turbine to direct wind to the turbine, thereby increasing revolutions per minutes and power output of the turbine.

At the dawn of the clean energy era, wind power is an important element in the harvesting of renewable energy. Wind farms, comprising a plurality of wind turbines, typically use horizontal-axis wind turbines (HAWTs). HAWTs comprise a main rotor shaft and electrical generator positioned on the top of a tower. Most turbines are three bladed and rotate into the wind. The towers range from about 200-300 feet in height while the blades vary in length from about 65-130 feet. A gearbox step ups the speed of the generator from about 30-60 rotations per minute (RPM) at the blades to about 1000-1800 RPM in a generator gear shaft.
Most wind turbines need a minimum wind speed of 10 miles per hour (MPH) and an optimum wind speed of about 30 MPH. However, as winds can be low and/or variable, a new system and method are needed to increase wind speed at the turbine to meet minimal and optimal wind speed requirements.

Guided wind kite for increased wind turbine power output


An LED lamp includes a fixing rod, a first heat sink mounted to the fixing rod, a second heat sink mounted on the first heat sink, a plurality of LED modules attached on the second heat sink and a lamp cover engaging the first heat sink to enclose the second heat sink and the LED modules. The second heat sink includes a plurality of heat-conducting faces formed on a bottom end thereof and arranged at different levels. The LED modules are respectively attached on the heat-conducting faces of the second heat sink. The lamp cover includes a panel and a plurality of annular steps extending outwardly from the panel in sequence. Each annular step has a concave lens attached thereon. The annular steps are located corresponding to the LED modules of the second heat sink, respectively.

1. Field of the Invention
The disclosure relates to an LED lamp, and more particularly to an LED lamp having a wide illumination area.
2. Description of Related Art
An LED lamp utilizes light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as a source of illumination, in which current flowing in one direction through a junction region comprising two different semiconductors results in electrons and holes coupling at the junction region and generating a light beam. The LED is resistant to shock and has a nearly infinite lifetime under specific conditions, making it a popular cost-effective and high quality replacement for incandescent and fluorescent lamps.
Known implementations of LED modules in an LED lamp make use of a plurality of individual LEDs to generate light. The large number of LEDs, however, increases price and power consumption of the module. Considerable heat is also generated, which, if not adequately addressed at additional expense, impacts LED lamp reliability.
Further, since the LEDs are generally arranged on a printed circuit board having a planar surface, illumination is distributed at a wide variety of spatial angles with marked differences in intensity and brightness, making it unsuitable for environments requiring even and broad illumination.
What is needed, therefore, is an LED lamp which can overcome the limitations described.

Fu Zhun Precision Industry (Shen Zhen) Co., Ltd.